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Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T13:43:01Z

LesterKitamura4: Added Basic Bio W/ Refs

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{other uses|Sandeshkhali (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sandeshkhali
| type= SLA
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Sandeshkhali.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sandeshkhali Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
| constituency_no = 123
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| abolished =
| mla = Sanat Sardar
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 172,352
}}
'''Sandeshkhali''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled tribes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], 123 Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency (ST) is composed of the following: [[Sandeshkhali I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Beramajur I, Beramajur II, Durgamandap, Jeliakhali, Korakati, Manipur and Sandeshkhali gram panchayats of [[Sandeshkhali II]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency (ST) is part of 18. [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Jyotish Chandra Roy Sardar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Hemanta Kumar Ghoshal
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Haran Chandra Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ananta Kumar Baidya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Debendra Nath Sinha
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|Sarat Sarder
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Debendra Nath Sinha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Kumud Ranjan Biswas
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Dhiren Mondal
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|Kanti Biswas
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Abani Roy
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Nirapada Sardar
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan="2"|Sukumar Mahata
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Sanat Sardar
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sandeshkhali}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sanat Sardar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jharna Sardar
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rabindra Nath Mahato
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Yudhisthir Bhumij
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sandeshkhali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sukumar Mahata]]
|votes = 112,450
|percentage = 54.64
|change = +3.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhaskar Sardar
|votes = 72,765
|percentage = 35.36
|change = +22.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Barun Mahato
|votes = 14,387
|percentage = 6.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,456
|percentage = 1.19
|change = -0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Harish Chandra Sardar
|votes = 1,961
|percentage = 0.95
|change = +0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Subal Chandra Sardar
|votes = 1,063
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Khokan Sardar
|votes = 705
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 205,787
|percentage = 86.24
|change = -0.90
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Sandeshkhali (ST) constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sukumar Mahata]]
|votes = 96,566
|percentage = 51.49
|change = +11.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Nirapada Sardar]]
|votes = 58,366
|percentage = 31.13
|change = -12.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sukumar Sardar
|votes = 23,841
|percentage = 12.71
|change = +1.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,952
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Manib Sardar
|votes = 1,890
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramkrishna Munda (Sardar)
|votes = 1,686
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Krishna Pada Munda
|votes = 1,218
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Harish Chandra Sardar
|votes = 1,010
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 187,519
|percentage = 87.14
|change = -2.58
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Sandeshkhali (ST) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=123| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170124/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=123| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Sandeshkhali| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Nirapada Sardar]]
|votes = 66,815
|percentage = 43.21
|change = -10.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Padma Mahato
|votes = 62,583
|percentage = 40.47
|change = +0.44#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sukumar Sardar
|votes = 17,425
|percentage = 11.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Harish Chandra Sardar
|votes = 2,745
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Anita Sardar
|votes = 1,979
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Madhusudan Mahata
|votes = 1,267
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People’s Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = Swapan Kumar Sardar
|votes = 1,253
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nirendra Nath Sardar
|votes = 566
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 154,633
|percentage = 89.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -11.20#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> Abani Roy of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the 98 Sandeshkhali (SC) seat defeating his nearest rival Gita Mondal of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. [[Kanti Biswas]] of CPI(M) defeated Ranjit Kumar Das of Trinamool Congress/[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2011/> and 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> Dhiren Mondal of CPI(M) defeated Krishna Pada Patra of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> Kumud Ranjan Biswas of CPI(M) defeated Ranjit Kumar Das of Congress in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> and 1977,<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> and Ananata Kumar Bera of Congress in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp98.htm |title =98 - Sandeshkhali (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Debendra Nath Sinha of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> Sarat Sarder of CPI(M) won in 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> Debendra Nath Sinha of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> Ananta Kumar Baidya of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> Haran Chandra Mondal, Independent, won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Jyotish Chandra Roy Sardar of Congress and Hemanta Kumar Ghoshal of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won the Haroa Sandeshkhali joint seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Netru Indha Neram

2026-05-07T00:38:30Z

LesterKitamura4: Added stub

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language mystery thriller film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| director = Sai Roshan K.R
| writer = Sai Roshan K.R
| producer = K.R. Naveen Kumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Shariq Hassan]]
* Haritha
}}
| cinematography = Vishal Manivannan
| editing = Govindh.N
| music = Kevin N
| studio = Clapin Filmotainment
| distributor = Uthraa Productions
| released = {{film date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Netru Indha Neram''''' ({{Translation|This time yesterday}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by Sai Roshan K.R. The film stars [[Shariq Hassan]] and Haritha. The film was produced by K.R. Naveen Kumar under the banner of Clapin Filmotainment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=ரிலீசுக்கு தயாரான "நேற்று இந்த நேரம்" - Thisaigal News |url=https://thisaigalnews.com/%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%80%e0%ae%9a%e0%af%81%e0%ae%95%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%95%e0%af%81-%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%a9-%e0%ae%a8%e0%af%87%e0%ae%b1%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%b1/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shariq Hassan]] as Nikhil
* Haritha as Rithika
* Monica Ramesh as Shreya
* Kaviya Amira as Nithya
* Divakar Kumar as Rohit
* Nithin Aaditya as Aaditya
* Aravindh Raghunathan as Hrithik
* Anand Raj as Velraj
* Bala Murugan P.A. as Radhakrishnan
* Arul Selva as Vinay
* K. R. Naveen Kumar as Raja
* J. Ramesh as Watchman
* Karthik as Estate Worker
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Ooty]] and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=காணாமல் போகும் நண்பர்கள், அதிர வைக்கும் காரணங்கள்..நேற்று இந்த நேரம்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-disappearing-friends-shocking-reasons-netru-indha-neram-thriller-movie-1387825.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=News18 தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ganesh.perumal |title=2 நாயகிகளுடன் பிக்பாஸ் ஷாரிக் நடித்துள்ள கிரைம் திரில்லர் படம் 'நேற்று இந்த நேரம்' - திகிலூட்டும் டிரைலர் இதோ |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/trailer/bigg-boss-fame-shariq-hassan-crime-thriller-movie-netru-indha-neram-trailer-gan-s61yaf |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and stated that "Throughout its runtime, the film wants us to be suspicious of each person in the friend group. We see what took place from the perspective of each of the characters as they narrate their version of what happened to the investigators."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Netru Indha Neram Movie Review : This murder mystery fails to become a compelling watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/netru-indha-neram/movie-review/108851380.cms |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' critic wrote: "This film is an example of how a compelling story and a strong screenplay can give an interesting 'murder mystery' film with new faces." and gave 2.5 out of 5 star<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-01 |title=திரை விமர்சனம்: நேற்று இந்த நேரம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1224240-netru-indha-neram-review.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

The ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic gave a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2024-03-29 |title=Netru Indha Neram |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/netru-indha-neram-158307 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt29923688}}
{{improve categories|date=April 2024}}

[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]

Sangam Kumar Sahoo

2026-04-23T09:04:22Z

LesterKitamura4: Added The Bio Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sangam Kumar Sahoo
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|47th Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]]
| status =
| term_start = 7 January 2026
| term_end =
| nominator = [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[P. B. Bajanthri]]|[[Sudhir Singh]] ''(acting)''}}
| successor =
| office1 = Judge of [[Orissa High Court]]
| term_start1 = 2 July 2014
| term_end1 = 6 January 2026
| nominator1 = [[R. M. Lodha]]
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|6|5|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| parents = Sarat Chandra Sahoo
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]
| education = [[B.Sc]], [[M.A.]] (in English and Oriya) and [[LL.B]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
}}
'''Sangam Kumar Sahoo''' (born 5 June 1964) is an Indian jurist who is currently serving as the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]]. He is a former judge of the [[Orissa High Court]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=National Informatics Centre (NIC, Orissa) |title=Judge {{!}} Orissa High Court, Cuttack |url=https://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/judges-profile/hon-ble-mr-justice-sangam-kumar-sahoo/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250426080701/https://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/judges-profile/hon-ble-mr-justice-sangam-kumar-sahoo/ |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.orissahighcourt.nic.in |language=en}}</ref> He has vast experience in dealing with criminal cases, both as an Advocate and a Judge of the High Court.

== Career ==
Justice Sahoo was born on 5 June 1964. He did his B.Sc. from Stewart Science College, Cuttack and LLB from Law College of Cuttack. He was enrolled as an advocate on 26 November 1989 with [[Bar Council of Odisha]].<ref name=":0" />

He started his practise under the guidance of his father Late. Sarat Chandra Sahoo, who was renowned criminal lawyer. He practiced as an advocate in the Orissa High Court, District Courts, State Administrative Tribunal, Central Administrative Tribunal and Consumer forums.

He was as appointed as Judge of [[Orissa High Court]] on 2 July 2014 and has been serving as such till date.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Yajati |date=2025-12-18 |title=Supreme Court Collegium Recommends Orissa High Court Justice Sangam Kumar Sahoo as Patna HC Chief Justice |url=https://pragativadi.com/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-orissa-high-court-justice-sangam-kumar-sahoo-as-patna-hc-chief-justice/ |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 18 December 2025 Supreme Court Collegium led by CJI [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]] recommended him to be appointed as Chief Justice of the [[Patna High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-12-18 |title=Collegium recommends Orissa High Court Justice Sangam Kumar Sahoo as Patna High Court Chief Justice |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-recommends-orissa-high-court-justice-sangam-kumar-sahoo-as-patna-high-court-chief-justice |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> Central government cleared his name for elevation as Chief Justice on 1 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2026-01-01 |title=Centre notifies appointment of Orissa HC Justice Sangam Kumar Sahoo as Patna High Court Chief Justice |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/centre-notifies-appointment-of-orissa-hc-justice-sangam-kumar-sahoo-as-patna-high-court-chief-justice |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahoo, Sangam Kumar}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Orissa High Court]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]

Goka Ramalingam

2026-04-23T07:14:42Z

LesterKitamura4: started bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1957
| term_end = 1967
| constituency = [[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]]
| predecessor = [[Syed Akhtar Hussain]]
| successor = [[M. K. Ahmed]]
| term_start1 = 1956
| term_end1 = 1957
| constituency1 = [[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir]]
| predecessor1 = ''Himself''
| successor1 = [[Ravi Narayan Reddy]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Hyderabad Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1952
| term_end2 = 1957
| constituency2 = [[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ravi Narayan Reddy]]
| successor2 = ''Himself''
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|10|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jangaon]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Telangana]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1999|11|27|1921|10|21|df=y}}
| spouse = Goka Kumaramma
}}

'''Goka Ramalingam''' (21 October 1921 – 1999) was an Indian politician who served in the [[Hyderabad Legislative Assembly]] and the successive [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 1952 until 1967. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], Ramalingam represented the [[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir]] and [[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]] constituencies.

== Political career ==
In [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952]], Ramalingam successfully ran as an Indian National Congress candidate for a by-election to the [[Hyderabad Legislative Assembly]], defeating [[Govinddas Mannulal Shroff|Govinddas Shroff]] of the [[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|People's Democratic Front]] by less than 300 votes in the [[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir constituency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLKc8roFtdIC&q=%22Goka+Ramalingam%22 |title=Results of Bye-elections Held Since the First General Elections 1951-52 Upto the 31st July, 1955 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |year=1956 |location=New Delhi |pages=77 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=I. Mallikarjuna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwluAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Goka+Ramalingam%22 |title=In Retrospect: pt. 1. Andhra Pradesh : heroes and heroines of Telangana armed struggle |publisher=Ravi Sasi Enterprises |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-88151-00-4 |location=Hyderabad |pages=563 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Ramalingam succeeded [[Ravi Narayana Reddy]] of the PDF, who had been elected to the [[1st Lok Sabha]] in the [[1952 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patil |first=Shivraj |author-link=Shivraj Patil |date=September 11, 1991 |title=OBITUARY REFERENCE |url=https://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses1/01110991.htm |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=[[Parliament of India]]}}</ref> Following the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|reorganization]] of [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] into [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] in 1956,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koshi |first=Luke |date=2016-11-02 |title=The reorganization of states in India and why it happened |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explainer-reorganization-states-india-and-why-it-happened-52273 |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> Ramalingam continued to represent the Bhongir constituency in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], the successor to the Hyderabad Legislative Assembly. In the [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Ramalingam was re-elected in the neighboring [[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon constituency]]. He was re-elected again in the [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962 election]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhwvAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Goka+Ramalingam%22 |title=Report on the General Elections in India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |year=1962 |volume=2 |location=New Delhi |pages=117 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

Ramalingam's younger brother [[Goka Ramaswamy]] was also an MLA, representing the [[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur Station constituency]] in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, and serving as a cabinet minister from 1978 to 1982.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Hyderabad MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1955–1962]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]

Highness

2026-04-23T01:09:57Z

LesterKitamura4:

{{short description|Address of royalty}}
{{about|the dynastic use|the song by Envy & Other Sins|Highness (song)|the song by Simon Townshend|Animal Soup|the album by Medicine|Her Highness (album)}}
{{Monarchism |expanded=concepts}}
'''Highness''' (abbreviation '''HH''', oral address '''Your Highness''') is a formal [[style (manner of address)|style]] used to address (in [[grammatical person|second person]]) or refer to (in [[grammatical person|third person]]) certain members of a [[reign]]ing or formerly reigning [[dynasty]]. It is typically used with a [[possessive adjective]]: "His Highness", "Her Highness" (HH), "Their Highnesses" (TH), etc. Although often combined with other adjectives [[honorific|of honour]] indicating rank, such as "Imperial", "Royal" or "Serene", it may be used alone.

''Highness'' is, both literally and figuratively, the quality of being lofty or above. It is used as a term to evoke [[dignity]] or [[honour]], and to acknowledge the exalted rank of the person so described.

==History in Europe==
Abstract styles arose in profusion in the [[Roman Empire]], especially in the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]].<ref name="pine">{{cite book | title=Titles | publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. | author=Pine, L.G. | year=1992 | location=New York | pages=[https://archive.org/details/titleshowkingbec0000pine/page/36 36, 69, 92, 94, 104, 148–149] | isbn=978-1-56619-085-5 | author-link=L.G. Pine | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/titleshowkingbec0000pine/page/36 }}</ref> Styles were attached to various offices at court or in the state.<ref name="pine"/> In the [[early Middle Ages]] such styles, couched in the second or third person, were uncertain and much more arbitrary, and were more subject to the fancies of secretaries than in later times.<ref>Selden, ''Titles of Honor'', part I, Ch. vii. p. 100</ref><ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Highness |volume=13 |page=456 |inline=1}}</ref>

In English usage, the terms Highness, [[His Grace|Grace]] and [[Majesty]] were all used as honorific styles of kings, queens and [[prince du sang|princes of the blood]] until the time of [[James VI and I]].<ref name="pine"/> Thus in documents relating to the reign of [[Henry VIII of England]], all three styles are used indiscriminately; an example is the king's judgment against [[Dr. Edward Crome]] (d. 1562), quoted, from the [[Lord Chamberlain]]s' books, ser. I, p. 791, in Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc. N.S. lOX. 299, where article 15 begins with ''Also the Kinges Highness hath ordered'', 16 with ''Kinges Majestie'', and 17 with ''Kinges Grace''. In the Dedication of the Authorized Version of the Bible of 1611, James I is still styled Majesty and Highness; thus, in the first paragraph: "the appearance of Your Majesty, as of the Sun in his strength, instantly dispelled those supposed and surmised mists ... especially when we beheld the government established in Your Highness and Your hopeful Seed, by an undoubted title". It was, however, in James I's reign that Majesty became the official style.<ref name=EB1911/>

==Continental Europe==
At the conclusion of the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, '''His/Her Highness''' (abbreviated '''HH'''), became prevalent for reigning dukes and members of their dynasties in Germany (e.g., [[Duchy of Anhalt|Anhalt]], [[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]], [[Duchy of Nassau|Nassau]], the three [[Ernestine duchies]] of [[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], [[Saxe-Meiningen]], and [[Saxe-Altenburg]], as well as [[Schleswig-Holstein]]); for [[cadet (genealogy)|cadet]]s of some German [[grand duchy|grand ducal]] houses (e.g., [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]], [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Mecklenburg-Schwerin]], [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], [[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]], [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]); and cadet members of some [[emperor|imperial]] or [[king|royal]] families (e.g., [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[Denmark]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Imperial House of Russia|Russia]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]). That custom remains official in the [[Dutch royal family|Dutch]] and Norwegian dynasties. The ''[[Almanach de Gotha]]'' and [[Burke's Peerage]] continued to ascribe ''Highness'' to members of [[abolished monarchy|deposed dynasties]] of ducal rank.

Among the nobility, the ''Almanach de Gotha'' notes that ''Highness'' was accorded to the heads of the families of [[House of Murat|Murat]] (a royal dynasty during the [[Napoleon]]ic era), [[Duke of Hohenberg|Hohenberg]], [[Francis, Duke of Teck|Teck]] and all members of the [[House of Ligne]].

The style was discontinued in the [[Danish royal family]] in 2023, having been applied to junior lines for many generations.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Example of official holders of the style ''Highness'':
*[[Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven|''His Highness'' Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau, Van Vollenhoven]], son of [[Princess Margriet of the Netherlands|HRH Princess Margriet of the Netherlands]] and [[Pieter van Vollenhoven|Mr. Pieter van Vollenhoven]], the maternal grandson of [[Queen Juliana|HM Queen Juliana of the Netherlands]], and nephew of [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|HM Queen Beatrix]]. Upon his mother's marriage, it was decreed that her children would be known as ''HH Prince(ss) <name> of Orange-Nassau, Van Vollenhoven''.
*[[Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway|''His Highness'' Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway]] son of HRH [[Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway|Crown Prince Haakon]] and HRH [[Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway|Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway]], the paternal grandson of HM [[King Harald V of Norway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kongehuset.no/c28433/seksjonstekst_person/vis.html?tid=28780|title=His Highness Prince Sverre Magnus|publisher=[[Monarchy of Norway]]|access-date=30 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/top+100+in+line+to+the+throne/3051062.html|title=Top 100 in line to the throne|publisher=[[Channel 4]]|date=27 March 2009}}</ref>

==Modified forms==
Usually members of an imperial or royal dynasty are addressed as [[Imperial Highness]] or [[Royal Highness]] (French ''Altesse Impériale, Altesse Royale''; German ''Kaiserliche Hoheit, Königliche Hoheit''; Spanish ''Alteza Imperial, Alteza Real'', etc.) respectively.

[[Grand Ducal Highness]] was the treatment accorded cadet princes of those families of ruling grand dukes who did not simply use "Highness", ''[[viz.]]'' [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]].

While "Highness" (''Hoheit'') was used for rulers of German duchies, the sovereign [[Duke of Modena|Dukes of Modena]] and [[Duke of Parma|of Parma]] were heads of [[cadet branch]]es of ruling dynasties of higher rank. They and their cadets therefore used the imperial or royal styles borne by members of those houses, respectively the royal [[House of Bourbon]] and the imperial [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]].

In modern times, [[Serene Highness]] (''Altesse Sérénissime'') is used as the equivalent of the German ''Durchlaucht''. In the 17th century, it became the general style borne by the heads of the reigning princely states of the Holy Roman Empire (''reichsständische Fürsten''), as "Illustrious Highness (''[[Erlaucht]]'') became customary for those of the [[graf|comital]] houses (''reichsständische Grafen'', i.e. Counts of the Empire). In 1825, the Imperial German Diet agreed to grant the style ''Durchlaucht'' to the heads of all [[German mediatization|mediatized]] princely houses domiciled in Germany elevated to the rank of ''[[Fürst]]'' are also styled Durchlaucht. In 1829, the style of Erlaucht, which had formerly been borne by the reigning Counts of the empire, was similarly granted to the mediatized countly families ([[Almanach de Gotha]], 1909, 107).<ref name=EB1911/>

''His Exalted Highness'' is a rare hybrid of the title style Highness. It is used as a salutation style ''only'' for the [[Nizams of Hyderabad]] and [[Berar Province|Berar]] conferred by the [[British Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-23/news/27703352_1_richest-man-mir-osman-ali-khan-forbes-list |title=Making money the royal way ! - Economic Times |access-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714172402/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-23/news/27703352_1_richest-man-mir-osman-ali-khan-forbes-list |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/%60His-Exalted-Highness-to-be-staged-today/article14734360.ece | title='His Exalted Highness' to be staged today| newspaper=The Hindu| date=2007-03-14}}</ref>

==Commonwealth realms==
''Highness'' was the style accorded to princes of the [[British royal family]] who were the [[patrilineality|male-line]] great-grandchildren of a British sovereign (and the wives/widows of great-grandsons), except the eldest son of the [[Prince of Wales]]. In 1917, [[George V]] revoked authorization for use of that style.

The children and grandchildren in the male-line of a British sovereign were and are addressed as [[Royal Highness]] (His or Her Royal Highness, abbreviated ''HRH''), as are the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales (decree of 31 May 1898).<ref name="gazette">{{cite journal| url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/60384/pages/213 | title=Crown Office | journal=The London Gazette |date=8 January 2013 | issue=60384 | pages=213}}</ref> The sovereign has the right as a legal ''[[fount of honour|fons honorum]]'' to grant or revoke use of the style of Highness, as with other styles, titles and honours.<ref>British Royal Family Website. [https://www.royal.uk/queen-and-honours The Queen and Honours]. The Royal Household. Buckingham Palace. accessed 5 February 2019.</ref>

==Colonial use==
*In the [[British Empire]], the style (His) Highness became reserved for the elite of the feudatory dynastic heads of the major [[princely state]]s (mainly in [[India]] and other territories—as on the [[Persian Gulf]] coast—once under the [[East India Company]]).
*In various other empires, such as the [[Dutch East Indies]] (see [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia]]), a similar system was introduced.

== Modern Islamic World ==
=== Royal Afghanistan ===
In Afghanistan the title ''Jalalat Mahab'' is used for [[Sardar]]s, or Princes of the former [[Barakzai dynasty|Muhammadzai dynasty]], who are descendants of the Afghan Emir Payindah Muhammad Khan Barakzai. Although ''Jalalat Mahab'' is derived from the Arabic term ''Jalalat'' literally meaning ''His Majesty'', it is regarded as equal to ''His Highness'' internationally. A legal ground for it is a strengthened [[customary law|ius cogens]] within the Afghan royal family with gateways in the first written constitution of Afghanistan issued by [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] in year 1890 and amended by [[Amanullah Khan]] in year 1923.<ref>Encyclopedia Iranica in Constitutional History of Afghanistan</ref><ref>Adamek in Who is Who in Afghanistan</ref>

[[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Prince Daoud Khan]], a member of the Telai cadet branch and Cousin of the last Afghan King [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]], acting as prime minister under his cousin held the address ''Jalalat Mahab Aali Qadr Sardari Alaa'' ([[English language|English]] His Honorable Highness the sublime Prince) during his term as [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]].<ref>Mir Assadullah Sadat in Alqab Dowalti</ref>

After the [[1964 Constitution of Afghanistan|constitution of 1964]] that changed Afghanistan's state system from an [[Absolute monarchy|absolute]] to a [[constitutional monarchy]], the descendants of [[Mohammed Nadir Shah|King Nadir Shah]] held the exclusive address as ''Alaa Hazrat'' in which context ''Hazrat'' is Turkish and means ''Majesty'' or ''Highness'' and thus literally translated means ''Higher Majesty'' or ''Higher Highness'' and is internationally also equal to ''His Royal Highness''. ''Jalalat Mahab'' was still used for other cadet branches by [[customary law]] and in light of the law of royal expenses, based on Article 13 and 24 of the Royal Constitution of 1964. Cadet branches include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan's Constitution of 1964 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Afghanistan_1964.pdf?lang=en |website=Constitute}}</ref><ref>Christopher Buyers in Royal Ark, Afghanistan</ref>

* Telai, descendants of [[Sultan Mohammad Khan|Sultan Mohammed Khan]], including Prince Daoud Khan
* Seraj, descendants of [[Dost Mohammad Khan|Dost Mohammed Khan]]
* and [[Shaghasi]], descendants of other children of Payindah Muhammad Khan

The King himself held the title ''Alaa Hazrat Humayoon'' which literally translated means ''His Most Noble Majesty'', and can be equalized with ''His Majesty'' internationally.

Despite the [[de facto]] fall of [[Barakzai dynasty|Barakzai leadership]] through the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Invasion]] in year 1978, the address is until today still used out of courtesy.

=== Saudi Arabia ===
In Saudi Arabia, all members of the royal family have the title of [[Emir]] ([[Prince]]) but sons, daughters, [[patrilineal]] granddaughters and grandsons of [[Ibn Saud]] are referred to by the [[Style (manner of address)|style]] "[[His Royal Highness]]" (HRH), differing from those belonging to the [[cadet branch]]es who are styled as "His/Her Highness" (HH), and in addition to that a reigning king has the title of [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]].<ref name="Sheikh to Chic">{{cite news|last1=Amos|first1=Deborah|title=Sheikh to Chic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-cDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28|access-date=12 July 2016|publisher=Mother Jones|date=1991|page=28|language=en}}</ref><ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web|url=https://americanbedu.com/2010/03/23/saudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807041830/https://americanbedu.com/2010/03/23/saudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh/|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2016|title=Saudi Arabia: HRH or HH? – American Bedu|date=7 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Family Tree datarabia">{{cite web|title=Family Tree|url=http://www.datarabia.com/royals/familytree.do|website=datarabia.com|access-date=7 December 2016|language=en}}</ref>

The definition of the [[cadet branch]]es has been legally defined in year 2000 by [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]] and includes the following:<ref>[https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/media/3420 Washington institute in "After King Abdullah"]</ref>
* Al Jiluwi, descendants of [[Jiluwi bin Turki Al Saud|Prince Jiluwi bin Turki al Saud]] acting as closest allies to [[Ibn Saud|King Abdul Aziz]]
* Al Kabeer, descendants of [[Saud Al Kabeer bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Saud Al Kabeer]], who allied with King Abdul Aziz against the [[Rashidi dynasty|Rashidi State]]
* Al Thunayan Al Mishari and Al Farhan, who descend from brothers of the dynastic founder [[Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin|Muhammad bin Saud al Muqrin]]

=== Gulf States ===
The [[Emir]]s of Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates also use the style of "Highness".

=== Iraq ===
Patrilineal descendants of former ruling Emirs of Iraq use His Highness for the head of the house<ref>{{Cite book |last=Batatu |first=H |title=The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1978}}</ref>

=== Aga Khan ===
The [[Aga Khan]] was granted the style of ''His Highness'' by [[Elizabeth II|Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom]] in 1957 upon the death of his grandfather [[Aga Khan III]]. This has been a traditional gesture by British sovereigns since the Aga Khan III allied himself with Britain against Afghanistan.

The style of ''His Highness'' was formally granted to the Aga Khan IV's successor and eldest son, [[Aga Khan V]], by [[King Charles III]] on 10 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2025 |title=The King is pleased to grant the new Aga Khan the title “His Highness” |url=https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-02-10/the-king-is-pleased-to-grant-the-new-aga-khan-the-title-his-highness |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=Royal.UK |language=en}}</ref>

==Republican and non-royal usage==
Very rarely, the style of ''Highness'' or variations thereof have been used by non-monarchical heads of state, particularly before the 20th century, and often in cases where the distinction between monarchy and republic was blurred. For example, [[Oliver Cromwell]] and his wife were styled "Highness" upon his elevation to [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]]; he also enjoyed the style of ''[[by the Grace of God]]'', was succeeded by [[Richard Cromwell|his son]], and [[Humble Petition and Advice|had even been offered the throne]].<ref name="pine"/>

===Spanish-speaking world===
In the [[Spanish-speaking world]], a handful of leaders historically enjoyed the official, if often ephemeral, style of ''Highness'' ('''''Alteza''''') or variations thereof.

In Spain, [[Manuel Godoy]], who twice served as [[President of the Government (Spain)|Prime Minister]] from 1792 to 1797 and from 1801 to 1808, was granted the style of ''[[Most Serene Highness]]'' ('''''Su Alteza Serenísima''''') in 1807 by [[King of Spain|King]] [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]]. He had been created ''Principe de la Paz'' ("Prince of the Peace") in 1795, but the princely title did not carry the style of ''Highness'' on its own. The former style was possibly derived from the traditional Spanish honorific of ''[[The Most Excellent|Excelentísimo Señor]]'' ([[The Most Excellent]]).

[[Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara]], who was [[regent]] for Queen [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]] from 1840 to 1843, and three times served as Prime Minister: in 1837, from 1840 to 1841, and from 1854 to 1856, was created [[Prince of Vergara]] {{citation needed span|with the exceptional (and not strictly non-royal) style of ''[[Royal Highness]]'' ('''''Alteza Real''''')|date=February 2017}} in 1872. Espartero had previously declined an offer to the throne following the [[Spanish Revolution of 1868]], which instead went to the Italian [[House of Savoy|Amadeo of Savoy]], who in turn bestowed the royal princedom on him.

Furthermore, according to the provisions of Royal Decree 1368/1987 promulgated by King [[Juan Carlos I]] in 1987, a [[Regent]] of Spain is to enjoy the style of ''Highness'' (as well as protocolary honours equal to those of the [[Prince of Asturias]]), unless they were to possess rank conferring a higher style.<ref name="Boletín">{{cite web|title=Real Decreto 1368/1987, de 6 de noviembre, sobre régimen de títulos, tratamientos y honores de la Familia Real y de los Regentes.|url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1987-25284|website=Boletín Oficial del Estado| pages=33717 |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref>

During the short-lived ''[[:es:Junta de Gobierno Autónoma de Quito|Luz de America]]'' uprising of 1809 in modern-day [[Ecuador]], the ''Junta de Gobierno Autónoma de Quito'' ("Autonomous Government [[Junta (Peninsular War)|Junta]] of [[Royal Audiencia of Quito|[the Royal Audiencia of] Quito]]"), granted its president, [[Juan Pío de Montúfar, 2nd Marquis of Selva Alegre]], the style of ''Most Serene Highness'', while claiming for itself the collective dignity of "''[[Majesty]]''" (as it purported to be acting in the name of King [[Ferdinand VII]]). Selva Alegre's pseudo-monarchical government, which was formed following [[Peninsular War#Napoleon.27s invasion of Spain|Napoleon's invasion of Spain]] in 1808 and lasted for a mere seventy-five days, was considered by both contemporaries and later historians to be a thinly-disguised effort to establish a "Kingdom of Quito"; Selva dressed himself in regal vestments, bestowed honours on citizens, and instituted the [[National Order of San Lorenzo]] (which was much later revived by [[President of Ecuador|Ecuadorian President]] [[Camilo Ponce Enríquez (politician)|Camilo Ponce Enríquez]] in 1959).<ref name=Diccionario>{{cite web|last1=Pimentel|first1=Rodolfo Perez|title=Juan Pío Montúfar y Larrea|url=http://www.diccionariobiograficoecuador.com/tomos/tomo4/m11.htm|website=diccionariobiograficoecuador.com|publisher=Diccionario Biográfico del Ecuador.|access-date=22 November 2014|archive-date=18 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918020655/http://www.diccionariobiograficoecuador.com/tomos/tomo4/m11.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Antonio López de Santa Anna]], enjoyed the official style of ''Most Serene Highness'' during his [[Antonio López de Santa Anna#President for the last time, 1853–1855|eleventh and final tenure]] as [[President of Mexico]] for life from 1853 until his deposal in 1855.<ref name=Sible>{{cite web|last1=Sible|first1=Randy|title=The Life of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: Savior, Emperor, President, and Dictator|url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mex-war/santa-anna2.htm|website=Latin American Studies|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref>

===Elsewhere===
==== United States ====
Shortly before the [[First inauguration of George Washington|inauguration of George Washington]] as the first [[President of the United States]], then-[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[John Adams]] organised a [[Congressional committees|congressional committee]] on the matter of the title and style of the President. There Adams agitated for the adoption of the style of ''Highness'' (as well as the title of ''Protector of Their [the United States'] Liberties'') for the President.<ref name=HutsonAdams>{{cite journal|last1=Hutson|first1=James H.|title=John Adams' Title Campaign|journal=The New England Quarterly|date=March 1968|volume=41|issue=1|pages=30–39|doi=10.2307/363331|jstor=363331}}</ref> Others favored the variant of ''Electoral Highness'' or the lesser ''Excellency'', the latter of which was vociferously opposed by Adams, who contended that it was far beneath the presidential dignity, as the executives of the states, some of which were also titled "President" (e.g. the [[Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania|President of Pennsylvania]]), at that time often enjoyed the style of ''Excellency''; Adams said that the President "would be levelled with colonial governors or with functionaries from German princedoms" if he were to use the style of ''Excellency''. On further consideration, Adams deemed even ''Highness'' insufficient and instead proposed that the Executive, both the President and the Vice President (i.e., himself), be styled ''Majesty'', with only which the "great danger" of insufficient dignity being attached to the executive could be solved.<ref name=HutsonAdams /> Adams' efforts were met with widespread derision and perplexion; [[Thomas Jefferson]] called them "the most superlatively ridiculous thing I ever heard of", while [[Benjamin Franklin]] considered it "absolutely mad".<ref name=HutsonAdams /> The proposal came to naught, and American Presidents, from Washington onwards, have eschewed honorific titles and styles altogether and are simply referred to as ''[[Mr. President (title)|Mr. President]]''.

==== Samoa ====
In modern-day [[Samoa]], the [[O le Ao o le Malo]], the Samoan head of state, has since the country's independence enjoyed the title of ''Highness'', as do the heads of the four paramount [[Matai title|chiefly dynasties]]. However, as all of the heads of state, elected by the ''[[Fono of Samoa|Fono]]'', the country's parliament (which is itself almost entirely composed of customary chiefs), since independence have been one of the four chiefs, it is ambiguous as to whether the country constitutes a [[republic]] or an [[elective monarchy]].

==== Africa ====
[[Monarchies in Africa|African royalty]] commonly use "Highness" to refer to their junior dynasts. Some ranking monarchs also make use of the style. An example of the former is Princess [[Elizabeth Bagaya]] of the [[Tooro Kingdom]] in Uganda. An example of the latter is the princess' sister-in-law, [[Queen Best Kemigisa]].

==Other uses==
Regardless of the official traditions in the various colonial empires, the style is evidently used to render, often merely informally, various somewhat analogous titles in non-western cultures, regardless whether there is an actual linguistic and/or historical link. Furthermore, in [[North America]], some chiefs of certain indigenous tribes or nations use the style of Highness, which may or may not be recognised by their governments.

==Variations and precedence==
While the actual precedence depends on the rank itself, and sometimes more specifically on the monarchy, rather than on the style of address, the holders tend to end up roughly in the following order of precedence:

*[[Imperial and Royal Highness|His/Her Imperial and Royal Highness]] (HI&RH)
*[[Imperial Highness|His/Her Imperial Highness]] (HIH)
*[[Royal Highness|His/Her Royal Highness]] (HRH)
*[[Grand Ducal Highness|His/Her Grand Ducal Highness]] (HGDH), used by junior members of the houses of Luxembourg, Grand Ducal Hesse, and Baden
*His/Her Highness (HH)
*[[Exalted Highness|His/Her Exalted Highness]] (HEH), used only by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], the pre-eminent Indian princely ruler
*[[Sultanic Highness#Compound ruler titles|His/Her Sultanic Highness]] (HSH), a rare, hybrid western-Islamic honorific style, exclusively used by the son, daughter-in-law and daughters of Sultan [[Hussein Kamel of Egypt]]
*[[Ducal Serene Highness|His/Her Ducal Serene Highness]] (HDSH)
*[[His Eminence|His Most Eminent Highness]] (HMEH), a hybrid with [[His Eminence]], created in 1630 for the [[Grand master (order)|Grand Master]] of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Knights of Malta]], as [[Reichsfürst|Prince of the Holy Roman Empire]] at par with a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] (Prince of the Church).
*[[Most Serene Highness|His/Her Most Serene Highness]] (HMSH)
*[[Serene Highness|His/Her Serene Highness]] (HSH)
*[[Illustrious Highness|His/Her Illustrious Highness]] (HIll.H)
*[[Royal Highness|His/Her Tribal Highness]] (HTH), a rare hybrid of Highness exclusively used by [[Mohammed Ameziane|Amghar Mohammed Ameziane, Prince of the Rif]] and direct descendants.

== See also ==
*[[Excellency]]
*[[Monsignor]]
*[[Sire]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{-}}
{{Royal styles}}

[[Category:Royal styles|Highness]]

Mig La

2026-04-20T09:32:47Z

LesterKitamura4: adding a article

{{Short description|Mountain pass in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Mig La pass
| photo = [[File:Mig-La-Pass-Discover-Leh-Ladakh.jpg|frameless|Mig La Pass]]
| caption =
| elevation = {{convert|19400|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}
| location = [[Leh district]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
| range = [[Changthang Plateau]], [[Himalayas]]
| coordinates = {{coord|32|54|34|N|79|04|00|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Mig La''' (also known as '''Mig Pass''') is a high-altitude mountain pass located in the [[Changthang Plateau]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]].<ref name="Media India Group">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=BRO sets world record with highest motorable road at Mig La Pass|url=https://mediaindia.eu/tourism/bro-sets-world-record-with-highest-motorable-road-at-mig-la-pass/|agency=Media India Group|date=October 6, 2025}}</ref><ref name="CivilsDaily">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=World's Highest Motorable Road constructed at Mig La Pass in Ladakh|url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/worlds-highest-motorable-road-constructed-at-mig-la-pass-in-ladakh/|agency=CivilsDaily|date=October 8, 2025}}</ref> The pass is notable for being the location of the world's highest motorable road, constructed by the [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO).<ref name="ANI">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=BRO sets new world record by constructing world highest motorable road at Mig La Pass|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bro-sets-new-world-record-by-constructing-world-highest-motorable-road-at-mig-la-pass20251004193743|agency=ANI|date=October 4, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Outlook Traveller">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=BRO Sets New Guinness Record With World's Highest Motorable Road At 19400 Feet In Ladakh|url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/News/bro-sets-new-guinness-record-with-worlds-highest-motorable-road-at-19400-feet-in-ladakh|agency=Outlook Traveller|date=October 9, 2025}}</ref> Mig La is situated in the Leh district near the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) with China.<ref name="The Statesman a">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=BRO completes world's highest motorable road at Mig La Pass, surpassing Umling La|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bro-completes-worlds-highest-motorable-road-at-mig-la-pass-surpassing-umling-la-1503494955.html|agency=The Statesman|date=October 4, 2025}}</ref><ref name="India Sentinels">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=BRO constructs world's highest motorable road at Mig-la pass in Ladakh|url=https://www.indiasentinels.com/defence-ministry/bro/bro-constructs-worlds-highest-motorable-road-at-mig-la-in-ladakh-7067|agency=India Sentinels|date=October 4, 2025}}</ref>

The completion of the road over Mig La Pass has significant strategic and socio-economic importance for India.<ref name="The Logical Indian">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=India Creates History: BRO Constructs World's Highest Motorable Road at 19,400 ft in Ladakh's Mig La Pass|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/india-creates-history-bro-builds-worlds-highest-motorable-road-at-19400-ft-on-mig-la-pass/|agency=The Logical Indian|date=October 7, 2025}}</ref><ref name="car&bike">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=India Gets A New Highest Motorable Road; Mig La Sets New World Record at 19,400 ft|url=https://www.carandbike.com/news/india-gets-a-new-highest-motorable-road-mig-la-sets-new-world-record-at-19400-ft-3218570|agency=car&bike|date=October 9, 2025}}</ref> It enhances connectivity for the [[Indian Armed Forces]] in the eastern Ladakh sector and provides year-round access to remote border villages.<ref name="Outlook Traveller"/><ref name="ANI"/>

==Geography==
[[File:Mig-La-Pass-Discover-Leh-Ladakh.jpg|thumb|Mig La Pass]]

===Elevation===

Mig La is situated in the rugged, high-altitude terrain of the Changthang Plateau in eastern Ladakh.<ref name="CivilsDaily"/><ref name="Travel Trade Journal">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=BRO sets new world record with construction of highest motorable road at Mig La Pass|url=https://traveltradejournal.com/bro-sets-new-world-record-with-construction-of-highest-motorable-road-at-mig-la-pass/|agency=Travel Trade Journal|date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> The pass is located in the Leh district of the [[union territory]] of Ladakh.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=This is the world's highest motorable pass (hint: it's not Umling La)|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/this-is-the-worlds-highest-motorable-pass-hint-its-not-umling-la/articleshow/124308248.cms|agency=Times of India|date=October 4, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Defence Stories">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=At 19400 ft, Mig La Dethrones Umling La As World's Highest Motorable Pass; How This Strengthens India's Border Defences?|url=https://defencestories.com/2025/10/05/at-19400-ft-mig-la-dethrones-umling-la-as-worlds-highest-motorable-pass-how-this-strengthens-indias-border-defences/|agency=Defence Stories|date=October 5, 2025}}</ref>

===World record===

BRO's achievement of constructing LMLF Road over the Mig La, announced by hoisting the Indian tricolour and the BRO flag at the summit, broke its previous [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the highest motorable road.<ref name="Outlook Traveller"/><ref name="Travel and Leisure Asia b">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=India's BRO Breaks Own Guinness Record, Builds World's Highest Motorable Road|url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/sg/news/worlds-highest-motorable-road-mig-la-pass-opens-in-ladakh/|agency=Travel and Leisure Asia|date=October 9, 2025}}</ref>

The road built over Mig La Pass is officially located at an altitude of 19,400 feet (5,913 metres) above sea level.<ref name="The Statesman a"/><ref name="Newsonair">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=BRO Breaks Its Own Record, Builds World's Highest Motorable Road at 19,400 ft in Ladakh|url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/bro-breaks-its-own-record-builds-worlds-highest-motorable-road-at-19400-ft-in-ladakh/|agency=Newsonair|date=October 4, 2025}}</ref> This elevation makes the road at Mig La the world's highest motorable road, surpassing the Border Roads Organisation's own previous record at the nearby [[Umling La]] Pass (19,024 feet).<ref name="ANI"/><ref name="The Statesman a"/> The altitude of Mig La is higher than both the South Base Camp of [[Mount Everest]] in Nepal (17,598 feet) and the North Base Camp in Tibet (16,900 feet).<ref name="Outlook Traveller"/><ref name="Media India Group"/> The BRO is responsible for the development and maintenance of [[India–China Border Roads|road networks in India's border areas]].<ref name="India Sentinels"/><ref name="Media India Group"/> Construction on the road began in August 2023 and the critical section was completed in October 2025, overcoming significant engineering challenges posed by the extreme altitude and weather.<ref name="The Statesman a"/><ref name="car&bike"/>

===Significance===

This alignment creates a third axis for military mobility from the Hanle sector to Fukche..<ref name="The Statesman a"/><ref name="Defence Stories"/> This strategic road over the Mig La pass was constructed by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under [[Project Himank|Project Himank]].<ref name="CivilsDaily"/><ref name="Newsonair"/>

==Climate ==

The terrain at Mig La is characterised by the cold desert climate with extreme conditions, including sub-zero temperatures and oxygen levels that are nearly 50 per cent lower than at sea level.<ref name="car&bike"/><ref name="Outlook Traveller"/> These geographical challenges, such as loose soil and intense cold, made the road construction project difficult.<ref name="India Sentinels"/><ref name="The Statesman a"/>

==Transport==

[[Fukche_Advanced_Landing_Ground#LMLF|Likaru–Mig La–Fukche Road]] (LMLF Road) over the Mig La is part of the 64-kilometre-long alignment<ref name="The Statesman a"/><ref name="ForumIAS">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=Mig La Pass|url=https://forumias.com/blog/mig-la-pass/|agency=ForumIAS|date=October 8, 2025}}</ref> which connects the Likaru village (in Hanley region) to the [[Fukche Advanced Landing Ground]] airfield located only about three kilometres from the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.<ref name="India Sentinels"/><ref name="Defence Stories"/>

==Tourism==

The LMLF Road is expected to boost tourism in Ladakh, while also providing year-round connectivity and socio-economic benefits to remote border communities like Hanle and Fukche.<ref name="Travel Trade Journal"/><ref name="The Logical Indian"/>

==See also==

* [[Umling La]]
* [[Khardung La]]
* [[Chang La]]
* [[India–China Border Roads]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Mountain passes of India}}

[[Category:Mountain passes of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Roads in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Guinness World Records holders]]

Central Shalteng Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:25Z

LesterKitamura4: started a stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Central Shalteng
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 26
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
| established = 2022
| electors = 
| reservation =
}}
'''Central Shalteng''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Shalteng]] is also part of [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification by Delimitation Commission |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017204253/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2022 |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Delimitation Order |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924222358/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2022 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituency map |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J%26K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524150644/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J%26K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO |access-date=15 August 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Central Shalteng<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Central Shalteng|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0826.htm|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709170244/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0826.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tariq Hameed Karra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,933 |percentage=55.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Irfan Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=4,538 |percentage=13.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Noor Mohammad Sheikh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,103 |percentage=12.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Qayoom Bhat |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,730 |percentage=8.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zaffer Habib Dar |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=886 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=821 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adil Hussain Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indomeet Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=350 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Riyaz Ahmad Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=295 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muddasir Rashid Bazaz |party=Independent politician |votes=203 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,395 |percentage=42.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,891 |percentage=31.45% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,770 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Srinagar district]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2022]]

Abhishek Singh Tekcham

2026-04-19T18:30:23Z

LesterKitamura4: Starting New Bio

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Western name order|Tekcham Abhishek Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Tekcham|Abhishek|Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Abhishek Singh
| image =
| caption =
| full_name = Abhishek Singh Tekcham
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|01|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height = 1.70 m
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|Left-back]]
| currentclub = [[Mohun Bagan|Mohun Bagan]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 = –2019
| youthclubs1 = [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]]
| years1 = 2019–2022
| clubs1 = [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab B]]
| caps1 = 4
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2022–2025
| clubs2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| caps2 = 38
| goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2025–
| clubs3 = [[Mohun Bagan|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps3 = 0
| goals3 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2022
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 3
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps2 = 2
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 2025–
| nationalteam3 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 4
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| club-update = 17:38, 10 March 2025 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 17:38, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
}}
'''Abhishek Singh Tekcham''' ({{langx|mni|Tekcham Abhishek Singh}}, born 2 January 2005) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and the [[India national football team|India national team]].

==Club career==
Abhishek Singh started his career with [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]], based in Punjab. In 2020, Minerva Academy parted away with [[Punjab FC]]. Some players from Minerva moved to Punjab FC, including Abhishek Singh before the [[2021–22 I-League]]. He won the [[2022–23 I-League]], the then second division league of Indian football, with Punjab FC.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Aasif |title=Who is Punjab FC's new rising star Tekcham Abhishek Singh? |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-punjab-fc-abhishek-singh-202411 |website=khelnow.com |access-date=3 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205154147/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-punjab-fc-abhishek-singh-202411 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I-League 2022-23: RoundGlass Punjab FC crowned champions, provisionally promoted to Indian Super League |url=https://www.espn.in/football/report/_/gameId/666587 |access-date=3 April 2025 |work=[[ESPN]] |date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321111240/https://www.espn.in/football/report/_/gameId/666587 |archive-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>

==International career==
Singh was part of the [[India national under-20 football team|India under-20]] squad for the [[2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] and played all the three matches of the qualifiers. On 11 March 2025, the then [[India national football team|India national team]] head coach [[Manolo Márquez]] announced Singh's inclusion in the squad for the third round of [[2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round|AFC Asian Cup qualification]] matches. He made his debut in a friendly against the [[Maldives national football team|Maldives]] before the qualifiers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sudeshna |title=Abhishek gets first India call up for himself and Punjab FC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/abhishek-gets-first-india-call-up-for-himself-punjab-fc/articleshow/118901504.cms |access-date=3 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316204508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/abhishek-gets-first-india-call-up-for-himself-punjab-fc/articleshow/118901504.cms |archive-date=16 March 2025}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|19 April 2026}}<ref>{{soccerway|tekcham-singh/876091}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Super Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Durand Cup
!colspan="2"|Other(s)
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goal!!Apps!!Goal
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab B]]
|{{nowrap|[[2020 I-League qualifiers|2019–20]]}}
|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|1||0|| colspan="8" |–||1||0
|-
|[[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League|2024]]
|[[Reliance Foundation Development League|RFDL]]
|3||2|| colspan="8" |–||3||2
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!4!!2!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!4!!2
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|[[2022–23 RoundGlass Punjab FC season|2022–23]]
|[[I-League]]
|4||1|| colspan="8" |–||4||1
|-
|[[2023–24 Punjab FC season|2023–24]]
|rowspan=2|[[Indian Super League]]
|12||0||3||0|| colspan="2" |–||1||0||colspan=2|-||16||0
|-
|{{nowrap|[[2024–25 Punjab FC season|2024–25]]}}
|22||0||2||0|| colspan="2" |–||3||0||colspan=2|-||27||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!38!!1!!5!!0!!0!!0!!4!!0!!0!!0!!47!!1
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|[[2025–26 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2025–26]]
|Indian Super League
|9||0
|1||0
|1 {{efn|name=AFCCL|Appearance(s) in[[AFC Champions League Two]]}}||0
|4||0
|2 {{efn|name=IFAShield|Appearance(s) in [[IFA Shield]]}}||0
|17||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!51!!3!!6!!0!!1!!0!!8!!0!!2!!0!!68!!3
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|31 March 2026}}<ref name="NFTprofile">{{NFT|98688}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2025||3||0
|-
|2026||1||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!4!!0
|}

==Honours==

'''Punjab FC'''
* [[I-League]]: [[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
'''Mohun Bagan SG'''
* [[IFA Shield]]: [[2025 IFA Shield|2025]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football|Biography}}
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/91171?type=club Tekcham Abhishek Singh] at AIFF
* {{Soccerway|876091}}

{{Punjab FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tekcham, Abhishek Singh}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Punjab FC players]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Basanta Kumar Das (Indian politician)

2026-04-18T01:34:36Z

LesterKitamura4: Starting New Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (1898–1984)}}
{{Distinguish|Basanta Kumar Das (Pakistani politician)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Basanta Kumar Das
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1957
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Pramathanath Banerjee]]
| constituency1 = [[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]], [[West Bengal]]
| office1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Pramathanath Banerjee]]
| successor1 = [[Samar Guha]]
| term_start1 = 1962
| term_end1 = 1967
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 =
| office3 = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| term_start3 = 9 December 1946
| term_end3 = 24 January 1950
| birth_date = 1 March 1898
| birth_place = Ramchak, Khejuri -II, [[Midnapore District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 1 December 1984
| spouse = Tarangini Das
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| constituency3 =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| image = Basanta kumar das.jpg
}}
''' Basanta Kumar Das''' (1 March 1898 – 1 December 1984) was an Indian Politician belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the Lower house of Indian Parliament from [[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai constituency]], [[West Bengal]] in 1952 and 1962. He was earlier a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] representing [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiapress.org/election/archives/lok01/state/01lswb.php | title=MEMBERS OF FIRST LOK SABHA West Bengal - 34 | publisher=indiapress.org | accessdate=7 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results".West Bengal. |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=7 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archivedate=8 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Parliament of India, Third Lok Sabha: Who's who 1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6v7v6JijJAC|year=1962|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVVPAQAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=11}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Basanta Kumar Das was born on 1 March 1898 in Ramchak village of [[Khejuri]] police station in [[Purba Medinipur district]], [[British India]] in a [[Mahishya]] family to Indranarayan Das and Sudharani Debi. His family was mostly engaged in agriculture and farming. He passed his [[Matriculation examination]] from the esteemed [[Contai High School]] and then proceeded to the famed [[Presidency College Calcutta|Presidency College]], [[Calcutta]] by 1914 to study his undergraduate [[Science]] degree.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhowmik |first=Arindam |title=বসন্তকুমার ও সতীশচন্দ্র: অপূর্ব মেলবন্ধন {{!}} Satish Chandra Samanta & Basanta Kumar Das: Tale of two friends |url=https://www.midnapore.in/article/Freedomfighter_Satishchandrasamanta_Basantakumardas.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.midnapore.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta Kumar Das |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/members/basanta-kumar-das/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political career ==
While studying for his [[B.Sc]] at the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College, Calcutta]] he had joined the [[Anushilan Samiti]] and by 1921 he had become a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhowmik |first=Arindam |title=দুই জননেতা : বসন্তকুমার ও মাস্টারমশাই নিকুঞ্জবিহারী মাইতি {{!}} Basantakumar Das & Nikunja Bihari Maiti |url=https://www.midnapore.in/article/Satishchandrasamanta_Nikunja_Bihari_Maiti.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=www.midnapore.in |language=en}}</ref> For his association with the revolutionary societies and nationalist politicians he was arrested multiple times from 1916 to 1941. He also, actively participated in [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non Cooperation movement]], [[Civil disobedience]] and [[Quit India Movement]]. He closely worked with leaders such as ''Deshapran'' [[Birendranath Sasmal]] during the freedom struggle.<ref name=":0" /> He was the right hand man of Deshapran Sasmal in organising the various independence activities in the areas of [[Purba Medinipur district]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eW3aAAAAMAAJ&q=birendranath+sasmal |title=Land, Caste, and Politics in Indian States |date=1982 |publisher=Authors Guild Publications |isbn=978-0-8364-1048-8 |language=en}}</ref>

After Independence, he along with [[Satish Chandra Samanta]] was chosen to be a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] tasked with the drafting of the [[Indian constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bengal contingent at the Constituent Assembly |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-bengal-contingent-at-the-constituent-assembly |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref> He also led a delegation to the [[USSR]] relating to agriculture. He became a member of the Provincial Government from 1950 to 1952 and subsequently, the member of the [[First Lok Sabha]] and then the member of the West Bengal Legislative Council from 1958 to 1962.<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==
He was married to Tarangini Debi, a independence activist and a leading figure among the women of [[Midnapore district]] during the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=.:: Legacy of Midnapore - Freedom Fighter - Tarangini Das ::. |url=https://www.midnapore.in/freedomfighters/tarangini_das.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.midnapore.in}}</ref>

== Death ==
Basanta Kumar Das died in 1 December 1984 when he was 86 years, leaving his widowed wife and 5 children and his grandchildren. In his village, Ramchak his one storied Mud house still stands. He had established a school, ''Khejuri Adarsha Vidyapith'' in his native place [[Khejuri]]. One of his sons, Paresh Kanti Das was an MLA from [[Bangla Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=বেরা |first=শান্তনু |title=পর্ণকুটিরে বন্দি প্রথম সাংসদের স্মৃতি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/lok-sabha-election-2019-people-almost-forget-the-role-basanta-kumar-das-1.972299 |work=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/671.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{First to Tenth Lok Sabha, West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Basanta Kumar}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

2025 United States–India diplomatic and trade crisis

2026-04-17T17:48:07Z

LesterKitamura4: Starting New Stub

{{Short description|none}}
The '''2025–26 United States–India diplomatic and trade crisis''' started in August 2025, when U.S.–India relations entered a period of acute tension following a sharp escalation in trade and diplomatic disputes. The [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] imposed sweeping [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration|tariffs]] on Indian exports—initially a 25 percent "reciprocal" tariff, followed by an additional 25 percent penalty tied to India's continued imports of Russian oil—bringing the total duty to a staggering 50 percent, among the highest imposed on any trading partner.<ref name="auto8">{{cite web | last1=Ellis-Petersen | first1=Hannah | title=Trump's demand that India stop buying Russian oil puts Modi in tight spot | work=The Guardian | date=4 August 2025 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/04/donald-trump-demand-that-india-stop-buying-russian-oil-puts-narendra-modi-in-tight-spot }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/08/14/india-modi-trump-tariffs-trade/|title=In Trump-Modi standoff, 'egos' and missteps fuel resentment|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Pranshu|last=Verma|date=14 August 2025|access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref> India strongly denounced the measures as "unfair, unjustified and unreasonable," asserting that its energy policy and supply chains are independent and grounded in its strategic autonomy.<ref name="auto8"/><ref name="auto4">{{cite web | title=Trump's tariffs put strain on US–India ties, but relations will endure in the long run | Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank | date=15 April 2025 | url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2025/08/trumps-tariffs-put-strain-us-india-ties-relations-will-endure-long-run }}</ref><ref name="auto12"/> The crisis deepened when reports emerged suggesting India had paused major defense procurements from the U.S., though the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Defence Ministry]] swiftly denied these claims as "false and fabricated," emphasizing that existing acquisition processes remain on track.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | last1=Patel | first1=Shivam | last2=Ahmed | first2=Aftab | title=Exclusive: India pauses plans to buy US arms after Trump's tariffs | work=Reuters | date=8 August 2025 | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/india-pauses-plans-buy-us-arms-after-trumps-tariffs-2025-08-08/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title='No pause in talks related to buying US arms': Centre clarifies, pans 'false & fabricated' report | work=The Times of India | date=8 August 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/no-pause-in-talks-related-to-buying-us-arms-centre-clarifies-pans-false-fabricated-report/articleshow/123187356.cms }}</ref> The standoff has raised broader concerns about the future of strategic cooperation, with experts warning that the fallout could unsettle mutual trust, complicate defense ties, and undermine joint regional initiatives, including the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad]].<ref name="auto12"/><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web | url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/world/quad-injury-delays-anthony-albanese-and-donald-trump-meeting/news-story/1dc28da8de7037618dea6b189d867084 | title=Quad rift delays PM's Trump meeting | website=www.theaustralian.com.au}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto5"/>

==Background==
{{see also|India–United States relations}}
The U.S.–India relationship has been strengthening over decades, underpinned by shared strategic interests, including cooperation in the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]] (Quad) aimed at counterbalancing China's regional influence.<ref name="auto15">{{cite web | title=Rising Tensions Between India and the United States: A Multifaceted Crisis | date=11 December 2024 | url=https://worldpolicyhub.com/dimensions-of-escalating-tensions-between-india-and-the-united-states/ }}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{cite web | title=What is causing turbulence in strategic US-India ties? | url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/what-is-causing-turbulence-in-strategic-us-india-ties/3652331 }}</ref>

India's longstanding policy of strategic autonomy saw it deepen ties with [[Russia]] and [[BRICS]], even amid Western pressure, which generated friction.<ref name="auto15"/><ref name="auto9">{{cite web | title=Why is Trump unhappy with India? Former diplomat reveals three reasons, and it's not related to tariffs or Russia | work=The Economic Times | date=14 August 2025 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/why-is-trump-unhappy-with-india-former-diplomat-reveals-three-reasons-and-its-not-related-to-tariffs-or-russia/articleshow/123297493.cms }}</ref><ref name="auto6"/>

In February 2025, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the U.S., aiming to boost trade, agreeing on "Mission 500" to reach $500 billion in trade by 2030, and discussing defense and energy cooperation.<ref>{{cite web | title=India, US aim to double bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030 with Mission-500: Foreign Secretary Misri | url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/india-us-aim-to-double-bilateral-trade-to-500-billion-by-2030-with-mission-500-foreign-secretary-misri/ }}</ref>

In mid-June 2025, following the [[G7]] Summit in Canada, U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] invited Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to make a stopover in the United States-specifically a dinner in Washington—on his return journey. Modi declined, citing "pre-existing commitments" and signaling that his priority was to proceed to [[Odisha]], which he referred to as the "land of Lord [[Jagannath]]" (or the "land of Mahaprabhu").<ref name="auto10">{{cite web | title=PM Modi declines Trump's invitation to meet in the US due to pre-existing schedule, says Foreign secretary Vikram Misri | work=The Economic Times | date=18 June 2025 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-modi-declines-trumps-invitation-to-meet-in-the-us-due-to-pre-existing-schedule-foreign-secretary-vikram-misri/articleshow/121922157.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=PM Modi explains why he declined President Donald Trump's invite to the US | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/06/20/pm-modi-explains-why-he-declined-us-president-donald-trump-s-invite-to-the-us.html|date=20 June 2025|access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title='Prior programmes': PM Modi declines Donald Trump's US visit invite after G7; invites him to India instead | work=The Times of India | date=20 June 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/prior-programmes-pm-modi-declines-donald-trumps-us-visit-invite-after-g7-invites-him-to-india-instead/articleshow/121923870.cms }}</ref> During the same phone call, Modi extended an invitation to Trump to visit India for the Quad Summit, an offer that Trump accepted.<ref name="auto10"/><ref>{{cite web | title=PM Declines Trump's US Invite over Scheduling Issues, Invites Him to Quad | work=NDTV | url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pm-modi-donald-trump-phone-call-pm-modi-declines-trumps-us-invite-over-scheduling-issues-invites-him-for-quad-8696686|date=18 June 2025|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=You didn't stop war, Modi tells Trump; declines US visit | url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/modi-rejects-trumps-mediation-claim-declines-us-visit/20250618.htm|website=rediff.com|date=18 June 2025|access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref>

==Triggering events==
===Operation Sindoor and acknowledgment controversy===
{{see also|2025 India–Pakistan crisis}}
After the [[Pahalgam attack]] and the subsequent [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|2025 India-Pakistan conflict]], a ceasefire was reached in May after four days of skirmishes. President Trump publicly claimed he mediated it, but India swiftly rejected this, asserting no U.S. role in the military negotiations.<ref>{{cite web | title=Trump's dealmaker claims cause tension between India and US | website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|first=Murali|last=Krishnan | url=https://www.dw.com/en/trump-india-us-relationship-under-strain-after-india-pakistan-ceasefire/a-73006298|date=23 June 2025|access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Trump's dealmaker claims cause tension between India and US | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/384859/trump%E2%80%99s-dealmaker-claims-cause-tension-between }}</ref> According to the American multinational investment bank [[Jefferies Group]], the subsequent unusually high level of tariffs was primarily a result of Trump's personal dissatisfaction following India's rejection of his offer to mediate during tensions with Pakistan. This refusal was perceived as a missed opportunity for Trump to present himself as a peace broker and potentially bolster his prospects for a [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-08-31 |title=Trump's decisions based on vendettas, grudges? What US political commentator said |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/us-news/story/donald-trumps-decisions-based-on-vendettas-grudges-what-us-political-commentator-rick-sanchez-said-2779681-2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[John Bolton]] later described the tariffs and Trump taking credit for "bringing peace to India and Pakistan" after the terrorist attack in Kashmir as "inappropriate."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-13 |title=John Bolton slams ex-boss over India-Pakistan peace claims: 'Trump tariffs inappropriate' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/john-bolton-slams-ex-boss-over-india-pakistan-peace-claims-trump-tariffs-inappropriate-101757729716412.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

===Tariffs and economic retaliation===
Frustrated by India's continued Russian oil imports and its [[BRICS]] participation, the Trump administration first imposed a 25% tariff on Indian goods on 1 August, later doubling it to 50% effective 27 August 2025. Additional threats of secondary sanctions were announced.<ref>{{cite web | title='Tariff pe tariff': Trump tantrums jolt US-India ties. Will Quad fall apart? | work=The Times of India | date=7 August 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tariff-pe-tariff-trump-tantrums-jolt-us-india-ties-will-quad-fall-apart/articleshow/123168575.cms }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web | title='US too large to write off': Trump's 50% tariffs threaten 70% of India's exports, ICRIER warns | work=The Economic Times | date=14 August 2025 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/us-too-large-to-write-off-trumps-50-tariffs-threaten-70-of-indias-exports-icrier-warns/articleshow/123296107.cms }}</ref><ref name="auto12"/><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | last1=Schipani | first1=Andres | last2=Reed | first2=John | title='Never compromise' or 'Narendra Surrender'? India's Modi navigates showdown with US | work=Financial Times|date=7 August 2025|access-date=4 September 2025| url=https://www.ft.com/content/0ed9a0ca-886c-4e2f-9bbb-cd43ce0a5ac7 }}</ref>
India's foreign ministry had earlier said that the country was being unfairly criticized for buying Russian oil, while the United States and the European Union continued to buy goods from Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=US adviser Navarro says India's Russian crude buying must stop |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-adviser-navarro-says-indias-russian-crude-buying-must-stop-2025-08-18/|work=Reuters|date=18 August 2025|access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref>

==Impacts and reactions==

=== Official response from India ===
On 4 August 2025, the Indian [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] criticized the U.S. tariffs as unjustified and unreasonable, stating that India's imports of Russian oil were a necessary measure to ensure affordable energy for its 1.4 billion citizens amid global supply disruptions. The Ministry pointed out that, unlike India, the United States and the European Union maintained substantial trade with Russia without similar strategic necessity. The U.S. had continued imports of Russian uranium, palladium, and fertilizers. Indian officials have also expressed concern over the perceived shift in U.S. policy, noting that senior American officials had earlier supported India's Russian oil purchases. In November 2022, Treasury Secretary [[Janet Yellen]] indicated the U.S. had no objection to India buying Russian oil outside the G7 price cap if Western services were not used. In February 2024, Assistant Secretary of State [[Geoffrey R. Pyatt|Geoffrey Pyatt]] acknowledged India's role in stabilizing global energy markets, and later that year, Ambassador [[Eric Garcetti]] described India's imports as aligned with U.S. policy objectives, calling them a “smaller victory” for Washington.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Statement by Official Spokesperson | url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/39936 | access-date=2025-10-24 | website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Sanstuti |date=2025-08-05 |title=US Wanted India To Buy Russian Oil When Ukraine War Started. What Changed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-wanted-india-to-buy-russian-oil-when-ukraine-war-started-what-changed-9022516 |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

In his first public comments since the US imposed a hefty 50% tariff on Indian goods, India's commerce minister said that India would not "bow down" to the United States and would instead focus on attracting new markets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/30/india-will-not-bow-down-to-us-after-steep-tariffs-trade-minister-says|title=India will not 'bow down' to US after steep tariffs, trade minister says|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

===Indian economic and industrial fallout===

Tariffs jeopardize up to 70% of India's exports to the U.S., prompting warnings from the [[Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations]] (ICRIER) to diversify and pursue trade reform.<ref name="auto2"/>

U.S. tariffs have disrupted corporate strategies aimed at relocating supply chains to India, stalling investments by firms such as [[Posha]] and [[Cradlewise]].<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | title=Trump's Tariffs Stymie India's Bid to Steal Manufacturing from China | url=https://www.wsj.com/economy/trade/trumps-tariffs-stymie-indias-bid-to-steal-manufacturing-from-china-d526f0fe|work=The Wall Street Journal|first=Jon|last=Emont|date=13 August 2025|access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref>

===Political strain and criticism===
Former diplomat [[Vikas Swarup]] attributed the U.S. aggression not just to trade disputes but also India's [[BRICS]] involvement and refusal to credit Trump for peace progress.<ref name="auto9"/>

[[Financial Times]] commentary framed the episode as echoing the post-1998 nuclear-test era—reflecting personalization of diplomacy, rising trade friction, and strategic divergence.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/7bbc8de3-19c3-43f5-ae3a-a0b5751db4ed|title=Client Challenge|website=www.ft.com}}</ref>

Analysts, including [[Michael Kugelman]], labeled the situation as the "worst crisis in two decades" of U.S.–India relations. While daunting, they cautioned that the depth of bilateral ties offers resilience.<ref name="auto7">{{cite web | title=Trump targeting India for not letting him take ceasefire credit? What analyst said | date=7 August 2025 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/us-news/story/trump-tariffs-spark-worst-crisis-in-us-india-ties-says-michael-kugelman-glbs-2767500-2025-08-07 }}</ref><ref name="auto5"/>

Journalist [[Fareed Zakaria]] and former U.S. Ambassador to India [[Kenneth I. Juster]] have both described President Donald Trump's imposition of steep tariffs on India as a significant setback in U.S.-India relations. Zakaria characterized the move as reversing decades of bipartisan efforts to strengthen ties with New Delhi, noting that India was placed in the highest tariff category alongside countries like Syria and Myanmar, while Pakistan received lower tariffs despite its close ties with China. He warned that such actions risk pushing India closer to Russia and China, and quoted Trump referring to India's economy as “dead.” Juster echoed concerns over the diplomatic fallout, noting surprise and indignation in India, especially after Trump labeled Indian tariffs “obnoxious” and claimed to have brokered an India-Pakistan ceasefire—a claim publicly rejected by New Delhi. He also highlighted that while the tariffs affect around 20 percent of India's exports to the U.S., they would also raise costs for American companies and consumers by increasing prices and reducing choices in key sectors such as textiles, auto parts, and gems and jewelry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-15 |title=Opinion {{!}} Trump's biggest foreign policy mistake|first=Fareed|last=Zakaria |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/08/15/trump-india-tariffs-insults-mistake/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMT3fRhkDBI |first=Fareed|last=Zakaria|title=Fareed's Take: The damage is done: India will no longer trust America |date=2025-08-17 |publisher=CNN |access-date=2025-08-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Juster |first=Kenneth I. |title=Will Trump's India Tariffs Affect a Critical U.S. Partnership? {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/will-trumps-india-tariffs-affect-critical-us-partnership |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Nikki Haley]] also argued that strengthening U.S.-India relations was essential to countering China's influence and maintaining regional stability. She emphasized the need for high-level diplomacy to resolve tensions and preserve the strategic partnership. She wrote that if such unequal treatment doesn't prompt a reassessment of U.S.-India relations, then strategic realities should—warning that undoing 25 years of progress with the only viable counterbalance to China in Asia would be a major "strategic disaster."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-20 |title=Nikki Haley: To Counter China, Rebuild U.S.-India Relationship {{!}} Opinion |url=https://www.newsweek.com/nikki-haley-trump-needs-rebuild-us-india-relationship-opinion-2114995 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-08-22 |title=Nikki Haley cautions Trump on tariff move, says don't derail India-US ties |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/international/nikki-haley-cautions-trump-on-tariff-move-says-dont-derail-india-us-ties |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikki Haley warns Trump: Scuttling US-India relations would be a 'strategic disaster' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2025/08/21/nikki-haley-warns-trump-amid-tariff-war-india-must-be-treated-like-a-prized-partner.html |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2025, U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee Democrats criticized President Trump's 50% tariffs on India, saying the move would hurt Americans and "sabotage" the U.S.-India relationship while doing little to address the Ukraine war. They questioned why India was targeted instead of China, a larger purchaser of Russian oil. The committee had earlier stated that if Trump were serious about ending the conflict, he would have supported Ukraine militarily instead of pressuring it to accept Putin's terms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Why India, not China?: US Democrats panel slams Donald Trump's 50% tariffs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/why-india-not-china-us-democrats-panel-slams-donald-trump-s-50-tariffs-101756345952417.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-28 |title='It's not about Ukraine at all': Democrats say Trump's tariffs sabotaging US-India relationship; move 'hurting Americans' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/its-not-about-ukraine-at-all-democrats-say-trumps-tariffs-sabotaging-us-india-relationship-move-hurting-americans/articleshow/123554479.cms |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Georg Enzweiler, chargé d'affaires at the German Embassy in New Delhi, stated that the [[European Union]] consistently supports reducing tariffs to a minimum, viewing them as obstacles to free trade regardless of their origin. He made these remarks at the Indo-German Chamber of Commerce Industry Dialogue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-26 |title='Obstacles to free trade': German deputy envoy backs India on Trump tariffs; calls for slashing duties to minimum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/obstacles-to-free-trade-german-envoy-backs-india-on-trump-tariffs-calls-for-slashing-duties-to-minimum/articleshow/123521341.cms |access-date=2025-08-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Puja |date=2025-08-26 |title='We would always be in favour of reducing tariffs to a minimum level' |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/energy/we-would-always-be-in-favour-of-reducing-tariffs-to-a-minimum-level |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref>

[[Rick Sanchez (journalist)|Rick Sanchez]] suggested that Trump's high tariffs on Indian imports were driven by "vendettas, grudges, and non-scientific thinking." He described the secondary tariffs as "extremely preposterous" and characterized the overall policy toward India as "disrespectful and ignorant," arguing it ignored India's strategic autonomy and global significance.<ref name=":0" />

[[Jeffrey Sachs]] criticized the Trump's tariffs, calling them a strategic error that would hurt the United States more than India. He stated the move could isolate the U.S., reduce its global competitiveness, and strain relations with India by driving it closer to the BRICS group. Sachs argued the tariffs lacked meaningful negotiating impact casting doubt on the U.S. as a dependable long-term partner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title='Go with China, join RCEP': Economist Jeffrey Sachs tells India as Trump's 50% tariff kicks in - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/go-with-china-join-rcep-economist-jeffrey-sachs-tells-india-as-trumps-50-tariff-kicks-in-491283-2025-08-27 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title="Stupidest Tactical Move": Top US Economist Jeffrey Sachs Slams Trump Tariffs On India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/top-us-economist-jeffrey-sachs-slams-trumps-50-percent-india-tariffs-great-unifier-of-brics-9129413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904204926/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/top-us-economist-jeffrey-sachs-slams-trumps-50-percent-india-tariffs-great-unifier-of-brics-9129413 |archive-date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-08 |work=NDTV |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Economist Slams Trump, Tariffs On India Will Backfire |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/us-economist-slams-trump-tariffs-on-india-will-backfire |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2025, [[Jake Sullivan]] criticized President Trump for weakening India-U.S. relations, attributing the shift to the Trump family's business interests in Pakistan. In an interview, Sullivan cited the April 2025 agreements between the Trump-backed crypto platform [[World Liberty Financial]] and the [[Pakistan Crypto Council]] as an example of personal business influencing foreign policy. He described the sidelining of India as a "huge strategic harm" and warned that it undermines global confidence in U.S. commitments and alliances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-02 |title=Trump threw aside India ties for family's business with Pakistan, says Ex-US NSA Jake Sullivan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/donald-trump-threw-aside-india-ties-for-familys-business-with-pakistan-says-ex-us-nsa-jake-sullivan-101756776529970.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

[[John Bolton]] criticized Trump's decision to impose tariffs, calling the move "inappropriate" and a sign of "erratic behaviour." He questioned why similar penalties were not applied to other major buyers like China, Turkey, and Pakistan, suggesting the approach was more theatrical than strategic. According to Bolton, the tariffs did not reflect standard trade policy and were part of Trump's unconventional handling of international relations.<ref name=":1" />

U.S. Representative [[Sydney Kamlager-Dove]] said Trump's policies were self-defeating and "would come at a cost," arguing that his coercive approach risked pushing key American partners toward adversaries. She pointed to a Modi-Putin selfie as evidence and urged swift action to repair the U.S.–India relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title='Has a cost': US Representative points flaws in Trump's India policies, cites Putin-Modi picture |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/would-come-at-a-cost-us-representative-points-flaws-in-donald-trump-india-policies-cites-putin-modi-picture-101765428044798.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Domestic Indian responses ===
In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], farming groups organized protests, burning effigies of President Trump and criticizing what they saw as hypocrisy in Western trade policies.<ref>{{cite web | title='US, EU importing from Russia too': Farm groups in Punjab burn Trump effigies | work=The Times of India | date=13 August 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/us-eu-importing-from-russia-too-farm-groups-in-punjab-burn-trump-effigies/articleshow/123282611.cms }}</ref>

Political opponents used the narrative of “Narendra Surrender” to accuse Modi of capitulating to U.S. pressure. The leader, however, maintained a steadfast defense of domestic interests.<ref name="auto13"/>

===Defense procurement and Quad implications===
In response, India reportedly paused major U.S. defense deals (estimated at $3.6 billion), including [[Stryker]] vehicles and [[Boeing]] aircraft, though the government later denied halting any plans.<ref name="auto"/>

The rising tensions cast doubt on the upcoming Quad leaders’ summit, with [[New Delhi]] delaying confirmation of dates. This risked undermining multilateral coordination in the [[Indo-Pacific]].<ref name="auto1"/>

Australian Foreign Minister [[Penny Wong]], responding to questions about U.S. tariffs on Indian goods, stated that Australia does not support tariffs and continues to believe in open trade as the foundation of economic growth. While refraining from commenting directly on U.S.-India relations, she emphasized Australia's commitment to a strong partnership with India, support for the Quad, and the importance of dialogue and shared strategic objectives in the Indo-Pacific region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Australia does not support tariffs, says Foreign Minister Penny Wong |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/australia-does-not-support-tariffs-us-foreign-minister-penny-wong-10214961/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Vinaya Deshpande |date=2025-08-28 |title=India-Australia partnership important when global order is being reshaped, says Australian Foreign Minister Penny Wong |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-australia-partnership-important-when-global-order-is-being-reshaped-says-penny-wong/article69983547.ece |access-date=2025-08-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Strategic interpretations==
Experts noted Trump's "[[America First]]" approach prioritized trade over strategic alliance-building, particularly in contrast to the earlier administrations.<ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto15"/> India's multipolar alignments—balancing ties with the [[West]], [[China]], and [[Russia]]—were seen as both strategic pragmatism and a point of U.S. concern.<ref name="auto15" /><ref name="auto14">{{cite web | title=Why geopolitical alliance between the US and India is on ice | date=10 August 2025 | url=https://nypost.com/2025/08/10/opinion/why-geopolitical-alliance-between-the-us-and-india-is-on-ice/ }}</ref><ref name="auto9" />

Krystle Kaul, U.S. advisor to North Atlantic Treaty Organization ([[NATO]]), stated that the new U.S. tariffs on Indian imports would significantly damage the U.S.-India relationship, which had been strengthened over decades of bipartisan effort. She described the move as a unilateral directive by President Trump, not reflective of broader U.S. or democratic sentiment, and warned that the tariffs could harm key Indian export sectors and take years to repair the diplomatic fallout.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-27 |title=Trump's 50% Tariffs Will Set Back India-US Ties, Says NATO Advisor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/donald-trumps-50-tariffs-will-set-back-india-us-ties-says-nato-advisor-krystle-kaul-9166803 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

Amid heightened trade tensions, analysts noted that Modi adopted a firm stance in response to punitive tariffs imposed by Trump, maintaining India's strategic autonomy and protecting key economic interests. Despite the imposition of a 50% tariff on select Indian exports, including jewelry, shrimp, and textiles. The Indian government refrained from making concessions, instead signaling India's intent to diversify partnerships by engaging with leaders such as [[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]], and by pursuing closer trade ties with the [[European Union]]. The dispute initially strained bilateral relations, but the resumption of negotiations in September 2025 indicated that India's consistent approach may have influenced the course of talks, positioning it as a more assertive actor in global trade dynamics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-19 |title=Modi's firm approach to punitive US tariffs could turn the tables on Trump |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20250919-modi-s-firm-approach-to-punitive-us-tariffs-could-turn-the-tables-on-trump |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>

==Current status and outlook==

As of mid-August 2025, tariffs stand at 50%, with no formal resolution in sight. Domestic pressure and economic strain continue to mount.<ref name="auto12"/><ref name="auto13"/><ref name="auto11"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/>

Analysts emphasize the relationship's complexity and the possibility for recalibration, albeit with diminished trust.<ref name="auto7"/><ref name="auto5"/>

The standoff may reshape India's foreign policy orientation, potentially reinforcing ties with Russia, China, or other groupings beyond the Western sphere.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto15"/><ref name="auto13"/> However, India's exports to the US rebounded to $6.92 billion in November 2025, a 22% surge from $5.5 billion in September and $6.9 billion in August.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Usaid |title=How have India's exports jumped 20 percent, despite Trump's trade war? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/17/how-have-indias-exports-jumped-20-percent-despite-trumps-trade-war |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-18 |title=Trump: India's US exports jump despite 50% tariffs as trade tensions ease |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy7erx7440mo |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=India bucks US tariffs with November exports surge: What is behind the numbers, is it sustainable |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/india-us-november-export-surge-reasons-10424598/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Boycott of American goods in India==
Following the implementation of a 50% tariff on Indian products by Donald Trump, there have been calls from certain individuals to boycott American brands, including [[McDonald's|McDonald]]’s, [[Coca-Cola]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], as a form of protest against the US tariffs. This movement has encouraged business leaders and supporters of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to participate in the boycott.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kalra |first1=Aditya |title=In India, Trump's tariffs spark calls to boycott American goods |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/india-trumps-tariffs-spark-calls-boycott-american-goods-2025-08-11/ |website=Reuters |date=11 August 2025 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis]]
* [[Canada–India diplomatic row]]
* [[Pakistan–United States trade deal]]
* [[India and the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
* [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Pager |first2=Tyler |last3=Das |first3=Anupreeta |title=The Nobel Prize and a Testy Phone Call: How the Trump-Modi Relationship Unraveled |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/30/us/politics/trump-modi-india.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 August 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date= |language=en}}

{{India–United States relations}}
{{Second presidency of Donald Trump}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:United States-India diplomatic and trade crisis, 2025}}
[[Category:2025 in international relations]]
[[Category:2025 in India|United States diplomatic and trade crisis]]
[[Category:2025 in the United States|India diplomatic and trade crisis]]
[[Category:Trade wars]]
[[Category:Trade wars involving the United States|India]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Second presidency of Donald Trump]]
[[Category:India–United States relations|2025 diplomatic and trade crisis]]
[[Category:Diplomatic crises during the second Trump administration]]

Battle of Bahadur Post

2026-04-16T14:53:04Z

LesterKitamura4: Starting A Article

{{Short description|Battle between Pakistan and India during Siachen conflict}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Bahadur post
| width =
| partof = the [[Siachen conflict]]
| image = Siachen Glacier Satellite Image, 1.jpg
| caption = Satellite imagery of the [[Siachen Glacier]]
| date = 20 July – 3 August 1992
| place = Bahadur post
| coordinates =
| territory =
| result = Indian victory
* Pakistani Assault repulsed
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flag|India|23px}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan|23px}}
| units1 = {{army|India}}
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|12th Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
* [[File:Regiment of Artillery Insignia (India).svg|18px]] [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Indian Artillery Regiment]]
| units2 = {{army|Pakistan}}
* {{flagicon image|PA NLI.png}} [[Northern Light Infantry Regiment]]
* [[Force Command Northern Areas]]
* [[Regiment of Artillery (Pakistan)|Pakistani artillery Regiment]]
| casualties1 = Light
| casualties2 = 72 killed (including 11 officers)<ref name=crimson/> One [[Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama]] shot down
}}

'''Battle of Bahadur post''' (Indian codename: '''Operation Trishul Skakti''') was a military engagement between Pakistani and Indian forces. Pakistani forces attempted to capture Bahadur post in Chulung followed by the start of defence operations codenamed '''Operation Trishul Shakti''' by Indian forces.

==Background==
The [[Siachen conflict]] between India and Pakistan began over the disputed {{convert|1000|sqmi|km2|adj=mid}}<ref name="time.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html|title=The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World|first=Edward W.|last=Desmond|date=31 July 1989|via=www.time.com|access-date=11 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html|archive-date=14 January 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Siachen Glacier]] region in [[Kashmir]]. The conflict was started in 1984 by India's successful capture of the Siachen Glacier as part of [[Operation Meghdoot]], and continued with [[Operation Rajiv]] in 1987. India took control of the {{convert|70|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Siachen Glacier and its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Ridge]] immediately west of the glacier, including [[Sia La]], [[Bilafond La]], and [[Gyong La]]. In Chulung, due to recent Indian armed forces deployments and under the cover of bad weather, Pakistani forces initiated their offensive.<ref name=crimson/>

==Battle==
===Defence preparations===
Multiple small scale assaults provided large gains for Pakistan in [[Siachen Glacier|Siachen]]<ref name=crimson/><ref name=roses>{{cite book|author=Harish Kapadia | title=Siachen Glacier: The Battle of Roses| publisher=Rupa Publications Pvt. Ltd. (India)| author-link=Harish Kapadia}}</ref><ref name=scholar>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=operation+trishul+Shakti+siachen+&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1716623830661&u=%23p%3DVW344QqfgK0J|title=LADAKH STUDIES}}</ref> including one at this post earlier the year on March at 6:50 in the evening, when Pakistani forces started attack on the Indians using RPGs, AA guns and light weapons destroying an Indian bunker.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-zeAAAAMAAJ&q=1992+Bahadur+post|title=Sainik Samachar, volume 40|date=1993 }}</ref> Then Pakistani forces started a military build up in the Chulung La Glacier to prepare for capturing the ridge.<ref name=roses/><ref name=crimson/><ref name=MR/><ref name=scholar/><ref name=perception>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW3zXB85gNoC|title=Perception, Politics and Security in South Asia|date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-39680-1 }}</ref> The military post in the area, named Bahadur post<ref name=MR>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqgsEAAAQBAJ&dq=operation+trishul+shakti+1992&pg=PA136|title=INDIA'S MAJOR MILITARY & RESCUE OPERATIONS|date=6 May 2021 |publisher=Horizon Books ( A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd) |isbn=978-93-86369-24-6 }}</ref><ref name=med/><ref name=ind/>, was under the control of the recently deployed [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|12th Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]. Indian forces anticipating the Pakistani assault had also started preparations.<ref name=crimson>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&dq=operation+trishul+shakti+1992&pg=PA374|title=The Crimson Chinar|date=31 March 2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-301-4 }}</ref><ref name=roses/><ref name="MR" /><ref name=loc>{{cite web|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.EI.Lived_across_LoC_By_Kamal_Baruah|title=Lived across LoC}}</ref><ref name=med/><ref name=ind/><ref name=scholar/>

===Pakistani offensive===
[[Pakistan army|Pakistani forces]] under the cover of bad weather and low visibility started their campaign on 20 July.<ref name=crimson/><ref name=roses/> By 28 July, [[Indian army|Indian forces]] started noticing signs of Pakistani activities in the region and resultantly a search party was organised but no Pakistani forces were detected.<ref name=crimson/><ref name=roses/> On 29 July another search party reported the arrival of Pakistani forces. Indian forces were instructed to engage Pakistani troops with [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] and [[Small arms and light weapons|small arms fire]].<ref name=crimson/><ref name=roses/><ref name=med/><ref name=ind/> On 31 July, seven sorties of Lama helicopters landed many Pakistani troops into the battlefield.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-zeAAAAMAAJ|title=Sainik Samachar, Vol 40|date=1993 |publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence. }}</ref>

===Indian response===
At the dominating positions Indian forces constructed a [[fire support base]]. Reserves from Indian forces were transferred to the frontlines.<ref name=crimson/> Pakistani forces were struck by [[Small arms and light weapons|small arms fire]] from the firebase in addition to [[artillery]] and [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] fire.<ref name=crimson/><ref name=roses/> An Indian force was sent from Bahadur post to occupy the Saddle OP (Tiger Saddle).<ref name=crimson/> Indian forces were quickly able to gain full control of Saddle OP (Tiger Saddle).<ref name=crimson/> Pakistani forces started artillery fire in order to provide cover to Pakistani forces.<ref name=crimson/><ref name=roses/> For two days, multiple small scale engagements were reported.<ref name=crimson/><ref name=roses/> The ground combat resulted in sixty nine fatalities on the Pakistani side including eight officers. <ref name=crimson/> Casualties on Indian side were reported to be unknown but still heavy.<ref name=crimson/> Indian armed forces also deployed [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopters in the region for military operations as well as for search and rescue operations<ref name=7two/>

===Helicopter shootdown===
On 1 August, two Pakistani [[Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama|Lama helicopter]]s were detected by Indian forces who fired their [[9K38 Igla|Igla]] [[MANPADS]] upon them. One of the helicopters carrying the commander of 323rd Brigade, Brigadier Masood Anwari, was struck, killing him and two others.<ref name=crimson/><ref name=roses/><ref name=MR/><ref name=loc/><ref name=med>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7bREAAAQBAJ&dq=operation+trishul+shakti&pg=PT162|title=Military Medicine Super High Altitude|isbn=978-93-5896-004-4 |last1=Suri |first1=Brigadier Yudhvir |date=17 August 2023 |publisher=Zorba Books }}</ref><ref name=scholar/> It was the first shootdown of an aircraft by the Igla missile system and the first shootdown of a Pakistani helicopter by an Indian MANPADS system. Indian force also deployed another SAM squadron which was to partake in the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] to the area in order to strengthen their defence in the region against Pakistani intrusions.<ref name=loc/> The helicopter crash led to a loss of momentum on the Pakistani side and stalled the offensive.<ref name=crimson/><ref name=roses/><ref name=MR/><ref name=ind>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwxFDwAAQBAJ&dq=operation+trishul+shakti&pg=PT527|title=Independent India s All the Seven Wars|date=2 January 2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-948473-22-4 }}</ref><ref name=perception/> Artillery duels continued till 3 August.<ref name=crimson/>

==Aftermath==
High altitude combat exponentially favoured the Indian defenders as they were, logistically.<ref name="crimson" /> Due to the terrain attack directions were predictable making defence easier than offense.<ref name="crimson" /> The employment of companies and battalions made the attack predictable but both sides did not use combat aircraft in the conflict.<ref name="crimson" /> In such a hostile environment, giving up the strategic gains made by the military was an embarrassment.<ref name="crimson" /> Hence, Pakistan was compelled to start peace negotiations to end the [[Siachen conflict]].<ref name="crimson" />

This battle brought negotiations in favour of India.<ref name="deal">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/siachen-was-almost-a-done-deal-in-1992/article3509787.ece|title =Siachen was almost a done deal in 1992}}</ref><ref name="7two">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32DDEAAAQBAJ|title=A Military History of India Since 1972|date=9 June 2021 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-3198-8 }}</ref> Pakistani officials sent a proposal to India about ending the Siachen conflict and withdrawal of troops from both sides of the front.<ref name="deal" /> This was in accordance with the Indian demands about ending the Siachen conflict and was widely accepted by [[Government of India|Indian political leadership]] leadership but the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] did not accept the proposal and the conflict continued till 2003.<ref name="deal" />

High casualties of around 72 Pakistani troops dead and several hundred wounded<ref name=crimson/> led to the dismissal of [[Force Command Northern Areas]] Major General [[Zahirul Islam Abbasi]] from his command by the army chief Gen. [[Asif Nawaz]].<ref name=crimson/> Moreover, helicopter shootdown led to the formation of a designated Igla squadron by Indian military.<ref name=loc/>

== See Also ==

* [[Operation Meghdoot]]
* [[Operation Safed Sagar]]
* [[Siachen conflict|Siachen Conflict]]
* [[Battle of Haji Pir Pass (1965)|Battle of Haji-Pir Pass]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahadur post 1992}}
[[Category:Military operations of the Siachen conflict]]
[[Category:Battles of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:1992 in India]]
[[Category:1992 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Battles in 1992]]
[[Category:July 1992 in India]]
[[Category:August 1992 in India]]
[[Category:July 1992 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:August 1992 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in 1992]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Guledgud Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:45Z

LesterKitamura4: started a entry

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Guledgud
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| division = [[Belagavi division|Belagavi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency|Bagalkot ]]
| constituency_no = 215
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| electors =
}}
'''Guledgud Assembly constituency''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="3" | Madivalappa Rudrappa Pattanshetti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || P. M. Rudrappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || G. P. Nanjayyanamath
|-
| [[1975 elections in India#Karnataka|1975 By-election]] {{efn|Died on 20/03/1975}} || B. M. Horakeri
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Janali Basanagouda Veeranagouda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Banni Mallikarjun Veerappa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Shankrayya Gadigayya Nanjayynmath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="2" | [[H. Y. Meti]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1996 elections in India#Karnataka|1996 By-election]] {{efn|Resigned on 27/05/1996}} || Rajashekhar Veeranna Sheelavant || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Shankrayya Gadigayya Nanjayynmath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[H. Y. Meti]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Y. Meti]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 30,832 |percentage = 34.80% |change = {{increase}}9.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashekhar Veeranna Sheelavant |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,426 |percentage = 33.22% |change = {{increase}}8.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankrayya Gadigayya Nanjayynmath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,520 |percentage = 26.55% |change = {{decrease}}20.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hoolageri Mallappa Kapaleppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,009 |percentage = 2.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shirur Basalingappa Guralingappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,583 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baragundi Basappa Gurusangappa |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,215 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,406 |percentage = 1.59% |change = {{decrease}}19.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,635 |percentage = 63.79% |change = {{decrease}}5.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,585}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,946 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shankrayya Gadigayya Nanjayynmath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,029 |percentage = 46.78% |change = {{increase}}21.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Y. Meti]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 20,326 |percentage = 25.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashekhar Veeranna Sheelavant |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,848 |percentage = 25.08% |change = {{decrease}}22.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goudar Umesh Yalagurdappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,948 |percentage = 2.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,703 |percentage = 21.10% |change = {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,642 |percentage = 68.84% |change = {{increase}}3.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,151}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,467 |percentage = 5.34% |change = {{increase}}3.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,496 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1996 elections in India#Karnataka|1996 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/index.htm |title=Bye Elections - 1996 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashekhar Veeranna Sheelavant |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,932 |percentage = 47.26% |change = {{increase}}17.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hulageri Mallanna Kapaleppa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,337 |percentage = 25.43% |change = {{increase}}7.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raveendra Pralhad Kalaburgi |party = Janata Dal |votes = 18,047 |percentage = 23.74% |change = {{decrease}}11.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kazi Kutubuddin Bashasab |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,580 |percentage = 3.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,595 |percentage = 21.83% |change = {{increase}}15.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,849 |percentage = 65.60% |change = {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,034}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,815 |percentage = 2.33% |change = {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,673 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}11.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Y. Meti]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 26,549 |percentage = 35.59% |change = {{decrease}}9.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashekhar Veeranna Sheelavant |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,093 |percentage = 29.62% |change = {{increase}}24.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janali Basanagouda Veeranagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,679 |percentage = 18.34% |change = {{decrease}}24.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adin Mallappa Chinnappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 7,895 |percentage = 10.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanna Hanamantappa Radder |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 2,529 |percentage = 3.39% |change = {{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umachagi Ravindranath Shanmukappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 642 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hiremath Gangayya Sangayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 510 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,456 |percentage = 5.97% |change = {{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,023 |percentage = 66.04% |change = {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,593}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,430 |percentage = 3.15% |change = {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,639 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}9.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Y. Meti]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 32,411 |percentage = 45.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankrayya Gadigayya Nanjayynmath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,479 |percentage = 42.44% |change = {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanamanthgouda Sheshanagouda Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,022 |percentage = 5.60% |change = {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhusudan Srikrisandas Tiwari |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 1,863 |percentage = 2.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Indi Huchchappa Basappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,204 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,932 |percentage = 2.69% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,051 |percentage = 67.63% |change = {{decrease}}3.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,811}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,240 |percentage = 5.58% |change = {{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,456 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shankrayya Gadigayya Nanjayynmath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,875 |percentage = 43.94% |change = {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hangaragi Veereyya Sangayya |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,202 |percentage = 41.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Banni Mallikarjun Veerappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,343 |percentage = 10.00% |change = {{decrease}}33.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh Bharashram Hirachand |party = Lokdal |votes = 1,495 |percentage = 2.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Angadi Parashram Hirachand |party = Independent politician |votes = 587 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,673 |percentage = 2.64% |change = {{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,124 |percentage = 70.97% |change = {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,436}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,688 |percentage = 2.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,765 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Banni Mallikarjun Veerappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,166 |percentage = 43.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janali Basanagouda Veeranagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,640 |percentage = 42.83% |change = {{increase}}34.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Talageri Mallappa Basappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,091 |percentage = 5.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aripachaseb Murtujasab |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,791 |percentage = 5.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jamkhani Mymuddin Murtujasaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,169 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 526 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{decrease}}13.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,761 |percentage = 64.76% |change = {{decrease}}1.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,857}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,904 |percentage = 3.48% |change = {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,563 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}9.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Janali Basanagouda Veeranagouda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,245 |percentage = 53.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hatagar Bajeevarao Yamanappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,050 |percentage = 39.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Hanamantagonda Bhimanagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,021 |percentage = 7.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,195 |percentage = 14.02% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,343 |percentage = 66.54% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,316}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,027 |percentage = 3.80% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,170 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1975 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1975 elections in India#Karnataka|1975 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/5assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fifth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher= |archive-date= 3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703061931/https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/5assemblymemberslist.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Horakeri |party = Indian National Congress |votes = |percentage = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}68.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. P. Nanjayyanamath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,362 |percentage = 68.96% |change = {{increase}}16.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hatagar Bajirao Yamanappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 6,314 |percentage = 17.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kasat Shrin Iwas Ramajiwan |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,319 |percentage = 9.40% |change = {{decrease}}38.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jawali Homanna Shivappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,331 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,048 |percentage = 51.09% |change = {{increase}}45.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,997 |percentage = 62.33% |change = {{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,326}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,353 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,778 |percentage = 52.60% |change = {{decrease}}8.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kasat Shrin Iwas Ramajiwan |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 15,119 |percentage = 47.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,659 |percentage = 5.20% |change = {{decrease}}17.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,259 |percentage = 63.30% |change = {{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,897}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,124 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Madivalappa Rudrappa Pattanshetti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,160 |percentage = 61.24% |change = {{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrinivas Ramjivan Kasta |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 11,496 |percentage = 38.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,664 |percentage = 22.47% |change = {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,739 |percentage = 59.29% |change = {{decrease}}5.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,656}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,535 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Guledgud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Madivalappa Rudrappa Pattanshetti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,514 |percentage = 60.92% |change = {{decrease}}10.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shebina Katti Lummanna Keshappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,520 |percentage = 39.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,994 |percentage = 21.83% |change = {{decrease}}20.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,034 |percentage = 64.51% |change = {{decrease}}6.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,034}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,658 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Guledgud Kamatgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Madivalappa Rudrappa Pattanshetti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,571 |percentage = 71.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanjjayyanamath Gadagaya Parayya |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 9,199 |percentage = 28.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,372 |percentage = 42.09% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,770 |percentage = 70.66% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,770}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,964 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|16.049356|75.790899|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Administration of the kingdom of Mysore

2026-04-09T19:10:48Z

LesterKitamura4: Starting A Data

{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

The '''[[kingdom of Mysore]]''' ({{langx|kn|ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ}}; 1399–1947 CE) was a kingdom in southern India traditionally believed to have been founded in 1399 in the region of the city of [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]]. For the most part, the [[Wodeyar]] dynasty ruled the southern Karnataka region until the kingdom united with the [[Dominion of India]] in 1947. During the kingdom's history, it went through various phases of administration, with increasing foreign influence from the eighteenth century.

== Pre-colonial era administration ==

During the decline of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], King Yaduraya Wodeyar (1399–1423) gradually gained independence, eventually ousting the Vijayanagar governor at Srirangapatna. The regional head of the empire moved their new capital at [[Chandragiri]].<ref name="chandra">Kamath (2001), p228</ref> During the rule of Narasaraja Wodeyar, the first gold coins were issued from Mysore. The position of Mysore improved considerably during the rule of King Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar, who increased the value of the Treasury to 90,000,000 [[Pagoda (coin)|''pagoda'']] (a unit of currency). For this achievement, the king took the title ''Navakotinarayana'' (lit. nine-crore [[Narayana]]).{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} [[Chikka Devaraja]] (1673–1704) founded the ''Attara Kacheri'', a central secretariat consisting of eighteen departments.<ref name="sec">Kamath (2001), pp-228–229</ref>

Under [[Hyder Ali]] (1761–1782), a large booty of gold looted from the Nizam of Golconda funded Mysore's expansionary policy.<ref name="gold">Kamath (2001), p231</ref> The kingdom was divided into 5 provinces (''Asofis''), comprising 171 ''Paraganas'' ([[taluk]]). The Sira province comprised 5 ''Paraganas'' that contributed 200,000 ''varaha'' (a unit of currency) and the Srirangapatna province contained 102 ''Paraganas'' and contributed 1,700,000 ''varaha''.<ref name="cavalry">Kamath (2001), p233</ref>

During the reign of [[Tipu Sultan]] (1782–1799), the kingdom, which encompassed 62,000 mi2 (160,000 km2), was divided into 37 ''Asofi'' and a total of 124 taluks (''Amil''). Each ''Asofi'' had a governor, or ''Asof'', and one deputy ''Asof''. A taluk was headed by an ''Amildar'' while a ''Patel'' was in charge of a group of villages.<ref name="patel">Kamath (2001), p234</ref> The central administration comprised six departments headed by ministers, each aided by an advisory council of up to four members;<ref name="zum">Kamath (2001), p235</ref> the military by Mir Miran, the revenue ministry by Mir Asaf, the navy by Mir Yem, and the treasury, commerce, and ordnance by Muluk-ut-Tufar. The policy of replacing Hindu governors with Muslim ''Asofs'' may have led to a revenue downfall.<ref name="asof">Kirmani in Kamath (2001), p237</ref> For a brief period, Kannada was replaced by [[Persian language|Persian]] as the administrative language under Tipu's reign.<ref name="account">N.K. Sinha in Kamath (2001), p237</ref> The army consisted of infantry, cavalry, artillery, and the navy. The navy had forty ships operating from Mangalore, Kundapura, and Tadadi.<ref name="zum"/>

== Direct British rule ==
Following Tipu's death in 1799, the kingdom came under direct British rule in 1831.{{Clarify timeframe|date=November 2023}} Lushington, Briggs, and Morrison, the early commissioners, were followed by [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]] and [[Lewin Bentham Bowring]].<ref name="blore">Kamath (2001), p251</ref><ref name=Bowring>{{cite book
|last=Bowring
|first=Lewin
|year=1893
|title=Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the Struggle with the Musalman Powers of the South
|url=http://greatest-battles.webs.com/MysoreWars/MysoreWars.htm
|edition=1974
|publisher=ADABIYAT-I DELLI
|location=Delhi
|isbn=81-206-1299-X
|access-date=15 May 2011
|archive-date=17 August 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817114702/http://greatest-battles.webs.com/MysoreWars/MysoreWars.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Mark Cubbon took charge in 1834. He made [[Bangalore]] the capital and divided the princely state into 4 divisions, each under a British superintendent. The state was further divided into 120 taluks with 85 taluk courts, with all lower level administration in the Kannada language. The ''Amildar'' was in charge of a taluk to whom a ''Hoblidar'', the caretaker of a ''Hobli'' comprising a few villages, reported.<ref name="blore"/> The office of the commissioner had eight departments; revenue, post, police, cavalry, public works, medical, the animal husbandry, judiciary and education. The judiciary was hierarchical with the commissioners' court at the apex, followed by the ''Huzur Adalat'', four superintending courts and eight ''Sadar Munsiff'' courts at the lowest level. Mark Cubbon is credited with the construction of over one thousand miles of roads, hundreds of dams, coffee production and improvements in the tax and revenue systems.<ref name="adalat">Kamath (2001), p252</ref>

[[Lewin Bentham Bowring|Lewin Bowring]] became the chief commissioner in 1862 and held the position until 1870. Under Lewin Bowring, the state was divided into three divisions, each under a British commissioner. There were eight districts in all under these divisions, with each looked after by a deputy commissioner who was aided by the ''Amildars'' and ''Hoblidars''. The property "Registration Act", the "Indian Penal code" and "Code of Criminal Procedure" came into effect and the judiciary was separated from the executive branch of the administration.<ref name="adalat"/> Lewin Bowring expanded the education system with the formation of the Central Educational Agency, helping the kingdom modernize quickly. However, unlike Mark Cubbon, Lewin Bowring generally preferred to employ British officers.<ref name="bow">Kamath (2001), p253</ref>

== Rendition, legislative, and economic developments ==
In 1881, following a strong lobby favouring [[Rendition (law)|rendition]], the British handed back the administration of Mysore to King [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] (1868–1894). The post of commissioner was abolished and replaced by a [[List of Diwans of Mysore|Diwan]], his two advisers, and a British resident in the Mysore court.

[[C. V. Rungacharlu]], a native of [[Chennai]], became the Diwan while the Representative Assembly of British India, consisting of 144 members, was formed in 1881. He identified himself with the Kannada language and patronised it by establishing the Palace drama company. He passed favourable economic policies such as public loans and public works{{which|date=November 2023}} and built a railway line from Bangalore to Mysore.<ref name="ranga">Kamath (2001), p254</ref>

He was followed by [[K. Seshadri Iyer]] in 1883. During his time, gold mining at the [[Kolar Gold Fields]] began, extensive coffee plantations were developed, and railway lines were laid. The first assembly elections were held with a three-year tenure. Taluk boards were formed with decentralised authority, the Mysore Civil Service examinations were held for the first time in 1891, and the geology and agriculture departments were established in 1894 and 1898, respectively. Other notable achievements include the construction of the Vanivilas Sagar dam across the [[Vedavati]] river, the initiation of the [[Shivanasamudra]] [[hydroelectric]] project in 1899 (the first such major attempt in India), electricity and piped drinking water in Bangalore, the first edition of the ''Archaeological Survey of Mysore'' in 1890, and the Oriental Manuscripts Library.<ref name="iyer">Kamath (2001), p254-255</ref>

[[P. N. Krishnamurti]], a descendant of Diwan [[Purnaiah]], took office in 1901. The founding of ''The Secretariat Manual'' for maintaining records, the introduction of British administrative methods,{{which|date=November 2023}} and the founding of the Co-operative Department in 1905 are credited to him.<ref name="iyer"/> [[V. P. Madhava Rao]], who became Diwan in 1906, paid attention to conservation of forests. He started the Legislative Council in 1907, the Central Co-operative Bank in Bangalore, aided the Vokkaligara Sangha in 1906 and created the Mysore News Paper Regulation Act of 1908. He was followed by [[T. Ananda Rao]], who inaugurated the Mysore Economic Conference, finalised the [[Krishna Raja Sagara]] dam and completed the [[Mysore Palace]] in 1910.<ref name="vis">Kamath (2001), p257</ref>

[[M. Visvesvaraya]], an engineer, became Diwan in 1909.<ref name="vis">Kamath (2001), p257</ref> The Mysore Legislative Assembly was increased from 18 to 24 members, with new powers for discussing the state budget.<ref name="vis"/> The Mysore Economic Conference was expanded into three committees: industry and commerce, education, and agriculture, with publications in English and Kannada. Village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayats]], local boards, and municipalities were headed by elected members.<ref name="vis1">Kamath (2001), p258</ref> Projects commissioned during his tenure include the construction of the Krishna Raja Sagara dam, the Government Soap Factory, the Mysore Sandal Oil Factory, the founding of the [[Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant|Iron and Steel Works]] in [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravati]], and the Mysore Bank. Visvesvaraya founded the [[University of Mysore]] in 1916, the Mysore Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering|Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]] in Bangalore, and the [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat|Karnataka Sahitya Parishad]].<ref name="vis1"/> He was followed by Sir [[M. Kantaraj Urs]] in 1919 and Sir [[Albion Rajkumar Banerjee]] in 1922.

== Last Diwans ==
Sir [[Mirza Ismail]] took office as Diwan in 1926 and continued making progress in modernising the kingdom of Mysore. Amongst his contributions were the expansion of the Bhadravati iron works and the founding of a cement and paper factory in Bhadravati. A porcelain factory and a glass factory were founded in Bangalore, a sugar factory in Mysore, and the first fertilizer factory in Belgola. Ismail founded the [[Brindavan Gardens]] (Krishnaraja Sagar), the [[Mysore Medical College & Research Institute|Mysore Medical College]], and the Kaveri high-level canal to irrigate {{convert|120000|acre|km2}} in modern [[Mandya district]].<ref name="ismail">Kamath (2001), p260</ref> Ismail was followed by Sir [[N. Madhava Rao]] and Sir [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]] before the kingdom was incorporated into the newly independent India in 1947.

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka (from pre-historic times to the present), Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041
* {{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/15/stories/2002081500220200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002191631/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/15/stories/2002081500220200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2003|last=Chandramouli|first=K|title=Diwans take over|accessdate=8 October 2007|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 August 2002}}
* Jewels of Administration Princely Mysore State by Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath published by Karnataka Gazetteer Department, Government of Karnataka, Print 2012.

{{Princely states of India}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]

Hafizul Hassan

2026-04-09T08:51:14Z

LesterKitamura4: created details.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hafizul Hassan
| image = Hafizul Hassan.jpg
| image_size = 200
| office = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| term_start = 5 December 2024
| term_end =
| governor = [[Santosh Gangwar]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Hemant Soren]]
| 2blankname = Ministries and Departments
| 2namedata = * Water Resources
* Minority Welfare
| predecessor =
| office1 = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| term_start1 = 5 February 2021
| term_end1 = 28 November 2024
| governor1 = [[Draupadi Murmu]] [[Ramesh Bais]] [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Hemant Soren]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministries and Departments
| 2namedata1 = * Sports & Youth Affairs
* Minority Welfare
| predecessor1 = [[Haji Hussain Ansari]]
| office2 = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2 May 2021
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Haji Hussain Ansari]]
| constituency2 = [[Madhupur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhupur]]
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| father = [[Haji Hussain Ansari]]
| birth_place = [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[BIT Sindri]]
}}

'''Hafizul Hassan Ansari''' is an Indian politician and the current [[Cabinet Minister]] in [[Government of Jharkhand]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Madhupur, Jharkhand|Madhupur]], [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=कौन हैं हफीजुल हसन? MLA बनने से पहले ही मिल गया था मंत्री पद; अब चंपई सरकार में भी मिली जगह |url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/who-is-hafizul-hasan-mla-jharkhand-minister-champai-soren-jmm/3214272/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref> He is the son of [[Haji Hussain Ansari]], former Cabinet Minister in the same cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=हफीजुल रहमान के शपथ पर क्यों मचा बवाल, झारखंड के मंत्री का राष्ट्रगान वाला वीडियो भी वायरल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/story-jharkhand-minister-hafizul-hassan-national-anthem-video-goes-viral-10407448.html |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-hafizul-hasan-ansari-inducted-as-minority-welfare-minister-tourism-arts-culture-and-sports-department-responsiblity-given-21339970.html|title=Jharkhand News: CM हेमंत सोरेन के नए मंत्री हफीजुल हसन के बारे में सबकुछ जानिए... आसान शब्‍दों में|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand -Minister Hafizul Hasan s absurd statement |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Politics/Read/994613141/Jharkhand-Minister-Hafizul-Hasans-absurd-statement- |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2025 Ansari underwent heart surgery. In August 2025 he was hospitalized once more.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ranjan |first1=Murkesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/29/jharkhand-minister-hafizul-hasan-airlifted-to-gurugram-after-health-complications |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913225720/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/29/jharkhand-minister-hafizul-hasan-airlifted-to-gurugram-after-health-complications |title=Jharkhand Minister Hafizul Hasan airlifted to Gurugram after health complications
|language=en |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=29 August 2025 |archive-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasan, Hafizul}}
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from Deoghar district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

India women's national under-21 volleyball team

2026-04-04T08:32:31Z

LesterKitamura4:

{{Infobox national volleyball team
| name = India Under-20
| gender = women
| type = U20
| image = Flag of India.svg
| federation = [[Volleyball Federation of India]]
| confederation = AVC
| coach =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_s1 =
| leftarm1 =
| body1 =
| rightarm1 =
| shorts1 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_s2 =
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_s3 =
| leftarm3 =
| body3 =
| rightarm3 =
| shorts3 =
| World Champs apps = 1
| World Champs first = 1981
| World Champs best = 11th ''([[1981 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|1981]])''
| Regional name = [[Asian Women's U20 Volleyball Championship|AVC U20 Asian Championship]]
| Regional cup apps = 16
| Regional cup first = [[1980 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|1980]]
| Regional cup best = {{bronze3}} ''([[1980 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|1980]])''
| website =
| medaltemplates =
}}

The '''India women's national under-20 volleyball team''' represents India in women's under-20 [[volleyball]] events. It is controlled and managed by the [[Volleyball Federation of India]] (VFI) that is a member of Asian volleyball body [[Asian Volleyball Confederation]] (AVC) and the international volleyball body government the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] (FIVB).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/asian-womens-u-20-volleyball-championship-india-beat-kazakhstan-3-0-5504497.html|title=The Indian women's volleyball team won its first game at the Asian Women's U-20 Volleyball Championship in Kazakhstan|date=6 July 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/volleyball/india-beat-kazakhstan-in-asian-womens-u-20-volleyball-championship/articleshow/92707913.cms|title=India beat Kazakhstan in Asian Women's U-20 Volleyball Championship|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>

==Competition history==
===World Championship===
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[1977 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|1977]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[1981 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|1981]] – 11th
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[1985 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|1985]] – ''Did not enter''
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[1987 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|1987]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|PER}} [[1989 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|1989]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[1991 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|1991]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[1993 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|1993]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[1995 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|1995]] – ''Did not enter''
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[1997 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|1997]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[1999 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|1999]] – ''Did not enter''
*{{flagicon|DOM}} [[2001 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|2001]] – ''Did not enter''
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2003 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|2003]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[2005 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|2005]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2007 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|2007]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[2009 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|2009]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|PER}} [[2011 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|2011]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[2013 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|2013]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|PUR}} [[2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|2015]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[2017 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|2017]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|2019]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|BEL}} {{flagicon|NED}} [[2021 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship|2021]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[2023 FIVB Volleyball Women's U21 World Championship|2023]] – ''Did not qualify''

===Asian Championship===
*{{flagicon|KOR|1949}} [[1980 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|1980]] – {{Asia3}} '''Bronze medal'''
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[1984 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|1984]] – ''Did not enter''
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[1986 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|1986]] – 6th
*{{flagicon|INA}} [[1988 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|1988]] – 8th
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[1990 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|1990]] – 9th
*{{flagicon|MAS}} [[1992 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|1992]] – 8th
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[1994 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|1994]] – ''Did not enter''
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[1996 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|1996]] – 6th
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[1998 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|1998]] – ''Did not enter''
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[2000 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|2000]] – ''Did not enter''
*{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2002 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|2002]] – 8th
*{{flagicon|SRI}} [[2004 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|2004]] – 7th
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2006 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|2006]] – 10th
*{{flagicon|TWN}} [[2008 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|2008]] – 10th
*{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2010 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|2010]] – 10th
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2012 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|2012]] – 6th
*{{flagicon|TWN}} [[2014 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship|2014]] – 6th
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2016 Asian Women's U19 Volleyball Championship|2016]] – 8th
*{{flagicon|VIE}} [[2018 Asian Women's U19 Volleyball Championship|2018]] – 11th
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[2022 Asian Women's U20 Volleyball Championship|2022]] – 7th
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2024 Asian Women's U20 Volleyball Championship|2024]] – 8th

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.volleyballindia.com/ Official website]

{{Volleyball in India}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:Women's national sports teams of India|volleyball]]
[[Category:Women's volleyball in India]]
[[Category:National women's under-21 volleyball teams]]
[[Category:National youth sports teams of India|Volleyball]]

Jayaprada Ramamurthy

2026-04-04T02:29:36Z

LesterKitamura4:

{{short description|Indian flautist}}
{{Indian name|Jayaprada|Ramamurthy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayaprada Ramamurthy
| native_name =
| image = Jayaprada Ramamurthy in a recital for DD Yadagiri Telangana.png
| caption = In a recital for [[Doordarshan]]
| image_size =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = [[Indian classical music]]
| instrument = [[Flute]]
| years_active =
}}
| alias =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = instrumentalist
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], Telangana
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| awards = 'KALARATNA' (HAMSA) State Award from Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Kartik Award Excellence, Acharya Nagarjuna University Award, Ugadi Puraskaram State Award, National Fellowship, Govt. of India.
| website =
| spouse =
| father = Venkataramana Ramamurthy
| mother = [[Prema Ramamurthy]]
| children =
}}
'''Dr.Jayaprada Ramamurthy''' is an Indian [[Flute|flautist]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]] & Telangana. She is known to be the first female flautist from Andhra Pradesh & Telangana, and the first woman and the youngest to receive an "A-TOP-grade" in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] Flute from [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]]. She plays both Carnatic and [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] styles of music.

She received many awards and honors including the KALARATNA (Hamsa) State Award from Government of Andhra Pradesh, National Fellowship Award, Doctorate from Osmania University, Best Flutist from Madras Music Academy, Acharya Nagarjuna University Award, State Govt. Award Ugadi Puraskaram, Bharati Gaurav Puraskar, Kartik Award of Excellence.

==Biography==
Dr.Jayaprada Ramamurthy was born in [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]) to [[Prema Ramamurthy]] a noted Carnatic vocalist and Venkataramana Ramamurthy, a scientist at the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Andhrajyothy">{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Dr. Jayaprada Ramamurthy : ఆ వేణుగానం... జయప్రదం |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/navya/that-flute-jayapradam-dr-jayaprada-ramamurthy-mvs-1006281.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref> Her maternal grandfather, Srinivasa Sastri who was [[Zamindar]] of [[Ballari]], used to play the flute.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-20 |title=Piping her own brand of music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/piping-her-own-brand-of-music/article6133704.ece |access-date=2025-09-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Greeshma R. |date=2014-06-23 |title='I Am Still a Student of Music' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Jun/23/%E2%80%98i-am-still-a-student-of-music%E2%80%99-627819.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Although a musician, her mother Prema was not interested in her daughter pursuing a career in music due to the difficulties she faced in supporting the family after her husband's death.<ref name="Andhrajyothy"/> She completed her doctorate in commerce for her research on marketing of performing arts and intellectual property rights, from [[Osmania University]] in Hyderabad, Telangana.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |date=2011-04-07 |title=Rhythm divine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Rhythm-divine/article14674134.ece |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Jayaprada started playing flute at an early age without any formal training.<ref name="TNIE">{{Cite web |last=Gonwar |first=Kruthi |date=2012-06-10 |title=Winds of change |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2012/Jun/09/winds-of-change-375753.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Although her mother was not interested in pursuing a career in music for her daughter, realizing her interest in the flute, she took her to [[Chennai]] for training flute under the guidance of Padma Shri awardee [[N. Ramani]].<ref name="Andhrajyothy"/> Under the guidance of her guru, she began performing on stage at the age of twelve.<ref name="Andhrajyothy"/> Her first performance was at the Ganapati Temple in [[Secunderabad]].<ref name="Andhrajyothy"/>

Jayaprada later received advanced training in Carnatic and Hindustani flute under many other noted artists including [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]] <ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=H. |date=2025-08-19 |title=Flautist Jayaprada Ramamurthy serves a traditional fare at the Venuganam festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/flautist-jayaprada-ramamurthy-serves-a-traditional-fare-at-the-venuganam-festival/article69951162.ece |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="TNIE" />

==Career==
Dr.Jayaprada Ramamurthy, who began her career as a singer, sang in various concerts & recordings, and also accompanied with her mother [[Prema Ramamurthy]] as a teenager and won several prizes in music competitions.<ref name="deccan" />

Jayaprada, known to be the first female flutist from Andhra Pradesh, is the first and the youngest female flutist to receive an 'A-Top-grade' in Carnatic Flute from [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]] in the Twin Telugu States.<ref name="deccan">{{Cite web |title=Of magical melodies |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/of-magical-melodies-2229941 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> She can play different types of flute including the western key flute.<ref name="NT News">{{cite news |title=వేణుగానం జయప్రదం |url=https://www.ntnews.com/news/flautist-jayaprada-ramamurthy-life-story-987266 |work=www.ntnews.com |date=1 March 2023 |language=te}}</ref> She is also recognized as the first woman to use the bass (long) flute and the western key flute on the concert stage.<ref name="deccan" /> She has also developed a new [[raga]] in Carnatic music, Uma.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-16 |title=A techie by profession, musician by choice |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2012/Apr/13/a-techie-by-profession-musician-by-choice-358051.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, Jayaprada was nominated as a member for [[SVBC|Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel]], the official channel of the [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]].<ref name="Hans">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-10-30 |title=Noted flautist appointed as SVBC director |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/noted-flautist-appointed-as-svbc-director-576802 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> She has traveled to over 20 countries as a solo performing artist for prestigious festivals abroad including ICCR Festivals, Royal Tropical Hall, CGI 80th Year Australia, ICCR Moscow Russia, Cleveland Tyagaraja Festival, Orchard Ridge Theater, VT Blacksburg USA, Australian Institute of Music, ICCR Colombo, UAE, UK, Bengal Festival Dhaka, Singapore, Malaysia, Sri Lanka & others. She is a panel member of CCRT, Prasar Bharati, UCC&BM etc. She is an empaneled artist of Ministry of Culture, India. She has performed for prestigious festivals including Sangeet Natak Akademi, Sangeet Sammelan, Bhimsen Joshi Samaroh, Madras Music Academy, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Kartik Fine Arts, and regularly participates in the Tiruvayaru Tyagaraja Utsavam.

Jayaprada is also promoting Indian classical music and flute through Global Flute Foundation<ref name=":0" />, started by her parents in 1999. The foundation recently celebrated its 25th year of establishment. <ref name="TNIE" /> <ref name=":1" /> She has been extensively reviewed by the media, and has performed for several television & media channels including DD Bharati, Doordarshan National, SVBC TTD, Bhakti Tv, Tv5, Tv9,

Jayaprada plays both Carnatic and Hindustani styles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramya |first=Vennapusala |date=2024-09-06 |title=Renowned flautist Dr Jayaprada Ramamurthy performs in Hyderabad |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/Sep/24/renowned-flautist-dr-jayaprada-ramamurthy-performs-in-hyderabad |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> She has done solo performances in various venues across the country and outside.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-12-01 |title=Hyderabad flutist to perform in NYC |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2016-12-01/Hyderabad-flutist-to-perform-in-NYC/266451 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> She has also authored a book titled ''Basics of Flute Playing''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Female Flutist to perform various flutes in Indian Classical Carnatic Music |url=https://uniqueworldrecords.com/records/posts/first-female-flutist-to-perform-various-flutes-in-indian-classical-carnatic-music |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=uniqueworldrecords.com |language=en}}</ref>

Jayaprada made her film debut as a flautist in the film ''[[Om Namo Venkatesaya]]'' directed by Raghavendra Rao.<ref name="NT News"/> After that, she also performed in films like ''[[Vakeel Saab]], [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|Baahubali 2]]''.<ref name="NT News"/> She has worked with music director [[M. M. Keeravani]] for film projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=శ్రీ వేంకటేశ్వర భక్తిచానల్ డైరెక్టర్‌గా డాక్టర్ జయప్రద |url=https://www.ap7am.com/tn/666346/telugu.html |work=ap7am.com |date=27 October 2019 |language=te}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Dr.Jayaprada has received numerous awards including: KALARATNA (Hamsa) State Award, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh 2026, [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]] Award, 2023 <ref>{{cite news |title=రేపు ఏఎన్‌యూ వ్యవస్థాపక దినోత్సవం {{!}} - {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/guntur/1769887 |work=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>, Ugadi Puraskaram from [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-20 |title=Ugadi Puraskarams for 42 persons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ugadi-puraskarams-for-42-persons/article3013798.ece |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Kartik Award of Excellence 2019<ref name="Hans"/>, Madras Music Academy Best Flutist Award 2002 & 2008, Best Performer Indian Fine Arts Society Chennai, Titles including 'Vamshi Vinodini', 'Venugana Praveena', 'Sangita Ratna'. She was conferred the title 'Venugana Gandharvi' at World Buddhist Peace Conference. She was awarded National Fellowship by Ministry of culture, Govt of India, and National Women's award from CM of Delhi 2011.<ref name="Hans"/>

Jayaprada is also received honors like Asthana Vidushi position from many Hindu religious institutions including the [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], the Mysore Datta Peetham, [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], the [[Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Yadagirigutta|Yadagirigutta Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Devasthanam]], [[Telangana]], Srisailam Devasthanam, [[Srisailam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Hans"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramamurthy, Jayaprada}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women flautists]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women musicians]]

Haidakhan Babaji

2026-04-01T14:15:21Z

LesterKitamura4: created new entry.

{{short description|Teacher of spirituality in northern India}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Haidakhan Babaji
| image = One of the first photos of Haidakhan Babaji 1970.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Haidakhan Babaji
| birth_name =
| years_active = 1970–1984
| death_date = {{death date text|14 February 1984}}
| death_place =
| website = https://www.haidakhandisamaj.in
| resting_place_coordinates =
}}
'''Haidakhan Babaji''', simply called '''Babaji''' by his students and devotees, was a religious teacher who appeared near the village of Haidakhan{{efn|Haidakhan is also spelt at times as Hairakhan because the central sound, ḍ, in the name does not exist in English and is something between the R and D sound.}} in northern [[India]] ([[Uttarakhand]]) and taught publicly from 1970 until his death in 1984. He has a following in the Western world, and two [[ashram]]s in India.

== Life ==

According to "The Teachings of Babaji", Haidakhan Babaji "appeared" in June 1970 in a cave at the foot of the Kumaon [[Mount Kailash]], across the [[River Ganges]], near a remote village called Haidakhan, in the [[Nainital district|Nainital]] District of [[Uttrakhand]], India. His followers maintain that Haidakhan Babaji is a [[Mahavatar]] – "a human manifestation of God, not born from woman."<ref name="Foreword" group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=foreword}}</ref>

It is reported that starting in late September 1970 Haidakhan Babaji spent forty-five days meditating in a small temple on the top of the Kumaon Mount Kailash "without leaving his seat."<ref name="Foreword" group=B/> In September 1971, Haidakhan Babaji, in a sworn testimony, convinced the judge of the court in Haldwani that he was the "Old Hariakhan Baba", thought to be active in that region in the years 1860–1922, and that he had the right to use the [[ashram]]s in Kathgaria and Haidakhan.<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Shyam|1990|pp=125–135}}</ref> In 1971 Haidakhan Babaji started travelling across India, proclaiming his message, performing sacred ceremonies, such as [[yagna]], and attracting more devotees. This included celebrities, such as [[Shammi Kapoor]],<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Shyam|1990|p=158}}</ref> and gradually more Westerners.<ref group=B>See e.g. {{harvnb|Devi|2001}} and "Guru for Westerners" below.</ref>

Though some of his followers<ref group=B>See for instance: Orr, Leonard, 1988, 1995.</ref> believed he was immortal, Haidakhan Babaji died on 14 February 1984; local sources said it appeared to be of heart failure. He was buried in Haidakhan Ashram. This is how Babaji foretold and explained his death:

{{blockquote|My body is meant to dry up one day. This body is nothing; it is here only to serve people. […] Even my own body has come only to perform a duty to serve all human and all living things.<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=2 February 1983}}</ref>}}

== Teachings ==

===Unity of Religions===
Haidakhan Babaji maintained that: "All religions are incorporated in the principle of Truth, Simplicity and Love".<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=25 December 1981}}</ref> In his living years he taught intensively the importance to live a simple life with loving principles in truth. Although worshipped according to local customs, Haidakhan Babaji explained that he came to restore [[Sanatana Dharma]]. Sanatan Dharma can be understood as a primordial religion reflecting natural laws established at the beginning of the Creation.<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=25 March 1983}}</ref> He explained further: "I have come to guide humanity to a higher path. I do not belong to any particular religion, but respect all religions. I seek the elevation of all mankind. "<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=29 July 1983}}</ref>

He stressed the unity of all religions as expressed in the following words: "In any town there is always a central place; all the roads in the town or from out of town lead to that central place. Similarly, all religions lead to one point, and that is God Himself; and therefore following any religion you will ultimately reach God."<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=24 December 1981}}</ref> He said: "We are all one with each other and with God."<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=2 April 1980}}</ref> Haidakhan Babaji said: "You should seek harmony in everything you do. I am harmony. Thank you for your love."<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=12 April 1980}}</ref><ref group=B>For further details, see {{harvnb|Shyam|1990}}</ref> Haidakhan Babaji proclaimed: "One can follow any religion, one can follow any practice or path, but one must be humane."<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=22 January 1983}}</ref> He said: "The world now is in a state of turmoil. It is suffering from three kinds of pain – physical, mental, spiritual – and there is only one way of being cured from these. We have to root out inhumanity and replace it with humanity. (…)"<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=23 September 1983}}</ref> He also made the following statement: "The only true man is one who practices 'humanism.' (…) this is the only way to success in life."<ref name="Ibidem_d" group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=29 October 1983}}</ref>

===Karma Yoga===
Babaji talked about the importance of hard work and proper performance of one's duty so often that Karma Yoga should be considered the central element of his teachings. Babaji used to say that: "Work is worship"<ref name="Babaji 1981" group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=23 October 1981}}</ref> and that hard work is the best [[spiritual practice]]. On another occasion he said: "If you are engaged in doing good deeds and go on doing good acts, you will have good sleep, good appetite and bad thoughts will not cross your mind. Otherwise, you will always be criticizing others. In inaction, your minds will always be engaged in thinking critically of others. Karma – activity – is the only thing which can drive out all evils".<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=17 November 1983}}</ref> Babaji also taught that "perfection in work" was the real meaning of [[Kriya]] Yoga.<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=10 November 1983}}</ref>

===Japa Yoga===
[[Japa|Nama Japa]], the repetition of God's name, was a fundamental part of Haidakhan Babaji's teachings. He explained that God's name is the most powerful sound of the Creation – "more powerful than a thousand atomic and hydrogen bombs."<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=26 December 1982}}</ref> – and that this is the only real thing. Haidakhan Babaji especially recommended the use of the [[mantra]] "om namaḥ śivāy" ([[Sanskrit]]: ॐ नमः शिवाय् )<ref group=B>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ginakim.net/graphics/OmNamahShivai_Babaji_45pc.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224203444/http://ginakim.net/graphics/OmNamahShivai_Babaji_45pc.gif |archive-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> – because of its protective qualities,<ref group=B>E.g. "Chant OM NAMAH SHIVAY and you can defy death." {{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=28 July 1979}}</ref> but also stated that one can use any God's name "his religion teaches".<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Devi|1990|p=6 Babaji's Teachings}}</ref> The mantra is always written internationally simplified as "Om Namah Shivay" in books about Babaji written in [[English language|English]] or other languages.<ref group=B>Maria Gabriele Wosien: ''Ich bin Du – Botschaften des Meisters vom Himalaya'', G. Reichel Verlag, {{ISBN|3-926388-23-4}}</ref>

===Forthcoming Great Changes===
Haidakhan Babaji warned his followers about the forthcoming Great Revolution or Maha Kranti. He described Maha Kranti as involving "earthquakes, floods, accidents, collisions and wars [...]."<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=26 July 1979}}</ref> In the context of these upcoming calamities, he called for courage: "Walk on with courage and bravery. Go on working to improve humankind and establish the Path of Truth. […] Fight for truth! To face life you must have great courage every day".<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=16 January 1983}}</ref> Haidakhan Babaji urged his followers to be "inspired". He stated: "Everything in this world is 'PHURO' – transient. It has no reality. True reality is to proceed on the path of truth, to keep the company of saintly people, and to render service to men."<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=31 August 1983}}</ref>

Babaji advocated on behalf of the less-fortunate. He stated: "you should look to the areas of your countries where people are poverty-stricken and helpless and then do all you can to raise their standard of living, teaching them cleanliness and high morals. To serve the needy truly and from the heart is true service to God. [...]"<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=20 April 1983}}</ref>

== Spiritual routine ==

Babaji would typically start his day around 3:00 am, with a bath, often in the cold [[River Ganges]], which was followed by meditation or a fire ceremony. Around 5:00 am he would see his devotees for ceremonial chandan (placing a mark on forehead), followed by morning [[Aarti]] (devotional singing) around 6:00 am. Then until noon everybody would be engaged in some form of karma yoga. At noon the only meal of the day was being served, followed by more karma yoga in the afternoon. Sometimes a more elaborate ceremony such as the fire ritual [[havan]] would be performed around the noon time.<ref group=B>{{Cite web|url=http://sanskrit.org/the-fire-ritual-havanhoma/|title = The Fire Ritual: Havan/Homa|date = 2 March 2014}}</ref> In the afternoon, Babaji would sometimes see devotees for individual audiences, known as [[Darśana|darshan]]. Then there would be another bath, followed by the evening Aarti. After the evening Aarti, Babaji gave short speeches that were recorded in "The Teachings of Babaji".<ref group=B>For more description of daily routines around Babaji see also {{harvnb|Devi|1990|pp=63–67, 73}}</ref>

== Identity ==

Babaji maintained that he was identical with the Hairakhan Baba (also spelled as Hariakhan or Heriakhan) who lived around Hairakhan in the years 1860–1922.<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=Foreword}} See also {{harvnb|Shyam|1990|pp=50–65}}</ref> He suggested a few times that he was identical with [[Mahavatar Babaji]] described in [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]'s ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]''.<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Antonov|2008|loc=Foreword}}</ref> This claim is apparently disputed by the [[Self-Realization Fellowship]], the society founded by Yogananda.<ref name="RadheShyam" group=B>{{harvnb|Shyam|1990|p=xvi}}</ref> [[Gaura Devi]] recorded Babaji as saying: "I am no one's Guru, but I am the Guru of gurus."<ref group=B>{{harvnb|Devi|1990|p=9 Babaji's Teachings}}</ref>

==Guru for Westerners==
[[File:Haidakhandefwary.JPG|thumb|upright|Image of the [[deity]] Haidakhandeshwari in the temple of the Haidakhandi Universal Ashram near [[Crestone, Colorado]]]]

Babaji was introduced to many Westerners by [[Leonard Orr]], an exponent of immortalism and a founder of the breathwork practice of [[Rebirthing (breathwork)|rebirthing]]. Orr maintained that Babaji was an immortal; his belief system was shaken by Babaji's death from a [[heart attack]] in 1984.<ref name="Christof Dada 2017">{{cite journal |last=Christof Dada |first=Catharine |title=The physical Immortalist and the Guru who Died |journal=Body and Religion | publisher=Equinox Publishing |volume=1 |issue=2 |date=22 December 2017 |issn=2057-5831 |doi=10.1558/bar.32181 |pages=169–184}}</ref> His following is widespread in the Western world, with followings in countries including Austria,<ref name="Hindus and Hindu Religious Traditions in Austria">{{cite book | title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols) | chapter=Hindus and Hindu Religious Traditions in Austria | publisher=Brill | date=2020-07-07 | isbn=978-90-04-43228-4 | doi=10.1163/9789004432284_029 | pages=806–832| s2cid=242543421 | last1=Winter | first1=Franz }}</ref> Germany,<ref name="Bergunder Stiftungen 2006">{{cite book |last1=Bergunder |first1=Michael |last2=Stiftungen |first2=Franckesche |title=Westliche Formen des Hinduismus in Deutschland: eine Übersicht |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-tdAI_EcqYC&pg=PA10 |year=2006 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-931479-76-3 |pages=10ff}}</ref> Italy,<ref name="Hinduism in Italy">{{cite book | title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols) | chapter=Hinduism in Italy | publisher=Brill | date=2020-07-07 | isbn=978-90-04-43228-4 | doi=10.1163/9789004432284_045 | pages=1098–1140| s2cid=242737099 | last1=Nencini | first1=Andrea Maria | last2=Squarcini | first2=Federico }}</ref> Sweden,<ref name="Hinduism in Sweden">{{cite book |title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols) |chapter=Hinduism in Sweden |publisher=Brill |date=2020 |isbn=978-90-04-43228-4 |doi=10.1163/9789004432284_062 |pages=1466–1485|s2cid=225594509 |last1=Sardella |first1=Ferdinando }}</ref> Switzerland,<ref name="Mayer1993">{{cite book |last=Mayer |first=Jean-François |title=Les nouvelles voies spirituelles: enquête sur la religiosité parallèle en Suisse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmn2yDLUYuMC&pg=PA16 |year=1993 |publisher=L'AGE D'HOMME |isbn=978-2-8251-0412-5 |pages=16ff}}</ref> the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite book |last=Wildcroft |first=Theodora |author-link=Theodora Wildcroft |title=Post-Lineage Yoga : from Guru to #metoo |publisher=[[Equinox Publishing (Sheffield)|Equinox Publishing]] | publication-place=Sheffield | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-78179-940-6 |pages=20, 49, 123, 130}}</ref> and the United States, where the "Yogananda/Babaji Lineage" was established in multiple centres{{efn|These include the Haidakhan Samaj in the United States; the other centres would be related only if a connection with [[Paramahansa Yogananda|Yogananda]]'s Babaji is assumed.<ref name="Melton Jones 2011"/>}} by the time of the first American Hindu census in 2011.<ref name="Melton Jones 2011">{{cite web |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |last2=Jones |first2=Constance A. |title=Reflections on Hindu Demographics in America: An Initial Report on the First American Hindu Census |url=http://www.asrec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Melton_Hindu_Demographics.pdf |publisher=Association for the Study of Religion, Economics & Culture |access-date=7 April 2021 |page=16 |date=7 April 2011 |quote=Yogananda/Babaji Lineage: Self Realization Fellowship, Amrita Foundation, Ananda Church of Self Realization, CSA (Roy Eugene Davis), Cross and the Lotus, Haidakhan Samaj, Hariharananda Mission West, Hamsa Yoga Sangh, International Babaji Kriya Yoga Sangam (S. A. A. Ramaiah), Kriya Yoga Ashram (Swami Shankarananda Giri), Kriya Yoga International, Kriyayoga of Babaji (Guru Gyan swami), Self Enquiry Life fellowship, Temple of Kriya Yoga}}</ref>
An [[ashram]] dedicated to Babaji, the Haidakhandi Universal Ashram, with a temple to the goddess [[Lakshmi]], was founded in [[Crestone, Colorado]] in 1989.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.babajiashram.org/about-us |publisher=Babaji Ashram |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>
The musician Gopal Hari and his wife Ambika formed a group named Goma, performing Haidakhandi chants on their albums ''River of Grace'' and ''Sacred Source'', and a third album of the Haidakhandi [[Aarati]] (service of worship).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hari |first1=Gopal |last2=Ambika |title=Goma: Music |url=https://gomaretreat.wordpress.com/music/ |publisher=Goma |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>

==Haidakhandi Samaj==

In India, the Haidakhandi Samaj, with ashrams at Haidakhan village and at Chilliyanaula (Chilianola), provides both communal living and to spread Babaji's message. The Haidakhan ashram, called "Haidakhan Vishwa Mahadham", offers medical and dental services. The Chilliyanaula ashram, called "Anandpuri Ashram", offers free [[cataract surgery]], an [[ear, nose, and throat]] clinic, and dental services.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Haidakhandi Samaj |url=http://www.haidakhandisamaj.in/haidakhandi-samaj.php |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:IMG-20181118-WA0279.jpg|Navdurga temples and ashram near Haidakhan
File:Main Ashram of Haidakhan Vishwa Mahadham.jpg|Main Ashram of Haidakhan Vishwa Mahadham, Haidakhan
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

===Primary and devotional===
{{reflist|group=B|22em}}

===Independent===
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==

* {{cite book |last=Antonov |first=Vladimir |year=2008 |title=The Teachings of Babaji |edition=Kindle}}
* ''Babaji Mahavatar.'' ''The Descent of Eternity into Time''. (1983). Shri Hairakhan Baba Prachar Sangh Foundation. Amsterdam. NL. {{ISBN|90-70867-01-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Devi |first=Gaura  |year=1990 |title=Babaji's Teachings |location=Allahabad |publisher=Haidakhandi Samaj}}
* {{cite book |last=Devi |first=Gaura |year=2001 |title=Fire of Transformation. My life with Babaji |location=Devon, England |publisher=Nymet Press |isbn=0-9541839-0-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Shyam |first=Radhe |year=1990 |title=I Am Harmony. A Book About Babaji |location=Crestone, Colorado |publisher=Spanish Creek Publications |isbn=0-9626421-0-X}}
* ''The Teachings of Babaji''. (1983, 1984, 1988). Haidakhan, Uttar Pradesh: Haidakhandi Samaj.

==Further reading==

* Berry, David. (1986). ''Have Guru Darshan''. VHS and DVD film. DB Productions.
* Caddy, Renata. (2012). ''Encounters with Babaji, Master of the Himalayas''. Findhorn Press. {{ISBN|978-1-84409-574-2}}
* Churchill, Pola. (1997). ''Shiva Mahavatar Babaji''. Los Angeles: Churchill Publications.
* Datt, Jai. (2014). ''Babaji - Only Love - 55 Late Portraits.'' Kindle edition.
* Farasiotis, Dionysios. (2011). "The Gurus, the Young Man, and Elder Paisos". St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood. {{ISBN|978-1-887904-16-2}}
* Giridhari Lal Mishra. (2011). ''From Age to Age: Stories of Haidakhan Babaji''. Powell's Books. {{ISBN|0-578-08546-1}}
* Goodman, Shdema Shivani. (1990). ''Babaji, Meeting with Truth at Haidakhan Vishwa Mahadham''. {{ISBN|978-0-87418-039-8}}
* Minett, Gunnel. (1986). ''Babaji – Shri Haidakhan Wale Baba''. Stockholm, Sweden.
* Lal, Arvind. (2018). "Corporate Yogi: My journey as a Spiritual Seeker and an Accidental Entrepreneur". HarperCollins India. {{ISBN|93-5277-678-X}}
* Mahendra Baba. (2016). ''Arti to Babaji Mahavatar: Flames of Divine Love by the Haidakhandi's''. Kindle edition.
* [[Malhotra, Ashok]]. (2013). ''The Babaji Affair''. {{ISBN|978-1-4923-2955-8}}
* Mckellar, Geri. (2014). ''How to find your inner glow. A meditation with Babaji''. Kindle and paperback editions.
* Moriarty, Joe. (1984). ''All Our Teachers. The Melodies of Babaji''. Tape recording.
* Pritam (Piotr Rajski). (2004). ''Unity Beyond Division. Haidakhan Babaji's Message to the World''. {{ISBN|0-9685539-3-1}}.
* Pritam (Piotr Rajski). (2020). ''Truth, Simplicity and Love. Essential Haidakhan Babaji''. {{ISBN|978-0-9812582-2-5}}.
* Pritam (Piotr Rajski). (2022). ''Unity Beyond Division. Haidakhan Babaji for Christians''. {{ISBN|978-0-981258270}}
* Ray, Markus; Ray, Sondra. (2016). ''Babaji: My Miraculous Meeting with a Maha Avatar''. {{ISBN|1-68348-804-0}}.
* Ray, Markus; Ray, Sondra. (2020). ''The Perfection of Babaji''. Kindle edition.
* Reichel, Gertraud. (1988). ''Babaji – the Unfathomable. 108 Encounters''. Weilersbach, Germany.
* Romola Butalia ''Sri Babaji: Immortal Yogi of the Himalayas''. Motilal Banarsidass. {{ISBN|81-208-3257-4}}
* Taylor, Peter (2004). ''Shiva's Rainbow''. Ethos-UK. {{ISBN|0-9547064-0-4}}
* [[Maria-Gabriele Wosien|Wosien, Maria-Gabriele]]. (1990). ''Babaji – Message from the Himalayas''. Reichel Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-926388-14-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Wosien |first=Maria-Gabriele |author-link=Maria-Gabriele Wosien |year=2020 |title=Babaji – I am You |edition=Kindle |publisher=Reichel Verlag |ref=none}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* Haidakhandi Community: https://www.haidakhandi.org/
* Babaji's UK website: https://www.ukbabaji.com/
* [https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Haidakhan+Babaji+Ashram/@29.2469954,79.6560874,14z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x39a0922ca7babfcd:0x31fd55a56c3ac634!8m2!3d29.2469961!4d79.6560878?hl=en Haidakhan Babaji's Ashram] on Google Maps.
* Haidakhandi Samaj India: http://www.haidakhandisamaj.in/

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babaji, Haidakhan}}
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:People from Nainital district]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Kriya yogis]]

Kaula (Hinduism)

2026-03-29T07:23:09Z

LesterKitamura4: created data.

{{Short description|Religious tradition in Hinduism}}
{{about|a school of Hinduism||Kaula (disambiguation){{!}}Kaula}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=August 2023}}
{{Saivism|expanded=Schools}}

'''Kaula''', also known as '''Kula''', '''{{IPA|Kulamaarga}}''' ("the Kula path") and '''{{IPA|Kaulaachaara}}''' ("the Kaula tradition"), is a [[Tantra|Tantric]] tradition which developed from the ''[[Kapalika|Kapaalika]]'' tradition,{{sfn|Sanderson|2012–2013|pp=4-5, 11, 57}} domesticating the 'pollutional' elements of this tradition and making it accessible for married householders.{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=679}}Kaula preserves some of the distinctive features of the ''Kapaalika'',{{sfn|Sanderson|2012–2013|pp=4-5, 11, 57}} characterised by distinctive rituals and symbolism connected with the worship of [[Shakti]] and [[Shiva]]{{sfn|Dupuche|2020}} that is associated with cremation-ground or [[charnel ground]] asceticism, found in [[Shaktism]] and [[Shaivism]].

Kaula developed into four main systems, known as the Four Transmissions, namely eastern ([[Trika]]), western (''Kubjika''), southern (''Daksinamnaya'') and northern (Mata and Krama).{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=681}} In later [[Hatha Yoga]], the Kaula visualization of [[kundalini]] rising through a system of [[chakra]]s is overlaid onto the earlier [[Bindu (symbol)|bindu]]-oriented system.{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|pp=770, 774}}

==Name==
[[File:Development of Shaivism (expanded).png|thumb|right|The development of various schools of Shaivism from proto-Shiva and early worship of Rudra.]]

===Etymology===
The translation of the term ''kula'' in English is considered difficult and has raised some problems for researchers.<ref name="Muller-Ortega 1989">{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 59</ref> The basic meaning is "family", "group" or "self-contained unit".<ref>{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 100</ref> This is explained by [[Gavin Flood]] as referring to the retinues of minor goddesses depicted in the schools' literature.<ref>{{Harvnb|Flood|1996}}</ref>

Philosophically the term is said to represent a unifying connectedness, beneath the various objects, processes and living entities of this world, which may be identified with these goddesses as aspects of the supreme deity, in some regions the god Shiva, elsewhere a goddess.<ref>{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 102</ref> Another meaning sometimes given to the term ''kaula'' is that of a "group of people" engaged together in the practice of spiritual discipline.

===Applications of the term===
While the manifest reality is described as ''Kula'' (a variant form of the term ''Kaula''), the unifying factor, the Deity, is termed ''Akula''.<ref name="Muller-Ortega 1989"/> "A" means "beyond", or "non", thus "Akula" is "beyond kula". As the substrate of all manifestation is ''Akula'', such is also the basis of any ''Kula''. So ''Kula'' families are united by a common substrate, the transcendent ''Akula''.

In every one of its instances, on various levels of the universe, ''Kula'' is a contraction (''saṃkoca'') of totality,<ref name="Muller-Ortega 1989"/> thus in each ''Kula'' there is a contracted form of the universe, a contracted form of Shiva (''Akula'') himself. Such an affirmation has been popularized under slogans like "Consciousness is Everything" in some recent Kashmir Shaivism related publications for the public.<ref>The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism, Consciousness is Everything, [[Swami Shankarananda (Shiva Yoga)|Swami Shankarananda]]</ref>

Often at the highest level of reality Shiva and Shakti form the supreme couple, or the ultimate ''Kula'' (family).<ref>{{Harvnb|Pandit|2003}}, p. 109</ref> Shiva, under various names (''anuttara'' - absolute, ''prakāśa'' - uncreated light, ''cit'' - supreme consciousness, ''Akula'' - beyond the groups of manifestation) and ''Shakti'', under a similar plethora or names (''Vimarsa'' - reflection in consciousness, ''Visarga'' - creative energy that emits the Universe, ''Kundalini'' - fundamental energy of the body, ''spanda'' - atemporal vibration, ''Kauliki'' - that which is "sprung" in ''Kula''). The two are always in indissoluble union in a perfect state of bliss. Ultimately there is no difference between Shiva and Shakti, they are different aspects of the same reality. The supreme "family" by definition spans both manifestation and transcendence.

In Kashmir Shaivism, Supreme Consciousness (''Cit'', identical to ''Akula'') is considered to be the substrate of manifestation. Consciousness is the ultimate principle, the [[Monad (philosophy)|monad]] of the universe, always present as substrate in every external object, be it gross (physical), subtle (mental) or subtlest (relating to the causal body or soul). Thus external world, body, mind and soul are considered kindred parts of the whole, concretisation of the supreme ''consciousness''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Singh|2005}}, p. 5, 31</ref> From this perspective, ''Kula'' is the totality of manifestation, in gross, subtle and supreme form.<ref name="Singh 2005"/> Even if ''Cit'' is not directly involved in the process of manifestation (as it is said to be unmanifest),<ref>{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 137</ref> it is always present in every possible facet of manifestation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 78</ref>
Thus, it is said to be the substantial cause of manifestation (manifestation is made of ''Cit'', "like pots are made of clay") and also the efficient cause ("like the potter is the efficient cause in the activity of creating pots").<ref>{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 72</ref>

A closely related concept is ''Kaulika'', the binding force of the ''Kula''. The term literally means "sprung in ''Kula''".<ref name="Singh 2005"/> ''Kaulika'' is another name for ''Shakti'', the spiritual energy. ''Shakti'', as described in Kashmir Shaivism, does a paradoxical thing – she creates the universe, with all its diversity and at the same time remains identical to Shiva, the absolute transcendent. Thus, ''Kaulika'' is an energy both of spirit and matter. Bridging the two, ''Kaulika'' creates the path of evolution for consciousness from ego to spirit.

The manifestation of ''Kaulika'' proceeds from the absolute (''anuttara'') in the process of cosmic creation (''mahasristi'').<ref>{{Harvnb|Singh|2005}}, p. 77</ref> Thus ''Kaulika'' should not be seen as mere energy, or just the link between matter and spirit, but also identical to the absolute. Even if she is the dynamic aspect of the absolute, she does not rank lower than Shiva, her divine consort.

==Subschools==
Kaula developed into four main systems, known as the Four Transmissions,{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=681}}{{sfn|Sanderson|2012–2013|p=57–65}} namely eastern (''Pūrvāmnāya''; [[Trika]]-tradition;{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=681}} goddess ''Kuleshvari''{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=681}}), northern (''Uttarāmnāya''; Mata and Krama tradition; goddess [[Kali]]{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=682}}), western (''Paścimāmnāya''; goddess ''[[Kubjika]]''), and southern (''Daksinamnaya''; goddess [[Tripura Sundari|Tripurasundari]]{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=688}}).{{efn|{{harvtxt|Sanderson|2012–2013|p=58}}: "...liturgical systems differentiated most obviously by the identity of the central deity. Thus in an early classification, seen in the Ciñciṇīmata, we are given accounts of four systems of Kaula teaching, called the Āmnāyas (‘Traditions’), assigned to the four directions, east (Pūrvāmnāya), north (Uttarāmnāya), west (Paścimāmnāya), and south (Dakṣiṇāmnāya), each with a distinctive pantheon of worship."}}

The [[Trika]] texts are closely related to the Kuleśvarī texts and can be considered as a 'domesticised' part of the Kulamaarga.{{sfn|Dupuche|2020}}{{sfn|Sanderson|2012–2013|p=59–60, 68}} These subcategories emerged as cults with a wide range of practices—some with mild practices involving worship of Siva or Sadashiva as a householder deity while others involved worshiping ferocious goddesses with blood, alcohol and erotic offerings.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=166}}

==Philosophy==
Kaula practices are based on [[tantra]],{{sfn|Dupuche|2020}} closely related to the siddha tradition and Shaktism (if those siddhas relate themselves to divya or manava streams, one can easily find their texts; if the siddhas belong to the siddha stream proper which relates to daityas and danavas, a curious mind is yet to find something textual about that). Kaula sects are noted for their extreme exponents who recommend the flouting of [[taboo]]s and social [[mores]] as a means of liberation. Such practices were often later toned down to appeal to ordinary householders, as in [[Kaśmir Śaivism|Kashmiri Shaivism]].{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=166}}

The concepts of purity, sacrifice, freedom, the spiritual master (''guru'') and ''the heart'' are core concepts of the Kaula tradition.

===Purity and impurity===
{{blockquote|In this sacrifice, the wise man should use the very ingredient which is forbidden in the series of scriptures. It is immersed in the nectar-of-the-left. ([[Tantrāloka]])<ref>Tantrāloka, Chapter 29, śl. 10</ref>}}

Actions or objects are not seen impure in themselves, rather the attitude is the determinant factor. Spiritual ignorance is the only impurity and knowledge is pure.<ref name="Dupuche 2003">{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 87</ref> As long as one is identified with the supreme consciousness, there is nothing impure.<ref name="Harvnb|Dupuche|2003">{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 84</ref> The adept is unaffected by any external impurity<ref name="Harvnb|Dupuche|2003"/> and makes use of what is reprehensible to attain transcendence.<ref name="Dupuche 2003"/> Here arises the antinomian and asocial character of Kaula and the left-handed forms of tantra.

===Sacrifice===
{{main|Sacrifice}}
''Kaula'' sacrifice (''[[yajna]]'') is defined primarily as an inward act. Any action performed with the purpose of evoking the supreme reality is said to be sacrifice.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 182</ref> However, if sacrifice were performed only interiorly, there would be a lack of externality and therefore limitation and dualism.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 104</ref> That is why ''Kaula'' adepts also perform symbolic external sacrifices making use of a sacred place and various rituals.

There are six main types of sacrifice according to the "six supports"; external reality, the couple, the body, the central channel of the subtle breath ([[susumna]]), the mind and ''Shakti''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 183</ref>

===Freedom===
''Kaula'' stresses the language of self-sufficiency, liberation and freedom.<ref name="Muller-Ortega 1989"/> Socially the ''Kaula'' may be viewed as an alternative society, complete in itself, which supports the freedom of the devotee from interior mental and egotistic limitations and from exterior social and cultural preconceptions.

At a social level deconditioning is realized by detaching from traditional restrictions with regard to what is considered pure and impure and through the adoption of the spiritual family of the guru. At the mental level freedom is attained by the awakening of ''Kundalini'' through ''[[asana]]'', ''[[pranayama]]'', ''[[mudra]]'' or ''[[mantras]]'', the amplification and sublimation of the vital and mental energy and the elevation of consciousness. The culmination of this process is spiritual illumination.

Absolute freedom is to be found only in the revelation of the unity of the spirit with God, a state described as ''Atma-vyapti'' or re-absorption into the true Self (''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]'') or ''Shiva-vyapti'': re-absorption into the supreme consciousness of Shiva.<ref>{{harvnb|Silburn|1988}}</ref> To be free is to be absolved from the necessity of [[reincarnation|rebirth]] conditioned by [[Karma|karmic]] constraints. Consciousness expands into [[The 36 tattvas#Śuddha tattvas|pure reality]], a level that is considered to exist beyond time and space, where the powers of knowledge and action are unfettered, there are no conditioning desires or needs to be fulfilled and bliss is directly present in consciousness.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lakshman Joo|1988}}, p. 3, 9</ref>

''Kaula's'' basic method is the experience of the freedom of consciousness<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 60</ref> in the heart, ultimately reflected in the center of the being as ''Khechari Mudra''. This mudra (attitude) means "the ability of consciousness to freely move (''charati'') about in the space (''kha'') of the heart".<ref>Khe carati iti kechar[ii], {{IAST|Parā-trīśikā Vivaraṇa}}, Jaideva Singh, page 5</ref> The disciple learns to recognize Śiva as the ultimate reality. The practices pertaining to consciousness are explained in such texts as ''Vijñāna Bhairava Tantra'', ''Spanda Kārikās'' and ''Śiva Sūtras''.

Kashmiri Shaivism describes freedom as ''svātantrya'' - the freedom to create, maintain and destroy the universe pertaining to Śiva himself. It is considered that Śiva, above any restriction or conditioning, creates the universe of his free will as a playful expression of his spirit ([[lila (Hinduism)|lila]]). Here the kaulas are unlike [[Advaita]] and [[Veda]], where there is the conception that [[maya (illusion)|maya]] (cosmic illusion) is superimposed upon the [[brahman]] (absolute), inducing a sort of illusory creation. Here, creation is considered real, and the will to create is considered free and unfettered. ''Svatantrya'' is identical to [[Ananda]] (bliss) and ''vimarśa'' (reflexive consciousness/auto-consciousness).

===Guru===
{{main|Guru}}
"Guru is the path" (''{{IAST|gurur upāyaḥ}}'').<ref>[[Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta|Śiva Sutras]] of Vasugupta, Cap II, Verse 5</ref> This statement from the most revered sacred text of Kashmir Shaivism, the ''Śiva Sutras'', summarizes the school's conception of the guru-disciple relationship. ''Kaula'' functions as a form of [[guru yoga]], where the disciple's only essential practice is to surrender himself to his guru, accepting the spiritual impulse bestowed upon him by his master. Disciples eminently open towards their guru's spiritual influence are named ''spiritual sons'' and held to know the highest state of consciousness<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 157</ref> by their direct link to their guru's illuminated heart.<ref>{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 166</ref>

The guru is considered to form a single Self (atman) with his disciples. As such, he leads the disciples to the discovery of their own ''Atman'' with his own consciousness, exalted into the supreme state.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 62</ref>

===The Heart===
[[Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)|Aham]], the heart or "subjective I", is a central concept in ''Kaula'' ideology, conceived of as the most sacred reality, home of consciousness (''Cit'') and bliss (''Ananda''), place of union of the cosmic couple Shiva and [[Shakti]]. The term ''Aham'' refers to the same reality as other terms like ''anuttara'' (unsurpassed), ''Akula'' (beyond the group), ''Shiva'' (The Lord), ''Cit'' (supreme consciousness) as well as "feminine" aspects as Ananda and ''Shakti''. Each term brings a specific viewpoint, but none of them can fully describe the Supreme Reality.

On the individual level, the heart is the binding force of all conscious experiences – the individual being is considered a ''Kula'' composed of eight elements: five senses, ego (''ahamkar''), the mind and the intellect. These eight are not disconnected, unrelated processes but rather a unified, interrelated family ("kaula") based on consciousness as the common substrate.<ref name="Muller-Ortega 1989"/> ''Kaula'' prescribes practices that reintegrate the eight "rays" of the soul into the supreme consciousness.

On the cosmic level, the "Heart of the Lord" (''aham'') is the substrate of the family of [[The 36 tattvas|36 elements]] forming all manifestation. The concept of "Spiritual Heart" is so important that even the supreme realization in Kashmir Shaivism is described in relation to it. The ''Khechari Mudra'' is an attitude described as "the ability of consciousness to freely move (''charati'') about in the space (''kha'') of the heart".<ref>Khe carati iti kechar[ii], {{Harvnb|Singh|2005}}, p. 5</ref> ("kha"+"charati" forming "kechari")

==Practices==
Similarly to other tantric schools, ''Kaula'' chooses a positive (affirmative) approach: instead of prescribing self-limitations and condemning various actions, it embraces such actions in a spiritual light.<ref>Touched By Fire, The Ongoing Journey Of A Spiritual Seeker, Pandit Rajmani Tigunait, Pandit Rajmani Tigunait, Ph.D., Rajmani Tigunait, page 188</ref> Thus, sexuality, love, social life and artistic pursuits are considered vectors of spiritual evolution. The main focus in ''Kaula'' is on practical methods for attaining [[moksha|liberation]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 14</ref> rather than engaging in complex philosophical debate. Whatever is pleasant and positive can be integrated in its practice.

The principal means employed in the ''Kaula'' practice are the spiritual family, the practice of initiation rituals, the couple (sexual rituals such as [[maithuna]]), the body (spiritual alchemy inside one's own body), the energy (shakti) (controlled especially through the use of mantras and mystical phonemes) and the consciousness (seen as the epitome of one's whole being and of the universe itself).<ref>{{harvnb|Silburn|1988}}, pp. 177-178</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, pp. 58, 61</ref>

The first phase of development is linked to the attainment of a state of [[non-duality]] described as an "absorption into the spiritual heart", ''[[nirvikalpa samadhi]]'' or experiencing the "[[Prakasa|uncreated light]]" of consciousness (''prakāśa'')<ref>The Cultural Heritage of India, {{IAST|Haridāsa Bhaṭṭācāryya}}, Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Page 521</ref> (read [[Prakasa#Subjective experiences of prakāśa|a number of subjective accounts]] of this experience).

===Group practice===
Group practices, which are restricted to the members of a ''kaula'' (family),<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 61</ref> include rituals, festivities, initiations and the secretive tantric sexual union.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The purposes of this practice are the initiation of novices, the expansion of consciousness<ref name="ReferenceB"/> and expression of the bliss already attained as participants become more and more advanced.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 127</ref>

The key to the effectiveness of group practice is held to reside in the harmony of minds and hearts of the participants.<ref>Luce dei Tantra: Tantrāloka, Abhinavagupta, translation by Raniero Gnoli</ref> When a compatible spiritual group is created, it can greatly accelerate the spiritual evolution of its members. [[Abhinavagupta]] declares that such a group can enter a state of oneness and universal consciousness without effort.<ref>Tantraloka by Abhinavagupta Cap28.v373–v380</ref> He explains this by the notion of reflection (''pratibimba''), a process of unification, an effortless overflow of spiritual energy.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

The relation between a ''Kaula's'' parts is realized through mutual reflection. Reflection (''pratibimba'') is used here in the sense of "containing an image of the other objects inside", a concept similar to that of the hologram. The number of possible interactions and reflections between the members of a ''Kaula'' is much larger than the number of elements it contains.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lakshman Joo|1988}}, p. 29</ref> Kashmir Shaivism declares that each part is in fact ''Akula'' (Shiva) in essence;<ref>{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 97</ref> thus there is a connection between the parts through their common ''Akula'' substrate. As each part contains ''Akula'', in its essence, it automatically contains everything,<ref name="Muller-Ortega 1989"/> this is how the mutual reflection is said to be realized.

Almost half of the Tantraloka is dedicated to rituals, usually evoking the union of complementary sets such as man and woman, a faculty and its object or inhalation and exhalation.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 117</ref> The practice of ritual may involve the construction of a [[mandala]],<ref name="ReferenceE">{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 119</ref> visualization of a goddess or group of goddesses (''Śakti''),<ref name="ReferenceE"/> recitation ([[japa]]), performed in a state of "rest inside the creative awareness" (''camatkāra''),<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 120</ref> oblation into fire and its internalized version – the burning of the objects and means of knowledge into the "fire" of non-dual consciousness (''parāmarśa'').<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 123</ref>

The power of a ritual lies in its repetition. A pure disciple will attain the supreme state even by simply staying for a short time in presence of a guru without any instruction, but less prepared ones need reinforcement and gradual accumulation.

===Physical practices===
''Kaula'' puts a special emphasis on the physical body in spiritual practice<ref name="Muller-Ortega 1989"/> "as a vessel of the Supreme" and, as such, not an obstacle tortured in ascetic practices.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Repeated submergence into the state of non-duality is supposed to induce secondary effects on the physical body due to the activity of the spiritual energy (''śakti'') and may be called [[Alchemy in history#Indian alchemy|tantric body alchemy]] (see [[internal alchemy]]). Starting from the expanded consciousness of the self (''atman''), the body (and in the end, the exterior reality too) is infused with the experience of non-duality.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The non-dual, experienced initially only in consciousness, is extended to the whole body. The ''kaula'' adept will discover ''kaulika'' – the power (''[[siddhi]]'') of identification with the Universal Consciousness experienced in the physical body,<ref>{{Harvnb|Singh|2005}}, p. 6</ref> generated spontaneously, without any effort (formal meditation, postures – ''asana'', concentration ''[[Dharana]]'' and other forms of exertion in yoga).<ref name="Singh 2005">{{Harvnb|Singh|2005}}, p. 34</ref> This process is described as the descent of the energy of the non-dual consciousness into the physical.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Then consciousness manifests as a free force, entering the senses and producing extroverted ''[[samādhi]]''. At this point, consciousness, mind, senses and physical body are "dissolved" into oneness, expanded into the spiritual light of consciousness.

As a consequence, any perception of the exterior reality becomes nondual. It becomes possible to live submerged in a continuous state of union with Shiva even while performing regular day-to-day activities. This form of extroverted, all-inclusive ''samādhi'' is the pinnacle of spiritual evolution, ''bhairavi mudra'', ''jagadananda'' or ''bhava samadhi''. The yogi experiences everything as pure light and ecstasy (''cit-ananda'') and does not feel any difference between interior and exterior any more.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

====Yamala – the tantric couple====
{{Main|Tantric sex}}
Abhinavagupta: "The couple (''yamala'') is consciousness itself, the unifying emission and the stable abode. It is the absolute, the noble cosmic bliss consisting of both Shiva and Shakti. It is the supreme secret of ''Kula''; neither quiescent nor emergent, it is the flowing font of both quiescence and emergence." (Tantraloka)<ref>Tantraloka by Abhinavagupta Cap. 29 Verse. 116-117a</ref>

The sexual practices of the ''Kaula'' schools, also known as "the secret ritual", are performed with an "external Shakti" (sexual partner)<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 114</ref> as opposed to the purely meditative practices which involve only one's own spiritual energies (the "interior Shakti"). The role of the sexual ''Kaula'' ritual is to unite the couple, [[yogini]] (initiated woman) and siddha (initiated man), and induce one in the other a state of permanent awakening.<ref>{{harvnb|Silburn|1988}}, p. 160</ref> This achievement is made possible by the intensity of their love.<ref>{{Harvnb|Singh|2005}}, p. 45</ref>

In their exalted state, the two become absorbed into the consciousness of the Self. Becoming united on all the levels, physical, astral, mental and even in their consciousness, they reconstitute the supreme couple of Shiva and Shakti.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 136</ref>

The ''Kaula'' sacrifice is reserved for the few, the elite who can maintain a state of ''Bhairava'' (spiritual illumination) in sexual union.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 102</ref> Other couples, even if they reproduce the ritual to the letter (as perceived from outside), if they do not attain ''Bhairava'' consciousness, are merely engaging in a sexual act.

"Initiation by the mouth of the yogini (''yoginī-vaktra'')", is a method by which the adept unites with a purified ''yoginī'' and receives the unique experience of the illuminated consciousness.<ref name="ReferenceF">{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 82</ref> He is to see her as both his lover and guru.

The energy generated during the tantric sexual act is considered a form of "subtle emission", while the act of ejaculation is considered a form of physical emission.<ref>See [[Sexual sublimation]], Ojas and [[Visarga]]</ref> In Kashmir Shaivism, the energy of emission (''visarga śakti'') is considered to be a form of ''ānanda'' (bliss).

Depending on the orientation of one's consciousness, introverted or extroverted, emission can be of two kinds: rested and risen. In ''Śānta'', the rested form of emission, focus is absorbed just on one's own Self in an act of transcendence.<ref name="ReferenceG">{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 263</ref> In ''Udita'', the risen form, the focus is projected on the Self (''atman'') of one's lover – a state associated with immanence.<ref name="ReferenceG"/>

''Santodita'' (beyond ''udita'' and ''śānta'') is the uniting form, cause of both ''śānta'' and ''udita'' emissions. ''Santodita'' is described as universal bliss (''cidānanda''), undivided consciousness,<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 261,263</ref> ''kaula'' (the group of two as one)<ref>{{harvnb|Silburn|1988}}, p. 187</ref> and an "outflow of the pulsation of Shiva and Shakti".<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 268</ref> This kind of translation from the physical act to the mental and to consciousness itself is a characteristic of the tantric world view.

===Mantra practice===
Mantric meditation is the most common form of tantric practice. In the ''Kaula'' system, this practice is associated especially with the group of [[phoneme]]s.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="ReferenceF"/> The 50 phonemes (''varṇa'') of the [[Sanskrit]] alphabet are used as "seed" mantras denoting various aspects of consciousness (''cit'') and energy (''śakti''). The group (''kula'') of Sanskrit phonemes form a complete description of reality, from the lowest ("earth") to the highest (Śiva consciousness) level.<ref>{{Harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, p. 63</ref>

The ritual "setting out" of the phonemes imitates the emanation of the cosmos from the supreme I-consciousness of Śiva.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 81</ref> In another ritual, the phonemes are identified with specific zones of the body through the practice of ''nyāsa'', infusing the body with spiritual energy. This mystical state of culminates in the ''kaula'' of the body (perfection of the ensemble of organs, senses and mind) and such a being is known as a siddha (accomplished one).<ref name="ReferenceD"/> The adept attains a form of bodily enlightenment where, through the power of mantras, he comes to recognize the divinities within the body.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Initiation into mantric practice is based on a transfer of power and the link (lineage) of the heart. The word or phoneme is not useful in itself, as it does not have efficiency unless the disciple received his initiation from an authentic master.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dupuche|2003}}, p. 80</ref>

==Texts==

'''Kashmiri School of Kaula'''

While Kaula is primarily an oral tradition and does not place a high value on the creation of texts, there are some texts associated with the tradition. Muller-Ortega, following Pandey, summarizes the literature of the Kashmiri school as follows:<ref>{{harvnb|Muller-Ortega|1989}}, pp. 57-58.</ref>

* ''{{IAST|Siddha-yogeśvarī-mata-tantra}}''
* ''{{IAST|Rudra-yāmala-tantra}}''
* ''{{IAST|Kulārṇava-tantra}}''
* ''{{IAST|Jñānārṇava}}''
* ''{{IAST|Nityā-ṣoḍaśika-arṇava}}''
* ''{{IAST|Svacchanda-tantra}}''
* ''[[Netra Tantra|{{IAST|Netra-tantra}}]]''
* ''[[Tantraraja tantra|{{IAST|Tantrarāja-tantra}}]]''
* ''{{IAST|Kālīkula}}''

==See also==
*{{annotated link|Left-hand path and right-hand path}}
*{{annotated link|Vamachara}}

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{citation style|reason=Inlined sources need to be moved to works cited and replaced by short citations.|date=August 2023}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation | last = Dupuche | first = John R. | title = Abhinavagupta: The Kula Ritual, as Elaborated in Chapter 29 of the Tantrāloka | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 2003 | isbn = 81-208-1979-9 }}.
* {{cite book |author-last=Dupuche |author-first=John R. |author-mask=1 |year=2020 |chapter=A Spirituality of Pleasure: The 'Thousand-Year' Intercourse of Śiva and Śakti |editor1-last=Epple |editor1-first=Nicol Michelle |editor2-last=Shining |editor2-first=Phil |title=Exploring Sexuality and Spirituality: An Introduction to an Interdisciplinary Field |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=At the Interface/Probing the Boundaries |volume=132 |doi=10.1163/9789004437869_005 |pages=131–162 |isbn=978-90-04-43079-2 |s2cid=242423110 |issn=1570-7113 |lccn=2020028860 |mode=cs2 }}

* {{Citation | last = Flood | first = Gavin D. | title = An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-521-43878-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |postscript=.}}

* {{Citation | last = [[Lakshman Joo]] | first = Swami | title = Kashmir Shaivism: The Secret Supreme | publisher = SUNY Press | year = 1988 | isbn = 0-88706-575-9 |postscript=.}}

* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Mallinson |author-first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |year=2011 |title=Yoga: Haṭha Yoga |url=https://www.academia.edu/1317005 |editor1-last=Basu |editor1-first=Helene |editor2-last=Jacobsen |editor2-first=Knut A. |editor3-last=Malinar |editor3-first=Angelika |editor4-last=Narayanan |editor4-first=Vasudha |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=3 |doi=10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_000354 |pages=770–781 |isbn=978-90-04-17641-6 |issn=2212-5019 |via=[[Academia.edu]] |mode=cs2 }}
* {{Citation | last = Muller-Ortega | first = Paul | title = The Triadic Heart of Siva | publisher = State University of New York Press | location = Albany | year = 1989 | isbn = 0-88706-787-5 |postscript=.}}

* {{Citation | last = Pandit | first = Moti Lal | title = Trika Saivism of Kashmir | publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal | location = New Delhi | year = 2003 | isbn = 81-215-1082-1 |postscript=.}}

* {{cite book | last =Sanderson |first =Alexis | year =1988 | chapter =Saivism and the Tantric Tradition | editor-last1 =Clarke | editor-first1 =Peter | title =The World's Religions | publisher =Routledge}}
* {{Citation |last=Sanderson |first=Alexis |url=http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/sanderson_2014_the_saiva_literature_jist_kyoto_(1).pdf |title=The Śaiva Literature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104838/http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/sanderson_2014_the_saiva_literature_jist_kyoto_(1).pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |journal=Journal of Indological Studies |number=24 & 25 |date=2012–2013 |postscript=.}}
* {{citation |last=Silburn |first=Lilian|year=1988 |title=Kuṇḍalinī: The Energy of the Depths |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0887068003|postscript=.}}
* {{Citation | last = Singh | first = Jaideva | title = Paratrisika Vivarana by Abhinavagupta: The Secret of Tantric Mysticism |author2=[[Swami Lakshman Joo]] |author3=[[Bettina Baumer]] | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd) | year = 2005 | isbn = 81-208-0472-4 |ref=CITEREFSingh2005|postscript=.}}
{{refend}}

{{Shaktism}}
{{Shaivism}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Hindu tantra]]
[[Category:Kashmir Shaivism]]
[[Category:Nonduality]]
[[Category:Shaiva sects]]
[[Category:Tantric practices]]

Heyy Babyy

2026-03-27T11:58:49Z

LesterKitamura4:

{{Short description|2007 film by Sajid Khan}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Heyy Babyy
| image = Heyybabyyposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]
| producer = [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
| writer = '''Story:''' Sajid Khan '''Dialogues:''' [[Milap Zaveri]]
| screenplay = [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]] [[Milap Zaveri]] Renuka Kunzru
| starring = [[Akshay Kumar]] [[Fardeen Khan]] [[Riteish Deshmukh]] [[Vidya Balan]] [[Boman Irani]] Juanna Sanghvi
| narrator = [[Akshay Kumar]]
| music = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cinematography = Himman Dhamija
| editing = Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| studio = [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Ltd. | website=Wayback Machine | url=http://www.ashtavinayakindia.com/films/previous_release_fd.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829012446/http://www.ashtavinayakindia.com/films/previous_release_fd.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 August 2015 | access-date=2025-01-17 }}</ref> [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2007|08|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}36 crore
| gross = {{INR}}83 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=246|title=Heyy Babyy – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
}}

'''''Heyy Babyy''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film]] produced by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] and directed by [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]. It stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Fardeen Khan]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Vidya Balan]], Juanna Sanghvi and [[Boman Irani]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Heyy Babyy Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Heyy Babyy by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/heyy-babyy/movie-review/2309133.cms|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Heyy Babyy (2007)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10008653_hey_baby|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>

The core storyline of this film is loosely based on the Malayalam film ''[[Thoovalsparsham]]'' (1990) which is an adaptation of the American film ''[[Three Men and a Baby]]'' (1987), in turn based on the French film ''[[Three Men and a Cradle]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/25/movies/film-3-men-and-cradle.html |title=FILM: '3 MEN AND CRADLE' |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 April 1986 |access-date=6 July 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=August 2024}}
Aarush Mehra lives a fairly wealthy lifestyle in [[Sydney|Sydney, Australia]], with roommates Tanmay Joglekar and Ali Haider. Aarush starts working for a popular dance club, while Tanmay entertains children as Eddy Teddy and Ali takes care of their apartment. He mostly watches cricket on the television and places bets on the matches. All three are womanizers and usually end up sleeping with different women.

One day they find a baby girl outside their door with a note instructing them to take care of her, since one of them is her father. The three men go to all the women they dated and slept with, but none claim the baby as theirs, and they break up with them. The men try to take care of the baby, but she becomes a huge pain and annoys them. So they drop her off at a house near a church and leave her there by herself. Then they all set off for a Christmas party, but they are all thinking of the baby. A big rainstorm occurs, and the baby develops pneumonia after being left in the rain. The three men rush the baby to the hospital, realizing how much they love her, and regret their decisions. She recovers, and the three become changed men. They love her, pamper her, grow an attachment towards her, and even apologize to all the women they used. They named her Angel due to the miracle that she survived.

One morning, a woman named Isha Sahni comes to take Angel back, claiming the baby to be her daughter. The guys are shocked as Aarush tells them about his past life. One year ago, Aarush traveled to [[Delhi]] to attend his cousin Arjun's wedding. There, he met Isha, who also resides in Australia. He put up a facade of being a guy with traditional Indian values, won her over, and they spent the night together and had sex. Shortly after, Isha caught him in a compromising situation with Devika Sharma, Isha's friend, so the couple split up. It wasn’t Aarush’s fault, as Devika forced herself on top of him to have sex. Aarush returned to Sydney and forgot about the incident. Their history together indicates that Aarush is truly Angel’s father.

The guys find it very difficult to live without Angel. Aarush ends up challenging Isha to marry someone faithful within seven days who will accept Angel as a daughter. If she's unsuccessful, she will have to give Angel back to him. They sign a contract to finalize the deal. The men worry that they might lose the bet since Isha is beautiful and wealthy. Aarush plans with Tanmay, Ali, and Bharat, who is Isha's father, to keep Angel with him.

His first attempt involves Ali posing as a botany professor named Parimal Tripathi (inspired by [[Dharmendra]]'s character from [[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]) who speaks very pure [[Hindi]]. Bharat is impressed by Parimal for this, and Angel recognizes him as well. They manage to get through a few days of the week until one day Isha asks him about marriage. After Isha says this, Ali talks to Aarush and Tanmay, who tell him to go to Disneyland, where Ali gets Bharat attacked. He is stopped from further efforts by Tanmay in the 'Eddy Teddy' costume. Bharat decides that Tanmay is the right man for Isha. Tanmay, Aarush, and Ali make plans to stop Isha from marrying someone else and tell the truth to Angel about their plans to convince her mother. As the contract is about to terminate, Isha somehow manages to find out the truth that she has been cheated by her father, Tanmay, Ali, and most of all, Aarush.

Isha goes with Angel on her private jet to go somewhere very far because she has lost the deal. As she is about to leave, she is stopped by some cops because Ali and Tanmay called them. As they are arguing, Aarush turns up showing Isha the contract and tearing it up, indicating that Isha now has every right over Angel. But before the three men leave heartbroken, Aarush says that a child needs a mother the most, but it also needs a father. Just as they are about to leave, Angel says her first word, "Dada," indicating she has developed an attachment to the men as well, but Isha takes her away in the airplane.

The three men are depressed as they assume that they may never see Angel again until they are surprised to see her on their doorstep. Isha finally realises that Angel needs her father too, and the film ends with their marriage taking place and Angel's [[Photo shoot|photoshoot]]. During the wedding, Bharat's girlfriend crashes the wedding, and Isha thinks that Aarush is married. The three men get confused and don’t know who she is, and she questions Bharat about their relationship, and the three men howl together and take a picture with Angel. The film ends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nadiadwalagrandson.com/movies/heyy-babyy|title=Heyy Babyy|last=superadmin|date=2017-01-10|website=Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/24heyy.htm|title=A really annoying Babyy|website=Rediff.com|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Akshay Kumar]] as Aarush Mehra
*[[Fardeen Khan]] as Ali "Al" Haider/Professor Parimal Tripathi
*[[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Tanmay Joglekar/Eddy Teddy
*[[Vidya Balan]] as Isha Sahni Mehra
*[[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Raj Malhotra - Guest appearance in the song "Mast Kalandar”
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Dharamvir Malhotra - Guest appearance in the song "Mast Kalandar”
*[[Boman Irani]] as Bharat Sahni
*[[Kim Sharma]] as Bharat's girlfriend and to be wife-Guest Appearance
*[[Aarti Chabria]] as Arush’s ex-girlfriend
*[[Payal Rohatgi]] as Tanmay's ex-girlfriend
*[[Hrishitaa Bhatt]] as Ali's ex-girlfriend
*[[Sindhura Gadde]] as Devika Sharma
*[[Chirag Vohra]] as Arjun
*[[Muskaan Mihani]] as Arjun's bride
*[[Anupam Sharma]] as the doctor
*[[Jennifer Mayani]] the supermarket girl
*[[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as Ajay Shah, bridegroom of Devika Sharma
*[[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Advocate Gautam Shah
*Juanna Sanghvi as Angel Mehra, Aarush and Isha’s daughter
}}
'''Guest appearance in title song''' (in order of appearance)
{{Cast listing|
* [[Malaika Arora]]
* [[Celina Jaitly]]
* [[Minissha Lamba]]
* [[Amrita Rao]]
* [[Tara Sharma]]
* [[Neha Dhupia]]
* [[Dia Mirza]]
* [[Ameesha Patel]]
* [[Sophie Choudry]]
* [[Masumeh Makhija]]
* [[Koena Mitra]]
* [[Riya Sen]]
* [[Amrita Arora]]
* [[Shamita Shetty]]
}}

==Production==
Filming began on Jan 26 2007 and ended on May 2007 . Most of the shooting took place in Australia<ref name="Australia">{{cite web | title=indiafm.com| work=Shooting in Australia|url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2007/01/11/8627/index.html| access-date=17 January 2007}}</ref> while some in [[Filmistan Studio]] in [[Mumbai]]. An Australian features in a promotional video which was not to be in the film. The girl band from Sydney are called the Girlband.<ref name="band">{{cite web | title=indiafm.com| work=Australian girl Band to sizzle in Hey Baby| url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2007/02/26/8985/index.html| access-date=6 May 2007}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Heyy Babyy
| type = Album
| artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">17 July 2007 (India)</div>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]</div>[[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| prev_title = [[Johnny Gaddaar]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Taare Zameen Par]]
| next_year = 2007
}}
The film's music is composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] with lyrics penned by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].

{{tracklist
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Heyy Babyy
| extra1 = [[Neeraj Shridhar]], Pervez Quadri, [[Raman Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 4:39
| title2 = Dholna
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:01
| title3 = Mast Kalandar
| extra3 = [[Rehan Khan]], [[Master Saleem]], Shankar Mahadevan
| length3 = 5:48
| title4 = Heyy Babyy
| extra4 = [[Akbar Sami]], [[Girlband (Australian band)|Girlband]]
| length4 = 4:03
| title5 = Jaane Bhi De
| extra5 = Shankar Mahadevan, [[Loy Mendonsa]]
| length5 = 3:56
| title6 = Meri Duniya Tu Hi Re
| extra6 = Sonu Nigam, [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Shankar Mahadevan
| length6 = 5:49
| title7 = Dholna
| note7 = Love Is in the Air Remix
| extra7 = Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal
| length7 = 4:22
| title8 = Heyy Babyy
| note8 = The Big 'O' Remix
| extra8 = Neeraj Shridhar, Pervez Quadri, Raman Mahadevan, Loy Mendonsa
| length8 = 5:28
| title9 = Jaane Bhi De
| note9 = Hiphop Hiccup Remix
| extra9 = Shankar Mahadevan, Loy Mendonsa
| length9 = 4:16
|
| total_length = 42:22
}}

===Reception===
The album received favourable reviews from major critics. Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' in his four-star review, said that the album is a "must-buy": "The music score of ''Heyy Babyy'' is undoubtedly the best soundtrack of the year so far. Every track is a gem in its own way."<ref name=bh>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/12661/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013142621/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/12661/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2008 |title=Heyy Babyy : Music Review by Joginder Tuteja |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff]]'' described the album as "a peppy soundtrack".<ref name=rediff>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/24heyy.htm |title=Heyy Babyy music is peppy |work=Rediff.com |access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref>

The album made its debut at No. 6 in the charts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/07/30/2896/index.html |title=Top Ten albums of the week |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 July 2007 |access-date=1 July 2011 }}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> later climbed up to the top 5 and remained consistent in the middle of the charts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/10/01/3082/index.html |title=Top Ten albums of the week |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 October 2007 |access-date=1 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521013130/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/10/01/3082/index.html |archive-date=21 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> According to the Indian trade website ''[[Box Office India]]'', with around 12,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's tenth highest-selling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624132928/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-date=24 June 2010|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Reviews===
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film four out of five stars saying it "is an entertainer that has something for everyone". He praised the performances of the lead stars.<ref name="review">{{cite web | title=indiafm.com| work=Heyy Babyy reviews one |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/12661/index.html| access-date=29 August 2007}}</ref>

Conversely, Raha Sen of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film a negative review, writing, "Sajid, dude, make a [[Borat]]-style film with Kishan Jhuthani. Or try horror shorts like in [[Darna Zaroori Hai]]. This moronic film is less than you're capable of. Far less."<ref>{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=24 August 2007 |title=A really annoying Babyy |url=https://rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/24heyy.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Heyy Babyy'' opened to packed houses in over 650 cinemas in India. The opening was at 90%+ and continued to do well in the days following.<ref name="domestic">{{cite web|title=indiafm.com |work=Heyy Babyy opens huge |url=http://www.indiafm.com/trade/boxoffice_update/index.html |access-date=29 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824035354/http://www.indiafm.com/trade/boxoffice_update/index.html |archive-date=24 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It grossed {{INRConvert|500|m}} in India, $1.4 million in the US and £763,000 in the UK and was declared a "super-hit".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/heyy_babyy |title=Boxoffice |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-date=25 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225042057/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/heyy_babyy |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It was a hit abroad, opening to a favorable response and taking the second biggest Hindi film opening in the UK after ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love]]'' (2007).<ref name="overseas">{{cite web|title=indiafm.com |work=Heyy Babyy overseas report |url=http://www.indiafm.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/index.html |access-date=29 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624184323/http://www.indiafm.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/index.html |archive-date=24 June 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''Heyy Babyy'' debuted at number 10 and made £289,761 at a screen average of £4,765.<ref name="overseas"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0806088|Heyy Babyy}}

{{Sajid Nadiadwala}}
{{Sajid Khan}}

[[Category:2000s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Sydney]]
[[Category:2007 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Brisbane]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of French films]]
[[Category:2007 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
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Azad Hind

2026-03-24T07:43:25Z

LesterKitamura4:

{{Short description|Indian provisional government during World War II}}
{{about|the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore|the Provisional Government formed by Raja Mahendra Pratap during World War I|Provisional Government of India|the military unit raised during World War II in Nazi Germany|Indian Legion|the body created in 1946|Interim Government of India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Provisional Government of Free India}}
| native_name = {{lang|hi-Latn|ʻĀrẓī Ḥukūmat-e-Āzād Hind}}
| common_name = Azad Hind Fauj
| era = World War II
| year_start = 1943
| date_start = 21 October
| date_end = 18 August
| year_end = 1945
| p1 = British Raj
| flag_p1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| s1 = British Raj
| flag_s1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| today = [[India]]
| languages_type = Official language {{Nobold|and national language}}
| languages = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Seal of Azad Hind|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_Free_India.png}}</ref>
| image_flag = 1931 Flag of India.svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of India|Flag]] (''de facto'')
| image_coat = File:Interpreted Azad Hind Gov. emblem.svg
| coat_type =
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of India|Emblem]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ACwkShmNzUC | title=The Springing Tiger: A Study of the Indian National Army and of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose | isbn=978-81-8424-392-5 | last1=Toye | first1=Hugh | date=2009 | publisher=Allied Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/azad-hind-gazette-PGAH | title=Azad Hind Gazette }}</ref>
| other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Seal of Azad Hind.svg|90px]]</div>
| other_symbol_type = Seal
| image_map = Free India orthographic map.png
| image_map_caption = {{ubl|Light green: Claimed territory|Dark green: Controlled territory (with Imperial Japanese assistance)}}
| national_anthem = {{ubl|[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: {{lang|hi-Latn|[[Shubh Sukh Chain]]}} |'Auspicious Happiness'|{{center|}} }} <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg]]</div>
| motto = {{ubl|[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: {{lang|hi-Latn|Ittehad, Itmad aur Qurbani}} |'Unity, Faith and Sacrifice' }}
| capital = {{ubl| [[New Delhi]] (''de jure'')| [[City of Singapore (historical entity)|Singapore]] (''de facto'', in exile)| [[Port Blair]] (''provisional'') }}
| title_leader = [[President (government title)|President]]
| year_leader1 = 1943–1945
| leader1 = [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]
| status = [[Puppet state]] of the [[Empire of Japan]]
| government_type = {{nowrap|[[Provisional government]]}}
| leader_title1 = [[President (government title)|President]]
| area_km2 = 30620
| stat_pop1 =
| demonym = [[Indian people|Indian]]
}}

The '''Provisional Government of Free India''' or, more simply, '''Azad Hind''',<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Rudolph |first=Lloyd I. |author2=Hoeber Rudolph, Susanne |title=Explaining Indian Democracy: The realm of institutions: state formation and institutional change |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]; Original from: [[University of California Press]] |year=2008 |page=58 |isbn=978-0-19-569365-2}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Ghose |first=Sankar |title=Political ideas and movements in India |publisher=Allied Publishers; Original from: [[University of Michigan Press]] |year=1975 |page=136 }}</ref> was a short-lived Japanese-controlled provisional government in India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pant |first=H. V. |title=The Routledge Handbook of Indian Defence Policy: Themes, Structures and Doctrines |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-000-07435-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbfjDwAAQBAJ |page=72}}</ref> It was established in [[government-in-exile|exile]] in [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese-occupied Singapore]] during [[World War II]] in October 1943 and has been considered a [[List of World War II puppet states|puppet government]] of the [[Empire of Japan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=R. |last2=Li |first2=N. |title=Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895–1945 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-000-14401-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pzyDwAAQBAJ |page=242|quote=Japanese postal authorities prepared stamps for use in the foreshadowed puppet state of Azad Hind}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dunphy |first=J. J. |title=Unsung Heroes of the Dachau Trials: The Investigative Work of the U.S. Army 7708 War Crimes Group, 1945–1947 |publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4766-3337-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tt8DwAAQBAJ |page=116|quote=Imperial Japan in 1943 had established a puppet state known as the Provisional Government of Free India}}</ref><ref name="toye"/>

It was a part of the political movement originating in the 1940s outside India with the purpose of allying with the [[Axis powers]] to defeat the [[British Raj]]. It was established by Indian nationalists in exile during the latter part of the [[World War II]] in Singapore with monetary, military and political assistance from Imperial Japan.<ref name="toye">{{cite book|last=Toye|first=Hugh|title=The Springing Tiger: A Study of the Indian National Army and of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose|date=1959|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-8184243925|page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ACwkShmNzUC&pg=PA187}}</ref>

Founded on 21 October 1943, the government was inspired by the concepts of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] who was also the leader of the government and [[head of state]]. The government proclaimed authority over Indian civilian and military personnel in Southeast Asian British colonial territory and prospective authority over Indian territory to fall to the Japanese forces and the [[Indian National Army]] during the [[Burma Campaign#First Arakan campaign|Japanese thrust towards India]]. The government of Azad Hind had its own currency, court and civil code, and in the eyes of some Indians, its existence gave a greater importance to the independence struggle against the British.<ref name="Singh102">Singh, Harkirat (2003). ''The INA trial and the Raj''. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, pp. 102–103. {{ISBN|81-269-0316-3}}</ref><ref name=":3b">{{citation|last=Sarkar|first=S.|year=1983|title=Modern India: 1885–1947|place=Delhi|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-333-90425-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark/page/412 412]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark/page/412}}</ref><ref name="Bandyopadhyaya428">Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara (2004). ''From Plassey to partition''. Orient Blackswan, p. 428. {{ISBN|81-250-2596-0}}</ref> Japan also handed over nominal authority of the [[Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands|Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] in 1943, though the government continued to be dependent on Japanese support.

Immediately after the formation of the provisional government, Free India declared war against the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] on the Indo-Burma Front.<ref name=":4">Pandit, H. N. (1988) ''Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose'', Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, p. 331.</ref> Its army, the [[Indian National Army]] (''Azad Hind Fauj''), went into action against the [[British Indian Army]] and the allied forces as part of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in the Imphal-Kohima sector. The INA had its first major engagement at the [[Battle of Imphal]] where, under the command of the [[Fifteenth Army (Japan)|Japanese Fifteenth Army]], it breached the British defences in Kohima, reaching the salient of [[Moirang]] before suffering a catastrophic defeat as the Allied forces held, and Allied air dominance and compromised supply lines forced both the Japanese and the INA to retreat.<ref name=":5">Das, S. "Indian National Army in South East Asia". ''The Hindustan Times''. Special Edition. {{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Netaji/enlisting3.htm |title=Hindustan Times – Archive News |access-date=28 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930040644/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Netaji/enlisting3.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> The existence of Azad Hind was essentially coterminous with the existence of the Indian National Army. While the government itself continued until the civil administration of the Andaman Islands was returned to the jurisdiction of the British towards the end of the war, the limited power of Azad Hind was effectively ended with the surrender of the last major contingent of INA troops in [[Yangon|Rangoon]]. The [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose|death of Bose]] is seen as the end of the entire Azad Hind Movement.<ref name=":4"/><ref name="toye"/>

The legacy of Azad Hind is, however, open to judgment. After the war, the Raj observed with alarm the transformation of the perception of Azad Hind from traitors and collaborators to liberators.<ref>Edwardes, Michael (1964). ''The Last Years of British India'', Cleveland, World Pub. Co., p. 93: "The Government of India had hoped, by prosecuting members of the INA, to reinforce the morale of the Indian army. It succeeded only in creating unease, in making the soldiers feel slightly ashamed that they themselves had supported the British. If Bose and his men had been on the right side – and all India now confirmed that they were – then Indians in the Indian army must have been on the wrong side. It slowly dawned upon the Government of India that the backbone of the British rule, the Indian army, might now no longer be trustworthy. The ghost of Subhas Bose, like Hamlet's father, walked the battlements of the Red Fort (where the INA soldiers were being tried), and his suddenly amplified figure overawed the conference that was to lead to independence."</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9311795 |title=Indian National army}}</ref> After returning to India the veterans of the INA posed a difficult problem for the British government. The British feared that a public trial for treason on the part of the INA members might embolden anti-British sentiment and erupt into widespread protest and violence. The [[British Empire]], which was seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the [[INA trials]], but eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Moreman|first=Tim|title=The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoy_-Ep_0EC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76456-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marston|first=Daniel|title=The Indian Army and the End of the Raj|series=Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society, 23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-521-89975-8|author-link=Daniel Marston (historian)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=H. |title=The INA Trial and the Raj |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-269-0316-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P53UqWnGrOgC&pg=PA98 |page=98}}</ref><ref name=":6"/>

== Establishment ==
[[File:Subhas Chandra Bose proclaims the Provisional Government of Free India on 21 October 1943, Singapore.jpg|thumb|[[Subhash Chandra Bose]] proclaims the Provisional Government of Free India on 21 October 1943, Singapore]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1985-130-30, Berlin, Gründung Zentrale "Freies Indien".jpg|thumb|250px|right| National celebration at the founding of the Provisional National Indian government at the Free India Center, Berlin, with [[Secretary of State#Germany|Secretary of State]] [[Wilhelm Keppler]] speaking, on 16 November 1943.]]
The direct origins of Azad Hind can be linked to two conferences of Indian expatriates from across Southeast Asia, the first of which was held in Tokyo in March 1942.<ref>{{Cite book|title=From policemen to revolutionaries: a Sikh diaspora in global Shanghai, 1885–1945|last=Cao|first=Yin|publisher=Brill|year=2017|isbn=9789004344082|location=Leiden|pages=144–145|oclc=982651998}}</ref> At this conference, convened by [[Rash Behari Bose]], an Indian expatriate living in Japan, the [[Indian Independence League]] was established as the first move towards an independent Indian state politically aligned with the [[Empire of Japan]]. Rash also moved to create a sort of independence army that would assist in driving the British from India – this force would later become the Indian National Army. The second conference, held later that year in Bangkok, invited [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] to participate in the leadership of the League. Bose was living in Germany at the time and made the trip to Japan via submarine.<ref>{{Cite web|title={Indian National Army: Provisional Government of Azad Hind}|url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/online_exhibit/indian_national_army/provi.htm|access-date=2022-01-23|website=www.nas.gov.sg}}</ref>

Rash Behari Bose, who was already ageing by the time the League was founded, struggled to keep the League organised and failed to secure resources for the establishment of the Indian National Army. He was replaced as president of the Indian Independence League by Subhas Chandra Bose; there is some controversy as to whether he stepped down of his own volition or by pressure from the Japanese who needed a more energetic and focused presence leading the Indian nationalists.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-21|title=Azad Hind Formation Anniversary: Interesting Facts about Azad Hind Fauj and Subhas Chandra Bose|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/azad-hind-formation-anniversary-interesting-facts-about-azad-hind-fauj-and-subhas-chandra-bose-10071231.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref>

Bose arrived in Tokyo on 13 June 1943 and declared his intent to make an assault against the eastern provinces of India in an attempt to oust the British from control of the subcontinent. Bose arrived in Singapore on 2 July, and in October 1943 formally announced the establishment of the Provisional Government of Free India at the [[Cathay Building|Cathay Cinema Hall]]. In defining the tasks of this new political establishment, Subhas declared: "It will be the task of the Provisional Government to launch and conduct the struggle that will bring about the expulsion of the British and their allies from the soil of India."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aicc.org.in/indian_national_army.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423194421/http://www.aicc.org.in/indian_national_army.php |archive-date=23 April 2009 |title=Indian National Army|publisher=aicc.org.in}}</ref> Bose, taking formal command of the demoralised and undermanned Indian National Army from Rash Bose, turned it into a professional army with the help of the Japanese. He recruited Indian civilians living in Japanese-occupied territories of South-east Asia and incorporated vast numbers of Indian POWs from British forces in Singapore, Malaya and Hong Kong to man the brigades of the INA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Azad Hind Formation Anniversary|url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/azad-hind-formation-anniversary|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Drishti IAS|language=en}}</ref>

== Ministers ==
The Provisional Government of Free India consisted of a Cabinet headed by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] as the Head of the State, The Prime Minister and the Minister for War and Foreign Affairs.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Captain Dr. [[Lakshmi Swaminadhan]] (later married as [[Lakshmi Sahgal]]) was the Minister in Charge of Women's Organization. She held this position over and above her command of the Rani Jhansi Regiment, a brigade of women soldiers fighting for the Indian National Army. For a regular Asian army, this women's regiment was quite visionary; it was the first of its kind established on the continent. Lakshmi was one of the most popular and prosperous gynaecologists in [[Singapore]] before she gave up her practice to lead the troops of the [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]].

Other public administration ministers of the Provisional Government of Free India included:
* [[Lakshmi Swaminadhan]] – The Minister in Charge of Women's Organization
* [[S. A. Ayer]] – The Minister of Broadcasting and Publicity
* Lt. Col. A. C. Chatterji – The Minister of Finance

The Indian National Army was represented by Armed Forces ministers, including:
* Lt. Col. Aziz Ahmed<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://a2o.nas.sg/a2o/public/html/online_exhibit/indian_national_army/provi.htm |title=Indian National Army|publisher=nas.sg |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102012053/http://a2o.nas.sg/a2o/public/html/online_exhibit/indian_national_army/provi.htm |archive-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Lt. Col. N. S. Bhagat
* Lt. Col. [[Jaganath Rao Bhonsle|J. K. Bhonsle]]
* Lt. Col. Guizara Singh
* Lt. Col. [[M. Z. Kiani]]
* Lt. Col. [[A. D. Loganathan]]
* Lt. Col. Ehsan Qadir
* Lt. Col. [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shahnawaz Khan]]

The Provisional Government was also constituted and administered by a number of Secretaries and Advisors to Subhas Chandra Bose, including:
* Capt. Dilip Singh Siwach
* A. M. Sahay – Secretary
* [[Karim Ghani]]
* Debnath Das
* D. M. Khan
* A. Yellapa
* [[J. Thivy]]
* Sardar Ishar Singh Narula
* A. N. Sarkar – the government's official Legal Advisor

All of these Secretaries and Advisory officials held Ministerial rank in the Provisional Government. The extent of the Provisional Government's day-to-day management of affairs for Azad Hind is not entirely well-documented, so their specific functions as government officials for the state outside their positions as support ministers for Subhas Chandra Bose is not entirely certain.

== Recognition ==
[[File:Greater East Asia Conference.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Greater East Asia Conference]] in November 1943, participants left to right: [[Ba Maw]], [[Zhang Jinghui]], [[Wang Jingwei]], [[Hideki Tojo]], [[Wan Waithayakon]], [[José P. Laurel]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].]]
Azad Hind was recognised as a legitimate state by only a small number of countries limited solely to Axis powers and their allies.<ref name="Recognition">{{cite web |title=Indian National Army : Provisional Government of Azad Hind |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/online_exhibit/indian_national_army/provi.htm |publisher=National Archives of Singapore |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231145132/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/online_exhibit/indian_national_army/provi.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Azad Hind had diplomatic relations with nine countries: [[Nazi Germany]], the [[Empire of Japan]], [[Italian Social Republic]], and [[Wang Jingwei Government]], [[Thailand in World War II|Thailand]], the [[State of Burma]], [[Manchukuo]] and the [[Second Philippine Republic]].<ref name="Relations">{{cite news |title=Can we declare Bose as India's first head of the state of a provisional government? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/indus-calling/can-we-declare-bose-as-indias-first-head-of-the-state-of-a-provisional-government/ |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=he Times Group |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=20 October 2018}}</ref> [[Vichy France]], however, although being an Axis collaborator, never gave formal political recognition to Azad Hind. This government participated as an observer in the [[Greater East Asia Conference]] in November 1943.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-21|title=Explained: Why Azad Hind Diwas Is Celebrated On October 21|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/on-october-21-the-anniversary-of-the-formation-of-azad-hind-government-is-celebrated-552243.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Government administration and World War II ==
{{Main|Indian National Army|India during World War II|Invasion and Occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II}}

The same night that Bose declared the existence of Azad Hind, the government took action to declare war against the United States and Britain. The government consisted of a Cabinet ministry acting as an advisory board to Subhas Bose, who was given the title "Netaji" (translating roughly to "leader") and was no doubt the dominant figure in the Provisional Government. He exercised virtual authoritarian control over the government and the army. With regards to the government's first issuances of war declarations, Hugh Toye writes:{{r|toye|p=91}} {{blockquote|The Cabinet had not been unanimous about the inclusion of the U.S.A. Bose had shown impatience and displeasure – there was never any question then or later of his absolute authority: the Cabinet had no responsibility and could only tender advice{{nbsp}}...}}

[[File:Azad Hind Currency.jpg|thumb|right|Currency issued by the [[Azad Hind Bank]]]]
At the end of October 1943, Bose flew to Tokyo to participate in the Greater East Asia Conference as an observer to Japan's [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]; it could not function as a delegate because India had technically fallen outside the jurisdiction of Japan's definition of "Greater East Asia", but Bose gave speeches in opposition to Western colonialism and imperialism at the conference. By the end of the conference, Azad Hind had been given a limited form of governmental jurisdiction over the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], which had been captured by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] early on in the war.<ref name=":3b"/>

[[File:Azadhindpostage.jpg|thumb|right|[[Azad Hind Stamps|Unreleased postage stamps]] of the Azad Hind government]]

Once under the jurisdiction of Azad Hind, the islands formed the government's first claims to territory. The islands themselves were renamed "Shaheed" and "Swaraj", meaning "martyr" and "self-rule" respectively. Bose placed the islands under the governorship of [[Lt Col A. D Loganathan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorozubp.com/netaji/75birthday/dhillon.htm |title=The Last Straw That Broke the Back of the British Empire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605082123/http://www.yorozubp.com/netaji/75birthday/dhillon.htm |archive-date=5 June 2003}}</ref> and had limited involvement with the official governorship of the territory, instead involving himself in plans to expand the [[Indian National Army]], ensure adequate men and materiel, and formulate its course of actions and the administrations and relations of the Indian population in southeast Asia and determining Japanese designs in India and his provisional government. In theory, the government itself had the power to levy taxes on the local populace, and to make and enforce laws: in practice, they were enforced by the police force under Japanese control. Indians were willing to pay these taxes at first but became less inclined to do so towards the end of the war when the Provisional Government enacted legislation for higher war-time taxes to fund the INA. During his interrogation after the war, Loganathan admitted that he had only had full control over the islands' vestigial education department, as the Japanese had retained full control over the police force, and in protest, he had refused to accept responsibility for any other areas of Government. He was powerless to prevent the [[Homfreyganj massacre]] of 30 January 1944, where forty-four Indian civilians were shot by the Japanese on suspicion of spying. Many of them were members of the [[Indian Independence League]], whose leader in [[Port Blair]], Diwan Singh, had already been tortured to death in the [[Cellular Jail]] after doing his best to protect the islanders from Japanese atrocities during the first two years of the occupation.<ref name=":2">Dasgupta, Jayant (2002) ''Japanese in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Red Sun over Black Water''. Delhi: Manas Publications. pp. 67, 87, 91–95. {{ISBN|9788170491385}}</ref><ref>Mathur, L. P. (1985). ''Kala Pani. History of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands with a study of India's Freedom Struggle''. Delhi: Eastern Book Corporation, pp. 249–251.</ref>

Azad Hind's military forces in the form of the INA saw some successes against the British and moved with the Japanese army to lay siege to the town of [[Imphal]] in eastern India. Plans to march towards [[Delhi]], gaining support and fresh recruits along the way, stalled both with the onset of monsoon season and the failure to capture Imphal. British [[bombing]] seriously reduced morale, and the Japanese along with the INA forces began their withdrawal from India.<ref name=":5"/>

In addition to these setbacks, the INA was faced with a formidable challenge when the troops were left to defend [[Rangoon]] without the assistance of the Japanese in the winter of 1944–1945. Loganathan was relocated from the Andaman Islands to act as field commander. With the INA garrison about 6,000 strong, he manned the Burmese capital in the absence of any other police force or troops during the period between the departure of the Japanese and the arrival of the British. He was successful in maintaining law and order to the extent that there was not a single reported case of [[dacoit]]y or of looting during the period from 24 April to 4 May 1945.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":6"/>

== Indian areas under the administration of the Provisional Government ==
Almost all of the territory of the Provisional Government lay in the Andaman Islands, although the Provisional Government was allowed some authority over Indian enclaves in Japanese-occupied territories. Provisional Government civil authority was never enacted in areas occupied by the INA; instead, Japanese military authority prevailed and responsibility for administration of occupied areas of India was shared between the Japanese and the Indian forces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Azad Hind Formation Anniversary: Facts about Azad Hind Fauj and Subhas Chandra Bose|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/azad-hind-formation-anniversary-facts-about-azad-hind-fauj-and-subhas-chandra-bose/825342|access-date=2022-01-23|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=21 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== INA defeat and Provisional Government collapse ==
Left to defend Rangoon from the British advance without support from the Japanese, the INA was soundly defeated. Bose was suggested to leave Burma to continue his struggle for Indian independence and returned to Singapore before the fall of Rangoon; the government Azad Hind had established on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands collapsed when the island garrisons of Japanese and Indian troops were defeated by British troops and the islands themselves retaken. Allegedly Bose himself was killed in a plane crash departing from [[Taiwan]] attempting to escape to the Soviet Union. The Provisional Government of Free India ceased to exist with the deaths of the Axis, the INA, and the disappearance of Bose in 1945.

[[File:2 Annas Token currency (Unclassified exonumia › Miscellaneous token), minted in August 1947 in remembrance of the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose led Azad Hind Government, photo taken by Yogabrata Chakraborty.jpg|thumb|Two Annas Token currency, minted in August 1947, in remembrance of the Azad Hind]]

The troops who manned the brigades of the Indian National Army were taken as [[prisoners of war]] by the British. A number of these prisoners were brought to India and tried by British courts for treason, including a number of high-ranking officers such as Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon. The defence of these individuals from [[prosecution]] by the British became a central point of contention between the [[British Raj]] and the [[Indian Independence Movement]] in the post-war years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=नेताजी की जयंती: यूं अस्तित्व में आई आजाद हिंद फौज, पंजाब के जनरल मोहन सिंह ने की थी स्थापना|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/netaji-s-birth-anniversary-azad-hind-fauj-came-into-existence-like-this-was-founded-by-general-mohan-singh-of-punjab|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

== Relations with the Axis powers ==
{{see also|Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|Collaboration with Imperial Japan}}
{{multiple image |perrow=2 |total_width=400
| caption_align = center
| align = left
| image_style = border:none;
| image1 = Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Alber-064-03A, Subhas Chandra Bose bei Heinrich Himmler.jpg
| image2 = Subhas Chandra Bose meeting Adolf Hitler.jpg
| footer = (left) Bose with [[Heinrich Himmler]], the Nazi Minister of Interior, head of the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]], and the [[Gestapo]], 1942; (right) Subhas Bose shaking hands with [[Adolf Hitler]]
}}
Since [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] was aligned with the [[Empire of Japan]] and the [[Axis powers]], which also included [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Fascist Italy (1922-1943)|Fascist Italy]], Britain portrayed him as a controversial figure for his official stance against [[imperialism]] which would run contrary to Japanese imperialism in Asia during World War II. Bose himself claimed to oppose all manner of colonial practices but labeled Britain as [[hypocritical]] in "fighting a war for democracy" while refusing to extend the same respect for democracy and equal rights to their colonial subjects in India. Bose opposed [[Racial Equality Proposal, 1919|British racial policy]] and declared [[Greater East Asia Conference#Joint Declaration|working for the abolition of racial discrimination]] with [[Burma|Burmese]], Japanese and other Asians.<ref>{{Cite news|title=After Centre's rejection, Netaji tableau to be displayed at Kolkata Republic Day programme|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-centres-rejection-netaji-tableau-to-be-displayed-at-kolkata-republic-day-programme/articleshow/88980433.cms|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref>

Britain accused Bose of [[fascism]], citing his role in the Provisional Government of Azad Hind as evidence of this, and pointed to his wanting to establish a [[totalitarian]] state in India with the blessings of the Axis powers. Bose believed that parliamentary democracy was unsuitable for India immediately after independence and that a centrally organised, self-sufficient, semi-socialist India under the firm control of a single party was the best course for Indian government. Some of his ideas would help shape Indian governmental policy in the aftermath of the country's independence from Britain.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Netaji had vision for economic strength of India, was champion of gender equality: Daughter|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/netaji-had-vision-for-economic-strength-of-india-was-champion-of-gender-equality-daughter/articleshow/89043872.cms|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref>

It has been argued that the fact that Azad Hind was aligned politically with Japan and the Axis Powers may have had more to do with what Bose saw as a pragmatic approach to Indian independence. Disillusioned with Congress's non-violent movement, Bose was clearly of the camp that supported exploiting British weakness to gain Indian independence. Throughout the existence of Azad Hind, Bose sought to distance himself from Japanese collaboration and become more self-sufficient but found this difficult since the existence of Azad Hind as a governmental entity had only come about with the support of the Japanese, on whom the government and army of Azad Hind were entirely dependent. Bose, however, is considered a hero by some in present-day India and is remembered as a man who fought fiercely for Indian independence.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sarvadharma.org/Museum/heroes/subbose.htm |title=Subhash Chandra Bose |access-date=16 February 2006 |archive-date=14 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114034900/http://sarvadharma.org/Museum/heroes/subbose.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, Subhas Chandra Bose had supported Fascism and Nazism before the start of WWII, declaring that India needed "a synthesis of what modern Europe calls socialism and fascism" in a speech in made in Calcutta in 1930.<ref>Pasricha, Ashu (2008). "The Political Thought of Subhas Chandra Bose". ''Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers'', 16, Concept Publishing Company.</ref>

Although Japanese troops saw much of the combat in India against the British, the INA was certainly by itself an effective combat force, having faced British and allied troops and making their mark in the [[Battle of Imphal]]. On 18 April 1944 the suicide squad led by Col. Shaukat Malik broke through the British defence and captured [[Moirang]] in Manipur. The Azad Hind administration took control of this independent Indian territory.<ref name=":7">''The Hindustan Times'' {{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Netaji/enlisting9.htm |title=Hindustan Times – Archive News |access-date=8 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014458/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Netaji/enlisting9.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> Following Moirang, the advancing INA breached the Kohima road, posing a threat to the British positions in both [[Silchar]] and [[Kohima]]. Col. Gulzara Singh's column had penetrated 250 miles into India. The Azad Brigade advanced, by outflanking the Anglo-American positions.<ref name=":8">Majumdar, R. C. (1978). ''Jibanera Smritideepe (Bengali)''. Calcutta, General Printers and Publishers, pp. 229–230.</ref>

However, INA's most serious, and ultimately fatal, limitations were the reliance on Japanese logistics and supplies and the total air-dominance of the allies, which, along with a supply line deluged by torrential rain, frustrated the INA's and the Japanese bid to take [[Imphal]].<ref name=":1"/>

With the siege of Imphal failing, the Japanese began to shift priority for resource allocation from South Asia to the Pacific, where they were fighting United States troops advancing from island to island against Japanese holdings there. When it had become clear that Bose's plans to advance to Delhi from the borders of Burma would never materialise due to the defeat of the INA at [[Imphal]] and the halt of Japanese armies by British [[Air force|aerial]] and later [[naval]] superiority in the region, Japanese support for Azad Hind declined, and then fully collapsed with the surrender of Japan to the Americans on 2 September 1945.<ref name=":7"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Collaboration with Imperial Japan]]
* [[List of World War II puppet states]]
* [[List of Indian independence activists]]
* [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]
* [[Indian National Army]]
* [[Azad Hind Bank]]
* [[Azad Hind stamps]]
* [[Azad Hind Radio]]
* [[Decorations of Azad Hind]]
* [[Free India Centre]]
* [[Indian Legion]]
* [[Battaglione Azad Hindoustan]]
* [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.yorozubp.com/netaji/75birthday/dhillon.htm |title=The Last Straw That Broke the Back of the British Empire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605082123/http://www.yorozubp.com/netaji/75birthday/dhillon.htm |archive-date=5 June 2003}}
* [http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/netaji2.html Netaji Subhas Bose]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060206034428/http://andaman.org/book/app-m/textm.htm Lecture notes on Bose]

{{Collaboration with Axis Powers}}
{{Azad Hind Fauj}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{States in the sphere of influence of Imperial Japan during World War II}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Azad Hind| ]]
[[Category:Axis powers]]
[[Category:Client states of the Empire of Japan]]
[[Category:Indian collaborators with Imperial Japan]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:Japanese occupation of Singapore]]
[[Category:Military history of India during World War II]]
[[Category:Provisional governments]]
[[Category:Resistance to the British Empire in World War II]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1943]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1945]]
[[Category:Subhas Chandra Bose]]
[[Category:Organisations of Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Fascist states]]
[[Category:Fascism in India]]

Koyla

2026-03-23T17:08:37Z

LesterKitamura4: fixed intro and corrected details after review

{{about|the 1997 movie|the village in Bangladesh|Koyla Union}}
{{short description|1997 film by Rakesh Roshan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Koyla
| image = Koyla.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Rakesh Roshan]]
| producer = Rakesh Roshan
| writer = Anwar Khan (dialogues)
| screenplay = Ravi Kapoor [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
| story = Rakesh Roshan
| starring = [[Shah Rukh Khan]] [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Amrish Puri]]
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cinematography = Sameer Arya
| editing = [[Sanjay Verma]]
| studio = Filmkraft Productions Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor = [[Yash Raj Films]] [[Sony Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|04|18|India}}
| runtime = 167 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR|12 crore}}<ref name="BOI financials">{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2690 |title=Box Office India – Movie Financials |website=BoxOfficeIndia.com |access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|28.05 crore}}<ref name="BOI financials" />
}}

'''''Koyla''''' ({{Translation}} Coal) is a 1997 Indian Hindi-language [[action film|action thriller film]] directed, co-written and produced by [[Rakesh Roshan]] starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Amrish Puri]] in lead roles with [[Johnny Lever]], [[Ashok Saraf]], [[Salim Ghouse]], [[Deepshikha Nagpal]], and [[Himani Shivpuri]] in supporting roles. [[Mohnish Bahl]] makes a special appearance. The film was released worldwide on 18 April 1997 and declared an average grosser at the box office, earning over {{INR}}28.05 crore worldwide against a budget of {{INR}}11.90 crore. Koyla emerged as the 8th most successful film of 1997 in India. Critics praised the action sequences performed by Khan. The film also earned Amrish Puri a [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] nomination at the [[43rd Filmfare Awards]]. Some scenes were shot in [[Tawang]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. This is the third and final collaboration between Shah Rukh Khan and Rakesh Roshan.

==Plot==
Handsome but mute, Shankar is raised by the powerful Raja, to whom he is loyal. Raja treats him like a slave ,though. Raja's brother Brijwa, a violent psychopath habitually beats Shankar.

A ruthless man with a large appetite for young women, Raja kills anyone who dares to defy him. When Raja sees Gauri, a pretty and innocent villager, he decides to marry her and sends her a photo of Shankar so that Gauri will agree to marry.

During the wedding ceremony, Gauri discovers that Shankar isn't her groom and faints. Raja however orders the priest to continue. When she regains consciousness, Gauri is shocked to see Raja trying to consummate their marriage. When she resists, Raja imprisons her and tortures her.

Gauri tries to commit suicide, but Shankar saves her. She accuses him of ruining her life, but soon realizes he is innocent. When Gauri's brother Ashok visits them, Raja forces Gauri to lie that she is happy.

Shankar reveals the truth to Ashok by writing in the dirt that Raja and Brijwa kill Ashok when he tries to rescue his sister.
Ashok makes Shankar promise that he will save Gauri and dies.
Gauri and Shankar flee Raja's mansion. Enraged, Raja sets a search in motion with the help of a corrupt DIG. After a long chase through the jungle and mountains, Shankar kills Raja's men. Gauri and Shankar begin to fall in love. Raja captures them by shooting Gauri in the arm.
Shankar is brutally beaten by Brijwa and the corrupt DIG, and Raja slits his throat, leaving him to die in the mountains.

Gauri is sold to a brothel after Raja discovers she loves Shankar. There, Bindiya, Raja's former lover, who was disowned by him after she too fell for Shankar, saves Gauri. Brijwa, at his brother's orders, humiliates Bindiya in public and stabs her.

Shankar is saved by a village boy who brings him to his grandfather (a healer), who operates on his throat while he is still unconscious. The healer, who discovers that Shankar is not mute by birth, is able to repair some of the damaged nerves in Shankar's throat, enabling him to speak. While recovering, Shankar recalls that when he was a boy, his father discovered diamonds in the coal mine, and then his parents were murdered by two mysterious men. When young Shankar threatened to tell the news to family friends, someone shoved hot coals into his throat, rendering him mute.

Shankar returns to the mansion and kills Brijwa. He rescues Gauri from the same men who had killed his parents, killing one of them in the process. Shankar discovers that Raja was responsible for making him mute and ordering his parents to be killed so he could steal their wealth. He reunites with Raja's doctor and son and, with their help, kills Raja's henchman and reveals Raja's crimes to the coal miners.

Gauri arrives with her uncle and aunt, forcing them to admit their involvement in making her marry Raja. Raja's doctor and his son turn against him, revealing that he not only deceived Gauri, but is also responsible for numerous killings and rapes. Chaos follows among the mine workers when the DIG throws grenades at them only to be stopped by Shankar who later chases after and corners Raja, who begs for his life, pointing out that he raised Shankar but Shankar disregards this by saying it was to make him a slave. After dodging a pickaxe thrown at him, Shankar kills Raja by spilling oil and coal around him and setting him on fire with a burning rock. Shankar and Gauri embrace each other.

==Cast==
*[[Shahrukh Khan]] as Shanker
*[[Madhuri Dixit]] as Gauri
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Raja Saab
*[[Salim Ghouse]] as Brijwa Chaudhry
*[[Johnny Lever]] as Chhote
*[[Ashok Saraf]] as Ved "Vedji" Narayan
*[[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Bindiya
*[[Jack Gaud]] as Ranbir Chauhan
*[[Ranjeet]] as Dilawar Bapat
*[[Mohnish Behl]] as Ashok Singh, Gauri's brother. (special appearance)
*[[Himani Shivpuri]] as Chanda Bai
*[[Suresh Chatwal]] as Sanjay Singh
*[[Shubha Khote]] as Sumitra Singh
*[[Razak Khan]] as Anand Godbole
*[[Kunika]] as Rasili
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Hariya Thakur
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Police Commissioner Kashinath
*Dev Malhotra
*Rammohan Sharma

==Production==

===Development===

[[Rakesh Roshan]] got the idea of making ''Koyla'' when he was shooting for his other directorial venture ''[[Karobaar: The Business of Love]]'' in 1992, which got delayed and was finally released in 2000. ''Koyla'' tells the story of a simple-hearted village girl who falls in love with her torturing husband's mute servant, who then takes revenge against his boss. The film was also Rakesh Roshan's first film to feature [[DTS (sound system)|DTS]] [[5.1 surround sound]].

===Filming===

[[Principal photography]] of ''Koyla'' began in June 1996. A song of the film, ''Tanhai Tanhai'', and some of the scenes, were shot at the [[Nuranang Falls]] (the Jang Falls) & [[Jaswant Singh Rawat#Sela|Sela Lake]] near [[Jang Town]] north of [[Sela Tunnel]]/[[Sela Pass]] in [[Tawang district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Riba |first1=Moji |title=Lights, camera and anticipation {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2019/06/30/lights-camera-and-anticipation/ |access-date=15 July 2022 |publisher=The Arunachal Times |date=30 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jung Falls: A Sensational Setting! - Be On The Road {{!}} Live your Travel Dream! |url=https://www.beontheroad.com/2011/01/jung-falls-sensational-setting.html |website=www.beontheroad.com |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref> Other scenes were also filmed in [[Hyderabad]] and south areas of [[Ooty]].

During the shooting of the film's one of the popular songs, ''Ghungte Mein Chanda'', Khan fractured his leg.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/stars-and-their-injuries-14914-2.html | title=Stars and their injuries }}</ref> The other song of the film, ''Dekha Tujhe Toh'', was to be therefore exited from the film because of his fracture, but after Khan's leg got fully well, the song was shot. The sound of real pots was used for the background music of ''Dekha Tujhe Toh''.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Koyla
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1997
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 42:40
| label = [[Tips Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack was very popular, especially tracks "Dekha Tujhe Toh" and "Ghoongte Mein Chanda". According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 18,00,000 units sold, the soundtrack became the thirteenth highest-selling album of the year.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Length
|-
| 1.
| "Dekha Tujhe Toh"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 07:32
|-
| 2.
| "Ghoongte Mein Chanda"
| [[Udit Narayan]]
| 06:17
|-
| 3.
| "Badan Juda Hote"
| Kumar Sanu, Preeti Singh
|10:30
|-
| 4.
| "Saanson Ki Mala"
|[[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| 06:47
|-
| 5.
| "Tanhai Tanhai"
| Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
| 05:35
|-
| 6.
| "Bhang Ke Nashe"
| Alka Yagnik
| 06:07
|}

== Box office ==

''Koyla'' grossed {{INRConvert|25.91|c}} in India and $600,000 ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}2.14 [[crore]]) in other countries, for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|28.05|c}}, against its {{INRConvert|12|c}} budget. It had a worldwide opening weekend of {{INRConvert|5.39|c}}, and grossed {{INRConvert|9.60|c}} in its first week.<ref name="BOI financials" /> It is the 9th-highest-grossing Bollywood film of 1997 worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php?txtYearlyData=1990-1999&year=1997|title = Top Hits 1997 - - Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OxBCwAAQBAJ&dq=Koyla+Shah+Rukh&pg=PT212 | isbn=9788187108269 | title=Shah Rukh Can: The Story of the Man and Star Called Shah Rukh Khan | publisher=Om Books International }}</ref>

===India===

It opened on Friday, 18 April 1997, across 275 screens, and had a record opening of {{INRConvert|15|c}} nett. The film shared the record for the highest opening day with the previous record opener ''[[Trimurti (1995 film)|Trimurti]]'' which also grossed {{INRConvert|1.06|c}} nett on its opening day. It went on to break {{INRConvert|3.07|c}} nett opening weekend record set by ''Trimurti'', and recorded the highest ever opening weekend of {{INRConvert|3.10|c}} nett. It had a first week of {{INRConvert|5.52|c}} nett. The film earned a total of {{INRConvert|14.88|c}} nett.<ref name="BOI financials" />

===Overseas===

It earned $600,000 ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}2.14 [[crore]]) outside India.<ref name="BOI financials" />

==Home media==

The film, after its release, saw a home media launch on VHS, VCD, and DVD over the next ten years of its release. There has not been a Blu-ray Disc or subsequent release since then.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:centre; width:45%; text-align:center;"
|+ ''''Koyla'''' worldwide collections breakdown
|-
! Territory
! Territory wise Collections break-up
|-
| rowspan="3" | India
| ''Nett Gross'': {{INRConvert|14.88|c}}
|-
| ''Distributor share'': {{INRConvert|8.36|c}}
|-
| ''Total Gross'': {{INRConvert|25.91|c}}
|-
|| International ''(Outside India)''
| $600,000 ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}2.14 [[crore]])
|-
||'''Worldwide'''
| {{INRConvert|28.05|c}}
|}

== Awards ==
[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]] - [[Amrish Puri]] - Nominated

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0136352|title=Koyla}}

{{Rakesh Roshan}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1997 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rakesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sachin Bhowmick]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Tawang Town]]

Vallabharaja

2026-03-22T22:58:40Z

LesterKitamura4: Creating a data...

{{Short description|King of Gujarat in 1008}}
{{About|the Chalukya king|the royal title|Vallabharaja (title)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vallabharaja
| succession = King of Gujarat
| reign = {{circa|1008 CE}}
| predecessor = [[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]
| successor = [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharaja]]
| house = [[Chaulukya]] (Solanki)
| house-type = dynasty
| father = Chamundaraja
}}
'''Vallabha-raja''' (r. {{circa|1008 CE}}) was an Indian king who ruled parts of present-day [[Gujarat]]. He was a member of the [[Chaulukya]] (also called Chalukya or Solanki) dynasty. He ruled for less than a year, and died of [[smallpox]] while marching against an enemy.

== Early life ==

Vallabha was a son of his predecessor, [[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]. According to the 13th Jain scholar Abhayatilaka Gani, when Chamundaraja became incapable of governing the kingdom, his sister Vachinidevi appointed Vallabha as the new king.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=36}} The 14th century writer Merutunga, on the other hand, claims that Vallabha ascended the throne after his father's death, and ruled for six months.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=37}}

Some of the Chaulukya inscriptions omit his name in the genealogical lists, probably because of his short reign. However, most inscriptions (including the [[Vadnagar]] ''[[prashasti]]'') mention him as the successor of Chamundaraja. The 12th century Jain scholar [[Hemachandra]] composed a benedictory verse devoted to him. Such verses were composed only for the Chaulukya kings, which indicates that Vallabha did indeed rule as a king, although for a very brief period.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=37}}

== Death ==

According to the later Jain chronicles, Durlabharaja marched against a kingdom, because its ruler had insulted his father Chamundaraja. However, he died of smallpox during this march. Some of these chronicles identify the enemy kingdom as [[Malwa]], which was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=36-38}}

The 12th century writer [[Hemachandra]] states that Chamundaraja left for a pilgrimage to [[Varanasi]] after his retirement. On the way, his royal umbrella was confiscated (presumably, by the ruler of a kingdom located on the way). He returned to Gujarat, and asked Vallabha to avenge this insult.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=36}} The 14th century writer Merutunga mentions the same incident, but replaces Chamunda with Durlabha, and Vallabha with [[Bhima I]]. Merutunga's version is known to have historical inaccuracies.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=36}}

The 12th century [[Vadnagar]] [[prashasti]] inscription states that the kings of [[Malwa]] were shaken when they heard about Vallabha's marches. It does not state that he actually reached Malwa. The 13th century writer Abhayatilaka Gani, who wrote a commentary on Hemachandra's work, states that Malwa was the kingdom against which Vallabha marched to avenge the insult against Chamundaraja. However, his conclusion was based on a particular verse in which Hemachandra states that Vallabha passed by the confluence of the Para and the Sindhu rivers. According to the 12th century text ''Sarasvati-Kanthabharana'', the country where these two rivers met was ruled by the Naga kings. Historian A. K. Majumdar speculates that Vallabha died not during a march against Malwa, but during a march to a northern kingdom, where he intended to secure allies for his upcoming campaign against Malwa.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=38}}

The 14th century writer Merutunga embellishes the earlier accounts by claiming that Vallabha not only reached Malwa, but also besieged the Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]]. The later writer Jayasimha Suri states that the king against whom Vallabha marched was [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]]. These accounts by the later writers are not historically accurate. For example, it is known that Munja died in the 990s, around a decade before the said march, which took place around 1008 CE. Hemachandra's ''Dvyashraya'' makes it clear the Vallabha died before achieving any tangible success in the campaign.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=38-39}} Some other works written under Chaulukya patronage, such as ''Sukrita Sankirtana'' by Arisimha and ''Sukrita-Kirti-Kallolini'' by [[Udayaprabha Suri|Udayaprabha]], claim that Vallabha defeated the king of Malwa. These claims are not supported by any historical evidence either. Only the fact that Vallabha marched against Malwa appears to be historically true.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=132}}

Vallabha suffered from a severe disease during the march, and asked his army to return to the Chaulukya capital. Hemachandra does not name this disease, but describes the symptoms of the disease from which Vallabha died. Based on these, Abhayatilaka Gani correctly identified the disease as [[smallpox]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=39}}

After Vallabha's death, his brother [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharaja]] ascended the throne.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=39}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chaulukya dynasty}}

[[Category:Chaulukya kings]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chaulukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Deaths from smallpox]]
[[Category:11th-century maharajadhirajas]]

Vaishnavism

2026-03-22T17:04:41Z

LesterKitamura4: added info

{{Short description|Major Hindu tradition that reveres Vishnu as the Supreme Being}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox
| title = Vaishnavism
| image = [[File:Hindu God Vishnu as Narayana witth Consorts 10 AD Sculpture at LA County Museum of Art.tif|225px]]
| caption = Vaishnava traditions centre on [[Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]] (center), depicted in a 10 AD Sculpture.
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Vaishnavism''' ({{langx|sa|वैष्णवसम्प्रदायः|Vaiṣṇavasampradāyaḥ|translit-std=IAST|engvar=gb}}), also called '''Vishnuism''', is one of the major [[Hindu denominations|Hindu religious traditions]], that considers [[Vishnu]] as the [[Para Brahman|supreme being]] leading all other [[Hindu deities]], that is, ''[[Mahavishnu]]''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pratapaditya Pal |title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 BCE–700 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC |year=1986 |publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05991-7|pages=24–25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Stephan Schuhmacher |title=The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion: Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Zen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpP8770qVakC |date=1994 |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-0-87773-980-7 |page=397}}</ref> It is one of the major Hindu denominations along with [[Shaivism]], [[Shaktism]], and [[Smartism]].{{sfn|Dandekar|1987}} Its followers are called Vaishnavites or ''Vaishnava''s ({{IAST3|Vaiṣṇava}}), and it includes sub-sects like [[Krishnaism]] and [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramaism]], which consider [[Krishna]] and [[Rama]] as the supreme beings respectively.{{sfn|Hardy|1987}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=117}}

The ancient emergence of Vaishnavism is unclear, and broadly hypothesised as the rise of various regional non-Vedic religions which [[History of Hinduism|fused]] with one another and with worship of [[Vishnu]]. Those popular non-Vedic theistic traditions, particularly the [[Bhagavata]] cults of [[Vāsudeva|Vāsudeva-Krishna]]{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}}<ref name=ucsm>{{cite web |title=Vaishnava |publisher=philtar.ucsm.ac.uk |url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/vaish.html |access-date=22 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212183626/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/vaish.html |archive-date=12 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Gopala-Krishna]]'',{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=120}} as well as the [[Pancaratra]]-cult of [[Narayana]],{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=119,120-121}} developed in the 7th to 4th century BCE,{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eliade |first1=Mircea |last2=Adams |first2=Charles J. |title=The Encyclopedia of religion |date=1987 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-909880-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre15elia/page/168 168] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre15elia |url-access=registration}}</ref> and were identified with the Vedic God Vishnu in the early centuries CE, and finalised as Vaishnavism,{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}}{{sfn|Gonda|1993|p=163}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007|pp=206–217, 251–252}} when it developed the [[avatar]] doctrine, wherein the various non-Vedic deities are revered as distinct incarnations of the supreme God Vishnu. Narayana, [[Hari]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]], [[Kalki]], [[Perumal (deity)|Perumal]], [[Shrinathji]], [[Vithoba]], [[Venkateswara]], [[Guruvayurappan]], [[Ranganatha]], [[Jagannath]], [[Badrinath Temple|Badrinath]] and [[Muktinath]] are revered as forms or avatars of Vishnu, all seen as different aspects of the same supreme being.{{sfn|Matchett|2001|pp=3-9}}{{sfn|Anna King|2005|pp=32–33}}{{sfnm|1a1=Mukherjee|1y=1981|1p= |2a1=Eschmann|2a2=Kulke|2a3=Tripathi|2y=1978|2p=|3a1=Hardy|3y=1987|3pp=387–392 |4a1=Patnaik|4y=2005|4p= |5a1=Miśra|5y=2005|5loc=chapter 9. Jagannāthism|6a1=Patra|6y=2011|6p=}}

The Vaishnavite tradition is known for the loving devotion to an avatar of Vishnu (often Krishna), and as such was key to the spread of the [[Bhakti movement]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the 2nd millennium CE.{{sfn|Hawley|2015|pp=10–12, 33–34}}{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002b|pp=731–733}} It has four [[Vedanta]] - schools of numerous denominations (''sampradaya''): the medieval-era [[Vishishtadvaita]] school of [[Ramanuja]], the [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita]] school of [[Madhvacharya]], the [[Dvaitadvaita]] school of [[Nimbarkacharya]], and the [[Shuddhadvaita]] of [[Vallabha]]charya.{{sfn|Beck|2005a|pp=76–77}}{{sfn|Fowler|2002|pp=288–304, 340–350}} There are also several other Vishnu-traditions. [[Ramananda]] (14th century) created a Rama-oriented movement, now the largest monastic group in Asia.{{sfn|Raj|Harman|2007|pp=165–166}}{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002b|pp=553–554}}

Key texts in Vaishnavism include the [[Veda]]s, the [[Upanishad]]s, the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the ''[[Pancharatra]]'' (Agama) texts, [[Naalayira Divya Prabhandham]], and the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref name=johnson400/>{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=121–122}}{{sfn|Schrader|1973|pp=2–21}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007|pp=46–52, 76–77}}

According to a 2020 estimate by The World Religion Database (WRD), hosted at Boston University's Institute on Culture, Religion and World Affairs (CURA), Vaishnavism is the largest Hindu sect, constituting about 399 million [[Hindus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preston |first=Charles |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Historical Vishnuism}}

===Origins===

====Northern India====
[[File:Deity Krishna-Vasudeva on a coin of Agathocles of Bactria 190-180 BCE.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Vāsudeva]] on a coin of [[Agathocles of Bactria]], circa 190–180 BCE.<ref name="US">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |pages=436–438 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA437}}</ref><ref>[[Osmund Bopearachchi]], [https://www.academia.edu/25807197 Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence], 2016.</ref> This is "the earliest unambiguous image" of the deity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |page=215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215}}</ref>]]
[[File:Heliodorus_pillar_Rapson_rubbing_inverted.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The inscription of the [[Heliodorus pillar]] that was made by [[Indo-Greek]] envoy Heliodorus in 110 BCE, in what is modern Vidisha ([[Madhya Pradesh]]). The inscription states Heliodorus is a [[Bhagavata]] devoted to the "God of gods" [[Vāsudeva]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=F. R. Allchin |author2=George Erdosy |title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-37695-2|pages=303–304 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Radhakumud Mookerji |title=The Gupta Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC |year=1959|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0440-1 |page=3}}</ref>]]
{{See also|Vāsudeva Krishna|Bala Krishna}}

The ancient emergence of Vaishnavism is unclear, with evidence inconsistent and scanty.{{sfn|Preciado-Solís|1984|p=1–16}} In the [[Rg Veda]] Vishnu is "a benevolent, solar deity,"{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=114}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|p=33}} who is mentioned in just a few hymns,{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|pp=33}}{{sfn|Gonda|1954|p=1-2}} and rose to prominence mid-first century BCE.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=114}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|pp=33}}{{refn|group=note|name="prominence"|This rise to prominence had been related by older publictions to various hymns of the Rig Veda, such as 1.154.5, 1.56.3 and 10.15.3, which state that Vishnu resides in the ''paramam pada'' ("highest place"),{{sfn|Gonda|1969|p=1-2}}{{sfn|Macdonell|1996|p=9–11, 167–169}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|pp=33-34}} which is "seen by the wise."{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|pp=33-34}} This "highest place" came to be interpretated as the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]'s (Self) final goal after death, as reflected in the [[Katha Upanishad]].{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|pp=33-34}} Yet, according to [[Jan Gonda]], this interpretation is insufficient to explain the ascendance of Vishnu in post-Vedic times.{{sfn|Gonda|1969|p=1-2}} For the Rg Vedic verses in question, see: * Rg Veda 1.22.20: {{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-08-27 |title=Rig Veda 1.22.20 [English translation] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc829114.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}} * Rg Veda 1.22.21{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-08-27 |title=Rig Veda 1.22.21 [English translation] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc829115.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}} * Rg Veda 1.154.6: {{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-08-27 |title=Rig Veda 1.154.1 [English translation] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc830646.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}} {{harvtxt|Bhandarkar|1913|pp=33}} relates this elevation also to Vishnu's 'third step: "The long strides which he takes, and the three steps by which he measures the universe, are always described with an enthusiastic spirit. His first two steps can be discerned and approached by men, but the third no one can dare transgress, and it is beyond the flight of birds (RV. I. 155) 5)." See also [[Vishnu#Vedas]].}} Syncretism of various local traditions and deities (Vasudeva-Krishna, Narayana, Krishna-Golpa) with Vishnu resulted in Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Gonda|1993|p=163}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007|pp=206–217, 251–252}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=117}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|pp=34-35}}

According to [[R. G. Bhandarkar|Bhandarkar]], Vaishnavism formed in the Purnaic period through the identification of Vishnu with [[Narayana]] and with [[Vasudeva-Krishna]], following his elevation as the "Supreme Spirit". He suggests that this elevation appears linked to reverence for Vishnu's "third step" or for his "highest place" (''paramam pada''), described in the Rg Veda as being "seen by the wise" and later reinterpreted in [[Katha Upanishad]] as the soul's final goal.{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|pp=33-34}}{{refn|group=note|name="prominence"}} Yet, according to Jan Gonda, this interpretation is insufficient to explain the ascendance of Vishnu in post-Vedic times.{{sfn|Gonda|1969|p=2}} Gonda argues that the Vedic poets did not give a complete description of his qualities, and that he may have had a greater appeal among the Aryan and non-Aryan "masses" of the early Vedic times than reflected in the Vedas.{{sfn|Gonda|1954|p=10}} Gonda concludes that, for the Vedic people, the complex powers which were experienced as "the presence and the activity of a divine personality called Visnu may be the best described as the 'idea' of universal penetration or pervasiveness, as the axis mundi and otherwise, of the omnipresence of a mighty and beneficent energy, in which all beings abide".{{sfn|Gonda|1976|pp=9-10}}

According to [[Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar|Dandekar]], what is understood today as Vaishnavism did not originate in Vedism, but emerged from the merger of several popular theistic traditions after the decline of Brahmanism at the end of the Vedic period, shortly before the [[History of India#"Second urbanization" (500–200 BCE)|second urbanisation]] of northern India, in the 7th to 4th century BCE.{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}}: "The origin of Vaiṣṇavism as a theistic sect can by no means be traced back to the Ṛgvedic god Viṣṇu. In fact, Vaiṣṇavism is in no sense Vedic in origin. (...) Strangely, the available evidence shows that the worship of Vāsudeva, and not that of Viṣṇu, marks the beginning of what we today understand by Vaiṣṇavism. This Vāsudevism, which represents the earliest known phase of Vaiṣṇavism, must already have become stabilized in the days of Pāṇini (Seventh to fifth centuries bce)."}}

According to Dandekar, Vaishnavism initially formed as Vasudevism around [[Vāsudeva]], a deified leader of the [[Vrishnis]], and one of the [[Vrishni heroes]].{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}} Later, Vāsudeva was amalgamated with [[Krishna]] "the deified tribal hero and religious leader of the Yadavas",{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}}<ref name="ucsm" /> to form the merged deity ''Bhagavan Vāsudeva-Krishna'',{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}} due to the close relation between the tribes of the Vrishnis and the Yadavas.{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}} This was followed by a merger with the cult of ''[[Gopala-Krishna]]'' of the cowherd community of the Abhıras{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}} in the 4th century CE.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=120}} The character of Gopala Krishna is often considered to be non-Vedic.<ref>{{cite book |author= Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar |author-link= Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar |author2= Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar |title= Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar as an Indologist: A Symposium |publisher= Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|location=India |year= 1976 |pages= 38–40}}</ref> According to Dandekar, such mergers positioned [[Krishnaism]] between the heterodox sramana movement and the orthodox Vedic religion.{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}} The "Greater Krsnaism", states Dandekar, then adopted the [[Historical Vishnuism|Rigvedic Vishnu]] as Supreme deity to appeal to orthodox elements.{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}}

According to [[Klaus Klostermaier|Klostermaier]], Vaishnavism originates in the last centuries BCE and the early centuries CE, with the cult of the heroic Vāsudeva, a leading member of the [[Vrishni heroes]], which was then later amalgamated with [[Krishna]], hero of the [[Yadavas]], and still several centuries later with the "divine child" [[Bala Krishna]] of the [[Gopala-Krishna|Gopala]] traditions.{{refn|group=note|name="Klostermaier-Krishna"|Klostermaier: "Present day Krishna worship is an amalgam of various elements. According to historical testimonies [[Krishna-Vasudeva]] worship already flourished in and around [[Mathura]] several centuries before Christ. Next came the sect of Krishna Govinda. Later the worship of Bala-Krishna, the Divine Child Krishna was added — a quite prominent feature of modern Krishnaism. The last element seems to have been Krishna Gopijanavallabha, Krishna the lover of the Gopis, among whom [[Radha]] occupies a special position. In some books Krishna is presented as the founder and first teacher of the Bhagavata religion."{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007}}}} According to Klostermaier, "In some books Krishna is presented as the founder and first teacher of the [[Bhagavata]] religion."{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007}} According to Dalal, "The term Bhagavata seems to have developed from the concept of the Vedic deity [[Bhaga]], and initially it seems to have been a monotheistic sect, independent of the Brahmanical pantheon."{{sfn|Dalal|2010|pp=54–55}}

The development of the Krishna-traditions was followed by a syncretism of these non-Vedic traditions with the [[Mahabharata]] canon, thus affiliating itself with [[Vedism]] in order to become acceptable to the [[Āstika and nāstika|orthodox]] establishment. The Vishnu of the [[Rig Veda]] was assimilated into non-Vedic Krishnaism and became the equivalent of the Supreme God.<ref name=ucsm/> The appearance of Krishna as one of the ''[[Avatar]]s'' of Vishnu dates to the period of the [[Sanskrit epics]] in the early centuries CE. The ''[[Bhagavad Gita]] -'' initially, a Krishnaite scripture, according to [[Friedhelm Hardy]] - was incorporated into the Mahabharata as a key text of Krishnaism.{{sfn|Hardy|1987}}{{sfn|Dandekar|1971|p=270}}

Finally, the Narayana worshippers were also included, which further brahmanized Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9500}} The Nara-Narayana worshippers may have originated in Badari, a northern ridge of the Hindu Kush, and was absorbed into the Vedic orthodoxy as Purusa Narayana.{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9500}} Purusa Narayana may have later been turned into Arjuna and Krsna.{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9500}}

In the late Vedic texts (~1000 to 500 BCE), the concept of a metaphysical [[Brahman]] grew in prominence. The Vaishnavism tradition considered Vishnu to be identical to Brahman, just like Shaivism and Shaktism consider Shiva and Devi to be Brahman respectively.<ref>{{cite book |author=William K. Mahony |title=The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1KR_kE5ZYoC |year=1998 |publisher=SUNY Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7914-3579-3 |pages=13–14}}</ref>

This complex history is reflected in the two main early denominations of Vishnavism: the [[Krishnaism|Bhagavats]], worshipping Vāsudeva-Krishna{{sfn|Welbon|2005a|pp=9500-9509}} and follow Brahmanic Vaishnavism, and the Panchratris, who regarded Narayana as their founder and follow the Tantric Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9500}}{{sfn|Welbon|2005b|pp=9509-9510}}

====Southern India====
{{See also|Sri Vaishnavism|Perumal (deity)|Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam}}
[[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar]] states that the Vaishnava [[Alvars]] lived in the first half of the 12th century with their works flourishing about the time of the revival of Brahminism and Hinduism in the north and speculates that Vaishnavism might have spread to the south as early as the first century CE.{{sfn|Aiyangar|2019|p=16}} Secular literature also ascribes the tradition in the south to the 3rd century CE. [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]], a scholar of Tamil literature, published the [[Paripāṭal|Paripatal]] ([[Sangam literature|Sangam]] period), which contains seven poems in praise of Vishnu, including references to Krishna and Balarama. Aiyangar notes an invasion of the south by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]] in some of the older poems of the Sangam, suggesting that opposition to northern conquest may have an element of religion, with orthodox Brahmanism resisting the spread of Buddhism under [[Ashoka]]. Tamil literature of this period also records the settlement of Brahman colonies in the south, and exhibit considerable Brahmanical influence.{{sfn|Aiyangar|2019|pp=93–94}}

[[File:6th century Vishnu avatar Narasimha in Cave 3, Badami Hindu cave temple Karnataka 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A 6th century sculpture of Narasimha at the Badami cave temple, constructed by the Chalukyas]]
The [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] dynasty of Tamilakam patronised Vaishnavism. [[Mahendravarman I|Mahendra Varman]] built shrines both of Vishnu and Shiva, several of his cave-temples exhibiting shrines to Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. In the age of the Pallava domination, which followed immediately, both Vaishnavism and Shaivism flourished, fighting the insurgent Buddhists and Jains.{{sfn|Aiyangar|2019|p=95}} The Pallavas were also the first of various dynasties that offered land and wealth to the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkatesvara temple]] at Tirumala, which would soon become the most revered religious site of South India.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} The [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] [[acharya]] [[Ramanuja]] is credited with the conversion of the [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] (originally called Bittideva) from Jainism to Vaishnavism, consolidating the faith in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y02AiEu1kcC&dq=hoysala+dynasty+vaishnava&pg=PT243 |title=A History of India |date=1990-06-28 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-194976-5}}</ref> The [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] and their rivals of the Pallavas appear to have employed Vaishnavism as an assertion of divine kingship, one of them proclaiming themselves as terrestrial emanations of Vishnu while the other promptly adopted Shaivism as their favoured tradition, neither of them offering much importance to the other's deity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Inden |first=Ronald B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N658caH-C74C&dq=chalukya+vishnu&pg=PA249 |title=Imagining India |date=2000 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-520-6 |pages=249}}</ref> The Sri Vaishnava [[sampradaya]] of Ramanuja would hold sway in the south, the Vadakalai denomination subscribing to Vedanta philosophy and the Tenkalai adhering to regional liturgies known as Prabandham.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chari |first=S. M. Srinivasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC&dq=vadakalai+vedanta+desika&pg=PA244 |title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1342-7 |pages=244}}</ref>

According to [[Friedhelm Hardy|Hardy]],{{refn|group=note|Friedhelm Hardy in his "Viraha-bhakti" analyses the history of Krishnaism, specifically all pre-11th-century sources starting with the stories of Krishna and the [[gopi]], and [[Thirumal|Mayon]] mysticism of the Vaishnava [[Tamil people|Tamil]] saints, Sangam [[Tamil literature]] and [[Alvars]]' Krishna-centred devotion in the [[rasa (theology)|rasa]] of the emotional union and the dating and history of the [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref name="Hardy">{{cite book |author=Hardy, Friedhelm |title=Viraha-Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion in South India (Oxford University South Asian Studies Series) |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-564916-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ier.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/23/4/443?ck=nck |title=Book review - FRIEDHELM HARDY, Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krishna Devotion in South India. Oxford University Press, Nagaswamy 23 (4): 443 – Indian Economic & Social History Review |publisher=ier.sagepub.com |access-date=29 July 2008 }}</ref>}} there is evidence of early "southern Krishnaism", despite the tendency to allocate the Krishna-traditions to the Northern traditions.<ref name="Hardy" /> South Indian texts, including the ''[[Manimekalai]]'' and the ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'', show close parallel with the Sanskrit traditions of Krishna and his gopi companions, later widespread in North Indian text and imagery.{{sfn|Monius|2005|pp=139–149}} Hardy argues that the Sanskrit Bhagavata Purana is essentially a Sanskrit "translation" of the [[bhakti]] of the Tamil [[alvars]].<ref>Norman Cutler (1987) ''Songs of Experience: The Poetics of Tamil Devotion'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&dq=Friedhelm+Hardy+Viraha+Bhakti&pg=PA13 p. 13]</ref>

Devotion to the southern Indian Mal ([[Perumal (deity)|Perumal]]) may be an early form of Krishnaism, since Mal appears as a divine figure, largely like Krishna with some elements of Vishnu.<ref name=mal>{{cite web |url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html |title=Devotion to Mal (Mayon) |publisher=philtar.ucsm.ac.uk |access-date=22 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212183649/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html |archive-date=12 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Alvars]], whose name can be translated "immersed", were devotees of Perumal. They codified the Vaishnava canon of the south with their most significant liturgy, the [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]], traced to the 10th century as a compilation by Nathamuni.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&dq=nalayira+divya+prabandham+history+nathamuni+century&pg=PA617 |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |pages=617}}</ref> Their poems show a pronounced orientation to the Vaishnava, and often Krishna, side of Mal. But they do not make the distinction between [[Krishna]] and [[Vishnu]] on the basis of the concept of the [[avatar]]s.<ref name = mal/> Yet, according to Hardy, the term "Mayonism" should be used instead of "Krishnaism" when referring to Mal or Mayon.<ref name = Hardy/> The early Alvars glorified ''Vishnu bhakti'', but also expressed sympathy for ''Shiva bhakti'', sometimes even describing Shiva and Vishnu as one, although they do recognise their united form as Vishnu.{{sfn|Aiyangar|2019|pp=77–78}}

===Gupta era===
[[File:The God Vishnu in Three Incarnations. Northern India (Mathura), Gupta period, mid-5th century AD. Boston Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Vishnu]] in three incarnations (''[[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]]''): [[Vishnu]] himself or [[Krishna]] in human form, [[Varaha]] as a boar, [[Narasimha]] as a lion. [[Gupta art]], [[Mathura]], mid-5th century CE. [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Boston Museum]]<ref name="CS">For English summary, see p. 80 {{cite journal |last1=Schmid |first1=Charlotte |title=Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa? |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1997 |volume=52 |pages=60–88 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1997.1401 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401}}</ref>]]
Most of the Gupta kings, beginning with [[Chandragupta II]] (Vikramaditya) (375–413 CE) were known as Parama Bhagavatas or [[Bhagavata]] [[Vaishnavas]].{{sfn|Ganguli|1988|p=36}}{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9500}} But following the [[Huna people|Huna]] invasions, especially those of the [[Alchon Huns]] circa 500 CE, the [[Gupta Empire]] declined and fragmented, ultimately collapsing completely, with the effect of discrediting Vaishnavism, the religion it had been so ardently promoting.<ref name="HTB98"/> The newly arising regional powers in central and northern India, such as the [[Aulikaras]], the [[Maukharis]], the [[Maitrakas]], the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalacuris]] or the [[Vardhanas]] preferred adopting [[Saivism]] instead, giving a strong impetus to the development of the worship of [[Shiva]], and its ideology of power.<ref name="HTB98"/> Vaisnavism remained strong mainly in the territories which had not been affected by these events: [[South India]] and [[Kashmir]].<ref name="HTB98">{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans T. |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |pages=98–99, 93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98}}</ref>

===Early medieval period===
{{Main|Alvars}}

After the Gupta age, Krishnaism became a major current of Vaishnavism,{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007}} and Vaishnavism developed into various sects and subsects, most of them emphasising ''bhakti'', which was strongly influenced by south Indian religiosity.{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9500}} Modern scholarship places [[Nimbarkacharya]] (c.7th century CE) in this period; he propounded [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] worship and his doctrine later came to be known as [[Dvaitadvaita Vedanta|Dvaita-advaita]].{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=180}}

Vaishnavism in the 10th century started to employ Vedanta-arguments, possibly continuing an older tradition of Vishnu-oriented Vedanta predating [[Advaita Vedanta]]. Many of the early Vaishnava scholars such as Nathamuni, Yamunacharya and Ramanuja, contested [[Adi Shankara|Adi Shankara']]s Advaita, instead emphasising devotion (bhakti) to Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book|author= S. M. Srinivasa Chari |title= Tattva-muktā-kalāpa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un1i5icdpdoC |year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0266-7 |pages=2–5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= Klaus K. Klostermaier |title=Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-1QJMu80UIC | year=1984|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |isbn=978-0-88920-158-3 |pages=101–103}}</ref> Vaishnavism flourished in predominantly [[Shaivite]] [[Tamil Nadu]] during the seventh to tenth centuries CE with the twelve [[Alvars]], saints who spread the sect to the common people with their devotional [[hymn]]s. The temples that the Alvars visited or founded are now known as [[Divya Desams]]. Their poems in praise of [[Vishnu]] and Krishna in the [[Tamil language]] are collectively known as ''Naalayira'' [[Divya Prabandha]] (4000 divine verses).{{sfn|Annangaracariyar|1971}}{{sfn|Seth|1962}}

===Later medieval period===
{{See also|Bhakti movement}}
[[File:Indischer Maler um 1660 002.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|[[Krishna]] with [[Gopi]]s, painted c. 1660.]]

The [[Bhakti movement]] of late medieval Hinduism started in the 7th century, but rapidly expanded after the 12th century.{{sfn|Smith|1976|pages=143–156}} It was supported by the Puranic literature such as the [[Bhagavata Purana]], poetic works, as well as many scholarly [[bhasya]]s and [[samhitas]].{{sfn|Gupta |Valpey |2013 |pp=2–10}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India |editor1-first=Karine |editor1-last=Schomer |editor2-first=W. H. |editor2-last=McLeod |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-208-0277-3|pages=1–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=C. J. Bartley |title=The Theology of Ramanuja: Realism and Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SpTAQAAQBAJ| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-85306-7|pages=1–4, 52–53, 79}}</ref>

This period saw the growth of Vaishnava sampradayas (denominations or communities) under the influence of scholars such as [[Ramanuja]], [[Nimbarka]], [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]] and [[Vallabha]].{{sfn|Beck|2005|p=6}} Bhakti poets or teachers such as [[Manavala Mamunigal]], [[Namdev]], [[Ramananda]], [[Sankardev]], [[Surdas]], [[Tulsidas]], [[Eknath]], [[Tyagaraja]], [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and many others influenced the expansion of Vaishnavism. [[Mirabai]] was also part of this movement.{{sfn|Jackson|1992}}{{sfn|Jackson|1991}}<ref>John Stratton Hawley (2015), A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement, Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-674-18746-7}}, pp. 304–310</ref> These scholars rejected [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]]'s doctrines of Advaita Vedanta, particularly [[Ramanuja]] in the 12th century, and [[Vedanta Desika]] and [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]] in the 13th century, building their theology on the devotional tradition of the [[Alvars]] ([[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnavas]]).<ref name="Bartley2013p1"/>

In North and Eastern India, Vaishnavism gave rise to various late Medieval movements such as [[Ramananda]] in the 14th century, [[Sankaradeva]] in the 15th and [[Vallabha]] and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]] in the 16th century. Historically, it was [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] who founded congregational chanting of holy names of Krishna in the early 16th century after becoming a [[sannyasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhajankutir.net/essays/nama-theology.pdf|title=Caitanya Vais.n. avism and the Holy Names|last=Delmonico|first=Neal|date=4 April 2004|website=Bhajan Kutir|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref>

===Modern times===
During the 20th century, Vaishnavism spread from India and is now practised in many places around the globe, including North America, Europe, Africa, Russia and South America. A pioneer of Vaishnavite mission to the West was sannyasi ''Baba Premananda Bharati'' (1858–1914), the author of the first full-length treatment of Bengali Vaishnavism in English, ''Sree Krishna—the Lord of Love''. He founded the "Krishna Samaj" society in [[New York City]] in 1902 and a temple in [[Los Angeles]].{{sfnm|1a1=Carney|1y=2020|2a1=Jones|2a2=Ryan|2y=2007|2pp=79–80|2loc=Bharati, Baba Premanand}} The global status of Vaishnavism is largely due to the growth of the [[ISKCON]] movement, founded by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] in 1966.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Selengut |first=Charles |title=Charisma and Religious Innovation:Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON |journal=ISKCON Communications Journal |volume=4 |issue=2 |year=1996 |url=http://content.iskcon.com/icj/4_2/4_2charisma.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713061921/http://content.iskcon.com/icj/4_2/4_2charisma.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name=Herzig2004>{{Cite book |author = Herzig, T.|author2=Valpey, K |year = 2004 |chapter= Re—visioning Iskcon |title= The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn = 978-0-231-12256-6 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC&q=meanings+name+Krishna+Gopala&pg=PA416|access-date = 10 January 2008 }}</ref><ref>''Prabhupada - He Built a House, [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]], Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 1983, {{ISBN|0-89213-133-0}}'' p. xv</ref>

==Beliefs==

===Theism with many varieties===
Vaishnavism is centred on the devotion of Vishnu and his avatars. According to Schweig, it can be "characterized as a polymorphic monotheism, i.e. a theology that recognises many forms (''ananta rupa'') of the one, single unitary divinity," since there are many forms of one original deity, with Vishnu taking many forms.{{sfn|Schweig|2013|p=18}} In contrast, Okita states that the different denominations within Vaishnavism are best described as theism, [[pantheism]] and [[panentheism]].<ref>Kiyokazu Okita (2010), "Theism, Pantheism, and Panentheism: Three Medieval Vaishnava Views of Nature and their Possible Ecological Implications", ''Journal of Vaishnava Studies'', Volume 18, Number 2, pp. 5–26</ref>

The Vaishnava sampradaya started by Madhvacharya is a monotheistic tradition in which Vishnu (Krishna) is omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent.{{sfn|Bryant|2007|pp=360–361}} The [[Sri Vaishnavism]] sampradaya associated with Ramanuja also has monotheistic elements, but differs in several ways, such as goddess Lakshmi and god Vishnu are considered inseparable and equal divinities.<ref>William Wainwright (2013), [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monotheism/#ShrVaiMon Monotheism], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University Press</ref> According to some scholars, Sri Vaishnavism emphasises panentheism, and not monotheism, with a theology of "transcendence and immanence",<ref>{{cite book|author1=Harold Coward |author2=Daniel C. Maguire |title=Visions of a New Earth: Religious Perspectives on Population, Consumption, and Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBfpS4B0mCwC |year=2000|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-4457-3 |pages=113–114}}</ref><ref>Ankur Barua (2010), God's body at work: Ramanuja and Panentheism, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Volume 14, Number 1, pp. 1–30</ref> in which God interpenetrates everything in the universe, and empirical reality is God's body.<ref>Anne Hunt Overzee (1992). The Body Divine: The Symbol of the Body in the Works of Teilhard de Chardin and Ramanuja. Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–85. {{ISBN|978-0-521-38516-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Julius Lipner |title=The Face of Truth: A Study of Meaning and Metaphysics in the Vedantic Theology of Ramanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjR2xuu4L8EC |year=1986|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn= 978-0-88706-038-0|pages=37–48 }}</ref> The Vaishnava sampradaya associated with Vallabhacharya is a form of pantheism, in contrast with other Vaishnavism traditions.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ursula King|author-link=Ursula King (academic)|title=Teilhard De Chardin and Eastern Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdgU0QTqGmAC |year=2011|publisher=Paulist Press|location=New York|pages=267–268}}</ref> According to Schweig, the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] tradition of Chaitanya is closer to a "polymorphic bi-monotheism" because both goddess Radha and god Krishna are simultaneously regarded as supreme.{{sfn|Schweig|2013|pp=18–19}}

Vaishnavism includes the doctrine of [[avatar]] (divine incarnation), wherein Vishnu incarnates numerous times, in different forms, to restore cosmic order.{{sfn|Kinsley|2005|pp=707–708}}<ref name=ryanjonesavatar>{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones |author2=James D. Ryan |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |page=474 }}</ref>{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002a|p=228}} These avatars include Narayana, Vasudeva, Rama, and Krishna; with each associated tradition regarding one of them as supreme.{{sfn|Matchett|2000|p=254}}

====Vishnuism and Krishnaism====
The term "[[Krishnaism]]" ({{IAST|Kṛṣṇaism}}) has been used by scholars to describe a large group of independent traditions ([[sampradaya]]s) within Vaishnavism that regard [[Krishna]] as the Supreme God, while "Vishnuism" may be used for sects that focus on Vishnu and see Krishna as an [[Avatar]] rather than a transcended Supreme Being.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|p=387-392}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=117}} While most Vaishnava traditions recognise Krishna as an [[avatar]] of Vishnu, only Krishna-centred traditions identify the Supreme Being ([[Svayam Bhagavan]], [[Brahman]], the source of the Trimurti) with Krishna and his forms ([[Radha Krishna]], [[Vithoba]] and others). This is its difference from such groups as [[Ramanandi|Ramaism]], [[Radha-vallabha|Radhaism]], Sitaism, etc.{{sfn|Hardy|1987}}{{sfn|Matchett|2001|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}}
[[File:Scuola di bilaspur, vishnu e lakshmi, 1810 ca.jpg|thumb|Vishnu and Lakshmi, the chief deities of veneration in Sri Vaishnavism]]

====Vishnu====
In [[Vishnuism|Vishnu-centred]] sects, Vishnu ([[Narayana]]) is regarded as the one supreme God. Texts such as the Epics and [[Puranas]] describe Vishnu as the source of many incarnations (avatars), through which his supremacy is expressed. Other deities such as [[Shiva]], [[Ganesha]], [[Surya]], or [[Durga]] are acknowledged, but are understood as subordinate.{{Sfn|Rosen|2006|p=155-156}} To the devotees of [[Srivaishnava|Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya]], "Lord Vishnu is the Supreme Being and the foundation of all existence."<ref name="Ramanuja">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Ramanuja/Ramanuja&vaishna.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225015818/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Ramanuja/Ramanuja%26vaishna.html|url-status=dead|title=Page 1–Ramanuja and Sri Vaishnavism|archivedate=25 February 2008}}</ref> Lakshmi, his consort, is described to act as the mediatrix between Vishnu and his devotees, intervening to offer her grace and forgiveness.{{Sfn|Rosen|2006|p=155-156}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carman |first=John Braisted |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyVfKEmEK2QC&pg=PA281 |title=Majesty and Meekness: A Comparative Study of Contrast and Harmony in the Concept of God |date=1994 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-0693-2 |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Vedanta Desika]], the divine couple [[Lakshmi Narayana]] pervade and transcend the universe, which is described to be their body. They are described to support all life, both material and spiritual.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Bron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA773 |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature |date=2008-06-10 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-2278-0 |pages=773 |language=en}}</ref> In this theology, Lakshmi is conceived as the supreme mother and Narayana as the supreme father of creation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hudson |first=D. Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlMCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 |title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |date=2008-09-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-045140-0 |pages=311 |language=en}}</ref>

====Krishna====
[[File:Krishna as the supreme deity in relation to Vishnu.png|thumb|right|Relationship between different forms of Krishna as ''[[Avatar|Paripurna avatara]]'' of Vishnu and as Svayam Bhagavan in Chaitanya school of Vaishnavism{{sfn|Schweig|2013|pp=17–19}}]]
{{Main|Krishna}}

In the Krishna-centred Vaishnavism traditions, such as the [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] (the first Krishnaite Sampradaya attributed to [[Nimbarka]]), [[Ekasarana Dharma]], [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[Mahanubhava]], [[Rudra Sampradaya]] ([[Pushtimarg]]), [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]], and [[Warkari]], Krishna is worshipped as the One Supreme form of [[God]] and source of all avatars, [[Svayam Bhagavan]].{{sfn|Hardy|1987}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Latourette|first=Kenneth Scott |date=1961 |title=Review of India and Christendom: The Historical Connections between Their Religions |journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=34|issue=3|pages=317–318 |doi=10.2307/2753385 |jstor=2753385}}</ref>

Krishnaism is often also called Bhagavatism—perhaps the earliest Krishnite movement centred on Krishna-[[Vasudeva]] (about 2nd century BCE).{{sfn|Welbon|2005a|pp=9500-9509}} The [[Bhagavata Purana]] asserts Krishna as "Bhagavan Himself," and subordinates to itself all other forms: [[Vishnu]], [[Narayana]], [[Purusha]], [[Ishvara]], [[Hari]], [[Vasudeva]], [[Janardana]] etc.<ref>{{harvnb|Sheridan|1986|p=53}}. "It becomes clear that the personality of Bhagvan Krishna subordinates to itself the titles and identities of Vishnu, Narayana, Purusha, Ishvara, Hari, Vasudeva, Janardana etc. The pervasive theme, then, of the ''Bhagavata Puran'' is the identification of Bhagavan with Krishna."</ref>

Krishna is often described as dark-skinned and depicted as a young cowherd boy playing a [[Bansuri|flute]] or as a youthful prince giving philosophical direction and guidance, as in the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Geoffrey Parrinder |title=Sexual Morality in the World's Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LsnAAAAYAAJ |date=1996 |publisher= Oneword |isbn= 978-1-85168-108-2|pages=9–10 }}</ref> His stories appear across a wide range of Hindu traditions, where it is believed that [[God]] appears to his devoted worshippers in many different forms, depending on their particular desires.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaitanya Charitamrita ''Madhya'' 20.165 |url=http://vedabase.net/cc/madhya/20/165/en |access-date=7 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917122404/http://vedabase.net/cc/madhya/20/165/en |archive-date=17 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Thomson">{{cite journal |author1=Richard Thompson |date=June 1993 |title=Reflections on the Relation Between Religion and Modern Rationalism |journal=ISKCON Communications Journal |volume=1 |issue=2 |url=http://content.iskcon.com/icj/1_2/12thompson.html |access-date=12 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104040530/http://content.iskcon.com/icj/1_2/12thompson.html |archive-date=4 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Radha Krishna====
[[File:Delhi-National Museum-Jayadeva worshipping Radha and Krishna-20131006.jpg|thumb|Jayadeva worships Radha Krishna, c. 1730 painting by [[Manaku]].]]
{{Main|Radha Krishna}}

Radha Krishna is the combination of both the feminine as well as the masculine aspects of God. Krishna is often referred as ''[[Svayam bhagavan]]'' in [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] theology and [[Radha]] is Krishna's internal potency and supreme beloved.{{sfn|Schweig|2005|p=3}} With Krishna, Radha is acknowledged as the supreme goddess, for it is said that she controls Krishna with her love.{{sfn|Rosen|2002|p=50}} It is believed that Krishna enchants the world, but Radha enchants even him. Therefore, she is the supreme goddess of all.{{sfn|Rosen|2002|p=52}}<ref>[[Chaitanya-charitamrita]] [http://vedabase.net/cc/adi/4/95/en Adi-lila 4.95] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080824092217/http://vedabase.net/cc/adi/4/95/en |date=24 August 2008 }}</ref> Radha and Krishna are avatars of [[Lakshmi]] and [[Vishnu]] respectively. In the region of India called Braj, Radha and Krishna are worshipped together, and their separation cannot even be conceived. And, some communities ascribe more devotional significance to Radha.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Krishna: a sourcebook |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-514892-3 |editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin Francis |location=Oxford |editor-last2=Bryant |editor-first2=Edwin F.}}</ref>

While there are much earlier references to the worship of this form of God, it is since [[Jayadeva]] wrote the poem ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' in the twelfth century CE, that the topic of the spiritual love affair between the divine Krishna and his consort Radha, became a theme celebrated throughout India.{{sfn|Schwartz|2004|p=49}} It is believed that Krishna has left the "circle" of the [[rasa dance]] to search for Radha. The Chaitanya school believes that the name and identity of Radha are both revealed and concealed in the verse describing this incident in [[Bhagavata Purana]].{{sfn|Schweig|2005|pp=41–42}} It is also believed that Radha is not just one cowherd maiden, but is the origin of all the [[gopis]], or divine personalities that participate in the [[rasa (theology)|rasa]] dance.{{sfn|Schweig|2005|p=43}}

====''Avatar''s====
{{main|Dashavatara}}

According to The Bhagavata Purana, there are twenty-two avatars of Vishnu, including [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]]. The Dashavatara is a later concept.{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9500}}

====''Vyuha''s====
{{main|Caturvyūha}}

The Pancaratrins follow the ''vyuha''s doctrine, which says that God has four manifestations (''vyuha''s), namely Vasudeva, Samkarsana, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha. These four manifestations represent "the Highest Self, the individual self, mind, and egoism."{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9500}}

===Restoration of dharma===
Vaishnavism theology has developed the concept of avatar (incarnation) around Vishnu as the preserver or sustainer. His avataras, asserts Vaishnavism, descend to empower the good and fight evil, thereby restoring [[dharma]]. This is reflected in the passages of the ancient [[Bhagavad Gita]] as:{{sfn|Matchett|2001|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|Kinsley|2005|p=15}}
{{Blockquote|
<poem>
Whenever righteousness wanes and unrighteousness increases I send myself forth.
For the protection of the good and for the destruction of evil,
and for the establishment of righteousness,
I come into being age after age.
</poem>
|Bhagavad Gita 4.7–8{{sfn|Bryant|2007|pp=339–340}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mircea Eliade |author2=Charles J. Adams |title=The Encyclopedia of Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L74iAAAAYAAJ |volume=2 |year=1987 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-909710-6|page=14}}</ref>
}}

In Vaishnava theology, such as is presented in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' and the ''[[Pancaratra]]'', whenever the cosmos is in crisis, typically because the evil has grown stronger and has thrown the cosmos out of its balance, an avatar of Vishnu appears in a material form, to destroy evil and its sources, and restore the cosmic balance between the everpresent forces of good and evil.{{sfn|Matchett|2001|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002a|p=228}} The most known and celebrated avatars of Vishnu, within the Vaishnavism traditions of Hinduism, are [[Krishna]], [[Rama]], [[Narayana]] and [[Vasudeva]]. These names have extensive literature associated with them; each has its own characteristics, legends, and associated arts.{{sfn|Matchett|2001|pp=3–4}} The ''Mahabharata'', for example, includes Krishna, while the ''Ramayana'' includes Rama.{{sfn|Anna King|2005|pp=32–33}}

==Texts==
The Vedas, the Upanishads, the ''Bhagavad Gita,'' and the [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]] are the scriptural sources of Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007|pp=46–52, 76–77}}<ref name=goodallix>Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0-520-20778-3}}, pp. ix–xliii</ref><ref>RC Zaehner (1992), Hindu Scriptures, Penguin Random House, {{ISBN|978-0-679-41078-2}}, pp. 1–11 and Preface</ref> The Bhagavata Purana is a revered and widely celebrated text, parts of which, a few scholars such as Dominic Goodall, include as a scripture.<ref name=goodallix/> Other important texts in the tradition include the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, as well as texts by various ''sampradayas'' (denominations within Vaishnavism). In many Vaishnava traditions, Krishna is accepted as a teacher whose teachings are in the ''Bhagavad Gita'' and the ''Bhagavata Purana''.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007}}{{refn|group=note|name="Klostermaier-Krishna"}}

===Scriptures===

====Vedas and Upanishads====
Vaishnavism, just like all Hindu traditions, considers the [[Vedas]] as the scriptural authority.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p474">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones |author2=James D. Ryan |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |page=474 }}</ref><ref name="Dhavamony1999p33">{{cite book|author=Mariasusai Dhavamony |title=Hindu Spirituality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC |date=1999 |publisher=Gregorian Press |isbn=978-88-7652-818-7 |pages=32–34 }}</ref> All traditions within Vaishnavism consider the [[Brahmana]]s, the [[Aranyaka]]s and the [[Upanishad]]s embedded within the four Vedas as [[Sruti]], while Smritis, which include all the epics, the Puranas and its Samhitas, states Mariasusai Dhavamony, are considered as "exegetical or expository literature" of the Vedic texts.<ref name="Dhavamony1999p33"/>

The Vedanta schools of [[Hindu philosophy]], which interpreted the Upanishads and the ''[[Brahma Sutra]]'', provided the philosophical foundations of Vaishnavism. Due to the ancient and archaic language of the Vedic texts, interpretations varied among different schools, leading to differences between the denominations (sampradayas) of Vaishnavism.<ref name="Inden1990p109">{{cite book|author=Ronald B. Inden |title=Imagining India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxSSdU8btwIC |date=1990 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-21358-7 |pages=109–115 }}</ref> These interpretations have created different traditions within Vaishnavism, from dualistic (''Dvaita'') Vedanta of [[Madhvacharya]],{{sfn|Fowler|2002|pp=288–309}} to nondualistic (''Advaita'') Vedanta of [[Madhusudana Sarasvati]].{{sfn|Gupta|2013|pp=1–12}}

{{Quote box
|quote = '''[[Axiology]] in a Vaishnava Upanishad'''
<poem>
The [[Dāna|charity or gift]] is the armour in the world,
All beings live on the gift of the other,
Through gifts strangers become friends,
Through gifts, they ward off difficulties,
On gifts and giving, everything rests,
That is why charity is the highest.
</poem>
|source = —''Mahanarayana Upanishad'' 63.6{{sfn|Deussen|1997a|p=264; Note: This hymn appears in Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa as well}}<ref>Sanskrit original: Quote: दानं यज्ञानां वरूथं दक्षिणा लोके दातार | सर्वभूतान्युपजीवन्ति दानेनारातीरपानुदन्त दानेन | द्विषन्तो मित्रा भवन्ति दाने सर्वं प्रतिष्ठितं तस्माद्दानं परमं वदन्ति ॥ ६॥; Source: {{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/mahanarayana.pdf |title= महानारायणोपनिषत् (Mahanarayana Upanishad)|access-date=23 January 2016|language=sa|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 1999}}</ref>
|width =
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}

=====Vaishnava Upanishads=====
Along with the reverence and exegetical analysis of the ancient [[Principal Upanishads]], Vaishnava-inspired scholars authored 14 Vishnu avatar-focussed Upanishads that are called the Vaishnava Upanishads.<ref name=ayyangarminor>{{cite book| last=Ayyangar| first = TRS| year=1941 | title=The Vaisnavopanisads| publisher = Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2006)|isbn= 978-0-89581-986-4|pages= i–vi, 1–11}}</ref> These are considered part of 95 minor Upanishads in the [[Muktikā]] Upanishadic corpus of Hindu literature.<ref name=ayyangarminor/><ref>Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions, New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-3650-0}}, pp. 60–88</ref> The earliest among these were likely composed in 1st millennium BCE, while the last ones in the late medieval era.<ref>{{cite book| last=Olivelle| first=Patrick| title=Upaniṣads| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=1998| isbn=978-0-19-283576-5| pages=[https://archive.org/details/earlyupanishadsa00oliv/page/n33 11]–14| url=https://archive.org/details/earlyupanishadsa00oliv| url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=pedumont338>{{cite journal|translator-first=PE |translator-last=Dumont |year=1940 |title=The Avyakta Upaniṣad |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=60 |number=3|pages=338–355 |doi=10.2307/594420|jstor=594420|last1=Dumont |first1=P. -E }}</ref>{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2013|p=42}}

All of the Vaishnava Upanishads either directly reference and quote from the ancient Principal Upanishads or incorporate some ideas found in them; most cited texts include the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]], [[Chandogya Upanishad]], [[Katha Upanishad]], [[Isha Upanishad]], [[Mundaka Upanishad]], [[Taittiriya Upanishad]] and others.<ref name=pdeussen247268/><ref name=ayyangarvupa/> In some cases, they cite fragments from the [[Brahmana]] and [[Aranyaka]] layers of the [[Rigveda]] and the [[Yajurveda]].<ref name=pdeussen247268/>

The Vaishnava Upanishads present diverse ideas, ranging from [[bhakti]]-style theistic themes to a synthesis of Vaishnava ideas with Advaitic, Yoga, Shaiva and Shakti themes.<ref name=pdeussen247268/><ref name=dorissrini112120>{{cite book|last=Srinivasan |first=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes| publisher=BRILL Academic| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC | isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |year=1997 |pages=112–120}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Vaishnava Upanishads
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px style="background: #ffad66;" | Vaishnava Upanishad
| width=60px style="background: #ffdd00;"| Vishnu Avatar
| width= 60px | Composition date
| width= 240px | Topics
| width=40px | Reference
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Mahanarayana Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Narayana
| width= 60px | 6AD - 100 CE
| width= 240px | Narayana, Atman, Brahman, Rudra, Sannyasa
| width=40px | <ref name=pdeussen247268/><ref name=dorissrini112120/>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Narayana Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Narayana
| width= 60px | Medieval
| width= 200px | Mantra, Narayana is one without a second, eternal, same as all gods and universe
| width=40px | <ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Deussen |translator1=V. M. Bedekar |translator2=G. B. Palsule |title=Sixty Upanisads of the Veda |volume=2 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1469-1 |year=2010 |orig-year=1980 |pages=803–805}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Rama Rahasya Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Rama
| width= 60px | ~17th century CE
| width= 240px | Rama, Sita, Hanuman, Atman, Brahman, mantra
| width=40px | <ref name=rlamb191193>{{cite book|last= Lamb |first=Ramdas |title=Rapt in the Name |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dv1nxyOTgN0C |year =2002|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5386-5|pages=191–193 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author=Catherine Ludvik| title=Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C |year=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1122-5| pages=10–13}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Rama tapaniya Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Rama
| width= 60px | ~11th to 16th century
| width= 240px | Rama, Sita, Atman, Brahman, mantra, sannyasa
| width=40px | <ref name=rlamb191193/>{{sfn|Deussen|1997b|pp=859–864, 879–884}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Kali-Santarana Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Rama, Krishna
| width= 60px | ~14th century
| width= 200px | [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna Maha Mantra]]
| width=40px | {{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2013|pp=35–45}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Gopala Tapani Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Krishna
| width= 60px | before the 14th century
| width= 240px | Krishna, Radha, Atman, Brahman, mantra, bhakti
| width=40px | <ref>{{Cite book|author=B. V. Tripurari |title=Gopala-tapani Upanisad |publisher=Audarya |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-932771-12-1 |pages= xi–xiii, 3–11 }}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Krishna Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Krishna
| width= 60px | ~12th-16th century
| width= 240px | Rama predicting Krishna birth, symbolism, bhakti
| width=40px | <ref>{{cite book| last=Ayyangar| first = TRS| year=1941 | title=The Vaisnavopanisads| publisher = Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2006)|isbn= 978-0-89581-986-4|pages= 22–31}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Vasudeva Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Krishna, Vasudeva
| width= 60px | ~2nd millennium
| width= 240px | Brahman, Atman, Vasudeva, Krishna, [[Urdhva Pundra]], Yoga
| width=40px | <ref>{{Cite journal|first = George| last= Jacob|year=1887| title= The Vasudeva and Gopichandana Upanishads| journal=The Indian Antiquary, A Journal of Oriental Research |volume=XVI |issue=March, Part CXCIV}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Garuda Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Vishnu
| width= 60px | Medieval
| width= 200px | The kite-like bird ''vahana'' (vehicle) of Vishnu
| width=40px | <ref>Jean Varenne (1972), The Garuda Upanishad, Brill, {{ISBN|978-2-02-005872-8}}</ref>{{sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=663–664}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Hayagriva Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Hayagriva
| width= 60px | medieval, after the 10th century CE
| width= 200px | Mahavakya of Principal Upanishads, Pancaratra, Tantra
| width=40px | <ref name=ayyangarvupa>{{cite book| last=Ayyangar| first = TRS| year=1941 | title=The Vaisnavopanisads| publisher = Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2006)|isbn= 978-0-89581-986-4 }}</ref><ref>DS Babu (1990), [https://archive.org/stream/hayagriva014842mbp#page/n3/mode/2up Hayagriva - the horse headed deity], Oriental Research Institute, Tirupati</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Dattatreya Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Narayana, Dattatreya
| width= 60px | 14th to 15th century
| width= 200px | Tantra, yoga, Brahman, Atman, Shaivism, Shaktism
| width=40px | <ref>{{cite book|first=Antonio |last= Rigopoulos|title=Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity|date=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7|pages= 64–77}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Tarasara Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Rama, Narayana
| width= 60px | ~11th to 16th century
| width= 200px | Om, Atman, Brahman, Narayana, Rama, Ramayana
| width=40px | <ref>{{Cite web|last= Aiyar |first= Narayanasvami| url=https://archive.org/stream/thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft#page/n3/mode/2up |title=Thirty minor Upanishads|access-date=16 January 2016|year=1914|publisher=Archive Organization|pages=124–127}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Avyakta Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Narasimha
| width= 60px | before the 7th century
| width= 240px | Primordial nature, cosmology, [[Ardhanarishvara]], Brahman, Atman
| width=40px | <ref name=pedumont338/>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad]]
| width=60px | Narasimha
| width= 60px | before the 7th century CE
| width= 200px | Atman, Brahman, Advaita, Shaivism, Avatars of Vishnu, [[Om]]
| width=40px | {{sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=809–858}}
|}

====Bhagavad Gita====
The ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' is a central text in Vaishnavism, and especially in the context of Krishna.<ref>James Mulhern (1959) A History of Education: A Social Interpretation p. 93</ref><ref>[[Franklin Edgerton]] (1925) The Bhagavad Gita: Or, Song of the Blessed One, India's Favorite Bible [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1guGAfGr6UC&dq=%22bible+of+Krsnaism%22&pg=RA2-PA87 pp. 87-91]</ref><ref>[[Charlotte Vaudeville]] has said, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC&dq=%22bible+of+Krsnaism%22&pg=PT119 it is the 'real Bible of Krsnaism']. Quoted in: {{harvnb|Matchett|2000}}</ref> The ''Bhagavad Gita'' is an important scripture not only within Vaishnavism, but also to other traditions of Hinduism.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=124–128}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard H. Davis |title=The "Bhagavad Gita": A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ3rAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5197-3 |pages=4–8 }}</ref> It is one of three important texts of the [[Vedanta]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]], and has been central to all Vaishnavism sampradayas.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=124–128}}<ref>{{cite book|author=E. Allen Richardson |title=Seeing Krishna in America: The Hindu Bhakti Tradition of Vallabhacharya in India and Its Movement to the West |isbn=978-0-7864-5973-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWQMBAAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=McFarland |pages=5–6, 11–14, 134–145}}</ref>

The ''Bhagavad Gita'' is a dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna, and presents Bhakti, Jnana and Karma yoga as alternate ways to spiritual liberation, with the choice left to the individual.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=124–128}} The text discusses [[dharma]], and its pursuit as duty without craving for fruits of one's actions, as a form of spiritual path to liberation.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=125–126}} The text, state Clooney and Stewart, succinctly summarises the foundations of Vaishnava theology that the entire universe exists within Vishnu, and all aspects of life and living is not only a divine order but divinity itself.{{sfn|Francis Clooney|Tony Stewart|2004|p=163}} Bhakti, in Bhagavad Gita, is an act of sharing, and a deeply personal awareness of spirituality within and without.{{sfn|Francis Clooney|Tony Stewart|2004|p=163}}

The ''Bhagavad Gita'' is a summary of the classical Upanishads and Vedic philosophy, and closely associated with the Bhagavata and related traditions of Vaishnavism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard H. Davis |title=The "Bhagavad Gita": A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ3rAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5197-3 |pages=58–59, 170 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Georg Feuerstein |author2=Brenda Feuerstein |title=The Bhagavad-Gita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0exkVFiyvcC |date=2011 |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=978-1-59030-893-6 |pages=64–69 }}</ref> The text has been commented upon and integrated into diverse Vaishnava denominations, such as by the medieval era Madhvacharya's [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita]] Vedanta school and Ramanuja's [[Vishishtadvaita]] Vedanta school, as well as 20th century Vaishnava movements such as the Hare Krishna movement by His Divine Grace [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]].{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=124–125}}

====Vaishnava Agamas====
The ''[[Pancharatra|Pancaratra]] Samhitas'' (literally, five nights) is a genre of texts where Vishnu is presented as Narayana and Vasudeva, and this genre of Vaishnava texts is also known as the Vaishnava [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]].{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=121–122}}{{sfn|Schrader|1973|pp=2–21}} Its doctrines are found embedded in the stories within the Narayaniya section of the ''Mahabharata''.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=121}} Narayana is presented as the ultimate unchanging truth and reality (Brahman), who pervades the entirety of the universe and is asserted to be the preceptor of all religions.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=121}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck |title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC |date=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1261-1 |pages=173–180 }}</ref>

The Pancaratra texts present the ''Vyuhas'' theory of avatars to explain how the absolute reality (Brahman) manifests into material form of ever changing reality (Vishnu avatar).{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=121}}{{sfn|Schrader|1973|pp=31–49, 79–118}} Vasudeva, state the Pancaratra texts, goes through a series of emanations, where new avatars of him appear. This theory of avatar formation syncretically integrates the theories of evolution of matter and life developed by the [[Samkhya]] school of Hindu philosophy.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=122}}{{sfn|Schrader|1973|pp=31–49, 79–118}} These texts also present cosmology, methods of worship, tantra, Yoga and principles behind the design and building of Vaishnava temples (''Mandira nirmana'').{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=122}}{{sfn|Schrader|1973|pp=30, 150–157}}<ref name="HarperBrown2012p133"/> These texts have guided religiosity and temple ceremonies in many Vaishnava communities, particularly in South India.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=122}}

The ''Pancaratra Samhitas'' are tantric in emphasis, and at the foundation of tantric Vaishnava traditions such as the Sri Vaishnava tradition.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=122–123}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Teun Goudriaan |author2=Sanjukta Gupta |title=Hindu Tantric and Śākta Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2q1h7q-JWMC |date=1981 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-02091-6 |pages=105–111 }}</ref> They complement and compete with the vedic Vaishnava traditions such as the Bhagavata tradition, which emphasise the more ancient Vedic texts, ritual grammar and procedures.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=122–123}}<ref name="HarperBrown2012p133">{{cite book|author=Dennis Hudson |editor1=Katherine Anne Harper |editor2=Robert L Brown |title=The Roots of Tantra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtKrbKIOL5wC |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8890-4 |pages=133–156 }}</ref> While the practices vary, the philosophy of Pancaratra is primarily derived from the Upanishads, its ideas synthesise Vedic concepts and incorporate Vedic teachings.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harvey P. Alper |title=Mantra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMPibh4_XuoC |date=1989 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn= 978-0-88706-599-6 |pages=242–243 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=S. M. Srinivasa Chari|title=Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC |year=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1098-3 |pages=xxviii–xxxi }}</ref>

The three most studied texts of this genre of Vaishnava religious texts are ''Paushkara Samhita'', ''Sattvata Samhita'' and ''Jayakhya Samhita''.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=122}}<ref>{{cite journal |first=H. Daniel |last=Smith |date=1972 |title=The three gems of the Pancharatra canon - An appraisal |journal=Vimarsa |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=45–51}} Reprinted in {{cite book |publisher=Brill Academic |title=Ex Orbe Religionum |editor=C. J. Bleeker |year=1972}}</ref> The other important Pancaratra texts include the ''Lakshmi Tantra'' and ''Ahirbudhnya Samhita''.{{sfn|Schrader|1973|pp=2–21}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Sanjukta Gupta |date=2000 |title=Lakṣmī Tantra: A Pāñcarātra Text |pages=xv–xix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pENlKmZ4r94C |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1735-7}}</ref> Scholars place the start of this genre of texts to about the 7th or 8th century CE, and later.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=122}}{{sfn|Schrader|1973|pp=22–27, 112–114}}

===Other texts===

====Mahabharata and Ramayana====
{{Main|Mahabharata|Ramayana}}

The two [[Indian epic poetry|Indian]] [[Epic poetry|epic]]s, the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Ramayana]] present Vaishnava philosophy and culture embedded in legends and dialogues.<ref>{{cite book|author1=J. Gordon Melton |author2= Martin Baumann|title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices|edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C |date=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3 |pages=1417–1418 }}</ref> The epics are considered the fifth Veda in Hindu culture.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLfHSOWKB-sC |date=2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18566-1|pages=59–60, 308}}</ref> The Ramayana describes the story of [[Rama]], an avatara of Vishnu, and is taken as a history of the 'ideal king', based on the principles of [[dharma]], morality and ethics.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ramashraya Sharma |title=A Socio-political Study of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Vo0OJtO6DQC |date=1986 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0078-6 |pages=149–150 }}</ref> Rama's wife [[Sita]], his brother [[Lakshmana|Lakshman]], with his devotee and follower [[Hanuman]] all play key roles within the Vaishnava tradition as examples of Vaishnava etiquette and behaviour. [[Ravana]], the evil king and villain of the epic, is presented as an epitome of ''adharma'', playing the opposite role of how not to behave.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ashok Banker |title=Vengeance of Ravana: Book Seven of the Ramayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpiqv2cs1zYC |year=2011|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-306699-6 |pages=270–271 }}</ref>

The Mahabharata is centred around [[Krishna]], presents him as the avatar of transcendental supreme being.{{sfn|Bryant|2007|pp=113–115}} The epic details the story of a war between good and evil, each side represented by two families of cousins with wealth and power, one depicted as driven by virtues and values while other by vice and deception, with Krishna playing pivotal role in the drama.{{sfn|Bryant|2007|pp=69 with note 150, 81–82, 95–98, 333–340}} The philosophical highlight of the work is the Bhagavad Gita.{{sfn|Bryant|2007|pp=77–94}}<ref name="JonesRyan2006p474"/>

====Puranas====
{{Main|Bhagavata Purana|Vishnu Purana}}

[[File:Shrinika Purohit.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The Krishna stories have inspired numerous dramatic and dance arts in Indian culture.{{sfn|Gupta |Valpey |2013 |pp=162–180}}<ref>ML Varadpande (1987), History of Indian Theatre, Vol 1, Abhinav, {{ISBN|978-81-7017-221-5}}, pp. 98–99</ref>]]
The [[Puranas]] are an important source of entertaining narratives and histories, states Mahony, that are embedded with "philosophical, theological and mystical modes of experience and expression" as well as reflective "moral and soteriological instructions".<ref name = "Mahony87">{{cite journal |author = Mahony, William K. |year = 1987 |title = Perspectives on Krsna's Various Personalities |journal = History of Religions |volume = 26 |issue = 3 |pages = 333–335 |jstor = 1062381 |doi = 10.1086/463085 |s2cid = 164194548 }}</ref>

More broadly, the Puranic literature is encyclopedic,<ref name=merriam>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature |year=1995 |edition=1995 |article=Puranas |isbn=0-877790426 |page=915}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rocher|1986|pp=1–5, 12–21, 79–80, 96–98}}; "These are the true encyclopedic Puranas. in which detached chapters or sections, dealing with any imaginable subject, follow one another, without connection or transition."</ref> and it includes diverse topics such as [[cosmogony]], [[cosmology]], genealogies of gods, goddesses, kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, folk tales, travel guides and pilgrimages,<ref>{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich| title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective| publisher=Oxford University Press| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC| year=2008| isbn=978-0-19-971825-2 |page=146|quote= '''Quote:''' The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called ''mahatmyas''.}}</ref> temples, medicine, astronomy, grammar, mineralogy, humor, love stories, as well as theology and philosophy.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gregory Bailey |year=2001 |title=Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy |editor=Oliver Leaman |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-17281-3 |pages=437–439}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Gregory Bailey |year=2003 |title=The Study of Hinduism |editor=Arvind Sharma |publisher=The University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-57003-449-7 |page=139}}</ref>{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=1–5, 12–21}} The Puranas were a living genre of texts because they were routinely revised,{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=153}} their content is highly inconsistent across the Puranas, and each Purana has survived in numerous manuscripts which are themselves inconsistent.<ref name=johncort185/><ref name=dimmittp5/> The Hindu Puranas are anonymous texts and likely the work of many authors over the centuries.<ref name=johncort185>{{cite book |author=John Cort |year=1993 |title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |editor=Wendy Doniger |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1382-1 |pages=185–204}}</ref><ref name=dimmittp5>{{cite book |author1=Cornelia Dimmitt |author2=J. A. B. van Buitenen |title=Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC|publisher=Temple University Press |orig-year=1977 |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4399-0464-0 |pages=4–5}}</ref>

Of the 18 Mahapuranas (great Puranas), many have titles based on one of the avatars of Vishnu. However, quite many of these are actually, in large part, Shiva-related Puranas, likely because these texts were revised over their history.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=35, 185, 199, 239–242}} Some were revised into Vaishnava treatises, such as the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'', which originated as a Puranic text dedicated to the [[Surya]] (Sun god). Textual cross referencing evidence suggests that in or after 15th/16th century CE, it went through a series of major revisions, and almost all extant manuscripts of ''Brahma Vaivarta Purana'' are now Vaishnava (Krishna) bhakti oriented.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=161–164}} Of the extant manuscripts, the main Vaishnava Puranas are ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', ''[[Nāradeya Purana]]'', ''[[Garuda Purana]]'', ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' and ''[[Varaha Purana]]''.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=59–61}} The ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' is notable for the ''Adhyatma-ramayana'', a Rama-focussed embedded text in it, which philosophically attempts to synthesise [[Bhakti]] in god Rama with [[Shaktism]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rocher|1986|pp=158–159 with footnotes}}, "Among the texts considered to be connected with the ''Brahmanda'', the ''Adhyatma-ramayana'' is undoubtedly the most important one".</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Maurice |author-link=Moriz Winternitz |title=History of Indian Literature |volume=1 |orig-year=1922 in German, translated 1981 into English |translator=V. Srinivasa Sarma |year=2010 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-208-0264-3 |page=552}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ramdas Lamb |title=Rapt in the Name |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R51OEErb9g8C |date=1 February 2012|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8856-0 |pages=29–30 }}</ref> While an avatar of Vishnu is the main focus of the Puranas of Vaishnavism, these texts also include chapters that revere Shiva, Shakti (goddess power), Brahma and a pantheon of Hindu deities.<ref>Barbara Holdrege (2015), Bhakti and Embodiment, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-67070-8}}, pp. 113–114</ref><ref>Edwin Bryant (2003), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0-14-191337-7}}, pp. 10–12</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rocher|1986|pp=104–106 with footnotes}}, "I want to stress the fact that it would be irresponsible and highly misleading to speak of or pretend to describe the religion of the Puranas."</ref>

The philosophy and teachings of the Vaishnava Puranas are [[bhakti]] oriented (often Krishna, but Rama features in some), but they show an absence of a "narrow, sectarian spirit". To its bhakti ideas, these texts show a synthesis of [[Samkhya]], [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]] ideas.<ref>{{cite book| editor=Wayman, Alex |title=Researches in Indian and Buddhist philosophy | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | last = Rukmani | first=T. S. |chapter = Siddhis in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa and in the Yogasutras of Patanjali – a Comparison | year=1993 | pages=217–226 | isbn=978-81-208-0994-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1ffdTIbNJkC}}; {{cite journal| last=Brown| first=C. Mackenzie|year=1983| title=The Origin and Transmission of the Two "Bhāgavata Purāṇas": A Canonical and Theological Dilemma| journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion| volume=51 | issue=4| pages=551–567| jstor=1462581| doi=10.1093/jaarel/li.4.551}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Dasgupta| first= Surendranath| title = A history of Indian philosophy, Vol. IV: Indian pluralism| publisher=Cambridge University Press| year = 1979 |page=49}}</ref>{{sfn|Sheridan|1986|pp=1–2, 17–25}}

In [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]], [[Vallabha Sampradaya]] and [[Nimbarka sampradaya]], Krishna is believed to be a transcendent, Supreme Being and source of all avatars in the Bhagavata Purana.<ref name="Krishna153">{{Harvnb|Matchett|2000|p=153}}, Bhag. Purana 1.3.28 :''{{IAST|ete cāṁśa-kalāḥ puṁsaḥ kṛṣṇas tu bhagavān svayam}}'' :''{{IAST|indrāri-vyākulaṁ lokaṁ mṛḍayanti yuge yuge}}''</ref> The text describes modes of loving devotion to Krishna, wherein his devotees constantly think about him, feel grief and longing when Krishna is called away on a heroic mission.{{sfn|Matchett|2000|loc=10th canto transl.}}

[[File:JivaGoswami.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Jiva Gosvami's [[Bhajan Kutir]] at [[Radha-kunda]]. Jiva Goswamis ''Sandarbhas'' summarise Vedic sources of [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] tradition's accretion of the concept Krishna to be the supreme Lord.{{sfn|Gupta|2007|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}}]]

==Practices==

===Bhakti===
The [[Bhakti movement]] originated among Vaishnavas of [[South India]] during the 7th-century CE,{{sfn|Smith|1976|pages=143–144}} spread northwards from Tamil Nadu through [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]] towards the end of 13th-century,{{sfn|Smith|1976|pages=154–155}} and gained wide acceptance by the fifteenth-century throughout India during an era of political uncertainty and Hindu-Islam conflicts.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India |editor1-first=Karine |editor1-last=Schomer |editor2-first=W. H. |editor2-last=McLeod |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-208-0277-3|pages=1–3}}</ref>{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=131}}{{sfn|Smith|1976|pages=143–169}}

The [[Alvars]], which literally means "those immersed in God", were Vaishnava poet-saints who sang praises of Vishnu as they travelled from one place to another.<ref>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=Carl|title=The many colors of Hinduism: a thematic-historical introduction|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=2007|page=231|isbn=978-0-8135-4068-9}}</ref> They established temple sites such as [[Srirangam]], and spread ideas about Vaishnavism. Their poems, compiled as [[Divya Prabhandham]], developed into an influential scripture for the Vaishnavas. The [[Bhagavata Purana]]'s references to the South Indian Alvar saints, along with its emphasis on ''bhakti'', have led many scholars to give it South Indian origins, though some scholars question whether this evidence excludes the possibility that ''bhakti'' movement had parallel developments in other parts of India.{{sfn|Sheridan|1986|p={{page needed|date=February 2021}}}}<ref>{{cite book | last=J. A. B. van Buitenen | author-link=J. A. B. van Buitenen | chapter=The Archaism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa |title=Encyclopedia Indica | year = 1996| editor=S.S. Shashi | isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 | pages=28–45 | publisher=Anmol Publications }}</ref>

Vaishnava bhakti practices involve loving devotion to a Vishnu avatar (often Krishna), an emotional connection, a longing and continuous feeling of presence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Karen Pechilis Prentiss |title=The Embodiment of Bhakti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535190-3 |pages=17–24 }}</ref> All aspects of life and living is not only a divine order but divinity itself in Vaishnava bhakti.{{sfn|Francis Clooney|Tony Stewart|2004|p=163}} Community practices such as singing songs together (''[[kirtan]]'' or ''[[bhajan]] ''), praising or ecstatically celebrating the presence of god together, usually inside temples, but sometimes in open public are part of varying Vaishnava practices.{{sfn|Lorenzen|1995|pp=23–24}} Early Vaishnava practices noted by [[Patanjali]] also included festive gatherings in temples with musical instruments.{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|p=13}} Other practical methods includes devotional practices such as chanting mantras (japa), performing rituals, and engaging in acts of service (seva) within the community.{{Sfn|Francis Clooney|Tony Stewart|p=178|2004}} These help Vaishnavas socialise and form a community identity.{{sfn|Lorenzen|1995|pp=107–112}}

===Tilaka===
{{multiple image
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| footer = Left: A Vaishnava Hindu with Tilaka ([[Urdhva Pundra]]).{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002b|loc="Urdhvapundra"|p=724}} Right: A Shaiva Hindu with Tilaka ([[Tripundra]]){{sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA789 789–790]}}<ref name=chatterjeeshs11>Gautam Chatterjee (2003), Sacred Hindu Symbols, Abhinav Publications, {{ISBN|978-81-7017-397-7}}, pp. 11, 42, 57–58</ref>
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Vaishnavas mark their foreheads with ''[[tilaka]]'' made up of Chandana, either as a daily ritual, or on special occasions. The different Vaishnava sampradayas each have their own distinctive [[Tilak (Vaishnava)|style of tilaka]], which depicts the [[siddhanta]] of their particular lineage. The general tilaka pattern is of a parabolic shape resembling the letter U or two or more connected vertical lines on and another optional line on the nose resembling the letter Y, in which the two parallel lines represent the Lotus feet of Krishna and the bottom part on the nose represents the [[tulsi]] leaf.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-621641/Vaishnavism|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127133553/http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-621641/Vaishnavism|url-status=dead|title=britannica.com Vaishnavism|archivedate=27 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.stephen-knapp.com/tilak_why_wear_it.htm |title = Tilak: Why Wear It}}</ref>

===Initiation===
In tantric traditions of Vaishnavism, during the initiation ([[diksha]]) given by a [[guru]] under whom they are trained to understand Vaishnava practices, the initiates accept Vishnu as supreme. At the time of initiation, the disciple is traditionally given a specific [[mantra]], which the disciple will repeat, either out loud or within the mind, as an act of worship to Vishnu or one of his avatars. The practice of repetitive prayer is known as [[japa]].

In the Gaudiya Vaishnava group, one who performs an act of worship with the name of Vishnu or Krishna can be considered a Vaishnava by practice, "Who chants the holy name of Krishna just once may be considered a Vaishnava."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bvml.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011204044612/http://bvml.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 December 2001|title=bvml.org|website=#}}</ref>

===Pilgrimage sites===
{{Map/Pilgrimage in Vaishnavism}}

Important sites of pilgrimage for Vaishnavas include [[Guruvayur Temple]], [[Srirangam]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Vrindavan]], [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]], [[Pandharpur|Pandharpur (Vitthal)]], [[Puri|Puri (Jaggannath)]], [[Shri Laxmi Narsimha Temple|Nira Narsingpur (Narasimha)]], [[Mayapur]], [[Nathdwara]], [[Dwarka]], Udipi (Karnataka), [[Shree Govindajee Temple|Shree Govindajee Temple (Imphal)]], [[Govind Dev Ji Temple|Govind Dev Ji Temple (Jaipur)]] and [[Muktinath]].<ref name="Klostermaier">{{Cite book |first = Klaus K. |last = Klostermaier |author-link = Oxford University |title = Hinduism: A Short History |place = Oxford |publisher = Oneworld Publications |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-1-85168-213-3 |url = https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos }}</ref><ref name="Valpey2004">{{cite book |author = Valpey, K.R. |year = 2004 |title = The Grammar and Poetics of Murti-Seva: Chaitanya Vaishnava Image Worship as Discourse, Ritual, and Narrative |publisher = University of Oxford }}</ref>

===Holy places===
{{Main|Vrindavana|Goloka}}

[[Vrindavana]] is considered to be a holy place by several traditions of Krishnaism. It is a centre of Krishna worship and the area includes places like [[Govardhan Hill|Govardhana]] and [[Gokula]] associated with Krishna from time immemorial. Many millions of ''bhaktas'' or devotees of [[Krishna]] visit these places of pilgrimage every year and participate in a number of festivals that relate to the scenes from Krishna's life on Earth.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007}}{{refn|group=note|name=Klostermaier|Klostermaier: "[[Bhagavad Gita]] and the [[Bhagavata Purana]], certainly the most popular religious books in the whole of India. Not only was Krsnaism influenced by the identification of Krsna with Vishnu, but also Vaishnavism as a whole was partly transformed and reinvented in the light of the popular and powerful Krishna religion. Bhagavatism may have brought an element of cosmic religion into Krishna worship; Krishna has certainly brought a strongly human element into Bhagavatism [...] The center of Krishna-worship has been for a long time [[Braj]]bhumi, the district of [[Mathura]] that embraces also Vrindavana, Govardhana, and Gokula, associated with Krishna from time immemorial. Many millions of Krishna ''bhaktas'' visit these places ever year and participate in the numerous festivals that reenact scenes from Krshna's life on Earth."{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007}}}}

On the other hand, [[Goloka]] is considered the eternal abode of [[Krishna]], [[Svayam bhagavan]] according to some [[Vaishnava]] schools, including [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] and the [[Swaminarayan Sampraday]]a. The scriptural basis for this is taken in [[Brahma Samhita]] and [[Bhagavata Purana]].{{sfn|Schweig|2005|p=10}}

==Traditions==
The Vaishnavism traditions may be grouped within four [[sampradaya]]s, each exemplified by a specific Vedic personality. They have been associated with a specific founder, providing the following scheme: Sri Sampradaya ([[Ramanuja]]), Brahma Sampradaya ([[Madhvacharya]]),{{sfn|Sharma|2000|loc=Front matter}} Rudra Sampradaya ([[Vishnuswami]], [[Vallabhacharya]]),<ref>{{cite book|author=E. Allen Richardson |title=Seeing Krishna in America: The Hindu Bhakti Tradition of Vallabhacharya in India and Its Movement to the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWQMBAAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5973-5 |pages=19–21 }}</ref> Kumaras Sampradaya ([[Nimbarka]]).{{sfn|Klostermaier|1998}}{{refn|group=note|'''(a)''' Steven Rosen and William Deadwyler III: "the word sampradaya literally means 'a community'."<ref name=rosendeadwyler/> '''(b)''' Federico Squarcini traces the semantic history of the word ''sampradaya'', calling it a tradition, and adds, "Besides its employment in the ancient Buddhist literature, the term sampradaya circulated widely in Brahamanic circles, as it became the most common word designating a specific religious tradition or denomination".<ref>{{cite book|author=Federico Squarcini |title=Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia |pages=20–27 |publisher=Anthem Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1etcIIqQq9QC&pg=PA19|date=2011 |isbn=978-0-85728-430-3}}</ref>}} These four sampradayas emerged in early centuries of the 2nd millennium CE, by the 14th century, influencing and sanctioning the [[Bhakti movement]].{{sfn|Beck|2005|p=6}}

The philosophical systems of Vaishnava sampradayas range from qualified [[monism|monistic]] [[Vishishtadvaita]] of Ramanuja, to theistic [[Dvaita]] of Madhvacharya, to pure [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualistic]] [[Shuddhadvaita]] of Vallabhacharya. They all revere an avatar of Vishnu, but have varying theories on the relationship between the soul ([[jiva]]) and [[Brahman]],<ref name="Mahony87"/>{{sfn|Beck|2005a|pp=74–77}} on the nature of changing and unchanging reality, methods of worship, as well as on spiritual liberation for the householder stage of life versus [[sannyasa]] (renunciation) stage.{{sfn|Beck|2005a|pp=76–77}}{{sfn|Fowler|2002|pp=288–304, 340–350}}

Beyond the four major sampradayas, the situation is more complicated,{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=134–135}} with the Vaikhanasas being much older{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=123}} than those four sampradayas, and a number of additional traditions and sects which originated later,{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=135}} or aligned themselves with one of those four sampradayas.<ref name=rosendeadwyler/> Krishna sampradayas continued to be founded late into late medieval and during the [[Mughal Empire]] era, such as the [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]], [[Haridasa]], [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya]] and others.{{sfn|Beck|2005a|pp=70–79}}

=== Traditions List ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Sampradaya
! Main theological preceptor
! Philosophy
! Founder
! (Sub)schools
! Founded
! (Sub)school-founder
! Worship
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center | [[Historical Vishnuism|Historical traditions]]
| rowspan=3 align=center |
| rowspan=3 align=center |
| rowspan=3 align=center |
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Bhagavata|Bhagavatism]] (Vasudevism){{sfn|Dandekar|1987}}{{sfn|Welbon|2005a|pp=9500-9509}}
| rowspan=1 align=center | 1st millennium BCE
| rowspan=1 align=center | unknown
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vāsudeva]], [[Bala Krishna]], [[Gopala-Krishna]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Pancharatra]]{{sfn|Welbon|2005b|pp=9509-9510}}
| rowspan=1 align=center | 3rd century BCE
| rowspan=1 align=center | Sage [[Narayana]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vishnu]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vaikhanasa]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | 4th century CE
| rowspan=1 align=center | Sage Vaikhanasa
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vishnu]]
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center | [[Sri Sampradaya]] 
| rowspan=2 align=center | [[Laksmi]]
| rowspan=2 align=center | [[Vishishtadvaita]] ("qualified monism")
| rowspan=2 align=center | [[Nathamuni]] (10th century){{sfn|Flood|1996|p=136}} [[Ramanujacharya]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Iyengar]] [[Thenkalai]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | 12th–14th century
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Pillai Lokacharya]] [[Manavala Mamunigal]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vishnu]] & [[Lakshmi]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Iyengar]] [[Vadakalai]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | 14th century
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vedanta Desika]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vishnu]] & [[Lakshmi]]
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center | [[Brahma Sampradaya]]
| rowspan=3 align=center | [[Brahma]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Tattvavada]] ("the realist viewpoint") or [[Dvaita]] ("dualism")
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Madhvacharya]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Haridasa]] and [[Sadh Vaishnavism]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | 13th-14th century
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Narahari Tirtha]] / [[Sripadaraja]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Narayana]] / [[Hari]] ([[Vishnu]]) & [[Lakshmi]]
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center | [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]] ("difference and non-difference")
| rowspan=2 align=center |
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]{{refn|group=note|Based on a list of gurus found in Baladeva Vidyabhusana's ''Govinda-bhasya'' and ''Prameya-ratnavali'', ISKCON situates Gaudiya Vaishnavism within the Brahma sampradaya, calling it ''Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya Vaisnava Sampradaya''.<ref name=rosendeadwyler/>}}
| rowspan=1 align=center | 16th century
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Radha Krishna]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Mahanam Sampraday]]a
| rowspan=1 align=center | 1890s
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Prabhu Jagadbandhu]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Radha Krishna]]
|-
| align="center" | [[Rudra Sampradaya]]
| align="center" | [[Shiva]]
| align="center" | [[Shuddhadvaita]] ("pure nondualism")
| align="center" | [[Vishnuswami]]{{refn|group=note|Stephen Knapp: "Actually there is some confusion about him, as it seems there have been three Vishnu Svamis: Adi Vishnu Svami (around the 3rd century BCE, who introduced the traditional 108 categories of sannyasa), Raja Gopala Vishnu Svami (8th or 9th century CE), and Andhra Vishnu Svami (14th century)."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephen-knapp.com/four_sampradayas.htm|title=The Four Sampradayas|website=www.stephen-knapp.com}}</ref>}}
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Pushtimarg]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | c. 1500
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vallabha Acharya|Vallabhacharya]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | Krishna and his svarūpas, notably [[Shrinathji]].
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] 
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Four Kumaras]] [[Narada]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Dvaitadvaita]] ("duality in unity")
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Nimbarkacharya]]
| rowspan=1 align=center |
| rowspan=1 align=center | 7th or 12th–13th century
| rowspan=1 align=center |
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Radha Krishna]]
|-
| rowspan="7" align="center" | [[Sant (religion)|Sant]] ([[Sant Mat]]) traditions
| rowspan="7" align="center" |
| rowspan="7" align="center" |
| rowspan="7" align="center" |
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Warkari|Warkari Sampradaya]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | 13th century
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Dnyaneshwar]] (Jñāneśvar){{refn|group=note|Gavin Flood notes that Jñāneśvar is sometimes regarded as the founder of the Warkari sect, but that Vithoba-worship predates him.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=143}}}}
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vithoba]] ([[Krishna]])
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | 14th century
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Ramananda]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Rama]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Bishnoi Panth]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | 1485 CE
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Guru Jambheshwar]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vishnu]] ([[Narayana]]/[[Hari]]) and [[Lakshami]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Kabir panth]]{{sfn|Dandekar|1987}}<ref name=britannica_Kabir>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kabir-Indian-mystic-and-poet ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Kabir"] Accessed: 23 April 2019</ref>
| rowspan=1 align=center | 15th century
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Kabir]], a disciple of Ramananda
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vishnu]], [[Narayana]], [[Govinda]],<ref>{{cite book |page=661 |title=The Ādi-Granth, Or: The Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs |editor=Ernst Trumpp |quote=On my tongue Vishnu, in my eyes Narayana, in my heart dwells Govinda.}} [[Adi Granth]] IV.XXV.I</ref> [[Rama]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | Dadu panth{{sfn|Dandekar|1987}}
| rowspan=1 align=center | 16th–17th century
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Dadu Dayal]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | non-sectarian
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Pranami Sampradaya]]
| rowspan="1" |17th century
| rowspan="1" |Devchandra Maharaj
| rowspan="1" |[[Krishna]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |Charan Dasi
| rowspan="1" |18th century{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002a|p=143}}
| rowspan="1" |[[Sant Charandas]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Radha Krishna]]
|-
| rowspan="10" align="center" | Other traditions
| rowspan="10" align="center" |
| rowspan="10" align="center" |
| rowspan="10" align="center" |
| rowspan="1" align="center" | [[Odisha|Odia]] Vaishnavism ([[Jagannath]]ism){{sfnm|1a1=Mukherjee|1y=1981|1p= |2a1=Eschmann|2a2=Kulke|2a3=Tripathi|2y=1978|2p=|3a1=Hardy|3y=1987|3pp=387–392|4a1=Patnaik|4y=2005|4p=|5a1=Miśra|5y=2005|5loc=chapter 9. Jagannāthism|6a1=Patra|6y=2011|6p=}}
| rowspan="1" align="center" | [[Early Middle Ages]]
| rowspan="1" align="center" |
| rowspan="1" align="center" | [[Jagannath]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Mahanubhava|Mahanubhava Sampradaya]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | 12–13th century
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Chakradhar Swami|Chakradhara]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | Pancha-[[Krishna]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]] ([[tantra|tantric]])
| rowspan=1 align=center | 15th century
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vidyapati]], [[Chandidas]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Radha Krishna]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Ekasarana Dharma]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | 15th–16th century
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Srimanta Sankardeva|Srimanta Sankaradeva]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Krishna]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | 16th century
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Radha]], [[Radha Krishna]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | 1801
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Swaminarayan]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Swaminarayan]],
[[Radha Krishna]],
[[Lakshmi Narayana]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Ramsnehi Sampradaya]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | 1817
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Ram Charan (guru)|Ram Charan]] (inspirator)
| rowspan=1 align=center | Rama
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Kapadi|Kapadi Sampradaya]]
| rowspan=1 align=center |
| rowspan=1 align=center |
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Rama]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | Haridasi Sampradaya<ref>{{cite book|title=Krishna in History, Thoughts and Culture|year=2016|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ|pages=222–224|author=Lavanya Vemsani|publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=9781610692113 }}</ref>
|rowspan=1 align=center |16th century
|rowspan=1 align=center |
[[Swami Haridas]]
|rowspan=1 align=center |[[Radha Krishna]], [[Banke Bihari Temple|Banke Bihari]]
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Balmikism]]
| rowspan=1 align=center |
| rowspan=1 align=center | Sage [[Valmiki]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Rama]], [[Valmiki]]
|}

===Early traditions===

====Bhagavats====
The Bhagavats were the early worshippers of Krishna, the followers of ''Bhagavat'', the Lord, in the person of [[Krishna]], [[Vasudeva]], [[Vishnu]] or [[Bhagavan]].{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=123–124}} The term ''bhagavata'' may have denoted a general religious tradition or attitude of theistic worship which prevailed until the 11th century, and not a specific sect,{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=123}}{{sfn|Welbon|2005a|p=9501}} and is best known as a designation for Vishnu-devotees.{{sfn|Welbon|2005a|p=9501}} The earliest scriptural evidence of Vaishnava bhagavats is an inscription from 115 BCE, in which [[Heliodorus pillar|Heliodoros]], ambassador of the Greco-Bactrian king Amtalikita, says that he is a bhagavata of
Vasudeva.{{sfn|Welbon|2005a|p=9502}} It was supported by the Guptas, suggesting a widespread appeal, in contrast to specific sects.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=123–124}}
{{Infobox artifact
| image = [[File:Heliodorus pillar.jpg|250px]]
| name = Heliodorus pillar
| image_caption = [[Heliodorus pillar]] in [[Vidisha]], India.
| material =
| size =
| writing =
| created =
| period = late 2nd century BCE
| place = [[Vidisha]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.
| discovered_coords =
| location = [[Vidisha]], India
| map = {{Location map|India
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|float = center
|border =
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|AlternativeMap=
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|label =Heliodorus pillar
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|lat_deg = 23
|lat_min = 32
|lat_sec = 59
|lat_dir = N
|lon_deg = 77
|lon_min = 48
|lon_sec = 00
|lon_dir = E
}}
| id =
| registration =
}}

====Pancaratra====
{{Main|Pancaratra|Narayana}}

The ''Pāñcarātra'' is the tradition of Narayana-worship.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=121}} The term ''pāñcarātra'' means "five nights," from ''pañca'', "five,"and ''rātra'', "nights,"{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=321–322}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=121}} and may be derived from the "five night sacrifice" as described in the ''Satapatha Brahmana'', which narrates how Purusa-Narayana intends to become the highest being by performing a sacrifice which lasts five nights.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=121}}

The ''Narayaniya'' section of the Mahabharata describes the ideas of the ''Pāñcarātras''.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=121}} Characteristic is the description of the manifestation of the Absolute through a series of manifestations, from the ''vyuha'' manifestations of Vasudeva and pure creation, through the [[tattvas]] of mixed creation into impure or material creation.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=121–122}}

The ''Pāñcarātra Samhitas'' developed from the 7th or 8th century onward, and belongs to [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamic]] or Tantras,<ref>{{Citation |year=1940 |title=Apabhraṃśa literature |series=Gaekwad Oriental Series |volume=86 |page=7 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000530964}}</ref>{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=122}} setting them at odds with vedic orthodoxy.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=122–123}} Vishnu worshipers in south India still follow the system of Pancharatra worship as described in these texts.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=122}}

Although the ''Pāñcarātra'' originated in north India, it had a strong influence on south India, where it is closely related with the Sri Vaishnava tradition. According to Welbon, "''Pāñcarātra'' cosmological and ritual theory and practice combine with the unique vernacular devotional poetry of the Alvars, and Ramanuja, founder of the Sri Vaishnava tradition, propagated ''Pāñcarātra'' ideas."{{sfn|Welbon|2005b|p=9509}} Ramananda was also influenced by ''Pāñcarātra'' ideas through the influence of Sri Vaishnavism, whereby ''Pāñcarātra'' re-entered north India.{{sfn|Welbon|2005b|p=9509}}

====Vaikhanasas====
{{Main|Vaikhanasas}}

The Vaikhanasas are associated with the ''Pāñcarātra'', but regard themselves as a Vedic orthodox sect.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=123}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gonda |first=Jan |year=1977 |title=Religious Thought and Practice in Vaikhānasa Viṣṇuism |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=550–571 |jstor=616501 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00045912|s2cid=154419403 }}</ref> Modern ''Vaikhanasas'' reject elements of the ''Pāñcarātra'' and ''Sri Vaishnava'' tradition, but the historical relationship with the orthodox ''Vaikhanasa'' in south India is unclear.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} The ''Vaikhanasas'' may have resisted the incorporation of the devotic elements of the Alvar tradition, while the ''Pāñcarātras'' were open to this incorporation.{{sfn|Welbon|2005b|p=9509}}

Vaikhanasas have their own foundational text, the ''Vaikhanasasmarta Sutra'', which describes a mixture of Vedic and non-Vedic ritual worship.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=123}} The Vaikhanasas became chief priests in a lot of south Indian temples, where they still remain influential.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=123}}

===Early medieval traditions===

====Smartism====
{{Main|Smarta Tradition}}

The Smarta tradition developed during the (early) Classical Period of Hinduism around the beginning of the Common Era, when Hinduism emerged from the interaction between Brahmanism and local traditions.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013}}{{sfn|Flood|1996}} According to Flood, Smartism developed and expanded with the [[Purana]]s genre of literature.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=113}} By the time of Adi Shankara,{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013}} it had developed the ''pancayatanapuja'', the worship of five shrines with five deities, all treated as equal, namely [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Ganesha]], [[Surya]] and [[Durga|Devi]] (Shakti),{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=113}} "as a solution to varied and conflicting devotional practices."{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013}}

Traditionally, Sri Adi Shankaracharya (8th century) is regarded as the greatest teacher and reformer of the Smarta.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=1017}}{{sfn|Popular Prakashan|2000|p=52}} According to Hiltebeitel, Adi Shankara Acharya established the nondualist interpretation of the Upanishads as the touchstone of a revived ''smarta'' tradition.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013}}{{refn|group=note|Hiltebeitel: "Practically, Adi Shankara Acharya fostered a rapprochement between Advaita and ''smarta'' orthodoxy, which by his time had not only continued to defend the ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varnasramadharma]]'' theory as defining the path of ''karman'', but had developed the practice of ''pancayatanapuja'' ("five-shrine worship") as a solution to varied and conflicting devotional practices. Thus one could worship any one of five deities (Vishnu, Siva, Durga, Surya, Ganesa) as one's ''istadevata'' ("deity of choice")."{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013}}}}

====Alvars====
[[File:Nammazhwar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nammalvar]]]]
{{Main|Alvars}}

The Alvars, "those immersed in god," were twelve{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=131}} [[Tamil people|Tamil]] poet-saints of [[South India]] who espoused [[bhakti]] (devotion) to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]] or his [[avatar]] [[Krishna]] in their songs of longing, ecstasy and service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahavidya.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Nippard-Andrea-The-Alvars-Yes.pdf |title=The Alvars |author=Andrea Nippard |access-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001609/http://www.mahavidya.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Nippard-Andrea-The-Alvars-Yes.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Alvars appeared between the 5th century to the 10th century CE, though the Vaishnava tradition regards the Alvars to have lived between 4200 BCE - 2700 BCE.

The devotional writings of Alvars, composed during the early medieval period of [[History of Tamil Nadu|Tamil history]], are key texts in the [[bhakti movement]]. They praised the [[Divya Desam]]s, 108 "abodes" (temples) of the Vaishnava deities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Literature Through the Ages|url=http://ccrtindia.gov.in/literaryarts.htm|publisher=Indian literature, Govt of India|access-date=20 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515213735/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/literaryarts.htm|archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The collection of their hymns is known as the ''[[Divya Prabandha]]''. Their Bhakti-poems has contributed to the establishment and sustenance of a culture that opposed the ritual-oriented Vedic religion and rooted itself in devotion as the only path for salvation.<ref name="About Alvars">{{cite web| title=''About Alvars'' | publisher=divyadesamonline.com| url =http://www.divyadesamonline.com/alwars.asp| access-date= 2 July 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070621230057/http://www.divyadesamonline.com/alwars.asp  |archive-date = 21 June 2007}}</ref>

===Contemporary traditions===
Gavin Flood mentions the five most important contemporary Vaishnava orders.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=135}}

==== Nimbarka Sampradaya ====
{{Main|Nimbarka Sampradaya}}

Nimbarka Sampradaya, also called Kumara Sampradaya is one of the four bona fide Vaishnavism traditions. It worship [[Krishna]] with his chief consort, [[Radha]]. The tradition was founded by [[Nimbarkacharya]] in the 7th-8th or 12th-14th century CE. Nimbarka's philosophical position is dualistic monism and he centred all his devotion to the unified form of the divine couple [[Radha Krishna]] in Sakhya bhav.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sunil Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyyNIL7Ug2kC&q=chaitanya+charitamrit&pg=PA14 |title=Krishna-cult in Indian Art |date=1996 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-001-6 |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Sharda Arya, Sudesh Narang, ''Religion and Philosophy of the Padma-purāṇa: Dharmaśāstra.'' Miranda House (University of Delhi). Dept. of Sanskrit, India University Grants Commission, 1988. 547, p. 30</ref><ref>Melville T. Kennedy, ''The Chaitanya Movement: A Study of the Vaishnavism of Bengal'', 1925. 270, p. 7</ref>

====Sri Vaishnavism====
{{Main|Sri Vaishnavism}}

Sri Vaishnavism is one of the major denomination within Vaishnavism that originated in [[South India]], adopting the prefix ''Sri'' as an homage to Vishnu's consort, [[Lakshmi]].{{sfn|Matchett|2001}} The Sri Vaishnava community consists of both Brahmans and non-Brahmans.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=137–138}} It existed along with a larger Purana-based Brahamanical worshippers of Vishnu, and non-Brahmanical groups who worshipped and also adhered by non-Vishnu village deities.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=137–138}} The Sri Vaishnavism movement grew with its social inclusiveness, where emotional devotion to the personal god (Vishnu) has been open without limitation to gender or caste.<ref name="Bartley2013p1"/>{{refn|group=note|Vishnu is regionally called by other names, such as Ranganatha at Srirangam temple in Tamil Nadu.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=352}}}}

The most striking difference between Sri Vaishnavas and other Vaishnava groups lies in their interpretation of Vedas. While other Vaishnava groups interpret Vedic deities like Indra, Savitar, Bhaga, Rudra, etc. to be same as their Puranic counterparts, Sri Vaishnavas consider these to be different names/roles/forms of [[Narayana]], claiming that the entire Veda is dedicated for Vishnu-worship alone. Sri Vaishnavas have remodelled Pancharatra homas like the Sudarshana homa to include Vedic Suktas in them, thus giving them a Vedic outlook.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Sri Vaishnavism developed in [[Tamilakam]] in the 10th century.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=135–136}} It incorporated two different traditions, namely the tantric Pancaratra tradition, and the Puranic Vishnu worship of northern India with their abstract Vedantic theology, and the southern bhakti tradition of the Alvars of Tamil Nadu with their personal devotion.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=135–136}}<ref name="Bartley2013p1"/> The tradition was founded by [[Nathamuni]] (10th century), who along with [[Yamunacharya]], combined the two traditions and gave the tradition legitimacy by drawing on the Alvars.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=136}} Its most influential leader was [[Ramanuja]] (1017-1137), who developed the [[Visistadvaita|Vishistadvaita]] ("qualified non-dualism") philosophy.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=133, 136}} Ramanuja challenged the then dominant [[Advaita Vedanta]] interpretation of the Upanishads and Vedas, by formulating the Vishishtadvaita philosophy foundations for Sri Vaishnavism from Vedanta.<ref name="Bartley2013p1">{{cite book|author=C. J. Bartley |title=The Theology of Ramanuja: Realism and Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SpTAQAAQBAJ |date= 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-85306-7 |pages=1–4 }}</ref>

Sri Vaishnava includes the ritual and temple life in the tantra traditions of [[Pancharatra]], emotional devotion to Vishnu, and the contemplative form ''bhakti'', in the context of householder social and religious duties.<ref name="Bartley2013p1"/> The tantric rituals refers to techniques and texts recited during worship, and these include Sanskrit and Tamil texts in South Indian Sri Vaishnava tradition.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=352}} According to Sri Vaishnavism theology, ''moksha'' can be reached by devotion and service to the Lord and detachment from the world. When ''moksha'' is reached, the cycle of reincarnation is broken and the soul is united with Vishnu after death, though maintaining their distinctions in [[Vaikuntha]], Vishnu's abode.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=136–137}} Moksha can also be reached by total surrender and ''saranagati'', an act of grace by the Lord.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=137}} Ramanuja's Sri Vaishnavism subscribes to ''videhamukti'' (liberation in afterlife), in contrast to ''jivanmukti'' (liberation in this life) found in other traditions within Hinduism, such as the Smarta and Shaiva traditions.<ref name="Kim Skoog 1996 63–84, 236–239">{{cite book|author=Kim Skoog |editor1=Andrew O. Fort |editor2=Patricia Y. Mumme |title=Living Liberation in Hindu Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1EZjyLbxYAC |date= 1996 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn= 978-0-7914-2706-4|pages= 63–84, 236–239 }}</ref>

Two hundred years after Ramanuja, the Sri Vaishnava tradition split into the ''[[Vadakalai]]'' (northern art) and ''[[Tenkalai]]'' (southern art) sects. The ''Vadakalai'' regard the Vedas as the greatest source of religious authority, emphasising bhakti through devotion to temple-icons, while the ''Tenkalai'' rely more on Tamil scriptures and total surrender to God.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=137}} The philosophy of Sri Vaishnavism is adhered to and disseminated by the [[Iyengar]] community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frykenberg |first=Robert Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhRREAAAQBAJ&dq=iyengar+sri+vaishnava&pg=PA518 |title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present |date=2008-06-27 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-154419-4 |pages=518 |language=en}}</ref>

====Sadh Vaishnavism====
{{Main|Sadh Vaishnavism|Haridasa}}

Sadh Vaishnavism is one of the major denominations within Vaishnavism that originated in [[Karnataka]], [[South India]], adopting the prefix ''Sadh'' which means 'true'. Madhvacharya named his Vaishnavism as Sadh Vaishnavism in order to distinguish it from the Sri Vaishnavism of Ramanuja. Sadh Vaishnavism was founded by the thirteenth-century philosopher [[Madhvacharya]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0XqbG0LKBUC|publisher=SUNY Press|author=Guy L. Beck|year=2012|page=74|isbn = 9780791483411}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: Art, architecture and memoirs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZrpAAAAMAAJ|page=333|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|author=Suresh K. Sharma, Usha Sharma|year=1999|isbn = 9788176291552}}</ref> It is a movement in [[Hinduism]] that developed during its classical period around the beginning of the Common Era. Philosophically, Sadh Vaishnavism is aligned with [[Dvaita Vedanta]], and regards [[Madhvacharya]] as its founder or reformer.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy and Religion: A Continuing Series--, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uec1E8DpiH8C|author1=Nagendra Kr Singh|author2=A. P. Mishra|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|year=2005|page=99|isbn = 9788182200722}}</ref> The tradition traces its roots to the ancient [[Vedas]] and [[Pancharatra]] texts. The Sadh Vaishnavism or Madhva Sampradaya is also referred to as the [[Brahma Sampradaya]], referring to its traditional origins in the succession of spiritual masters (gurus) have originated from [[Brahma]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqYShQ12YdEC&pg=PA129|title=Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism|author=Harold Coward|publisher=SUNY Press|date=30 October 1987|page=129|isbn=9780887065729}}</ref>

In Sadh Vaishnavism, the creator is superior to the creation, and hence [[moksha]] comes only from the grace of [[Vishnu]], but not from effort alone.<ref>{{cite book|title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|author=Lavanya Vemsani|date = 13 June 2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|access-date=13 June 2016|page=165|isbn = 9781610692113}}</ref> Compared to other Vaishnava schools which emphasise only on Bhakti, Sadh Vaishnavism regards [[Jnana]], [[Bhakti]] and [[Vairagya]] as necessary steps for moksha. So in Sadh Vaishnavism {{mdash}} [[Jnana Yoga]], [[Bhakti Yoga]] and [[Karma Yoga]] are equally important in order to attain liberation. The [[Haridasa]] movement, a bhakti movement originated from [[Karnataka]] is a sub-branch of Sadh Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|pp=xxxii-xxxiii, 514–516, 539}} Sadh Vaishnavism worships Vishnu as the highest Hindu deity and regards [[Madhva]], whom they consider to be an incarnation of Vishnu's son, [[Vayu]], as an incarnate saviour.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia Americana: M to Mexico City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_gWAQAAMAAJ|page=59|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|year=2006|isbn = 9780717201396}}</ref> Madhvism regards Vayu as [[Vishnu]]'s agent in this world, and [[Hanuman]], [[Bhima]], and [[Madhvacharya]] to be his three incarnations; for this reason, the roles of Hanuman in the [[Ramayana]] and Bhima in the [[Mahabharata]] are emphasised, and Madhvacharya is particularly held in high esteem.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prāci-jyotī: Digest of Indological Studies, Volume 13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28A5AQAAIAAJ|page=245|publisher=Kurukshetra University|year=1977}}</ref> Vayu is prominently shown by Madhva in countless texts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madhva's Philosophy of the Viṣṇu Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GITXAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Dvaita Vedanta Studies and Research Founda|author=Helmuth von Glasenapp|year=1992|page=154}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Culture: Journal of the Indian Research Institute, Volume 3, Issues 3-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mBDAAAAYAAJ|year=1984|publisher=I.B. Corporation|page=505}}</ref>

The most striking difference between Sadh Vaishnavas and other Vaishnava groups lies in their interpretation of Vedas and their way of worship. While other Vaishnava groups deny the worship of Vedic deities such as Rudra, Indra etc., Sadh Vaishnavas worship all devatas including Lakshmi, Brahma, Vayu, Saraswati, Shiva (Rudra), Parvati, Indra, Subrahmanya and Ganesha as per "Taratamya". In fact, Madhvacharya in his Tantra Sara Sangraha clearly explained how to worship all devatas. In many of his works Madhvacharya also explained the Shiva Tattva, the procedure to worship Panchamukha [[Shiva]] (Rudra), the [[Om Namah Shivaya|Panchakshari Mantra]] and even clearly explained why everyone should worship Shiva. Many prominent saints and scholars of Sadh Vaishnavism such as [[Vyasatirtha]] composed "Laghu Shiva Stuti", [[Narayana Panditacharya]] composed [[Shiva Stuti]] and [[Satyadharma Tirtha]] wrote a commentary on [[Sri Rudram]] (Namaka Chamaka) in praise of Shiva. Indologist B. N. K. Sharma says These are positive proofs of the fact that Madhvas are not bigots opposed to the worship of Shiva.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=221}} Sharma says, Sadh Vaishnavism is more tolerant and accommodative of the worship of other gods such as [[Shiva]], [[Parvati]], [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya|Subrahmanya]] and others of the Hindu pantheon compared to other Vaishnava traditions. This is the reason why [[Kanaka Dasa]] though under the influence of Tathacharya in his early life did not subscribe wholly to the dogmas of [[Sri Vaishnavism]] against the worship of [[Shiva]] etc., and later became the disciple of [[Vyasatirtha]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=521}}

The influence of Sadh Vaishnavism was most prominent on the Chaitanya school of [[Bengal]] Vaishnavism, whose devotees later started the devotional movement on the worship of [[Krishna]] as [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] ([[ISKCON]]) - known colloquially as the [[Hare Krishna Movement]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} It is stated that [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (1496–1534) was a disciple of Isvara Puri, who was a disciple of Madhavendra Puri, who was a disciple of Lakshmipati Tirtha, was a disciple of [[Vyasatirtha]] (1469–1539), of the Sadh Vaishnava Sampradaya of Madhvacharya.<ref>[https://gaudiya.com/pdf/Is_the_Gaudiya_Vaishnava_sampradaya_connected_to_the_Madhva_line.pdf Connection between Gaudiya and Madhva Sampradayas](pdf)</ref> The Madhva school of thought also had a huge impact on Gujarat Vaishnava culture.<ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State: Udupi District|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGiex76a5-kC|author=S. Anees Siraj|publisher=Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Gazetteer Department|year=2012|page=192}}</ref> The famous bhakti saint of Vallabha Sampradaya, [[Swami Haridas]] was a direct disciple of [[Purandara Dasa]] of Madhva Vaishnavism. Hence Sadh Vaishnavism also have some influence on Vallabha's Vaishnavism as well.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of South Indian Literature, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6QpAQAAIAAJ|author=Madhubālā Sinhā|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=2009|isbn = 9788126137404|quote=The foremost Hindustani Musician Tansen's teacher Swami Haridas was Purnadara Daasa's disciple.}}</ref>

====Gaudiya Vaishnavism====
{{Main|Gaudiya Vaishnavism}}

{{See also|Manipuri Vaishnavism}}

Gaudiya Vaishnavism, also known as Chaitanya Vaishnavism<ref>[http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Encounter/foreword.html Hindu Encounter with Modernity, by Shukavak N. Dasa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511154723/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Encounter/foreword.html |date=11 May 2008 }} "</ref> and Hare Krishna, was founded by [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (1486–1533) in India. "Gaudiya" refers to the [[Gauḍa region]] (present day [[Bengal]]/[[Bangladesh]]) with Vaishnavism meaning "the worship of [[Vishnu]] or [[Krishna]]". Its philosophical basis is primarily that of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and [[Bhagavata Purana]].

The focus of Gaudiya Vaishnavism is the devotional worship (''[[bhakti]]'') of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]], and their many divine [[incarnations]] as the supreme forms of [[God]], ''[[Svayam Bhagavan]]''. Most popularly, this worship takes the form of singing Radha and Krishna's [[holy]] names, such as "Hare", "Krishna" and "Rama", most commonly in the form of the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)]], also known as [[kirtan]]. It sees the many forms of Vishnu or Krishna as expansions or incarnations of the one Supreme God.

After its decline in the 18-19th century, it was revived in the beginning of the 20th century due to the efforts of [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]]. His son Srila [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura]] founded sixty-four Gaudiya Matha monasteries in India, Burma and Europe.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=130}} Thakura's disciple [[Srila Prabhupada]] went to the west and spread Gaudiya Vaishnavism by the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON).

The [[Manipuri Vaishnavism]] is a regional variant of Gaudiya Vaishnavism with a culture-forming role among the [[Meitei people]] in the north-eastern Indian state of [[Manipur]].{{sfn|Singh|2004|pp=125–132}} There, after a short period of [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramaism]] penetration, Gaudiya Vaishnavism spread in the early 18th century, especially from beginning its second quarter. Raja [[Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)|Gharib Nawaz (Pamheiba)]] was initiated into the Chaitanya tradition. Most devotee ruler and propagandist of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, under the influence of [[Narottama Dasa|Natottama Thakura]]'s disciples, was raja [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Bhagyachandra]], who has visited the holy for the Chaytanyaits [[Nabadwip]].{{sfn|Singh|2004|p=128}}

====Warkari tradition====
{{Main|Warkari}}

The Warkari sampradaya is a non-[[Brahmanism|Brahamanical]]{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Zelliot|Berntsen|1988|p=xviii}}: "Varkari cult is rural and non-Brahman in character.", {{harvnb|Sand|1990|p=34}}: "the more or less anti-ritualistic and anti-brahmanical attitudes of Warkari sampradaya."}} bhakti tradition which worships [[Vithoba]], also known as Vitthal, who is regarded as a form of Krishna/Vishnu. Vithoba is often depicted as a dark young boy, standing arms akimbo on a brick, sometimes accompanied by his main consort Rakhumai (a regional name of Krishna's wife [[Rukmini]]). The Warkari-tradition is geographically associated with the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Glushkova|2000|pp=47–58}}

The Warkari movement includes a duty-based approach towards life, emphasising moral behaviour and strict avoidance of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] and [[tobacco]], the adoption of a strict [[lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] diet and fasting on ''[[Ekadashi]]'' day (twice a month), self-restraint (''[[brahmacharya]]'') during [[student]] life, equality and humanity for all rejecting discrimination based on the [[caste system in India|caste system]] or wealth, the reading of [[Hindu texts]], the recitation of the ''[[Haripath]]'' every day and the regular practice of ''[[bhajan]]'' and ''[[kirtan]]''. The most important festivals of Vithoba are held on the eleventh (''ekadashi'') day of the lunar months" [[Shayani Ekadashi]] in the month of [[Ashadha]], and [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]] in the month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]].{{sfn|Glushkova|2000|pp=47–58}}

The Warkari poet-saints are known for their devotional lyrics, the [[abhang]], dedicated to Vithoba and composed in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Other devotional literature includes the Kannada hymns of the Haridasa, and Marathi versions of the generic [[aarti]] songs associated with rituals of offering light to the deity. Notable saints and [[guru]]s of the Warkaris include [[Jñāneśvar]], [[Namdev]], [[Chokhamela]], [[Eknath]], and [[Tukaram]], all of whom are accorded the title of [[Sant (religion)|Sant]].

Though the origins of both his cult and his main temple are debated, there is clear evidence that they already existed by the 13th century. Various [[indology|Indologists]] have proposed a prehistory for Vithoba worship where he was previously a [[hero stone]], a pastoral deity, a manifestation of [[Shiva]], a [[Jain monasticism|Jain saint]], or even all of these at various times for various devotees.

====Ramanandi tradition====
{{main|Ramananda|Ramanandi Sampradaya}}

The Ramanandi Sampradaya, also known as the Ramayats or the Ramavats,{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=254}} is one of the largest and most egalitarian Hindu sects in India, around the [[Ganges Plain]], and Nepal today.{{sfn| Burghart |1983|p=362}} It mainly emphasises the worship of [[Rama]],{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=254}} as well as [[Vishnu]] directly and other incarnations.{{sfn|Tattwananda|1984|p=10}} Most Ramanandis consider themselves to be the followers of [[Ramananda]], a [[Vaishnava]] saint in medieval India.{{sfn|Raj|Harman|2007|p=165}} Philosophically, they are in the [[Vishishtadvaita]] ([[IAST]] {{IAST|Viśiṣṭādvaita}}) tradition.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=254}}

Its ascetic wing constitutes the largest Vaishnava [[Hindu monasticism|monastic order]] and may possibly be the largest monastic order in all of India.<ref>{{citation|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia |year=1999}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}}</ref> {{IAST|Rāmānandī}} ascetics rely upon meditation and strict ascetic practices and believe that the grace of god is required for them to achieve liberation.

====Northern Sant tradition====
{{Main|Sant Mat|Kabir panth|Dadu Dayal}}

[[Kabir]] was a 15th-century Indian [[Mysticism|mystic]] [[poet]] and [[Sant (religion)|sant]], whose writings influenced the [[Bhakti movement]], but whose verses are also found in Sikhism's scripture [[Adi Granth]].<ref name=britannica_Kabir /><ref name="Tinker1990"/><ref name=ronaldsikh>Ronald McGregor (1984), Hindi literature from its beginnings to the nineteenth century, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-447-02413-6}}, p. 47</ref> His early life was in a Muslim family, but he was strongly influenced by his teacher, the Hindu bhakti leader [[Ramananda]], he becomes a Vaishnavite with universalist leanings. His followers formed the [[Kabir panth]].<ref name=britannica_Kabir />{{sfn|Dandekar|1987}}<ref name=ronald>Ronald McGregor (1984), Hindi literature from its beginnings to the nineteenth century, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-447-02413-6}}, pp. 43–44</ref><ref name="Tinker1990">{{cite book |author=Hugh Tinker|title=South Asia: A Short History |url=https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink|url-access=registration |year=1990 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1287-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/75 75–77]}}</ref><ref>Rekha Pande (2014), Divine Sounds from the Heart—Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices, Cambridge Scholars, {{ISBN|978-1-4438-2525-2}}, p. 77</ref>

[[Dadu Dayal]] (1544—1603) was a poet-sant from [[Gujarat]], a religious reformer who spoke against formalism and priestcraft. A group of his followers near [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, forming a Vaishnavite denomination that became known as the Dadu Panth.{{sfn|Dandekar|1987}}<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Dadu-Hindu-saint "Dadu (Hindu saint)"] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' Online. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</ref>

====Other traditions====
=====Odia Vaishnavism=====
{{See also|Jagannath}}
The [[Odisha|Odia]] Vaishnavism ({{a.k.a.}} Jagannathism)—the particular cult of the god [[Jagannath]] ({{lit|'Lord of the Universe'}}) as the supreme deity, an abstract form of Krishna, the [[Purushottama]], and [[Para Brahman]]—was origined in the [[Early Middle Ages]].{{sfnm|1a1=Mukherjee|1y=1981|1p= |2a1=Eschmann|2a2=Kulke|2a3=Tripathi|2y=1978|2p=|3a1=Hardy|3y=1987|3p=|4a1=Guy|4y=1992|4p=|5a1=Patnaik|5y=2005|5p=|6a1=Miśra|6y=2005|6loc=chapter 9. Jagannāthism|6
7a1=Patra|7y=2011|7p=}} Jagannathism was a regional state temple-centred version of [[Krishnaism]],{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}} but can also be regarded as a non-sectarian syncretic Vaishnavite and all-Hindu cult.{{sfnm|1a1=Patnaik|1y=2005|1p=|2a1=Miśra|2y=2005|2loc=chapter 9. Jagannāthism}} The notable [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] in [[Puri]], Odisha became particularly significant within the tradition since about 800 CE.{{sfn|Bryant|2007|pp=139–141}}

=====Mahanubhava Sampradaya=====
{{Main|Mahanubhava}}

The Mahanubhava Sampradaya/Pantha founded in [[Maharashtra]] during the period of 12-13th century. Sarvajna [[Chakradhar Swami]] a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] acharya was the main propagator of this Sampradaya. The Mahanubhavas venere Pancha-[[Krishna]] ("five Krishnas"). Mahanubhava Pantha played essential role in the growth of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] literature.{{sfnm|1a1=Feldhaus|1y=1983|1p=|2a1=Hardy|2y=1987|2pp=387–392|3a1=Dalal|3y=2010|3loc=Mahanubhava}}

=====Sahajiya and Baul tradition=====
{{Main|Vaishnava-Sahajiya|Baul}}

Since the 15th century in Bengal and [[Assam]] flourished [[Tantra|Tantric]] Vaishnava-Sahajiya inspired by Bengali poet [[Chandidas]], as well as related to it Baul groups, where Krishna is the inner divine aspect of man and Radha is the aspect of woman.{{sfnm|1a1=Das|1y=1988|2a1=Sardella|2a2=Wong|2y=2020|2loc=part 2}}

=====Ekasarana Dharma=====
{{Main|Ekasarana Dharma}}

The Ekasarana Dharma was propagated by [[Sankardev|Srimanta Sankardev]] in the [[Assam]] region of India.It considers [[Krishna]] as the only God.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Golaghat village people walk extra mile to preserve sacred puthi|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-golaghat-village-people-walk-extra-mile-to-preserve-sacred-puthi.html|date=3 May 2019 |newspaper=Nenow|department=City: Guwahati |agency=TNN |access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|Satras]] are institutional centres associated with the Ekasarana dharma.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. M. Dubey|title=North East India: A Sociological Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkR4Fv37URkC&pg=PA189 |year=1978|publisher=Concept |pages=189–193 }}</ref>{{sfn|Sarma|1966|ps=. {{full citation needed|date=February 2021}}}}

=====Radha-vallabha Sampradaya=====
{{Main|Radha Vallabh Sampradaya}}

The [[Radha]]-centred Radha Vallabh Sampradaya founded by the [[Mathura]] bhakti poet-saint [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]] in the 16th century occupies a unique place among other traditions. In its theology, Radha is worshiped as the supreme deity, and Krishna is in a subordinate position.{{sfnm|1a1=Rosenstein|1y=1998|1pp=5–18 |2a1=Beck|2y=2005a|2pp=65–90}}

=====Pranami Sampradaya=====
{{Main|Pranami|Pranami Sampraday}}

The Pranami Sampradaya (Pranami Panth) emerged in the 17th century in [[Gujarat]], based on the Radha-Krishna-focussed syncretic Hindu-[[Islam]]ic teachings of Devchandra Maharaj and his famous successor, Mahamati Prannath.{{sfnm|1a1=Dalal|1y=2010|1loc=Pranami Panth|2a1=Toffin|2y=2012|2pp=249–254}}

=====Swaminarayan Sampradaya=====
{{Main|Swaminarayan Sampradaya}}

The Swaminarayan Sampradaya was founded in 1801 in [[Gujarat]] by [[Swaminarayan|Sahajanand Swami]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]], who is worshipped as [[Swaminarayan]], the supreme manifestation of God, by his followers. The first temple built in [[Ahmedabad]] in 1822.{{sfn|Williams|2001}}

==Vaishnavism and other Hindu traditions table==
The Vaishnavism sampradayas subscribe to various philosophies, are similar in some aspects and differ in others. When compared with Shaivism, Shaktism and Smartism, a similar range of similarities and differences emerge.<ref name="JanGondaVandS"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of Vaishnavism with other traditions
|-
! !! style="background: #ffcc99;" | Vaishnava Traditions !! Shaiva Traditions !! Shakta Traditions !! Smarta Traditions || References
|-
|Scriptural authority || Vedas and Upanishads || Vedas and Upanishads || Vedas and Upanishads ||Vedas and Upanishads ||<ref name=ryanjonesavatar/><ref name="Dhavamony1999p33"/>
|-
|Supreme deity || Vishnu as [[Mahavishnu]] or Krishna as [[Vishvarupa|Vishwarupa]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}|| Shiva as [[Parashiva]] ,{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}|| Devi as [[Adi Parashakti]] ,{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}|| None, Varies ||<ref name="JanGondaVandS">{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|title=Visnuism and Sivaism: A Comparison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HGXjgEACAAJ |year=1970|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4742-8080-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Partridge |title=Introduction to World Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AjAwAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-0-8006-9970-3|page=182}}</ref>
|-
|Creator || Vishnu || Shiva || Devi || Brahman principle ||<ref name="JanGondaVandS"/>{{sfn|Gupta|2013|pp=65–71}}
|-
|[[Avatar]] || Key concept || Minor || Significant || Minor ||<ref name="ryanjonesavatar"/><ref name=laiengavatar>{{cite book |author=Lai Ah Eng |title=Religious Diversity in Singapore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MmNaNebFD8C |year=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore|isbn=978-981-230-754-5|page=221 }}</ref><ref name="Dhavamony2002p63">{{cite book|author=Mariasusai Dhavamony |title=Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poUxxH4fPwwC |year=2002|publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-1510-4 |page=63 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sannyasa|Monastic]] life || Accepts || Recommends || Accepts || Recommends ||<ref name=ryanjonesavatar/><ref>Stephen H Phillips (1995), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8126-9298-3}}, p. 332 with note 68</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Patrick| last=Olivelle|year=1992|title= The Samnyasa Upanisads|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-507045-3| pages=4–18}}</ref>
|-
|Rituals, [[Bhakti]] ||Affirms ||Optional, Varies{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=162–167}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaivas |url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/shaiv.html|website=Overview Of World Religions |publisher=Philtar |access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Munavalli|first1=Somashekar|title=Lingayat Dharma (Veerashaiva Religion)|date=2007|publisher=Veerashaiva Samaja of North America|page=83|url=http://www.vsna.org/images/publications/lingayat-dharma-april-2007.pdf|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626074912/http://www.vsna.org/images/publications/lingayat-dharma-april-2007.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Affirms || Optional<ref>{{cite book|author=Prem Prakash|title=The Yoga of Spiritual Devotion: A Modern Translation of the Narada Bhakti Sutras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oA7BLTFoOicC |year=1998|publisher=Inner Traditions|isbn=978-0-89281-664-4|pages=56–57}}</ref> ||<ref>{{cite journal | last=Frazier | first=J. | title=Bhakti in Hindu Cultures | journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies | volume=6 | issue=2 | year=2013 | pages=101–113 | doi=10.1093/jhs/hit028}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ahimsa]] and Vegetarianism || Affirms, Optional, Varies || Recommends,{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=162–167}} Optional || Optional || Recommends, Optional || <ref>{{cite book|author1=Lisa Kemmerer |author2=Anthony J. Nocella |title=Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq70lgRwlRQC |year=2011|publisher=Lantern |isbn=978-1-59056-281-9|pages=27–36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Frederick J. Simoons |title=Plants of Life, Plants of Death |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUAbrBoeBAC|year=1998|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-15904-7|pages=182–183}}</ref>
|-
|[[Free will]], [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]], [[Karma]] || Affirms || Affirms || Affirms || Affirms ||<ref name="JanGondaVandS"/>
|-
|Metaphysics || [[Brahman]] (Vishnu) and [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Soul, Self) || Brahman (Shiva), Atman || Brahman (Devi), Atman || Brahman, Atman ||<ref name="JanGondaVandS"/>
|-
|[[Epistemology]] ([[Pramana]]) || {{olist |Perception |Inference |Reliable testimony}} || {{olist |Perception |Inference |Reliable testimony |Self-evident<ref>{{cite book|author=K. Sivaraman |title=Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1blW4-yY20C |year=1973|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1771-5 |pages=336–340}}</ref>}} || {{olist |Perception |Inference |Reliable testimony}} || {{olist |Perception |Inference |Comparison and analogy |Postulation, derivation |Negative/ cognitive proof |Reliable testimony}} ||<ref>John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3067-5}}, p. 238</ref>{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=225}}<ref>Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-8153-3611-2}}, pp. 245–248</ref>
|-
|Philosophy (Darshanam)||[[Vishishtadvaita]] (qualified Non dualism), [[Dvaita]] (Dualism), [[Shuddhadvaita]] (Pure Non Dualism), [[Dvaitadvaita]] (Dualistic Non Dualism), [[Advaita]] (Non Dualism), [[Achintya Bhedabheda]] (Non Dualistic Indifferentiation) || [[Vishishtadvaita]], [[Advaita]] || [[Samkhya]], Shakti-Advaita || [[Advaita]] ||<ref>{{cite book|last= McDaniel |first=June |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC | year =2004| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-534713-5| pages=89–91 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Matthew James Clark|title=The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages Into an Order|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DXAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-15211-3|pages=177–225}}</ref>
|-
|Salvation ([[Soteriology]])|| Videhamukti, [[Yoga]], champions householder life, Vishnu is soul || Jivanmukta, Shiva is soul, [[Yoga]], champions monastic life || Bhakti, Tantra, [[Yoga]]|| Jivanmukta, Advaita, [[Yoga]], champions monastic life ||<ref name="Kim Skoog 1996 63–84, 236–239"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Rajendra Prasad |title=A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC |year=2008|publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-8069-544-5 |page=375 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Demography==
There is no data available on demographic history or trends for Vaishnavism or other traditions within Hinduism.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/ The global religious landscape: Hindus], Pew Research (2012)</ref>

Estimates vary on the relative number of adherents in Vaishnavism compared to other traditions of Hinduism.{{refn|group=note|Website Adherents.com gives numbers as of year 1999.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19990819112057/http://adherents.com/adh_branches.html#Hinduism Hinduism - Branches]}}</ref>}} [[Klaus Klostermaier]] and other scholars estimate Vaishnavism to be the largest Hindu denomination.<ref>{{cite book|author1=L. Dankworth|author2=A. David|title=Dance Ethnography and Global Perspectives: Identity, Embodiment and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sijFAgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-00944-9|page=33}}, Quote: "Klostermaier 1998, p. 196 Vaishnavite—devotees of the deity Vishnu, and the largest, numerically, part of mainstream Hinduism, which is divided up into several sects."</ref>{{Sfn|Rosen|2006|p=xvi}}<ref name=johnson400/>{{refn|group=note|According to Jones and Ryan, "The followers of Vaishnavism are many fewer than those of Shaivism, numbering perhaps 200 million."<ref name="JonesRyan2006p474"/>{{dubious|date=February 2022}}}} The denominations of Hinduism, states Julius Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy, individuals revere gods and goddesses [[Henotheism#Hinduism|polycentrically]], with many Vaishnava adherents recognising Sri (Lakshmi), Shiva, Parvati and others reverentially on festivals and other occasions. Similarly, Shaiva, Shakta and Smarta Hindus revere Vishnu.<ref>[[Julius J. Lipner]] (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-45677-7}}, pp. 40–41, 302–315, 371–375</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin Flood|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99868-7|pages=200–203}}</ref>

Large Vaishnava communities exist throughout India, and particularly in Western Indian states, such as western [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]] and Southwestern [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Klostermaier" /><ref name=Valpey2004 /> Other major regions of Vaishnava presence, particularly after the 15th century, are [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal|Bengal]] and northeastern India ([[Assam]], [[Manipur]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=David Gordon White |title=Tantra in Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hayV4o50eUEC |date=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1778-4 |pages=308–311 }}</ref> Dvaita school Vaishnava have flourished in [[Karnataka]] where Madhavacharya established temples and monasteries, and in neighbouring states, particularly the [[Pandharpur]] region.<ref>{{cite book|author=B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma |title=A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature: From the Earliest Beginnings to Our Own Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVtpFMPMulcC |year=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1575-9 |pages=514–521 }}</ref> Substantial presence also exists in [[Tripura]] and [[Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reang or Bru Tribes |date=5 July 2018 |url=http://www.ias4sure.com/wikiias/prelims/reang-or-bru-tribes/ |publisher=ias4sure}}</ref>

Krishna-centred Vaishnavism also has a presence outside of India, especially through its association with 1960s counter-culture, which included a number of celebrity followers, such as [[George Harrison]], due to its promulgation worldwide by the founder-acharya of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) [[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]].<ref name="Fritz">{{cite book |author=RIDENOUR, Fritz |title=So What's the Difference? |publisher=Gospel Light Publications |year=2001 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-8307-1898-6 }}</ref><ref name="DK">{{cite book |author=Giuliano, Geoffrey |title=Dark horse: the life and art of George Harrison |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=New York |year=1997 |page=12 |isbn=978-0-306-80747-3}}</ref>{{sfn|Schweig|2005|loc=Front Matter}}

==Academic study==
Vaishnava theology has been a subject of study and debate for many devotees, philosophers and scholars within India for centuries. Vaishnavism has its own academic wing in [[University of Madras]] - Department of Vaishnavism.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to University of Madras|url=https://www.unom.ac.in/index.php?route=department/department/deptpage&deptid=73|access-date=2021-04-29|website=www.unom.ac.in}}</ref> In recent decades this study has also been pursued in a number of academic institutions in Europe, such as the [[Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies]], [[Bhaktivedanta College]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Hymns ==

===Mantras===
*[[Om Namo Narayanaya]]
*[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna Mantra]]
*[[Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya]]

=== Hails ===

* [[Jai Shri Ram]]
* [[Jai Shri Krishna]]
* [[Radhe Radhe]]
* [[Jai Siya Ram]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Religion}}
* [[Naalayira Divya Prabhandham|Divya Prabhandham]]
* [[Hindu denominations]]
* [[Lokhimon]], a Vaishnavism movement followed by the Karbi people of Northeast India
* [[Naneghat#Nanaghat inscriptions|Nanaghat Inscription]] – A 1st-century BCE Vaishnava inscription
* [[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription]] – A 1st-century CE inscription from Vaishnava temple

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=johnson400>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Todd M. |last2=Grim |first2=Brian J. |year=2013 |title=The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAzizViY30EC&q=Table+1.19 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-32303-8|page=400}}</ref>
<ref name=pdeussen247268>{{harvnb|Deussen|1997a|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC&pg=PA247 247–268 with footnotes]}}</ref>
<ref name=rosendeadwyler>{{Cite journal |author1=Steven Rosen |author2=William Deadwyler III |date=June 1996 |title=The Sampradaya of Sri Caitanya |url=http://content.iskcon.org/icj/4_1/satya_rsd.html |journal=[[ISKCON Communications Journal]] |volume=4 |issue=1}}</ref>
}}

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{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{Citation |last=Anand |first=D. |title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj |publisher=Abhinav Pubns |year=1992 |url={{Google books|id=EsvSwdUgQYcC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=978-81-7017-280-2}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brzezinski |first=J.K. |year=1992 |title=Prabodhananda, Hita Harivamsa and the Radharasasudhanidhi |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=472–497 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00003669 |jstor=620194 |s2cid=161089313}}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Datta |editor-first=Amaresh |year=1987 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC}}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Datta |editor-first=Amaresh |year=1992 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-0-8364-2283-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-wbAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Citation |last1=Elkman |first1=S.M. |last2=Gosvami |first2=J. |year=1986 |title=Jiva Gosvamin's Tattvasandarbha: A Study on the Philosophical and Sectarian Development of the Gaudiya Vaisnava Movement |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation |last=Hacker |first=Paul |year=1978 |title=Zur Entwicklung der Avataralehre |language=de |editor=Lambert Schmithausen |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-04860-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Hawley |first=John Stratton |year=2006 |title=Three Bhakti Voices. Mirabai, Surdas, and Kabir in Their Time and Ours |place=Oxford}} 2nd impression.
* {{cite book |surname=Hebbar |given=B.N. |title=The Śri-Kṛṣṇa Temple at Uḍupi: The History and Spiritual Center of the Madhvite Sect of Hinduism |year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/SriKrsnaTempleAtUdupi |place=New Delhi |publisher=Bharatiya Granth Nikethan |isbn=81-89211-04-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Mishra |first=Baba |chapter=Radha and her contour in Orissan culture |title=Orissan history, culture and archaeology. In Felicitation of Prof. P.K. Mishra |editor=S. Pradhan |series=Reconstructing Indian History & Culture |volume=16 |place=New Delhi |year=1999 |pages=243–259}}
* {{Citation |last=Mullick |first=Bulloram |year=1898 |title=Krishna and Krishnaism |publisher=S.K. Lahiri & Co}}
* {{cite book |surname=Okita |given=Kiyokazu |chapter=Chapter 15. Who are the Mādhvas? A Controversy over the Public Representation of the Mādhva Sampradāya |editor=John Zavos |display-editors=etal |title=Public Hinduisms |year=2012 |url={{Google books|uuuICwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |place=New Delhi |publisher=Sage Publ. India |isbn=978-81-321-1696-7}}
* {{cite journal |last=Redington |first=James D. |title=Elements of a Vallabhite Bhakti-synthesis |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=112 |date=1992 |issue=2 |pages=287–294 |doi=10.2307/603707 |jstor=603707}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinha |first=K.P. |title=A critique of A.C.Bhaktivedanta |location=Calcutta |year=1997}}
* {{Citation |last=Śrivastava |first=Vijai Shankar |year=1981 |title=Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume |publisher=Abhinav Publications}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vaishnavism ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Vaishnavism"]
*[http://www.vaishnavism.info/ Vaishnavism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906063405/https://vaishnavism.info/ |date=6 September 2019 }} (Tradition of Hinduism)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061029151913/http://hinduism.iskcon.com/tradition/1201.htm Vaishnavism] (Heart of Hinduism)
*[http://www.dvaita.org/docs/srv_faq.html Who is Vishnu? Vaishnava FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722155749/http://www.dvaita.org/docs/srv_faq.html |date=22 July 2010 }} (dvaita.org)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110920115837/http://www.nathamuni-alavandar.org/ Nathamuni-Alavandar.org - Dedicated to Shriman Nathamunigal and Shri Alavandar]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160404004557/http://vaishnavparivar.info/ Portal for Vaishnav] An Exclusive Portal dedicated to Vaishnavism
*[https://sites.google.com/site/vaishnavismeclass/ Portal for Vaishnavism eClass] Online elearning of Divya prabandham by themes.
*[https://www.thegaudiyatreasuresofbengal.com/2018/03/11/twenty-six-qualities-vaishnava/ 26 qualities of a Vaishnava]
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[[Category:Vaishnavism| ]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
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Tirupathi Prakash

2026-03-22T15:12:23Z

LesterKitamura4:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

'''Timmapuram Karanam Ravi Prakash Rao''', popularly known as '''Tirupathi Prakash''', is an Indian actor and comedian in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name="maastars">{{cite web|title=Profile of Tirupati Prakash|url=http://www.maastars.com/tirupati-prakash-profile/|website=maastars.com|publisher=Movie Artists Association|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022111757/http://www.maastars.com/tirupati-prakash-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/tirupathi-prakash-interesting-comments-on-pawan-kalyan-helping-894282.html|title=కళ్యాణ్ బాబు, నేను స్కూటర్ మీద తిరిగేవాళ్ళం.. చలిలో వణుకుతున్న పిల్లల్ని చూసి జేబులో మొత్తం డబ్బులు ఇచ్చేసి..|first1=10TV|last1=Telugu|first2=Saketh|last2=Nill|date=8 December 2024|website=10TV Telugu}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{expand list|date=September 2017}}
{{colbegin}}
* ''Nani'' (1992)
* ''Repati Koduku'' (1992)
* ''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (1992 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]'' (1993)
* ''Manavaralli Pelli'' (1993)
* ''[[Varasudu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Abbaigaru]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Alibaba Aradajanu Dongalu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Brahmachari Mogudu]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Aame]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Adavi Dora]]'' (1995)
* ''Adirindi Guru'' (1996)
* ''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Suswagatham]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Oka Chinna Maata]]'' (1997)
* ''Priyamaina Srivaru'' (1997)
* ''[[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Chiranjeevi`s Master (1997 film)|Master]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Jolly (film)|Jolly]]'' (1998) (Tamil)
* ''[[Pavitra Prema]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Aaha (1998 film)|Aaha]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Pape Naa Pranam]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Suprabhatam (1998 film)|Suprabhatam]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Krishna Babu]]'' (1999)
* ''Prema Kosam'' (2000) as Chandu's friend
* ''[[Manasunna Maaraju]]'' (2000)
*''[[Manasichanu]]'' (2000)
*''[[Ammo! Okato Tareekhu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Tholi Valupu]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Raa (film)|Raa]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Neetho Cheppalani]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Anveshana (2002 film)|Anveshana]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Nijam]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Villain (2003 film)|Villain]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Gudumba Shankar]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Shankar Dada MBBS]]'' (2004)
* ''[[786 Khaidi Premakatha]]'' (2005)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-786.html|title=Movie review - 786 (Khaidi Premakatha)|date=4 February 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117192014/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-786.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Mayajalam (2006 film)|Maayajaalam]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Bhookailas (2007 film)|Bhookailas]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]]'' (2007)
*''[[Maa Ayana Chanti Pilladu]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Black & White (2008 Telugu film)|Black & White]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Alasyam Amrutham]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Ranga The Donga]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Seema Tapakai]]'' (2011)
* ''Aa Marma'' (2012) (Kannada)
* ''[[Sevakudu]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Sukumarudu]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Malligadu Marriage Bureau]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Erra Bus]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Eluka Majaka]]'' (2016)
* [[Sita (2019 film)|''Sita'']] (2019) as Chandulal Seth
{{Colend}}

===Television===
{{expand list|date=January 2016}}
*''Sangharshana'' for [[ETV Telugu]]
* '' Viyyankulu'' for ETV
*''Mr. Romeo'' for [[Zee Telugu]]
*''Sambarala Rambabu'' for [[Maa TV]]
* ''[[Jabardasth (TV series)|Jabardasth]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Extra Jabardasth]]'' (2016)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0695176}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Tirupathi}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]

Jnanpith Award

2026-03-20T05:27:53Z

LesterKitamura4: general fix references to improve readability additionally and fixed typos per standard format

{{short description|Indian literary award}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Jnyanapeeth Award
| image = Jnanpith Award.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Citation plaque
| subheader = Award for individual contributions to Literature Instituted in 1961
| awarded_for = Literary award in India
| sponsor = [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]]
| firstawarded = 1965
| lastawarded = 2025
| reward = {{INRConvert|11|l|year=2015}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Vairamuthu]]
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 65
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[G. Sankara Kurup]]
| website = {{URL|jnanpith.net}}
}}

The '''Jnanpith Award''' is the oldest and the highest Indian literary award presented annually by the [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] to an author for their "outstanding contribution towards literature". Instituted in 1961, the award is bestowed only on Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the [[Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India]] and English,{{efn|name=lang|The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India consists of twenty-two languages viz. [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Malayalam]], [[Meithei language|Manipuri]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Santali language|Santhali]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Urdu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf|title=The Constitution of India: Eighth Schedule|access-date=15 May 2016|page=1|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>}} with no posthumous conferral.<ref name="scheme">{{cite web|url=http://jnanpith.net/sites/default/files//tmp/52nd%20Jnanpith%20Award.pdf|title=Proposal for the 52nd Jnanpith Award|date=18 April 2016|access-date=28 May 2016|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509005855/http://jnanpith.net/sites/default/files/tmp/52nd%20Jnanpith%20Award.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2016}}</ref>

From 1965 till 1981, the award was given to the authors for their "most outstanding work" and consisted of a citation plaque, a cash prize and a bronze replica of [[Saraswati]], the [[Hindu goddess]] of knowledge and wisdom.<ref name="JN">{{cite web|url=http://jnanpith.net/awards/jnanpith-award|title=Jnanpith Award @ Bharatiya Jnanpith|access-date=28 May 2016|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309070110/http://jnanpith.net/awards/jnanpith-award|archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/gujarati-writer-raghuveer-chaudhary-chosen-for-jnanpith-award/article8045501.ece|title=Gujarati writer Raghuveer Chaudhary chosen for Jnanpith Award|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 December 2015|access-date=22 May 2016|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216133705/http://www.thehindu.com/books/gujarati-writer-raghuveer-chaudhary-chosen-for-jnanpith-award/article8045501.ece|archive-date=16 December 2016}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/authors-publishers-and-members-of-award-juries-discuss-if-indian-literary-prizes-set-literary-standards/article6842116.ece|title=The prize is right?|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 January 2015|access-date=22 May 2016|author=Bhattacharji, Jaya Rose|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203083346/http://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/authors-publishers-and-members-of-award-juries-discuss-if-indian-literary-prizes-set-literary-standards/article6842116.ece|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="saraswati">{{cite web|url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/45Vasant_Panchami.pdf|title=Vasant Panchami, a celebration of Goddess Saraswati|publisher=Government of Odisha|access-date=28 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810072354/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/45Vasant_Panchami.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The first recipient of the award was the Malayalam writer [[G. Sankara Kurup]] who received the award in 1965 for his collection of poems, [[Odakkuzhal (Poetry)|Odakkuzhal]] (''The Bamboo Flute''), published in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Natarajan|first1=Nalini|last2=Nelson|first2=Emmanuel Sampath|editor-last1=Natarajan|editor-first1=Nalini|editor-last2=Nelson|editor-first2=Emmanuel Sampath|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA187|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=187|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707224951/https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA187|archive-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> The rules were revised in subsequent years to consider only works published during the preceding twenty years, excluding the year for which the award was to be given and the cash prize was increased to {{INRConvert|1.5|l|year=1981}} from 1981.<ref name="Datta">{{cite book |author=Datta, Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA298 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |page=298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822025440/https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA298 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{{As of|2015}}, the cash prize has been revised to {{INRConvert|11|l|year=2015}}. The award has been conferred upon 65 writers including eight women authors. In 1976, Bengali novelist [[Ashapoorna Devi]] became the first woman to win the award and was honoured for the 1965 novel ''[[Prothom Protishruti]]'' (''The First Promise''), the first in a trilogy.{{efn|The trilogy consists of ''Prothom Protishruti'', ''Subarnalata'', and ''Bakul Katha''.}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Surendran, K. V.|title=Indian Women Writers: Critical Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6t22x7xoG6AC&pg=PA163|year=1999|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-072-6|page=163|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930232527/https://books.google.com/books?id=6t22x7xoG6AC&pg=PA163|archive-date=30 September 2017}}
* {{cite book|author-link1=Roger T. Ames|last1=Ames|first1=Roger T.|last2=Kasulis|first2=Thomas P.|last3=Dissanayake|first3=Wimal|editor-last1=Ames|editor-first1=Roger T.|editor-last2=Kasulis|editor-first2=Thomas P.|editor-last3=Dissanayake|editor-first3=Wimal|title=Self as Image in Asian Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLQ0bTkUfJ8C|year=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2725-5|page=163|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203083346/https://books.google.com/books?id=uLQ0bTkUfJ8C|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>

==Background==

The [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]], a research and cultural institute founded in 1944 by industrialist [[Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain]] of the [[Sahu Jain family]], conceived an idea in May 1961 to start a scheme "commanding national prestige and of international standard" to "select the best book out of the publications in Indian languages". Later in November, Rama Jain, the Founder President of the Bharatiya Jnanpith, invited a few literary experts to discuss various aspects of the scheme. Jain along with [[Kaka Kalelkar]], [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]], [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]], [[Jainendra Kumar]], [[Jagdish Chandra Mathur]], Prabhakar Machwe, Akshaya Kumar Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain presented the initial draft to the then [[President of India]] [[Rajendra Prasad]] who had shown interest in the scheme's implementation. The idea was also discussed at the 1962 annual sessions of the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad|All India Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] and the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad.

On 2 April 1962, around 300 writers of various Indian languages were invited to Delhi for the two sessions conducted by [[Dharamvir Bharati]] in which the draft was finalised and later presented to Prasad. The first award selection committee meeting was scheduled on 16 March 1963 and Prasad was appointed as its president.<ref name="JN"/> However, Prasad died on 28 February 1963 and thus the scheduled meeting was chaired by Kalelkar and [[Sampurnanand]] acted as president of the committee.<ref name="JN"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/nation-honours-dr-rajendra-prasad-on-his-53rd-death-anniversary/20160228.htm|title=Nation honours Dr Rajendra Prasad on his 53rd death anniversary|work=Rediff.com|date=28 February 2016|access-date=29 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502175508/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/nation-honours-dr-rajendra-prasad-on-his-53rd-death-anniversary/20160228.htm|archive-date=2 May 2016}}</ref>

The first Selection Board consisted of Kalelkar, [[Niharranjan Ray]], [[Karan Singh]], [[R. R. Diwakar]], [[V. Raghavan]], [[B. Gopal Reddy]], [[Harekrushna Mahatab]], Rama Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain and was headed by Sampurnanand. Works that were published between 1921 and 1951 were considered for the first award. The nine language committees that were formed were to submit to the board nominations along with translations of the work into Hindi or English. The final round had four authors; [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] (Bengali), [[D. V. Gundappa]] (Kannada), [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]] (Telugu), and [[G. Sankara Kurup]] (Malayalam). On 19 November 1966, Kurup was presented with the citation, statue of [[Saraswati]], and a cheque for prize of {{INRConvert|1|l|lk=|year=1966}} at a ceremony held at [[Vigyan Bhavan]], Delhi.{{efn|The Malayalam language committee headed by [[N. V. Krishna Warrier]] submitted an undisputed nomination of Kurup's work ''Odakkuzhal'' although the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] opined that no work in Malayalam language was worthy of the inaugural prize.<ref name=Bhaskaramenon/>}} In his acceptance speech, Kurup appreciated the concept of the new award and thanked it for bringing "integration of the diverse people of this land on a spiritual plane".<ref name=Bhaskaramenon>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3_dIkCdTcsC&pg=PR11|title=Sweet, Gentle, Radiant: Selected Poems of G. Sankara Kurup|page=xi|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2001|author=Krishnakumar, Bhaskaramenon|isbn=978-81-260-1341-8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807124316/https://books.google.com/books?id=p3_dIkCdTcsC&pg=PR11|archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>

==Rules and selection process==

The nominations for the award are received from various literary experts, teachers, critics, universities, and numerous literary and language associations. Every three years, an advisory committee is constituted for each of the languages.<ref name="JN"/> The language of the most recent recipient's work is not eligible for consideration for the next two years.<ref name="scheme"/> Each committee consists of three literary critics and scholars of their respective languages. All the nominations are scrutinised by the committee and their recommendations are submitted to the Jnanpith Award Selection Board.

The Selection Board consists of between seven and eleven members of "high repute and integrity". Each member is part of the committee for a term of three years which can also be extended further for two more terms.<ref name="JN"/> The recommendations of all language advisory committees are evaluated by the board based on complete or partial translations of the selected writings of the proposed writers into Hindi or English. The recipient for a particular year is announced by the Selection Board, which has final authority in selection.<ref name="scheme"/>

==List of recipients==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
|align=center style="width:50px;background-color:#CEE8F0"|†
|Indicates a joint award for the given year
|}

[[File:G.shankarakurup.jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[G. Sankara Kurup]] was the first recipient of the award.]]

[[File:Pratibha_Devisingh_Patil_presenting_the_Rajat_Kamal_Award_to_Shri_Vairamuthu_for_the_Best_Lyrics_(Tamil_Thenmerkku_Paruvakkatru),_at_the_58th_National_Film_Awards_function,_in_New_Delhi_on_September_09,_2011_(cropped).jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[Vairamuthu]] is the most recent recipient of the award.]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of award recipients, showing the year, and language(s)<ref name="jnanpith">{{cite web|title=Jnanpith Laureates|url=http://www.jnanpith.net/page/jnanpith-laureates|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|access-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714004820/http://jnanpith.net/page/jnanpith-laureates|archive-date=14 July 2016}}</ref>
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Refs./Notes|References and notes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1965 {{small|(1st)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|G. Sankara|Kurup}}
| {{sort|Malayalam}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''Odakkuzhal''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-jnanpith-award/220855|title=The Jnanpith Award: All the past awardees from 1965 to now.|magazine=Outlook India|date=25 July 2003|access-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611135156/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-jnanpith-award/220855|archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1966 {{small|(2nd)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tarasankar|Bandyopadhyay}}
| {{sort|Bengali|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''[[Ganadevata (novel)|Ganadevta]]''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0" rowspan=2 | 1967 {{small|(3rd)}} †
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Umashankar|Joshi}}
| {{sort|Gujarati|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''Nishitha''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kuppali Venkatappa|Puttappa 'Kuvempu'|Kuvempu}}
| {{sort|Kannada}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''[[Sri Ramayana Darshanam]]''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1968 {{small|(4th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sumitranandan|Pant}}
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''Chidambara''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1969 {{small|(5th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Firaq|Gorakhpuri}}
| {{sort|Urdu}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''Gul-e-Naghma''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1970 {{small|(6th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Viswanatha|Satyanarayana}}
| {{sort|Telugu|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''[[Ramayana Kalpavruksham]]u''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1971 {{small|(7th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bishnu|Dey}}
| {{sort|Bengali|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''Smriti Satta Bhavishyat''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1972 {{small|(8th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ramdhari|Singh 'Dinkar'|Ramdhari Singh Dinkar}}
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''Urvashi''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0" rowspan=2 | 1973 {{small|(9th)}} †
! scope="row" | {{sortname|D. R.|Bendre}}
| {{sort|Kannada}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''Nakutanti''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gopinath|Mohanty}}
| {{sort|Odia|[[Odia language|Odia]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''Matimatal''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1974 {{small|(10th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vishnu Sakharam|Khandekar}}
| {{sort|Marathi|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''[[Yayati (novel)|Yayati]]''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1975 {{small|(11th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Akilan}}
| {{sort|Tamil|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''Chitttrappavai''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1976 {{small|(12th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashapoorna|Devi}}
| {{sort|Bengali|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''[[Prothom Protishruti|Pratham Pratisruti]]''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1977 {{small|(13th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. Shivaram|Karanth}}
| {{sort|Kannada}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''[[Mookajjiya Kanasugalu (novel)|Mookajjiya Kanasugalu]]''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1978 {{small|(14th)}}
! scope="row" | [[Agyeya|Sachchidananda Vatsyayan 'Agyeya']]
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''Kitni Navon Men Kitni Bar''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1979 {{small|(15th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Birendra Kumar|Bhattacharya}}
| {{sort|Assamese|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''Mrityunjay''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1980 {{small|(16th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. K.|Pottekkatt}}
| {{sort|Malayalam}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''[[Oru Desathinte Katha]]''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1981 {{small|(17th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amrita|Pritam}}
| {{sort|Punjabi|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{efn|Awarded for ''Kagaj te Canvas''.}}<ref name="outlook1965-2001"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1982 {{small|(18th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mahadevi|Varma}}
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" |
{{efn|Awarded for [[Yāmā (poetry collection)|Yāmā]]. In 1982, when Mahadevi Varma received it for her poetry collection Yāmā it did not adhere to the earlier criterion of recognizing a single work. Instead, it represented a collection of selected poems highlighting her overall contribution rather than a singular creation.}}<ref name="JP82">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130505/jsp/calcutta/story_16858588.jsp|title=Poet's visual expression|date=5 May 2013|access-date=22 May 2016|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |author=Soumitra Das |author2=Sreyoshi Dey |author3=Showli Chakraborty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629224647/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130505/jsp/calcutta/story_16858588.jsp|archive-date=29 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1983 {{small|(19th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Masti Venkatesha|Iyengar}}
| {{sort|Kannada}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP83">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Literary-Trust-Launches-Programme-to-Honour-Masti/2015/06/10/article2857923.ece|title=Literary Trust Launches Programme to Honour Masti|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=10 June 2015|access-date=22 May 2016|author=Vasudev, Chetana Divya|location=Gavipuram|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611161109/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Literary-Trust-Launches-Programme-to-Honour-Masti/2015/06/10/article2857923.ece|archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1984 {{small|(20th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Thakazhi Sivasankara|Pillai}}
| {{sort|Malayalam}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP84">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19850831-novelist-thakazhi-sivasankara-pillai-gets-coveted-jnanpith-award-for-1984-801908-2014-01-03|title=Crowning achievement|magazine=India Today|date=4 January 2014|access-date=22 May 2016|author=Pillai, Sreedhar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624223214/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/novelist-thakazhi-sivasankara-pillai-gets-coveted-jnanpith-award-for-1984/1/354421.html|archive-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1985 {{small|(21st)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pannalal|Patel}}
| {{sort|Gujarati|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{sfn|Sabharwal|2007|p=234}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1986 {{small|(22nd)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sachidananda|Routray}}
| {{sort|Odia|[[Odia language|Odia]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP86">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/08/22/stories/2004082201361100.htm|title=Sachidananda Routray passes away|date=22 August 2004|access-date=22 May 2016|location=Bhubaneswar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203083346/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/08/22/stories/2004082201361100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1987 {{small|(23rd)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vishnu Vaman|Shirwadkar 'Kusumagraj'|Kusumagraj}}
| {{sort|Marathi|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{sfn|Sabharwal|2007|p=222}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1988 {{small|(24th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C. Narayana|Reddy}}
| {{sort|Telugu|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP88">{{cite news|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130418/news-current-affairs/article/telugu-writer-ravuri-bharadwaja-honoured-jnanpith-award|title=Telugu writer Ravuri Bharadwaja honoured with Jnanpith award|access-date=22 May 2016|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|location=Hyderabad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924160855/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130418/news-current-affairs/article/telugu-writer-ravuri-bharadwaja-honoured-jnanpith-award|archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1989 {{small|(25th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Qurratulain|Hyder}}
| {{sort|Urdu}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP89">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/aini-apa-1927-2007/235376|title=Aini Apa (1927–2007)|magazine=Outlook India|date=21 August 2007|access-date=22 May 2016|author=Naim, C. M.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611174323/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/aini-apa-1927-2007/235376|archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1990 {{small|(26th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vinayaka Krishna|Gokak}}
| {{sort|Kannada}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP90">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19911130-jnanpith-for-1990-awarded-to-well-known-kannada-writer-vinayak-krishna-gokak-815157-1991-11-29|title=Jnanpith for 1990 awarded to well-known Kannada writer Vinayak Krishna Gokak|magazine=India Today|date=30 November 1991|access-date=22 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624174238/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jnanpith-for-1990-awarded-to-well-known-kannada-writer-vinayak-krishna-gokak/1/319139.html|archive-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1991 {{small|(27th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Subhash|Mukhopadhyay|dab=poet}}
| {{sort|Bengali|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP91">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030709/asp/bengal/story_2146569.asp|title=Everyman's poet bids final farewell: Obituary [Subhas Mukhopadhyay]|date=9 July 2003|access-date=22 May 2016|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210134/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030709/asp/bengal/story_2146569.asp|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1992 {{small|(28th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Naresh|Mehta}}
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{sfn|Sabharwal|2007|p=250}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1993 {{small|(29th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sitakant|Mahapatra}}
| {{sort|Odia|[[Odia language|Odia]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP93">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/agenda/books/the-spirit-of-poetry.html|title=The Spirit of Poetry|newspaper=The Pioneer|author=Srivastava, K. K.|date=1 March 2015|access-date=22 May 2016|location=Bangalore|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701004132/http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/agenda/books/the-spirit-of-poetry.html|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1994 {{small|(30th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|U. R.|Ananthamurthy}}
| {{sort|Kannada}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP94">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UR-Ananthamurthy-renowned-Kannada-writer-dies-in-Bangalore/articleshow/40697927.cms|title=UR Ananthamurthy, renowned Kannada writer, dies in Bangalore|newspaper=The Times of India|author=Rao, Sunitha. R.|date=22 August 2014|access-date=22 May 2016|location=Bangalore|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923073546/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UR-Ananthamurthy-renowned-Kannada-writer-dies-in-Bangalore/articleshow/40697927.cms|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1995 {{small|(31st)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. T. Vasudevan|Nair}}
| {{sort|Malayalam}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{sfn|Sabharwal|2007|p=262}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1996 {{small|(32nd)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mahasweta|Devi}}
| {{sort|Bengali|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP96">{{cite press release|title=Mahasweta Devi and Habib Tanvir appointed as National Research Professors|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=16092|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|date=2 March 2006|access-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611042747/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=16092|archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1997 {{small|(33rd)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ali Sardar|Jafri}}
| {{sort|Urdu}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP97">{{cite press release|title=The Prime Minister Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee presenting the 33rd Jnanpith Award|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/phtgalry/pgyr98/pg0698/0806981.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|date=5 June 1998|access-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510123531/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/phtgalry/pgyr98/pg0698/0806981.html|archive-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1998 {{small|(34th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Girish|Karnad}}
| {{sort|Kannada}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP98">{{cite press release|title=The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee presenting the prestigious Jnanpith Award for the year 1998|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/phtgalry/pg0399/pg30mr99/3003992.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|date=27 March 1999|access-date=21 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510123525/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/phtgalry/pg0399/pg30mr99/3003992.html|archive-date=10 May 2017}}
* {{cite magazine|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1603/16031170.htm|title=The multi-faceted playwright|magazine=Frontline|volume=16|issue=3|year=1999|author=Menon, Parvathi|location=Bangalore|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922233330/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1603%2F16031170.htm|archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0" rowspan=2 | 1999 {{small|(35th)}} †
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nirmal|Verma}}
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP99">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/11/stories/0211000b.htm|title=Nirmal Verma, Gurdial Singh jointly get Jnanpith Award|date=11 March 2000|access-date=20 May 2016|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203083155/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/11/stories/0211000b.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurdial|Singh}}
| {{sort|Punjabi|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP99"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2000 {{small|(36th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mamoni Raisom|Goswami}}
| {{sort|Assamese|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP00">{{cite press release|title=The Vice President Shri Krishan Kant presenting the 36th Bhartiya Jnanpith Award|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/phtgalry/pgyr2002/pg022002/pg24feb2002/240220022.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|date=24 February 2002|access-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510123536/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/phtgalry/pgyr2002/pg022002/pg24feb2002/240220022.html|archive-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2001 {{small|(37th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajendra|Shah|dab=author}}
| {{sort|Gujarati|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP01">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/07/18/stories/2003071803681200.htm|title=Third Gujarati to win Jnanpith|date=18 July 2003|access-date=20 May 2016|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040229105134/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/07/18/stories/2003071803681200.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=29 February 2004}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2002 {{small|(38th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Jayakanthan}}
| {{sort|Tamil|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP02">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jnanpith-award-for-Jayakanthan/articleshow/1056950.cms|title=Jnanpith award for Jayakanthan|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 March 2005|access-date=20 May 2016|location=New Delhi/Chennai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203083355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jnanpith-award-for-Jayakanthan/articleshow/1056950.cms|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2003 {{small|(39th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vinda|Karandikar}}
| {{sort|Marathi|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP03">{{cite press release|title=President's address at the conferment of 39th Jnanpith Award for 2003|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=19789|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|date=10 August 2006|access-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040801/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=19789|archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2004 {{small|(40th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rehman|Rahi}}
| {{sort|Kashmiri|[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP04">{{cite press release|url=http://jnanpith.net/images/40thJnanpith_Declared.pdf|title=40th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Kashmiri Poet Shri Rahman Rahi|date=9 March 2007|access-date=21 May 2016|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407121508/http://jnanpith.net/images/40thJnanpith_Declared.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2005 {{small|(41st)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kunwar|Narayan}}
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP0506">{{cite press release|url=http://www.jnanpith.net/images/Press-Release-41st-&-42nd-Awards.pdf |title=41st Jnanpith Award to Eminent Hindi Poet Shri Kunwar Narayan and 42nd Jnanpith Award jointly to Eminent Konkani Poet and Author Shri Ravindra Kelekar and Sanskrit Poet and Scholar Shri Satya Vrat Shastri |date=22 November 2008 |access-date=21 May 2016 |publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215175046/http://www.jnanpith.net/images/Press-Release-41st-%26-42nd-Awards.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0" rowspan=2 | 2006 {{small|(42nd)}} †
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravindra|Kelekar}}
| {{sort|Konkani|[[Konkani language|Konkani]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP0506"/>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satya Vrat|Shastri}}
| {{sort|Sanskrit}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP0506"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2007 {{small|(43rd)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|O. N. V.|Kurup}}
| {{sort|Malayalam}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP07">{{cite press release|title=Prime Minister's Speech at The Conferment of 43rd Jnanpith Award at Thiruvananthapuram|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=69774|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|date=11 February 2011|access-date=21 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040706/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=69774|archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2008 {{small|(44th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Akhlaq Mohammed|Khan 'Shahryar'|Akhlaq Mohammed Khan}}
| {{sort|Urdu}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP08">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/doyen-of-urdu-poetry-shahryar-presented-jnanpith-award/article2467289.ece|title=Doyen of Urdu poetry Shahryar presented Jnanpith Award|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 September 2011|access-date=20 May 2016|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620053503/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/doyen-of-urdu-poetry-shahryar-presented-jnanpith-award/article2467289.ece|archive-date=20 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0" rowspan=2 | 2009 {{small|(45th)}} †
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Amarkant}}
| rowspan=2|{{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center"| <ref name="JP09">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2470528.ece?homepage=true|title=Amar Kant, Shrilal Shukla, Kambar win Jnanpith Award|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 September 2011|access-date=20 May 2016|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103102912/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2470528.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shrilal|Shukla}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP09"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2010 {{small|(46th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chandrashekhara|Kambara}}
| {{sort|Kannada}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP10">{{cite press release|title=Address of the Hon'ble President on the Occasion of Conferring the Jnanapith Award for the Year 2010 on Dr.Chandrashekhara Kambar|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=88353|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|date=11 October 2012|access-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210917/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=88353|archive-date=10 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2011 {{small|(47th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pratibha|Ray}}
| {{sort|Odia|[[Odia language|Odia]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP11">{{cite press release|title=Speech by the President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee at the presentation of 47th Jnanpith Award to Dr. Pratibha Ray|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=96155|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|date=22 May 2013|access-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610212433/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=96155|archive-date=10 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2012 {{small|(48th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravuri|Bharadhwaja}}
| {{sort|Telugu|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP12">{{cite web|url=http://www.jnanpith.net/sites/default/files/Press%20Release%2048th%20Jnanpith%20Award.pdf|title=48th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Telugu Littérateur Shri Ravuri Bharadhwaja|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|date=17 April 2013|access-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060721/http://www.jnanpith.net/sites/default/files/Press%20Release%2048th%20Jnanpith%20Award.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2013 {{small|(49th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kedarnath|Singh}}
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP13">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kedarnath-singh-chosen-for-jnanpith/article6135361.ece|title=Kedarnath Singh chosen for Jnanpith|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 June 2014|access-date=20 May 2016|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707045937/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kedarnath-singh-chosen-for-jnanpith/article6135361.ece|archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2014 {{small|(50th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhalchandra|Nemade}}
| {{sort|Marathi|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP14">{{cite web|url=http://jnanpith.net/sites/default/files/50th%20Jnanpith%20Award%20to%20Eminent%20Marathi%20Litterateur%20Shri%20Bhalachandra%20Nemade.pdf|title=50th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Marathi Littérateur Shri Bhalchandra Nemade|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|date=6 February 2015|access-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611165857/http://jnanpith.net/sites/default/files/50th%20Jnanpith%20Award%20to%20Eminent%20Marathi%20Litterateur%20Shri%20Bhalachandra%20Nemade.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2015 {{small|(51st)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Raghuveer|Chaudhari}}
| {{sort|Gujarati|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP15">{{cite web|url=http://jnanpith.net/sites/default/files/tmp/51stJnanpithAwardDeclared.pdf|title=51st Jnanpith Award to Eminent Gujarati Littérateur Shri Raghuveer Chaudhari|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|date=29 December 2015|access-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123170516/http://jnanpith.net/sites/default/files//tmp/51stJnanpithAwardDeclared.pdf|archive-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2016 {{small|(52nd)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shankha|Ghosh}}
| {{sort|Bengali|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP16">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-acclaimed-bengali-poet-shankha-ghosh-to-get-2016-jnanpith-award-2285768|title=Acclaimed Bengali poet Shankha Ghosh to get 2016 Jnanpith Award|newspaper=Daily News Analysis|date=23 December 2016|access-date=23 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223115010/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-acclaimed-bengali-poet-shankha-ghosh-to-get-2016-jnanpith-award-2285768|archive-date=23 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2017 {{small|(53rd)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname| Krishna |Sobti}}
| {{sort|Hindi|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP17">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/hindi-writer-krishna-sobti-chosen-for-jnanpith-award/article19976100.ece|title=Hindi writer Krishna Sobti chosen for Jnanpith Award|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 November 2017|access-date=6 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203083346/http://www.thehindu.com/books/hindi-writer-krishna-sobti-chosen-for-jnanpith-award/article19976100.ece|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2018 {{small|(54th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname| Amitav |Ghosh}}
| {{sort|English|[[Indian English|English]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="JP18">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/author-amitav-ghosh-honoured-with-54h-jnanpith-award/articleshow/67093276.cms|title=Author Amitav Ghosh honoured with 54h Jnanpith award|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 December 2018|access-date=14 December 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214160559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//india/author-amitav-ghosh-honoured-with-54h-jnanpith-award/articleshow/67093276.cms|archive-date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2019 {{small|(55th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname| Akkitham Achuthan|Namboothiri}}
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news|title=Malayalam poet Akkitham wins 55th Jnanpith Award|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/malayalam-poet-akkitham-wins-55th-jnanpith-award/article30116908.ece|location=New Delhi|date=29 November 2019|access-date=25 August 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915182355/https://www.thehindu.com/books/malayalam-poet-akkitham-wins-55th-jnanpith-award/article30116908.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center| 2020 {{small|(56th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nilamani|Phookan}}
| {{sort|Assamese|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref name="JPAK">{{cite web |last=Srikanth |first=Swarna |title=Damodar Mauzo wins Jnanpith Award, here's all you need to know about the renowned Goan writer |website=Free Press Journal |date=2021-12-07 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/damodar-mauzo-wins-jnanpith-award-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-renowned-goan-writer |access-date=2026-03-14}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jnanpith |url=http://jnanpith.net/laureates.html?id=3 |access-date=6 Sep 2023 |website=Jnanpith dot net |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003072538/http://www.jnanpith.net/laureates.html?id=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center| 2022 {{small|(57th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Damodar|Mauzo}}
| {{sort|Konkani|[[Konkani language|Konkani]]}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/damodar-mauzo-wins-jnanpith-award-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-renowned-goan-writer|title=Damodar Mauzo wins Jnanpith Award, here is all you need to know about the renowned goan writer|work=FreePress Journal.in|date=7 December 2021|access-date=8 December 2021|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207120709/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/damodar-mauzo-wins-jnanpith-award-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-renowned-goan-writer|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0" rowspan=2 | 2023 {{small|(58th)}} †
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rambhadracharya}}
| {{sort|Sanskrit}}
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{cite news|title=Gulzar, Sanskrit scholar Rambhadracharya selected for Jnanpith Award|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/gulzar-rambhadracharya-jnanpith-award-9166698|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 February 2024|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=17 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217112144/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/gulzar-rambhadracharya-jnanpith-award-9166698/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Gulzar}}
| {{sort|Urdu}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref name="Gulzar, Sanskrit scholar Rambhadracharya selected for Jnanpith Award">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |date=17 February 2024 |title=Gulzar, Sanskrit scholar Rambhadracharya selected for Jnanpith Award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gulzar-sanskrit-scholar-rambhadracharya-selected-for-jnanpith-award/article67857170.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217151932/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gulzar-sanskrit-scholar-rambhadracharya-selected-for-jnanpith-award/article67857170.ece |archive-date=17 February 2024 |access-date=17 February 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center| 2024 {{small|(59th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vinod Kumar|Shukla}}
|{{sort|Hindi|[[Hindi]]}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=Hindi writer Vinod Kumar Shukla selected for 59th Jnanpith award Nation |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/hindi-writer-vinod-kumar-shukla-selected-for-59th-jnanpith-award-1868419 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center| 2025 {{small|(60th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Vairamuthu}}
|{{sort|Tamil|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |title=Vairamuthu wins Jnanpith Award, third Tamil writer to receive honour |website=The Hindu |date=2026-03-14 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vairamuthu-wins-jnanpith-award-third-tamil-writer-to-receive-honour/article70743018.ece |access-date=2026-03-14}}</ref>
|-
|}
[[File:Jnanpith Map.png|alt=Jnanpith Award visualization on map|thumb|290x290px|Jnanpith Award visualization on map]]

==Jnanpith recipients by language==
Out of twenty-three eligible languages, the award has been presented for works in sixteen languages. The 66 Jnanpith awardees from 1965 to 2025 wrote in the following languages:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language
! Number
|-
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| 12
|-
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| 8
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| rowspan=2|6
|-
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| 5
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| rowspan=3|4
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| rowspan=3|3
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| rowspan=3|2
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-
| [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| rowspan=2|1
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Moortidevi Award]], another annual literary honor, regarded as the second highest,<ref>{{cite web | title=Hara Parasad das gets Moortidevi Award | work=The Pioneer | url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/hara-parasad-das-gets-moortidevi-award.html }}</ref> and also awarded by the Bharatiya Jnanpith.
* [[Saraswati Samman]], a similar literary award in Indian languages conferred by the [[K. K. Birla Foundation]].

==Notes==
{{notelist|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Sabharwal|first=Gopa|title=India Since 1947: The Independent Years|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKySGJAGVEQC|isbn=978-0-14-310274-8|page=392}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Tarasankar|language=hi|title=Ganadevta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RDsf_R-tm4C|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith|year=2009|isbn=978-81-263-1675-5|edition=17}}
* {{cite book|last=Pant|first=Sumitranandan|language=hi|title=Chidambara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnyUXCkYCfsC|year=1991|publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan|isbn=978-81-267-0491-0|page=353}}
* {{cite book|last=Gorakhpuri|first=Firaq|title=Gul-e-Naghma|translator-last=Raza|translator-first=Jafar|language=hi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQl9MVn-PdwC|year=2008|publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8031-285-4|page=278}}
* {{cite book|last=Dinkar|first=Ramdhari Singh|language=hi|title=उर्वशी: खण्ड काव्य|trans-title=Urvashi: Poetic Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZ6oBQAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Bhartiya Sahitya|isbn=978-1-61301-343-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Khandekar|first=Vishnu Sakharam|translator-last=Kulkarni|translator-first=Y. P.|title=Yayati: A Classic Tale of Lust|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=quX57xnaGaoC|year=1978|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|isbn=978-81-222-0428-5|page=258}}
* {{cite book|last=Devi|first=Ashapurna|translator-last=Chowdhury|translator-first=Indira|title=Pratham Pratisruti|trans-title=The First Promise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2pWwv9DDQEC|year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2650-1|page=541}}
* {{cite book|last=Karanth|first=K. Shivarama|title=Mookajjiya Kanasugalu|trans-title=Dreams of Mookajji|language=kn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0URBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Sapna Book House|isbn=978-81-7285-062-3|page=279}}
* {{cite book|last=Vatsyayan|first=Sachchidananda|title=Kitni Navon Mein Kitni Baar|language=hi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cm0z2PcsGc0C|year=2000|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-0073-0|page=100}}
* {{cite book|last=Pritam|first=Amrita|translator=Shanta|title=Kagaz Aur Canvas|trans-title=Paper and Canvas|language=hi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRrSY8R4kdUC|year=1989|publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan|isbn=978-81-267-0492-7|page=155}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jnanpith Award}}

* {{Official website|http://jnanpith.net/}}

{{Jnanpith Award|state=collapsed}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1961]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award|*]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Delhi]]

Bheeshma Parvam

2026-03-11T14:12:33Z

LesterKitamura4: cleaned up layout as per guidelines

{{short description|2022 film directed by Amal Neerad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bheeshma Parvam
| image = Bheeshma.Parvam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Amal Neerad]]
| story =
| producer = Amal Neerad
| writer = Amal Neerad Devadath Shaji Ravisankar RJ Murugan (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Soubin Shahir]] [[Sreenath Bhasi]] [[Shine Tom Chacko]] [[Farhaan Faasil]] [[Sudev Nair]]
| music = [[Sushin Shyam]]
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| studio = [[Amal Neerad Productions]]
| cinematography = Anend C. Chandran
| distributor = A & A Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|03|3|ref1=<ref name="sri50-2022">{{cite tweet|user=sri50|number=1491754734343966725|title=Bheeshma Parvam Teaser Tomorrow at 6 PM. Worldwide Release On March 3|date=10 February 2022|access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 144 minutes{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = {{estimated}} {{INR}}88.1 [[crore]]<ref name="asianetnews.com" />
}}

'''''Bheeshma Parvam''''' ({{Translation|The Chapter of [[Bheeshma]]}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/theatres-gear-up-as-mammootty-s-bheeshma-parvam-and-dulquer-s-hey-sinamika-all-set-to-lock-horns-1.7310725|title=Theatres gear up as Mammootty's 'Bheeshma Parvam' and Dulquer's 'Hey Sinamika' all set to lock horns|website=[[Mathrubhumi News]]|date=3 March 2022 |access-date=3 March 2022|quote=Mammootty fans had been waiting impatiently for the release of the action thriller ‘Bheeshma Parvam’ directed by Amal Neerad.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mammootty-turns-71-from-rorschach-to-bilal-a-look-at-megastars-action-packed-lineup/articleshow/94050521.cms?from=mdr|title=Mammootty turns 71! From 'Rorschach' to 'Bilal', a look at megastar's action-packed lineup|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022|quote=His 2022 action thriller ‘Bheeshma Parvam’ was a roaring success and went on to gross over Rs 80 crore worldwide.}}</ref> produced, written, and directed by [[Amal Neerad]]. The film stars [[Mammootty]] in the lead role along with a supporting cast of [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Farhaan Faasil]], [[Sudev Nair]], [[Nadhiya]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Jinu Joseph]], [[Harish Uthaman]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[KPAC Lalitha]], [[Veena Nandakumar]], [[Srindaa]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], and [[Anagha (actress)|Anagha]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the team working on Mammootty starrer 'Bheeshma Parvam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meet-the-team-working-on-mammootty-starrer-bheeshma-parvam/articleshow/81126712.cms|newspaper=Times Of India|access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> The film is co-written by Amal Neerad along with Devadath Shaji, [[Ravisankar]] and Additional Dialogues Written by RJ Murukan.

Amal Neerad and Mammootty were planning to film ''Bilal'', the sequel to ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]'', however due to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]], the project was delayed and they decided to collaborate for a small-scale film.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 February 2021|title=Mammootty's Bheeshma Parvam begins shooting in Kochi?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-bheeshma-parvam-begins-shooting-in-kochi/articleshow/80921115.cms|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sushin Shyam]] composed the soundtrack, whilst the editing and cinematography were handled by [[Vivek Harshan]] and Anend C. Chandran, respectively.

''Bheeshma Parvam'' was released on 3 March 2022 and received positive reviews from critics who praised the cast performances (especially Mammootty, Soubin Shahir and Shine Tom Chacko), direction, screenwriting, action sequences, cinematography, and music, but criticised its pace and runtime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title='Bheeshma Parvam' film review: Amal Neerad's grand, classy tribute to Mammootty and 'The Godfather' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/mar/04/bheeshma-parvam-film-review-amal-neerads-grand-classy-tribute-to-mammootty-and-the-godfather-2426003.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film broke many box office records for a Malayalam film, crossing the ₹50 crore (US$6.6 million) mark on the 6th day of its release.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 March 2022|title='Bheeshma Parvam' first week box office collection: Mammootty starrer crosses Rs. 50 crores worldwide|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bheeshma-parvam-first-week-box-office-collection-mammootty-starrer-crosses-rs-50-crores-worldwide/articleshow/90095713.cms|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2022 |title=The Week That Was! Mammootty To Bhavana, M-Town Celebs Who Made Headlines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/the-week-that-was-mammootty-to-bhavana-m-town-celebs-who-made-headlines/photostory/90187113.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''Bheeshma Parvam'' grossed over {{INRConvert|86|c|lk=on}}.{{efn|115 crore is the total amount collected by the film including external revenues like satellite rights and OTT rights. The overall box office collection of the film is over 85 crore. }}<ref name="asianetnews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/actor-mammootty-movie-turbo-release-in-june-13th-last-10-movies-collection-sc8lpj |title=അടുത്ത 100 കോടിയോ? കളം പിടിക്കാൻ 'ടർബോ ജോസ്'; പണംവാരിയ 10 മമ്മൂട്ടി പടങ്ങൾ ഇതാ.. |date=20 April 2024 |website=Asianet News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30 |title=100 കോടി ക്ലബ്ബിൽ ഇടം നേടി മൈക്കിളപ്പനും പിള്ളേരും; വമ്പൻ വിജയവുമായി 'ഭീഷ്മപർവം' ഓടിടിയിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/bheeshma-parvam-in-100-crore-club-mammootty-amal-neerad-movie-bheeshma-parvam-boxoffice-collection-1.7389716 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> The film remains as one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time]].

== Plot ==

In the late 1980s, Michael has been handling his family, one of the wealthiest ones in [[Kochi]], and its business after his eldest brother Paily's death as Mathai, the second sibling is inept. Michael's late father Varkey has five children: Paily, Mathai, Michael, Simon and Susan; Paily was married to a [[Muslim]] Fathima, who after his death, was subsequently married to Ali, son of Majeed (who was the right hand of Varkey), with whom she has two sons Ajas and Ami. Mathai and his wife Molly happen to have two sons namely Peter and Paul, both of whom deeply dislike Michael but simultaneously fear him along with the other members of family like Simon as Michael had horrifically slayed the sons of Kocheri family, who had assassinated Paily.

Simon is a priest while Susan married a corrupted Tamil police officer from [[Nagercoil]], named Martin and has two children: Rachel and Abel, but her and her children's relationship with Martin is strained over Martin's infidelities. During the birthday party of Peter's son, Pauly, a woman whose son Prince was burnt to death by his girlfriend Elsa's high-caste family, and Elsa approach Michael, requesting him to help her seek revenge against them. Shivankutty, Michael's right-hand man beat Elsa's family members, who are responsible for Prince's death while it is disclosed that except for Annamma and Michael, Fathima and her sons are dear to none of the family. Michael offers Ami, a warehouse to set up a cafe but Peter and Paul, who control the warehouse, confronts Michael over his act but he restrains them from indulging in family business as it results in only losses.

Molly's brother T V James, an [[Member of Parliament|MP]], consults Michael, appealing him for support to gain votes in the next elections but Michael refuses to accept as he has done nothing good for the public ever since he was elected. Their anger for Michael causes Peter, Paul, James and Simon to team up against him and put an end to his dominance over the rest of the family. James suggests the Kocheri family's head Iravi Pillai, who has a deep hatred for Michael for murdering his two sons namely, Madhavan Nair and Sudhevan Nair (who had assassinated Paily), that he bring back his grandson Kocheri Rajan Madhavan Nair, a notorious crime boss known as [[Bada Rajan]] in [[Mumbai]] for him to avenge his father's and uncle's murders. The affair between Rachel and Ami is divulged to the family leading to a discussion, where Martin clearly refuses to allow their wedding, but Michael vows to unite them keeping the tradition what his parents Varkey and Annamma did, when Paily had married Fathima.

Martin, who hates Michael from earlier for preventing him from having any extra-marital relationships, now teams up with Peter and others as he dislikes Michael involving in the matter of Rachael's wedding. Rajan, Peter and Paul kills Ami on his way back from the cafe and Ami's friend Rahim informs Ajas that Peter and Paul were spotted at the crime spot when Ami was killed. Enraged, Ajas arrives at the house of Anjootti family and attacks Peter and Paul but Michael resists him and rebukes him as there is no explicit evidence against them, but warns Peter and Paul. Susan, Rachel and Abel move out from Martin after Ami's death and Susan and Shivankutty tell Michael that Martin has an involvement in Paily's and Ali's deaths (Subplot: Susan reveals that, Martin had once laid hand on her saying that it was the Kocheris who helped him in a graft case when Varkey and Paily refused to interfere. And when Paily found out, he beat the crap out of him. On his way back, after that punch-up, was Paily murdered. Alongside, Shivankutty reveals that when he and Ali had returned from [[Rameswaram]], Ali after dropping him home, was on the way to meet Martin and that was when he met with the accident). While returning home from Susan's flat, a gang of thugs instructed by Rajan brutally attack Michael and his men, which results in Shivankutty's death.

Michael is hospitalised and regains his consciousness after three days, vowing to retribute and end the perpetrators in his family. Upon being instructed by Michael, Ajas kills Martin by driving a truck over him and later meets James, where he gives him a file that exposes all of his illegal activities. Scoffing Ajas, James claims that he shall return in two days from prison using his influence but Ajas counter-attacks by telling that he and Michael will be waiting to finish him. The police arrests a terrified James. Subsequently, Ajas meets a few victims of Simon's scandal and persuades them to file a case against him, swearing support. As a result, Simon is arrested. In a garage later, Ajas kills Peter and threatens Paul to leave from Kochi. Rajan is executed on commands from Rajan's mentee [[Chhota Rajan|Chota Rajan]]. Michael and Ajas visit Kocheri family to confirm Rajan's death. Michael passes on his position to Ajas.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mammootty]] as Michael "Michaelappan" Anjootti, the patriarch of the Anjootti family
* [[Sudev Nair]] as Rajan Madhavan Nair "Bada Rajan"
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Kochery Iravi Pillai, Rajan's grandfather
* [[KPAC Lalitha]] as Karthyayaniyamma, Iravi Pillai's wife and Rajan's grandmother
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as Ajas Ali, Ali and Fatima's elder son
* [[Sreenath Bhasi]] as Ami Ali, Ali and Fatima's younger son
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Peter Anjootti, Mathai and Molly's elder son
* [[Farhaan Faasil]] as Paul Anjootti, Mathai and Molly's younger son
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as [[Member of parliament|MP]] T. V. James, Molly's brother
* [[Jinu Joseph]] as Fr. Simon Anjootti, Michael's younger brother
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Martin Rajadurai, Susan's husband<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-08-04|title=Bheeshma Parvam characters : 'ഭീഷ്‍മ പര്‍വ്വ'ത്തിലെ രാജനെയും മാർട്ടിനെയും പരിചയപ്പെടുത്തി മമ്മൂട്ടി|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-mammootty-share-new-character-poster-for-bheeshma-parvam-movie-r53bhk|access-date=2022-01-05|website=Asianet News}}</ref>
* [[Nadhiya]] as Fathima Ali, Ali's wife and Anjootti Paily's first wife
* [[Anagha]] as Rachel, Martin and Susan's daughter; Ami's girlfriend<ref>{{cite web|title=Dikkiloona-fame Anagha also part of Bheeshma Parvam|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/sep/30/dikkiloona-fame-anagha-also-part-of-bheeshma-parvam-26993.html|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Cinema Express|date=30 September 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Shebin Benson]] as Abel, Martin and Susan's son<ref>{{cite web|title=Shebin Benson as Abele @ShebinBenson Feb 8 Next. The Book of Bheeshma 🔥|url=https://twitter.com/shebinbenson/status/1358612003732901889|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-07|website=Twitter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208030444/https://twitter.com/ShebinBenson/status/1358612003732901889 |archive-date=8 February 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Susan, Michael's younger sister<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/soubin-and-lena-join-cast-mammoottys-bheeshma-parvam-143098|title=Soubin and Lena join cast of Mammootty's 'Bheeshma Parvam' |date=9 February 2021 |access-date=30 December 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>
* [[Srinda]] as Rasiya, Ajas's wife<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/mammootty-share-bheeshma-parvam-movie-srinda-character-poster-r4qf5f|title=Bheeshma Parvam characters : ഇത് 'ഭീഷ്‍മ പര്‍വ്വ'ത്തിലെ റസിയ; പരിചയപ്പെടുത്തി മമ്മൂട്ടി |date=26 December 2021 |access-date=29 December 2021 |work=Asianet News}}</ref>
* [[Veena Nandakumar]] as Jessy, Peter's wife{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
* [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] as Alice, Michael's friend
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Shivankutty, Michael's right-hand-man<ref>{{Citation|title=സ്വന്തം ചായക്കടയില്‍ ഓണമാഘോഷിച്ച് അബു സലീം {{!}} Abu Salim {{!}} Onam| date=21 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szhaMXbGuGs|access-date=2021-08-31}}</ref>
* Manohari Joy as Annamma
* Nisthar Sait as Mathai Anjootti, Michael's older brother
* [[Maala Parvathi]] as Molly, Mathai's wife
* [[Kottayam Ramesh]] as Mani
* [[Pauly Valsan]] as Pauly<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=481978619958811&id=100044400307272|title=Pauly Valsan as Paulythathi|last=Mammootty|access-date=2022-02-16|website=Facebook}}</ref>
* [[Dhanya Ananya]] as Elsa, Pauly's daughter-in-law<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Mammootty/posts/482571519899521|title=Dhanya Ananya as Elsa|last=Mammootty|access-date=2022-02-16|website=Facebook}}</ref>
* Amala Rose as Stephy, Paul's love interest
* Rohit Pathak as Chhotta Rajan
* Arun Kumar as Rahman Faizal
* [[P. J. Antony]] as Varkey Anjootti (photo presence)
{{colend}}

=== Family tree ===
Dotted lines indicate a love relationship between characters, and dashed lines indicate marriage relationship between characters.

† Indicates a deceased character. 
{{align|left|'''Anjootti Family'''}} {{align|right|'''Kocheri Family'''}} 
{{tree chart/start|style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |VARKEY|-|v|-|ANNAMMA | | | | | | | | | | | |Iravipillai|-|v|-|KRTH|
VARKEY=Varkey †|
ANNAMMA=Annamma
|Iravipillai=Iravipillai
|KRTH=Karthyayaniyamma
}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | || |Madhavan|v|Rema| |Sudevan
|Madhavan=Madhavan †
|Rema=Rema †
|Sudevan=Sudhevan †}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | |!}}
{{tree chart| |ALI|v|FATHIMA|-|PAILY| |MATHAI|v|MOLY| |MICHAEL| |SIMON| |SUSAN|v|MARTIN| | |Rajan|
PAILY=Paily †|
FATHIMA=Fathima
|ALI=Ali †
|MATHAI=Mathai
|MOLY=Moly
|MICHAEL=Michael
|SIMON=Fr. Simon
|SUSAN=Susan
|Rajan=Rajan Madhavan Nair †
|MARTIN=Martin †
}}
{{tree chart| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | | | |!| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | |PETER|-|JESSY| |PAUL|P|STEPHY| | |RACHEL| | |ABLE
|PETER=Peter †
|JESSY=Jessy
|STEPHY=Stephy
|PAUL=Paul
|RACHEL=Rachel
|ABLE=Abel}}
{{tree chart|AJAZ|-|RASIYA| |AMI|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|Z| | |
|AJAZ=Ajaz
|RASIYA=Rasiya
|AMI=Ami †}}

{{tree chart/end}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Mammootty]] and [[Amal Neerad]] were originally supposed to collaborate for the sequel to ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]''. The film, however, was put on hold due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] as several scenes were to be shot abroad. The two subsequently teamed up for ''Bheeshma Parvam''. ''Bheeshma Parvam'' is the reunion of Amal Neerad and Mammootty after 14 years. The film is produced by the director Amal Neerad himself under the banner of [[Amal Neerad Productions]].<ref>{{cite web|title='Bheeshma Parvam': 4 things to know about Mammootty's new film with director Amal Neerad|date=8 February 2021|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bheeshma-parvam-4-things-to-know-about-mammoottys-new-film-with-director-amal-neerad-948938.html|publisher=Deccan Herald|access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref>
The film is written by Amal Neerad and Devadath Shaji with Ravisankar credited as additional screenwriter.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-02-09|title=Soubin and Lena join cast of Mammootty's 'Bheeshma Parvam'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/soubin-and-lena-join-cast-mammoottys-bheeshma-parvam-143098|access-date=2022-02-16|website=The News Minute}}</ref> RJ Murukan has penned the additional dialogues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mammootty's Bheeshma Parvam starts rolling|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/02/22/mammootty-bheeshma-parvam-starts-rolling.html|access-date=2022-02-16|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Infopark, Kakkanad, Kochi, Kerala, India.jpg|right|thumb|The integral portions of the film has been shot in [[Kochi]].]]
On 21 February 2021, principal photography began in [[Kochi]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} The filming of the film has been wrapped up on 21 September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 September 2021|title=Mammootty's Bheeshma Parvam completed|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/21/mammoottys-bheeshma-parvam-completed-2361424.html|url-status=live|access-date=24 December 2021|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224081317/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/21/mammoottys-bheeshma-parvam-completed-2361424.html |archive-date=24 December 2021 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Bheeshma Parvam (soundtrack)}}

The film's soundtrack album and score was composed by [[Sushin Shyam]]. In an interview, Sushin revealed that making process of the soundtrack was a process that kept on evolving throughout the production, explaining: "When I did the teaser of ''Bheeshma Parvam'', I had this idea, which wasn't connected to the film at all. But after that, we thought of including that too in the film. So, basically it's a process that keeps evolving, when you create a new tune, you think why not include it too. When I composed the track ''Parudeesa'', it sort of gave me an idea about the music of the entire film."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Sushin Shyam: For Mammootty's Bheeshma Parvam, I wanted to mix both classical and electronic music |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-sushin-shyam-for-bheeshma-parvam-i-wanted-to-mix-both-classical-and-electronic-music/a314f53958786 |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

The soundtrack album received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title='Bheeshma Parvam' public review: 5 things that the audience really loved about the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bheeshma-parvam-public-review-5-things-that-the-audience-really-loved-about-the-film/photostory/89973191.cms |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Bheeshma Parvam movie review: Passable entertainment on a Godfather-scale canvas |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bheeshma-parvam-movie-review-passable-entertainment-on-a-godfather-scale-canvas-10426101.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated that "Sushin Shyam's instantly immersive music alternates between various genres, from classical to contemporary and, at one point, evokes one of the spaghetti-western scores of Ennio Morricone".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bheeshma Parvam' film review: Amal Neerad's grand, classy tribute to Mammootty and 'The Godfather' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/mar/04/bheeshma-parvam-film-review-amal-neerads-grand-classy-tribute-to-mammootty-and-the-godfather-2426003.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=The New Indian Express|date=4 March 2022 }}</ref> The critic ''Veeyen''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veeyen Unplugged |url=http://veeyen.com/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Veeyen Unplugged |language=en-US}}</ref> wrote, "Sushin Shyam's arresting musical score leaves an extensive impression, and the upbeat track ''Parudeesa'' stands out from among the lot".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-06 |title=Bheeshma Parvam (2022) Malayalam Review – Veeyen |url=https://veeyen.com/film-reviews/bheeshma-parvam-2022-malayalam-review-veeyen/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Veeyen Unplugged |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was originally scheduled to be released on eve of [[Vijayadashami]] (12 October 2021), but was postponed due to shooting works. The film was then scheduled to release on 23 December 2021 but was postponed again.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} It was scheduled to release on 24 February 2022, but it was again delayed.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 December 2021|title=Bheeshma Parvam release : കാത്തിരിപ്പിന് അവസാനമാകുന്നു, 'ഭീഷ്‍മ പര്‍വ'ത്തിന്റെ റിലീസ് പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ച് മമ്മൂട്ടി|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/mammootty-announces-his-film-bheeshma-parvam-release-date-r4ku2u|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224080541/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/mammootty-announces-his-film-bheeshma-parvam-release-date-r4ku2u|archive-date=24 December 2021|access-date=24 December 2021|website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> It finally was released on 3 March 2022.<ref name="sri50-2022" />

=== Home media ===
The satellite and digital rights of the film were secured by [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The film was streamed on Disney+ Hotstar on 1 April 2022, while it was premiered in Asianet on 7 September 2022 coinciding with [[Mammootty]]'s birthday and [[Onam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-03-29 |title=Bheeshma Parvam to stream on Disney+ Hotstar in April |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Mar/29/bheeshma-parvam-to-stream-on-disney-hotstar-in-april-2435220.html |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
On the first day of its release, ''Bheeshma Parvam'' collected {{INRConvert|6.95|c|lk=on}} at the domestic box office.
On its Fifth day, the film collected {{INRConvert|30|c|lk=on}} from Indian box office and {{INRConvert|25|c|lk=on}} from overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office: Bheeshma Parvam tops 30 crores in India, 3rd biggest '5-day' gross in Kerala |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-bheeshma-parvam-tops-30-crores-india-3rd-biggest-5-day-gross-kerala-1043039 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Pinkvilla |date=10 March 2022 }}{{dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It crossed the {{INRConvert|50|c|lk=on}} mark at the Kerala box office alone, within the first 25 days of its release. The film collected {{INRConvert|32.6|c|lk=on}} mark at the UAE GCC box office alone.
At the Kerala box office, the film emerged as the seventh all-time highest grosser beating ''[[Drishyam]]''. It covered the lifetime collection of ''Drishyam'' within the first 18 days of its release.
On its third week, the film grossed {{INRConvert|50|c|lk=on}} in India and {{INRConvert|45|c|lk=on}} in overseas for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|82|c|lk=on}} approximately.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office: Mammootty starrer Bheeshma Parvam Tops 80 crores WW; Emerges fourth biggest Mollywood movie ever |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-mammootty-starrer-bheeshma-parvam-tops-80-crores-ww-emerges-fourth-biggest-mollywood-movie |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Pinkvilla |date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331214328/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-mammootty-starrer-bheeshma-parvam-tops-80-crores-ww-emerges-fourth-biggest-mollywood-movie |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film grossed ₹47.10 crore at the Kerala box office in its final run.<ref>{{cite web |title=കളക്ഷനില്‍ ഒന്നാമൻ ടൊവിനൊ, രണ്ട് സിനിമകള്‍ മോഹൻലാലിന്, ഇടമില്ലാതെ മമ്മൂട്ടി, 6 സ്ഥാനങ്ങളില്‍ ഇവര്‍|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/highest-grossing-malayalam-hit-films-at-kerala-box-office-2018-pulimurugan-bheeshma-parvam-tovino-mohanlal-mammootty-hrk-s1isf7|publisher=[[Asianet News]] |date=23 September 2023}}</ref>''Bheeshma Parvam'' earned {{INRConvert|115|c|lk=on}} worldwide business, {{efn|115 crore is the total amount collected by the film including external revenues like satellite rights and OTT rights. The overall box office collection of the film is over 85 crore.}} and grossed {{INRConvert|88.1|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title='മൈക്കിളപ്പന്റെ' തട്ട് താണുതന്നെ; ആ സുവര്‍ണ നേട്ടത്തിന് ഇനി വേണ്ടത് 40 കോടി ! ബോക്സ് ഓഫീസ് നിറച്ച മമ്മൂട്ടി|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/actor-mammootty-post-pandemic-movies-worldwide-box-office-collection-bheeshma-parvam-turbo-kannur-squad-shzcdm|publisher=[[Asianet News]] |date=10 August 2024}}</ref> ''Bheeshma Parvam'' emerged as the highest grossing Malayalam film of the year 2022,<ref>{{cite web |title=Best of Malayalam cinema in 2022: 5 critically and commercially successful movies|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/best-of-malayalam-cinema-in-2022-5-critically-and-commercially-successful-movies/cid/1904189|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=16 December 2022}}</ref> and [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|fourth-highest-grossing Malayalam film of all time]] in both the worldwide and domestic box office.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Jatinder |title=Mammootty pays surprise visit to a young fan at hospital, see pics |date=3 April 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-pays-surprise-visit-to-a-young-fan-at-hospital-see-pics/articleshow/90621792.cms |publisher=Times Of India |access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= 100 കോടി ക്ലബ്ബിൽ ഇടം നേടി മൈക്കിളപ്പനും പിള്ളേരും; വമ്പൻ വിജയവുമായി 'ഭീഷ്മപർവം' ഓടിടിയിലേക്ക്..
|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/bheeshma-parvam-in-100-crore-club-mammootty-amal-neerad-movie-bheeshma-parvam-boxoffice-collection-1.7389716
|access-date=2022-04-05 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=30 March 2022 }}</ref>

=== Critical response ===

Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Don't go in if you expect a fight scene every five minutes. We get a fair amount of action, but it's the character-centric moments in ''Bheeshma Parvam'' that tower above all else. And it has so many fascinating characters. None of them looked out of place or unnecessary. Everyone has something to contribute. Some traits are suggested through subtle and clever flourishes, like when Shine Tom Chacko's character Peter reveals his true feelings for a male actor".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/mar/04/bheeshma-parvam-film-review-amal-neerads-grand-classy-tribute-to-mammootty-and-the-godfather-2426003.html |title='Bheeshma Parvam' film review: Amal Neerad's grand, classy tribute to Mammootty and 'The Godfather'
|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 March 2022}}</ref>

[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 3.75 out of 5 stars and wrote, “''Bheeshma Parvam'' resides somewhere on the cusp between the Malayalam New New Wave that has taken India by storm during the pandemic and the conventional commercial cinema that continues to get an audience in Kerala. The film's fight scenes are stylised, yet not repugnantly bloody and in-your-face. The leading man is lionised, but not to a nauseous extent. Women are given some space, but the action is entirely in the hands of men. It is a polished production, but not distractingly glossy. If I had to pick a category, I'd put ''Bheeshma Parvam'' in the not-bad-not-great slot. It's okay.” <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bheeshma-parvam-movie-review-passable-entertainment-on-a-godfather-scale-canvas-10426101.html|title=Bheeshma Parvam movie review: Passable entertainment on a Godfather-scale canvas|website=[[Firspost]]|date=3 March 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>

Deepa Soman of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "Right from the beginning, the film is careful enough to set its pace balanced and engaging, even as it organically establishes the characters, along with their backgrounds, place in the family tree and more with ease. Mammootty pleases as the invincible hero through his towering presence, body language, punch dialogues, stunts and more, giving those seeking entertainment enough moments to feel enthralled. Shine Tom Chacko, Sudev Nair and Soubin too are in top form in their respective roles. The treatment of the story has ensured that the women characters in it respectfully portrayed and a special attention to be politically correct, rightly so, is evident and laudable".

SR Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "All these characters still do not help paper over the fact that much of the basic story lacks any novelty. The simmering discontent within his home, and a man waiting to take revenge for Michael's actions in the past come together to haunt him; but knowing the pattern of such films, we certainly know how it will turn out. Until the last half an hour, Amal builds the film and Michael's character patiently in an unhurried pace that the audience can't be blamed for expecting it all to burst out like a dam towards the end. But this build-up kind of fizzles out towards the end, in what turns out to be a rather tame and hurried climax.".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. r |date=2022-03-03 |title='Bheeshma Parvam' movie review: Mammootty stars in slick but familiar mafia don story |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/bheeshma-parvam-movie-review-mammootty-stars-in-slick-but-familiar-mafia-don-story/article65186377.ece |access-date=2022-03-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The major players get their own ‘mass’ introduction scenes, and how heartwarming it is to see the audience welcome not only Mammootty but also Soubin, Sreenath Bhasi and Shine Tom Chacko with cheers. If we must persist with drawing parallels with the Mahabharata, Even without putting too much thought into comparisons and parallels with the epic or the Hollywood classic, Bheeshma Parvam still works. There are unexpected moments of humour in the film that had me chuckling several times; like the grandmother who's watching ''[[The Terminator]]'' and advises Michael to buy a machine gun to finish his ‘work’ as a gangster quickly".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Bheeshma Parvam review: Mammootty is terrific in a wholly entertaining mass film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bheeshma-parvam-review-mammootty-terrific-wholly-entertaining-mass-film-161552 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
A scene in the film where Michael (Mammootty) tells the photographer "Chambiko" (which translates to "Click the photo") became a viral trend on social media platforms such as [[YouTube Shorts]] and [[Instagram]] Reels. It trends weddings, family photoshoots, alumni meets and public events became the perfect venue to enact this dialogue, which is followed by [[Sushin Shyam]]'s earworm of a BGM.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-24 |title='ചാമ്പിക്കോ' അബദ്ധം മമ്മൂട്ടിക്ക് അയച്ച് കൊടുത്ത് നിര്‍മൽ പാലാഴി, ഒടുവില്‍ 'മൈക്കിളപ്പന്റെ' മറുപടി
|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/nirmal-palazhi-sent-chambiko-video-to-mammootty-bheeshma-parvam-raufut
|website=[[Asianet News]] |language=Malayalam}}</ref>
The trend was not limited to family photos. Other film celebrities, politicians, teachers, police officers, sportspersons even soldiers jumped on the 'Chambiko' bandwagon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=ചാമ്പിക്കോ... വൈറലായി മലപ്പുറത്തെ ഉസ്താദും കുട്ടികളും
|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/malappuram/video-report-on-usthad-and-students-chambiko-video-goes-viral/videoshow/90447916.cms
|website=Samayam Malayalam |language=Malayalam}}</ref> Politicians including state Minister for Education and Labour [[V. Sivankutty]]. Other notable politicians who also joined in on the trend include, Vatakara MLA [[Parakkal Abdulla]] and Nilambur MLA [[P. V. Anvar|P. V. Anwar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-02 |title=Trendinoppam… Chambiko: Kerala politicians follow viral Bheeshma Parvam trend |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trendinoppam-chambiko-kerala-politicians-follow-viral-bheeshma-parvam-trend-162513 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Now, minister V Sivankutty too with Trendinoppam "Chambiko"|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/minister-v-sivankutty-shares-video-of-recreating-viral-photo-moment-from-movie-bheeshma-parvam-1.7395891
|website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=Watch People in Kerala recreate Mammootty's 'chambiko' moment|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/people-in-kerala-recreate-mammoottys-chambiko-moment/article65353733.ece
|website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=14002046}}

{{Amal Neerad}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films directed by Amal Neerad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sushin Shyam]]

Arun Singh Kushwaha

2026-03-09T20:48:46Z

LesterKitamura4: Starting Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arun Singh
| image =
| children =
| spouse =
| father = Parshu Ram Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9547|title=Arun Singh (Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|website=Myneta.com|accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130215154/https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9547|url-status=live}}</ref>
| alma_mater =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2020
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Karakat Assembly constituency|Karakat]]
| term_start1 = 2005
| term_end1 = 2010
| term_start2 = 2000
| term_end2 = 2005
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| office2 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Kumar Singh (RJD politician)|Sanjay Yadav]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
}}
'''Arun Singh''' is a member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Karakat Assembly constituency]] in [[Rohtas district]]. He is a leader of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]. Singh has won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election| Bihar Assembly elections 2020]] from Karakat constituency, securing 79,224 votes. He was able to defeat his nearest political rival and the runner-up candidate from this constituency, Rajeshwar Raj of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] with a margin of 16,548 votes. Singh is a political activist as well and he has also contested Bihar Assembly elections earlier in 2010, but was defeated by Rajeswar Raj, who was then a member of [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/rohatas/karakat-vidhan-sabha-election-result-2020-latest-news-updates-in-bihar-chunav-and-get-breaking-news-on-karakat-vidhan-sabha-winning-mla-arun-singh-results-news-asj|title=Karakat Election Result : माले के अरूण जीते, भाजपा के राजेश्वर दूसरे नंबर पर|website=prabhatkhabar.com|date=10 November 2020 |accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129131838/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/rohatas/karakat-vidhan-sabha-election-result-2020-latest-news-updates-in-bihar-chunav-and-get-breaking-news-on-karakat-vidhan-sabha-winning-mla-arun-singh-results-news-asj|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/karakat.html|title=Karakat Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results|website=Election.in|accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519173846/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/karakat.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karakat-bihar-assembly-election-results-2020-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7023757/|title=Karakat Assembly elections 2020|website=Indian express|date=10 November 2020 |accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124041024/https://indianexpress.com/elections/karakat-bihar-assembly-election-results-2020-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7023757/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/arun-singh-karakat-candidate-s04a213c03/|website=news18|title=Arun Singh Karakat (winner)|accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407051443/https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/arun-singh-karakat-candidate-s04a213c03/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
Arun Singh, who is a [[Communism|left wing]] politician, is a three time Member of Legislative Assembly from the Karakat constituency. He first entered the Bihar Legislative Assembly in 2000. In 2005 Assembly elections, he was again victorious and became a legislator for the second time. In 2010 Bihar Assembly elections, he was defeated by [[Janata Dal (United)]] candidate Rajeswar Raj. However, Raj lost this seat (assembly constituency) to Sanjay Yadav of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] in 2015 Bihar Assembly elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/assembly-elections/bihar-election-2020/story-rohtas-district-karakat-seat-2015-vote-share-poll-percent-2020-candidates-bjp-rajeshwar-rai-and-cpi-ml-arun-singh-3582704.html|title=काराकाट विधानसभा सीट: क्या है कहता है इस सीट का चुनावी समीकरण, कौन मारेगा बाजी?|website=livehindustan.com|accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407051444/https://www.livehindustan.com/assembly-elections/bihar-election-2020/story-rohtas-district-karakat-seat-2015-vote-share-poll-percent-2020-candidates-bjp-rajeshwar-rai-and-cpi-ml-arun-singh-3582704.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/bihar/karakat-vidhan-sabha-seat-news-old-results-assembly-candidates-list-bihar-election-2020-319531.html|title=Bihar Election Result 2020: काराकाट विधानसभा सीट- यहां देखें प्रत्याशी, वोटर्स, जातिगत आंकड़े और इस सीट का पूरा डेटा|website=Tv9 Bharatvarsh|date=10 November 2020 |accessdate=3 March 2023|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407051454/https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/bihar/karakat-vidhan-sabha-seat-news-old-results-assembly-candidates-list-bihar-election-2020-319531.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/karakat-assembly-seat-bihar-election-2020-rjd-bjp-jdu-1140430-2020-10-05|title=काराकाट विधानसभा सीट: RJD के संजय यादव की नजर लगातार दूसरी जीत पर|website=AAJTAK|date=5 October 2020 |language=Hindi|accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=2023-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407051517/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/karakat-assembly-seat-bihar-election-2020-rjd-bjp-jdu-1140430-2020-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ajit Kushwaha]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]

Irawati Karve

2026-03-09T04:54:56Z

LesterKitamura4: created a post

{{Short description|Indian sociologist and writer (1905–1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Irawati Karve
| image = Irawati Karve.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1905|12|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Myingyan]], [[British Burma|Burma]], [[British India]]
| alma_mater = [[Fergusson College]], Poona [[Bombay University]]
| occupation = [[Anthropology|Anthropologist]]
| spouse = Dinkar Dhondo Karve
| children =Jai Nimbkar, [[Gauri Deshpande]], Anand Karve
| death_date = {{death date and age|1970|08|11|1905|12|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[India]]}}

{{sociology}}

'''Irawati Karve''' (15 December 1905<ref>{{cite book|title=Anthropology for archaeology: proceedings of the Professor Irawati Karve Birth Centenary Seminar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MMLAQAAMAAJ|author=Irawati Karmarkar Karve|publisher=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute|year=2007|page=19|quote=Born on 15th December 1905 at Mingyan in Myanmar (then Burma), and named after the River Irawaddy. Her father Hari Ganesh Karmakar worked there in a cotton mill. Her mother's name was Bhagirathi.}}</ref> – 11 August 1970) was an Indian [[sociologist]], anthropologist, educationist and writer from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. She was one of the students of [[G. S. Ghurye|G.S. Ghurye]], the founder of sociology in India. She has been regarded as the first female Indian sociologist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mollan |first=Cherylann |date=19 January 2025 |title=Irawati Karve: India's trailblazing female anthropologist who challenged Nazi race theories |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c93qqq5g416o |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Irawati Karve was born on 15 December 1905 to a wealthy [[Chitpavan Brahmin]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Anthropology in the East: founders of Indian sociology and anthropology|url=https://archive.org/details/anthropologyinea00uber|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/anthropologyinea00uber/page/367 367]|author1=Patricia Uberoi|author2= Nandini Sundar|author3=Satish Deshpande|year=2008|publisher=Seagull|isbn=978-1-905422-78-4 |quote= In this general atmosphere of reform and women's education, and coming from a professional Chitpavan family, neither getting a education nor going into a profession like teaching would for someone like Irawati Karve have been particularly novel.}}</ref> family and was named after the [[Irrawaddy River]] in [[Burma]] where her father, Ganesh Hari Karmarkar, was working for the Burma Cotton Company. She attended the girls boarding school [[Huzurpaga]] in [[Pune]] from the age of seven and then studied philosophy at [[Fergusson College]], from which she graduated in 1926. She then obtained a Dakshina Fellowship to study sociology under [[G. S. Ghurye]] at [[Bombay University]], obtaining a master's degree in 1928 with a thesis on the subject of her own [[caste]] titled ''The Chitpavan Brahmans — An Ethnic Study''.{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|pp=367–368, 377|ps=}}

Karve married Dinkar Dhondo Karve, who taught chemistry in a school, while studying with Ghurye. {{efn|Dinkar Karve later became principal of Fergusson College.{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|p=370|ps=}}}}Although her husband was from a socially distinguished Brahmin family, the match did not meet with approval from her father, who had hoped that she would marry into the ruling family of a [[princely state]]. Dinkar was a son of [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]], a [[Bharat Ratna]] and a pioneer of women's education. Somewhat contradictorily, Dhondo Karve, opposed Dinkar's decision to send her to Germany for further studies.{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|pp=368–369|ps=}}<ref name="Karve1963">{{cite book|author=Dinakar Dhondo Karve|title=The New Brahmans: Five Maharashtrian Families|url=https://archive.org/details/newbrahmansfivem00karv|url-access=registration|year=1963|publisher=University of California Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/newbrahmansfivem00karv/page/93 93]|id=GGKEY:GPD3WDWREYG}}</ref>

The time in Germany, which commenced in November 1928, was financed by a loan from [[Jivraj Mehta]], a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], and was inspired by Dinkar's own educational experiences in that country, where he had obtained his PhD in [[organic chemistry]] a decade or so earlier. She studied at the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics]], was awarded a doctorate two years later{{efn|Karve studied philosophy, Sanskrit and zoology as well as eugenics for her PhD, which was titled ''The normal asymmetry of the human skull''.{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|p=380|ps=}}}} and then returned to her husband in India, where the couple lived a rather unconventional life less bound by the social strictures that were common at that time.{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|pp=370–371, 378|ps=}}{{efn|Examples of the Karve family's unconventionality include Irawati's decision not to wear any of the traditional symbols associated with married Hindu women, an unusual degree of familiarity in address between her, her husband and their children, and her being the first woman in Pune to ride a [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]].{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|p=371|ps=}}}} Her husband was an [[atheist]] and she explained her own visits to the Hindu shrine to [[Vithoba]] at [[Pandharpur]] as out of deference for "tradition" rather than belief. Despite all this, theirs was essentially a [[middle-class]] Hindu family in outlook and deed.{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|p=371|ps=}}

== Career ==
[[File:SNDT_1935.jpg|thumb|left|Iravati Karve (1st row leftmost) with [[C. V. Raman]] and [[Dhondo Keshav Karve|D. K. Karve]] (3rd and 2nd from right respectively in 1st row), in SNDT Women's University Convocation, 1935|200x200px]]
Karve worked as an administrator at [[SNDT Women's University]] in Bombay from 1931 to 1936 and did some postgraduate teaching in the city. She moved to Pune's [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]] as a [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] in sociology in 1939 and remained there for the rest of her career.{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|pp=380–381|ps=}}

According to Nandini Sundar, Karve was the first Indian female [[anthropologist]], a discipline that in India during her lifetime was generally synonymous with sociology. She had wide-ranging academic interests, including anthropology, [[anthropometry]], [[serology]], [[Indology]] and [[palaeontology]] as well as collecting folk songs and translating [[feminist poetry]].{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|pp=360–364|ps=}} She was essentially a [[diffusionist]], inspired by several intellectual schools of thought and in some respects emulating the techniques used by [[W. H. R. Rivers]]. These influences included classical [[Indology]], ethnology as practised by bureaucrats of the [[British Raj]] and also German [[eugenics]]-based [[physical anthropology]]. In addition, she had an innate interest in [[fieldwork]].{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|pp=373–380|ps=}} Sundar notes that "as late as 1968 she retained a belief in the importance of mapping social groups like subcastes on the basis of anthropometric and what was then called 'genetic' data (blood group, colour vision, hand-clasping, and hypertrichosis)".{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|p=380|ps=}}

She founded the department of anthropology at what was then Poona University (now the [[University of Pune]]).{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|pp=360–364|ps=}}

Karve served for many years as the head of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at [[Deccan College (Pune)|Deccan College]], Pune ([[University of Pune]]).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QP8u1RHKQAUC&pg=PA558|title=History of Physical Anthropology, Volume 2|author=Frank Spencer|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1997|page=558|isbn=9780815304906}}</ref> She presided over the Anthropology Division of the National Science Congress held in [[New Delhi]] in 1947.{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|pp=360-364|ps=}} She wrote in both [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and English.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Statue of Irawati Karve.jpg|thumb|Statue of Irawati Karve, Birla Industrial & Technological Museum, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.]]
Sundar says that {{blockquote|although Karve was very well known in her time, especially in her native Maharashtra, and gets an honourable mention in standard histories of sociology/anthropology, she does not seem to have had a lasting effect on the disciplines in the way of some of her contemporaries.}} She provides various possible reasons why Karve's effect has been less than that of people such as Ghurye and [[Louis Dumont]]. These include her location at an academic centre that carried less prestige than, say, those in [[Delhi]] and [[Bombay]] and because she concentrated on the classical anthropological concern relating to origins at a time when her fellow academics were moving from that to more specialised matters underpinned by [[Structural functionalism|functionalism]]. In addition, her lasting impact may have been affected due to none of her Ph.D. students being able to carry her work forward: unlike, say, Ghurye's students, they failed to establish themselves in academia. There was also the issue of her use of a niche publisher — her employers, [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College ]]— for her early works rather than a mainstream academic house such as [[Oxford University Press]], although this may have been imposed upon her.{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|pp=360–364|ps=}}

After Karve's death, [[Durga Bhagwat]], a contemporary Marathi intellectual who had also studied under Ghurye but left the course, wrote a scathing critique of Karve. Sundar summarises this as containing "charges of plagiarism, careerism, manipulation of persons, suppressing the work of others, etc. Whatever the truth of these charges, the essay does Bhagwat little credit."{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|p=374|ps=}}

Although Karve's work on kinship was based on anthropometric and linguistic surveys that are now considered unacceptable, there has been a revival of academic interest in that and some other aspects of her work, such as [[ecology]] and Maharashtrian culture.{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|pp=360–364|ps=}}

Her range of reading was wide, encompassing [[Sanskrit]] epics such as the ''[[Ramayana]]'' to the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti poets]], [[Oliver Goldsmith]], [[Jane Austen]], [[Albert Camus]] and [[Alistair MacLean]], and her library of books related to academic subjects now forms a part of the collection of Deccan College.{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|p=372|ps=}}

== Works ==
Among Karve's publications are:

*''Kinship Organization in India'' (Deccan College, 1953), a study of various social institutions in India.
*''Hindu Society — an interpretation'' (Deccan College, 1961), a study of [[Hindu]] society based on data which Karve had collected in her field trips, and her study of pertinent texts in [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Pāli|Pali]] and [[Prakrit]]. In the book, she discussed the caste system and traced its development to its present form.
*''Maharashtra — Land and People'' (1968) – describes various social institutions and rituals in [[Maharashtra]].
*''[[Yuganta: The End of an Epoch]]'', a study of the main characters of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' treats them as historical figures and uses their attitudes and behavior to gain an understanding of the times in which they lived. Karve wrote the book first in Marathi, and later translated it into English. The book won the 1967 [[Sahitya Academy]] Award for best book in Marathi.{{sfnp|Sundar|2007|p=372|ps=}}
*''Paripurti'' (in Marathi)
*''Bhovara'' (in Marathi) [https://mr.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE भोवरा]
*''Amachi Samskruti'' (in Marathi)
*''Samskruti'' (in Marathi)
*''Gangajal'' (in Marathi)
* The New Brahmans: Five Maharashtrian Families -biography of her father-in-law in a chapter called Grandfather<ref name="Karve1963"/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|chapter=In the cause of anthropology: the life and work of Irawati Karve |first=Nandini |last=Sundar |title=Anthropology in the East: The founders of Indian Sociology and Anthropology |location=New Delhi |publisher=Permanent Black |year=2007 |editor1-last=Uberoi |editor1-first=Patricia |editor2-first=Nandini |editor2-last=Sundar |editor3-first=Satish |editor3-last=Deshpande |isbn= 978-1-90542-277-7}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karve, Irawati}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:Indian orientalists]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Anthropology educators]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People associated with the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian women scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian women social scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women orientalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in British Burma]]
[[Category:20th-century science writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]

Gujarat Queen

2026-02-24T16:36:06Z

LesterKitamura4: further adjusted citations after review also and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Gujarat Queen
| image = Gujarat Superfast Express - Train board.jpg
| caption = Gujarat Queen train board.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Gujarat]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Valsad}} (BL)
| stops = 27
| end = {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad}} (ADI)
| distance = {{convert|298|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hrs 20 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|First Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second Class Seating]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes ([[Indian Railways coaching stock|First Class]] only)
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with
* 22953/22954 [[Gujarat Superfast Express]],
* 19035/19036 [[Vadodara–Ahmedabad Intercity Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 19033 / 19034
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Gujarat Queen Route Map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 19033 / 19034 '''Gujarat Queen''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that run between {{stnlnk|Valsad}} and {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} in India. It operates as train number 19033 from Valsad to Ahmedabad Junction and as train number 19034 in the reverse direction.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/572| title=19033/Gujarat Queen| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/573| title=19034/Gujarat Queen| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=4244&did=15459136961286EA4DF8EA85F852AB8827AFB8F335710| title=WR's FEW TRAINS TO BE RUN USING LHB RAKE| website=Western Railway}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bhaskar.com/gujarat/news/bilimora-railway-station-gujarat-queen-train-power-fail-after-train-reach-valsad-after-1-a-01493273.html| title=गुजरात क्वीन ट्रेन का पॉवर फेल, आधी रात को यात्री परेशान| website=Bhaskar}}</ref>

==Coaches==

Gujarat Queen presently has 3 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], 8 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|2nd Class seating]] & 6 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]] coaches. It was hauled by [[WAP-5]] just like original [[Gujarat Express]]

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
19033 Gujarat Queen covers the distance of 298 kilometres in 6 hours 20 mins (48.32 km/h) & 6 hours 30 mins as 19034 Gujarat Queen (48.99 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is below 55 km/h, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not include a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge.

==Route and halts==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Valsad}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Dungri}}
* {{stnlnk|Bilimora Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Amalsad}}
* {{stnlnk|Navsari}}
* {{stnlnk|Maroli}}
* {{stnlnk|Sachin}}
* {{stnlnk|Udhna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Sayan}}
* {{stnlnk|Kim}}
* {{stnlnk|Kosamba Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Panoli}}
* {{stnlnk|Ankleshwar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bharuch Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nabipur}}
* {{stnlnk|Palej}}
* {{stnlnk|Miyagam Karjan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vasad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Anand Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nadiad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mahemadavad Kheda Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Barejadi Nandej}}
* {{stnlnk|Maninagar}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}'''

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 19033 || BL || |Valsad || 04:05 AM || Daily|| Ahmedabad Junction || 10:25 AM || Daily
|-
| 19034 || ADI|| Ahmedabad Junction || 18:10 PM || Daily|| Valsad || 12:40 AM || Daily
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Gujarat Superfast Express - AC Chair Car coach.jpg|Gujarat Queen Express – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]] coach
File:Gujarat Superfast Express - 2nd Class seating coach.jpg|Gujarat Queen Express – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|2nd Class seating]] coach
File:Gujarat Superfast Express - Coach board.jpg|Gujarat Queen Express – Coach board
</gallery>

==Traction==

It is hauls from end to end by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Valsad|Valsad Loco Shed]] or [[Diesel Loco Shed, Vatva|Vatva Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-5]] electric locomotive.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat Queen}}
[[Category:Transport in Valsad]]
[[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Muzaffarpur–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Express

2026-02-21T08:19:56Z

LesterKitamura4: adding details

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Muzaffarpur–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Express
| image = Muzaffarpur–SMVT_Bengaluru_Weekly_Express.jpg
| image_width = 200
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] & [[Karnataka]]
| first = Janauray 12, 2004
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start =
| stops =
| end =
| distance =
| journeytime =
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 1 Tier, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Economy, Sleeper class & General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack4596 =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Below the seats
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 15228 / 15227
| speed = 130 km/h (68 mph) maximum,
50–55 km/h (31–34 mph) average including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The '''Muzaffarpur–SMVT Bengaluru Express''' is a long-distance express train of the [[Indian Railways]] connecting [[Muzaffarpur Junction railway station|Muzaffarpur Junction]] in [[Bihar]] with [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru|SMVT Bengaluru]] in [[Karnataka]] via [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]], [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]], [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur]]. It is operated by the [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway (ECR)]] making it one of the important rail links between [[North Bihar]] and [[South India]].
<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=158014 Installation of Bio Toilets in Railways]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=7666&id=0,5,268 | title=Additional Stoppages Provided for various Express Trains | date=26 August 2016 | publisher=South Central Railway | access-date=3 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.indiarailwayinfo.com/2015/12/bulletin-no6-cancellationdiversionparti.html Bulletin No.6 Cancellation/Diversion/Partial Cancellation/ Rescheduling of Trains Due to Heavy Rains]</ref><ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=6258&did=14417752404208C209DF0878A96A969FBFFFEA87F918C.we Additional Stoppages for Certain Express Trains]</ref>

==History==
The Muzaffarpur–SMVT Bengaluru Express (train numbers 15227/15228) was earlier operated with its terminal at [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yesvantpur Junction]] (YPR). With effect from 18 July 2022, its terminal was shifted to [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru|SMVT Bengaluru]] (SMVB)

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|-
! colspan="2" | 15228 / 15227 Muzaffarpur–SMVT Bengaluru Express Schedule
|-
| '''Train Type''' || Express
|-
| '''Distance''' || ~2670 km (15228) / ~2670 km (15227)
|-
| '''Average Speed''' || ~53 km/h
|-
| '''Journey Time (MFP → SMVT Bengaluru)''' || ~50 hrs 20 min
|-
| '''Journey Time (SMVT Bengaluru → MFP)''' || ~49 hrs 15 min
|-
| '''Classes Available''' || 1A, 2A, 3A, SL, GN
|-
| '''Operating Days''' || Weekly
|-
| '''Operator''' || [[East Central Railway]]
|}

==Coach composition==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! Category !! Coaches !! Total
|-
| End On Generator Car (EOG) || EOG || 1
|-
| General Unreserved (UR) || UR1, UR2, UR3, UR4 || 4
|-
| Sleeper Class (SL) || S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6 || 6
|-
| AC 3 Economy (3E) || 3E || 1
|-
| AC 3 Tier (3A) || B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 || 5
|-
| AC 2 Tier (2A) || A1, A2 || 2
|-
| AC First Class (1A) || H1 || 1
|-
| Sleeper cum Luggage Rake (SLRD) || SLRD || 1
|-
| Pantry Car || PC || 1
|-
! Total Coaches || || 22
|}
*Primary Maintenance - Muzaffarpur Coaching Depot

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+'''15228 Muzaffarpur–SMVT Bengaluru Express''' and '''15227 SMVT Bengaluru–Muzaffarpur Express''' Schedule
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sr.
! colspan="4" | 15228 MFP–SMVB
! colspan="4" | 15227 SMVB–MFP
|-
! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.
! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.
|-
| 1 || {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 1 || — || 07:25 || SMVT Bengaluru || 1 || — || 00:30
|-
| 2 || {{rws|Samastipur Junction}} || 1 || 08:20 || 08:25 || {{rws|Krishnarajapuram}} || 1 || 00:43 || 00:45
|-
| 3 || {{rws|Barauni Junction}} || 1 || 09:20 || 09:30 || {{rws|Bangarapet Junction}} || 1 || 01:23 || 01:25
|-
| 4 || {{rws|Begusarai}} || 1 || 09:46 || 09:48 || {{rws|Jolarpettai Junction}} || 1 || 03:10 || 03:15
|-
| 5 || {{rws|Khagaria Junction}} || 1 || 10:28 || 10:30 || {{rws|Katpadi Junction}} || 1 || 04:35 || 04:50
|-
| 6 || {{rws|Naugachia}} || 1 || 11:31 || 11:33 || {{rws|Arakkonam Junction}} || 1 || 05:48 || 05:50
|-
| 7 || {{rws|Katihar Junction}} || 1 || 13:30 || 13:40 || {{rws|Perambur}} || 1 || 06:35 || 06:40
|-
| 8 || {{rws|Kumedpur}} || 1 || 14:20 || 14:22 || {{rws|Vijayawada Junction}} || 1 || 14:00 || 14:10
|-
| 9 || {{rws|Malda Town}} || 1 || 15:55 || 16:05 || {{rws|Rajahmundry}} || 1 || 16:38 || 16:40
|-
| 10 || {{rws|Pakur}} || 1 || 17:14 || 17:15 || {{rws|Visakhapatnam}} || 1 || 21:25 || 21:45
|-
| 11 || {{rws|Rampurhat}} || 1 || 18:25 || 18:27 || {{rws|Vizianagaram Junction}} || 1 || 22:38 || 22:40
|-
| 12 || {{rws|Bolpur Shantiniketan}} || 1 || 19:07 || 19:12 || {{rws|Srikakulam Road}} || 1 || 23:28 || 23:30
|-
| 13 || {{rws|Dankuni}} || 1 || 22:07 || 22:12 || {{rws|Palasa}} || 2 || 00:38 || 00:40
|-
| 14 || {{rws|Kharagpur Junction}} || 2 || 01:03 || 01:13 || {{rws|Brahmapur}} || 2 || 01:30 || 01:35
|-
| 15 || {{rws|Balasore}} || 2 || 02:26 || 02:28 || {{rws|Balugan}} || 2 || 02:27 || 02:29
|-
| 16 || {{rws|Bhadrak}} || 2 || 04:15 || 04:17 || {{rws|Khurda Road Junction}} || 2 || 03:20 || 03:30
|-
| 17 || {{rws|Jajpur Keonjhar Road}} || 2 || 04:51 || 04:53 || {{rws|Bhubaneswar}} || 2 || 04:05 || 04:10
|-
| 18 || {{rws|Cuttack}} || 2 || 05:50 || 05:55 || {{rws|Cuttack}} || 2 || 04:45 || 04:50
|-
| 19 || {{rws|Bhubaneswar}} || 2 || 06:30 || 06:35 || {{rws|Jajpur Keonjhar Road}} || 2 || 05:43 || 05:45
|-
| 20 || {{rws|Khurda Road Junction}} || 2 || 06:55 || 07:15 || {{rws|Bhadrak}} || 2 || 06:35 || 06:37
|-
| 21 || {{rws|Balugan}} || 2 || 08:17 || 08:19 || {{rws|Balasore}} || 2 || 07:20 || 07:22
|-
| 22 || {{rws|Brahmapur}} || 2 || 09:10 || 09:15 || {{rws|Kharagpur Junction}} || 2 || 08:55 || 09:05
|-
| 23 || {{rws|Palasa}} || 2 || 10:55 || 10:57 || {{rws|Dankuni}} || 2 || 11:26 || 11:31
|-
| 24 || {{rws|Srikakulam Road}} || 2 || 11:48 || 11:50 || {{rws|Bolpur Shantiniketan}} || 2 || 13:07 || 13:09
|-
| 25 || {{rws|Vizianagaram Junction}} || 2 || 12:45 || 12:50 || {{rws|Rampurhat}} || 2 || 13:59 || 14:01
|-
| 26 || {{rws|Visakhapatnam}} || 2 || 14:20 || 14:40 || {{rws|Pakur}} || 2 || 14:45 || 14:46
|-
| 27 || {{rws|Rajahmundry}} || 2 || 17:13 || 17:15 || {{rws|Malda Town}} || 2 || 16:55 || 17:05
|-
| 28 || {{rws|Vijayawada Junction}} || 2 || 19:45 || 19:55 || {{rws|Kumedpur}} || 2 || 18:05 || 18:07
|-
| 29 || {{rws|Perambur}} || 3 || 03:00 || 03:05 || {{rws|Katihar Junction}} || 2 || 19:25 || 19:35
|-
| 30 || {{rws|Arakkonam Junction}} || 3 || 03:48 || 03:50 || {{rws|Naugachia}} || 2 || 20:13 || 20:15
|-
| 31 || {{rws|Katpadi Junction}} || 3 || 04:45 || 04:50 || {{rws|Khagaria Junction}} || 2 || 21:17 || 21:19
|-
| 32 || {{rws|Jolarpettai Junction}} || 3 || 06:10 || 06:25 || {{rws|Begusarai}} || 2 || 21:49 || 21:51
|-
| 33 || {{rws|Bangarapet Junction}} || 3 || 07:43 || 07:45 || {{rws|Barauni Junction}} || 2 || 22:25 || 22:35
|-
| 34 || {{rws|Krishnarajapuram}} || 3 || 08:38 || 08:40 || {{rws|Samastipur Junction}} || 2 || 23:45 || 23:50
|-
| 35 || SMVT Bengaluru || 3 || 09:45 || — || {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 3 || 01:45 || —
|}

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 1 time:

* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Muzaffarpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Bagmati Express]]
* [[Barauni–Ernakulam Raptisagar Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1133 15227/Yesvantpur - Muzaffarpur Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1772 15228/Muzaffarpur - Yesvantpur Weekly Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yesvantpur-Muzaffarpur Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Transport in Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2004]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Okha–Shalimar Superfast Express

2026-02-18T11:32:56Z

LesterKitamura4:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Okha - Shalimar Superfast Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|11|22}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Okha}} ('''OKHA''')
| stops = 30
| end = {{rws|Shalimar}} ('''SHM''')
| distance = {{convert|2582|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 42 hrs 15 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board Catering Pantry car
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22905 / 22906
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 22905 / 22906 '''Okha–Shalimar Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train which belongs to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between [[Okha railway station|Okha]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] of [[West Bengal]] in [[India]]. It is currently operated with 22905/22906 train numbers on weekly basis.<ref>[http://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2796&did=1440661421290D3BF8AD80E9CD3FF39ED8EB51726FBC8.web107 Due to public unrest in the Ahmedabad Division, some Western Railway trains have been cancelled, partially cancelled or diverted]</ref><ref>[http://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2798&id=0,4,268 Due to Public Agitation in Ahmedabad Division]</ref>

==Coach composition==

Each train on the Express has standard ICF rakes and a maximum speed of 110 km/h, and consist of 23 coaches:

* 1 AC First Class
* 2 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 9 Sleeper Coaches
* 1 Pantry Car
* 3 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Service==

The 22905/Okha–Shalimar Express has average speeds of 58 km/h and covers 2582 km in 42 hrs 40 mins.

The 22906/Shalimar–Okha Express has average speeds of 51 km/h and covers 2582 km in 43 hrs 25 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important stops are:

* '''{{rws|Okha}}'''
* {{rws|Jamnagar}}
* {{rws|Hapa}}
* {{rws|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{rws|Surendranagar Junction}}
* {{rws|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{rws|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{rws|Surat}}
* {{rws|Nandurbar}}
* {{rws|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{rws|Akola Junction}}
* {{rws|Badnera Junction}}
* {{rws|Nagpur Junction}}
* {{rws|Durg Junction}}
* {{rws|Raipur Junction}}
* {{rws|Bilaspur Junction}}
* {{rws|Rourkela Junction}}
* {{rws|Chakradharpur}}
* {{rws|Tatanagar Junction}}
* {{rws|Kharagpur Junction}}
* '''{{rws|Shalimar}}'''

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 22905 || OKHA || Okha || 08:40 AM || Sunday || Shalimar || 03:20 AM || Tuesday
|-
| 22906 || SHM || Shalimar || 21:05 PM || Tuesday || Okha || 16:30 PM || Thursday
|}

== Traction==

From Okha both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4E]] electric locomotive up until Shalimar and vice versa.

== Rake sharing ==

The train was used to share its rake with 12905/12906 [[Howrah–Porbandar Express]]. Now, it is running independently.

== See also ==
* [[Okha railway station]]
* [[Shalimar railway station]]
* [[Howrah–Porbandar Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/7820 22905/Okha – Shalimar Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/shalimar-okha-sf-express-22906/8089/1913/1757 22906/Shalimar – Okha Express]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Western Railway}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Okha - Howrah Link Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Okha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Wadia Group

2026-02-18T08:49:02Z

LesterKitamura4: Improved readability and structure

{{Short description|Indian multinational conglomerate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{infobox company
| name = Wadia Group
| logo = Wadia_Group_logo.svg
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| genre =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1736}}
| founder = [[Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia]]
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Nusli Wadia]] ([[Chairman]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSBOM17527220070704 |title=India Wadia Group stays in Britannia long term-paper |publisher=Reuters |date= 2007-07-04|access-date=2010-09-30}}</ref>
| products = {{hlist|
|[[Textile]]s |[[Chemical]]s |[[Food processing]] |[[Plantation]]s |[[Media (communication)|Media]] | [[Real estate]]}}
| services =
| revenue = {{Increase}} US$2.700 billion (₹28,000 Crores)
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity = {{Increase}} US$6.929 billion (₹51,400 Crores)
| owner = [[Wadia family]]
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[Britannia Industries]]
| [[Bombay Dyeing]]
| [[Bombay Realty]]
| [[Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation]]
| [[National Peroxide]]
| Wadia Techno-Engineering<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wadiaengg.com/ |title=Home |website=wadiaengg.com}}</ref>}}
| homepage = {{url|http://www.wadiagroup.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Wadia Group''' is an Indian [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]], founded in [[Surat]], headquartered in [[Mumbai]]. It was founded by [[Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia]] in 1736 and is the [[List of oldest companies in India|oldest company in India]], with its subsidiary [[Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation|The Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Limited]], established in 1863, being the oldest [[Public company|publicly traded]] Indian company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mudgill |first=Amit |title=Old isn't gold always! These 19th century firms failed to reward investors in last 5 years |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/old-isnt-gold-always-these-19th-century-firms-failed-to-reward-investors-in-last-5-years/articleshow/57746374.cms |access-date=2022-09-19}}</ref> Other notable companies of the group are [[Bombay Dyeing]], a textile company established in 1879, and [[Britannia Industries]], a food and beverage company established in 1918.

Lovji Wadia secured contracts with the [[British East India Company]] to build ships and docks in Bombay in 1736.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Bollywood: a history
| author = Mihir Bose
| year = 2006
| publisher = Tempus
| isbn = 978-0-7524-2835-2
}}</ref> This, and subsequent efforts, would result in Bombay becoming a strategic port for the British colonial undertakings in Asia. The [[Bombay]] dry dock, the first dry dock in Asia, was built by Lovji and his brother Sorabji in 1750. Among the historical ships built by the Wadia Group are {{HMS|Minden}}, {{HMS|Cornwallis|1813|6}}, and {{HMS|Trincomalee}}.[[File:GoAir Airbus A320.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Group company logos displayed on the nose of a GoAir plane]]
[[File:BIAL Go Air aircraft.jpg|thumb|right|260px|A GoAir aircraft at [[Bangalore International Airport]], with pink colours.]]

==Companies==
The Wadia group consists of several companies, four of which are listed on Indian stock exchanges.

* [[Bombay Dyeing]] – Established in 1879.
*[[Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation]] – Established in 1863.
*[[Britannia Industries]] – Established in 1918.
* National Peroxide Limited – Established in 1999.

Apart from the listed companies, Wadias own several other firms, including:
*[[Gladrags]] – a [[fashion magazine]] which is the particular interest of Maureen Wadia, a former air hostess. Established in 1959.
*Wadia Techno-Engineering Services Limited (WTESL) – Established in 1960.
*[[Go First]] – Established in 2005.
* [[Punjab Kings]] – a cricket team, one of the ten franchisees playing in the [[Indian Premier League]]. Established in 2008.
*[[Bombay Realty]] – Established in 2011.

==See also==
* [[Wadia family]]
* [[List of oldest companies in India]]
* [[List of oldest companies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wadiagroup.com/ Wadia Group website]

{{Wadia Group}}

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1736]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Wadia Group| ]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1736]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Family-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Bhola Nath Mullik

2026-02-13T13:44:23Z

LesterKitamura4: cleanup

{{Short description|Former director of Intelligence Bureau of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhola Nath Mullik
| honorific-prefix = [[Padma Bhushan]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Civil servant, [[spymaster]]
| yearsactive =
| known_for = his service as the director of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]
| awards = [[File:IND Padma Bhushan BAR.png|30px]]{{ublist|1964 [[Padma Bhushan]] }}
}}
'''Bhola Nath Mullik''' was an Indian civil servant, [[spymaster]] and the second director of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau of India]] (IB).<ref name="ThurstonThondup2015">{{cite book|author1=Anne F. Thurston|author2=Gyalo Thondup|title=The Noodle Maker of Kalimpong: The Untold Story of My Struggle for Tibet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMf3BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT141|date=16 April 2015|publisher=Ebury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4481-7596-3|pages=141–}}</ref><ref name="A spy and a gentleman">{{Cite news |url=http://www.panunkashmir.org/kashmirsentinel/jan2003/20.html |title=A spy and a gentleman |date=January 3, 2003 |work=Kashmir Sentinel |access-date=2018-05-26}}</ref> He served as the director of IB from July 15, 1950, to October 9, 1964.<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bprd.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1052.pdf |title=Archived copy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816020917/http://www.bprd.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1052.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-16 |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-08-12}}</ref> He was known to be a hardworking official, with close contacts with the then [[Union government]].<ref name="MaddrellMoran2018">{{cite book|author1=Paul Maddrell|author2=Christopher Moran|author3=Mark Stout, Ioanna Iordanou|title=Spy Chiefs: Volume 2: Intelligence Leaders in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_FGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT268|date=1 February 2018|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-1-62616-523-6|pages=268–}}</ref> It was reported that Mullik had been a close associate of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the erstwhile Indian prime minister.<ref name="The guilty men of '62">{{Cite news |url=http://archive.asianage.com/columnists/guilty-men-62-491 |title=The guilty men of '62 |last=Sinha |first=S. K. |date=October 20, 2012 |work=The Asian Age |access-date=2018-05-26 |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526191159/http://archive.asianage.com/columnists/guilty-men-62-491 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was on his advice, that Nehru ordered for the establishment of [[Special Frontier Force]] (SFF) (also known as Establishment 22) for defending against the Chinese army in the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962.<ref name="The curious case of establishment 22">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-curious-case-of-establishment-22/story-eiDenZvNioffJFupLzNGOI.html |title=The curious case of establishment 22 |last=Sanyal |first=Amitava |date=2009-11-14 |access-date=2018-05-26 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest Indian civilian award, in 1964.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |title=Padma Awards |date=2018-05-17 |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2018-05-17 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000149/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Publications ==

* B. N. Mullik (1971). ''My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal.'' Volume 1. Allied Publishers.
* B. N. Mullik (1971). ''My Years with Nehru: Kashmir''. Volume 2. Allied Publishers.
* B. N. Mullik (1971). ''My Years with Nehru, 1948-1964''. Volume 3. Allied Publishers.

==See also==
* [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose]]
* [[R. N. Kao]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |title=India : the crucial years |last=Rajeswar, T. V. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2016 |isbn=9789351772866 |location=New Delhi |page=296 |oclc=921977922}}

==External links==
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1151009/jsp/opinion/story_46869.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526193144/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1151009/jsp/opinion/story_46869.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2018 |title=Snippets from the world of secrets |last=Sanyal |first=Amitava |date=November 15, 2009 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=2018-05-26}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box | before = [[T. G. Sanjeevi Pillai]]|title = [[Director of Intelligence Bureau (India)|Director of the Intelligence Bureau]] | years = (July 15, 1950–October 9, 1964 | after = [[S. P. Verma (civil servant)|S. P. Verma]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mullik, Bhola Nath}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Directors of Intelligence Bureau (India)]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Espionage-bio-stub}}

Maharani Swarnamoyee

2026-02-08T12:02:29Z

LesterKitamura4: adding a stub...

{{Short description|Indian philanthropist}}
{{Infobox person
| title = Maharani Swarnamoyee
| name = Maharani Swarnamoyee
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| birth_name = Saradasundari Devi
| birth_date = December 1827
| birth_place = [[Bhatakul]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj]] (present day [[Purba Bardhaman district]], India)
| death_date = 25 August 1897 (aged 69)
| death_place = [[Cossimbazar]]
| successor = [[Maharaja Manindra Chandra Nandy]]
| spouse = Maharaja Krishna Nath of Cossimbazar Raj (m. 1836–1844)
| children = Lakshmi Devi, Saraswati Devi
| occupation = [[Philanthropist]]
}}

'''Maharani Swarnamoyee''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CI}} (December 1827 – August 25, 1897) was the [[Maharani]] of [[Cossimbazar]] Raj from 1844 to 1897. She was a philanthropist during the period of [[Bengal Renaissance]].

==Marriage==
Born in a poor family, Swarnamoyee was extremely beautiful and married Maharaja Krishna Nath Nandy of the [[Cossimbazar]] Royal Family in 1836.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} Her birth name was Saradasundari, which was changed to Swarnamoyee after marriage. They had two daughters, Lakshmi and Saraswati. Her husband committed suicide in 1844 at the age of 22. Among her daughters, one died in infancy, the other married and died at a young age. After her husband's death, she became Maharani of Cossimbazar Raj estate. Krishnath was Maharaja of Cossimbazar Raj from 1832 to 1844.<ref name="murshidabad1">[http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-cossimbazar-raj.htm Official website of Murshidabad Fire Dekha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630071936/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-cossimbazar-raj.htm |date=2021-06-30 }}, ''Biography of Maharani Swarnamayee''</ref>

==Charity==
To supply pure water for the residents of the town of [[Baharampur|Berhampore]], the Swarnamoyee Water-works were constructed at a cost of Rs. 270,000, of which Rs. 162,000 was donated by Maharani Swarnamoyee. The project was inaugurated by [[Sir John Woodburn]], then Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, on 31 July 31, 1899.<ref name="murshidabad1"/> Swarnamoyee donated Rs. 1,000 to Calcutta Chandni Hospital in 1871, and Rs. 8,000 to Native Hospital in 1872. She also donated to famine and malaria relief funds.<ref name="murshidabad1"/>

Swarnamoyee donated Rs. 150,000 for the construction of a hostel to provide accommodation for female medical students at [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]]. The foundation stone of the hostel was laid by [[Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava|Lady Dufferin]]. The hostel still bears the name of Maharani Swarnamoyee.<ref name="murshidabad1"/> Swarnamoyee donated 30 bighas of land for the construction of [[Krishnath College|Berhampore College]] in 1851. In 1886, Maharani Swarnamoyee was vested with the necessary powers for the management of the college when the government withdrew from its management.<ref name="murshidabad1"/>

Swarnamoyee donated Rs. 1,000 to Medinipur High School in 1871, Rs. 4,000 to Rangpur High School, Rs. 3,000 to the [[Oriental Seminary]] and Rs. 10,000 to the Hindu Girls' School in 1876 and Rs. 5,000 to Khagra London Missionary School, [[Murshidabad]] in 1883.<ref name="murshidabad1"/> Swarnamoyee donated Rs. 15,000 to [[Bethune College]] in 1872, Rs. 2,000 to [[Cuttack]] College in 1875, Rs. 2,000 to Aligarh College in 1876 and Rs. 5,000 to London Imperial Jubilee Institution in 1887. She donated all of the land for [[Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur|Shibpur Bengal Engineering College]]. She donated Rs. 4,000 to the Hindu Hostel in 1879.<ref name="murshidabad1"/>

==Awards and recognition==
Swarnamoyee received the title of Maharani on August 11, 1871.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} The Maharani received the [[Order of the Crown of India]] on August 14, 1878, in recognition of her charitable work.<ref name="murshidabad1"/>

==Death==
Maharani Swarnamoyee died on August 25, 1897, at the age of 68.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} After her death, [[Maharaja Manindra Chandra Nandy]], the son of Maharaja Krishna Nath's sister, Gobinda Sundari Devi, became the Maharaja of the Cossimbazar Raj estate.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swarnamoyee, Maharani}}
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Crown of India]]
[[Category:Educators from British India]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:19th-century women philanthropists]]

Western railway elevated corridor

2026-01-15T06:18:50Z

LesterKitamura4:

{{Short description|Proposed Raised Railway in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Western Railway Elevated Corridor
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
| status = Rejected due to financial viability
| open =
| locale = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] [[Mira-Bhayandar]], [[Maharashtra]] [[Vasai-Virar]], [[Maharashtra]]
| start = [[Oval Maidan]]
| end = [[Virar railway station|Virar]]
| stations = 26
| daily_ridership = 1.7 million (2019-20 estimate)
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway Zone (India)|Western Railway (WR)]]
| character = Elevated, underground and at grade
| stock =
| linelength_km = 63.27
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in}}
| electrification =
| speed = 100 km/h
| elevation =
| map = {{MSR Western elevated|inline=yes|collapse=yes}}
| map_state =
}}
The '''Western Railway Elevated Corridor''', also known as the '''Oval Maidan-Virar elevated corridor''', was a proposed [[rapid transit]] corridor that would have run along the same alignment as the [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]] of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], and link [[Oval Maidan]] with [[Virar]].

==History==
The Western railway elevated corridor was first proposed in the 2007 Railway Budget presented by then [[Minister of Railways (India)|Railway Minister]] [[Laloo Prasad Yadav]].<ref name="proposal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/feb/26bud6.htm|title=Highlights of the Railway Budget 2007-08|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> The technical feasibility report for the project was prepared by Rail India Technical and Economic Service ([[RITES]]) and the French firm [[Systra]].<ref name="dprfeas">{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/feb/160209-News,Mumbai-Virar-elevated-two-track-corridor-project-Western-Railway-French-firm-Systra.htm|title=First step toward the Mumbai-Virar elevated 2-track corridor project |last=Devasia|first=Sanjeev|date=16 February 2009|publisher=Mid Day|page=1|access-date=16 January 2012|location=Mumbai}}</ref> On 23 August 2012, Western Railway (WR) held a planning meeting with potentially interested parties at [[Churchgate railway station|Churchgate station]]. The meeting included 20 companies including Reliance infrastructure, Gammon, IL&FS, Essar and GMR.<ref name="railjournal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/commuter-rail/indias-western-railway-stages-bidder-briefing-for-mumbai-rail-project.html?channel=542 |title=India's Western Railway stages bidder briefing for Mumbai rail project |publisher=Railjournal.com |date=24 August 2012 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> According to Sharat Chandrayan, CPRO of WR, "The road-show was mainly to explain requirements for the project to prospective bidders and to understand their suggestions before bidding takes place".<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Elevated-rail-corridor-gets-green-light-from-developers/Article1-918479.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825000153/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Elevated-rail-corridor-gets-green-light-from-developers/Article1-918479.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2012 |title=Elevated rail corridor gets green light from developers |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 August 2012 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> A delay occurred in signing of the State Support Agreement (SSA) between WR and the Government of Maharashtra due to differences of opinion between the State Government, the Planning Commission and the railways<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Officials-meet-to-put-elevated-railway-corridor-on-fast-track/articleshow/20640957.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229210629/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-18/mumbai/40047699_1_railway-board-elevated-railway-corridor-fast-track |url-status=live |archive-date=29 December 2013 |title=Officials meet to put elevated railway corridor on fast track |date=18 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> on issues related to FSI, land acquisition, shifting of underground utilities and commercial use of land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/no-movement-yet-on-oval-maidan-virar-elevated-corridor/1126429/ |title=No movement yet on Oval Maidan Virar Elevated Corridor |work=Indian Express|date=8 June 2013 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> The SSA is the state's commitment to help Railways in land acquisition, shifting utility services on time and attaining more FSI to help developers generate funds. WR demanded an FSI of five for 13 land parcels across the city, in order to optimise commercial development of its existing plots as major source of funds for the project. However, the state government expressed reservations in granting an FSI up to four, saying that it would permit need-based FSI only. The project is planned to be implemented as a joint public-private partnership (PPP) project of the railways, the state government and private organisation on Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT) basis.<ref name="rail.co">{{cite web|url=http://www.rail.co/2012/08/16/indian-railways-mumbai-elevated-rail-corridor-on-track/ |title=Indian Railways' Mumbai elevated rail corridor on track |publisher=Rail.co |date=16 August 2012 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

The project received in-principle approval from Maharashtra government on 9 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-09/news/38404557_1_elevated-rail-corridor-project-in-principle-nod-oval-maidan-and-virar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202185410/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-09/news/38404557_1_elevated-rail-corridor-project-in-principle-nod-oval-maidan-and-virar |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Elevated Rail Corridor project gets in-principle nod |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> The Maharashtra government sought central funding for the Mumbai Elevated Rail Corridor Project, which is aimed to revolutionise suburban commuting in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2013/05/03/409--Maharashtra-wants-centre-to-fund-suburban-elevated-rail-corridor-.html |title=Maharashtra wants centre to fund suburban elevated rail corridor |publisher=Newstrackindia.com |date=3 May 2013 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> In August 2013, the railway ministry issued new Request For Qualification (RFQ) documents for the project, about a week after withdrawing previously issued RFQ documents. The ministry had withdrawn the documents after realizing that the dispute between the state government and the railways over the signing of the SSA was frightening off potential bidders. Six infrastructure firms – Reliance, Larsen and Toubro, GMR, Gammon, ILFS and CAF Spain – had bought the earlier RFQ document at a cost of ₹1 million (US$16,000) each.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-railways-gives-ray-of-hope-for-oval-maidan-virar-elevated-corridor-1873303|title=Railway's gives ray of hope for Oval Maidan-Virar elevated corridor|date=12 August 2013}}</ref> The railway ministry announced on 17 September 2013, that the deadline for expressing interest had been extended to 29 November from 20 October. "Unless the agreement with the state government is signed it will be difficult for the project to take off", he said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/elevated-rail-corridor-project-faces-further-delay/articleshow/22669354.cms|title=Elevated rail corridor project faces further delay|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

The state government clarified it would not permit a higher FSI for the project, and lobbied for its own Mumbai Metro project.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Elevated-rail-corridor-survey-underway/articleshow/28357009.cms|title=Railway India Technical and Economic Services: Elevated rail corridor survey underway | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 January 2014 }}</ref> The state government opposes the elevated rail corridor project, arguing that the proposed Line 3 of the Mumbai Metro Metro project between Colaba and SEEPZ follows the same route.<ref name="The Times of India"/> Following the November meeting, WR commissioned RITES to conduct a study on passenger volume projections if the route were shortened. The state government had suggested that the corridor be terminated at Bandra. The study found that terminating the corridor at Bandra would result in 40% reduction in passenger volume, which would make the project financially unviable.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/elevated-rail-corridor-only-till-bandra-will-be-unviable/articleshow/33407066.cms|title=Elevated rail corridor only till Bandra will be unviable | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=8 April 2014 }}</ref>

The PMO ordered a fresh traffic study for the elevated corridor in November 2013. In an infrastructure review meeting chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in November 2013, Maharashtra Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan stated that there should be a rethink on the project as the proposed Mumbai Metro would partially be on the same alignment as the elevated corridor. The feasibility study conducted by the Indian Railways a couple of years prior had found that the elevated corridor would have a ridership of 1.1 million in the first year of its operations. The Railways commissioned Rail India Technical and Economic Service (RITES), its engineering arm, to conduct a fresh study as instructed by the PMO. Railways also postponed the last date for RFQ to 31 January 2013. According to a railway board official, the contract for the corridor will be awarded by May 2014, if the Maharashtra government agrees to sign the state support agreement (SSA), after the new report. The earlier date for awarding the contract, fixed by the PMO, was 31 January 2014. Eight infrastructure companies – Reliance Infrastructure, Gammon India, Larsen and Toubro (L&T), Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Ltd (IL&FS), GMR Infrastructure Ltd, Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF), Siemens AG and Tata Realty and Infrastructure have applied for the project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/mumbai-elevated-corridor-plan-on-track-says-railways/1203383/|title=Mumbai elevated corridor plan on track, says railways|date=5 December 2013|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> During the meeting, the state government clarified it would not permit a higher FSI for the project, and lobbied for its own Mumbai Metro project.<ref name="The Times of India"/> The state government opposes the elevated rail corridor project, arguing that the proposed Line 3 of the Mumbai Metro Metro project between Colaba and SEEPZ partially traverses an alignment similar to the elevated corridor.<ref name="The Times of India"/> Following the November meeting, WR commissioned RITES to conduct a study on passenger volume projections if the elevated corridor was allowed to operate only between Virar and Bandra. The state government had suggested that the corridor be terminated at Bandra, instead of Oval Maidan, because the proposed Line 3 of the Mumbai Metro would partially run on the same alignment as the elevated rail corridor. The study found that terminating the corridor at Bandra would result in an estimated loss in ridership of 40%, which would make the project financially unviable.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The 2014 Rail Budget presented by railway minister Mallikarjun Kharge did not mention the elevated corridor, drawing criticism from railway officials and commuters who had been following the project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/churchgate-virar-corridor-ignored-718 |title=Churchgate-Virar corridor ignored? | the Asian Age |website=www.asianage.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306102042/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/churchgate-virar-corridor-ignored-718 |archive-date=6 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2014, the Railway Board instructed WR to halt all work they had undertaken with regards to the project. Subodh Jain, member (engineering) of the Railway Board, stated, "The Oval Maidan-Virar elevated corridor has gone cold due to lack of interest by the state government." The Ministry of Railways shelved the project stating that until the government shows interest in the project, there was no need to carry out any work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/oval-maidan-virar-elevated-rail-corridor-after-elevating-commuters-hopes-railways-ditch-proposed-corridor/15254093|title=Oval Maidan-Virar elevated rail corridor: After elevating commuters hopes, railways ditch proposed corridor|date=26 April 2014}}</ref> Following a change at the centre and a new Railway Minister, after the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]], there was renewed interest in the project. Chairman of Railway Board Arunendra Kumar and the Chief Secretary of Maharashtra J. Saharia met on 14 June 2014 to discuss the future of the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/state-govt-wants-to-prioritise-metro-line-3-over-elevated-corridor/15382154|title=State govt wants to prioritise Metro Line 3 over Elevated Corridor|date=16 June 2014}}</ref> On 8 January 2015, Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu announced that the elevated corridor and the CST-Panvel corridor would be implemented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/2-elevated-rail-corridors-mumbai-352 |title=2 elevated rail corridors for Mumbai | the Asian Age |website=www.asianage.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115060110/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/2-elevated-rail-corridors-mumbai-352 |archive-date=15 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to a new proposal, a 6-lane road will be constructed on the same pier as the elevated rail corridors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/railways-state-government-plan-to-build-elevated-rail-road-on-same-pier/articleshow/45814338.cms|title=Railways, state government plan to build elevated rail, road on same pier | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 January 2015 }}</ref>

In March 2015, the Railways suggested terminating the south-end of the line at Andheri, in response to the Maharashtra Government's concern that extending the line to Oval Maidan or Churchgate would be complicated. Due to space constraints in South Mumbai, the southern section of the line was planned to be underground from Oval Maidan to Mahalaxmi. However, the proposed Line 3 of the Mumbai Metro would pass through the same area, requiring the construction of a tunnel at greater depth for the WR corridor. The presence of several listed heritage buildings in the area also made the task more difficult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/elevated-rail-corridor-till-oval-maidan-could-end-at-andheri/articleshow/46459529.cms|title=Elevated rail corridor till Oval Maidan could end at Andheri|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> On 5 May 2015, ''DNA'' reported that an announcement to scrap the project was expected to come soon. The paper quoted a senior railway official as stating that the project "still remained in limbo as the state and the railways couldn't sign the State Support Agreement since May 2012."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-elevated-corridor-plan-falls-by-wayside-2083324|title=Mumbai elevated corridor plan falls by wayside|date=5 May 2015}}</ref>

Railway Minister [[Suresh Prabhu]] announced on 25 February 2016, while presenting the Railway Budget, that the elevated corridor project would be implemented. In March 2016, Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation (MRVC) announced that it had sent the Maharashtra government a modified state support agreement (SSA) for an elevated corridor from Andheri to Virar. The SSA had been the primary cause of the delay under the previous NCP-Congress government, who objected to clauses in the agreement that placed responsibilities for rehabilitation and shifting of underground utilities on state government agencies. The MVRC estimates that the Andheri-Virar corridor can be built at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|10000|c}} on PPP model.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andheri-Virar elevated rail gets boost - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Andheri-Virar-elevated-rail-gets-boost/articleshow/51622020.cms|website=The Times of India|date=30 March 2016 |access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref>

In August 2016, Chief Minister Fadnavis announced that the state government had approved the SSA. He also stated that the project had received in-principle clearance from the NITI Aayog.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra CM Fadnavis assures elevated rail corridor plans on track|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-cm-fadnavis-assures-elevated-rail-corridor-plans-on-track-2245168|website=dna|access-date=6 February 2017|date=15 August 2016}}</ref> According to railway officials, tenders for work on the project may only be floated by the end of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai's elevated rail corridor plans on track, but delayed by a year|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-elevated-rail-corridor-plans-on-track-but-delayed-by-a-year-2271210|website=dna|access-date=6 February 2017|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> In December 2017, the Union Railway Minister [[Piyush Goyal]] stated that the project would not be implemented because it was financially unviable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deshpande |first1=Umakant |title=Piyush Goyal scraps elevated corridor |url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/201217/piyush-goyal-scraps-elevated-corridor.html |website=The Asian Age |access-date=14 January 2019 |date=20 December 2017}}</ref>

==Route==
It will consist of a 63.27 km two-track elevated corridor running above the existing [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]], occasionally going underground and at ground level. The elevated sections will be 15 to 20 m above the ground, and higher at [[Andheri]] in order to clear the new [[Mumbai Metro]] station.<ref name="wheretowhere">{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/feb/160209-News,Mumbai-Virar-elevated-two-track-corridor-project-Western-Railway-French-firm-Systra.htm|title=First step toward the Mumbai-Virar elevated 2-track corridor project|website=www.mid-day.com}}</ref> The corridor was initially proposed to go underground for 8.04 km from [[Oval Maidan]] to Mahalaxmi. Between Mahalaxmi and [[Borivali]], the line will be elevated for 25.22 km and then at grade for 2.20 km. In the final stretch, between Borivali and [[Virar]], 17.50 km would be elevated and 10.31 km would be at grade. Approximately, 42.72 km of the corridor was to be elevated, 8.04 km would be underground and the remaining 12.52 km at grade.<ref name="IExpress">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/oval-maidanvirar-elevated-rail-corridor-gets-a-forward-push/984051/0|title=Oval Maidan-Virar elevated rail corridor gets a forward push |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=5 August 2012}}</ref>

Railway officials announced on 29 September 2012 that a decision had been taken to alter the earlier alignment and go underground for an additional 8.5 km stretch between [[Bandra]] and [[Jogeshwari]] to avoid having to buy and remove over 100 buildings extant on the planned route. This will increase the project cost by {{INRConvert|12|b}}. According to Mahesh Kumar, general manager of WR, the realignment would save money because he estimates that land acquisition and rehabilitation along the stretch would cost over {{INRConvert|20|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Underground-suburban-stretch-to-cost-WR-Rs-1-200-crore-more/Article1-939551.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004002052/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Underground-suburban-stretch-to-cost-WR-Rs-1-200-crore-more/Article1-939551.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2012 |title=Underground suburban stretch to cost WR Rs. 1,200 crore more |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 October 2012 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> As a result of the changes, 16.6 km of the corridor will now be underground, 10 km will run at grade alongside existing tracks and 36.4 km will be elevated.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sanjeev Devasia | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_help-us-get-land-for-elevated-corridor-railways_1752881 |title=Help us get land for elevated corridor: Railways |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=16 October 2012 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> The underground sections include the 8.04 km stretch between Oval Maidan and Mahalaxmi, and the 8.56 km stretch between Bandra and Jogeshwari that was proposed in the amended plans. The at grade section, roughly lying between north Santacruz and north Vile Parle, is because of restrictions in height placed by the [[Airports Authority of India]].<ref name="IExpress"/> The stretches between Dahisar-Mira Road, Bhayander-Vasai and at Virar will also be at grade. The remaining stretches will be elevated.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|author=Sandeep Ashar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Western-Railways-seeks-commercial-use-of-land-along-route-to-fund-new-corridor/articleshow/16828859.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202185753/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-16/mumbai/34498019_1_land-acquisition-corridor-churchgate-virar |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Western Railways seeks commercial use of land along route to fund new corridor |date=16 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

Initially, 26 stations were proposed. However, WR may cancel 3 or 4 stations to reduce cost and land acquisition. Stations that are situated close together or estimated to have low passenger traffic may be dropped from the plan. Matunga Road, Mahim and Naigaon stations have been proposed to be cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|author=Manthan K Mehta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Elevated-corridor-Few-stations-may-be-dropped-to-cut-cost/articleshow/16288690.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202185801/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-07/mumbai/33676647_1_stations-passenger-traffic-matunga-road |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Elevated corridor: Few stations may be dropped to cut cost |date=7 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

The elevated corridor is expected to take 30% of the load off existing lines. Western Railway (WR) intends to fund the project by commercially developing 130,000 square metres of land in 8 locations, of which five plots are Mumbai Central, Bandra, Andheri, Mahalaxmi and Borivali.

The Virar maintenance depot was planned to require 65 hectares of land, but the new one will require 40.8 hectares of land, due to a decision by WR to reduce the proposed number of coaches on a train from the earlier 15 to 8.<ref>{{cite web|author=Binoo Nair |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1819349/report-your-ac-train-to-virar-will-have-8-coaches |title=Your AC train to Virar will have 8 coaches |publisher=DNA India |date=6 April 2013 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> Oval Maidan station will be integrated with Hutatma Chowk station on the proposed Colaba-Bandra line of the [[Mumbai Metro]].

==Stations==
The line will have 26 stations - 5 underground, 19 elevated and 2 at grade.<ref>{{cite web|author=Raghvendra Rao |url=http://epaper.indianexpress.com/50558/Indian-Express-Mumbai/05-August-2012#page/4/2 |title=Oval Maidan-Virar elevated rail corridor gets a forward push |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 August 2012 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Elevated-rail-corridor-stations-will-have-shops-and-offices/Article1-910047.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307180340/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Elevated-rail-corridor-stations-will-have-shops-and-offices/Article1-910047.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2014 |title=Elevated rail corridor stations will have shops and offices |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 August 2012 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:10px;"|#
!style="width:120px;"|Station name
!style="width:120px;"|Layout
|-
|1||[[Oval Maidan]]|| Underground
|-
|2||{{rws|Churchgate}}|| Underground
|-
|3||{{rws|Grant Road}}|| Underground
|-
|4||{{rws|Mumbai Central}}|| Underground
|-
|5||{{rws|Mahalaxmi}}|| Underground
|-
|6||{{rws|Lower Parel}}|| Elevated
|-
|7||{{rws|Prabhadevi}}|| Elevated
|-
|8||{{rws|Dadar}}||Elevated
|-
|9||{{rws|Matunga Road}}|| Elevated
|-
|10||{{rws|Mahim Junction}}|| Elevated
|-
|11||{{rws|Bandra}}|| Elevated
|-
|12||{{rws|Santacruz}}||Elevated
|-
|13||{{rws|Vile Parle}}|| Elevated
|-
|14||{{rws|Andheri}}||Elevated
|-
|15||{{rws|Jogeshwari}}|| Elevated
|-
|16||{{rws|Goregaon}}|| Elevated
|-
|17||{{rws|Malad}}|| Elevated
|-
|18||{{rws|Kandivli}}||Elevated
|-
|19||{{rws|Borivali}}|| Elevated
|-
|20||{{rws|Dahisar}}||Elevated
|-
|21||{{rws|Mira Road}}||At grade
|-
|22||{{rws|Bhayandar}}|| Elevated
|-
|23||{{rws|Naigaon}}|| At grade
|-
|24||{{rws|Vasai Road}}||At grade
|-
|25||{{rws|Nallasopara}}||Elevated
|-
|26||{{rws|Virar}}||At grade
|}

==Extension==
[[Indian Railways]] plans to extend the corridor from Oval Maidan to either [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralaya]] or [[Nariman Point]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Manthan K Mehta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Elevated-rail-corridor-may-run-up-to-Mantralaya-or-Nariman-Point/articleshow/15382463.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202185755/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-07/mumbai/33082631_1_rail-corridor-nariman-point-mantralaya |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Elevated rail corridor may run up to Mantralaya or Nariman Point |date=7 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

==Cost==
The project is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|200|b}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_railway-dumps-metro-from-mumbai-corridor-plan_1723742 |title=Railway 'dumps' metro from Mumbai corridor plan |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=4 August 2012 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> and will be implemented through a [[public-private partnership]] (PPP) mode on Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT) basis by a private entity.<ref name="IExpress"/> The Central Government will provide 20% of the project cost as viability gap funding.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

==Infrastructure==
The rolling stock proposed will consist of 3,660-mm wide air-conditioned coaches. The corridor will have emergency sidings.<ref name="IExpress"/>

==Operations==
* Services will run daily from 5am - 12am. Trains will be available every 90 seconds and will halt at each station for 30 seconds.<ref name="IExpress"/>
* Trains will be able to transport 90,000 passengers PHPDT (Peak Hour Peak Direction Traffic).<ref name="IExpress"/>
* Trains will have an optimum speed of 100 km/h.<ref name="IExpress"/>

==Criticism==

1. The Elevated Railway Corridor has been surveyed to be aligned along the Western Side of the Western Railway Suburban Corridor
(Not above the existing Railway Lines). This means that the Elevated Corridor would duplicate the Existing route and compete for the same passengers.

2. Western Railway has vacant land only between Borivali to Jogeshwari and Bandra to Dadar to lay the Pillars of the Elevated Corridor. This would mean that Western Railway has to acquire a large number of expensive Multi Storey properties between Jogeshwari and Bandra and Dadar to Churchgate to lay the Elevated Corridor.

3. There are many Road over Bridges on the Western Railway tracks between Churchgate and Virar which would have to be crossed over through Double Decker Bridges making them very expensive and complicated.

4. Oval Maidan is part of the Mumbai's Art Deco Heritage Precinct and it is highly unlikely that Mumbai Heritage Committee will allow a Railway Terminus on the Iconic Maidan.

5. Western Railway would have to construct this immensely expensive project and at the same time maintain the same fare structure as on the existing Sub-urban Railway network making this project highly financially unviable.

==Alternatives==

Western Railway suburban corridor between Churchgate to Virar primarily consists of 4 Tracks, 2 slow lines and 2 Fast lines. The Fast lines are shared with outstation trains between Mumbai central and Virar.
A 5th line exists between Mumbai Central to Mahim and Bandra Suburban Railway station (East) to Borivali via Bandra Terminus (BDTS), the former used by outstation trains between Mumbai Central to Dadar by trains originating and terminating at Mumbai Central whereas the latter is used by Trains originating and Terminating in Bandra Terminus.

By constructing a dedicated double line corridor between Mumbai Central and Virar, Western Railway can segregate the Suburban Corridor and outstation corridor and thereby increase the number of Local Trains on the Suburban corridor.

Moreover, Railway already owns land for laying a 6th line between Mumbai Central to Borivali and 2 lines between Borivali to Virar.
# On the Western side of the existing tracks between Mumbai Central and Lower Parel.
# On the Eastern side of the existing tracks between Lower Parel and Matunga Road.
# On the Western side of the existing tracks between Matunga Road and Mahim.
# Elevated viaduct above the WEH stretching from Sion-Mahim ROB to Khar Subway landing, via 5th line between Bandra(S) and Khar.
# On the Eastern side of the existing tracks between Khar and Kandivali Carshed.
# Clear bottlenecks at Vile parle Level crossing.
# On the Western side of the existing tracks between Kandivali Carshed and Borivali.
# Land for 5th and 6th line on the Western side of the existing tracks between Borivali and Virar.

Since Railways own most of the land for the 5th and 6th line, it would be more cost effective and financially viable vis-a-vis the Elevated Corridor.

==See also==
* [[CST – Panvel Fast Corridor]]
* [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]]
* [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Mumbai Metro]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/infra/downloads/Project_Information_Memorandum.pdf Project Information Memorandum (Indian Railways)]

{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Mumbai topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Western Railway Elevated Corridor}}
[[Category:Transport in Vasai-Virar]]
[[Category:Transport in Mira-Bhayandar]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Western Railway zone]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]

Karimnagar district

2026-01-10T22:54:16Z

LesterKitamura4: Page updated with additional details

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Karimnagar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karimnagar district
| native_name = Elagandula district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Telangana|District]] of [[Telangana]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = Chikati Gudi, Kothapali Haveli, Telangana - 69.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chikati Gudi, Kothapalli
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.43694|79.124167|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Karimnagar
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Karimnagar]]
| parts_type = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandalas]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 16
| area_total_km2 = 2,128
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1005711
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 30.72%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 69.16%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 993
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Smt Pamela Satpathy
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = TG–02<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sakshipost.com/telangana/2016/10/13/vehicle-registration-codes-for-new-districts-in-telangana|title = Telugu States Latest News, Breaking News, News Headlines, Live Updates, Today Top News}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://karimnagar.telangana.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Karimnagar district''', also known as '''Elagandula district'''<ref>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Karimnagar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2801_PART_B_DCHB_KARIMNAGAR.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=20 November 2015|page=9}}</ref>, is one of the 33 districts of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. [[Karimnagar]] city is its administrative headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/111016/telangana-gets-31-districts-to-spruce-up-admin.html|title=Telangana gets 31 districts to spruce up {{as written|admins|tration [sic]}}|date=11 October 2016}}</ref> The district shares boundaries with [[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]], [[Jagityal district|Jagityal]], [[Rajanna Sircilla district|Sircilla]], [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]], [[Jangaon district|Jangaon]], [[Hanamkonda district]] and [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar Bhupalapally]] districts.

== Etymology ==
Karimnagar was originally called ''Elagandula''.<ref>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Adilabad|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2801_PART_B_DCHB_ADILABAD.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=20 November 2015|page=9}}</ref> Later Kannada kingdoms such as Western Chalukyas ruled it. It was part of the great [[Satavahana Empire]]. Later, the ruling [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]] of Hyderabad changed the name to ''Karimnagar'', derived from the name of ''Shahenshah E Karimnagar Syed Kareemullah Shah Quadrii nithinvasi''.

== History ==

After the districts re-organisation in October 2016, 3 new districts were carved out from the erstwhile Karimnagar district to form three new districts of [[Jagtial district]], [[Peddapalli district]] and [[Rajanna Sircilla district]].<ref name="newdist">{{cite news|title=New districts|url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|access-date=8 October 2016|work=Andhra Jyothy.com|date=8 October 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225064351/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|url-status=dead}}</ref> Few mandals were merged into other newly formed districts of Warangal Urban, Siddipet, Jayashankar Bhupalpally.

== Geography ==

The district is spread over an area of {{convert|2,128|km2|sqmi}}. Karimnagar is the fifth smallest district in Telangana by area.<ref name="newdist" /> Karimnagar shares it boundaries with [[Jagtial district|Jagtial]] to its north, [[Peddapalli district]] on north-east, [[Hanamkonda district]] towards South, [[Siddipet district]] on south-west, [[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]] to the West and [[Jayashankar district|Jayashankar Bhupalapally]] on East.

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Karimnagar district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religious Community: Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website = censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Telangana|Hinduism]]|darkorange|90.08}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|8.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.73}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.71}}
}}

{{As of|2011}} [[2011 census of India|Census of India]], the district has a population of 10,05,711. Karimnagar has a sex ratio of 993 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 69.16%. 89,079 (8.86%) were under 6 years of age. Total urban population of the district is 3,08,984, (30.72%) of total population. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 186,648 (18.56%) and 12,779 (1.27%) of the population respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.sakshi.com/984919/Karimnagar-District/30-10-2016#page/10/2|title=Sakshi Telugu Daily Karimnagar District epaper dated Sun, 30 Oct 16|access-date=31 October 2016|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630080938/http://epaper.sakshi.com/984919/Karimnagar-District/30-10-2016#page/10/2|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has a single municipal corporation ([[Karimnagar]]) and four municipalities under the new municipalities act ([[Huzurabad]], [[Jammikunta]], [[Choppadandi]] and [[Kothapally, Karimnagar district|Kothapalli]]). The population of the Satavahana Urban Development Authority has a population of over 4,80,000 in Karimnagar and its urban agglomeration.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Karimnagar district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 90.44 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 7.94 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.62 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 90.44% of the population in residual Karimnagar district spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 7.94% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==

The district is divided into two [[List of Revenue Divisions in Andhra Pradesh|revenue divisions]] of Karimnagar and Huzurabad. These are sub-divided into sixteen [[mandal]]s. There are 210 revenue villages and 276 Gram-Panchyats in the district.<ref name="newdist" /> R.V Karnan is the present collector of the district.<ref>{{cite news|title=K Chandrasekhar Rao appoints collectors for new districts|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/111016/k-chandrasekhar-rao-appoints-collectors-for-new-districts.html|access-date=13 October 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=11 October 2016}}</ref>

=== Mandals ===
[[File:Karimnagar District Revenue divisions.png|thumb|280px|Karimnagar District Revenue divisions|left]]The below table categorizes 16 [[mandal]]s into their respective revenue divisions in the district:<ref name="mandals">{{cite web|title=Clipping of Andhra Jyothy Telugu Daily – Hyderabad|url=http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/c/13774805|website=Andhra Jyothy|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009185052/http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/c/13774805|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No.!!Karimnagar revenue division !!Huzurabad revenue division
|-
|1
| Kothapalli
| [[Veenavanka]]
|-
|2
| [[Karimnagar mandal|Karimnagar]]
| [[Saidapur|V.Saidapur]]
|-
|3
| Karimnagar (rural)
| [[Shankarapatnam mandal|Shankarapatnam]]
|-
|4
| [[Manakondur]]
| [[Huzurabad]]
|-
|5
| [[Thimmapur, Karimnagar district|Timmapur]]
| [[Jammikunta]]
|-
|6
| [[Ganneruvaram mandal|Ganneruvaram]]
| [[Ellanthakunta mandal|Ellanthakunta]]
|-
|7
| Gangadhara
|
|-
|8
|[[Ramadugu]]
|
|-
|9
|[[Choppadandi]]
|
|-
|10
|[[Chigurumamidi mandal|Chigurumamidi]]
|
|}

== Economy ==

Granite industry of the district include, Tan Brown and Maple Red variety of granite. In Karimnagar district, there are over 600 stone quarries spread over several mandals such as Karimnagar, Manakondur, Mallial, Kesavapatnam etc.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

In 2006, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] named undivided Karminagar district as one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most impoverished districts]] (out of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf /> It is one of the nine earlier integrated districts in Telangana currently receiving funds from the ''Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme'' (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date= 5 April 2012 }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], Former [[Prime Minister of India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.org/PV/pv.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-01-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119155631/http://www.indianembassy.org/PV/pv.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2010 }}</ref>
*[[Vidyasagar Rao]], Honourable Maharashtra Governor
* Dr. [[C. Narayana Reddy]], writer, [[Jnanpith Award]] recipient.
* Justice [[N. Kumarayya]], Retired Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh & ex-judge, World Bank Administrative Tribunal
* [[Midde Ramulu]] ([[Oggu Katha]] artist from Hanmajipet village)
* [[Anabheri Prabhakar Rao]], Freedom Fighter and Telangana Rebellion Martyr
* [[Mallojula Koteswara Rao]]
* [[G. Ram Reddy]], architect of distance education and the father of open learning in India.
* [[Paidi Jairaj]], film actor, director and producer. He was recipient of Dadasaheb Phalke Award for lifetime achievement in 1980.
* [[Siva Reddy]], popular Telugu language comedian and actor.
* [[Naveen Deshaboina]], Indian film director born in [[Manakondur]]
* [[Nayakuralu Nagamma]], minister of the [[Palnadu kingdom]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/articles/cedeg21wlnwo | title=నాయకురాలు నాగమ్మ పల్నాటి యుద్ధం తర్వాత ఏమయ్యారు... ఆమె పుట్టింది తెలంగాణలోనా? | date=2 August 2023 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of districts in Telangana]]
* [[Gattubhoothkur]]
* [[Moqdumpur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Karimnagar}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://karimnagar.telangana.gov.in/ Karimnagar District website]

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Jagtial district
| North = [[Adilabad district]]
| Southeast = [[Warangal district]]
| South = [[Husnabad]]
| Southwest = [[Medak district]]
| West = [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| Northeast = [[Gadchiroli district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| East = [[Huzurabad]]
}}
{{Telangana |state=collapsed}}
{{Godavari basin}}
{{Cities and towns in Karimnagar district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Karimnagar district| ]]
[[Category:Coal mining districts in India]]
[[Category:Districts of Telangana]]

Indian 10 Rupee Mahatma Gandhi postage stamp

2026-01-08T04:42:52Z

LesterKitamura4: slightly refine references as per guidelines and fixed typos per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Short description|Indian postage stamp}}
{{Infobox postage stamp
| common_name = Mahatma Gandhi 10 Rs. issue of 1948
| image = [[File:Mahatma Gandhi 10 Rupees.jpg|170px]] [[File:Official stamp of India Mahatma Gandhi 1948 10 Rupees.jpg|170px]]
| country_of_production = [[India]]
| location_of_production = Hélio Courvoisier, [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| date_of_production = {{Start date|1948}}
| nature_of_rarity = "Service" Overprint - Extremely rare
| number_in_existence = 250,000 normal stamps, "Service" Overprint - 100, "Service" Overprint in Private Collections - 8
| face_value = 10 [[Indian rupee|Rupees]]
| estimated_value =
| depicts = [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
}}

The '''10 Rupees [[Postage stamp]] depicting [[Mahatma Gandhi]]''', issued by India in 1948, is one of India's most famous stamps.<ref name="cite1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2307/stories/20060421000906600.htm|work=The Hindu|date=2006-04-21|title=Art in miniature|accessdate=2009-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329111032/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2307/stories/20060421000906600.htm|archive-date=2008-03-29|url-status=usurped}}</ref> On 15 August 1948, on the occasion of the first anniversary of [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]], Gandhi was honored as the first Indian to be depicted on stamps of India. A set of 100 of these stamps was overprinted with the word "Service" and provided only to the Governor General of India for his official use. The 10 Rupees "Service" overprinted stamp is one of India's rarest and most highly valued stamps.

==History==
The original plan was to issue a set of stamps depicting [[Mahatma Gandhi]] ("Bapu", or "father" in Hindi), in January 1948. The [[India Security Press]] in [[Nashik]] was entrusted with the task of producing a set of 4 stamps. But before the stamps were issued, Gandhi was assassinated.<ref name="cite1"/> The Indian Government decided to print these stamps as a memorial, using [[photogravure]] press, and hence had to employ the services of the Swiss printers, [[Helio Courvoisier]], Sa. LaChaux De Fonds, instead of the India Security Press. The word "Bapu" was printed on the stamp in [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] languages as a symbol of communal harmony. Four stamps with denominations 1.5 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]], 3.5 annas, 12 annas and 10 rupees were issued. One of the stamps of the set was issued with a very high price of 10 Rs., out of reach of the common populace in India.<ref name="cite1"/> The stamps were issued on 15 August 1948, on the occasion of the first anniversary of [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Leclere |first=Estelle |title=New Auction World Record for a Stamp of India |work=Press releases |publisher=[[David Feldman (philatelist)|David Feldman]] |date=20 May 2011 |url=https://www.davidfeldman.com/2011/05/david-feldman-sets-new-auction-world-record-for-a-modern-stamp/ |access-date=9 August 2024 }}</ref>

==Technical details==

[[File:Stamp India 1948 Gandhi 10Rs Service overprint.jpg|thumb|Photo of the Sheet of 10 Rupees Mahatma Gandhi Stamp Overprinted Service, which was exhibited at International Philately Exhibition Indipex 2011 at New Delhi, India]]

The 10 Rs. stamp depicted Bapu in a grey colour with a reddish-brown background. A total of 250,000 stamps were printed in sheets of 50 stamps, 5 rows of 10 stamps each, with a perforation of 11.5 mm.<ref name="cite2">{{cite web|url=http://stampsofindia.com/readroom/b013.htm|author=Ashok Kumar Bayanwala|date=2006-04-21|title=1948 August 15, Gandhi ji - The first Indian to be on stamps of India|accessdate=2009-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040907135407/http://stampsofindia.com/readroom/b013.htm|archive-date=2004-09-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Philatelic fakes and forgeries|Forgeries]] of both the stamps, and of and [[first day cover]]s bearing them, are known.{{cn|date=December 2014}}

==Service issue==
A set of stamps over-printed as "Service" was issued to the Government of India for official purposes. Only 100 Mahatma Gandhi 10 Rs. stamps were overprinted with "Service" and issued for the use of [[C. Rajagopalachari]], the [[Governor General of India]].<ref name="cite3">{{cite web|url=http://www.stampsonindia.com/mahatma/india/b01-in01.htm|author=Madhukar and Savitha Jhingan|date=2006-04-21|title=Mahatma Gandhi|access-date=2009-01-18|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220031227/http://www.stampsonindia.com/mahatma/india/b01-in01.htm|archivedate=2012-02-20}}</ref> Of the hundred stamps that were overprinted with "Service", a few were given to dignitaries, while most, including an intact sheet of 50, remain at the National Archives, Postal Museums, etc. The 2006 book by Dr. Reuben Ramkissoon and Dr. Rajagopalan<ref name="cite5">{{citation |title=A philatelic handbook on Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi)|author=Reuben A. Ramkissoon, Rajagopalan V. Rajan|publisher=R & W Enterprises, Oak Brook, IL|date=2006}}</ref> reports that fewer than eight copies of the Gandhi 10 Rs Service stamps reside in private hands. The 1948 "Service" set which was auctioned for 38,000 Euros in the [[David Feldman (philatelist)|David Feldman]] auction sale on 5 October 2007.<ref name="cite4">{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/6710129/Filacapsule0308|work=The FILA capsule Vol. 3 No. 3, May–June-2008|title=Mahatma Gandhi 1948 issue of India|author=Santanu Panigrahi|access-date=2009-01-18}}</ref> In 2011 David Feldman sold an example for €144,000 and suggests that only 18 are known.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.davidfeldman.com/2011/05/david-feldman-sets-new-auction-world-record-for-a-modern-stamp/ |title=New auction World Record for a modern issued stamp |publisher=David Feldman |date=2011-05-20 |access-date=2013-04-28}}</ref> In April 2017, Stanley Gbbons reported that a block of four overprinted 10 Rs Service stamps was sold to a private collector in Australia for £500,000 at an auction in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gandhi stamps sell for £500,000 |work=Business |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=19 April 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-39643413 |access-date=7 January 2018 }}</ref> Forgeries of the overprint are known.<ref>{{cite web |last= Mehta |first=T. N. |title=The story of Gandhi Stamps |publisher=Indianpostagestamps.com |date=15 September 2015 |url=https://www.indianpostagestamps.com/articles/gandhi.html |access-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118011845/https://www.indianpostagestamps.com/articles/gandhi.html |archive-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/stamps Gandhi Stamps Collection]
* [https://www.davidfeldman.com/wp-content/uploads/items_treated_pdf/2011/05/111W0164_117433_1304685762.pdf Mahatma Gandhi 1948 stamps overprinted "Specimen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110161925/https://www.davidfeldman.com/wp-content/uploads/items_treated_pdf/2011/05/111W0164_117433_1304685762.pdf |date=10 January 2018 }} [[David Feldman (philatelist)|David Feldman]]

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India 10 Rupees Mahatma Gandhi Postage Stamp}}
[[Category:1948 works]]
[[Category:Postage stamps featuring people]]
[[Category:Postage stamps of India]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]

D. L. Ravindra Reddy

2026-01-05T16:50:49Z

LesterKitamura4: started a stub!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}

'''Duggireddy Lakshmireddygari Ravindra Reddy''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] belonging to [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=2390|title=Duggireddy Lakshmi Reddy Ravindra Reddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MYDUKUR(KADAPA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He served six terms as a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly | legislative assembly]] in the [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014) | undivided Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Umashanker |first=K. |date=2023-09-16 |title=D.L. Ravindra Reddy flays Jagan for playing politics of vengeance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/dl-ravindra-reddy-flays-jagan-for-playing-politics-of-vengeance/article67315244.ece |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Politics==

He initially won from [[Mydukur Assembly constituency]] in the [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as an independent member. From 1978 to 2009, he contested eight times to the state legislative assembly and lost only twice in 1985 and 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/features/is-dl-ravindra-reddy-exit-from-politics-98838|title=డిఎల్ రాజకీయ వైరాగ్యం! | Sakshi|website=www.sakshi.com}}</ref>

He served as a [[cabinet minister]] in the cabinets of [[Marri Chenna Reddy]], [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]] and [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]. He held the portfolio of Health ministry in the Kiran Kumar Reddy cabinet.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ap-health-minister-d-l-ravindra-reddy-removed-from-cabinet/20130601.htm|title=AP Health Minister D L Ravindra Reddy removed from cabinet|website=Rediff|agency=PTI|date=1 June 2013|accessdate=24 July 2024}}</ref>

==Election results==

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mydukur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = D L Ravindra Reddy
|votes = 62,377
|percentage = 43.89
|change = -7.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Settipalli Raghurami Reddy]]
|votes = 58,016
|percentage = 40.82
|change = -3.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Iragamreddy Tirupala Reddy
|votes = 16,552
|percentage = 11.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,361
|percentage = 3.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 142,117
|percentage = 79.98
|change = +4.73
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, D. L. Ravindra}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]

{{AndhraPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Ramwapur Dubai

2025-11-27T12:26:04Z

LesterKitamura4: Added a page

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramwapur Dubai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Khiron block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Ramwapur Dubai (#598) in Khiron CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.262534|N|80.887271|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.861
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2557
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-33
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ramwapur Dubai''' is a village in [[Khiron]] block of [[Raebareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=244–61 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> It is located 11 km from [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], the tehsil headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it had a population of 2,537 people, in 425 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has three primary schools and no healthcare facilities and it does not host a weekly [[Haat bazaar|haat]] or a permanent market.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Semari, Raebareli|Semari]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Ramwapur Dubai as comprising 11 hamlets, with a total population of 836 people (420 male and 416 female), in 164 households and 145 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=116–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 994 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 80 residents were literate, 78 male and 2 female.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of Khiron and the [[thana]] of [[Gurbakhshganj]].<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Ramwapur Dubai as comprising 11 hamlets, with a total population of 968 people (485 male and 483 female), in 188 households and 159 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxviii-lxix of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 994 acres.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Ramwapur Dubai as having a population of 1,422 people, in 254 households, and having an area of 399.03 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=130–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Ramwapur Dubai as having a total population of 1,524 people (768 male and 756 female), in 305 households and 305 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 154–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 399 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 273, or 18% of the total; this group was 55% male (150) and 45% female (123).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 450, or 29.5% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 50% (657 men and 432 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 502 people were classified as main workers (401 men and 101 women), while 182 people were classified as marginal workers (1 man and 181 women); the remaining 840 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 421 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 40 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 7 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 7 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 7 employed in trade and commerce; 1 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 19 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The temple Dhummeswar Mahadev mandir, constructed in 1938, is located in Ramwapur Dubai. Mr Vimal Trivedi has been the patron of this temple for last 20 years.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

India's second largest expressway, [[Ganga Expressway]], passes through this village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

Till We Win

2025-10-20T15:39:32Z

LesterKitamura4: Added The Entry Nd Citations.

{{Short description|2020 book}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Till We Win: India's Fight Against the COVID-19 Pandemic
| authors = [[Chandrakant Lahariya]], [[Randeep Guleria]], [[Gagandeep Kang]]
| language = English
| country = India
| image = File:Till We Win.jpg
| caption = First edition
| publisher = [[Penguin Books]]
}}

'''''Till We Win: India's Fight Against the COVID-19 Pandemic''''', published by [[Penguin Books]] in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-02|title='Till We Win': Book on Covid-19 by AIIMS Director to hit stands this month|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/till-we-win-book-on-covid-19-by-aiims-director-to-hit-stands-this-month/story-0EX90f6TEbk2DhSnETquqI.html|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Till We Win': Book on COVID-19 by AIIMS Director to hit stands this month|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/till-we-win-book-on-covid-19-by-aiims-director-to-hit-stands-this-month/articleshow/79014575.cms|access-date=2021-08-11|website=The Times of India|language=en|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> is a book on the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web|title=A book on Covid, for the sake of posterity|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2020/dec/23/a-book-on-covid-for-the-sake-of-posterity-2240014.html|access-date=2021-08-11|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Majumdar|first=Roshni|title=The story of India's fight against Covid|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-story-of-india-s-fight-against-covid-1746426-2020-12-03|work=India Today}}</ref> It has been coauthored by three leading doctors/scientists and health system experts of India. Co-written by [[Chandrakant Lahariya]], [[Randeep Guleria]], and [[Gagandeep Kang]],<ref name="Mirror">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=India's Medical Experts Come Together To Pen A Book|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/indias-medical-experts-come-together-to-pen-a-book-titled-till-we-win-indias-fight-against-the-covid-19-pandemic/articleshow/79380367.cms|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> this book managed to garner significant critical attention from book reviewers and reputed media across the country.
__TOC__

== Reception ==
''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' wrote: "Dedicated to frontline healthcare workers, the book provides insights into how the pandemic emerged and grew, what was done to combat the virus, what continues to be done, and what the future holds for us. Dr Kang is, of course, one of the country’s leading medical scientist, Dr. Lahariya is a public health practitioner and public policy strategist, who has coordinated the [[World Health Organization]]'s work in India on new vaccines, and Dr. Guleria is the director of [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]]."<ref name="Mirror"/>

Ramya Kannan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that ''Till We Win'' is a valiant attempt by three scientists who together wrote a book to provide the much needed clarity about the pandemic. About the book, she further wrote that: "It touches on all key aspects of the crisis, including the nature of viruses, the corona virus family, a timeline, the country’s state of unpreparedness, upgradation of health infrastructure, health systems and funding, treatment protocols that constantly evolved, raises and answers questions about quarantine, safety protocols, vaccines, based on scientific prudence at that point of time, hoping to address the gaps in communication that exist despite the carpet bombing of information on COVID."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kannan|first=Ramya|date=2021-04-17|title='Till We Win: India's Fight against the COVID-19 Pandemic' review: How to fight a terror virus|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/till-we-win-indias-fight-against-the-covid-19-pandemic-review-how-to-fight-a-terror-virus/article34333406.ece|access-date=2021-08-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

''[[The New Indian Express]]'''s review of the book stated that: "Overall, the book is for the people, political leaders, policymakers and physicians, with the promise and potential to transform public health and strengthen Indian healthcare system. The book focuses as much about staying safe in the pandemic, providing information on vaccines and therapies."<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/>

== See also ==
* [[Randeep Guleria]]
* [[Chandrakant Lahariya]]
* [[Gagandeep Kang]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

[[Category:2020 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Penguin Books India books]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

{{india-lit-stub}}
{{med-book-stub}}
{{COVID-19-stub}}

12th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly

2025-10-20T06:44:46Z

LesterKitamura4:

{{Short description|Indian election in 2014}}
{{morefootnotes|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 12th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly
| before = 11th Assembly
| after = [[13th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly|13th Assembly]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| body = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| election = [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[Mehbooba Mufti ministry]]
| opposition = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| term_start = 31 December 2014
| term_end = 12 November 2018
| website = 
| membership1 = '''89''' (87 elected + 2 nominated)
| control1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = Speaker
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Nirmal Kumar Singh]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Leader of the House]]
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Deputy Leader of the House]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Kavinder Gupta]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader4 =
}}

The '''Twelfth Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir''' constituted after the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]s which were concluded on 20 December 2014,<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> with the results being declared on 23 December 2014.

==Membership by party==

[[File:Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly (Jun 2018).svg|300px|Composition in June 2018]]
*{{Color box|#058532}} [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|JKPDP]] (28)
*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (25)
*{{Color box|#FF3D3D}} [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]] (15)
*{{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (12)
*{{Color box|#3AA0E8}} [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference|JKPC]] (2)
*{{Color box|#FF1D15}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)
*{{Color box|#831311}} JKPDF (1)
*{{Color box|#CDCDCD}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (3)
*{{Color box|#000000}} NOM (2)

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Jammu and Kashmir election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/?do=download&r=8936&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=00fc800cb30a7a33e5d5290a18203027 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No.
! Constituency
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
! Remarks
|-
|1
||[[Karnah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karnah]]
|| [[Raja Manzoor Ahmad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|2
|| [[Kupwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kupwara]]
|| Bashir Ahmad Dar
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference}}
|
|-
|3
|| [[Lolab (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lolab]]
|| [[Abdul Haq Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-

|4
|| [[Handwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Handwara]]
|| [[Sajjad Lone]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference}}
|
|-

|5
|| [[Langate (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Langate]]
|| [[Engineer Rashid]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|6
|| [[Uri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uri]]
|| [[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|7
|| [[Rafiabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rafiabad]]
|| Yawar Ahmad Mir
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-

|8
|| [[Sopore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sopore]]
|| [[Abdul Rashid Dar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|9
|| [[Gurez (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gurez]]
|| [[Nazir Ahmad Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|10
|| [[Bandipora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bandipora]]
|| Usman Abdul Majid
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|11
|| [[Sonawari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonawari]]
|| [[Mohammad Akbar Lone]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|12
|| [[Sangrama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangrama]]
|| Basharat Ahmed
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|13
|| [[Baramulla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
|| Javid Hassan Baig
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|14
|| [[Gulmarg (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gulmarg]]
|| Mohammad Abass Wani
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|15
|| [[Pattan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pattan]]
|| [[Imran Raza Ansari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|16
|| [[Kangan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kangan]]
|| Altaf Ahmad
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|17
|| [[Ganderbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ganderbal]]
|| Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|18
|| [[Hazratbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hazratbal]]
|| Asia Naqash
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|19
|| [[Zadibal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Zadibal]]
|| [[Abid Hussain Ansari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|20
|| [[Eidgah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Eidgah]]
|| Mubarik Ahmad Gul
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|21
|| [[Khanyar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khanyar]]
|| Ali Mohd Sagar
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|22
|| [[Habba Kadal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Habba Kadal]]
|| Shamim Firdous
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|23
|| [[Amira Kadal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amira Kadal]]
|| [[Syed Mohammad Altaf Bukhari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|24
|| [[Sonawar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonawar]]
|| Mohammad Ashraf Mir
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|25
|| [[Batmaloo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Batmaloo]]
|| Noor Mohammad Sheikh
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|26
|| [[Chadoora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chadoora]]
|| [[Javaid Mustafa Mir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|27
|| [[Budgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Budgam]]
|| Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|28
|| [[Beerwah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beerwah]]
|| [[Omar Abdullah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|29
|| [[Khan Sahib (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khan Sahib]]
|| [[Hakeem Mohammad Yaseen Shah]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Front}}|
|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Front
|
|-
|30
|| [[Charari Sharief (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Charari Sharief]]
|| [[Ghulam Nabi Lone]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|31
|| [[Tral (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tral]]
|| Mushtaq Ahmad Shah
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|32
|| [[Pampore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pampore]]
|| [[Zahoor Ahmad Mir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|33
|| [[Pulwama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pulwama]]
|| Mohammad Khalil Band
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|34
|| [[Rajpora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajpora]]
|| [[Haseeb Drabu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|35
|| [[Wachi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wachi]]
|| [[Aijaz Ahmad Mir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|36
|| [[Shopian (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shopian]]
|| Mohammad Yousuf Bhat
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|37
|| [[Noorabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Noorabad]]
|| [[Abdul Majid Padder]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|38
|| [[Kulgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulgam]]
|| [[Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|
|-
|39
|| [[Hom Shali Bugh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hom Shali Bugh]]
|| [[Majeed Bhat Laram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|40
|| [[Anantnag (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]]
|| [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|41
|| [[Devsar (Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency)|Devsar]]
|| Mohammad Amin Bhat
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|42
|| [[Dooru (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dooru]]
|| Syed Farooq Ahmad Andrabi
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|43
|| [[Kokernag (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kokernag]]
|| Abdul Rahim Rather
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|44
|| [[Shangus (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shangus]]
|| Gulzar Ahmad Wani
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|45
|| [[Bijbehara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijbehara]]
|| Abdul Rehman Bhat
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|46
|| [[Pahalgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pahalgam]]
|| [[Altaf Ahmad Wani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|47
|| [[Nubra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nubra]]
|| Deldan Namgail
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|48
|| [[Leh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Leh]]
|| [[Nawang Rigzin Jora]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|49
|| [[Kargil (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kargil]]
|| [[Asgar Ali Karbalai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|50
|| [[Zanskar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Zanskar]]
|| Syed Mohammad Baqir Rizvi
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|51
|| [[Kishtwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kishtwar]]
|| [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|52
|| [[Inderwal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Inderwal]]
|| [[Ghulam Mohammad Saroori]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|53
|| [[Doda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Doda]]
|| [[Shakti Raj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|54
|| [[Bhaderwah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhaderwah]]
|| [[Daleep Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|55
|| [[Ramban (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramban]]
|| Neelam Kumar Langeh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|56
|| [[Banihal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Banihal]]
|| Vikar Rasool Wani
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|57
|| [[Gulabgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gulabgarh]]
|| [[Mumtaz Ahmed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|58
|| [[Reasi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Reasi]]
|| Ajay Nanda
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|59
|| [[Gool Arnas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gool Arnas]]
|| [[Ajaz Ahmed Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|60
|| [[Udhampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]]
|| [[Pawan Kumar Gupta]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|61
|| [[Chanani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chenani]]
|| [[Dina Nath]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|62
|| [[Ramnagar (Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency)|Ramnagar]]
|| Ranbir Singh Pathania
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|63
|| [[Bani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bani]]
|| Ranbir Singh Pathania
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|64
|| [[Basohli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basohli]]
|| [[Lal Singh Chaudhary (politician)|Lal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|65
|| [[Kathua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kathua]]
|| [[Rajiv Jasrotia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|66
|| [[Billawar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Billawar]]
|| Dr. [[Nirmal Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|67
|| [[Hiranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hiranagar]]
|| [[Kuldeep Raj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|68
|| [[Samba (Vidhan Sabha Assembly constituency)|Samba]]
|| Dr. Devinder Kumar Manyal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|69
|| [[Vijaypur (Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency)|Vijaypur]]
|| Chander Prakash Ganga
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|70
|| [[Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Nagrota]]
|| Devender Singh Rana
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|71
|| [[Gandhinagar (Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency)|Gandhinagar]]
|| [[Kavinder Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|72
|| [[Jammu East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jammu East]]
|| [[Rajesh Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|73
|| [[Jammu West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jammu West]]
|| [[Sat Paul Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|74
|| [[Bishnah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishnah]]
|| Kamal Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|75
|| [[Ranbir Singh Pura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|RS Pura]]
|| [[Gagan Bhagat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|76
|| [[Suchetgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suchetgarh]]
|| [[Sham Lal Choudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|77
|| [[Marh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Marh]]
|| Sukhnandan Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|78
|| [[Raipur Domana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur Domana]]
|| [[Bali Bhagat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|79
|| [[Akhnoor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Akhnoor]]
|| [[Rajeev Sharma (politician)|Rajeev Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|80
|| [[Chhamb (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhamb]]
|| Kirshan Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|81
|| [[Nowshera (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nowshera]]
|| [[Ravinder Raina]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|82
|| [[Darhal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darhal]]
|| [[Chowdhary Zulfkar Ali]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|83
|| [[Rajouri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajouri]]
|| Qamar Hussain
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|84
|| [[Kalakote (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalakote]]
|| [[Abdul Ghani Kohli]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|85
|| [[Surankote]]
|| Chaudhary Mohammad Akram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|86
|| [[Mendhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mendhar]]
|| Javed Ahmed Rana
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|87
|| [[Poonch Haveli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Poonch Haveli]]
|| Shah Mohammad Tantray
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|
|| '''Nominated'''
|| [[Priya Sethi]]<ref name=":2" />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|
|| '''Nominated'''
|| Anjum Fazili<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/fazili-sethi-nominated-as-mlas/|title=Fazili, Sethi nominated as MLAs|first=Daily|last=Excelsior|date=1 March 2015}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Terms of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018|2018]]

Laxmipur Assembly constituency

2025-10-20T05:11:16Z

LesterKitamura4: added references

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Lakshmipur, Orissa}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lakshmipur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 141
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput]]
| established = 1974
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Pabitra Saunta]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 1,73,780{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Lakshmipur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Koraput district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=141|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323194527/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=141|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Laxmipur (141) District: Koraput|accessdate= 21 March 2014}}</ref>

[https://ceoodisha.nic.in/acmaps/AC141.pdf Map of Lakshmipur Constituency]

This constituency includes Laxmipur block, Dasamanthapur block, Bandhugaob block and Narayanpatana block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp83.htm|title= 83 - Lakshmipur (ST) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 23 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.77}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|34.02}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.1}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|32.47}}
{{bar percent|2008 (bypoll)|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.11}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.66}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.85}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|68.17}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|49.91}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.51}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|66.94}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|52.11}}
}}

Since its formation in 1974, 14 elections were held till date including in two bypoll in 1999 & 2008 .<ref>{{cite web|title= BY-ELECTIONS OF ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/449-450.pdf|accessdate= 23 March 2014}}</ref>

List of members elected from Laxmipur constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title= Laxmipur Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/laxmipur.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 22 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Laxmipur Assembly Election Results 2024: Laxmipur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/laxmipur-constituency-result-18141 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Pabitra Saunta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Prabhu Jani
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":0" />
|Kailash Chandra Kulesika
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Laxmipur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/laxmipur-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|[[Jhina Hikaka]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|2008 (bypoll){{efn|Death of Anantaram Majhi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Lakshmipur 2008 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/135 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|Purna Chandra Majhi
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Anantaram Majhi
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Bibhisana Majhi
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|1999 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Anantaram Majhi}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-06-24 |title=Gamang wins Laxmipur bypoll |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/gamang-wins-laxmipur-bypoll/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Giridhar Gamang]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Anantaram Majhi
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Akhilo Saunta
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=2|Anantaram Majhi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Akhilo Saunta
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Anantaram Majhi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13 May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Pabitra Saunta]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Prabhu Jani by a margin of 21,262 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Lakshmipur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pabitra Saunta]]
|votes = 59,447
|percentage = 41.77
|change = {{up}}7.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Prabhu Jani
|votes = 38,185
|percentage = 26.83
|change = {{down}}7.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kailash Chandra Kulesika
|votes = 23,505
|percentage = 16.52
|change = {{up}}2.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5633
|percentage = 3.96
|change = {{down}}1.36
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,262
|percentage = 14.94
|change = {{up}}14.74
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,42,303
|percentage = 81.89
|change = {{up}}5.43
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Prabhu Jani defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Kailash Chandra Kulesika by a margin of 229 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Lakshmipur<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) (AC/ PC) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Prabhu Jani
|votes = 45,211
|percentage = 34.02
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kailash Chandra Kulesika
|votes = 44,982
|percentage = 33.85
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kumuda Chandra Saunta
|votes = 18,945
|percentage = 14.26
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 7,026
|percentage = 5.29
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 229
|percentage = 0.17
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,32,878
|percentage = 76.46
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2019 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Kailash Chandra Kulesika defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Hema Gamang]] by a margin of 22,473 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Lakshmipur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kailash Chandra Kulesika
|votes = 53,429
|percentage = 46.1
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Hema Gamang]]
|votes = 30,956
|percentage = 26.7
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shiba Muduli
|votes = 9,527
|percentage = 8.2
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,069
|percentage = 2.69
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,473
|percentage = 18.7
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,19,949
|percentage = 77.33
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Jhina Hikaka]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Hema Gamang]] by a margin of 3,406 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Lakshmipur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Jhina Hikaka]]
|votes = 25,095
|percentage = 32.47
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Hema Gamang]]
|votes = 21,689
|percentage = 28.06
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kailash Chandra Kulesika
|votes = 7,577
|percentage = 9.80
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gupteswar Jani
|votes = 5,267
|percentage = 6.82
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gopinath Kadatasia
|votes = 5,078
|percentage = 6.57
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,406
|percentage = 4.41{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 77,290
|percentage = 53.52
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = 10.54{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 64.06%}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Koraput district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|18.99|83.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Koraput district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Orissa]]

N. V. Nambiathiri

2025-10-07T03:58:53Z

LesterKitamura4: adding a entry

{{Short description|Sanskrit scholar (1931–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = N. V. Nambiathiri
| honorific_prefix = Vedha Shri
| native_name = എൻ. വി. നമ്പ്യാതിരി
| birth_date = 21 October 1931
| death_date = August 2021
| occupation = Teacher
| nationality = Indian
| notable_works = Sakthibadhran's Ascharyachoodamani (Malayalam translation)
| subject = Sanskrit texts
| birth_place = [[Pathanamthitta]], Kerala
}}
'''Bhagavathacharyan Veda-Shri Parakkode N.V. Nambiathiri''' (21 October 1931 – August 2021) was a Sanskrit scholar, spiritual orator, teacher and educationist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ഭാഗവത സത്ര വേദിയില്‍ തിരക്കേറുന്നു • Suprabhaatham|url=https://suprabhaatham.com/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=suprabhaatham.com}}</ref> He was born in Kerala and was the translator of many important Sanskrit texts to his mother tongue Malayalam, including works such as [[Sakthibhadran|Sakthibhadran's]] ''[[Ascharyachoodamani]]'' ([[Devanāgarī]]: आश्चर्यचूडामणि ). He was the recipient of several award and honours given in gratitude of his services.<ref name="Kottara">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=ഭാഗവത ആചാര്യന്‍ വേദശ്രീ പറക്കോട് എന്‍.വി. നമ്പ്യാതിരി വിടവാങ്ങി...|url=https://kottarakkaravartha.com/ഭാഗവത-ആചാര്യന്‍-വേദശ്രീ/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=കൊട്ടാരക്കരവാർത്ത.കോം|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
He was born in Pathanamthitta, Kerala, on 21 October 1931, as the elder son of Damodarar and Saraswathi Antarjanam of Oorakathu Illom.He had an younger brother and a sister<ref name="എൻ.വി. നമ്പ്യാതിരി അന്തരിച്ചു | Pathanamthitta News | പത്തനംതിട്ട വാർത്തകൾ | ചുറ്റുവട്ടം | മലയാള മനോരമ ജില്ല വാർത്തകൾ | Pathanamthitta News | Chuttuvattom | Malayala Manorama">{{Cite web|title=എൻ.വി. നമ്പ്യാതിരി അന്തരിച്ചു|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/pathanamthitta/2021/08/28/pathanamthitta-adoor-nv-nambiathiri-passes-away.html|access-date=2022-01-30|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref>

He was educated at Kalady Brahmanandodayam School. then graduated from the Sanskrit College, Thiruvananthapuram. There, his understanding in Sanskrit etymology expanded under the guidance of scholars such as Guruswami Shastri, Dr. AG Krishnavaryar, Prof. MH Shastri. He received his B.T. from Government College, Kozhikode. He started his teaching career at Brahmanandodayam High School where he received his primary education. After the Samadhi of Swami Agamananda (his spiritual guide), he left the School and went to PGMTTI, Parakode where he continued his teaching career until his retirement from Government service by 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ആഗമാനന്ദ പാതയിലൊരു ആചാര്യന്‍|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/varadyam/news41390|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Janmabhumi|date=4 February 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="എൻ.വി. നമ്പ്യാതിരി അന്തരിച്ചു | Pathanamthitta News | പത്തനംതിട്ട വാർത്തകൾ | ചുറ്റുവട്ടം | മലയാള മനോരമ ജില്ല വാർത്തകൾ | Pathanamthitta News | Chuttuvattom | Malayala Manorama" />

== Works ==
As a member of the Textbook Committee of the Government of Kerala, he was involved in book writing at the State Institute of Education.  He had been the Acharya (Main Teacher) of 7-day sessions on [[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavata]] and 9-day sessions on [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavata]].  He had translated Ashcharyachoodamani and [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavatham]] to Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Book authored by N V Nambiathiri|url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book-author/n%20v%20nambiathiri/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=www.exoticindiaart.com}}</ref>  He is also the author of biographical works on Sri [[Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] and [[Adi Shankara|Shri Sankaracharya]].<ref name="Kottara" />

== Awards and honours ==
He is a recipient of [[Devaswom boards in Kerala|Travancore Devaswom Board]] Vedashree Award, Siddhinathananda Award, Ganesha Padma Award and [[Malliyoor Sankaran Namboothiri|Malliyoor]] Award of Akhila Bharatiya Bhagavata Satra Samiti in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhagavatha sathram from Jan 22|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2010/jan/19/bhagavatha-sathram-from-jan-22-161952.html|access-date=2022-01-30|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref>

== Death ==
Nambiathiri had been suffering from kidney diseases during his later years. He died on 21 August 2021 due to acute kidney failure followed by cardiac arrest at Amritha Institute of Medical Science, Cochin<ref name="പറക്കോട് എൻ.വി. നമ്പ്യാതിരി നിര്യാതനായി | Madhyamam">{{Cite web|last=madhyamam|date=2021-08-27|title=പറക്കോട് എൻ.വി. നമ്പ്യാതിരി നിര്യാതനായി {{!}} Madhyamam|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/obituary-messages/content-107364|access-date=2022-01-30|website=www.madhyamam.com|language=ml}}</ref>

== Family ==
He was married to Bhavaniamma, daughter of famous Gandhian Keshavan Nambiathiri, also a disciple of Rabindranath Tagore and an educationist himself.  Children: V. Raghunath, Dr. V. Rajeev (Central University, Kasaragod). Daughter-in-law: P.N.  Usha, C.L.  Jayakumari.<ref name="പറക്കോട് എൻ.വി. നമ്പ്യാതിരി നിര്യാതനായി | Madhyamam" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nambiathiri, N. V.}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta]]

History of Punjab Legislative Assembly

2025-10-07T02:46:11Z

LesterKitamura4:

{{Short description|Legislature of Punjab, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{#section:Punjab Legislative Assembly|Infobox}}
The '''[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]''' or the '''Punjab Vidhan Sabha''' is the [[unicameral]] [[legislature]] of the state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] in [[India]]. The [[Sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] was constituted in March 2022. At present, it consists of 117 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]], directly elected from 117 single-seat constituencies. The tenure of the Legislative Assembly is five years unless dissolved sooner. The current Speaker of the Assembly is [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]] and the Secretary of the Assembly has been Mr. Surinder pal since April, 2021. The meeting place of the Legislative Assembly since 6 March 1961 is the ''Vidhan Bhavan'' in [[Chandigarh]].

== History ==
=== British Raj ===
An Executive Council was formed under [[Indian Councils Act 1861|The Indian Councils Act, 1861]]. It was only under the [[Government of India Act 1919]] that a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly (British India)|Legislative Council]] was set up in Punjab. Later, under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], the [[Punjab Provincial Assembly (British India)|Punjab Legislative Assembly]] was constituted with a membership of 175. It was summoned for the first time on 1 April 1937. In 1947, [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab Province]] was partitioned into [[West Punjab]] and [[East Punjab]] and the East Punjab Legislative Assembly was formed, the forerunner of the current assembly consisting of 79 members.

=== 1947 – present ===
On 15 July 1948, eight princely states of East Punjab grouped together to form a single state, [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]]. The Punjab State Legislature was a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] house in April 1952, comprising the [[Vidhan Sabha]] (lower house) and [[Vidhan Parishad]] (upper house). In 1956 that state was largely merged into Punjab, the strength of the Vidhan Parishad of the new State of Punjab was enhanced from 40 seats to 46 seats and in 1957, it was increased to 51. Punjab was trifurcated in 1966 to form [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and Punjab. The Vidhan Parishad was reduced to 40 seats and the Vidhan Sabha was grown by 50 seats to 104 seats. On 1 January 1970, the Vidhan Parishad was abolished leaving the state with a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] legislature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab Legislative Assembly |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Punjab/punjab_w.htm |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

==Election results==
===Pre-Independence===
'''Punjab Legislative Council'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Year
|bgcolor=blue|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
! rowspan=2|Others
!rowspan=2|Total
|-
! [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|UoP]]
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
![[1920 Punjab Legislative Council election|1920]]
| -
| -
|71
| -
!rowspan=4| 71
|-
![[1923 Punjab Legislative Council election|1923]]
|33
|0
|17
|21
|-
![[1926 Punjab Legislative Council election|1926]]
|31
|2
|12
|26
|-
![[1930 Punjab Legislative Council election|1930]]
|37
|0
|14
|20
|}

'''Punjab Provincial Assembly'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Year
|bgcolor=blue|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|All-India Muslim League}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
! rowspan=2|Others
!rowspan=2|Total
|-
! [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|UoP]]
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
! [[All-India Muslim League|AIML]]
! [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
![[1937 Punjab Provincial Assembly election|1937]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''98'''
| style="background:crimson;"|18
|11
|2
|16
|30
!rowspan=2|175
|-
![[1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election|1946]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''19'''
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''51'''
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''21'''
| style="background:crimson;"|73
|11
|0
|}

===Post-Independence===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Years
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Majority
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
!rowspan=2| Others
!rowspan=2| Total
|-
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
! [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
![[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''96'''
| style="background:crimson;"|13
!rowspan=14| ~
!rowspan=7| ~
|9
|8
!126
|-
![[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''120'''
! ^
|13
|21
!rowspan=2|154
|-
![[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''90'''
| style="background:crimson;"|19
|18
|27
|-
![[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:crimson;"|48
! ^
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''9'''
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''47'''
!rowspan=3|104
|-
![[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| style="background:crimson;"|38
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''43'''
|4
|17
|-
![[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''66'''
| style="background:crimson;"|24
|3
|11
|-
![[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| style="background:crimson;"|17
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''58'''
|2
|40
! rowspan="10" |117
|-
![[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''63'''
| style="background:crimson;"|37
|1
|2
|14
|-
![[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| style="background:crimson;"|32
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''73'''
|6
|4
|2
|-
![[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''87'''
!^
|6
|4
| style="background:crimson;"|20
|-
![[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| style="background:crimson;"|14
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''75'''
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''18'''
|6
|4
|-
![[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''62'''
| style="background:crimson;"|41
|3
|9
|2
|-
![[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| style="background:crimson;"|44
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''49'''
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''19'''
|5
|0
|-
![[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| style="background:crimson;"|46
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''56'''
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''12'''
|3
|0
|-
![[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:lightgreen;"|'''77'''
|15
| style="background:crimson;"|20
|3
|0
|2
|-
![[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| style="background:crimson;"|18
|3
| style="background:lightgreen;"|92
|2
|1
|1
|}
* '''^''' - Party didn't contest election
* '''~''' - Party didn't exist
* Green color box indicates the party/parties who formed the government
* Red color box indicates the official opposition party

==List of Assemblies==

=== Council of Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab (1897-1920) ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3" |Council of Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab (1897-1920)
|-
!Council {{small|(Tenure)}}
!Lieutenant-Governor
(President of Council)
!Tenure {{small|(Presiding dates)}}<ref name="parliamentarians1">The Punjab Parliamentarians 1897-2013, Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, Lahore - Pakistan, 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Former Governors - Pre Independence|url=https://punjabrajbhavan.gov.in/home/preIndependent}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |1st {{small|(1 November 1898 – 3 July 1909)}}
|[[William Mackworth Young]]
|1 November 1897 – 6 March 1902
|-
|[[Charles Montgomery Rivaz|Sir Charles Montgomery Rivaz]]
|6 March 1902 – 6 March 1907
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Denzil Charles Jelf Ibbetson|Sir Denzil Charles Jelf Ibbetson]]
|6 March 1907 - 26 May 1907
|-
|12 August 1907 - 22 January 1908
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Louis Dane|Sir Louis William Dane]]
|25 May 1908 - 3 January 1910
|-
| rowspan="3" |2nd {{small|(3 January 1910 – 14 December 1912)}}
|3 January 1910 - 28 April 1911
|-
|4 August 1911 - 14 December 1912
|-
|14 December 1912 - 4 January 1913
|-
| rowspan="2" |3rd {{small|(4 January 1913 – 19 April 1916)}}
|4 January 1913 – 26 May 1913
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Michael Francis O'Dwyer|Sir Michael Francis O'Dwyer]]
|26 May 1913 – 12 June 1916
|-
| rowspan="2" |4th {{small|(12 June 1916 – 6 April 1920)}}
|12 June 1916 – 26 May 1919
|-
|[[Edward Douglas Maclagan|Sir Edward Douglas Maclagan]]
|26 May 1919 – 6 April 1920
|}

===Punjab Legislative Council (1921-1936)===
{{Main|Punjab legislative council (British India)}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="5" |Punjab Legislative Council (1921-1936)
|-
!Council {{small|(Tenure)}}
!President
! colspan="2" |Tenure<ref name="parliamentarians1" />
![[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Governor]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1st {{small|(8 January 1921 – 27 October 1923)}}
|[[Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler]]
|8 January 1921
|21 March 1922
|rowspan=2|[[Edward Douglas Maclagan|Sir Edward Douglas Maclagan]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Herbert Alexander Casson]]
|10 May 1922
|27 October 1923
|-
|rowspan=3|2nd {{small|(2 January 1924 – 27 October 1926)}}
|2 January 1924
|16 January 1925
|rowspan=3|[[Edward Douglas Maclagan|Sir Edward Douglas Maclagan]] and [[William Malcolm Hailey|Sir William Malcolm Hailey]]
|-
|[[Abdul Qadir (Muslim leader)|Sheikh Abdul Qadir]]
|16 January 1925
|4 September 1925
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Shahab-ud-Din Virk|Sir Shahab-ud-Din Virk]]
|3 December 1925
|27 October 1926
|-
|3rd {{small|(3 January 1927 – 26 July 1930)}}
|4 January 1927
|26 July 1930
|[[William Malcolm Hailey|Sir William Malcolm Hailey]] and [[Geoffrey Fitzhervey de Montmorency|Sir G. F. Montmorency]]
|-
|rowspan=2|4th {{small|(24 October 1930 – 10 November 1936)}}
|25 October 1930
|24 July 1936
|rowspan=2|[[Geoffrey Fitzhervey de Montmorency|Sir G. F. Montmorency]] and [[Herbert William Emerson|Sir Herbert William Emerson]]
|-
|[[Chhotu Ram]]
|20 October 1936
|10 November 1936
|}

=== Punjab Legislative Assembly ===
{{Main|Punjab Provincial Assembly (British India)}}
<section begin="List of Punjab Legislative Assemblies"/>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="8" |Punjab Provincial Assembly (1937-1947)
|-
!rowspan=2|Assembly
!colspan=2|Tenure
!rowspan=2|Leader of the House
! rowspan="2" |Premier
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Party formed government
!rowspan=2|Note
|-
!First sitting
!Date of dissolution
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |5 April 1937
| rowspan="2" |19 March 1945
|colspan=2|[[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:blue;"|
|Assembly tenure extended due to [[World War II]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]]
|Assembly dissolved to conduct fresh and Impartial election
|-
|2
|21 March 1946
|4 July 1947
|colspan=2|Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana
|Assembly dissolved since government resigned against [[Partition of India|Partition]]
|-
! colspan="8" |Punjab Legislative Assembly (1947–present)
|-
! rowspan="2" |Assembly
! colspan="2" |Tenure
! rowspan="2" |Leader of the House
! rowspan="2" |Chief Minister
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party formed government
! rowspan="2" |Note
|-
!First sitting
!Date of dissolution
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Interim East Punjab Assembly|Interim]]
| rowspan="3" |1 November 1947
| rowspan="3" |20 June 1951
|colspan=2|[[Gopi Chand Bhargava]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="10" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |Interim Assembly
|-
|colspan=2|[[Bhim Sen Sachar]]
|-
|colspan=2|Gopi Chand Bhargava
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[First Punjab Legislative Assembly|1st]]
| rowspan="2" |3 May 1952
| rowspan="2" |31 March 1957
|colspan=2|Bhim Sen Sachar
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|colspan=2|[[Partap Singh Kairon]]
|-
|[[Second Punjab Legislative Assembly|2nd]]
|24 April 1957
|1 March 1962
|colspan=2|Partap Singh Kairon
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Third Punjab Legislative Assembly|3rd]]
| rowspan="4" |13 March 1962
| rowspan="4" |28 February 1967
|colspan=2|Partap Singh Kairon
| rowspan="4" |Assembly under suspension from 5 July 1966 to 1 November 1966
|-
|Partap Singh Kairon
|Gopi Chand Bhargava
|-
|colspan=2|[[Ram Kishan]]
|-
|Ram Kishan
|[[Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir|Gurmukh Singh Musafir]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Fourth Punjab Legislative Assembly|4th]]
| rowspan="2" |20 March 1967
| rowspan="2" |23 August 1968
|colspan=2|[[Gurnam Singh]]
|[[Akali Dal - Sant Fateh Singh]]
| style="background:darkorange;"|
| rowspan="2" |Assembly dissolved prematurely
|-
|colspan=2|[[Lachhman Singh Gill]]
|[[Punjab Janta Party]]
| style="background:maroon;"|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Fifth Punjab Legislative Assembly|5th]]
| rowspan="2" |13 March 1969
| rowspan="2" |14 June 1971
|colspan=2|Gurnam Singh
| rowspan="2" |[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |Assembly dissolved prematurely
|-
|colspan=2|[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
|-
|[[Sixth Punjab Legislative Assembly|6th]]
|21 March 1972
|30 April 1977
|colspan=2|[[Zail Singh]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|Assembly tenure extended by one month due to [[Emergency in India|Emergency]]
|-
|[[Seventh Punjab Legislative Assembly|7th]]
|30 June 1977
|17 February 1980
|colspan=2|Parkash Singh Badal
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|Assembly dissolved prematurely
|-
|[[Eighth Punjab Legislative Assembly|8th]]
|23 June 1980
|26 June 1985
|colspan=2|[[Darbara Singh]]
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)|Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|Assembly suspended from 6 October 1983 and later dissolved due to Insurgency on 26 June 1985.
|-
|[[Ninth Punjab Legislative Assembly|9th]]
|14 October 1985
|6 March 1988
|colspan=2|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|Assembly suspended prematurely due to Insurgency on 11 June 1987 and later on dissolved on 6 March 1988.
|-
| rowspan="3" |10
| rowspan="3" |16 March 1992
| rowspan="3" |11 February 1997
|colspan=2|[[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress (Indira)|Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" | -
|-
|colspan=2|[[Harcharan Singh Brar]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]]
|-
|[[11th Punjab Assembly|11]]
|3 March 1997
|26 February 2002
|colspan=2|Parkash Singh Badal
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|
|-
|12
|21 March 2002
|27 February 2007
|colspan=2|[[Amarinder Singh]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|
|-
|[[13th Punjab Assembly|13]]
|1 March 2007
|6 March 2012
|colspan=2|Parkash Singh Badal
| rowspan="2" |[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[14th Punjab Assembly|14]]
|19 March 2012
|11 March 2017
|colspan=2|Parkash Singh Badal
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Fifteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly|15]]
| rowspan="2" |24 March 2017
| rowspan="2" |11 March 2022
|colspan=2|Amarinder Singh
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|colspan=2|[[Charanjit Singh Channi]]
|-
|[[Sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly|16]]
|17 March 2022
|Incumbent
|colspan=2|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|
|
|}<section end="List of Punjab Legislative Assemblies"/>

==State under President's rule==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="6" |Punjab Provincial Assembly (1937-1947)
|-
!Assembly
!Governor's Rule
! colspan="3" |Tenure
!Reason
|-
|1
| rowspan="2" |Governor's Rule
|19 March 1945
|21 March 1946
|{{age in years and days|1945|03|19|1946|03|21}}
|To conduct fresh and Impartial election
|-
|2
|2 March 1947
|15 August 1947
|{{age in years and days|1947|03|02|1947|08|15}}
|Government resigned against the decision of [[Partition of India]]
|-
! colspan="6" |Punjab Legislative Assembly (1947–present)
|-
!Assembly
!President's Rule
! colspan="3" |Tenure
!Reason
|-
|Interim
| rowspan="8" |President's rule
|20 June 1951
|17 April 1952
|{{age in years and days|1951|06|20|1952|04|17}}
|Assembly kept in suspension to help the state government get its act together and conduct fresh elections
|-
|3
|5 July 1966
|1 November 1966
|{{age in years and days|1966|07|05|1966|11|01}}
|State administration was taken over, to facilitate bifurcation of Punjab state into, Punjab and Haryana
|-
|4
|23 August 1968
|17 February 1969
|{{age in years and days|1968|08|23|1969|02|17}}
|Break-up of coalition
|-
|5
|14 June 1971
|17 March 1972
|{{age in years and days|1971|06|14|1972|03|17}}
|Following the 1971 Lok Sabha Elections, incumbent Chief Minister advised dissolving state assembly and holding fresh elections
|-
|6
|30 April 1977
|20 June 1977
|{{age in years and days|1977|04|30|1977|06|20}}
|To conduct the fresh election after [[Emergency in India]]
|-
|7
|17 February 1980
|6 June 1980
|{{age in years and days|1980|02|17|1980|06|06}}
|Government dismissed in spite of Parkash Singh Badal enjoying majority support in Assembly
|-
|8
|6 October 1983
|29 September 1985
|{{age in years and days|1983|10|06|1985|09|29}}
|Insurgency and breakdown of law and order
|-
|9
|11 June 1987
|25 February 1992
|{{age in years and days|1987|06|11|1992|02|25}}
|Insurgency and breakdown of law and order
|}

== See also ==
* [[PEPSU]]
* [[Interim East Punjab Assembly]]
* [[List of governors of Punjab (India)]]
* [[List of constituencies of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Punjab, India]]
* [[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Punjab Legislative Assembly|state=expanded}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Punjab Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures]]

Ephedra (medicine)

2025-10-07T02:29:08Z

LesterKitamura4: started a data

{{short description|Medicinal preparation from the plant Ephedra sinica}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{about|the use of the plant species containing ephedrine in supplements in the United States|botanical information|Ephedra (plant)|the chemical ephedrine|ephedrine}}
[[Image:EphedrineInBottles.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Bottle of [[ephedrine]], an alkaloid found in ephedra]]
'''Ephedra''' is a medicinal preparation from the plant ''[[Ephedra sinica]]''.<ref name=Gurley_1998>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gurley B, Wang P, Gardner S |title=Ephedrine-type alkaloid content of nutritional supplements containing Ephedra sinica (Ma-huang) as determined by high performance liquid chromatography |journal=J Pharm Sci |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=1547–53 |year=1998 |pmid=10189265 |doi=10.1021/js9801844|citeseerx=10.1.1.460.7810 }}</ref>{{efn|The ''[[Chinese Pharmacopoeia]]'' calls for the grassy stems to be used as Ma-huang, and the root and rhizome to be used as Ma-huang-gen. Besides ''E. sinica'', ''[[Ephedra intermedia|E. intermedia]]'' and ''[[Ephedra equisetina|E. equisetina]]'' are also acceptable sources.<ref name="chp">{{cite book |title=中国药典第一部 |page=333 |edition=2020 |url=https://db.ouryao.com/yd2020/view.php?id=f0cd272b3f |chapter=麻黄}}</ref>}} Several additional species belonging to the genus ''[[Ephedra (genus)|Ephedra]]'' have traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a possible candidate for the [[Botanical identity of soma–haoma|soma]] plant of [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] religion.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013194423/http://www.iranica.com/articles/v11f6/v11f6059a.html#i Botany of Haoma]}}, from ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]''. Accessed March 15, 2007.</ref> It has been used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]], in which it is referred to as Ma Huang, for more than 2,000 years.<ref name=Abourashed_2003>{{cite journal |vauthors=Abourashed E, El-Alfy A, Khan I, Walker L |s2cid=41083359 |title=Ephedra in perspective--a current review |journal=Phytother Res |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=703–12 |year=2003 |pmid=12916063 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1337}}</ref><ref name="Huang2010">{{cite book|author=Kee C. Huang|title=The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKGxTcF8u-sC&pg=PR3|date=12 December 2010|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-4826-1|page=9}}</ref> [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] and [[Mormon pioneers]] drank a tea brewed from other ''[[Ephedra (plant)|Ephedra]]'' species, called "Mormon tea" and "Indian tea".
[[Image:Mormon Tea in Arches NP - July 2008.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Mormon tea (''[[Ephedra funerea]]'') growing in the wild in the [[Fiery Furnace (Arches National Park)|Fiery Furnace]] area of [[Arches National Park]] near [[Moab, Utah]]]]

[[Dietary supplement]]s containing ephedra alkaloids are unsafe, with reports of serious side effects and ephedra-related deaths.<ref name=Haller_2000>{{cite journal |vauthors=Haller C, Benowitz N |title=Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=343 |issue=25 |pages=1833–38 |year=2000 |pmid=11117974 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200012213432502|s2cid=76588785 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Bent_2003>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bent S, Tiedt T, Odden M, Shlipak M |title=The relative safety of ephedra compared with other herbal products |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=138 |issue=6 |pages=468–71 |year=2003 |pmid=12639079 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-138-6-200303180-00010|doi-access= |s2cid=17963930 }}</ref><ref name="nccih">{{cite web | title = National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Consumer Advisory on ephedra | date = 2004-10-01 | url = http://nccih.nih.gov/health/alerts/ephedra/consumeradvisory.htm | access-date = 2007-02-13 }}{{dead link|date=July 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="fdamain">{{cite web |title=Food and Drug Administration summary of actions regarding sale of ephedra supplements |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |url=https://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/ephedra/february2004/ |access-date=2007-02-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210003231/https://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/ephedra/february2004/ |archive-date=2007-02-10 }}</ref> In response to accumulating evidence of adverse effects and deaths related to ephedra, the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) banned the sale of supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids in 2004.<ref name="fdaban">{{cite web | url = https://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2004/NEW01050.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040423023706/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2004/NEW01050.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = April 23, 2004 | title = FDA Final Rule Banning Dietary Supplements With Ephedrine Alkaloids Becomes Effective | publisher = [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] | access-date=7 February 2007}}</ref> The ban was challenged in court by ephedra manufacturers, but ultimately upheld in 2006 by the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit]].<ref name="fdaappeal">{{cite web | url = https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108715.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090710031901/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108715.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 10, 2009 | title = FDA Statement on Tenth Circuit's Ruling to Uphold FDA Decision Banning Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids | publisher = [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> Ephedra extracts not containing ephedrine have not been banned by the FDA and are still sold legally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Is Ephedra legal? Consumer Reports Investigates|url = http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine-archive/2010/march/health/ephedra/overview/ephedra-ov.htm|website = www.consumerreports.org|access-date = 2015-11-23}}</ref>

{{hatnote|In this article, "Ephedra" (uppercase italicized) stands for the plant, while "''ephedra''" (lowercase roman) stands for the extract. }}

==Biochemistry and effects==

A wide variety of [[alkaloid]] and non-alkaloid compounds have been identified in various species of ''Ephedra''. Of the six ephedrine-type ingredients found in ephedra (at concentrations of 0.02-3.4%), the most common are [[ephedrine]] and [[pseudoephedrine]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abourashed |first=Ehab A. |author2=Abir T. El-Alfy |author3=Ikhlas A. Khan |author4=Larry Walker |title=Ephedra in perspective – a current review |journal=Phytotherapy Research |year=2003 |volume=17 |pages=703–712 |url=http://weightlosster.com/ephedra_in_perspective_a_current_review.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427101636/http://weightlosster.com/ephedra_in_perspective_a_current_review.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-04-27 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1337 |pmid=12916063 |issue=7 |s2cid=41083359 }}</ref> which are the sources of its [[stimulant]] and [[thermogenic]] effects.<ref name="Abourashed_2003" /> These compounds stimulate the brain, increase [[heart rate]], constrict blood vessels (increasing [[blood pressure]]), and expand bronchial tubes (making breathing easier). Their thermogenic properties cause an increase in metabolism, as evidenced by an increase in body heat.

Ephedra is widely used by athletes as a [[performance-enhancing drug]],<ref name="Bents2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bents R, Marsh E |s2cid=32405732 |title=Patterns of ephedra and other stimulant use in collegiate hockey athletes |journal=Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=636–43 |year=2006 |pmid=17342884|doi=10.1123/ijsnem.16.6.636 }}</ref> despite a lack of evidence that it improves athletic performance.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bohn A, Khodaee M, Schwenk T |s2cid=14926117 |title=Ephedrine and other stimulants as ergogenic aids |journal=Curr Sports Med Rep |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=220–5 |year=2003 |pmid=12834578 |doi=10.1249/00149619-200308000-00009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Calfee R, Fadale P |title=Popular ergogenic drugs and supplements in young athletes |journal=Pediatrics |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=e577–89 |year=2006 |pmid=16510635 |doi=10.1542/peds.2005-1429|doi-access= |s2cid=6559714 }}</ref> Ephedra may also be used as a precursor in the illicit manufacture of [[methamphetamine]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Barker W, Antia U |title=A study of the use of Ephedra in the manufacture of methamphetamine |journal=Forensic Sci Int |volume=166 |issue=2–3 |pages=102–9 |year=2007 |pmid=16707238 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.04.005}}</ref>

Ephedra has been used as a weight-loss aid, sometimes in combination with [[aspirin]] and [[caffeine]]. Some studies in regulated and supervised environments have shown that ephedra is effective for marginal short-term weight loss (0.9 kg/month more than the placebo), although it was untested whether such weight loss is maintained.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Boozer C, Daly P, Homel P, Solomon J, Blanchard D, Nasser J, Strauss R, Meredith T |title=Herbal ephedra/caffeine for weight loss: a 6-month randomized safety and efficacy trial |journal=Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=593–604 |year=2002 |pmid=12032741 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0802023|doi-access= |s2cid=19135094 }}</ref> However, several reports have documented a number of [[adverse event]]s attributable to unregulated ephedra supplements.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Woolf A, Watson W, Smolinske S, Litovitz T |title=The severity of toxic reactions to ephedra: comparisons to other botanical products and national trends from 1993–2002 |journal=Clin Toxicol |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=347–55 |year=2005 |pmid=16235509 |doi=10.1081/CLT-200066075|s2cid=41027635 }}</ref>

[[Adverse effects]] of ephedra consumption may include severe skin reactions, irritability, nervousness, dizziness, trembling, [[headache]], [[insomnia]], profuse perspiration, [[dehydration]], itchy scalp and skin, vomiting, and [[hyperthermia]]. More serious potential side effects include [[Heart arrhythmia|irregular heartbeat]], [[seizure]]s, [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], [[stroke]], and [[death]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69213.cfm | title = Ephedra information | publisher= [[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]] | access-date = April 11, 2007}}</ref>

==Purity and dosage==

There are no formal requirements for [[standardization]] or [[quality control]] of dietary supplements in the United States, and the dosage of effective ingredients in supplements may vary widely from brand to brand or batch to batch.<ref name="salon">[http://archive.salon.com/health/feature/2000/06/07/ephedra/index.html "Swallowing Ephedra"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012181342/http://archive.salon.com/health/feature/2000/06/07/ephedra/index.html |date=2007-10-12 }}, by Sharon Brownlee. Published online at [[Salon.com]] on June 7, 2000. Accessed 8 February 2007.</ref><ref>[http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/dietarysupplements.asp Dietary Supplements: Background Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916005118/http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/dietarysupplements.asp |date=2008-09-16 }}. From the Office of Dietary Supplements at the [[National Institutes of Health]]. Accessed 7 February 2007.</ref><ref>Herbal Rx: the promise and pitfalls. ''[[Consumer Reports]]'', 1999, pp 44–48.</ref> Studies of ephedra supplements have found significant discrepancies between the labeled dose and the actual amount of ephedra in the product. Significant variation in ephedrine alkaloid levels, by as much as 10-fold, was seen even from lot to lot within the same brand.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Haller C, Duan M, Benowitz N, Jacob P |title=Concentrations of ephedra alkaloids and caffeine in commercial dietary supplements |journal=J Anal Toxicol |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=145–51 |year=2004 |pmid=15107143 |doi=10.1093/jat/28.3.145|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gurley B, Gardner S, Hubbard M |title=Content versus label claims in ephedra-containing dietary supplements |journal=Am J Health Syst Pharm |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=963–9 |year=2000 |pmid=10832496|doi=10.1093/ajhp/57.10.963 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Regulation in the United States==
{{see also|Ephedrine#United States}}

Escalating concerns regarding the safety of ephedra supplements led the FDA to ban the sale of supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids (specifically ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, and methylephedrine) in the United States in 2004. This ban was challenged by supplement manufacturers and initially overturned, but ultimately upheld.

===Initial concerns and industry response===

In 1997, in response to mounting concern over the serious side effects of ephedra, the FDA proposed a ban on products containing 8 mg or more of ephedrine alkaloids and stricter labeling of low-dose ephedra supplements. The FDA also proposed that ephedra labels be required to disclose the health risks of ephedra, such as [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], [[stroke]], and death.<ref>[http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr97064a.html "Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids; Proposed Rule"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214033309/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr97064a.html |date=2007-02-14 }}, from the [[Federal Register]], June 4, 1997. Accessed 7 February 2007.</ref>

In response, the [[supplement industry]] created a [[public relations]] group, the Ephedra Education Council, to oppose the changes, and commissioned a scientific review by a private consulting firm, which reported that Ephedra was safe.<ref name="consumerreports">[http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/health-fitness/drugs-supplements/dangerous-supplements-504/overview/index.htm "Dangerous supplements: Still at large"], from ''[[Consumer Reports]]'' magazine. Published May 2004, accessed 7 February 2007.</ref> The Ephedra Education Council also attempted to block the publication of a study confirming wide discrepancies between the labeled potency of supplements and the actual amount of ephedra in the product.<ref name="salon"/>

[[Metabolife]], makers of the best-selling brand of ephedra supplement, had received over 14,000 complaints of adverse events associated with its product. These reports were not initially provided to the FDA.<ref name="consumerreports"/><ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2002-08-15-ephedra_x.htm Criminal investigation sought for diet supplement seller], published in ''[[USA Today]]'' on August 15, 2002. Accessed April 10, 2007.</ref> Co-founder of Metabolife, Michael Ellis, was sentenced in 2008 to six months in federal prison for his failure to report adverse effects from his company's products to the FDA.<ref>[http://www.10news.com/news/16554203/detail.html Metabolife Founder Sentenced For Lying To FDA]</ref> Senators [[Orrin Hatch]] (R. Utah) and [[Tom Harkin]] (D. Iowa), authors of the Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act, questioned the scientific basis for the FDA's proposed labeling changes and suggested that the number of problems reported were insufficient to warrant regulatory action. At the time, Senator Hatch's son was working for a firm hired to [[lobbying|lobby]] Congress and the FDA on behalf of ephedra manufacturers.<ref name="latimes">[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/300234371.html?dids=300234371:300234371&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+5%2C+2003&author=Chuck+Neubauer%2C+Judy+Pasternak+and+Richard+T.+Cooper&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=The+Nation "Senator, His Son Get Boosts From Makers of Ephedra"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301084504/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/300234371.html?dids=300234371:300234371&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+5%2C+2003&author=Chuck+Neubauer%2C+Judy+Pasternak+and+Richard+T.+Cooper&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=The+Nation |date=2013-03-01 }}, published in the [[Los Angeles Times]] on March 5, 2003. Purchase required to view full text. Accessed 7 February 2007.</ref>

In addition to the activities of the Ephedra Education Council, Metabolife spent more than $4 million between 1998 and 2000 lobbying against state regulation of ephedra in Texas.<ref name="sciencewolfe">{{cite journal |author=Wolfe S |s2cid=152994880 |title=Medicine. Ephedra--scientific evidence versus money/politics |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5618 |pages=437 |year=2003 |pmid=12702860 |doi=10.1126/science.1081910}}</ref> ''[[Business Week]]'' reported that efforts to regulate ephedra and other potentially harmful supplements had been "beaten down by deep-pocketed industry lobbying."<ref name="bw">[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_35/b3797051.htm "Diet Pills and Pols: A Dangerous Mix"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205013354/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_35/b3797051.htm |date=2007-02-05 }}, by Arlene Weintraub and John Carey. Published in ''[[Business Week]]'' on September 2, 2002. Accessed March 31, 2007.</ref>

In 2000, the FDA withdrew the proposed labeling changes and restrictions.<ref>[http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr00043a.html "Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids; Withdrawal in Part"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203041741/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr00043a.html |date=2007-02-03 }}, from the [[Federal Register]], April 3, 2000. Accessed 7 February 2007.</ref>

===Additional evidence and deaths===

A review of ephedra-related adverse reactions, published in the ''[[New England Journal of Medicine]]'' in 2000, found a number of cases of [[sudden cardiac death]] or severe disability resulting from ephedra use, many of which occurred in young adults using ephedra in the labeled dosages.<ref name=Haller_2000 /> Subsequently, in response to pressure from the [[consumer advocacy]] group [[Public Citizen]],<ref name="bw"/> Metabolife was compelled by the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] in 2002 to turn over reports of over 15,000 ephedra-related adverse events, ranging from [[insomnia]] to death, which the company had previously withheld from the FDA.<ref name="consumerreports"/><ref name="npr2002">[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=850679 "The Secret of Ephedra's Questionable Success"]. A report on "All Things Considered", [[National Public Radio]], November 22, 2002. Accessed 7 February 2007.</ref> Use of ephedra was considered to have possibly contributed to the death of [[Minnesota Vikings]] [[offensive lineman]] [[Korey Stringer]] from [[heatstroke]] in 2001.<ref name="stringer">[https://web.archive.org/web/20030811015852/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/news/2003/02/25/stringer_ephedra_ap/ Vikings: Stringer's use of ephedra contributed to death], published online by ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' on February 25, 2003. Accessed March 15, 2007.</ref>

[[Steve Bechler]], a [[pitcher]] for the [[Baltimore Orioles]], died of complications from heatstroke following a [[spring training]] workout on February 17, 2003. The [[medical examiner]] found that ephedra toxicity played a "significant role" in Bechler's sudden death.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/al/orioles/2003-03-13-bechler-exam_x.htm "Medical examiner: Ephedra a factor in Bechler death"], from [[USA Today]], published March 13, 2003. Accessed 7 February 2007.</ref> Following Bechler's death, the FDA re-opened its efforts to regulate ephedra use. According to Bruce Silverglade, legal director for the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]], "All of a sudden [after Bechler's death] Congress dropped objections to an ephedra ban and started demanding that the FDA act."<ref name="consumerreports"/>

Senator [[Orrin Hatch]] (R. Utah), who in 1999 had helped block the FDA's attempts to regulate ephedra, said in March 2003 that "...it has been obvious to even the most casual observer that problems exist", and called FDA action to regulate ephedra "long overdue."<ref name="latimes"/>

===Ephedrine supplement ban===

In response to renewed calls for the regulation of ephedra, the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] commissioned a large [[meta-analysis]] of ephedra's safety and efficacy by the [[RAND Corporation]]. This study found that ephedra promoted modest short-term weight loss, but there was insufficient data to determine whether it was effective for long-term weight loss or performance enhancement. The use of ephedrine alkaloids in this study was associated with significant gastrointestinal, psychiatric, and [[autonomic nervous system|autonomic]] side effects.<ref name="rand">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shekelle P, Hardy M, Morton S, Maglione M, Mojica W, Suttorp M, Rhodes S, Jungvig L, Gagné J |title=Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: a meta-analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=289 |issue=12 |pages=1537–45 |year=2003 |pmid=12672771 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.12.1470 }}</ref> Almost simultaneously, a study in ''[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]'' found that ephedrine alkaloids were 100 to 700 times more likely to cause a significant adverse reaction than other commonly used supplements such as [[kava]] or ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]''.<ref name=Bent_2003/>

On December 30, 2003, the FDA issued a [[press release]] recommending that consumers stop buying and using products containing ephedrine alkaloids, and indicating its intention to ban the sale of ephedrine alkaloid-containing supplements.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040110095755/http://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/ephedra/december2003/ "FDA Announces Plans to Prohibit Sales of Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedra"]: Press release from the FDA website, issued December 30, 2003, accessed 7 February 2007.</ref> Subsequently, on April 12, 2004, the FDA issued a final rule banning the sale of ephedrine alkaloid-containing dietary supplements. [[Tommy Thompson]], the [[Secretary of Health and Human Services]], stated that "...These products pose unacceptable health risks, and any consumers who are still using them should stop immediately."<ref name="fdaban"/> Products containing ephedra extract remain legal to this day.<ref name=":0" />

===Legal challenges===

Nutraceutical Corporation, a supplement manufacturer based in [[Park City, Utah]], challenged the legality of the FDA's ban of Ephedra alkaloids as exceeding the authority given to the agency by the Dietary Health Supplements and Education Act. Nutraceutical Corporation stated that while they did not intend to restart marketing ephedra, they were concerned about the scope of the FDA's regulatory action. Judge Tena Campbell of Utah's [[Federal District Court]] ruled that the FDA had not proven that low doses of ephedra alkaloids were unsafe, although she also noted that studies to address the safety of low-dose ephedra would be [[medical ethics|unethical]]. Nevertheless, her ruling overturned the ban on the sale of ephedra alkaloids in the state of Utah, and called into question whether the ban could be enforced anywhere in the United States.<ref name="nytimes">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E0DF113EF936A25757C0A9639C8B63&sec=health&pagewanted=print "Judge's Decision Lifts Ban On Sale of Ephedra in Utah"], from ''[[The New York Times]]'', published April 15, 2005. Accessed 7 February 2007.</ref>

The ruling was appealed to the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit]] in [[Denver, Colorado]]. On August 17, 2006, the Appeals Court upheld the FDA's ban on Ephedra alkaloids, finding that the 133,000-page administrative record compiled by the FDA supported the agency's finding that ephedra alkaloids posed an unreasonable risk to consumers.<ref name="fdaappeal"/> Nutraceutical Corp. filed a petition for a [[writ of certiorari]] seeking a rehearing on the ban of ephedra alkaloids; however, on May 14, 2007 the [[United States Supreme Court]] declined to hear this petition. The sale of ephedra alkaloid-containing dietary supplements remains illegal in the United States.<ref name="fdamain"/> Sales of products containing ephedra extract not containing ephedrine remain legal.<ref name=":0" />

==Use in sports==

Ephedrine is listed as a [[Doping (sport)|banned substance]] by both the [[International Olympic Committee]] and the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Prohibited_List_2006_EN_FR_SP.pdf |title= World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List, 2006 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061213063046/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Prohibited_List_2006_EN_FR_SP.pdf |archive-date= 2006-12-13 }}. {{small|(1.50 [[Mebibyte|MiB]])}} Accessed March 15, 2007.</ref> The [[National Football League]] banned players from using ephedra as a dietary supplement in 2001 after the death of [[Minnesota Vikings]] [[offensive tackle]] [[Korey Stringer]]; ephedra was found in Stringer's locker and lawyers for the team contended that it contributed to his death.<ref name="stringer"/><ref name="sauerbrun">[http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_4022235%20Todd%20Sauerbrun Sauerbrun fails test: Broncos punter faces suspension for use of ephedra], by Bill Williamson. Published in the ''[[Denver Post]]'' on July 6, 2006. Accessed March 15, 2007.</ref> The substance is also banned by the [[National Basketball Association]].<ref name="nytimes"/> It was also banned by [[Major League Baseball]] after the 2003 death of [[Steve Bechler]]. Nonetheless, ephedra remains widely used by athletes; a 2006 survey of collegiate hockey players found that nearly half had used ephedra believing it enhanced their athletic performance.<ref name="Bents2006" />

===Prominent cases===
In the 1994 [[Football World Cup|FIFA World Cup]], the [[Argentina|Argentine]] footballer [[Diego Maradona|Diego Armando Maradona]] tested positive for ephedrine.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3639425.stm "Maradona's fall from grace"], by John May. From the [[BBC]], published April 19, 2004. Accessed March 15, 2007.</ref> The Japanese [[motorcycle]] racer [[Noriyuki Haga]] tested positive for ephedrine in 2000, being disqualified from two races and banned from two more as a result.<ref>[http://www.motorcycledaily.com/24may00hagasaga.html "Haga Saga"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223330/http://www.motorcycledaily.com/24may00hagasaga.html |date=2007-09-26 }}, by Dirck Edge. From motorcycledaily.com, May 24, 2000. Accessed March 15, 2007.</ref> NFL [[Punter (football position)|punter]] [[Todd Sauerbrun]] of the [[Denver Broncos]] was suspended for the first month of the 2006 season after testing positive for ephedrine.<ref name="sauerbrun"/>

== Connections to Soma rituals ==

=== History of Soma ===
{{main|Soma (drink)}}
Throughout the many hymns, prayers, and philosophy found in the [[Vedas]] (written around 1500 BC), a mysterious plant is mentioned often and with great reverence. This plant alternates from a holy substance to an actual personified god and is considered a teacher, doctor, medicine, a bringer of insight, and a vector of inspiration.<ref name=":2">Houben, Jan. “The Soma-Haoma problem: Introductory overview and observations on the discussion.” Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 2003. </ref> The deity version of Soma was associated with medicinal herbs and the moon and was considered a bringer of health and prosperity.<ref>Cartwright, Mark. "Soma." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 30 Jan 2016. Web. 17 Apr 2020.</ref> The plant was an essential aspect of Vedic religion to alter one’s mind, enabling communion with the divine. The ritual drinking of Soma is also mentioned in the ancient Zoroastrian text, the Avesta,<ref name=":2" /> where the rituals and importance of the plant are very similar to those in Vedic culture but are instead called by the name ''[[haoma]]''.<ref name=":2" /> It is unknown why, but eventually in both the Vedic and Zoroastrian cultures a substitute substance was used in these religious ceremonies and over time the definitive identity of Soma-Haoma has been lost.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} There is much debate over which species of plant are the sacred plant of the Vedic and Zoroastrian faiths.

=== Ritual use of Ephedra ===
{{main|Botanical identity of soma–haoma}}
The Rigveda is one of the four oldest and most sacred collections of stories in Hinduism. In the Rigveda soma is a drink consumed by two of the main gods; [[Agni]] and [[Indra]]. In the texts, the drink helped the gods in battle by strengthening them physically.<ref>Shah, N.C. “Soma, an Enigmatic, Mysterious Plant of the Vedic Aryas: An Appraisal” Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 50.1, (2015): 26-4</ref> Because of this, soma was given and consumed by warriors before wartime or a battle. The drink was supposed to give the warriors strength and luck in the upcoming conflict.<ref name=":1">Mahdihassan, S. “Ephedra, the oldest medicinal plant with the history of an uninterrupted use.” Ancient science of life vol. 7,2 (1987): 105-9.</ref> Immortality is also a quality associated with soma due to it being a drink of the divine. At religious ceremonies the drink was consumed to give consumers longevity in life. At birth the drink was also given to the babies for these same reasons.<ref name=":1" />

In Zoroastrianism, the drink is called haoma and has similar uses. Just like in [[Hinduism]], the drink was related to immortality and long life. Haoma was the first thing newborns drank. This assured the child would be healthy and live a long life.<ref name=":1" /> The drink was also administered to people close to death to revive them back into good health.<ref name=":1" />

The physical appearance of Ephedra is also a reason it is believed to be the soma plant. According to the Vedic text [[Rigveda]], the plant comprising soma is shaped like an arrow. Ephedra sinica is a [[gymnosperm]] that forms stalks with buds on the end. It is easy to see how this shape could be described as an arrow.<ref name=":1" /> Another text refers to soma as a twig, which is much like Ephedra sinica when it is dried out.<ref name=":2" />
 

==See also==
* [[Chinese medicine]]
* ''[[Sida cordifolia]]''
* [[Pinellia]]
* [[Synephrine]]

==References==
{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040401175559/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-ephed.html United States FDA] links to actions
*[https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ephedraandephedrine-HealthProfessional/ United States NIH Factsheet] regarding weight loss and athletic performance
*[http://www.health.state.ny.us/regulations/task_force/docs/dietary_supplement_safety.pdf Dietary Supplements: Balancing Consumer Choice and Safety]. A report of the New York State Task Force on Life & the Law.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21365072?dopt=Abstract The history of Ephedra (ma-huang).]

[[Category:Antihypotensive agents]]
[[Category:Beta-Hydroxyamphetamines]]
[[Category:Dietary supplements]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal stimulants]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Drugs in sport]]
[[Category:Withdrawn drugs]]
[[Category:Amphetamine alkaloids]]
[[Category:Ephedraceae| ]]
[[Category:Soma (drink)]]

List of United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2009 Indian general election

2025-10-06T18:26:28Z

LesterKitamura4: enhance page and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
This article contains the full list of candidates fielded by the [[United Progressive Alliance]] in the [[2009 Indian general election]]. Official candidates were fielded on a total of 535 seats, one per each seat, predominantly by the [[Indian National Congress]], but also by thirteen allied parties. [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] candidates were fielded on two seats. Official candidates were not fielded in [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saran]], [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]], [[Hardoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hardoi]], [[Ambedkar Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]], [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia]], [[Jaunpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaunpur]] and [[Ghazipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur]]. The official candidates won 262 out of 535 seats.

188 unofficial candidates were fielded in friendly fights by allied parties, across 171 seats. In [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]], the unofficial candidate fielded by the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] defeated the official candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]], the only instance of an unofficial candidate winning a seat. This brought the total seats won by the allied parties to 263.

The seat-sharing summary table lists the total number of candidates, both official and unofficial. The state-wise tables below list all the official candidates and only significant unofficial candidates, i.e., those who secured more than 2.75% of the popular vote or else secured more votes than the margin by which the official candidate lost a seat.

==Seat sharing summary==
{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Unofficial candidates fielded in friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:center; "width = 60%";
|+
! colspan="2" |'''Parties'''
!States/UTs
! colspan="2" |Seats contested
! colspan="2" |Seats won
|-
| rowspan="35" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="35" |[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2881-performance-of-national-parties/|title=Performance of National Parties|date=10 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/story/list-of-congress-candidates-for-general-elections-2009-41825-2009-03-16|title=List of Congress candidates for General Elections 2009|date=March 16, 2009|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/elections-home/politics-of-alliances/list-of-congress-candidates-for-lok-sabha-polls-2009/articleshow/4281517.cms?from=mdr|title=List of Congress candidates for Lok Sabha polls 2009|date=9 March 2009|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|Uttar Pradesh
|69
|rowspan="35"|440
|21
|rowspan="35"|206
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|42
|33
|-
|Bihar
|37
|2
|-
|Karnataka
|28
|6
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|28
|12
|-
|Gujarat
|26
|11
|-
|Maharashtra
|25
|17
|-
|Rajasthan
|25
|20
|-
|Odisha
|21
|6
|-
|Kerala
|17
|13
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|15
|8
|-
|West Bengal
|14
|6
|-
|Assam
|13
|7
|-
|Punjab
|13
|8
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|11
|1
|-
|Haryana
|10
|9
|-
|Jharkhand
|9
|1
|-
|Delhi
|7
|7
|-
|Uttarakhand
|5
|5
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|4
|1
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|3
|2
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|2
|2
|-
|Manipur
|2
|2
|-
|Meghalaya
|2
|1
|-
|Tripura
|2
|0
|-
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
|0
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|1
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|1
|0
|-
|Daman & Diu
|1
|0
|-
|Goa
|1
|1
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|1
|-
|Mizoram
|1
|1
|-
|Nagaland
|1
|0
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|1
|-
|Sikkim
|1
|0
|-
|rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|rowspan="7"| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2880-performance-of-state-party/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515113504/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2880-performance-of-state-party/|archive-date=15 May 2019|title=Performance of State Party|date=10 August 2018 }}</ref><ref name="tmc">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/trinamool-congress-finally-close-seat-sharing-deal/articleshow/4257014.cms|title=Congress, TMC finally close seat sharing deal|date=March 12, 2019|access-date=April 10, 2024|last=Sengupta|first=Tamal|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

| West Bengal
|colspan="2"|27
|19
|rowspan="7"|19
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"| Jharkhand
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|2
|rowspan="6" style="background:#E5F8FF"|8
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"| Tripura
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|2
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"| Kerala
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"| Nagaland
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"| Tamil Nadu
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"| Uttar Pradesh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|rowspan="20" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|rowspan="20"|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/ncp-releases-first-list-of-17-candidates-in-maharashtra-42471-2009-03-23|title=NCP releases first list of 17 candidates in Maharashtra|date=March 23, 2009|website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
|Maharashtra
|21
|rowspan="3" |23
|8
|rowspan="20" |9
|-
|Bihar
|1
|0
|-
|Goa
|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Uttar Pradesh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|11
|rowspan="17" style="background:#E5F8FF"|45
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Gujarat
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|7
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Karnataka
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|4
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Kerala
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|4
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Assam
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|3
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Haryana
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|3
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|West Bengal
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|3
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Bihar
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Daman & Diu
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Lakshadweep
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Manipur
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Meghalaya
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|1
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Mizoram
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Odisha
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Tripura
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Uttarakhand
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/dmk-candidates-from-pti-313007.html|title=DMK announces candidate list for Lok Sabha polls|date=5 April 2009|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/story/list-of-dmk-candidates-for-general-elections-2009-43231-2009-04-01|title=List of DMK candidates for General Elections 2009|date=April 1, 2009|website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>
|Tamil Nadu
|colspan="2"|22
|colspan="2"|18
|-
|rowspan="12" bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|rowspan="12"| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/amp/election/2009/mar/18loksabhapoll-jharkhand-cong-to-contest-7-seats.htm|title=Jharkhand Congress to contest 7 seats|date=March 18, 2009|website=Rediff.com|last=Press Trust of India|access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref>
|Jharkhand
|colspan="2"|5
|2
|rowspan="12"|2
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|West Bengal
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|7
|rowspan="11" style="background:#E5F8FF"|37
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Chhattisgarh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|6
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Tamil Nadu
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|5
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Assam
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|4
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Bihar
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|4
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Odisha
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|4
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Jharkhand
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|3
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Madhya Pradesh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Maharashtra
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Delhi
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Puducherry
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Mahan Dal}}" |
|[[Mahan Dal]]<ref name="mahandal">{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/amp/election/2009/apr/08-in-up-heartland-waived-farm-loans-matter.htm|title=In UP heartland, waived farm loans matter|website=Rediff.com|last=Malhotra|first=Jyoti|date=April 8, 2009|access-date=April 10, 2024|quote=... the Congress has agreed to leave the constituencies of Kannauj, Mainpuri, Etawah and Aonla to the Mahan Dal ...}}</ref>
|Uttar Pradesh
|colspan="2"|4
|colspan="2"|0
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}" |
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nc-cong-alliance-sweeps-jk-sajjad-lone-defeated/articleshow/4540212.cms | title=National Conference and Congress alliance sweeps Jammu and Kashmir, Sajjad Lone defeated | website=The Times of India | date=May 16, 2009|access-date=April 10, 2024|last=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
|Jammu & Kashmir
|colspan="2"|3
|colspan="2"|3
|-
|rowspan="8" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
|rowspan="8"| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections-south/kerala/story/congress-led-udf-records-historic-win-47635-2009-05-16|title=Congress-led UDF records historic win|last=M. G. Radhakrishnan|date=May 16, 2009|access-date=April 10, 2024|website=India Today}}</ref>
|Kerala
|colspan="2"|2
|2
|rowspan="8"|2
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|West Bengal
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|6
|rowspan="7" style="background:#E5F8FF"|20
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Uttar Pradesh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|5
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Maharashtra
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|4
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Bihar
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|2
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Andhra Pradesh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Assam
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Madhya Pradesh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}" |
|rowspan="2"| [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]<ref name="vck">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dmk-backs-vck-in-alliance-defies-congress-call-for-ouster/articleshow/4268407.cms|date = March 15, 2009| access-date=April 10, 2024|last=ET Bureau|title=DMK backs VCK in alliance, defies Congress call for ouster|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|Tamil Nadu
|colspan="2"|2
|1
|rowspan="2"|1
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Kerala
|colspan="2" style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" |
|rowspan="2"| [[Bodoland People's Front]]<ref name="bpf">{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/amp/election/2009/may/16loksabhapoll-congress-extends-its-lead-in-north-east.htm|title=Congress extends its lead in the north-east|last=K Anurag|access-date=April 10, 2024|date=May 16, 2009|website=Rediff.com|quote=... Congress ally and United Progressive Alliance constituent the Bodoland People's Front candidate S K Bwismutiary won in Kokrajhar constituency ...}}</ref>
|Assam
|colspan="2"|1
|1
|rowspan="2"|1
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Assam
|colspan="2" style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}" |
|[[Kerala Congress (Mani)]]<ref name="auto3" />
|Kerala
|colspan="2"|1
|colspan="2"|1
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Swabhiman Party}}" |
|rowspan="2"| [[Rashtriya Swabhiman Party]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/backed-by-cong-rk-chaudhary-files-papers-from-mohanlalganj/articleshow/4352267.cms | title=Backed by Congress, R. K. Chaudhary files papers from Mohanlalganj | website=The Times of India| date = 3 April 2009 |last = Times News Network | access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref>
|Uttar Pradesh
|colspan="2"|1
|0
|rowspan="2"|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Uttar Pradesh
|colspan="2" style="background:#E5F8FF"|7
|0
|-
|rowspan="10" bgcolor="{{party color|Republican Party of India}}" |
|rowspan="10"| [[Republican Party of India (Gavai)|Republican Party of India]]<ref name="rpi">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rajendra-Gavai-eyes-win-from-Amravati-to-break-family-jinx/articleshow/4331877.cms|title=Rajendra Gavai eyes win from Amravati to break family jinx|website=The Times of India|date=March 30, 2009|access-date=April 10, 2024|last=Marpakwar|first=Prafulla}}</ref>
|Maharashtra
|colspan="2"|1
|0
|rowspan="10"|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Uttar Pradesh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|6
|rowspan="9" style="background:#E5F8FF"|16
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Bihar
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|2
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Punjab
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|2
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Andhra Pradesh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Chhattisgarh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Haryana
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Jammu & Kashmir
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Madhya Pradesh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Odisha
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|rowspan="15" bgcolor="{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |
|rowspan="15"| [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]<ref name="rpia">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/athavale-teams-up-with-cong/articleshow/4325724.cms|title=Athawale teams up with Congress|website=The Times of India|date=March 28, 2009|access-date=April 10, 2024|last=Joshi|first=Prakash}}</ref>
|Maharashtra
|colspan="2"|1
|0
|rowspan="15"|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Madhya Pradesh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|13
|rowspan="14" style="background:#E5F8FF"|53
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Uttar Pradesh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|11
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Gujarat
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|5
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Andhra Pradesh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|3
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Chhattisgarh
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|3
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Delhi
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|3
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Haryana
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|3
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|West Bengal
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|3
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Assam
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|2
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Tamil Nadu
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|2
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Uttarakhand
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|2
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Bihar
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Jammu & Kashmir
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|Odisha
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|0
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|rowspan="2"| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|Bihar<ref name="purnia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pappu-yadav-s-mother-just-seven-years-older-than-him/story-8L8QdjhMGQFW1UK4146AGN.html|title=Pappu Yadav's mother just seven years older than him|date=April 21, 2009|access-date=April 10, 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|1
|rowspan="2"|2
|0
|rowspan="2"|1
|-
|West Bengal<ref name="jaynagar">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/left-vs-left-in-tough-joynagar-turf/articleshow/4511630.cms|title=Left vs Left in tough Joynagar turf|last=Konar|first=Debashis|date=May 12, 2009|website = The Times of India|access-date=April 10, 2024|quote=... Mondal has the support of the Congress-Trinamool alliance ...}}</ref>
|1
|1
|-
|rowspan="2" colspan="3" |Total candidates
|colspan="2"|535
|262
|rowspan="2"|263
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#E5F8FF"|188
|1
|}

==Andhra Pradesh==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (42)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adilabad]]
| ST
| Kotnak Ramesh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Peddapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Peddapalli]]
| SC
| [[Gaddam Vivek Venkatswamy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Karimnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimnagar]]
| None
| [[Ponnam Prabhakar Goud]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]]
| None
| [[Madhu Goud Yaskhi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Zahirabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Zahirabad]]
| None
| [[Suresh Shetkar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]]
| None
| Narendranath
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Malkajgiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malkajgiri]]
| None
| [[Sarve Satyanarayana]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad]]
| None
| [[Anjan Kumar Yadav]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad]]
| None
| P. Laxman Rao Goud
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Chevella (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chevella]]
| None
| [[Jaipal Reddy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Mahbubnagar (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mahbubnagar]]
| None
| [[Devarakonda Vittal Rao]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagarkurnool]]
| SC
| [[Manda Jagannath]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]]
| None
| [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Bhongir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhongir]]
| None
| [[Komatireddy Raj Gopal Reddy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|15
| [[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]]
| SC
| [[Siricilla Rajaiah]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|16
| [[Mahabubabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubabad]]
| ST
| [[Balram Naik]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|17
| [[Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khammam]]
| None
| [[Renuka Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|18
| [[Araku (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araku]]
| ST
| [[Kishore Chandra Deo]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|19
| [[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]]
| None
| [[Killi Krupa Rani]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|20
| [[Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vizianagaram]]
| None
| [[Botsa Jhansi Lakshmi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|21
| [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]]
| None
| [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|22
| [[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anakapalli]]
| None
| [[Sabbam Hari]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|23
| [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]]
| None
| [[Pallam Raju|M.M.Pallam Raju]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|24
| [[Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amalapuram]]
| SC
| [[G. V. Harsha Kumar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|25
| [[Rajahmundry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajahmundry]]
| None
| [[Vundavalli Aruna Kumar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|26
| [[Narasapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Naraspur]]
| None
| [[Kanumuri Bapi Raju]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|27
| [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]]
| None
| [[Kavuri Sambasiva Rao]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|28
| [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]]
| None
| [[Badiga Ramakrishna]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|29
| [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]]
| None
| [[Lagadapati Rajagopal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|30
| [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur]]
| None
| [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|31
| [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet]]
| None
| [[Vallabhaneni Balasouri]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|32
| [[Bapatla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla]]
| SC
| [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|33
| [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongole]]
| None
| [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|34
| [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]]
| None
| [[S.P.Y. Reddy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|35
| [[Kurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurnool]]
| None
| [[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|36
| [[Anantapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantapur]]
| None
| [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|37
| [[Hindupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hindupur]]
| None
| Khasim Khan
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|38
| [[Kadapa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kadapa]]
| None
| [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|39
| [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore]]
| None
| [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|40
| [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupati]]
| SC
| [[Chinta Mohan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|41
| [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]]
| None
| [[Sai Prathap Annayyagari]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|42
| [[Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittoor]]
| SC
| [[M. Thippeswamy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}

|}

==Arunachal Pradesh==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| None
| [[Takam Sanjoy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
| None
| [[Ninong Ering]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Won}}

|}

==Assam==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (13)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}|[[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} -
{{legend2|{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}|[[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]]
| SC
| [[Lalit Mohan Suklabaidya]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Silchar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Silchar]]
| None
| [[Santosh Mohan Dev]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Autonomous District (Lok Sabha constituency)|Autonomous District]]
| ST
| [[Biren Singh Engti]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]]
| None
| [[Anwar Hussain (politician)|Anwar Hussain]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Kokrajhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kokrajhar]]
| ST
| [[Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary]]<ref name="bpf" />
| bgcolor={{party color|Bodoland People's Front}} |
| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]]
| None
|[[Ismail Hossain Khan|Ismail Hussain]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]]
| None
| [[Robin Bordoloi|Capt.Robin Bordoloi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| rowspan ="2" align="center"|8
| rowspan="2"| [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_BPF|Significant friendly fight between [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]}}
| rowspan="2"| None
| [[Madhab Rajbangshi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
|style="background:#E5F8FF"| Dinanath Das
| bgcolor={{party color|Bodoland People's Front}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Bodoland People's Front]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tezpur]]
| None
| [[Moni Kumar Subba]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]]
| None
| Anil Raja
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor]]
| None
| [[Dip Gogoi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]]
| None
| [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]
| None
| [[Paban Singh Ghatowar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Lakhimpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakhimpur]]
| None
| [[Ranee Narah]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}

|}

==Bihar==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (37)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#CDCDCD|[[Independent Politician|IND]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} -
{{legend2|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] (3)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|1
| rowspan="2" | [[Valmiki Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Valmiki Nagar]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_NCP}}
| rowspan="2" | None
| Mohammad Shamim Akhtar
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF| Dilip Verma
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Paschim Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Paschim Champaran]]
| None
| [[Sadhu Yadav]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Purvi Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purvi Champaran]]
| None
| Arvind Kumar Gupta
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Sheohar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sheohar]]
| None
| [[Lovely Anand]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]]
| None
| Samir Kumar Mahaseth
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]]
| None
| [[Shakeel Ahmad]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Jhanjharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhanjharpur]]
| None
| Kripanath Pathak
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Supaul]]
| None
| [[Ranjeet Ranjan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
| None
| [[Shakeel Ahmad Khan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|10
| rowspan="2" | [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kishanganj]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_JMM}}
| rowspan="2" | None
| [[Mohammad Asrarul Haque]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF| Mohammad Nissar Alam
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katihar]]
| None
| [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnia]]
| None
| Shanti Priya <ref name="purnia" />
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]]
| None
| Tara Nand Sada
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]
| None
| Ajay Kumar Jalan
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|15
| [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]]
| None
| Vinita Vijay
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|16
| [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vaishali]]
| None
| Hind Kesri Yadav
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|17
| [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]]
| SC
| Ramai Ram
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|18
| [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siwan]]
| None
| Vijay Shanker Dubey
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|19
| [[Maharajganj (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]]
| None
| Tarkeshwar Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|20
| [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saran]]
| None
| align="center" colspan=4 | '''None'''
|-
| align="center"|21
| [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]]
| SC
| [[Dasai Chowdhary|Dasai Choudhary]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|22
| [[Ujiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujiarpur]]
| None
| Sheel Kumar Roy
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|23
| [[Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Samastipur]]
| SC
| [[Ashok Kumar (Rosera politician)|Ashok Kumar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|24
| [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]]
| None
| [[Amita Bhushan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|25
| [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]]
| None
| [[Mehboob Ali Kaiser]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|26
| [[Bhagalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]]
| None
| [[Sadanand Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|27
| rowspan="2" | [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_JMM}}
| rowspan="2" | None
| [[Giridhari Yadav]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF| Rajendra Pandit Netajee
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|28
| [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Munger]]
| None
| Ram Lakhan Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|29
| [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]]
| None
| Ramswaroop Prasad
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|30
| [[Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna Sahib]]
| None
| Shekhar Suman
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|31
| [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pataliputra]]
| None
| Vijay Singh Yadav
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|32
| [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]]
| None
| Haridwar Prasad Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|33
| [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]]
| None
| Kamla Kant Tiwary
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|34
| [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]]
| SC
| [[Meira Kumar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|35
| [[Karakat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karakat]]
| None
| Awadhesh Kumar Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|36
| [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jahanabad]]
| None
| Arun Kumar
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|37
| [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| None
| [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|38
| [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]]
| SC
| Sanjiv Prasad Toni
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|39
| [[Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nawada]]
| None
| Sunila Devi
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|40
| rowspan="2" |[[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_JMM}}
| rowspan="2" |SC
| Ashok Choudhary
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF| Prasadi Paswan
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{Lost}}
|}

==Chhattisgarh==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (11)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Sarguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sarguja]]
| ST
| Bhanu Pratap Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Raigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigarh]]
| ST
| Hridayaram Rathiya
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Janjgir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir]]
| SC
| Shivkumar Dahariya
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Korba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Korba]]
| None
| [[Charan Das Mahant]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]]
| None
| [[Renu Jogi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]]
| None
| [[Devwrat Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Durg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durg]]
| None
| Pradeep Choubey
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]
| None
| [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]]
| None
| Motilal Sahu
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]]
| ST
| Shankar Sodi
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]]
| ST
| [[Phulo Devi Netam]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}

|}

==Goa==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| SC
| Jitendra Raghuraj Deshprabhu
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| None
| [[Francisco Sardinha]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}

|}

==Gujarat==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (26)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} -
{{legend2|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Kachchh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kachchh]]
| SC
| Danicha Valjibhai
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]]
| None
| [[Mukesh Gadhvi|Gadhvi Mukeshkumar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Patan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
| None
| [[Jagdish Thakor]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Mahesana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahesana]]
| None
| [[Jivabhai Ambalal Patel]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sabarkantha]]
| None
| [[Madhusudan Mistry]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|6
|| [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]]
| None
| Suresh Patel
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Ahmedabad East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmedabad East]]
| None
| Dipakbhai Babaria
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Ahmedabad West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmedabad West]]
| SC
| [[Shailesh Parmar|Shailesh Manharbhai Parmar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Surendranagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surendranagar]]
| None
| [[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Rajkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajkot]]
| None
| [[Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya|Kuvarjibhai Bavalia]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Porbandar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]]
| None
| [[Vitthal Radadiya]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Jamnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamnagar]]
| None
| [[Vikrambhai Arjanbhai Madam]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Junagadh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Junagadh]]
| None
| [[Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad|Jashubhai Barad]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Amreli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amreli]]
| None
| [[Virjibhai Thummar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|15
| [[Bhavnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhavnagar]]
| None
| Mahavirsinh Gohil
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|16
| [[Anand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anand]]
| None
| [[Bharatsinh Solanki]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|17
| [[Kheda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheda]]
| None
| [[Dinsha Patel]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|18
| [[Panchmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panchmahal]]
| None
| [[Shankersinh Vaghela]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|19
| rowspan="2" | [[Dahod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dahod]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_NCP}}
| rowspan="2" | ST
| [[Prabha Kishor Taviad]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| Kalsinhbhai Meda
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|20
| [[Vadodara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vadodara]]
| None
| Satyajitsinh Dulipsinh Gaekwad
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|21
| [[Chhota Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhota Udaipur]]
| ST
| [[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|22
| [[Bharuch (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharuch]]
| None
| Aziz Tankarvi
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|23
| [[Bardoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardoli]]
| ST
| [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|24
| [[Surat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surat]]
| None
| Dhirubhai Haribhai Gajera
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|25
| [[Navsari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Navsari]]
| None
| Dhansukh Rajput
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|26
| [[Valsad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Valsad]]
| ST
| [[Kishanbhai Vestabhai Patel]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}

|}

==Haryana==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (10)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]]
| SC
| [[Selja Kumari]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]]
| None
| [[Naveen Jindal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]]
| SC
| [[Ashok Tanwar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Hissar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hissar]]
| None
| [[Jai Parkash]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
| None
| [[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Sonepat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonepat]]
| None
| [[Jitender Singh Malik]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]]
| None
| [[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani-Mahendragarh]]
| None
| [[Shruti Choudhry]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Gurgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurgaon]]
| None
| [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
| None
| [[Avtar Singh Bhadana]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}

|}

==Himachal Pradesh==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (4)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]
| None
|[[Chander Kumar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]]
| None
| [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]]
| None
| Narinder Thakur
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Shimla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimla]]
| SC
| [[Dhani Ram Shandil]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}

|}

==Jammu and Kashmir==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (3)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF4545|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]] (3)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
| None
| [[Sharifuddin Shariq]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}} |
| Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
| None
| [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}} |
| Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Anantnag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]]
| None
| [[Mirza Mehboob Beg]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}} |
| Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ladakh]]
| None
| Phuntsog Namgyal
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]]
| None
| [[Lal Singh Chaudhary (politician)|CH.Lal Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu]]
| None
| [[Madan Lal Sharma]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}

|}

==Jharkhand==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (9)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] (5)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} -
{{legend2|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] (3)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| ST
| [[Hemlal Murmu]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumka]]
| ST
| [[Sibu Soren]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|3
| rowspan="2" | [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godda]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_JMM}}
| rowspan="2" | None
| [[Furkan Ansari]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Durga Soren]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Chatra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chatra]]
| None
| [[Dhiraj Prasad Sahu]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|5
| rowspan="2" | [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_JMM}}
| rowspan="2" | None
| [[Tilakdhari Singh|Tilakdhari Prasad Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | Bishnu Prasad Bhaiya
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
| None
| [[Tek Lal Mahto]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Dhanbad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]]
| None
| [[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| None
| [[Subodh Kant Sahay]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| None
| [[Suman Mahato]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]]
| ST
| [[Bagun Sumbrai]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]
| ST
| Neil Tirkey
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| ST
| [[Rameshwar Oraon]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Palamu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palamu]]
| SC
| [[Kameshwar Baitha]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|14
| rowspan="2" | [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_JMM}}
| rowspan="2" | None
| [[Saurabh Narain Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | Shivlal Mahto
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{Lost}}
|}

==Karnataka==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (28)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]]
| None
| [[Prakash Babanna Hukkeri]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Belgaum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum]]
| None
| [[Amarsinh Vasantrao Patil]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]]
| None
| [[J. T. Patil]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]]
| SC
| Prakash Rathod
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]]
| SC
| [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raichur]]
| ST
| Raja Venkatappa Naik
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]]
| None
| [[N. Dharam Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Koppal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koppal]]
| None
| Basavaraj Rayareddy
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]]
| ST
| [[N. Y. Hanumanthappa]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Haveri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haveri]]
| None
| Saleem Ahamed
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Dharwad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad]]
| None
| [[Manjunath Kunnur]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uttara Kannada]]
| None
| [[Margaret Alva]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davanagere]]
| None
| [[S. S. Mallikarjun]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimoga]]
| None
| [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa|S. Bangarappa]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|15
| [[Udupi Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi Chikmagalur]]
| None
| [[K. Jayaprakash Hegde]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|16
| [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]]
| None
| B. Shivaramu
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|17
| [[Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dakshina Kannada]]
| None
| [[Janardhana Poojary]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|18
| [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]]
| SC
| B. Thippeswamy
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|19
| [[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]]
| None
| P. Kodandaramaiah
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|20
| [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]]
| None
| [[Ambareesh|M. H. Ambareesh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|21
| [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]]
| None
| [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|22
| [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]]
| SC
| [[R. Dhruvanarayana]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|23
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
| None
| [[Tejashwini Gowda]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|24
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
| None
| [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|25
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
| None
| [[H. T. Sangliana]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|26
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
| None
| [[Krishna Byre Gowda]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|27
| [[Chikkballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkballapur]]
| None
| [[Veerappa Moily]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|28
| [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]]
| SC
| [[K.H. Muniyappa]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Won}}

|}

==Kerala==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (17)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#008000|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#CC9900|[[Kerala Congress (M)|KC(M)]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} -
{{legend2|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| None
| Shahida Kamal
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| None
| [[K. Sudhakaran]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]]
| None
| [[Mullappally Ramachandran]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|4
| rowspan="2" |[[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_NCP}}
| rowspan="2" |None
| [[M. I. Shanavas]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[K. Muraleedharan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
| None
| [[M. K. Raghavan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
| None
| [[E. Ahamed]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}} |
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
| None
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}} |
| Indian Union Muslim League
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|8
| rowspan="2" | [[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_NCP}}
| rowspan="2" | None
| [[Satheeshan Pacheni]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF"|Abdul Razak Moulavi
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur]]
| SC
| N.K Sudheer
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Trichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]]
| None
| [[P. C. Chacko]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]]
| None
| [[K. P. Dhanapalan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| None
| [[K. V. Thomas]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
| None
| [[P. T. Thomas]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]
| None
| [[Jose K. Mani]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}} |
| [[Kerala Congress (M)]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|15
| [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| None
| [[K. C. Venugopal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|16
| [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikara]]
| SC
| [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|17
| [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta]]
| None
| [[Anto Antony]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|18
| [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]
| None
| [[N. Peethambara Kurup]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|19
| [[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]]
| None
| G. Balachandran
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|20
| [[Trivandrum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| None
| [[Shashi Tharoor]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}

|}

==Madhya Pradesh==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (28)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]]
| None
| [[Ramnivas Rawat]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind]]
| SC
| [[Bhagirath Prasad]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]]
| None
| Ashok Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]]
| None
| [[Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]]
| None
| [[Aslam Sher Khan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Tikamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh]]
| SC
| Ahirwar Vrindavan
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]]
| None
| [[Chandrabhan Bhaiya]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]]
| None
| Raja Pateria
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]]
| None
| Sudhir Singh Tomar
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]]
| None
| [[Sundar Lal Tiwari]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]]
| None
| Indrajeet Kumar
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahdol]]
| ST
| [[Rajesh Nandini Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]]
| None
| Rameshwar Neekhra
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla]]
| ST
| [[Basori Singh Masram]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|15
| [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]]
| None
| Vishveshwar Bhagat
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|16
| [[Chhindwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]]
| None
| [[Kamal Nath]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|17
| [[Hoshangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]]
| None
| [[Uday Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Uday Pratap Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|18
| [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]]
| None
| colspan="4" align="center"|'''None'''{{efn|name=congvidisha|Nomination of the Congress candidate was rejected. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2009/apr/21loksabhapolls-complacency-bothers-bjp-in-vidisha.htm|title=Complacency bothers BJP in Vidisha|website=Rediff.com|date=April 21, 2009|access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref>}}
|-
| align="center"|19
| [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]]
| None
| Surendra Singh Thakur
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|20
| [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]]
| None
| [[Narayan Singh Amlabe]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|21
| [[Dewas (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dewas]]
| SC
| [[Sajjan Singh Verma]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|22
| [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]]
| SC
| [[Premchand Guddu]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|23
| [[Mandsaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsaur]]
| None
| [[Meenakshi Natarajan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|24
| [[Ratlam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratlam]]
| ST
| [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|25
| [[Dhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhar]]
| ST
| [[Gajendra Singh Rajukhedi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|26
| [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]]
| None
| [[Satyanarayan Patel]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|27
| [[Khargone (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khargone]]
| ST
| [[Bala Bachchan|Balaram Bachchan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|28
| [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]]
| None
| [[Arun Subhashchandra Yadav]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|29
| [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Betul]]
| ST
| Ojharam Evane
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}

|}

==Maharashtra==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (25)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (21)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#6633EE|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#002bb4|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Nandurbar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar]]
| ST
| [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]]
| None
| Amarishbhai Rasiklal Patel
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]]
| None
| [[Vasantrao More]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Raver (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raver]]
| None
| Ravindra Pralhadrao Patil
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana]]
| None
| [[Rajendra Shingne]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]]
| None
| Babasaheb Dhabekar
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]]
| SC
| [[Rajendra Gavai]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Republican Party of India}} |
| [[Republican Party of India]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wardha]]
| None
| [[Datta Meghe]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek]]
| SC
| [[Mukul Wasnik]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]]
| None
| [[Vilas Muttemwar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Bhandara-Gondiya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara-Gondiya]]
| None
| [[Praful Patel]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Gadchiroli-Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gadchiroli-Chimur]]
| ST
| [[Marotrao Kowase]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Chandrapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandrapur]]
| None
| [[Nareshkumar Chunnalal Puglia|Pugalia Naresh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Yavatmal-Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Yavatmal-Washim]]
| None
| [[Harising Nasaru Rathod|Harising Rathod]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|15
| [[Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hingoli]]
| None
| [[Suryakanta Patil]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|16
| [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]]
| None
| [[Bhaskarrao Bapurao Khatgaonkar Patil|Bhaskarrao Patil]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|17
| [[Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parbhani]]
| None
| [[Suresh Warpudkar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|18
| [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]]
| None
| Kalyan Vaijinathrao
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|19
| [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| None
| [[Uttamsingh Pawar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|20
| [[Dindori (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindori]]
| ST
| [[Zirwal Narhari Sitaram]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|21
| [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]]
| None
| [[Sameer Bhujbal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|22
| [[Palghar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palghar]]
| ST
| Damodar Barku Shingada
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|23
| [[Bhiwandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwandi]]
| None
| [[Suresh Kashinath Taware]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|24
| [[Kalyan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalyan]]
| None
| Davkhare Vasant Shankarrao
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|25
| [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thane]]
| None
| [[Sanjeev Naik]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|26
| [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North]]
| None
| [[Sanjay Nirupam]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|27
| [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North West]]
| None
| [[Gurudas Kamat]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|28
| [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North East]]
| None
| [[Sanjay Dina Patil]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|29
| [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central]]
| None
| [[Priya Dutt]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|30
| [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central]]
| None
| [[Eknath Gaikwad]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|31
| [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]]
| None
| [[Milind Murli Deora]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|32
| [[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad]]
| None
| [[A. R. Antulay]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|33
| [[Maval (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maval]]
| None
| Azam Pansare
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|34
| [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]]
| None
| [[Suresh Kalmadi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|35
| [[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati]]
| None
| [[Supriya Sule]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|36
| [[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirur]]
| None
| Vilas Vithoba Lande
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|37
| [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]]
| None
| Shivaji Kardile
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|38
| [[Shirdi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirdi]]
| SC
| [[Ramdas Athawale]]
| bgcolor=#002bb4|
| [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|Republican Party of India (A)]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|39
| [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]]
| None
| Kokate Ramesh Baburao
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|40
| [[Osmanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Osmanabad]]
| None
| [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|41
| [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]]
| SC
| [[Jaywantrao Awale]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|42
| [[Solapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Solapur]]
| SC
| [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|43
| [[Madha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madha]]
| None
| [[Sharad Pawar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|44
| [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]]
| None
| [[Pratik Prakashbapu Patil]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|45
| [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara]]
| None
| [[Udayanraje Bhosale]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|46
| [[Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg]]
| None
| [[Nilesh Narayan Rane]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|47
| [[Kolhapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolhapur]]
| None
| [[Sambhaji Raje]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|48
| [[Hatkanangle (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hatkanangle]]
| None
| [[Nivedita Sambhajirao Mane|Nivedita Mane]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| Nationalist Congress Party
| {{lost}}

|}

==Manipur==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} -
{{legend2|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| None
| [[Thokchom Meinya]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|2
| rowspan="2"|[[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_NCP}}
| rowspan="2"|ST
| [[Thangso Baite]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | L. B. Sona
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{lost}}
|}

==Meghalaya==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} -
{{legend2|#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| None
| [[Vincent Pala]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|2
| rowspan="2" | [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_NCP|Significant friendly fight between [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]}}
| rowspan="2" | ST
| [[Deborah Marak]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Agatha Sangma]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{Won}}
|}

==Mizoram==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]]
| ST
| [[C. L. Ruala]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|}

==Nagaland==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| None
| [[K. Asungba Sangtam]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}

|}

==Odisha==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (21)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} -
{{legend2|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] (3)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bargarh]]
| None
| [[Sanjay Bhoi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|2
| rowspan="2" | [[Sundargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sundargarh]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_JMM|Significant friendly fight between [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]}}
| rowspan="2" | ST
| [[Hemanand Biswal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| Livinus Kindo
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]]
| None
| [[Amarnath Pradhan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]]
| ST
| [[Dhanurjaya Sidu]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|5
| rowspan="2" |[[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_JMM}}
| rowspan="2" | ST
| Laxman Majhi
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| Sudam Marndi
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center"|6
| rowspan="3" |[[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_NCP_JMM|Significant friendly fight between [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] and [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]}}
| rowspan="3"| None
| [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF"|Arun Dey
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF"|Arun Jena
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]]
| SC
| Ananta Prasad Sethi
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Jajpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jajpur]]
| SC
| Amiya Kanta Mallik
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]]
| None
| Chandra Sekhar Tripathi
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]
| None
| [[Narasingha Mishra]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalahandi]]
| None
| [[Bhakta Charan Das]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Nabarangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabarangpur]]
| ST
| [[Pradeep Kumar Majhi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]]
| None
| Suzit Kumar Padhi
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]]
| None
| Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|15
| [[Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara]]
| None
| [[Ranjib Biswal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|16
| [[Jagatsinghpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jagatsinghpur]]
| SC
| Rabindra Kumar Sethy
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|17
| [[Puri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puri]]
| None
| Debendra Nath Mansingh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|18
| [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]]
| None
| Bijay Mohanty
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|19
| [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]]
| None
| [[Ramchandra Rath]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|20
| [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]]
| None
| [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|21
| [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]]
| ST
| [[Giridhar Gamang]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}

|}

==Punjab==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (13)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurdaspur]]
| None
| [[Pratap Singh Bajwa]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]]
| None
| [[Om Parkash Soni]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]]
| None
| [[Rana Gurjeet Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]]
| SC
| [[Mohinder Singh Kaypee]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]]
| SC
| [[Santosh Chowdhary]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Anandpur Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anandpur Sahib]]
| None
| [[Ravneet Singh Bittu|Ravneet Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]]
| None
| [[Manish Tewari]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Fatehgarh Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| SC
| [[Sukhdev Singh Libra|Sukhdev Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]]
| SC
| Sukhwinder Singh Danny
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozpur]]
| None
| [[Jagmeet Singh Brar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Bhatinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bathinda]]
| None
| [[Raninder Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]]
| None
| [[Vijay Inder Singla]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]
| None
| [[Preneet Kaur]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}

|}

==Rajasthan==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (25)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Ganganagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ganganagar]]
| SC
| [[Bharat Ram Meghwal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Bikaner (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikaner]]
| SC
| Rewat Ram Panwar
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]]
| None
| Rafique Mandelia
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Jhunjhunu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhunjhunu]]
| None
| [[Sis Ram Ola|Sheesh Ram Ola]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Sikar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikar]]
| None
| [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela|Mahadev Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Jaipur Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur Rural]]
| None
| [[Lalchand Kataria]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Jaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur]]
| None
| [[Mahesh Joshi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alwar]]
| None
| [[Jitendra Singh (INC politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Bharatpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharatpur]]
| SC
| [[Ratan Singh (Bharatpur Member of Parliament)|Ratan Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Karauli-Dholpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karauli-Dholpur]]
| SC
| [[Khiladi Lal Bairwa]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]]
| None
| Laxman
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Tonk-Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]]
| None
| [[Namo Narain Meena]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]]
| None
| [[Sachin Pilot]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Nagaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaur]]
| None
| [[Jyoti Mirdha]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|15
| [[Pali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pali]]
| None
| [[Badri Ram Jakhar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|16
| [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]]
| None
| [[Chandresh Kumari Katoch]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|17
| [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barmer]]
| None
| [[Harish Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|18
| [[Jalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalore]]
| None
| Sandhya Choudhary
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|19
| [[Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udaipur]]
| ST
| [[Raghuveer Meena]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|20
| [[Banswara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banswara]]
| ST
| [[Tarachand Bhagora]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|21
| [[Chittorgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittorgarh]]
| None
| [[Girija Vyas]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|22
| [[Rajsamand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajsamand]]
| None
| Gopal Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|23
| [[Bhilwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhilwara]]
| None
| [[C. P. Joshi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|24
| [[Kota (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kota]]
| None
| [[Ijyaraj Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|25
| [[Jhalawar-Baran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhalawar-Baran]]
| None
| Urmila Jain Bhaya
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{lost}}

|}

==Sikkim==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| None
| [[Kharananda Upreti]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{lost}}
|}

==Tamil Nadu==
{{legend2|#DD1100|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (22)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (15)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#1E90FF|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Thiruvallur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvallur]]
| SC
| Gayathri.S
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]]
| None
| [[T. K. S. Elangovan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]]
| None
| [[R. S. Bharathi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
| None
| [[Dayanidhi Maran]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]
| None
| T. R. Baalu
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Kancheepuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kancheepuram]]
| SC
| [[P. Viswanathan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arakkonam]]
| None
| [[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]]
| None
| [[Abdul Rahman (Vellore politician)|Abdul Rahman]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam{{efn|name=abdulrahman|A candidate of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] who contested on DMK symbol.<ref name="vellore">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Candidate-introduced-to-DMK-alliance-workers/article16613958.ece | title=Candidate introduced to DMK alliance workers | date=April 12, 2009 | accessdate=April 10, 2024|website=The Hindu}}</ref>}}
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Krishnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagiri]]
| None
| [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]]
| None
| [[R. Thamaraiselvan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Tiruvannamalai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruvannamalai]]
| None
| [[D. Venugopal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Arani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arani]]
| None
| [[M. Krishnasamy|Krishnasswamy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Villupuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Villupuram]]
| SC
| Swamidurai K
| bgcolor={{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}} |
| [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Kallakurichi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kallakurichi]]
| None
| [[Adhi Sankar|Sankar Adhi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|15
| [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]]
| None
| [[K. V. Thangkabalu]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|16
| [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Namakkal]]
| None
| [[S. Gandhiselvan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|17
| [[Erode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erode]]
| None
| [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|18
| [[Tiruppur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruppur]]
| None
| [[S. K. Kharventhan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|19
| [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]]
| SC
| [[Andimuthu Raja|A Raja]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|20
| [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]]
| None
| [[R. Prabhu]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|21
| [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]]
| None
| [[K. Shamugasundaram]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|22
| [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]]
| None
| [[N. S. V. Chitthan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|23
| [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]]
| None
| [[K. C. Palanisamy (DMK politician)|K. C. Palanisamy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|24
| [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]]
| None
| [[Charubala Tondaiman|Sarubala.R.Thondaiman]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|25
| [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]]
| None
| [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon D]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|26
| [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore]]
| None
| [[K. S. Alagiri]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|27
| [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]]
| SC
| [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}} |
| Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|28
| [[Mayiladuturai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuturai]]
| None
| [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|29
| [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam]]
| SC
| [[A. K. S. Vijayan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|30
| [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]]
| None
| [[S. S. Palanimanickam]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|31
| [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]]
| None
| [[P. Chidambaram]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|32
| [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]]
| None
| [[M. K. Alagiri]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|33
| [[Theni (Lok Sabha constituency)|Theni]]
| None
| [[J. M. Aaroon Rashid]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|34
| [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Virudhunagar]]
| None
| [[Manicka Tagore]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|35
| [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]
| None
| [[J. K. Rithesh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|36
| [[Thoothukudi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thoothukudi]]
| None
| S. R. Jeyadurai
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|37
| [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]]
| SC
| Vellaipandi G
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|38
| [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]]
| None
| [[S. S. Ramasubbu]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|39
| [[Kanyakumari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanyakumari]]
| None
| [[J. Helen Davidson]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| {{won}}

|}

==Tripura==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| None
| [[Sudip Roy Barman]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| ST
| [[Diba Chandra Hrangkhawl]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|}

==Uttar Pradesh==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (69)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|red|[[Mahan Dal|MD]] (4)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Rashtriya Swabhiman Party}}|[[Rashtriya Swabhiman Party|RSBP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} -
{{legend2|#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Saharanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharanpur]]
| None
| Gajay Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]]
| None
| Surendra Kumar
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]]
| None
| [[Harendra Singh Malik]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|4
| rowspan="2" |[[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_NCP}}
| rowspan="2"| None
| Saiduzzaman
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| Kartar Singh Bhadana
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Nagina (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagina]]
| SC
| Isam Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[Moradabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Moradabad]]
| None
| [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur]]
| None
| [[Noor Bano (politician)|Begum Noor Bano]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambhal]]
| None
| Chandra Vijay
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Amroha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amroha]]
| None
| Nafis Abbasi
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut]]
| None
| Rajendra Sharma
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Baghpat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baghpat]]
| None
| Sompal
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Ghaziabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghaziabad]]
| None
| [[Surendra Prakash Goel]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Gautam Buddha Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
| None
| [[Dr. Ramesh Chand Tomar|Ramesh Chandra Tomar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Bulandshahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulandshahr]]
| SC
| Devi Dayal
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|15
| [[Aligarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aligarh]]
| None
| [[Bijendra Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|16
| [[Hathras (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hathras]]
| SC
| Pradeep Chandel
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|17
| [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]]
| None
| [[Manvendra Singh (Mathura politician)|Manvendra Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|18
| [[Agra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Agra]]
| SC
| [[Prabhu Dayal Katheria]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|19
| [[Fatehpur Sikri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur Sikri]]
| None
| [[Raj Babbar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|20
| [[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]]
| None
| Rajendrapal
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|21
| [[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mainpuri]]
| None
| Praveen Yadav
| bgcolor=red|
| [[Mahan Dal]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|22
| [[Etah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etah]]
| None
| [[Mahadeepak Singh Shakya]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|23
| [[Badaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Badaun]]
| None
| [[Saleem Iqbal Shervani|Saleem Iqbal Sherwani]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|24
| [[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aonla]]
| None
|Mehboob Ahmad Khan
| bgcolor=red|
| [[Mahan Dal]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|25
| [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly]]
| None
| [[Praveen Singh Aron]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|26
| [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit]]
| None
| V. M. Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|27
| [[Shahjahanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahjahanpur]]
| SC
| Umed Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|28
| [[Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheri]]
| None
| [[Zafar Ali Naqvi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|29
| [[Dhaurahra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhaurahra]]
| None
| [[Jitin Prasada]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
|-
| align="center"|30
| [[Sitapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitapur]]
| None
| Ram Lal Rahi
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|31
| [[Hardoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hardoi]]
| SC
| align="center" colspan=4| '''None'''
|-
| align="center"|32
| [[Misrikh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Misrikh]]
| SC
| Om Prakash
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|33
| [[Unnao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Unnao]]
| None
| [[Annu Tandon]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|34
| [[Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mohanlalganj]]
| SC
| [[R. K. Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Rashtriya Swabhiman Party}} |
| [[Rashtriya Swabhiman Party]]
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|35
| [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]]
| None
| [[Rita Bahuguna|Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|36
| [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]]
| None
| [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|37
| [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]]
| None
| [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|38
| [[Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sultanpur]]
| None
| [[Sanjaya Sinh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|39
| [[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
| None
| [[Ratna Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|40
| [[Farrukhabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Farrukhabad]]
| None
| [[Salman Khurshid]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|41
| [[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]]
| SC
| Shiv Ram Dohre
| bgcolor=red|
| [[Mahan Dal]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|42
| [[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]]
| None
| Vijay Singh Chauhan
| bgcolor=red|
| [[Mahan Dal]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|43
| [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur Urban]]
| None
| [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|44
| [[Akbarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akbarpur]]
| None
| [[Raja Ram Pal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|45
| [[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]]
| SC
| Babu Ramadhin Ahirwar
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|46
| [[Jhansi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhansi]]
| None
| [[Pradeep Jain Aditya]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|47
| [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]]
| None
| Siddha Gopal Sahu
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|48
| [[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]]
| None
| Bhagawan Deen Garg
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|49
| [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]]
| None
| Vibhakar Shastri
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|50
| [[Kaushambi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaushambi]]
| SC
| Ram Nihor Rakesh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|51
| [[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]]
| None
| [[Dharmraj Patel|Dharmraj Singh Patel]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|52
| [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]]
| None
| Shyam Krishna Pandey
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|53
| [[Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barabanki]]
| SC
| [[P. L. Punia]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|54
| [[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]]
| None
| [[Nirmal Khatri]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|55
| [[Ambedkar Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]]
| None
| align="center" colspan=4| '''None'''
|-
| align="center"|56
| [[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich]]
| SC
| [[Kamal Kishor]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|57
| [[Kaiserganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaiserganj]]
| None
| Mohd Aleem
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|58
| [[Shrawasti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shrawasti]]
| None
| [[Vinay Kumar Pandey]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|59
| [[Gonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gonda]]
| None
| [[Beni Prasad Verma]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|60
| [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariyaganj]]
| None
| [[Jagdambika Pal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|61
| [[Basti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basti]]
| None
| Basant Chaudhary
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|62
| [[Sant Kabir Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| None
| Fazley Mahamood
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|63
| [[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]]
| None
| [[Harsh Vardhan (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|64
| [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur]]
| None
| Lalchand Nishad
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|65
| [[Kushi Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kushi Nagar]]
| None
| [[R. P. N. Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|66
| [[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria]]
| None
| Baleshwar Yadav
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|67
| [[Bansgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bansgaon]]
| SC
| [[Mahaveer Prasad|Mahabir Prasad]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|68
| [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]]
| SC
| align="center" colspan=4| '''None'''
|-
| align="center"|69
| [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh]]
| None
| Santosh Kumar Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|70
| [[Ghosi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghosi]]
| None
| Sudha Rai
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|71
| [[Salempur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salempur]]
| None
| [[Bholanath and Devendra Pandey|Bhola Pandey]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|72
| [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia]]
| None
| align="center" colspan=4| '''None'''
|-
| align="center"|73
| [[Jaunpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaunpur]]
| None
| align="center" colspan=4| '''None'''
|-
| align="center"|74
| [[Machhlishahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machhlishahr]]
| SC
| Tufani Nishad
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|75
| [[Ghazipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur]]
| None
| align="center" colspan=4| '''None'''
|-
| align="center"|76
| [[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]]
| None
| Tarun Patel
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|77
| [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]
| None
| [[Ajay Rai]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|78
| [[Bhadohi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadohi]]
| None
| Sartaj Imam
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|79
| [[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]]
| None
| Lalitesh Pati Tripathi
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|80
| [[Robertsganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Robertsganj]]
| SC
| Bhagwati Prasad Chaudhary
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|}

==Uttarakhand==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (5)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]]
| None
| [[Vijay Bahuguna]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]]
| None
| [[Satpal Maharaj]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]]
| SC
| [[Pradeep Tamta]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| None
| [[K. C. Singh Baba]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haridwar]]
| None
| [[Harish Rawat]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}

|}

==West Bengal==
{{legend2|#3AF72C|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (27)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (14)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#808080|[[Independent (politician)|IND]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} -
{{legend2|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| SC
| [[Arghya Roy Pradhan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| ST
| Paban Kumar Lakra
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| SC
| Sukhbilas Barma
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| None
| [[Dawa Narbula]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{lost}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| None
| [[Deepa Dasmunshi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|6
| rowspan="2" | [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]{{efn|name=FF_TMC_JMM|Significant friendly fight between [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] and [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]}}
| rowspan="2" | None
| Biplab Mitra
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | Chamru Oram
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| None
| [[Mausam Noor]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|8
| [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| None
| [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|9
| [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| None
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|10
| [[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]
| None
| [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Won}}
|-
| align="center"|11
| [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| None
| [[Abdul Mannan Hossain]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|12
| [[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| None
| [[Tapas Paul]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|13
| [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| SC
| [[Sucharu Ranjan Haldar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|14
| [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]
| SC
| [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|15
| [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpur]]
| None
| [[Dinesh Trivedi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|16
| [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| None
| [[Saugata Roy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|17
| [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| None
| [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|18
| [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| None
| [[Haji Nurul Islam|SK. Nurul Islam]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|19
| [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]]
| SC
| [[Tarun Mandal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent}} |
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]{{efn|name=tarunmandal|A candidate of [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]] who contested as an independent.<ref name="jaynagar" />}}
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|20
| [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]
| SC
| [[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|21
| [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| None
| [[Somen Mitra]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|22
| [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| None
| [[Kabir Suman]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|23
| [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| None
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|24
| [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| None
| [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|25
| [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| None
| [[Ambica Banerjee]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|26
| [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| None
| [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|27
| [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sreerampur]]
| None
| [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|28
| [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| None
| [[Ratna De|Ratna De (Nag)]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|29
| [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambag]]
| SC
| Sambhu Nath Malik
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|30
| [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| None
| [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|31
| [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
| None
| [[Sisir Adhikari]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|32
| [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| None
| [[Noor Alam Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|33
| [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
| ST
| Amrit Hansda
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|34
| [[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| None
| Dipak Kumar Ghosh
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|35
| rowspan="2" | [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_JMM}}
| rowspan="2" | None
| [[Santiram Mahato]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | Ajit Prasad Mahato
| bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|36
| [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| None
| [[Subrata Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|37
| [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| SC
| [[Seuli Saha]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|38
| [[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
| SC
| Ashoke Biswas
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|39
| [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
| None
| Nargis Begum
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|40
| [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| None
| [[Moloy Ghatak]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|41
| [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| SC
| [[Asit Kumar Mal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}
|-
| align="center"|42
| [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| None
| [[Satabdi Roy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} |
| All India Trinamool Congress
| {{won}}

|}

==Andaman and Nicobar Islands==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} -
{{legend2|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| rowspan=2" align="center"|1
| rowspan=2"| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha constituency)|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_NCP}}
| rowspan=2"| None
| [[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF"|R. S. Uma Bharatthy
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{Lost}}
|}

==Chandigarh==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]]
| None
| [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}

|}

==Dadra and Nagar Haveli==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| None
| [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{Lost}}

|}

==Daman and Diu==
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|1
| rowspan="2" | [[Daman and Diu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Daman and Diu]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_NCP}}
| rowspan="2" | None
| [[Dahyabhai Vallabhbhai Patel]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| [[Gopal Kalan Tandel]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{Lost}}
|}

==NCT of Delhi==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
| None
| [[Kapil Sibal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|2
| [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Delhi]]
| None
| [[Jai Prakash Agarwal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|3
| [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
| None
| [[Sandeep Dikshit]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|4
| [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
| None
| [[Ajay Maken]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|5
| [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West Delhi]]
| SC
| [[Krishna Tirath]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|6
| [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi]]
| None
| [[Mahabal Mishra]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|7
| [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
| None
| [[Ramesh Kumar (politician)|Ramesh Kumar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|}

==Lakshadweep==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#E5F8FF|Significant friendly fights|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} -
{{legend2|#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|1
| rowspan="2" |[[Lakshadweep (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakshadweep]]{{efn|name=FF_INC_NCP}}
| rowspan="2" |ST
| [[Muhammed Hamdulla Sayeed]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|-
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| [[P. Pookunhi Koya]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
| style="background:#E5F8FF"| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| {{Lost}}

|}

==Puducherry==

{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| None
| [[V. Narayanasamy]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| Indian National Congress
| {{won}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
{{Lists of United Progressive Alliance candidates in Indian general elections}}

* [[List of National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2009 Indian general election]]
* [[Indian National Congress campaign for the 2009 Indian general election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the Indian general election, 2009}}
[[Category:Candidates in the 2009 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian political candidates]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2009 Indian general election| ]]

Rooh

2025-09-22T03:52:08Z

LesterKitamura4: Added new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| runtime = approx. 41 minutes
| country = India
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2004|11|06}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2005|08|06}}
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 40
| editor =
| creator = [[Abhimanyu Singh (producer)|Abhimanyu Singh]]
| genre =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| producer =
| cinematography =
| executive_producer = Shyam Gupta Aditya Narain Singh
| theme_music_composer = Vidyut Goswami
| composer =
| location = {{ubl|Parwani Studios|Basra Studios}}
| creative_director = Sampurn Anand
| company = [[Sphere Origins]]
| image =
}}
'''Rooh''' (English: Soul) is an Indian one hour horror supernatural thriller television series which was broadcast on [[Zee TV]] from 6 November 2004 to 6 August 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/zee-beefs-up-programminglaunches-horror-series-from-nov-6-13953.html|title=Zee beefs up programming, launches horror series from Nov 6|date=2004-11-04|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/10234_Mass-entertainment-channels-present-a-new-round-of-launches-this-season|title=Mass entertainment channels present a new round of launches this season|date=2004-11-07|website=www.afaqs.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/nov/nov63.htm|title=Zee TV still banking on SEC B&C|date=2004-11-06|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en}}</ref> It used to air every Saturday at 8 P.M.

Each story has a different cast and crew. [[Shivam Nair]], Anand Rai, Imtiaz Alam, Saurabh Sengupta, Sajit Warrier, Mohit Hussein, Mukul Abhyankar <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thelimelightpictures.com/mukul-abhyankar/|title=Mukul Abhyankar|website=Limelight Pictures|language=en-US}}</ref> are some of the directors who contributed to the series. Producers include [[Ronnie Screwvala]], [[Zarina Mehta]], Deven Khote, Gautam Mazumdar, Devkumar Dutta, Aditya Singh, Sunjoy Waddhwa and many more.

==Plot==
Each story focussed on a different aspect of paranormal activity such as black magic ghosts, zombies, phantoms, possessed objects, witches and wizards and sinister ghosts. It left viewers questioning about things around them.

==Cast==
*[[Achint Kaur]]
*[[Lavina Tandon]]
*[[Disha Vakani|Disha Vakhani]]
*[[Devanshi Zaveri]]
*[[Rohit Sachdeva]]
*Reenaa A Garre
*Priti Prakash
*Priyanka
*Rajesh Mishra
*Anupam Bhattacharya
*[[Namrata Thapa]]
*Divya Jagdale
*Eric Nanda
*Rocky Verma
*Vishnu Sharma
* Shahab Khan in (2 episodes)
* [[Karishma Tanna]] as Mamta (Episode 7)
* [[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1974)|Vishal Singh]] as Ranjeet (Episode 7)
* [[Ami Trivedi]] as Priya (Episode 8)
* [[Amit Dolawat]] as Atul (Episode 8)
* Abhay Vakil as Mehul (Episode 8)
* Karuna Pandey as Swapna (Episode 8)
* [[Aashish Kaul]]
* [[Kavita Kaushik]]
* [[Moonmoon Banerjee]] as Sucheta (Episode 3) / Priya (Episode 29)
* Bhuvan Chopra as Ravi (Episode 3)
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Raj (Episode 29)
* [[Gunjan Walia]]
* [[Sharad Malhotra]]
* [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]]
* Sandeep Mohan
* [[Sonia Kapoor]]
* Sanjay Swaraj
* [[Vaquar Shaikh]]
* [[Abir Goswami]] as Akash (Episode 15)
* Vishal Watwani
* [[Gautami Kapoor]]
*[[Javed Khan (actor)|Javed Khan]]
*Shanti Bhushan
*Shyam Ban
*Sameer Shanawade
*Aadesh Bharadwaj
*Shifali
*Joydeep Mukherjee

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|4660612}}
*[http://sphereorigins.com/ROOH.aspx Rooh] on Sphereorigins

[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:2004 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2005 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]

Samantasimha (Chahamana)

2025-09-11T04:09:57Z

LesterKitamura4:

{{Short description|King of Javalipura from 1282 to 1305}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Samantasimha
| title = Maharajakula
| succession = King of Javalipura
| reign = 1282–1305
| predecessor = [[Chachigadeva]]
| successor = [[Kanhadadeva]]
| issue = Kanhadadeva
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Chahamana]]
}}
'''Samantasimha''' ([[IAST]]: Sāmantasiṃha; {{reign|1282|1305}}) was a king belonging to the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Chahamana dynasty]], who ruled the area around Javalipura (present-day [[Jalore]] in [[Rajasthan]]). During the later half of his reign, he and his son [[Kanhadadeva]] jointly ran the administration. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] raided the kingdom twice during his reign, but could not capture it.

== Reign ==
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of inscriptions issued during the reign of Samantasimha{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|pp=32-35}}" width="400" height="400" zoom="6" longitude="72.14" latitude="25.09">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Bhinmal]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.2625, 25.0085] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Budtara", "description": "Also known as Budhatra or Burtra" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.7969, 25.3130] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Chohtan]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [71.0705, 25.4842] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "[[Jalor]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.1416, 25.1257] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Juna Barmer" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [71.5635, 25.2272] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Sanchore]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [71.7762, 24.7518] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Sirohi]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.8575, 24.8852] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
Samantasimha succeeded Chachigadeva on the throne of Javalipura. He was probably Chachigadeva's son, although this cannot be said with certainty. He is also known as Samvantasimha and Samyantasimha.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=32}} The inscriptions issued during his reign give his title as ''Maharajakula''.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|pp=33-34}}

According to the 17th century chronicle ''[[Nainsi ri Khyat]]'', Samantasimha had at least two sons: [[Kanhadadeva]] and Maladeva. As the [[heir apparent]], [[Kanhadadeva]] assisted his father in administration from at least 1296 CE onwards.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=36}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=159}} The 1299 CE [[Chohtan]] inscription refers to their joint reign.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=35}}

=== Khalji invasion ===

According to the Gujarat chronicler Jinaprabha Suri, in 1291-92 CE (1398 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]), the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultan]] [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji|Jalaluddin Khalji]] invaded the Chāhamāna kingdom of Javalipura(Jalore). Samantasimha Chahmana's neighbour Sarangadeva, the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king of Gujarat, came to his rescue. Khalji's army advanced up to Sanchore, but was forced to retreat by the Vaghelas, who were perhaps concerned that the Delhi Sultan would invade Gujarat next.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=36}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=159}}

In 1299, Jalaluddin Khalji's successor [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent an army to Gujarat, under the command of [[Ulugh Khan]] and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]]. While returning from Gujarat, the Delhi army marched through the kingdom of Jalore. There, a section of the Delhi army [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat#Mutiny near Jalore|rebelled against their commanders]] over distribution of the plunder from Gujarat.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=38}} According to Munhot Nainsi, Samantasimha's envoys met the neo-Muslim rebel leader Mammushah (Muhammad Shah). Three days after this meeting, the Khalji army was attacked by the rebels from one side and by the Jalore army from the other side.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|pp=38-39}} The mutiny was ultimately crushed. [[Ziauddin Barani]]'s ''Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi'' (14th century) also describes the mutiny, but does not mention the Chahamana participation in the conflict.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=39}} The veracity of Nainsi's account is doubtful, as he inaccurately states that Alauddin personally led the Gujarat campaign.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=136}}

== Inscriptions ==

The following inscriptions dated to Samantasimha's reign have been found:

{| class="wikitable"
! Date !! Place !! Purpose !! Source
|-
| 1283 CE (1339 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) || [[Bhinmal]] || Grants by Guhila Sahajapala and his wife || {{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=32}}
|-
| 1284 CE (1340 VS) || Budtara || Construction of a well or tank by Rupadevi (daughter of Chachigadeva) || {{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|pp=30-32}}
|-
| 1286 CE (1342 VS) || Bhinmal || Grant to the Mahalakshmi temple by Rathoda Alhanasimha || {{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=33}}
|-
| 1288 CE (1345 VS) || Bhinmal || Grant of a golden ''[[kalasha]]'' (cupola) and 200 gold coins to the Jagasvamin temple || {{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=33}}
|-
| 1288 CE (1345 VS) || [[Sanchore]] || Religious endowment || {{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|pp=33-34}}
|-
| 1295 CE (1352 VS) || Juna Barmer || Religious grants at the Adinatha temple || {{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=34}}
|-
| 1296 CE (1353 VS) || [[Jalore]] || Grants to the Parshvanatha temple by family of Narpati and Gunadhara || {{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|pp=34-35}}
|-
| 1299 CE (1355 VS) || [[Chohtan]] || || {{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=35}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=Ashok Kumar Srivastava |title=The Chahamanas of Jalor |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |year=1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547206 |oclc=12737199 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |oclc=3624414 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}

{{Chahamanas of Jalor}}

[[Category:Chahamana kings of Jalor]]

Halwai

2025-09-08T23:19:05Z

LesterKitamura4: slightly refined formatting as per guidelines and updated info

{{original research|date=September 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
| group = Halwai
| image =
| popplace = • {{flagcountry|India}}•{{flagcountry|Bangladesh}}
•{{flagcountry|Nepal}} * {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| langs = • [[Hindi language|Hindi]] • [[Bengali language|Bengali]] • [[Maithili language|Maithili]] .[[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] • [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] . [[Bhagalpur |Angika ]] • [[Marwari language|Marwari]] [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{cn|date=February 2020}}
| rels = • [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]]
| related = • [[Muslim Halwai]] • [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] • [[Vaishya]]
}}
'''Halwai''' is an [[Caste system in India|Indian caste]] and a social class, whose traditional occupation was [[confectionery]] and sweet-making. The name is derived from the word '''''[[Halwa]]''''' which is a sweet dish.

The community is known by different names in different parts of India. For instance, it's called Modanseni, Yagyaseni, Kany Kujb Halwai, Madheshiya Halwai, [[Kandu|Kanu (Kandu)]] etc. in [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Moira-Modak in [[West Bengal]]; [[Gudia (caste)|Gudia]] in [[Odisha]] and so on.<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: West Bengal Commission for Backward Classes :: |url=http://wbcbc.gov.in/html/hoeme.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=wbcbc.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Customs==

'''Balarama''' is the celebrated plougher so called '''Halwahi''' or '''Halwai''' or '''Haluwai''', one of the pillars of agriculture along with livestock with whom '''Krishna''' is associated with. The plough is Balarama's weapon. In the ''Bhagavata Purana'', he uses it to fight demons, dig a way for [[Yamuna]] river to come closer to [[Vrindavan]] and pull the entire capital of [[Hastinapura]] into the Ganges river.<ref name="Hudson2008p99">{{cite book|author=D Dennis Hudson|title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C |year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-970902-1|pages=97–101}}</ref>

Baba Ganinath Govindji is the kul [[Guru]] (school) of Halwai caste.<ref>"Ritual as Language: The Case of South Indian Food Offerings". [[Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi|Gabriella Eichinger, Ferro-Luzzi]]. ''Current Anthropology'', Vol. 18, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), pp. 507-514.</ref>

==Halwais in Nepal==
The [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] of Nepal classifies the Halwai as a subgroup within the broader social group of [[Madheshi people|Madheshi]] Other Caste.<ref> Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II [https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf]</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Nepal census]], 83,869 people (0.3% of the population of Nepal) were Halwai. The frequency of Halwais by province was as follows:
* [[Madhesh Province]] (0.8%)
* [[Koshi Province]] (0.4%)
* [[Lumbini Province]] (0.3%)
* [[Bagmati Province]] (0.1%)
* [[Gandaki Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Karnali Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.0%)

The frequency of Halwais was higher than national average (0.3%) in the following districts:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |title=2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Siraha District|Siraha]] (2.1%)
* [[Saptari District|Saptari]] (1.8%)
* [[Dhanusha District|Dhanusha]] (1.5%)
* [[Sunsari District|Sunsari]] (1.1%)
* [[Mahottari District|Mahottari]] (0.8%)
* [[Morang District|Morang]] (0.8%)
* [[Kapilvastu District|Kapilvastu]] (0.6%)
* [[Banke District|Banke]] (0.5%)
* [[Parasi District|Parasi]] (0.5%)
* [[Sarlahi District|Sarlahi]] (0.5%)
* [[Rupandehi District|Rupandehi]] (0.4%)

==See also==
* [[Chandu Halwai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bania communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian castes by profession]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]

Darjeeling railway station

2025-08-14T09:25:30Z

LesterKitamura4: slightly expanded intro based on references and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Darjeeling railway station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Darjeeling railway station 02.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Hill Cart Road, Limbugaon, [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.0378|88.2630|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| map_dot_label =
| line = [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|2073|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1881{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DJ
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Katihar}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| part_of = [[Mountain railways of India|Mountain Railways of India]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii)(iv)}}(ii)(iv)
| ID = 944ter-002
| coordinates = {{coord|27|02|16|N|88|15|47|E|format=dms|type:railwaystation_region:IN-TN|display=inline}}
| year = 1999
| extension = 2005, 2008
| area = {{convert|4.59|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|500|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| locmapin = India
| map_caption =
}}
}}
'''Darjeeling railway station''' is the main railway station in [[Darjeeling district]] in the [[Indian people|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]]. The station lies on [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DHR / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://dhr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=dhr.indianrailways.gov.in |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830181330/https://dhr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Darjeeling station is located at an altitude of {{convert|2073|m|ft}} above mean sea level. It was allotted the railway code of '''DJ''' under the jurisdiction of [[Katihar railway division]].

== Trains ==

Some of the trains that run from Darjeeling are:

* Darjeeling–Ghoom–Darjeeling JOY RIDE (Diesel)
* Darjeeling–Ghoom–Darjeeling JOY RIDE (Steam)
* Darjeeling–Ghoom–Darjeeling Joy Ride (Diesel)
* Darjeeling–Ghoom–Darjeeling Joyride (Diesel)
* Darjeeling–Kurseong NG Passenger
* Darjeeling–Kurseong NG Passenger
* Darjeeling–New Jalpaiguri Passenger
* [[Red Panda Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Darjeeling railway station}}

{{Railway stations in West Bengal|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Katihar railway division]]
[[Category:Mountain railways in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1881]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}