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PVR INOX

2026-05-01T08:27:23Z

LesliGirard6: started data - done

{{Short description|Indian multiplex cinema chain}}
{{redirect|Priya Cinema|the cinema in Kolkata|Priya Cinema (Kolkata)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{split|INOX Leisure|PVR Cinemas|date=July 2024|discuss=Talk:PVR_INOX#This_article_should_be_re-split}}
{{Infobox company
| name = PVR INOX Limited
| logo = PVR INOX Logo After Merger.png
| image = PVR VR Mall 1.jpg
| image_caption = PVR Cinemas in [[VR Chennai]] Mall in [[Art Deco]]
| trade_name = PVR INOX
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|PVRINOX}}|{{BSE|532689}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE191H01014}}
| former_name = Priya Village Roadshow Ltd (1997–2002)
| foundation = 1995
| founder = [[Ajay Bijli]]
| hq_location = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pvrcinemas.com/terms-use|title=Terms of Use|publisher=PVR INOX|access-date=2024-03-23|quote=PVR INOX LIMITED Block A, 4th Floor, Building No.9A, DLF Cyber City-Phase III, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122002|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324045503/https://www.pvrcinemas.com/terms-use|url-status=live}}</ref>
| locations = 359 locations and 1712 screens<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pvrcinemas.com/about|title=About Us|website=pvrcinemas.com|access-date=2023-09-04|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117013138/https://www.pvrcinemas.com/about|url-status=live}}</ref>
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Ajay Bijli]] ([[Managing director|MD]]) | Sanjeev Kumar Bijli ([[Executive director|ED]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kar |first=Ayushi |date=2023-12-05 |title=South India presents {{not a typo|an}} unique opportunity for us: Sanjeev Kumar Bijli |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/south-india-presents-an-unique-opportunity-for-us-sanjeev-kumar-bijli/article67594102.ece |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> | Pavan Jain ([[Chairman]])<ref>{{cite web |title=PVR INOX Ltd |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/PVRL.NS |website=Reuters |access-date=23 April 2024 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903083310/https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/PVRL.NS/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| industry = [[Entertainment]] ([[Movie theater|Movie theatres]])
| area_served = [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]
| num_employees = 20,000
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|3829|c}} (2023)
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|336|c}} (2023)
| subsid = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| homepage = {{URL|pvrcinemas.com}} {{URL|inoxmovies.com}}
}}

'''PVR INOX Limited''' is an Indian [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] chain. It was formed in 2023 as a result of the merger between [[PVR Cinemas]] and [[INOX Leisure]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PVR Company History – Business Standard News |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/pvr-14622/information/company-history |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=[[Business Standard]] |df=dmy-all |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901140735/https://www.business-standard.com/company/pvr-14622/information/company-history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Meghna |date=2023-01-12 |title=PVR-Inox merger approved by Mumbai NCLT |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/pvrinox-merger-approved-by-mumbai-nclt-11673519127223.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509125322/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/pvrinox-merger-approved-by-mumbai-nclt-11673519127223.html |url-status=live }}</ref> PVR pioneered the multiplex revolution in India by establishing the first modern [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex cinema]] in 1997 at [[Saket]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=PVR Cinemas celebrates 25 years in cinematic entertainment |url=https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-18329/pvr-cinemas-celebrates-25-years-in-cinematic-entertainment |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Eventsfaqs.com |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904184314/https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-18329/pvr-cinemas-celebrates-25-years-in-cinematic-entertainment |url-status=live }}</ref> As of December 2024, PVR INOX operates 1,749 screens across 355 properties in 111 cities of India and Sri Lanka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-01 |title=PVR INOX to close 70 non-performing screens in FY25, plans monetisation of real estate assets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/pvr-inox-to-close-70-non-performing-screens-in-fy25-plans-monetisation-of-real-estate-assets/articleshow/112963648.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pvrcinemas.com/about-us |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=www.pvrcinemas.com}}</ref>

== History ==

===PVR Cinemas===
[[File:Pvrcinemas logo.jpg|thumb|200px|Logo used from 2001 until 2019|right]]
PVR Cinemas has its origin as Priya Cinema in [[Vasant Vihar]], [[Delhi]]; the cinema hall was named after Priya Jaisinghani and was bought by [[Ajay Bijli]]'s father in 1978, who also owned a trucking business, Amritsar Transport Co. In 1988, Bijli took over the cinema hall, which was revamped in 1990.<ref>{{cite web | title = Questions & Answers: Ajay Bijli|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]| url = https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB125904151522361983 |date=24 November 2009| access-date = 2014-09-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = How Ajay Bijli, the man behind PVR, managed to crack the movie theatre business in India | work = [[The Economic Times]] | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-24/news/33366602_1_ajay-bijli-pvr-cinema | first = Peerzada | last = Abrar | date = 24 August 2012 | access-date = 2014-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150614022407/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-24/news/33366602_1_ajay-bijli-pvr-cinema | archive-date = 14 June 2015 | url-status = dead| df = dmy-all }}</ref>

In 1995, the company was established as a 60:40 joint venture between Priya Exhibitors Private Limited and [[Village Roadshow]] of Australia, with commercial operations starting in June 1997 as Priya Village Roadshow (PVR). In 2003, ICICI Ventures invested {{INR}}40 crore in PVR when Village Roadshow decided to pull out of the partnership.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Suveen K. |last=Sinha |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/lunchbs-ajay-bijli/338578/ |title=Lunch with BS: Ajay Bijli |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020085242/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/lunchbs-ajay-bijli/338578/ |archive-date=20 October 2011 |url-status=live |work=[[Business Standard]] |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2006, the company's shares were listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE).<ref>{{Cite web| title=Annual Report 2005-06 | url=https://static1.pvrcinemas.com/pvrcms/financial/1414291702458.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330083857/http://static1.pvrcinemas.com/pvrcms/financial/1414291702458.pdf | archive-date=2015-03-30}}</ref> PVR's first "Gold Screen" was launched in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|last=Raval|first=Anjli|date=July 21, 2010|title=India's thirst for gold hits the cinema|url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2010/07/21/indias-thirst-for-gold-hits-the-cinema/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523055722/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2010/07/21/indias-thirst-for-gold-hits-the-cinema/|archive-date=23 May 2017|access-date=Nov 8, 2016|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2007, PVR Cinemas ventured into film production with [[PVR Pictures]], producing films like ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' and ''[[Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na]]'' in its initial years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/pvr-to-enhance-film-distribution-by-20-per-cent-in-fy13/articleshow/13036582.cms?from=mdr | title=PVR to enhance film distribution by 20 per cent in FY13 | work=The Economic Times | date=7 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/JdrDz0RbDVFd9rTNGNNZnK/PVR-to-focus-on-film-distribution.html | title=PVR to focus on film distribution | work=mint | date=17 October 2012 | last1=Sheikh | first1=Aminah }}</ref>

In 2012, PVR Cinemas partnered with [[IMAX]] to open its first IMAX theatre in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imax.com/en/in/pr/indias-pvr-cinemas-expands-imax-commitment-theatre-agreement | title=India's PVR Cinemas Expands IMAX Commitment with Theatre Agreement | date=6 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/PVR-launches-IMAX-theatre-in-Bangalore/article20522874.ece | title=PVR launches IMAX theatre in Bangalore | date=2 November 2012 }}</ref> In 2014, PVR Cinemas introduced the superplex format in [[Noida]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ambwani|first=Meenakshi Verma|title=PVR Superplex, its different|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/PVR-Superplex-it%E2%80%99s-different/article20823628.ece|access-date=2021-12-26|website=@businessline|date=21 July 2014|language=en|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226153242/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/PVR-Superplex-it%E2%80%99s-different/article20823628.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, PVR became the second movie theater chain in India to launch [[4DX]] in the country after [[Cinépolis]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|title=PVR to enhance cine experience with 4DX screens|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/pvr-to-enhance-cine-experience-with-4dx-screens/articleshow/55861852.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-12-26|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226153245/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/pvr-to-enhance-cine-experience-with-4dx-screens/articleshow/55861852.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, PVR Cinemas introduced its [[immersive theater]] format called ICE in [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Zeba|title=PVR Cinemas launches first Ice Theatres format in India and Asia Pacific region|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/pvr-cinemas-launches-first-ice-theatres-format-in-india-and-asia-pacific-region-544723|access-date=2022-12-20|website=[[WION]]|date=20 December 2022|language=en|archive-date=21 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821230623/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/pvr-cinemas-launches-first-ice-theatres-format-in-india-and-asia-pacific-region-544723|url-status=live}}</ref>

===INOX Leisure===
{{Infobox company
| name = Inox Leisure Ltd.
| logo = Logo of INOX Multiplexes, 2017.png
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE was|532706}}|{{NSE was|INOXLEISUR}}}}
| ISIN = INE312H01016
| num_locations = 74 cities (170 multiplexes, 722 screens)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inoxmovies.com/Corporate.aspx?Section=1|title=Corporate|website=www.inoxmovies.com|access-date=2021-09-01|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104075041/https://www.inoxmovies.com/Corporate.aspx?Section=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
| key_people = {{ubl|Pavan Jain ([[Chairman]])|Siddharth Jain ([[Board Member]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/15765252|title= Siddharth Jain, Inox Leisure Ltd: Profile and Biography |publisher=[[Bloomberg Markets]] |access-date=2021-11-10}}</ref>
|Alok Tandon ([[CEO]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/15870904 |title=Alok Tandon, Inox Leisure Ltd: Profile and Biography |publisher=[[Bloomberg Markets]] |access-date=2021-09-01 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901100915/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/15870904 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| industry = [[Entertainment]]
| fate = Merged with [[PVR Cinemas]] in March 2023
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|1707|c}}
| net_income =
| owner = [[INOX Group]]
| num_employees = 1500
| subsid = {{ubl|[[Fame Cinemas]]|[[Satyam Cineplex]]}}
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.inoxmovies.com}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1999}}<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/dp/inoxdraft.pdf | title=Inox leisure limited | access-date=29 June 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064755/http://www.sebi.gov.in/dp/inoxdraft.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead | work=[[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]}}</ref>
| founder = Pavan Jain
| location = Viraj Towers, [[Andheri East]], [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = India
}}
'''INOX Leisure''' or '''INOX Movies''' was an Indian [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] chain based in [[Mumbai]]. The company was incorporated as a public limited company in November 1999,<ref name="inox ref1">{{cite news |title=Inox Leisure Ltd. (INOXLEISUR) - Company History |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/inox-leisure-22626/information/company-history |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=business-standard.com |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026121142/https://www.business-standard.com/company/inox-leisure-22626/information/company-history |url-status=live }}</ref> as a part of the [[INOX Group]] (Industrial Oxygen) of companies.<ref name="Innox ref3">{{cite news |title=Inox Leisure Ltd |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/inox-leisure-ltd_inoxleisur/reports |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=ndtv.com |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026132635/https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/inox-leisure-ltd_inoxleisur/reports |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002, the company commenced its operation by opening its first four-screen multiplex at [[Pune]] and another four-screen multiplex at [[Vadodara]]. In 2004, multiplexes were added in [[Kolkata]], [[Goa]], and [[Mumbai]].

In 2006, the company went public, with [[Gujarat Fluorochemicals]] selling stake in its [[initial public offering]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2006-02-22|title=Inox IPO oversubscribed; to be listed on 23 February|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/feb/feb272.htm|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331064523/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/feb/feb272.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, INOX acquired 89 Cinemas, owned by Calcutta Cinema Private Ltd (CCPL), in a [[stock swap|share swap]] deal, giving INOX ownership of nine multiplexes in [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Inox buys Kolkata cinema house |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/inox-buys-kolkata-cinema-house-106062601036_1.html |access-date=30 September 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=26 June 2006 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930095236/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/inox-buys-kolkata-cinema-house-106062601036_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

INOX acquired [[Satyam Cineplexes]] for ₹182 crore, giving it ownership of multiplexes in Delhi NCR, Mysuru and other regions.<ref name="inoxsatyam">{{cite web|date=31 July 2014|title=Inox acquires Satyam Cineplex for Rs 182 crore|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/inox-acquires-satyam-cineplex-for-rs-182-cr-114073001489_1.html|access-date=1 September 2021|website=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=BS Reporter|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226163216/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/inox-acquires-satyam-cineplex-for-rs-182-cr-114073001489_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2022, INOX had 170 multiplexes and 722 screens in 74 cities.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Market|first=Capital|date=2021-12-23|title=Inox Leisure starts operations of multiplex cinema theatre in Dhanbad, Jharkhand|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/inox-leisure-starts-operations-of-multiplex-cinema-theatre-in-dhanbad-jharkhand-121122300523_1.html|access-date=2021-12-26|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104075041/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/inox-leisure-starts-operations-of-multiplex-cinema-theatre-in-dhanbad-jharkhand-121122300523_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== PVR–INOX merger ===
On 27 March 2022, INOX announced it would be merging with PVR.<ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-28 |title=India's largest multiplex operators to merge, creating cinema giant |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-largest-multiplex-operators-merge-creating-cinema-giant-2022-03-27/ |website=Reuters |language=en |access-date=24 August 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419090812/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-largest-multiplex-operators-merge-creating-cinema-giant-2022-03-27/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 12 January 2023, the Mumbai bench of the [[National Company Law Tribunal]] (NCLT) approved the merger of PVR and INOX.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=PVR-INOX merger gets NCLT approval |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/pvr-inox-merger-mumbai-nclt-approval-9854871.html |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Moneycontrol.com |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904184314/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/pvr-inox-merger-mumbai-nclt-approval-9854871.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2023, after the merger was completed, PVR was renamed PVR INOX. The merged entity became the fifth largest listed multiplex chain globally by screen count<ref name="reuters.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohapatra |first=Shailaja |date=15 March 2023 |title=World's 5th largest multiplex chain now also a fast food giant: Should you bet on PVR-Inox? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/should-you-buy-the-stock-of-pvr-inox-the-worlds-5th-largest-multiplex-chain-10252091.html |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Moneycontrol.com |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904184311/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/should-you-buy-the-stock-of-pvr-inox-the-worlds-5th-largest-multiplex-chain-10252091.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the largest in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=PVR merges with Inox to create India's biggest multiplex chain |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/pvrinox-merger-record-date-for-share-allotment-to-inox-shareholders-announced-11675757168173.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509125323/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/pvrinox-merger-record-date-for-share-allotment-to-inox-shareholders-announced-11675757168173.html |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=PVR Cinemas}}</ref> All the new properties opened after the merger with Inox were branded as PVR Inox,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=PVR becomes PVR INOX as name change takes effect |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-pvr-inox-name-change-merger-ratio-details-date-impact-latest-news-231624 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509125323/https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-pvr-inox-name-change-merger-ratio-details-date-impact-latest-news-231624 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=PVR Cinemas}}</ref> while the existing properties owned by PVR and Inox before the merger continued to carry PVR and Inox branding respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=PVR-Inox merger approved by Mumbai NCLT |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/pvrinox-merger-approved-by-mumbai-nclt-11673519127223.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509125322/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/pvrinox-merger-approved-by-mumbai-nclt-11673519127223.html |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=[[PVR Cinemas]]}}</ref>

In February 2024, the company launched India's first standalone [[IMAX theatre]] with [[4K resolution|4K projection]] by refurbishing the 86-year-old heritage [[Eros Cinema]] in [[Churchgate]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2024 |title=PVR INOX to launch first standalone IMAX with laser theatre in Mumbai's iconic EROS cinema |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/pvr-inox-first-standalone-imax-laser-theatre-mumbai-eros-cinema-19018181.htm |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=CNBCTV18 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219201618/https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/pvr-inox-first-standalone-imax-laser-theatre-mumbai-eros-cinema-19018181.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khandelwal |first=Heena |date=13 February 2024 |title=Eros Cinema opens its doors again after 7 years, 90-year-old heritage landmark transforms into 305-seater IMAX theatre |work=[[Indian Express Limited]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/eros-cinema-heritage-landmark-transforms-into-imax-theatre-9150870/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219201611/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/eros-cinema-heritage-landmark-transforms-into-imax-theatre-9150870/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024, the company launched its first [[megaplex]] in South India at [[Bengaluru]]'s Phoenix Mall of Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=PVR INOX launches 14-screen megaplex in Bengaluru's Phoenix Mall of Asia |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/pvr-inox-14-screen-megaplex-bengaluru-phoenix-mall-of-asia-19395596.htm |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=[[CNBC TV18]] |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425204829/https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/pvr-inox-14-screen-megaplex-bengaluru-phoenix-mall-of-asia-19395596.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Acquisitions ==

=== CineMAX ===
Cinemax India Ltd was an Indian cinema chain which owned 138 screens across 39 properties in India, including [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Kochi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Kolkata]], [[Kanpur]], [[Bhopal]] and [[Nashik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/news/35317474_1_cinemax-india-ajay-bijli-pvr-stock|title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News|access-date=20 August 2023|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014222/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/news/35317474_1_cinemax-india-ajay-bijli-pvr-stock|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was owned by the Kanakia group, before being acquired by Cine Hospitality Private Ltd, a subsidiary of [[PVR Cinemas]], in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=PVR buys Cinemax for Rs 395 cr, becomes country's largest multiplex|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/pvr-buys-cinemax-for-rs-395-cr-becomes-countrys-largest-multiplex-539790.html|accessdate=29 November 2012|newspaper=Firstpost|date=29 November 2012|archive-date=2 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023847/http://www.firstpost.com/business/pvr-buys-cinemax-for-rs-395-cr-becomes-countrys-largest-multiplex-539790.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PVR Acquires 69 percent Stake in Cinemax for 395 Crores|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/11/pvr-acquires-69-percent-stake-in-cinemax-for-395-crores/|newspaper=Biharprabha News|date=30 November 2012|access-date=25 July 2015|archive-date=25 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725172115/http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/11/pvr-acquires-69-percent-stake-in-cinemax-for-395-crores/|url-status=live}}</ref> The acquired properties were renamed as PVR Cinemas in a phased manner over the years.

=== DT Cinemas ===
In May 2016, [[DLF (company)|DLF]] group owned DT Cinemas was acquired by PVR Cinemas for {{INR}}500 crore.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/PVR-acquires-DLFs-DT-Cinemas-for-Rs-433-crore/articleshow/47601928.cms | title=PVR acquires DLF's DT Cinemas for Rs 500 crore | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=9 June 2015 | access-date=1 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917145537/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/PVR-acquires-DLFs-DT-Cinemas-for-Rs-433-crore/articleshow/47601928.cms | archive-date=17 September 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Cs">{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/coming-soon-multiplex-boom-across-india-115021101507_1.html | title=Coming soon: Multiplex boom across India | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=11 February 2015 | access-date=25 July 2015 | first=Urvi | last=Malvania | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725120709/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/coming-soon-multiplex-boom-across-india-115021101507_1.html | archive-date=25 July 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The properties were later rebranded as PVR.

=== SPI Cinemas ===
{{Main|SPI Cinemas}}
SPI Cinemas, a multiplex chain based in Chennai, had its origins in the Royal Theatre, built in 1974 and acquired by the Kiran Reddy family in the 1980s. Royal Theatre later evolved into Sathyam Cinemas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-11-27 |title=The changing scene |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-changing-scene/article5397171.ece |access-date=2023-08-29 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829105456/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-changing-scene/article5397171.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-03-24 |title=Reddy Made In Chennai |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Reddy-Made-In-Chennai/article11641054.ece |access-date=2023-08-29 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829105456/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Reddy-Made-In-Chennai/article11641054.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2018, PVR Cinemas acquired SPI Cinemas for ₹850 crore and rebranded the properties as PVR.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/pvr-buys-sathyam-cinemas-in-rs-850-crore-cash-stock-deal/articleshow/65380407.cms |title=PVR buys Sathyam Cinemas for INR 850 crore |date=13 August 2018 |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816114550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/pvr-buys-sathyam-cinemas-in-rs-850-crore-cash-stock-deal/articleshow/65380407.cms |archive-date=16 August 2018 |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Luxe Cinemas ===
Luxe, a premium multiplex with 11 screens operating at [[Phoenix Marketcity (Chennai)|Phoenix Marketcity, Chennai]] owned by Jazz Cinemas, was acquired by INOX in October 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2015 |title=Jazz Cinemas buys Luxe multiplex |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Jazz-Cinemas-buys-Luxe-multiplex-in-Chennai/article60241774.ece |access-date=24 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821054000/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Jazz-Cinemas-buys-Luxe-multiplex-in-Chennai/article60241774.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=INOX Leisure Ltd to acquire Luxe Cinemas, theatre business of Jazz Cinemas |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=320964 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=EquityBulls |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424171027/https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=320964 |url-status=live }}</ref> which in turn merged with PVR in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=PVR opens new multiplex in Phoenix mall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/pvr-opens-new-multiplex-in-phoenix-mall/articleshow/98488991.cms |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604091931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/pvr-opens-new-multiplex-in-phoenix-mall/articleshow/98488991.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== PVR Inox Pictures ==
{{Main|PVR Inox Pictures}}
PVR INOX Pictures is the [[film distribution]] arm of PVR Inox. It was earlier named PVR Pictures and rebranded as PVR Inox Pictures in 2023 after the merger of PVR Cinemas and Inox Leisure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=PVR Pictures is now PVR INOX Pictures post-merger with Inox Leisure |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/pvr-pictures-is-now-pvr-inox-pictures-post-merger-with-inox-leisure-11684322209042.html |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=Mint |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821054001/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/pvr-pictures-is-now-pvr-inox-pictures-post-merger-with-inox-leisure-11684322209042.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Partnerships ==

In October 2021, PVR announced a partnership with the film ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' as part of which, PVR rebranded itself as ''PVRRR'' across the multiplex chain's properties in over 70 cities for a few months following the film's release on 25 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-30|title=PVRRR: Makers of RRR tie-up with PVR Cinemas to promote film in unique way|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pvrrr-makers-rrr-tie-pvr-cinemas-promote-film-unique-way-157085|website=The News Minute|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228115651/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pvrrr-makers-rrr-tie-pvr-cinemas-promote-film-unique-way-157085|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of the promotions, they also launched an exclusive NFT (non-fungible token) collection for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=21 March 2022 |title=PVR Cinemas launches 'RRR' NFT collection |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/pvr-cinemas-launches-rrr-nft-collection-11647855753534.html |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Livemint}}</ref>

PVR expanded its partnership agreement with laser cinema company Cinionic to power all of its screens with Barco Series 4 4K laser projection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=21 June 2022 |title=PVR to become first exhibition chain with 100 per cent 4K laser projection |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/pvr-to-become-first-exhibition-chain-with-100-per-cent-4k-laser-projection/articleshow/92368794.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Economic Times |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904184313/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/pvr-to-become-first-exhibition-chain-with-100-per-cent-4k-laser-projection/articleshow/92368794.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2023, PVR INOX live-streamed matches of the [[2023 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2023 |title=World Cup 2023 final: Cinema owners elated with 'extraordinary' booking for match screenings |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Nov/18/world-cup-2023-final-cinema-owners-elated-with-extraordinary-advance-booking-match-screenings-2634100.html |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref>

In April 2024, PVR INOX partnered with [[Miraj Cinemas|Miraj Entertainment]] to expand IMAX to smaller towns in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-15 |title=Miraj Entertainment inks strategic partnership with IMAX |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/miraj-entertainment-inks-strategic-partnership-with-imax/articleshow/109318843.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In May 2024, Devyani International and PVR INOX announced a partnership to operate food courts in shopping malls.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-14 |title=PVR Inox inks pact with Devyani International for development and operation of food courts in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/pvr-inox-inks-pact-with-devyani-international-for-development-and-operation-of-food-courts-in-india/articleshow/110111322.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 |title=Devyani International, PVR INOX announces strategic partnership for operating food courts in shopping malls |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-devyani-international-pvr-inox-announces-strategic-partnership-for-operating-food-courts-in-shopping-malls-3487634/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

==External links==
* {{URL|pvrcinemas.com}}
* {{URL|inoxmovies.com}}

{{Cinema Chains in India}}
{{Cinema in Kolkata}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:1997 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2023 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Cinema chains in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Inox Group]]
[[Category:Village Roadshow Pictures films]]
[[Category:Warburg Pincus companies]]

N.E. Parry

2026-04-25T04:09:44Z

LesliGirard6: new stub

{{Short description|British colonial officer (1884–1939)}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nevill Edward Parry
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Deputy Commissioner of Garo Hills
| term_start = 1920
| term_end = 1922
| predecessor = F.E. Jackson
| successor = L.S. Bingemann
| office2 = [[List of superintendents of Mizoram|Superintendent of the Lushai Hills]]
| status = 
| term_start2 = 1924
| term_end2 = 1928
| subterm =
| suboffice =
| alongside =
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| predecessor2 = S.N. Mackenzie
| successor2 = Charles George Gordon Helme
| office3 = Deputy Commissioner of the West Garo Hills
| term_start3 = 1929
| term_end3 = 1931
| predecessor3 = Lt. G. Walker
| successor3 = S.L. Metha
| pronunciation =
| birth_date = 1884
| birth_place = [[Buckinghamshire]], UK
| death_date = 14 March 1939
| death_place = [[Ipplepen]], [[Devon]]
| parents = Edward Hagarty Parry (Father) Amelia Marthe Parry (b. Piguet, Mother)
| spouse = {{marriage|Annie Dunnet Parry|1920}}
| children =
| relatives =
| education = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]]
| occupation = [[Indian Civil Service]]
| profession = Colonial officer
| known_for =
}}

'''Nevill Edward Parry''' (1884-14 March 1939) was an Indian Civil Service Officer of the [[British Raj]]. He was the Deputy Commissioner of the Garo Hills and the Superintendent of the Lushai Hills. He was also the administrator who initially advocated for the [[Crown Colony of Eastern Agency Scheme]].

==Early life==
Nevill Edward Parry was born in 1884 as the oldest son of Edward Hagarty Parry and Amelie Martha Parry. He had five younger siblings consisting of two brothers and three sisters. His brothers were Henry Anthony Mervyn Parry and John Theodore Parry. His sisters were Theodora Ethel Hill, Adela Amy Vaudrey and Pauline Grace Cumming.{{sfn|John Robertson|2023}}

Parry was educated at [[Rugby School]] and left in 1902.{{sfn|Michell|Perry|Higginbotham|1904|p=255}} Following this he attended the [[University of Cambridge]] under [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]]. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1906.{{sfn|Cullum|1907|p=1047}}

==Career==
Following the 1906 exams, Parry was appointed to the Indian Civil Service. In 1907, he served in Eastern Bengal and Assam as an assistant magistrate.{{sfn|Great Britain India Office|1910|p=609}}

===Lushai Hills===
Parry upon becoming superintendent of the Lushai Hills developed ideas of strengthening the power and positions of the chiefs. Following his experience in the Khasi Hills, Parry initiated policies to prevent the decay of chiefly authority. Parry did this by attempting to revive the [[zawlbuk|{{lang|lus|zawlbûk|cat=no}}]] institution. The zawlbûks had begun to decline with the emergence of education and Christianity and a new progressive mindset. Christian parents stopped sending their children to the village {{lang|lus|zawlbûk}} on account that their homes and schools' education had surpassed the traditional methods. However, the decay of this institution meant a weakening of chiefs. Parry ordered that every village exceeding 25 houses was mandated to construct a {{lang|lus|zawlbûk}}. To avoid weakening the chiefs by dividing village, Parry stopped villages from splitting. During this period, the system of circle interpreters who coordinated chiefs within certain administrations were using government power to demand free goods such as eggs, goats and fowls. Parry ordered all officials on 13 November 1926 to pay the fair share for any goods received.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=96}}

Parry's significant achievement is his ''Monograph on Lushai Customs and Ceremonies'' which he published in 1927. Due to the issue of litigation of Mizo customary law, Parry found great difficulty in assessing unbiased information. As a result, Parry standardised Mizo customary law in a publication known as the {{lang|lus|Mizo Hnam Dan}} ({{translation|Mizo People's Law}}). Parry compiled the customary legal code by interviewing and consulting chiefs of the Sailo clan primarily.{{sfn|Sawmveli|2017|p=}}{{page needed|date=November 2025}}

===Crown Colony Scheme===
{{main|Crown Colony of Eastern Agency Scheme}}
Parry wrote a letter as part of a memorandum of to propose a hill division. His letter dated 3 March 1928 was made during his tenure as Superintendent of the Lushai Hills. In the letter, Parry argues that the hill people have no connection with Bengalis or Assamese. The Lushais are of Mongolian origin and share more affinity with the [[Kuki people|Kukis]] and [[Chin people|Chins]]. The religion of the hill people is also primitive. Parry argued this, citing the case of [[Lushai animism]] and the lack of Islam and Hindu influences.{{sfn|Simon|1930|p=118}} The Lushais who were annexed by the British were now obligating the British to protect them from being exploited by advanced communities in the plains and place them as permanent disadvantages. In ascertaining the future responsibility of India to protect the hill people Parry describes it as a "unjustifiable slur on capacity and goodwill". The Lushai people were described as being highly educated but lacking abstract political ideas and unready for political advancement. Economic factors of the future were considered as it lacked industry, minerals and navigable terrain and a lack of roads.{{sfn|Simon|1930|p=119}}

Based on these factors, the letter proposes a council for backwards tracts in Northeast India. Parry proposed a hill division with a commissioner under the Governor of Assam, granting considerable autonomy in budget and finances.{{sfn|Simon|1930|p=121}} The Second option proposed was the North-Eastern Frontier Hill province to be formed of the backwards tracts consisting of [[British Lushai Hills|Lushai Hills]] ([[Mizoram]]), Khasi and Jaintia Hills ([[Meghalaya]]), Sadiya Frontier Tract with Balipara Frontier Tract ([[Arunachal Pradesh]]), Mikir Hills, Pakoku and Western Burma.{{sfn|Simon|1930|p=122}}

==Later life==
Parry returned to the United Kingdom, where in 1932 he joined the [[Devonshire Association]].{{sfn|Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art|1940|p=18}} Parry died on 14 March in [[Ipplepen]].{{sfn|The Times|1939}} He was succeeded by his wife Anna Dunnet Parry, whom he had married on 23 December 1920 in Calcutta.{{sfn|India, Marriages, 1792-1948|1920}}

==Works==

{{Empty section|date=January 2026}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite web |title=Annie Dunnett Sinclair-Smith & Nevill Edward Parry |url=https://myheritage.com/research/record-30151-181503-S/annie-dunnett-sinclair-smith-and-nevill-edward-parry-in-india-marriages |website=My Heritage |publisher=INDIA-EASy |access-date=25 November 2025|ref={{SfnRef|India, Marriages, 1792-1948|1920}}}}
*{{cite news |title=Deaths |work=The Times |issue=48254 |publisher=Times Newspaper Limited |date=15 March 1939|ref={{SfnRef|The Times|1939}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cullum |first1=Thomas Gery |title=The Cambridge University Calendar for the year 1907-1908 |date=1907 |publisher=Deighton Bell and Co |location=Cambridge |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Calendar/RTg4AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |access-date=25 November 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Michell |first1=Arthur Tompson|last2=Perry|first2=Ottley|last3=Higginbotham|first3=George |title=Rugby School Register: From May 1874 to May 1904 |date=1904 |publisher=A.J. Lawrence printer |location=Rugby |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rugby_School_Register_From_May_1874_to_M/OoxBAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |access-date=25 November 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sawmveli |first1=V. |title=Legal Pluralism and Indian Democracy Tribal Conflict Resolution Systems in Northeast India |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=New York |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Legal_Pluralism_and_Indian_Democracy/UJsuDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |access-date=25 November 2025|chapter=Mizo customary laws and discourse of women's rights|editor-last1=Kakati|editor-first1=Binita|editor-last2=Dutta|editor-first2=Bitopi|editor-last3=Pereira|editor-first3=Melvil}}
*{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=John Allsebrook |title=Memorandum submitted by the government of Assam |date=1930 |publisher=Government of India Central Publication Branch |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Memorandum_submitted_by_the_government_o/QCviAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 November 2025}}
*{{cite book |last=Zorema |first=J. |date=2007 |title=Indirect Rule in Mizoram: 1890-1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&dq=bawi+lushai&pg=PR7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=271837683 |ol=48056042M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-229-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art |title=Report and Transactions - The Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art |date=1940 |publisher=University of Michigan |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Report_and_Transactions_The_Devonshire_A/6k8DAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Nevill%20Edward%20Parry |access-date=25 November 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Great Britain India Office |title=The India Office List for 1910 |date=1910 |publisher=Harrison and Sons |location=London |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_India_Office_List_for/9JVRcPLekL0C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 November 2025}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parry, Nevill Edward}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]
[[Category:Superintendents of Lushai Hills district]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Kirkkan

2026-04-22T09:34:01Z

LesliGirard6: Starting the stub more to come

{{Short description|2023 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kirkkan
| image = Kirkkan 2023 poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Josh
| producer = {{Plain list|
* Dr.Mathew Mampra
* Ajith Nair
* Rj Ajeesh Saarangi
* Remya Josh
}}
| writer = Josh
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Salim Kumar]]
* [[Vijayaraghavan]]
* [[Kani Kusruti]]
* [[Johny Antony]]
* [[Anarkali Marikar]]
}}
| music = Manikandan Ayyappa
| cinematography = Gowtham Lenin
| editing = Rohith VS Variyath
| studio = {{Plain list|
* Mampra Cinemas
* Owl Media Entertainments
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|07|21}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kirkkan''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime thriller]] film written and directed by Josh (in his feature film debut).<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2023 |title= ക്രൈം ത്രില്ലർ 'കിർക്കൻ' റിലീസിന് ഒരുങ്ങുന്നു|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kani-kusruthi-salim-kumar-in-lead-roles-kirkkan-releasing-on-july-1.8653816 |website=[[Mathrubhumi News]]|language=ml}}</ref> The film stars [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Kani Kusruti]], [[Johny Antony]], [[Anarkali Marikar]], [[Appani Sarath]], [[Meera Vasudevan|Meera Vasudev]], and [[Maqbool Salmaan]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2023 |title=സലിംകുമാറും ജോണി ആന്റണിയും ഒന്നിക്കുന്ന 'കിര്‍ക്കൻ' റിലീസിന് തയ്യാറായി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/salimkumar-starrer-new-film-kirkkan-ready-to-release-hrk-rwg79d |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> The music and background score was composed by Manikandan Ayyappa.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2023 |title=Kirkkan - കിർക്കൻ - Official Teaser |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyeSDebctIs |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

The film is produced under the banners of Mampra Cinemas and Owl Media Entertainments. It is produced by Dr. Mathew Mampra and co-produced by Ajith Nair, Rj Ajeesh Saarangi, and Remya Josh.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=July 2023}}
The death of a girl and the further police investigation. It is based on a true incident happened near Kottayam district of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2023 |title= 2005ലെ കോട്ടയത്തിനടുത്തുള്ള ഗ്രാമത്തിലെ സംഭവത്തിൽ നിന്നും സിനിമ; 'കിർക്കൻ' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക്|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-kirkkan-is-a-movie-based-on-a-true-incident-in-kottayam-from-2005-mm-584778.html |website=[[News18 India]]|language=ml}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Kusumakumar Warrier
* [[Anarkali Marikar]] as Rachel and Rebecca

==Music==
The soundtrack was composed by Manikandan Ayyappa, with lyrics written by Jyothish kaashi, Rj Ajeesh Saarangi, Sagar Bharatheeyam.

{{Track listing

| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 5:39
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaalame
| extra1 = Mridula Warrier, Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor
| lyrics1 = Jyothish T Kashi
| length1 = 3:14
| title2 = Kirkan
| extra2 = [[Appani Sarath]]
| lyrics2 = RJ Ajeesh Sarangi, Sagar Bharatheeyam
| length2 = 2:25
}}

==Release==

=== Theatrical ===
The film was released on 21 July 2023. Other than in Malayalam, it is released in 3 other languages; [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Kannada]].<ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=നിഗൂഢതകൾ ഒളിപ്പിച്ച് നാലു ഭാഷകളിലാaനിഗൂഢതകൾ ഒളിപ്പിച്ച് നാലു ഭാഷകളിലായി 'കിർക്കൻ' |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/kirkkan-malayalam-movie-news-1153194 |website=[[Madhyamam]]|language=ml}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 2023 Kerala Film Critics Awards:
Special jury award for Mathew Mapmra.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2024 |title= Kerala Film Critics Awards 2023: ‘Aattam’ bags best film award|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kerala-film-criticsawards-aattam-bags-best-film-award-1.9552040 |website=[[mathrubhumi]]|language=en}}</ref>

Best Playback singer Female: Mridula Warrier for the song Kalame.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt27598854}}

[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]
[[Category:2023 thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films about honor killing]]

M. K. M. Abdul Salam Rowther

2026-04-20T01:27:43Z

LesliGirard6: new new data...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = 
| name = M.K.M. Abdul Salam
| caption =
| birth_date = 26 February 1921
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office = Former [[Member of Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]]
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = E.A.G. Habibunnisa Begum
| children = 2 Sons, 1 Daughter
| website =
| footnotes =
| source = http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1344.htm
}}

'''M.K.M. Abdul Salam''' (born 26 February 1921) was an Indian politician of the [[Indian National Congress]] who served as a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]] in 1957.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1344.htm|title=Members Bioprofile|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shri M.K.M. Abdul Salam was born into wealthy landowning family in [[Palakkarai|Palakarai]], [[Tiruchy]] in February 26, 1921, son of politician Shri M. K. Mohamed Ibrahim Rowther, he studied at [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]].

==Education==
Salam studied at St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli.

==Memberships==
* Vice-President, Tiruchy Municipal Council <ref name="The Hindu News">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/relic-of-a-bygone-era/article7873117.ece| title= The Hindu News Paper}}</ref>
* Member, Tiruchy Library Committee
* Vice-President, District Congress Committee
* Ex-Member, Executive Committee, Madras Flying Club
* Member of the Madras Provincial Council from 1952 to 1956.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:19Z

LesliGirard6: new pg...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malegaon Outer
| constituency_no = 115
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 115-Malegaon Outer.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule]]
| district = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
| established = 2008 (as Malegaon Outer)
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Dadaji Bhuse]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =381,259
}}
'''Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

Before the delimitation of Vidhan Sabha constituencies in 2008, '''[[Dabhadi Assembly constituency|Dabhadi (74)]]''' was a constituency of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly between 1977-2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S13/partycomp74.htm|title=State elections 2004|accessdate=2010-01-07}}</ref>
The Malegaon Outer (115) constituency belongs to Dhule parliamentary constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class = wikitable
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3724-maharashtra-2009/?do=download&r=8764&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=dbbda3d9f1cf58305222aa5f903a6a93pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2009|publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=16 November 2022}}</ref>
| Rowspan=4|[[Dadaji Bhuse]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3726-maharashtra-2014/?do=download&r=8768&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=dbbda3d9f1cf58305222aa5f903a6a93pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2014|publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=16 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/?do=download&r=31607&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=dbbda3d9f1cf58305222aa5f903a6a93pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2019|publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=16 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malegaon Outer<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Malegaon Outer">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Malegaon Outer |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13115.htm |access-date=22 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222041324/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13115.htm |archive-date=22 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dadaji Bhuse]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 158,284 |percentage = 61.49% |change={{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Bandukaka Purushottam Bachhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 51,678 |percentage = 20.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Advay (Aaba) Prashant Hiray |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 39,843 |percentage = 15.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,539 |percentage = 0.60% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 106,606 |percentage = 41.41% |change= {{increase}}17.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 258,950 |percentage = 67.92% |change= {{increase}}8.39 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 257,411}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 381,259|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malegaon Outer<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dadaji Bhuse]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 121,252 |percentage = 60.03% |change={{increase}}14.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr.Tushar Ramkrushna Shewale |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 73,568 |percentage = 36.42% |change={{increase}}33.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Laxman Adhhav |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,568 |percentage = 1.27% |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,485 |percentage = 0.74% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,684 |percentage = 23.61% |change= {{increase}}2.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 203,930 |percentage = 59.70% |change= {{decrease}}0.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 201,983}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 341,615|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}14.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malegaon Outer<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dadaji Bhuse]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 82,093 |percentage = 45.69% |change={{decrease}}7.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakre Pawan Yashvant |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,672 |percentage = 24.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Sunil (Aaba) Babulal |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 34,117 |percentage = 18.99% |change={{decrease}}17.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sandeep (Bapu) Santosh Patil |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 8,561 |percentage = 4.77% |change={{increase}}2.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Rajendra Rajaram Thakre |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,551 |percentage = 2.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kachave Vyankant Ramchandra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,702 |percentage = 1.50% |change={{increase}}0.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,254 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kailas Maharu Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,160 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,421 |percentage = 20.83% |change= {{increase}}4.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,979 |percentage = 60.20% |change= {{decrease}}1.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 179,656}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 300,611|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}7.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malegaon Outer<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dadaji Bhuse]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 95,137 |percentage = 52.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Prashant Vyankatrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 65,073 |percentage = 36.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ujwal (Balasaheb) Raghunath Bagul |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,132 |percentage = 2.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikam Suresh Ramrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,769 |percentage = 2.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yavar Ali Sharaf Ali |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,019 |percentage = 1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Rajesh Mangu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,871 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vaishali Dnyaneshwar More |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,615 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,064 |percentage = 16.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,365 |percentage = 61.40% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,363}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 293,759|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency]]
* [[Malegaon (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra]]
* [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Malegaon]]
* [[Dabhadi, Malegaon|Dabhadi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nashik district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|20.53|74.50|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Malegaon]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Politics of Nashik district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Gopal Singh Rawat

2026-04-19T10:12:00Z

LesliGirard6: Made A Biography.

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (died 2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gopal Singh Rawat
| honorific_prefix =
| image = Gopal Singh Rawat.jpg
| image_caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end = 22 September 2020
| predecessor =
| successor =
| death_date = {{Death date|2020|09|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rishikesh]], India
| party =
| spouse =
| profession = Civil servant
| website =
}}

'''Gopal Singh Rawat''' (died 22 September 2020) was an [[Officer on Special Duty]] to Uttarakhand Chief Minister [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]].<ref name="ani">{{cite web|author=|date=22 September 2020|title=Uttarakhand CM's OSD passes away due to COVID-19|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttarakhand-cms-osd-passes-away-due-to-covid-1920200922220158/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924131721/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttarakhand-cms-osd-passes-away-due-to-covid-1920200922220158/|archive-date=24 September 2020|publisher=ANI}}</ref><ref name="toi">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200925174016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/osd-to-uttarakhand-cm-dies-of-covid-19/articleshow/78261499.cms OSD to Uttarakhand CM dies of Covid-19 _ Dehradun News - Times of India] (archived)</ref>

He died on 22 September 2020, from [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] at the hospital of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh]]. He had been hospitalized for nearly three weeks.<ref name=ani/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Gopal Singh}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]

Videshwarnath Mahadev Mandir

2026-04-19T08:45:52Z

LesliGirard6: creating new article!

{{Short description|Lord Shiva temple in Mithila}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Videshwarnath Mahadev Mandir|native_name=विदेश्वरनाथ महादेव मंदिर|native_name_lang=mai|deity=Lord Shiva|location=Videshwar Sthan, Mithila region|district=Madhubani district|state=Bihar|country=India|founded_by=King Janaka|established=Treta Yuga|inscriptions=Mithilakshara Scripts|footnotes=Lord Shiva temple associated with Videha King Janaka
*Videshwar translates to "Lord of Videha"|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|tradition=Sanatana|architect=Renovation (1300 CE)|architecture=Tirhut art style|image=Videshwarsthan Temple.jpg|caption=Videshwarnath Mahadev Mandir}}
'''Videshwarnath Mahadev Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: विदेश्वरनाथ महादेव मंदिर) is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar in India. It is located at Videshwar village of the Jhanjharpur block in the [[Madhubani district]]. It situated along Videshwar Machaita road near Jhanjharpur Darbhanga State Highway. According to legend, the temple is believed to be associated with the legendary [[Janaka|King Janaka]] of the ancient [[Videha|Videha Kingdom]] in the Indian subcontinent. It has been recognised as a tourist destinations for Hindu pilgrimage. It is also called as ''Baba Bideshwar Sthan''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=विदेश्वर नाथ महादेव - विदेश्वर नाथ महादेव - Bihar Darbhanga General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-viswar-nath-mahadev-22960642.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मधुबनी को सौगात, कमला रिवर फ्रंट, बाबा बिदेश्वर स्थान और शांतिनाथ महादेव मंदिर कुछ ऐसा बनेगा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/madhubani/madhubani-kamala-river-front-baba-bideshwar-sthan-and-shantinath-mahadev-temple-will-be-built/articleshow/117244133.cms |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

[[File:Videshwar Sthan Temple, Darbhanga District.jpg|thumb|View of the premises of the Videshwarnath Mahadev Mandir from backside ]]

== Etymology ==
According to legend, it is speculated that the temple may have been named Videshwarnath Mahadev Mandir due to its connection with the King of Videha. In ancient time, the kingdom of Mithila was called as Videha. Some times the King Janaka of Mithila is also called as King Videha. The name of the temple is derived from the word Videha. The literal meaning of Videshwar is Lord of Videha.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
Videshwarnath Mahadev Mandir is an ancient temple connected to the King Janaka of Videha. The present architecture of the temple was renovated during 1300 AD. There is an inscription on the temple written in Mithilakshara scripts. The inscription on the temple in Mithilakshara indicates that the temple was renovated in 1300 AD.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
Videshwarnath Mahadev Mandir is famous for organising ''Shravani Mela'' in the area. A huge number of devotees flock to the temple during the Shravani Mela.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-20 |title=श्रावणी मेला में विदेश्वर स्थान मंदिर में रहेगी पूरी चौकसी |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/madhubani/there-will-be-complete-vigil-in-videshwar-sthan-temple |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=सावन विशेष: तुरंत फल देते बाबा विदेश्वरनाथ |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-11471782.html |work=[[Dainik Jagaran]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhubani district]]

Bageshwar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:42Z

LesliGirard6: added

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bageshwar
| mla = [[Parwati Das]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2023]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora]]
| constituency_no = 47
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]]
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:118311}}<ref name="ceouk">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf |title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Election - 2022 - AC wise Voter Turnout |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |date=1 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040631/https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf}}</ref>{{update after|2027|03}}
| type= SLA
| map_image = Bageshwar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Bageshwar Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 assembly constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]]; a northern state of [[India]]. [[Bageshwar]] is part of [[Almora Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Gopal Ram Das || {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || rowspan=2|Saraswati Devi
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Puran Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=3|Gopal Ram Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Puran Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Ram Prasad Tamta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[Narayan Ram Das]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Became part of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]''
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Ram Prasad Tamta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || rowspan=4|[[Chandan Ram Das]] || {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
| [[2023 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2023^]]
|[[Parwati Das]]
|-
|}
*^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2023 by-election ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2023 elections in India#Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election, 2023]]: Bageshwar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeSeptNew2023/ConstituencywiseS2847.htm|title=Bageshwar by-election result 2023|work=ECI|accessdate=8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="BJP wins bypoll for Uttarakhand turf; Cong comes close but INDIA ally SP among hurdles in path">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=BJP wins bypoll for Uttarakhand turf; Cong comes close but INDIA ally SP among hurdles in path |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-uttarakhand-bageshwar-bypolls-results-congress-8930227/ |access-date=19 January 2024 |date=8 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119070214/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-uttarakhand-bageshwar-bypolls-results-congress-8930227/ |archive-date=19 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Parwati Das]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 33,247
|percentage = 49.54
|change = {{increase}}6.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Basant Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 30,842
|percentage = 45.96
|change = {{increase}}19.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,257
|percentage = 1.87
|change = {{increase}}0.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arjun Kumar Dev
|party = Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
|votes = 857
|percentage = 1.28
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhagwati Prasad
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 637
|percentage = 0.95
|change = {{increase}}0.27
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,405
|percentage = 3.58
|change = {{decrease}}12.68
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 67,108
|percentage = 55.44
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bageshwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandan Ram Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,211 |percentage=43.14% |change={{decrease}}6.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjeet Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,070 |percentage=26.88% |change={{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Kumar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=16,109 |percentage=21.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharav Nath Tamta |party=Independent politician |votes=1,877 |percentage=2.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balkrishna |party=Independent politician |votes=1,512 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above (India)|votes=864 |percentage=1.16% |change={{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=798 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=722 |percentage=0.97% |change={{decrease}}15.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Devi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=508 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,141 |percentage=16.26% |change= {{decrease}}5.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,671 |percentage=61.96% |change= {{increase}}1.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,524 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bageshwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandan Ram Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,792 |percentage=49.88% |change={{increase}}10.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balkrishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,225 |percentage=28.38% |change={{decrease}}7.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=11,038 |percentage=16.29% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,541 |percentage=2.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeevan Lal |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,207 |percentage=1.78% |change={{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachi Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=676 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,567 |percentage=21.50% |change= {{increase}}18.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,753 |percentage=60.11% |change= {{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,712 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bageshwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandan Ram Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,396 |percentage=38.90% |change={{decrease}}3.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Prasad Tamta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,485 |percentage=35.72% |change={{increase}}7.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahadur Ram Dhauni |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,877 |percentage=16.42% |change={{increase}}10.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamaljeet Narayan Das |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,883 |percentage=3.13% |change={{decrease}}14.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Prasad Tamta |party=Sainik Samaj Party |votes=1,212 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deep Chandra Arya |party=Independent politician |votes=996 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deep Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=738 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram Shastry |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=544 |percentage=0.90% |change={{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,911 |percentage=3.18% |change= {{decrease}}11.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,150 |percentage=60.74% |change= {{decrease}}4.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,035 |ref = |change= {{increase}}56.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bageshwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandan Ram Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,614 |percentage=42.75% |change={{increase}}11.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Prasad Tamta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,724 |percentage=28.46% |change={{decrease}}9.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Ram |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=7,325 |percentage=17.78% |change={{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sri Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,615 |percentage=6.35% |change={{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Prasad |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=1,006 |percentage=2.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwati Prasad |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=916 |percentage=2.22% |change={{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,890 |percentage=14.30% |change= {{increase}}7.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,200 |percentage=65.10% |change= {{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,310 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bageshwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Prasad Tamta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,419 |percentage=37.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narayan Ram Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,242 |percentage=31.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachham Ram |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=4,611 |percentage=14.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narendra Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,376 |percentage=10.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mathura Prasad |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,066 |percentage=3.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leela Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,024 |percentage=3.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,177 |percentage=6.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,738 |percentage=59.43% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,116 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
* http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
* http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf
* http://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/purola.html

===Statistical Reports UP Assembly===
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf 1967]
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf 1969]
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf 1974]
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf 1977]
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf 1985]
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf 1980]
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf 1989]
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf 1993]
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf 1991]
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf 1996]

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.84|79.77|display=title}}

[[Category:Bageshwar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Bageshwar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Koratagere Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:23Z

LesliGirard6: Starting initial entry w/ refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Koratagere
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 134
| map_image = 134-Koratagere constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
| established = 1961
| electors = {{formatnum:204692}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Dr G Parameshwara.JPG
| mla = [[G. Parameshwara]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[P. R. Sudhakara Lal]]
}}
'''Koratagere Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || R. Channigaramaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || T. S. Sivanna
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | Mudduramaiah
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | C. Veeranna || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || C. Veerabhadraiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="3" | C. Channigappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[G. Parameshwara|Dr. G. Parameshwara]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[P. R. Sudhakara Lal]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[G. Parameshwara|Dr. G. Parameshwara]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Koratagere">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Koratagere |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10134.htm?ac=134 |access-date=12 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512134657/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10134.htm?ac=134 |archive-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Parameshwara|Dr. G. Parameshwara]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 79,099 |percentage = 45.31% |change = {{decrease}}2.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. R. Sudhakara Lal]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 64,752 |percentage = 37.09% |change = {{decrease}}6.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Anil Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,091 |percentage = 13.80% |change = {{increase}}6.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Hanumantharayappa |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,233 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniyappa. K. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,159 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.44% |change = {{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,347 |percentage = 8.22% |change = {{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,759 |percentage = 85.38% |change = {{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 174,578}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,692 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref name="Koratagere Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more">{{cite news |title=Koratagere Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/koratagere-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99728607.cms |accessdate=12 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512140701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/koratagere-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99728607.cms |archivedate=12 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Parameshwara|Dr. G. Parameshwara]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 81,598 |percentage = 47.64% |change = {{increase}}8.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. R. Sudhakara Lal]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 73,979 |percentage = 43.19% |change = {{decrease}}8.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. H. Huchhaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,190 |percentage = 7.12% |change = {{increase}}4.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,351 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,619 |percentage = 4.45% |change = {{decrease}}8.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 171,416 |percentage = 84.73% |change = {{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,297}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 202,298 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}4.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. R. Sudhakara Lal]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 72,229 |percentage = 51.72% |change = {{increase}}22.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Parameshwara|Dr. G. Parameshwara]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,074 |percentage = 38.72% |change = {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandraiah Vaale Chandraiah |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 15,738 |percentage = 11.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Peddaraju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,088 |percentage = 2.21% |change = {{decrease}}22.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. L. Santhosh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,388 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anjaneya |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,265 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narasimha Murthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,100 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bulla Subbarao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 989 |percentage = 0.71% |change = {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,155 |percentage = 13.00% |change = {{increase}}3.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 152,421 |percentage = 83.78% |change = {{increase}}6.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 139,659}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,932 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.25 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Parameshwara|Dr. G. Parameshwara]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,276 |percentage = 38.65% |change = {{increase}}16.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandraiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 37,719 |percentage = 29.59% |change = {{decrease}}5.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangahanumaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,745 |percentage = 24.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Murlidhara. D |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,297 |percentage = 1.80% |change = {{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. N. Shivagangaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,163 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narasimha Murthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,669 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Rajavardhan |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,096 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Manjunatha |party = Independent politician |votes = 780 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,557 |percentage = 9.07% |change = {{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,534 |percentage = 77.28% |change = {{increase}}7.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,477}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,019 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}3.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Channigappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 41,826 |percentage = 35.58% |change = {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Veeranna |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 38,832 |percentage = 33.04% |change = {{increase}}28.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rangaswamy. M |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,745 |percentage = 21.90% |change = {{decrease}}9.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umesh. R. S |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,670 |percentage = 3.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Sukumar |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,980 |percentage = 2.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju. T. K |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 1,425 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash. R |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,295 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Renuka Paramesh |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,103 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,994 |percentage = 2.55% |change = {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,582 |percentage = 69.96% |change = {{decrease}}4.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,545}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,071 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Channigappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 33,558 |percentage = 31.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Veerabhadraiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,852 |percentage = 31.04% |change = {{increase}}4.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Andanappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,075 |percentage = 16.13% |change = {{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Veeranna |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,230 |percentage = 13.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayanthi |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 4,590 |percentage = 4.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash. R |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,282 |percentage = 3.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 706 |percentage = 0.67% |change = {{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,819 |percentage = 74.23% |change = {{decrease}}1.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,832}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,882 |percentage = 5.26% |change = {{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,645 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.29 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Channigappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 35,672 |percentage = 33.56% |change = {{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Venkatachalaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,937 |percentage = 26.28% |change = {{decrease}}11.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Veeranna |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,259 |percentage = 19.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Shivanna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,315 |percentage = 14.41% |change = {{increase}}10.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veerakyathaiah. G. C |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,927 |percentage = 1.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayaram. P. H. (Kumar) |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,185 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. M. Mylappa |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,003 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Cholaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 888 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Natakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 705 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,735 |percentage = 7.28% |change = {{increase}}3.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,221 |percentage = 75.64% |change = {{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,302}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,919 |percentage = 1.77% |change = {{decrease}}3.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,082 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Veerabhadraiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,684 |percentage = 37.84% |change = {{decrease}}2.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Veeranna |party = Janata Dal |votes = 32,044 |percentage = 33.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. L. Cholappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,234 |percentage = 21.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. C. Satheeshkumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,379 |percentage = 3.58% |change = {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,640 |percentage = 3.86% |change = {{decrease}}14.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,096 |percentage = 74.16% |change = {{decrease}}4.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,291}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,805 |percentage = 4.85% |change = {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,617 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.05 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}20.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Veeranna |party = Janata Party |votes = 47,395 |percentage = 58.52% |change = {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Sukumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,379 |percentage = 39.98% |change = {{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. N. Shivakumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,209 |percentage = 1.49% |change = {{decrease}}2.81 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,016 |percentage = 18.54% |change = {{decrease}}1.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,211 |percentage = 78.17% |change = {{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,983}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,228 |percentage = 1.49% |change = {{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,168 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Veeranna |party = Janata Party |votes = 37,139 |percentage = 56.45% |change = {{increase}}17.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mudduramaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,136 |percentage = 36.68% |change = {{increase}}33.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddalingappa. S. R |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,832 |percentage = 4.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shiarndraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,686 |percentage = 2.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,003 |percentage = 19.76% |change = {{increase}}11.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,314 |percentage = 70.20% |change = {{decrease}}3.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,793}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,521 |percentage = 2.26% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,890 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.43 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mudduramaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 29,833 |percentage = 46.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Veeranna |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,835 |percentage = 38.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rammanna. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,285 |percentage = 8.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Moregowda. H |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,005 |percentage = 3.15% |change = {{decrease}}48.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanjegowda. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,195 |percentage = 1.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devaraj. D. A |party = Independent politician |votes = 561 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,998 |percentage = 7.84% |change = {{decrease}}24.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,190 |percentage = 73.72% |change = {{increase}}18.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,714}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,476 |percentage = 2.26% |change = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,432 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.64 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mudduramaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,998 |percentage = 51.30% |change = {{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Hanumantharayappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,564 |percentage = 18.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. R. Channappa |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 6,309 |percentage = 15.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Veeranna |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,483 |percentage = 13.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Raju |party = Independent politician |votes = 577 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,434 |percentage = 32.82% |change = {{increase}}7.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,193 |percentage = 55.65% |change = {{increase}}3.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,931}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,813 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Sivanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,938 |percentage = 50.95% |change = {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. A. Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,938 |percentage = 25.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. R. Channappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 7,404 |percentage = 23.67% |change = {{decrease}}22.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,000 |percentage = 25.58% |change = {{increase}}24.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,696 |percentage = 51.81% |change = {{increase}}12.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,280}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,962 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Channigaramaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,053 |percentage = 46.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Anjaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 8,885 |percentage = 45.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Mariyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 853 |percentage = 4.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Hanumanthaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 598 |percentage = 3.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 168 |percentage = 0.87% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 20,788 |percentage = 39.35% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,389}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,828 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tumkur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.52|77.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Mysore State]]

MV Ramana Reddy

2026-04-10T13:31:49Z

LesliGirard6: new entry...

{{Short description|Indian sculpture artist (b. 1966)}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Ramana Reddy
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| image = MV Ramana Reddy.jpg
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|07|10}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
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| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]]
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| known_for = [[Telangana Martyrs Memorial]]
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}}
'''MV Ramana Reddy''' (born 10 July 1966) is an Indian-origin sculpture artist specializing in sculpture, conceptual, and installation art. He is best known for his design of the [[Telangana Martyrs Memorial]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murthy |first1=Neeraja |title=Symbolising hope: The Telangana Martyrs Memorial in Hyderabad in the shape of a 'diya with light' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/artist-ramana-reddy-on-the-inspiration-behind-designing-telangana-martyrs-memorial-in-the-shape-of-a-diya-with-light/article34044927.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=11 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=KCR to inaugurate Telangana Martyr's Memorial |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kcr-to-inaugurate-telangana-martyr-s-memorial-101687376689006.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=22 June 2023}}</ref>

He is the founder and convener of Telangana Artist Forum which was established in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spreading awareness |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/spreading-awareness/article7772624.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born on 10 July 1966 in [[Siddipet]], [[Telangana]]. A Master of Fine Arts and a Gold Medallist in Bachelor of Fine Arts in Sculpture from formerly JNTU and now Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University (JNAFAU), Hyderabad in 1991. Went on a cultural exchange tour to Germany, sponsored by ICCR, [[Government of India]] in 1991, he worked on public art installations in Memmingen, Munich, Ulm, Blaubeuren, Germany, India, USA, Japan, Austria, and Australia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=P. |first1=Anuradha |title=M.V. Ramana Reddy: A man behind design of Telangana Martyrs Memorial |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/telangana/mv-ramana-reddy-a-man-behind-design-of-telangana-martyrs-memorial |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy started his career as an artist from [[Hyderabad]].

In July 2017, Reddy designed the logo of [[World Telugu Conference]]. The logo has logo has the famous Kakatiya Thoranam (arch), a map of Telangana with two giant elephants.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Telugu meet, Sahitya Academy logos launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/world-telugu-meet-sahitya-academy-logos-launched/articleshow/59555024.cms |website=The Times of India |date=12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CM releases logos of World Telugu Conference, Telangana Sahitya Academy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/cm-releases-logos-of-world-telugu-conference-telangana-sahitya-academy/article19260512.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=11 July 2017}}</ref>

In February 2020, Reddy became the first general council member from [[Telangana State]] at the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad: Rare recognition for city artist |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/hyderabad-rare-recognition-for-city-artist-604378 |website=Thehansindia.com |language=en |date=12 February 2020}}</ref>

Reddy is the president of Hyderabad Art Society, which was established in 1941. He anonymously elected 3 times from 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Art Society unanimously re-elects members for third time |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-art-society-unanimously-re-elects-members-for-third-time |website=Telangana Today |language=en |date=30 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Murthy |first1=Neeraja |title=Hyderabad Art Society launches a new initiative for artists to paint their perspective on lockdown |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/hyderabad-art-societys-new-initiative-brings-artists-together-to-paint-their-perspective-on-lockdown/article31215774.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=31 March 2020}}</ref>

He is also the member of Board of Studies at Dr YSR Architecture & Fine Arts University, Kadapa 2021–22.

In 2018, Reddy designed [[Telangana Martyrs Memorial]] as a main architect. [[Telangana Martyrs Memorial]] was built in the memory of 369 students who died during the 1969 agitation for a separate Telangana state.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bureau |first1=ABP News |title=Telangana Martyrs' Memorial, World's Largest Seamless Stainless Structure, To Be Launched On Feb 17 |url=https://news.abplive.com/telangana/telangana-martyrs-memorial-world-s-largest-seamless-stainless-structure-to-be-launched-on-feb-17-1581226 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |date=10 February 2023}}</ref>

==Notable work and exhibitions==
* [[Telangana Martyrs Memorial]] 2023<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tomar |first1=Ajay |title=Photo feature: Telangana Martyrs' Memorial honours heroes with 'world's largest' seamless stainless-steel structure |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/photo-feature-telangana-martyrs-memorial-honours-heroes-with-worlds-largest-stainless-steel-structure/ |website=The South First |language=en |date=21 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Nukala Ramachandra Reddy]] 10 feet bronze statue at Mahbubabad.
*2013 Hyderabad Metro Rail 30 feet stainless steel sculpture pylon conceptual design.
*25 feet stainless steel sculpture for ‘Shilparamam’, Hyderabad.
*Exhibited artworks at the Indian Consulate General office in Munich Germany in 2002
*Solo Show at Gallery 678, Broadway, New York, USA, in 1998

== Awards ==
*Telangana state award 2015 presented by [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] [[Government of Telangana]] on the occasion of the first state formation celebrations<ref>{{cite web |title=Telangana announces State Awards |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-05-31/Telangana-announces-State-Awards/154463 |website=Thehansindia.com |language=en |date=31 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=KCR announces Telangana State Awards |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150531/nation-current-affairs/article/kcr-announces-telangana-state-awards |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |date=31 May 2015}}</ref>
*‘Vishista Puraskaram’ 2023 by [[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]], Hyderabad
*Awarded by [[Government of Telangana]] in 2018 for Designing & execution Supervision of the [[Telangana Martyrs Memorial]].

==Books and publications==
*'Bio-Diversity – Aesthetics' ''An artistic Reflection'', 2012, Author: M. V. Ramana Reddy

==In popular culture==
A book named ''M. V. Ramana Reddy, Path to Artistic Brilliance – A Journey Unveiled'' was written in 2023 by Koeli Mukherjee Ghose on the life of Reddy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad: Book titled 'M.V.Ramana Reddy, Path to Artistic Brilliance – A Journey Unveiled' launched |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-book-titled-m-v-ramana-reddy-path-to-artistic-brilliance-a-journey-unveiled-launched#:~:text=Reddy%20titled%20%27M.V.-,Ramana%20Reddy%2C%20Path%20to%20Artistic%20Brilliance%20–%20A%20Journey%20Unveiled%27,Road%2C%20was%20launched%20by%20Dr. |website=Telangana Today |language=en |date=16 October 2023}}</ref>

Another book, ''Ramana Reddy - Precious Naivete'', was written by Marta Jakimowicz.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, MV Ramana}}
[[Category:Indian modern sculptors]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Artists from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)

2026-04-08T18:55:06Z

LesliGirard6: entry

{{Short description|Conflict within present-day Afghanistan}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal–Safavid war
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| partof = [[Mughal–Persian Wars]]
| date = {{start and end dates|1648|12|28|1653|9|29|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=28|year1=1648|month2=09|day2=29|year2=1653}})}}
| place = [[Afghanistan]]
| result = [[Safavid]] victory
| territory = Kandahar falls again to the Safavids
| combatant1 = [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|25px|border]] [[Safavid Empire]] [[File:War flag of Khanate of Bukhara.svg|25px]] [[Khanate of Bukhara]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaipur.svg}} [[Jaipur State]]
| commander1 = [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|25px|border]] [[Abbas II of Persia|Abbas II]] [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|25px|border]] [[Mihrab Khan|Mehrāb Khan]] [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|25px|border]] [[Otar Beg|Autar Khan]] [[File:War flag of Khanate of Bukhara.svg|25px]] [[Vali Muhammad Khan|Muhammad Khan]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|border=}} [[Shah Jahan]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|border=}} [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaipur.svg}} [[Jai Singh I]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|border=}} [[Aurangzeb]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|border=}} [[Murad Baksh]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|border=}} [[Dara Shikoh]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|border=}} [[Daulat Khan Mayi]] <ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UnkeBQAAQBAJ&dq=saadullah+khan+kandahar&pg=PA67 |title=War and State-Building in Afghanistan: Historical and Modern Perspectives |author= Kaushik Roy |date=2014 |page=67|publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781472572196 }}</ref>
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal–Persian wars}}
The '''Mughal–Safavid war of 1649–1653''' was fought between the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Safavid Empire|Safavid]] empires in the territory of modern [[Afghanistan]]. While the Mughals were at war with the [[Khanate of Bukhara|Janid Uzbeks]], the Safavid army captured the fortress city of [[Kandahar]] and other strategic cities that controlled the region. The Mughals attempted to regain the city, but their efforts were proven unsuccessful.

==Background==
[[File:Qulij Khan accepts the keys to a city in Badakhshan (probably Bust). Attributed to Murad. Mughal, ca. 1646. Musée Guimet, Paris.jpg|thumb|Surrender of the Safavids under [[Mihrab Khan]] to the Mughal general [[Qulij Khan Turani]] at the [[Siege of Bost (1638)]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Stuart Cary |title=India: art and culture, 1300-1900 |date=1985 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston |location=New York |isbn=978-0030061141 |pages=247-248 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/met-publications/india-art-and-culture-1300-1900}} "In the miniature, Qulij Khan accepts the keys of a conquered city, probably Bust, which was captured in the eleventh year of the reign from Mihrab Khan, one of the Iranian shah's abler generals. (...) . In the foreground, the Mughal general accepts his enemy's submission, while the background itemizes incidents of the siege"</ref>]]

The Safavids had territorial claims over Kandahar since the reign of [[Shah Tahmasp]]. [[Humayun]], the exiled [[Mughal Emperor]], is known to have gained the support of Shah Tahmasp, in return for his permission to allow the Safavids to capture Kandahar. Subsequently, conflicts emerged in the region during the reign of fourth Mughal emperor, [[Jahangir]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In 1638, Shah Jahan, assisted by Kamran Khan and Malik Maghdood, had marched on Kandahar and negotiated the surrender from the Persian commander, [[Ali Mardan Khan]]. He expected the Persians to attempt to regain the city soon and so he ordered that the wall be repaired rapidly while a large Mughal army based in Kabul protected the area. Since 1638, when the Kurdish turncoat [[Ali Mardan Khan]] handed Kandahar over to [[Shah Jahan]], Kandahar was under the Mughal control. It was considered vital for the Mughals that the twin 'gateway-cities' to [[Hindustan]], i.e. [[Kabul]] and Kandahar, be remained under Mughal rule, for two primary reasons. Firstly, the Mughal Empire in India was often viewed by them as a painfully small compensation for the loss of their ancient capital – [[Samarkand]] – which they had been driven out of by the Uzbeks. Beyond the internal administrative agendas, the Mughals always kept it a priority to expand the western frontier of the empire in the sentiment of reconquista. Secondly, Central Asian trade provided the Mughals with warhorses, without which not only the military forces would be incapacitated, but could also potentially spark tribal revolts and foreign invasions.<ref name="Kinra">Kinra 2015, p.157</ref> Kandahar in particular was at the crossroads of a number of major commercial trade routes in Central Asia. The two cities were thus the subject of deep strategic concern.<ref name="dlx.b-ok.org">{{Cite web|url=http://dlx.b-ok.org/genesis/628000/06ae9010b197a442876290ce257027ff/_as/|title=Z-Library single sign on}}</ref>

In 1646, when no Persian attack came, the Emperor sent his son, Murad Baksh, to invade Uzbek-controlled Badakhshan. In the following year, Aurangzeb, another son, routed an Uzbek force outside of Balkh and captured the city.<ref name="Chandra226">Chandra 2005, p. 226</ref> Though victorious in the field, the Mughals were unable to secure the conquered territories and Shah Jahan was forced to recall his armies from Badakhshan.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} In February 1646, [[Shah Jahan's Central Asian campaign|Shah Jahan dispatched an army]] of 60,000 to Kabul, and thence to [[Badakshan]] and [[Balkh]], with his son [[Murad Baksh]] as the commander-in-chief. This was done in support of Nazr Muhammad and his son, Abd al-Aziz, against the Toqai-Timurid ruler of Balkh. However, Nazr Muhammad and Abd al-Aziz betrayed the Mughals after the end of the campaign, and fled to [[Isfahan]]. The subsequent Balkh campaign in 1647 against them was led by [[Aurangzeb]], and cost the Mughal empire 20 million rupees along with the recently acquired Balkh and Badakshan.<ref name="dlx.b-ok.org"/>

==War==
{{Main|Siege of Kandahar (1648–1649)}}
[[File:The Siege of Kandahar. Attributed to Payag Mughal, mid-17th century. Opaque watercolor on paper. The Knellington Collection, Courtesy Harvard University Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts.jpg|thumb|The failed Mughal [[Mughal sieges of Kandahar (1649–1653)|Siege of Kandahar in 1649]]. Attributed to [[Payag]]. Mughal, mid-17th century. ''[[Padshahnama]]''. Opaque watercolor on paper. The Knellington Collection, Courtesy Harvard University Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref name="Metro">{{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Stuart Cary |title=India: art and culture, 1300-1900 |date=1985 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston |location=New York |isbn=978-0030061141 |page=248 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/met-publications/india-art-and-culture-1300-1900 |quote=If Murad's siege raised the spirits of his imperial patron, Payag's view of an episode in 1649, during the unsuccessful attempts to recapture strategic Kandahar must have lowered them. Although Murad was noted for his cheerful portrayals of grand events at court-and, we suspect, as a designer of architectural ornament, which he painted so inventively-Payag is admired for portraits of holy men and ravaged old soldiers, and for views of war in all its horror.}}</ref>]]
On 4 April 1648, encouraged by the Mughal reversal in Badakhshan,<ref name="Cambridge">Cambridge 1986, p. 299</ref> [[Abbas II of Persia|Shah Abbas II]] marched from [[Isfahan]] with an army of 40,000. After capturing [[Lashkar Gah|Bost]], he laid siege to Kandahar on 28 December<ref>{{Cite book|last=Noelle-Karimi|first=Christine|title=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries)|publisher=[[Austrian Academy of Sciences]]|year=2014|isbn=978-3700172024|pages=68}}</ref> and easily captured it after a brief siege on 22 February 1649, mainly owing to the failure of the Mughal commander [[Daulat Khan Mayi]] to maintain discipline within the troops under his command.<ref name="Iranica">Iranica</ref> The disaster of the [[Shah Jahan's Central Asian campaign|Balkh campaign]] had gravely weakened the Mughals' position on the frontier. The short duration of the Kandahar siege – two months – stands testament to the vulnerability of the Mughals in Afghanistan.<ref name="dlx.b-ok.org"/> The Mughals attempted to retake the city in 1651 but the arrival of winter forced them to suspend the siege.<ref name="Iranica">Iranica</ref>

=== Sieges of Kandahar ===
{{Main|Three sieges of Kandahar}}
Shah Jahan sent Aurangzeb and the vizier [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Sa'dullah Khan]] with 50,000 soldiers, composed of the [[Barha family|Barha Sayyids]], the feudal [[Rajput]] levies and the local [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghans]], to recapture it,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ&q=barha+multan |title=A Military History of Medieval India |page=664 |author= Gurcharn Singh Sandhu |date=2003 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=9788170945253 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aua1AAAAIAAJ&q=but+ordered+him+instantly+to+despatch+to+Multan+the+famous+contingent+of+the+Barha+Syeds+,+the+feudal+levies+of+the+Rajput |title= A Pageant of India |author=Adolf Simon Waley |date=1975 |page=368 }}</ref> but although he defeated the Safavids outside the city he was unable to take it.<ref name="Chandra228">Chandra 2005, p. 228</ref> His artillery train proved unable for the task.<ref name="Kohn338">Kohn 2007, p. 338</ref> Aurangzeb attempted to take the fortress city again in 1652. [[Abd al-Aziz Khan (Bukhara)|Abdul Aziz]], Khan of Bukhara, had entered into an alliance with Shah Abbas and in May 1652, he dispatched 10,000 troops to Kabul in May to harass the Mughal supply lines.<ref name="Burton">Burton 1997, p. 266</ref> Though not strong enough to lift the siege, the Uzbeks endangered a Mughal convoy of 2,000 who were escorting one and a half million silver coins to the besieger's army at Kandahar.<ref name="Burton">Burton 1997, p. 266</ref> After two months of fighting Persian resistance<ref name="Kohn338">Kohn 2007, p. 338</ref> and the growing activities of the Uzbeks,<ref name="Iranica">Iranica</ref> Aurangzeb was forced to abandon the campaign.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In 1653 Shah Jahan sent [[Dara Shikoh]], with a large army and two of the heaviest artillery pieces of the empire,<ref name="Chandra228">Chandra 2005, p. 228</ref> but after a five-month siege the Mughals couldn't manage to starve the city, and the attempt to breach their walls by cannon fire also failed.<ref name="Chandra228">Chandra 2005, p. 228</ref> On 29 September 1653, Mughals finally gave up all attempts to recover Kandahar.<ref name="Kohn338"/><ref name="gupta1">{{Cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=R. K. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DLQeSBLpUwsC |title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages |last2=Bakshi |first2=S. R. |date=2008 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176258418 |volume=4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DLQeSBLpUwsC/page/n196 189] |language=en |quote=Battle of Raona.}}</ref>

==Role of environment and climate==

The tribes of the region of the [[Hindu Kush]] were often rebellious and had to be constantly pacified, disciplined, or eliminated. Their raids of Mughal supply lines and advance parties were disastrous for the army. At times these groups of fighters were independent, and at other times, they worked in coordination with the Uzbeks.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|chapter=A Mirror for Munshīs: Secretarial Arts and Mughal Governance|date=2015|jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1ffjn5h.6|title=Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary|pages=60–94|last=Kinra|first=Rajeev|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> Acquiring cash for the army was intensely difficult due to the differences in the monetary infrastructures between Mughal India and Afghanistan, hence the army was forced to lug bullion and cash across the steep passes and narrow defiles of the Hindu Kush mountains.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Further, the terrain and climate of the Hindu Kush and beyond is infamously debilitating. Neither raiding areas nor acquiring land revenue from the conquered areas was by any means extravagantly rewarding to the soldiers, due to the moderate agricultural production of the area. There was no equivalent of the Indian local grain-carriers, the Banjaras. There was also very little scope for foraging with the constant raids from Uzbek troops and resident tribal groups. The ferocity of the Afghan winter further added to these woes. Winter months meant a severe severance of transport across the Hindu Kush, something which was instrumental in the failure of several Mughal campaigns against the Safavids in Central Asia.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Juriaen Ambdis]]
* [[Mughal-Safavid War (1622–1623)]]
* [[Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Burton|first=Audrey|title=The Bukharans:a dynastic, diplomatic, and commercial history, 1550–1702|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6c1elcwgUzAC|year=1997|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780312173876}}
*{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC|volume=II|year=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124110669}}
*{{cite book|last=Kohn|first=George C. |title=Dictionary of wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC |year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn= 9780816065776}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kandahar-from-the-mongol-invasion-through-the-safavid-era|title=KANDAHAR iv. From The Mongol Invasion Through the Safavid Era|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=13 October 2011}}
*{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-20094-3}}
*{{cite web|url=http://dlx.b-ok.org/genesis/628000/06ae9010b197a442876290ce257027ff/_as/[J.J.L._Gommans]_Mughal_Warfare_Indian_Frontiers_(b-ok.org).pdf|title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700, by Jos Gommans}}
*{{cite book |chapter=King of Delhi, King of the World: Chandar Bhan’s Perspective on Shah Jahan, the Mughal Court, and the Realm |title=Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary |pages=95–158 |last=Kinra |first=Rajeev |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1ffjn5h.7 |year=2015 |publisher=University of California Press}}
*{{cite book|jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2gc.7|chapter=Gods, Demons, and Kings |title= Narratives of Kingship in Eurasian Empires, 1300-1800|pages=52–77 |last=van Leeuwen |first=Richard|publisher=Brill|date=2017}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal-Safavid War (1649-53)}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1649]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1650]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1651]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1652]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1653]]
[[Category:Wars involving Safavid Iran]]
[[Category:Wars involving Afghanistan]]
[[Category:History of Kandahar]]
[[Category:1640s in Asia]]
[[Category:1650s in Asia]]
[[Category:1649 in Asia]]
[[Category:1653 in Asia]]
[[Category:Invasions by India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1650s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:17th century in Afghanistan]]

India–Peru relations

2026-04-01T20:40:18Z

LesliGirard6: Starting initial post first draft - done

{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Peru|map=India–Peru Locator.svg|India|Peru|mission1=Embassy of India, Lima|mission2=Embassy of Peru, New Delhi|envoytitle1=Ambassador|envoytitle2=Ambassador|envoy1=[[Sandeep Chakravorty]]|envoy2=Javier Manuel Paulinich}}
'''India–Peru relations''' are the diplomatic and bilateral relations that exist between the [[India|Republic of India]] and the [[Peru|Republic of Peru]]. Both countries are members of the [[World Trade Organization]] and the [[United Nations]].

==History==
India and Peru established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1963, and the Indian embassy in Chile was jointly accredited to Peru. India opened its resident diplomatic mission in Lima in September 1969, and the first resident Ambassador to Peru assumed office in November 1973.<ref name="MEA2016"/> Peru maintains an embassy in New Delhi, which is also accredited to Bangladesh, Iran, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Non Resident Representations from india|url=http://www.embassyperuindia.in/nonresident.html|website=www.embassyperuindia.in|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711200520/http://www.embassyperuindia.in/nonresident.html|archive-date=11 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Economic relations between the two countries began to grow significantly in the 1990s, fueled by India's technological and economic growth and Peru's desire to increase its presence in Asia. Peru is a member of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC). Indian interest in Peru increased as the latter witnessed fast economic growth and rapid industrialization, becoming one of the fastest growing countries in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aurora |first1=Sooraj |date=6 August 2016 |title=India's Next Free Trade Partner: Peru? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/indias-next-free-trade-partner-peru/ |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref name = "Americas Quarterly"/>

There have been several high level diplomatic visits between the nations. Peruvian President Alan Garcia was the chief guest at India's Republic Day celebrations in 1987.<ref name="MEA2016"/> President Alberto Fujimori visited India in May 1997.<ref name="embassyperuindia">{{cite web|title=India Peru Bilateral Relations|url=http://www.embassyperuindia.in/indiaperubilateralrelations.html|website=www.embassyperuindia.in|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227175539/http://www.embassyperuindia.in/indiaperubilateralrelations.html|archive-date=27 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Indian President K. R. Narayanan visited Peru in 1998.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

The Congress of Peru reactivated the Peru-India Parliamentary Friendship League on 30 April 2003. The Parliament of India established an India-Peru Parliamentary Friendship Group in December 2007.<ref name="MEA2016"/>
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of the Republic of Peru, Mr. Ollanta Humala, on the sidelines of the Sixth BRICS Summit, at Brasilia, in Brazil on July 16, 2014.jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of the Republic of Peru, Mr. Ollanta Humala, on the sidelines of the Sixth BRICS Summit, at Brasilia, in Brazil on July 16, 2014.]]
In October 2013, the two countries signed agreements on co-operation in education, culture and the establishment of a Joint Commission to promote bilateral relations.<ref name="Zee2013">{{cite web|title=India signs 4 agreements with Peru|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/india-signs-4-agreements-with-peru_886599.html|website=Zee News|access-date=7 January 2017|date=29 October 2013}}</ref>

Peru supports India's candidature for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council, and also supports India in the [[Kashmir dispute]]. The Peruvian Government "has traditionally shown understanding of the Indian position on Kashmir and has been sympathetic and appreciative of India's responsible restraint even in the face of grave provocation. Peru supports India's Position that such conflicts should be resolved bilaterally through dialogue and not be internationalized."<ref name="embassyperuindia"/>

The two countries celebrated their 55 years of bilateral ties between them by the Vice President of India, [[Venkaiah Naidu]] visiting the country in May 2018. Peru is also interested in having a free trade agreement with the country with the third round of discussions planned for August 2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2018 |title=Peru wants to conclude FTA with India at the earliest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/peru-wants-to-conclude-fta-with-india-at-the-earliest/articleshow/64142479.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> where expansion of trade in pharmaceuticals and IT sector is being focused upon.

==Economic relations==

===Trade===
Bilateral trade between India and Peru witnessed rapid growth in the late 2000s and early 2010s rising from US$250 million in 2007 to $3.126 billion by 2018–19.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=6 January 2021 |title=India-Peru Relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Peru_Bilateral_September_2019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109212756/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Peru_Bilateral_September_2019.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, India}}</ref> In 2012, bilateral trade between the two countries crossed the billion dollar mark for the first time, making Peru the seventh Latin American trade partner of India to achieve the milestone, after Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, and Argentina.<ref>{{cite web |last=Viswanathan |first=R. |date=12 September 2013 |title=Peru - the new Billion Dollar trade partner of India in Latin America |url=http://www.gatewayhouse.in/peru-indias-new-billion-dollar-trade-partner-in-latin-america/ |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=Gateway House}}</ref>

Bilateral trade between India and Peru recorded its highest increase of 76.95% in 2017–18, to US$3.137 billion, over the previous fiscal.<ref name=":0" /> In 2018-19 Indian exports to Peru stood at $721 million, while imports from Peru were $2.405 billion.<ref name=":0" /> The main commodities exported from India to Peru are towers of iron and steel, pipes for the oil and gas industry, automobiles, motorcycles and three-wheelers, iron and steel products, polyester and cotton yarns, and pharmaceuticals. The main commodities exported from Peru to India are copper, gold, phosphates of calcium, zinc and lead minerals, fish flour, synthetic cables, and grapes.<ref name="MEA2016"/><ref name="embassyperuindia"/>

The two countries are currently negotiating a bilateral free trade agreement.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=30 November 2015 |title=Peru eyes Free Trade agreement with India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Peru-eyes-Free-Trade-agreement-with-India/articleshow/49987218.cms |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chakraborty|first1=Subhayan|title=Government in FTA talks with Peru|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/government-in-fta-talks-with-peru-115100800942_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=7 January 2017|date=9 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India-Peru FTA talks in Lima soon|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-peru-fta-talks-in-lima-soon/183895/|website=The Financial Express|access-date=7 January 2017|date=26 December 2015}}</ref>

===Investment===
Several Indian companies have investments in Peru's mining sector including iron ore, manganese, phosphate and gold.<ref name="Zee2013"/> IFFCO owns a major stake in large phosphate mine in northern Peru, Zuari Agro has a 30% stake (worth about $36 million) in a rock phosphate reserve in the same region. Reliance acquired an oil block in the country. Several Indian IT firms also operate in Peru. Tata Consultancy Services operates in Lima, and Tech Mahindra began operating in the country after it acquired Israeli company LeadCom.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

Redbus acquired majority stake in Peruvian company Busportal.pe. All major Indian pharmaceutical companies have a representative office or local subsidiary in Peru.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

Peruvian beverage manufacturer AJE Group opened an Indian subsidiary, AJE India Pvt. Ltd., in Maharashtra to manufacture soft beverages. The subsidiary began operation in December 2010, and invested $15 million in India by 2016.<ref name="MEA2016"/><ref name="Americas Quarterly">{{cite web |last=Seshasayee |first=Hari |date=20 August 2012 |title=India-Peru: A New Pacific Pivot |url=http://www.americasquarterly.org/india-peru-a-new-pacific-pivot |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=Americas Quarterly}}</ref> Machinery firm Resemen S.A.C. established a subsidiary in New Delhi called Reliant Drilling Ltd., after it was awarded a contract from Hindustan Zinc Ltd. Other Peruvian mining services firms such as Opermin and AAC Mining Executors Ltd. have also established operations in India. Lubricants manufacturer Vistony opened a plant near Rewari, Haryana.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==Defence relations==
India and Peru signed an agreement on defence cooperation and prevention of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in October 2013. The agreement will allow Peru to send its military personnel to India for training. India offered Peruvian defence officials slots at the Defence Services Staff College in Wellington, Kochi. The defence agreement also includes the sale of spare parts to the Peruvian military.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nambath|first1=Suresh|title=India, Peru to enhance defence ties|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-peru-to-enhance-defence-ties/article5284467.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 October 2013|access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref>

Peru sent a naval officer to attend the 53rd NDC Course in New Delhi in 2013.<ref name = "MEA2016"/>

==Indian foreign aid==
India donated $500,000 towards disaster relief efforts in the aftermath of an earthquake in Peru on 15 August 2007. It has also provided funding for an afforestation program at a park named after Mahatma Gandhi in Lima.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

Citizens of Peru are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]. Many Peruvian diplomats have attended PCFD courses at the Foreign Service Institute in India.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==Cultural relations==
India and Peru signed an agreement on cultural co-operation in 1987.<ref name = "MEA2016"/> The Indo-Peruvian Friendship Association (Hindi: ''Bharat-Maitreyi Samiti'') was established in India in June 2007. It is a civil organization aimed at promoting friendship between the two countries, to exhibit Peruvian culture and the Spanish language in India, as well as to encourage cultural exchanges of professors and students of both countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Peru Bilateral Relations|url=http://www.embassyperuindia.in/bharatperu.html|website=www.embassyperuindia.in|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502053812/http://www.embassyperuindia.in/bharatperu.html|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Mundo Latino is a Latin American cultural center and a center of excellence affiliated to the Embassy of Peru in New Delhi. The center offers Spanish-language and [[Salsa (dance)|salsa dancing]] courses in the Delhi NCR. It also teaches English and [[Hindi]] as foreign language courses.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.mundolatino.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59|website=Mundo Latino|access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref>

==Indians in Peru==
{{main|Indians in Peru}}
As of December 2016, 500 Indian citizens reside in Peru. The community is primarily involved in business and trade. A few work with the Missionaries of Charity and other Christian organizations in Lima, Chimbote, and Puno.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web |date=December 2016 |title=India – Peru Relations |url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Peru_December_2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000849/https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Peru_December_2016.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref>

Organizations such as Hare Krishna, Sai Baba and Brahma Kumaris are also present in Peru.<ref name="embassyperuindia"/>

==Peruvians in India==
As of 2013, an estimated 200 Peruvians reside in India, most of whom are women. The community is primarily employed as professors, engineers, and students. They can be found in the Delhi NCR, Haryana, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Rajasthan.<ref name="embassyperuindia"/>

==See also==
*[[List of ambassadors of Peru to India]]
*[[List of ambassadors of India to Peru]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Peru}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|Peru|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Peru relations}}
[[Category:India–Peru relations| ]]

M. R. Rajagopal

2026-03-28T23:35:24Z

LesliGirard6: new a article

{{short description|Indian palliative care physician (born 1947)}}
{{like resume|date=July 2018}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox medical person
|name = M. R. Rajagopal
|image = Dr. M. R Rajagopal.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1947|09|23}}
| birth_place = [[Trivandrum]], Kerala, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
|profession = Physician
|field = [[Palliative Medicine]]
|known_for = Pioneer in palliative medicine in India
|years_active = 1994–present
|education =
|alma_mater =
|work_institutions = {{Plainlist|
*Medical College, Trivandrum
*Medical College, Calicut
*Pain and Palliative Care Society, Calicut
*Trivandrum Institute of Palliative Sciences
}}
|prizes=[[Padma Shri]] (2018)
}}

'''M. R. Rajagopal''' (born 23 September 1947) is an Indian [[palliative care]] physician (anesthesiologist) and professor referred to as the 'father of palliative care in India'<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/11/health/11pain.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
| title = In India, a Quest to Ease the Pain of the Dying| work = The New York Times| date = 11 September 2007| access-date = 20 June 2014
| last1 = McNeil| first1 = Donald G. Jr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.abc.net.au/radio/perth/programs/drive/dr-raj/9078188
| title = The father of palliative care: Dr Raj | date = 23 October 2017 | publisher = ABC Radio Perth | access-date = 2 November 2017
}}</ref> in honour of his significant contribution to the palliative care scene in India.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.saritorial.com/2012/02/meet-this-icon-on-dying-happy-on-dying-well/
|title = On Dying Happy, On Dying Well
|publisher = Saritorial.com
|access-date = 20 June 2014
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140812040321/http://www.saritorial.com/2012/02/meet-this-icon-on-dying-happy-on-dying-well/
|archive-date = 12 August 2014
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ipcrc.net/news/m-r-rajagopal-india-leader/
|title = M. R. Rajagopal, MD
|publisher = International Palliative Care Resource Centre
|access-date = 20 June 2014
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 19 December 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131219071403/http://www.ipcrc.net/news/m-r-rajagopal-india-leader/
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://globalhealthimmersionprograms.org/rotations/visit-father-palliative-care-india/
|title = A Visit with The Father of Palliative Care in India
|publisher = Global Health Immersion Programs
|access-date = 20 June 2014
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 1 July 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140701111906/http://globalhealthimmersionprograms.org/rotations/visit-father-palliative-care-india/
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-24/news/47635745_1_morphine-ngo-cankids-cancer-patients
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140308021001/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-24/news/47635745_1_morphine-ngo-cankids-cancer-patients
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 8 March 2014
| title = MR Rajagopal: The man who spearheaded efforts to improve access to morphine | work = The Economic Times| access-date = 20 June 2014
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://hospicecare.com/bio/mr-rajagopal/
|title = M. R. Rajagopal
|publisher = International Association for Hospice & Palliative Care (IAHPC)
|access-date = 20 June 2014
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 3 July 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140703221335/http://hospicecare.com/bio/mr-rajagopal/
}}</ref>

Rajagopal is the Founder Chairman of Pallium India, a palliative care non-governmental organisation formed in 2003 and based in Kerala, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caring for the Terminally Ill and Those in Pain, This Man Has Helped Thousands |url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/55058/palliative-care-pallium-india/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235049/http://www.thebetterindia.com/55058/palliative-care-pallium-india/ |archive-date=13 April 2017 |access-date=13 April 2017 |publisher=The Better India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The extraordinary doctor who makes a difference |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/from-the-archives-the-extraordinary-doctor-who-makes-a-difference/20150814.htm |access-date=13 April 2017 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

Rajagopal was the prime mover in the creation of the National Program for Palliative Care (NPPC) by the Ministry of Health of Government of India.

His advocacy has contributed to amendment of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act of India in 2014 and in its implementation—a critical step in reducing needless suffering and allowing millions to access pain relief.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Push for Balanced Drug Policy Is Transforming Pain Relief in India |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/push-balanced-drug-policy-transforming-pain-relief-india |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404220522/https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/push-balanced-drug-policy-transforming-pain-relief-india |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016 |publisher=Open Society Foundations}}</ref>

A documentary film based on Rajagopal's life, titled 'Hippocratic: 18 Experiments in Gently Shaking the World'<ref>{{cite web |title=Hippocratic |url=http://hippocraticfilm.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016035403/http://hippocraticfilm.com/ |archive-date=16 October 2017 |access-date=14 October 2017 |publisher=Hippocratic Film}}</ref> was released by Moonshine Agency, Australia, on World Palliative Care Day, 14 October 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Man on a mission to reduce unnecessary suffering |url=http://palliativecare.org.au/palliative-matters/man-on-a-mission-to-reduce-unnecessary-suffering/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028150505/http://palliativecare.org.au/palliative-matters/man-on-a-mission-to-reduce-unnecessary-suffering/ |archive-date=28 October 2017 |access-date=28 October 2017 |publisher=Palliative Care Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Film review: Hippocratic – 18 Experiments in Gently Shaking the World |url=http://www.ehospice.com/ArticleView/tabid/10686/ArticleId/22768/language/en-GB/View.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601143440/http://www.ehospice.com/ArticleView/tabid/10686/ArticleId/22768/language/en-GB/View.aspx |archive-date=1 June 2018 |access-date=28 October 2017 |publisher=eHospice International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India's father of palliative care gently shakes Australia with his insights and wisdom |url=http://palliativecare.org.au/palliative-matters/indias-father-of-palliative-care/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028151052/http://palliativecare.org.au/palliative-matters/indias-father-of-palliative-care/ |archive-date=28 October 2017 |access-date=28 October 2017 |publisher=Palliative Care Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Hippocratic Oath |url=http://www.ehospice.com/kenya/Home/tabid/1514/tabid/10674/ArticleId/22803/language/en-GB/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323054207/http://www.ehospice.com/kenya/Home/tabid/1514/tabid/10674/ArticleId/22803/language/en-GB/Default.aspx |archive-date=23 March 2018 |access-date=28 October 2017 |publisher=ehospice Kenya}}</ref>

In 2018, the Indian Government honoured Rajagopal with the [[Padma Shri]] award, "one of the highest civilian awards"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.padmaawards.gov.in}}</ref> instituted in India for distinguished service.<ref name=":1">{{cite web
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-announces-recipients-of-2018-padma-awards/articleshow/62653257.cms
| title = Government announces recipients of 2018 Padma awards | work = The Times of India| access-date = 25 January 2018
}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/padma-awards-for-unsung-heroes/article10051669.ece
| title = Padma awards for 'unsung heroes' | date = 25 January 2018 | publisher = The Hindu Business Line | access-date = 30 January 2018
}}</ref> He was nominated in 2018 and 2023 for the Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://hpca.co.za/hpca-newsroom/indian-palliative-care-doctor-nominated-for-nobel-peace-prize/ | title = Indian Palliative Care Doctor Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize | publisher = Hospice Palliative Care Association of South Africa | access-date = 26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/india-s-father-of-palliative-care-in-b-c-film-screening-1.4612815 | title = India's 'father of palliative care' brings message of community compassion to B.C. | publisher = CBC | access-date = 26 July 2023}}</ref>

He published his memoir 'Walk with the Weary'<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Death without suffering |date=15 March 2022 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/books/2022/mar/15/death-without-suffering-39610.html}}</ref> in 2022, where he shares lessons he learned while walking along the road of life limiting illness with people who changed his outlook on what matters the most when living with a critical illness, and also at the end of life.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |title=Tharoor: Memoir by Pallium India Founder Released | Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/memoir-by-pallium-india-founder-released/articleshow/89759460.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=M. R. Rajagopal |url=https://www.amazon.in/M.-R.-Rajagopal/e/B09RZJSJPY?ref=dbs_a_mng_rwt_scns_share |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.amazon.in |language=en-in}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.in/M.-R.-Rajagopal/e/B09RZJSJPY%3Fref=dbs_a_mng_rwt_scns_share | title=M. R. Rajagopal }}</ref>

Rajagopal has co-authored many Lancet Commission reports and was one of the authors of the report on 'Value of Death' published in 2022.[https://www.thelancet.com/commissions/value-of-death]

== Positions held==
Rajagopal holds the following positions:
* Chairman of [[Pallium India]]<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kerala-a-role-model-in-palliative-care-desiraju/article4914575.ece
| title = Kerala, a role model in palliative care | work = The Hindu| date = 14 July 2013 | access-date = 20 March 2016
}}</ref>
* Director, W.H.O Collaborating Centre for Policy and Training on Access to Pain Relief (Trivandrum Institute of Palliative Sciences)<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article339480.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140623140411/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article339480.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 23 June 2014
| title = TIPS declared as a WHO Collaborating Centre | publisher = The New Indian Express | access-date = 20 June 2014
}}</ref>
* Member, Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Foundation Board<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ekrfoundation.org/board-of-directors/
| title = Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Foundation Board | publisher = Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Foundation | access-date = 20 June 2014
}}</ref>

Rajagopal is on the editorial board of several international journals and has authored/edited two textbooks, several book chapters (including Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine) and more than 30 publications in scientific journals.

Current involvement with scientific journals:
* Member, Editorial Board, [[Indian Journal of Palliative Care]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.jpalliativecare.com/aboutus.asp
| title = Indian Journal of Palliative Care Editorial Board
| publisher = Indian Journal of Palliative Care
| access-date = 20 March 2016
| archive-date = 25 January 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210125204552/https://www.jpalliativecare.com/aboutus.asp
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-pain-and-symptom-management/editorial-board/
| title = Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Editorial Board | publisher = Journal of Pain and Symptom Management | access-date = 20 March 2016
}}</ref>
* Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy.
* Member, Editorial Board, Palliative Care: Research and Treatment.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.la-press.com/journal.php?pa=editorial_board&journal_id=86
| title = Palliative Care: Research and Treatment | publisher = LA Press | access-date = 20 March 2016
}}</ref>
* Member, Editorial Board, Pain: Clinical Updates; International Association for Study of Pain.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.iasp-pain.org/Pain:ClinicalUpdates?navItemNumber=571
| title = PAIN: Clinical Updates | publisher = International Association for the Study of Pain | access-date = 20 March 2016
}}</ref>

== Achievements==
Rajagopal is one of the founders of Pain and Palliative Care Society (PPCS) in Medical College, Calicut, Kerala in 1993.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/11/22/Doctor-Who-Takes-Pain-Out-of-Terminal-Ailments/article2534586.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141125062840/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/11/22/Doctor-Who-Takes-Pain-Out-of-Terminal-Ailments/article2534586.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 25 November 2014
| title = Doctor Who Takes Pain Out of Terminal Ailments | publisher = The New Indian Express | access-date = 20 March 2016
}}</ref> In 1995, PPCS was recognized as a model demonstration project by the World Health Organization for community based palliative care activities. It set up an Institute of Palliative Medicine (IPM), with numerous link centres.

Since 1996, Rajagopal has been working with the WHO Collaborating Center at Madison-Wisconsin and with Government of India to improve opioid availability in India.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

In 2003, he with colleagues created [[Pallium India]], a registered charitable trust with the intention of spreading palliative care to areas in India where they did not exist, and for palliative care advocacy. By 2016, the organization reached 15 of India's 29 states. In 2006, Pallium India created the Trivandrum Institute of Palliative Sciences (TIPS) as its training, research and clinical demonstration unit. In 2012, TIPS was declared a WHO Collaborating Centre.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

He was elected as Lifetime International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care (IAHPC) Board Advisor in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M.R. Rajagopal - International Association for Hospice & Palliative Care |url=https://hospicecare.com/bio/mr-rajagopal/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=hospicecare.com |language=en}}</ref>

Rajagopal is one of the five lead authors of the Lancet Commission report published in October 2017,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.thelancet.com/commissions/palliative-care
| title = Alleviating the access abyss in palliative care and pain relief—an imperative of universal health coverage: the Lancet Commission report | publisher = The Lancet | access-date = 28 October 2017
}}</ref> which pointed out that more than 61 million people live in pain and suffering worldwide every year without access to palliative care. The report describes a possible global strategy for correction in this huge inequity in care and suggests and a low-cost essential package which could remedy the situation.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/study-rues-inequity-in-access-to-pain-relief/article19853457.ece
| title = Study rues inequity in access to pain relief | work = The Hindu| date = 13 October 2017 | access-date = 28 October 2017
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/131017/world-palliative-care-day-palliative-care-inadequate.html
| title = World Palliative Care Day: 'Palliative care inadequate' | work = Deccan Chronicle| date = 13 October 2017 | access-date = 28 October 2017
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/study-puts-a-count-to-suffering-people-in-need-of-palliative-care-4887752/
| title = Study puts a count to suffering people in need of palliative care | work = The Indian Express| date = 13 October 2017 | access-date = 28 October 2017
}}</ref>

Rajagopal's contribution has been significant in bringing the Parliament of India to amend the draconian Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act of 1985. The Amendment was passed in 2014 Feb.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/a-fight-for-life-and-death-with-dignity/
| title = A fight for life and death with dignity | work = The Indian Express| date = 30 October 2009 | access-date = 20 June 2014
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/passing-of-ndps-act-amendment-bill-will-make-morphine-more-accessible/article5718188.ece
| title = Passing of NDPS Act Amendment Bill will make morphine more accessible | work = The Hindu| date = 22 February 2014 | access-date = 20 June 2014
| last1 = Maya | first1 = C. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://scroll.in/article/one-achievement-of-indias-least-productive-parliament-amending-narcotics-act-to-help-cancer-patients?id=657603
| title = Why cancer patients are cheering a recent change in the narcotics law | date = 4 March 2014 | publisher = ScrollIn News | access-date = 20 June 2014
}}</ref>

In 2014, Rajagopal was honored by [[Human Rights Watch]] with Alison Des Forges Award for Extraordinary Activism,<ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2014 |title=Rights Activists Honored |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/16/rights-activists-honored |access-date=26 September 2014 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> in recognition of his efforts to defend the right of patients to live and [[die with dignity]].

In 2017, Rajagopal was named one of the 30 most influential leaders in hospice and palliative medicine by American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine (AAHPM).<ref>{{cite web |title=Visionaries in Hospice and Palliative Medicine |url=http://aahpm.org/awards/visionaries-in-hpm |access-date=6 December 2017 |publisher=American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The Government of India, in 2018, honoured Rajagopal with the [[Padma Shri]] award, "one of the highest civilian awards"<ref name=":0" /> for distinguished service in healthcare.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Rajagopal published his memoir 'Walk with the Weary'<ref name=":3" /> in 2022, sharing his journey as a palliative care advocate and practitioner.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

Rajagopal co-authored many Lancet Commission reports including the 'Value of Death' report published in 2022.[https://www.thelancet.com/commissions/value-of-death]

== Awards and honours==
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'', 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>
* Government of India's [[Padma Shri]] award in 2018<ref name=":1"/>
* Visionary in Hospice and Palliative Medicine by American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/us-honour-for-pallium-india-founder/article23275556.ece
| title = US honour for Pallium India founder | work = The Hindu| date = 16 March 2018 | access-date = 17 March 2018
}}</ref>
* Healers of India award instituted by Appollo Hospitals and Network18.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/briefly/article17748003.ece
| title = Honoured | work = The Hindu| date = 30 March 2017 | access-date = 13 April 2017
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.apollohospitals.com/apollo-in-the-news/apollo-hospitals-in-partnership-with-network18-celebrate-the-healers-of-india-at-a-gala-event-in-new-delhi
| title = Apollo Hospitals in partnership with Network18 celebrate the 'Healers of India' at a gala event in New Delhi | publisher = Appollo Hospitals | access-date = 13 April 2017
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.countryandpolitics.in/2017/03/31/network18-and-apollo-hospitals-felicitate-the-champions-of-rural-healthcare-with-healers-of-india-awards/
| title = Network18 and Apollo Hospitals Felicitate the Champions of Rural Healthcare with 'Healers of India' Awards
| publisher = Country and Politics
| access-date = 13 April 2017
| archive-date = 29 August 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170829233424/http://www.countryandpolitics.in/2017/03/31/network18-and-apollo-hospitals-felicitate-the-champions-of-rural-healthcare-with-healers-of-india-awards/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* Navjeevan Inspiration of the Year award<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://palliumindia.org/2017/03/dr-m-r-rajagopal-receives-navjeevan-inspiration-of-the-year-award/
| title = Dr M.R.Rajagopal receives Navjeevan Inspiration of the Year award | date = 24 March 2017 | publisher = Pallium India | access-date = 13 April 2017
}}</ref>
* T.N.G Award conferred in memory of T. N. Gopakumar, the late Editor in Chief of [[Asianet News]], in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.asianetnews.tv/news/first-tng-award-goes-to-m-r-rajagopal
| title = TNG Award | publisher = Asianet News TV | access-date = 25 January 2017
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/dr-mr-rajagopal-wins-tng-award/articleshow/56789557.cms
| title = Dr MR Rajagopal wins TNG award | work = The Times of India| date = 26 January 2017 | access-date = 30 January 2017
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tng-award-for-palliative-care-physician-dr-m-r-rajagopal-117012500508_1.html
| title = TNG award for palliative care physician Dr M R Rajagopal | work = Business Standard| date = 25 January 2017 | access-date = 30 January 2017
| agency = Press Trust of India }}</ref>
* Cancer Aid Society Annual Award for Excellence and Leadership in Palliative Care for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Countries<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ehospice.com/Default/tabid/10686/ArticleId/18508
| title = Pallium India receives award for excellence and leadership in palliative care
| publisher = ehospice
| access-date = 25 August 2016
| archive-date = 4 November 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161104052831/http://www.ehospice.com/Default/tabid/10686/ArticleId/18508
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* Kairali People Doctors Award, 2015.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/People-Doctors-Awards-Declared/2015/05/15/article2814736.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150607075932/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/People-Doctors-Awards-Declared/2015/05/15/article2814736.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 7 June 2015
| title = People Doctors Awards Declared | publisher = The New Indian Express | access-date = 23 September 2015
}}</ref>
* Alison Des Forges Award for Extraordinary Activism by Human Rights Watch in 2014.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/16/rights-activists-honored
| title = Alison Des Forges Award | date = 16 September 2014 | publisher = Human Rights Watch | access-date = 26 September 2014
}}</ref>
* Dr Palpu Memorial award, Dr Palpu Foundation, November 2012<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/maiden-dr-palpu-award-for-palliative-care-physician/article3953522.ece
| title = Dr Palpu Award | work = The Hindu| date = 30 September 2012 | access-date = 20 June 2014
}}</ref>
* Award for Excellence in Pain Management in Developing Countries: International Association for Study of Pain, Montreal, Canada. October 2009<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/20/stories/2010092050380200.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140608145339/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/20/stories/2010092050380200.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 June 2014 | work = [[The Hindu]] | title = IASP's award for Excellence in Pain Research and Management | date = 2010-09-20 | access-date = 20 June 2014
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.iasp-pain.org/Advocacy/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2046&navItemNumber=890 | title = IASP award for Excellence in Pain Management and Research in Developing Countries | publisher = IASP | access-date = 20 June 2014 | archive-date = 15 May 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210515123319/https://www.iasp-pain.org/Advocacy/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2046&navItemNumber=890 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* Marie Nyswander award, International Association for Pain and Chemical Dependency, New York, 31 October 2008<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/20/idUS148909+20-Oct-2008+PRN20081020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140608110055/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/20/idUS148909+20-Oct-2008+PRN20081020 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 June 2014 | title = Marie Nyswander award | publisher = Reuters | access-date = 20 June 2014
}}</ref>
* "Care and Share" annual award for Social work. "Care and Share", USA, February 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.careandshare.com/awards.html | title = Care and Share Humanitarian Award | publisher = Care and Share | access-date = 20 June 2014 | archive-date = 16 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200216215953/http://careandshare.com/awards.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* [http://palliumindia.org Pallium India website]
* [https://www.storizen.com/book-reviews/walk-with-the-weary-by-m-r-rajagopal/ Book Review of Walk With The Weary by Dr. M.R. Rajagopal on Storizen]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajagopal, M. R.}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian palliative care doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]

Gautamiputra Satakarni

2026-03-27T16:05:20Z

LesliGirard6:

{{Short description|Satavahana ruler from c. 86 CE to 110}}
{{Distinguish|Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Khatiya-dapa-mana-madana [[King of Kings|Rajaraja]]{{cn|date=November 2023}} [[Maharaja]]
| image = Coinage of Gautamiputra Satakarni with Brahmi legend.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Coinage of Gautamiputra Satakarni with [[Brahmi script]] legend "King Lord Satakarni, son of Gotami", starting at 12 o'clock. The decorative designs are the "[[Arched-hill symbol|Three-arched hill]]" and the "[[Ujain]] symbol".<ref name="AIC">"Gautamiputra Satakarni counter-struck the silver coins of Mahaksatrapa Nahapana with three-arched or six-arched on the obverse and Ujjain symbol on the reverse." {{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Rekha |title=Ancient Indian coinage: a systematic study of money economy from janapada period to early medieval period (600 BC to AD 1200) |date=1995 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=9788124600511 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PiEXAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> These coins were overstruck on silver coins of [[Nahapana]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=E. J. (Edward James) |title=Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka dynasty, and the "Bodhi" dynasty |date=1908 |publisher=London : Printed by order of the Trustees |page=Plate IX |url=https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcoins00brit/page/n497}}</ref><ref name="AIC"/>
| succession = [[Satavahana king]]
| reign = {{circa|86|110}}
| predecessor = [[Sivasvati]]
| successor = [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi]]
| issue = [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi]], [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]]
| dynasty = [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]]
| mother = Gautami Balashri
| spouse = Vasisthi
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance =
| branch =
| rank =
| battles = *[[Saka-Satavahana Wars]]}}
}}
{{Satavahana}}
'''Gautamiputra Satakarni''' ([[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]: 𑀕𑁄𑀢𑀫𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀓𑀡𑀺, ''Gotamiputa Sātakaṇi'', [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Gautamīputra Śātakarṇi}}) was a ruler of the [[Satavahana|Satavahana Empire]] in present-day [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region of India. He was mentioned as the important and greatest ruler of Satavahana Dynasty. He ruled in the 1st or 2nd century CE, although his exact period is uncertain. His reign is dated variously: 86-110 CE,{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|pp=166-168}} c. 103-127 CE,{{sfn|Charles Higham|2009|p=299}} 106-130 CE,<ref name="RKS_2013">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXwcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |title=Ajanta Paintings: 86 Panels of Jatakas and Other Themes |author=Rajesh Kumar Singh |publisher=Hari Sena |year=2013 |isbn=9788192510750 |pages=15–16 }}</ref> or more recently and specifically ca. 60-85 CE.<ref>Bhandare, Shailendra (1999). Historical Analysis, pp.168-178; Shimada, Akira, (2012). Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stupa at Amaravati (ca 300 BCE - 300 CE), Brill, p. 51</ref><ref>Ollett, Andrew, (2017). Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of premodern India, University of California Press, Okland, (Table 2, Appendix A), p. 189.</ref>

The information available about Gautamiputra Satakarni comes from his coins, the Satavahana inscriptions, and the royal genealogies in the various [[Purana]]s. The best known of these is the [[Nashik]] ''[[prashasti]]'' ([[eulogy]]) inscription of his mother Gautami Balashri, which credits him with extensive military conquests. Historical evidence suggests that Gautamiputra revived the Satavahana power after a decline caused by [[Saka]] invasions.{{Sfn|Rao|1994|p=13}}

[[File:Gautamiputra_Satakarni.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Sātavāhana Emperor Gautamīputra Śātakarṇi celebrating his victory over Nahapāna, the Western Kṣhatrapa ruler.
circa. 1st century CE]]

== Ancestry ==

Except the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', all the [[Purana]]s that contain the genealogy of Satavahana kings mention Gautamiputra. According to ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]]'', ''[[Matsya Purana|Matsya]]'' and ''[[Vishnu Purana|Vishnu]]'' Puranas, his predecessor was Shivasvati ([[IAST]]: Śivasvāti). However, Shivasvati remains historically unattested: no coins or inscriptions issued by him have been discovered.<ref>{{cite book |author=Inguva Karthikeya Sarma |title=Coinage of the Satavahana Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilBmAAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Agam |page=132 }}</ref> The ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' names the predecessor of Gautamiputra as Shivasvami (IAST: Śivasvāmi). The ''Brahmanada Purana'' does not mention the name "Gautamiputra" at all; instead it names a king called "Yantramati", who ruled for 34 years, and was preceded by Svātisena.<ref>{{cite book |author=Robert Sewell |title=Lists of Inscriptions, and Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S8wOAAAAQAAJ |year=1884 |publisher=E. Keys |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S8wOAAAAQAAJ/page/n157 145] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Johann Samuel Ersch |author2=Johann Gottfried Gruber |author3=Johann Georg Heinrich Hassel |title=Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste in alphabetischer Folge: Zweite Section: H-N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9JTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA87 |year=1840 |publisher=Gleditsch |language=German |pages=87–88 }}</ref>

The mother of Gautamiputra Satakarni was Gautami Balashri (IAST: Gautami Bālaśri), as attested by ''Nasik prashasti'', an inscription found at [[Pandavleni Caves#Cave No.3, "Gautamiputra vihara" (circa 150 CE)|Cave No.3]] of the [[Pandavleni Caves]] in [[Nashik district|Nashik]]. The inscription is dated to the 19th regnal year of his son [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi]] (or Pulumayi).{{sfn|R. G. Bhandarkar|1876|p=310}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=383}} It records the grant of a village to the Buddhist monks of the Bhadrayaniya sect.{{sfn|R. G. Bhandarkar|1876|p=312}}

"Gautamiputra" literally means "son of Gautami", while Satakarni is a title common to several Satavahana kings. Such matronymics also appear in the names of other Satavahana kings, including Vasishthiputra Pulumavi ("Pulumavi, son of Vasishthi"). These do not indicate a [[matriarchy]] or a [[matrilineal descent]] system.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=383}} The real explanation for matronymics seems to be that since the rulers married a number of wives from different royal families, a prince was best identified with reference to his mother.<ref>{{cite book |author=Indian History Congress |title=Proceedings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ApDAAAAYAAJ |year=1976 |page=65 }}</ref>

== Military conquests ==
{{Main|Saka-Satavahana Wars}}

Historical evidence suggests that the [[Western Kshatrapa]]s (known to the Satavahanas as [[Shakas]]) expanded their empire at the expense of Satavahanas in the years preceding the reign of Gautamiputra Satakarni. Based on the Nashik inscription of his mother, it appears that Gautamiputra revived the Satavahana power. The inscription states that he defeated the [[Shakas]] ([[Western Kshatrapas]]), the [[Pahlavas]] ([[Indo-Parthian Kingdom|Indo-Parthians]]), and the [[Yavana]]s ([[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greeks]]).{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=383}} It also states that he emerged victorious in several fights against a confederacy of enemies.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=77}}

=== Imperial extent according to ''Nashik prashasti'' ===
The ''[[Nashik]] [[prashasti]]'' inscription of Gautamiputra's mother, located in the [[Nasik Caves]], calls him the "king of kings", and states that his orders were obeyed by the [[Rajamandala|circle]] of all kings.{{sfn|Shrimali|1992|p=151}}{{sfn|R. G. Bhandarkar|1876|p=311}} It indicates that his rule extended from [[Malwa]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in the north to [[Krishna River]] in the south; and from [[Konkan]] in the west to [[Vidarbha]] (Berar) in the east.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=383}} It states that he ruled the following regions:{{sfn|R. G. Bhandarkar|1876|p=311}}{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=78}}

[[File:Satvahana.svg|thumb|400px|right|Approximate extent of the Satavahana empire under Gautamiputra Satkarni, as suggested by the Nashik ''prashasti'' inscription. ([[John Keay]], 2008)]]

* Asika (area in [[Godavari River|Godavari]] valley)
* Aśmaka ([[Ashmaka]] in Godavari valley)
* Muḍhaka or Mulaka (area around [[Paithan]])
* Surāṣṭra (Saurashtra)
* Kukura
* [[Aparanta]] (north [[Konkan]])
* [[Anupa]] (area around [[Mahishmati]] in [[Narmada River|Narmada]] valley)
* [[Vidarbha]] (Berar)
* Akara-[[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] (eastern and western [[Malwa]])

The identity of "Kukura" is uncertain. R G Bhandarkar identified it with a part of [[Rajputana]], while [[Alexander Cunningham]] identified it with [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]].{{sfn|R. G. Bhandarkar|1876|p=312-313}} Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya identified it with an area in [[Madhya Pradesh]], possibly near the western part of the [[Vindhyas]].{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=78}}

The inscription also calls Gautamiputra the lord of following mountains:{{sfn|R. G. Bhandarkar|1876|p=311}}{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|pp=78-79}}

* [[Vindhya range|Vindhyāvat]] (part of Vindhyas)
* [[Pariyatra Mountains|Pāriyātra]] (part of Vindhyas)
* [[Sahyadri|Sahya]] (Western Ghats)
* Krishnagiri (Kanhagiri)
* [[Malaya Mountains|Malaya]] (southern portion of Western Ghats)
* Mahendra
* Sreshtha-giri or Setagiri
* Chakora

Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya identifies Mahendra, Sreshtha-giri and Chakora with portions of [[Eastern Ghats]]. He, therefore, believes that Gautamiputra's empire included the [[Telangana]] and [[Coastal Andhra]] regions. M. Rama Rao also supports this theory on the basis of coins discovered in the eastern Deccan region. Although coins can travel via trade, Chattopadhyaya believes that the Nashik inscription corroborates this theory.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=80}} However, there are no other records of Satavahana presence in the eastern Deccan region before the period of his son Vashishtiputra Pulumavi.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=79}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 90%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = collapsed align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''The "Nashik prashasti", inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri''' [[Pandavleni Caves#Cave No.3, "Gautamiputra vihara" (circa 150 CE)|Nasik Cave No.3]], inscription No.2 (reign of [[Sri Pulumavi]])
|-
|{{quote|[[File:Nasik cave 3 inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri.jpg|thumb|300px|Full inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri (rubbing).<ref name="EI60"/>]]
[[File:Saka-Yavana-Pahlava inscription in the Nasik cave 3 inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri.jpg|thumb|The defeated "[[Western Satraps|Saka]]-[[Indo-Greeks|Yavana]]-[[Indo-Parthians|Palhava]]" ([[Brahmi script]]: 𑀲𑀓 𑀬𑀯𑀦 𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀯) mentioned in the Nasik cave 3 inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri (end of line 5 of the inscription).<ref name="EI60">{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=E. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.8 |date=1906 |page=60 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56654#page/n75/mode/2up}}</ref>]]
"Success! In the nineteenth -19th- year of king Siri-[[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi|Pulumayi Vasithiputra]], in the second -2nd- fortnight of summer, on the thirteenth -13th- day, the great queen Gotami Balasiri, delighting in truth, charity, patience and respect for life; bent on penance, self-control, restraint and abstinence; fully working out the type of a royal Rishi's wife; the mother of the king of kings, Siri-Satakani Gotamiputa,
:*who was in strength equal to mount Himavat, mount [[Mount Meru|Meru]], mount Mandara; king of Asika, Asaka, Mulaka, Suratha, Kukura, [[Aparanta]], Anupa, Vidabha, Akaravanti; lord of the mountains Vindhya, Chhavata, Parichata, Sahya, Kanhagiri, Macha, Siritana, Malaya, Mahendra, Setagiri, Chakora; obeyed by the circle of all kings on earth;
:*whose face was beautiful and pure like the lotus opened by the rays of the sun; whose chargers had drunk the water of three oceans; whose face was lovely and radiant like the orb of the full moon; whose gait was beautiful like the gait of a choice elephant; whose arms were as muscular and rounded, broad and long as the folds of the lord of serpents; whose fearless hand was wet by the water poured out to impart fearlessness; of unchecked obedience towards his mother; who properly devised time and place for the pursuit of the triple object (of human activity); who sympathised fully with the weal and woe of the citizens;
:*who crushed down the pride and conceit of the [[Kshatriyas]]; who destroyed the [[Sakas]], [[Yavanas]] and [[Palhavas]]; who never levied nor employed taxes but in conformity to justice; alien to hurting life even towards an offending enemy; the furtherer of the homesteads of the low as well as of the twice-born; who rooted out the [[Western Satraps|Khakharata]] race; who restored the glory of the Satavahana family; whose feet were saluted by all provinces; who stopped the contamination of the four varnas; who conquered multitudes of enemies in many battles; whose victorious banner was unvanquished; whose capital was unassailable to his foes;
:*who had inherited from a long line of ancestors the privilege of kingly music; the abode of traditional lore; the refuge of the virtuous; the asylum of Fortune; the fountain of good manners; the unique controller; the unique archer; the unique hero; the unique Brahmana; in prowess equal to [[Rama]], [[Krishna|Keshava]], [[Arjuna]] and [[Bhima|Bhimasena]]; liberal on festive days in unceasing festivities and assemblies; not inferior in lustre to Nabhaga, [[Nahusha]], [[Janamejaya]], [[Sagara (Hinduism)|Sagara]], [[Yayati]], Rama and [[Ambarisha]]; who, vanquishing his enemies in a way as constant as inexhaustible, unthinkable and marvelous; in battles fought by the Wind, [[Garuda]], the Siddbas, the [[Yakshas]], the Rakshasas, the Vidyadharas, the Bhutas, the Gandharvas, the [[Charan|Charanas]], the Moon, the Son, the Asterisms and the Planets, (appeared to be himself) plunging into the sky from the shoulder of his choice elephant; (and) who (thus) raised his family to high fortune,
caused, as a pious gift, on the top of the Tiranhu mountain similar to the top of the [[Kailasa]], (this) cave to be made quite equal to the divine mansions (there). And that cave the great queen, mother of a [[Maharaja]] and grandmother of a Maharaja, gives to the Sangha of monks in the person of the fraternity of the Bhadavaniyas; and for the sake of the embellishment of that cave, with a view to honour and please the great queen his grandmother, her grandson lord of [Dakshina]patha, making over the merit of the gift to his father, grants to this meritorious donation (vis. the cave) the village Pisajipadaka on the south-west side of mount Tiranhu. 
Renunciation to the enjoyments of every kind."
|[[Nasik Caves]] inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri, [[Nasik Caves|Cave No.3]]<ref>Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.61-62]</ref>|title=|source=}}
|}

An inscription at [[Karla Caves|Karle]] records the grant of Karajika village (identified with a village in [[Pune district]]) by Gautamiputra, confirming that the Pune region was under his control.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=383}}

The ''Nashik prashasti'' inscription further states that the horses of Gautamiputra drank waters of the "three oceans"{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=383}} (the [[Arabian Sea]], the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Indian Ocean]]).{{sfn|Alain Daniélou|2003|p=136}} This implies that Gautamiputra subdued the [[Cholas]] and the [[Pandyas]] in southern India. However, there is no historical evidence of this. One view is that this is just a conventional literary device: Gautamiputra's empire was not as extensive as the inscription claims.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=79}} Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya speculates that Gautamiputra might have raided some territories in the South.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=81}}

According to American academic [[Carla M. Sinopoli]], it is not clear if Gautamiputra actually had effective control over all the territories claimed as a part of his empire in the inscription. In any case, his military successes were short-lived.{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|p=170}}

=== Gautamiputra and Nahapana ===

Caves excavated by Gautamiputra Satakarni as well as the Western Kshatrapa king [[Nahapana]] are located at Nashik. The ''Nashik prashasti'' inscription states that Gautamiputra uprooted the [[Kshaharata]] (or Khagarata) family, to which Nahapana belonged. The Nashik inscription dated to the 18th year of Gautamiputra's reign states that he reaffirmed a grant of land to Buddhist monks living at the Triraśmi peak. This land was earlier in the possession of Nahapana's son-in-law [[Rishabhadatta]] (also known as Ushavadata), who had donated it to the monks.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=77}}

A hoard of Nahapana's coins, discovered at Jogalthambi in Nashik district, includes coins re-struck by Gautamiputra.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=383}} These coins feature an arched [[chaitya]] (Buddhist shrine) and the "[[Ujjain]] symbol" (a cross with four circles at the end).{{sfn|Mala Dutta|1990|pp=44-46}}

Most historians now agree that Gautamiputra and Nahapana were contemporaries, and that Gautamiputra defeated Nahapana.{{sfn|M. K. Dhavalikar|1996|p=135}}{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=77}} [[M. K. Dhavalikar]] dates this event to c. 124 CE, which according to him, was the 18th regnal year of Gautamiputra.{{sfn|M. K. Dhavalikar|1996|p=135}} R.C.C. Fynes dates the event to sometime after 71 CE,{{sfn|R.C.C. Fynes|1995|p=44}} in the same line, Shailendra Bhandare places the victory of Gautamiputra and the end of Nahapana's reign to the start of Saka era, 78 CE, in the year of Castana's accession,<ref>Bhandare, Shailendra, (1999). Historical Analysis, pp. 168-178; Shimada, Akira, (2012). Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stupa at Amaravati (ca 300 BCE - 300 CE), Brill, p.51.</ref> and considers Gautamiputra's whole reign to ca. 60-85 CE.<ref>Bhandare, Shailendra, (1999). Historical Analysis, pp. 168-178</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = collapsed align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Coinage of Gautamiputra Satakarni'''
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:GautamiputraRestruckOnANahapanaCoin.JPG | A coin of Nahapana, re-struck by Gautamiputra Satakarni
Elephant coin of Gautamiputra Satakarni.jpg | A coin from Nashik
File:Coin of Gautamiputra Satakarni (?) LACMA M.84.110.3 (1 of 2).jpg | A silver coin, perhaps of Gautamiputra Satakarni (side 1)
File:Coin of Gautamiputra Satakarni (?) LACMA M.84.110.3 (2 of 2).jpg | A silver coin, perhaps of Gautamiputra Satakarni (side 2)
</gallery>
|}

== Last years ==
[[File:010 Cave 3, Exterior (33156264563).jpg|thumb|right|[[Pandavleni Caves#Cave No.3, "Gautamiputra vihara" (circa 150 CE)|Cave No.3]] at the [[Pandavleni Caves]] in [[Nashik]] was probably started during the reign of Gautamiputra Satakarni, and was finished and dedicated to the Buddhist [[Samgha]] during the reign of his son [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi]].]]
According to the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' and the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', Gautamiputra ruled for 21 years.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=61}} However, an inscription dated to his 24th regnal year has been found at the Nashik cave. The inscription mentions his mother as ''jiva-suta'' ("having a living son"). [[D. C. Sircar]] interpreted this to mean that the king was ill, and the term ''jiva-suta'' was intended to assure the people that the king was alive, while his mother ran the administration.{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1975|p=192}} Shailendra Nath Sen also speculated that the king might have been assisted by his mother in administration because of his illness or military preoccupation.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=173}} [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi|V. V. Mirashi]] dismissed Sircar's theory as "ridiculous", arguing that ''jiva-suta'' is an expression used in several ancient sources and simply emphasizes the good fortune of a woman.{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1975|p=192}} Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya also criticizes Sircar's interpretation, pointing out that the first line in the inscription refers to the king's order. He adds that ''jiva-suta'' is simply an "affectionate expression of a mother", and should not be over-analyzed.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=85}}

[[D. R. Bhandarkar]] and [[R. G. Bhandarkar]] believed that Gautamiputra and his son [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi]] ruled jointly during the last years of his reign.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jeanne L. Trabold |title=A chronology of Indian sculpture: the Sātavāhana chronology at Nāsik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lcdKAQAAIAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Artibus Asiae |page=70 }}</ref> This theory is based on their interpretations of the various Satavahana inscriptions. In ''Nashik prashasti'', Gautami Balashri calls herself the mother of the great king as well as the grandmother of the great king, indicating that both were kings at that time. There are also indications that Gautamiputra was alive, when this inscription was issued in the 19th regnal year of his son. Despite this, the inscription describes the achievements of Gautamiputra Satakarni, but remains silent about the exploits of his son. Based on these arguments, Bhandarkar speculated that Gautamiputra ruled eastern Deccan, while Vasishthiputra ruled western Deccan.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=91}} This theory has been dismissed by several other scholars, including [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] and [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|H. C. Raychaudhuri]]. G.J. Dubreuil theorizes that the excavation of the cave (where this inscription was found) began during the reign of Gautamiputra. However, the work was finished only after his death, and the inscription was placed on his behalf by his mother, during the reign of his son.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=92}} Bhandarkar's theory is further weakened by the fact that there is clear historical evidence of Gautamiputra's rule over western Deccan. Moreover, no inscriptions issued jointly by the father-son duo are available.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=93}}

It is possible that by the end of his reign, Gautamiputra lost some of his territory to the [[Kardamaka]]s, a Western Kshatrapa dynasty that succeeded Nahapana's Kshaharata dynasty.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=383}} The [[Junagadh]] inscription of the Kardamaka ruler [[Rudradaman I]] states that he defeated Satakarni, the lord of [[Dakshinapatha]] (Deccan), twice. It also states that he spared the life of the defeated ruler because of close relations.{{sfn|Charles Higham|2009|p=299}}<ref name="EJR_1989_Andhra">{{cite book |author=E.J. Rapson |title=Catalogue of the Coins of the Andhra Dynasty, the Western Satraps, the Traikutaka Dynasty and the "Bodhi" Dynasty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGAHmIW04noC&pg=PA250 |year=1989 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0522-0 |page=250 }}</ref> "Satakarni" is a title common to several Satavahana kings. According to [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] and [[Dineshchandra Sircar]], the ruler defeated by Rudradaman was Gautamiputra Satakarni. However, [[E. J. Rapson]] believed that the defeated ruler was his son and successor Vasishthiputra Pulumavi.{{sfn|Mala Dutta|1990|pp=52}} Shailendra Nath Sen and [[Charles Higham (archaeologist)|Charles Higham]] believe that the defeated ruler was Vashishtiputra's successor [[Shivaskanda Satakarni|Shivaskanda]] or Shiva Sri Pulumayi (or Pulumavi).{{sfn|Charles Higham|2009|p=299}}{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}

== Administration ==
[[File:Gautami Putra Satkarni Statue in Amaravathi.jpg|250px|thumb|Gautami Putra Satkarni Statue in Amaravathi]]
The location of Gautamiputra's capital is uncertain.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=86}} In the Nashik inscription dated to his 18th regnal year, he is described as the "Lord of Benakataka".{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=78}} Carla M. Sinopoli identifies Benakataka as a place in the Nashik region.{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|p=177}} V. V. Mirashi identified it with [[Pauni]] [[Bhandara district]].<ref name="Shastri1998">{{cite book |author=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas: a historical framework |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0puAAAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Dattsons |isbn=978-81-7192-031-0 |page=91 }}</ref>

The inscriptions of Gautamiputra Satakarni indicate that his empire was divided into units known as ''āhāra''s. Each ''āharā'' was governed by an ''amātya'' or ''amaca''.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=86}} Three types of settlements are named in the inscriptions: ''nagara'' (city), ''nigama'' (town) and ''gama'' (village).{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|p=170}}

The ''Nashik prashasti'' inscription calls him ''ekabrahmana''. One interpretation of this word is "a peerless [[Brahmin]]"{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=383}} or "a staunch [[Brahmin]]",{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=86}} since the same inscription also states that he destroyed the haughtiness of other [[Kshatriya]]s.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=383}} However, this term has also been interpreted differently as "the only protector of the Brahmins"{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=173}} or "a proud champion of [[Brahmanism]]".<ref name="RaoIndia)1995">{{cite book |author1=B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao |title=Socio-cultural history of ancient and medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkNuAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Telugu University |page=200 |isbn=9788186073087 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the king also patronized Buddhist monks.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=86}} According to one of his Nashik inscriptions, the monks were exempted from taxes and granted immunity from any interference by the royal officers.{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|p=177}}

The ''Nashik prashasti'' also states that the king's joys and sorrows were the same as those of his citizens. It claims that he did not like to destroy life, even that of the enemies who offended him. The edict compares him to legendary heroes such as [[Rama]], [[Keshava]], [[Arjuna]], [[Bhima]]sena, [[Nabhaga]], [[Nahusha]], [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]], [[King Sagara|Sagara]], [[Yayati]] and [[Ambarisha]].{{sfn|R. G. Bhandarkar|1876|p=311}}

He exchanged land grant of Kakhadi with one hundred ''nivartanas'' of land in Govardhana to the ascetics.{{sfn|Shrimali|1992|p=152}}

== In popular culture ==

''[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|Gautamiputra Satakarni]]'', a [[Telugu language]] film directed by [[Krish (director)|Krish]] and featuring [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] in the titular role, was released on 12 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=gouthamiputra satakarni release Starring Nandamuri Balakrishna date|url=http://telugureporter.com/official-gauthami-putra-satakarni-release-date-confirmed}}</ref>

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Sivasvati]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Satavahana|Satavahana Ruler]] | years=2nd century CE }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi]]}}
{{s-end}}

=== Sources ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Alain Daniélou |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/136 136] |date=11 February 2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Carla M. Sinopoli |chapter=On the edge of empire: form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty |editor=Susan E. Alcock |editor-link=Susan E. Alcock |title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA177 |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-77020-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Charles Higham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA299 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |publisher=Infobase |year=2009 |isbn=9781438109961 }}
* {{cite journal |author=M. K. Dhavalikar |author-link=Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar |title=Sātavāhana Chronology: A Re-examination |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=77 |issue=1/4 |year=1996 |pages=133–140 |jstor=41702166 }}
* {{cite book |author=Mala Dutta |title=A Study of the Sātavāhana Coinage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Io8aAAAAYAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Harman |isbn=978-81-85151-39-7 }}
* {{cite journal |author=R.C.C. Fynes |title=The Religious Patronage of the Satavahana Dynasty |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=1995 |pages= 43–50 |doi=10.1080/02666030.1995.9628494 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |first=Shailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}
* {{citation |last=Shrimali |first=K M |title=Proceedings Of The Indian History Congress 52nd Session |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170000 |publisher=Amrit Printing Works |location=New Delhi |year=1992 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA77 |year=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2941-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. G. Bhandarkar |editor= Robert Kennaway Douglas |title=Transactions of the Second Session Held at London, in September, 1874 |chapter=The Nasik Cave Inscriptions |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IUpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA306 |year=1876 |publisher=Trübner }}
* {{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA383 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=V. V. Mirashi |title=Literary and Historical Studies in Indology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0JUwf2BXVAC&pg=PA192 |year=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0417-3 }}
*{{citation|title=History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times to the present Day |first=Raghunadha|last=Rao|publisher=Sterling publishers|year=1994|isbn=978-81-207-1719-0}}
{{ref end}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2nd-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Satavahana kings]]

Bansi Kaul

2026-03-27T10:27:37Z

LesliGirard6: stub...

{{Short description|Indian writer and theatre director (1949–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Bansi Kaul. Theatre Director. London.2000.jpg
|caption = Bansi kaul in 2000
| name = Bansi Kaul
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1949|08|23}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| height =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|2|06|1949|8|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Dwarka]], [[Delhi]], India
| years_active = 1974–2020
| othername =
| homepage =
| awards = {{Nowrap|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1995) [[Padma Shri]] (2014)}}
}}
'''Bansi Kaul''' (23 August 1949 – 6 February 2021) was an Indian theatre director and the founder of Rang Vidushak, a theatre group in Bhopal.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20210207032618/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/24/stories/2006012400750100.htm `Laughter is a celebration']}} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 24 January 2006]</ref> He was a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor, in 2014, and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1995. Some of his notable plays included ''Aala Afsar, Kahan Kabir,'' and ''Sidhi Dar Sidhi urf Tukke pe Tukka.'' He was a designer and associate show director for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony]] and also the art director for the 1986 and 1987 [[Khajuraho]] Festival.

==Early life==
Bansi Kaul was born on 23 August 1949 into a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Namdev|first=Samaksh|date=6 February 2021|title=Renowned theatre artist Bansi Kaul succumbs to cancer|url=https://www.cityspidey.com/news/12930/renowned-theatre-artist-bansi-kaul-succumbs-to-cancer|access-date=7 February 2021|website=www.cityspidey.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award – Bansi Kaul|url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=1027&at=2|access-date=7 February 2021|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in}}</ref> He was interested in art and painting from an early age. He was exposed to [[Amateur theatre|amateur theater]] groups in Kashmir. He moved to [[New Delhi]] to join the [[National School of Drama]] (NSD), but, did not qualify for the first time, before successfully retrying. He graduated from the institute with a specialization in [[stagecraft]] in 1973.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
[[File:Bansi Kaul, Amritsar, 1976.jpg|thumb|Bansi Kaul in 1976.]]
Kaul started his career as a director with [[National School of Drama]]'s NSD Repertory Company and was also a member of the faculty of the school's department of extension, before forming his own theatre group in 1984.<ref>[http://www.nsd.gov.in/Annual_Report_2005-06.pdf NSD Annual Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718213711/http://www.nsd.gov.in/Annual_Report_2005-06.pdf|date=18 July 2011}}</ref> In 1986, he founded ''Rang Vidushak'', a theater group based in [[Bhopal]], that incorporated folk idioms into its production and evolved a new idiom of clown-theatre. The group performed in India and abroad in several languages such as Hindi, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bergquist|first=Karin|date=12 January 2004|title=culturebase.net {{!}} The international artist database {{!}} Rang Vidushak|url=http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?1288|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040112153908/http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?1288|archive-date=12 January 2004|access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref>

Kaul directed and produced over 100 plays through his career, with some of his notable plays included ''Aala Afsar'' based on [[Nikolai Gogol]]'s satirical play [[The Government Inspector]], ''Kahan Kabir'' based on the collected works of poet-saint [[Kabir]]'','' and ''Sidhi Dar Sidhi urf Tukke pe Tukka'' an adaptation of Chinese folktale "Three promotions in succession"''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Bajeli|first=Diwan Singh|date=31 December 2015|title=The sweet notes of success|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-sweet-notes-of-success/article8050793.ece|access-date=7 February 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>'' Most of his plays were based on the [[Nautanki]] style of street theater.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tandon|first=Aditi|date=13 April 2004|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Chandigarh Stories|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040414/cth1.htm|access-date=7 February 2021|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> Other works included ''Mrichakatikam, Raja Agnivarna ka Pair, Agnileek, Veini Samhaar, Dashkumar Charitham, Sharvilk, Pancharathram, Andha Yug, Khel Guru Ka, Jo Ram Rachi Raakha, Aranyadhipathi Tantyamaama, Zindagi aur Zyonk, Vatan ka Raag, and Saudagar''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=6 February 2021|title=पद्मश्री से सम्मानित रंगकर्मी बंसी कौल का निधन, दिल्ली के द्वारका में ली अंतिम सांस|url=https://www.patrika.com/bhopal-news/padma-shri-artist-bansi-kaul-passes-away-6674445/|access-date=7 February 2021|website=Patrika News|language=hindi}}</ref> In a review of a retrospective of his works ''Rang-Bansi'' ({{Translation|Colors of Bansi}}), newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "As a designer, he (Kaul) treads two worlds – the designer of mega events with plenty of resources and the designer of the theatrical productions suffering from utter paucity of funds."<ref name=":3" />

Through his works, he explored the politics of laughter and studied riddles and myths across Indian traditional folk tales, including clowns, or ''Vidushak'', into the central figure of his works.<ref name=":0" /> His last production ''Paglaye Gusse Ka Dhuan'' in 2019 was for the [[Lucknow]] based Bhartendu Natya Akademi. The play was based on the works of [[Kashmiri poetry|Kashmiri poets]] and addressed the topic of [[Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits]] during years of militancy in the state.<ref name=":0" />

Building on his training in stagecraft, he worked as the art director for the 1986 and 1987 [[Khajuraho]] Festival and also for the [[Festival of India]] in China, Switzerland, and the USSR.<ref name=":0" /> Kaul was one of the lead designers and an associate show director for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony]]. Speaking about his mandate, he would say that the requirement was to bring Indian culture and themes to the event, without letting [[Bollywood]] come across as the "only cultural identity of the country".<ref name=":0" />

He was awarded the 1995 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] and the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2014|title=Padma Awards Announced|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=69364|access-date=26 January 2014|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref> He was also the recipient of the 2016 Rashtriya Kalidas Samman for ''Kahan Kabir''.<ref name=":0" /> He received the 1994 Shikhar Samman from the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]], and the 1995 [[Safdar Hashmi]] Award from the [[Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi]].<ref name=":2" />

== Personal life ==
Kaul was married to theater artist Anjana Puri. Puri was a [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]ee herself and composed music for many of his productions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award – Anjana Puri|url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=1915&at=2|access-date=7 February 2021|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":3"/>

Kaul died from cancer on 6 February 2021, in Delhi. He was 71.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Nath|first=Dipanita|date=7 February 2021|title=Bansi Kaul: Master of stagecraft, explorer of humour|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/master-of-stagecraft-explorer-of-humour-7177898/|access-date=7 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaul, Bansi}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National School of Drama]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Lukochuri Darwaza

2026-03-27T08:38:22Z

LesliGirard6: new a stub...

{{Short description|Monument in Gaur, West Bengal}} {{Infobox building
| name = Lukochuri Darwaza
| native_name = লুকোচুরি দরওয়াজা
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Lukachuri Gateway at Gaur in Malda District 13.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Façade of the gate in 2018
| location = [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], [[Malda District|Malda]], [[West Bengal]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.868547|N|88.132011|E|region:IN-WB_type:mosque|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| status =
| years_built =
| completion_date = {{start date and age|1655}}
| owner =
| embedded = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI
| designation1_offname = Lukachori Darwaza
| designation1_type =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date =
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_partof =
| designation1_number = N-WB-93
| designation1_free1name =
| designation1_free1value =
| designation1_free2name =
| designation1_free2value =
| designation1_free3name =
| designation1_free3value =
}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| building_type = [[Gate]]
| architectural_style = [[Mughal Architecture]]
| height =
| image_upright = 1.4
| pushpin_mapsize = 250px
| governing_body = [[Archaeology of India]]
| material = [[Brick]]
| size = 255.42 m²
}}

'''Lukochuri Darwaza''',{{Efn|also spelled '''Lukochori'''{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=78}} and '''Lukachuri'''<ref name="asi" />}} ({{Langx|bn|লুকোচুরি দরওয়াজা|4=Hide and Seek Gate,}}) is a historic [[Mughal Empire|Mughal-era]] gateway in [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], [[Malda district|Malda]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is situated on north of [[Gumti Darwaza|Gumti Gate]] and southeast of the [[Qadam Rasul Mosque]]. Built around the 17th century, likely under Mughal prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]]. This three-storeyed tripartite gate has a central four-pointed [[arch]] flanked on either side by arched entrances two storeys high, features [[brick]] architecture with grand arches and served as an entrance to the Gaur citadel.{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=78}} Part of the ancient city’s ruins, the monument is maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="asi">{{Cite web |title=List of Centrally Protected Monuments (ASI) |url=https://www.nma.gov.in/showfile.php?lang=1&level=1&ls_id=965&lid=1276&nma_type=0 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=National Monument Authority}}</ref>

== History ==
Shah Shuja is believed to have constructed it in 1655, following the [[Mughal architecture|Mughal architectural]] style. However, some historians attribute its construction to [[Alauddin Husain Shah]] in 1522.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luko Churi Gate |url=https://malda.gov.in/tourist-place/luko-churi-gate/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Malda District |language=en-US}}</ref> It is also noted that Shah Shuja frequently visited his patron saint, Shah Niamatullah Wali, who lived in the Firuzpur (in [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapainawabganj]]) quarters in the southern part of the city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]. The structure likely shortened his travel and allowed him to pass through the city center, located toward the east and south of the gateway.<ref name="bdpedia">{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Hussain|first=ABM|article=Luckochuri Darwaza|article-url=Luckochuri_Darwaza}}</ref> It is also assumed that the Lukochuri Darwaza was designed specifically as an entrance to the Qadam Rasul Mosque.{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=78}}

== Architecture ==
The brick gateway, rectangular in shape, measures {{Convert|19.80|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length and {{Convert|12.90|m|ft|abbr=on}} in width. It stands three stories tall, featuring doorways on the first floor that mirror those below, with a flat roof above serving as a naqqar khana, used to announce the governor's arrival and departure from the citadel.<ref name="bdpedia" /> The entire gate is crowned by ''kanjuras''.{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=78}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="250">
File:Towards Lukachuri Gateway, Gaur.jpg|General view of the gate
File:Lukochuri Darwaja.jpg|The gate with three stories
File:Lukachuri Gateway from a side.jpg|Opposite side of the gate
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Gumti Darwaza]]
* [[Dakhil Darwaza]]
* [[Kotwali Gate]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiNUAAAAMAAJ |title=The Islamic Heritage of Bengal |date=1984 |publisher=Unesco |isbn=978-92-3-102174-9 |editor-last=Michell |editor-first=George |language=en}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Lukachuri Gateway}}

[[Category:Gates in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Islamic architecture in India]]
[[Category:Mughal gates]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1655]]
[[Category:Malda district]]
[[Category:City gates]]

Dhoom (film series)

2026-03-26T04:42:16Z

LesliGirard6:

{{short description|Film series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = Dhoom
| image = Dhoom series.JPG
| caption = ''Dhoom'' film series logo
| creator = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| origin = ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004)
| owner = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| years = 2004-present
| films = {{plainlist|
*''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004)
*''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (2006)
*''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013)
}}
| comics = ''Dhoom: Redux 893''
| vgs = {{plainlist|
*''Dhoom'' (2004)
*''Dhoom 2'' (2006)
*''Dhoom 3: The Game'' (2013)
}}
| soundtracks = {{plainlist|
*''[[Dhoom (soundtrack)|Dhoom]]''
*''[[Dhoom 2 (soundtrack)|Dhoom 2]]''
*''[[Dhoom 3 (soundtrack)|Dhoom 3]]''
}}
| otherlabel1 = Budget
| otherlabel2 = Box office
| otherdata1 = {{INR|150}} (3 films)
| otherdata2 = {{INR|791.24}} crore (3 films)
}}

'''''Dhoom''''' is an Indian [[caper film|caper]] [[action film|action]] [[film series]] produced by [[Yash Raj Films]]. The series revolves around [[Assistant Commissioner of Police]] Jai Dixit ([[Abhishek Bachchan]]) and his sidekick [[Sub Inspector]], later [[Inspector]], Ali Akbar Fateh Khan ([[Uday Chopra]]), on missions to capture professional thieves. It is the sixth largest Indian film franchise in terms of box-office revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/why-aamir-khans-dhoom-3-is-the-best-of-the-series-so-far-1302325.html|title=Why Aamir's Dhoom: 3 is the best of the series so far|publisher=Firstpost|date=23 December 2013}}</ref>

The latest installment in the series ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' has earned over ₹557 crore worldwide. As of 2024, ''Dhoom'' is the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Highest-grossing franchises|thirteenth highest-grossing film franchise]] in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].

==Overview==
===''Dhoom'' (2004)===
{{Main|Dhoom}}
A mysterious gang of bikers are on a robbing spree, where [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|A.C.P]] Jai Dixit gets Ali Akbar Fateh Khan, a mechanic, to assist him in the case. With the clock ticking, it's up to the duo to nab the thieves red-handed.

The film stars [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Uday Chopra]] as [[buddy cop]]s Jai Dixit and Ali Khan, while [[John Abraham]] plays the antagonist, with [[Esha Deol]] and [[Rimi Sen]] playing supporting roles.

===''Dhoom 2'' (2006)===
{{Main|Dhoom 2}}

Jai and Ali are assigned to trail an international thief codenamed "Mr. A", who steals priceless artifacts and has chosen [[Mumbai]] as his next target.

The film introduces [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] as the antagonists and also introduces [[Bipasha Basu]] in a dual supporting role, while Abhishek Bachchan and Uday Chopra reprise their roles as Jai Dixit and Ali Khan.

===''Dhoom 3'' (2013)===
{{main|Dhoom 3}}

When Sahir, a circus entertainer trained in magic and acrobatics, turns into a thief to take down a corrupt bank in [[Chicago]] that is responsible for his father's death, Jai and Ali are called to catch him.

The film introduces [[Aamir Khan]] as the antagonist, while Abhishek Bachchan and Uday Chopra reprise their roles as Jai Dixit and Ali Khan, and [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Tabrett Bethell]] play supporting roles.



== Films ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! Film
! Release date
! Director
! Screenwriter(s)
! Story by
! Producer
|-
| ''[[Dhoom]]''||27 August 2004||rowspan=2|[[Sanjay Gadhvi]]||rowspan=3|[[Vijay Krishna Acharya]], [[Aditya Chopra]]|| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Aditya Chopra
|-
| ''[[Dhoom 2]]''||24 November 2006
|-
| ''[[Dhoom 3]]''||20 December 2013||[[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]
|}

===''Dhoom'' (2004)===
{{Main|Dhoom}}

''Dhoom'' was the first installment of the series which was released on 27 August 2004, and received mixed-to-positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhoom mach gaya!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/aug/27dhoom.htm|website=Rediffmovies}}</ref> The film became a commercial success and its lifetime worldwide adjusted gross is {{INRConvert|72.5|c}}.<ref name=ww>{{cite web | title=Top Lifetime Grossers 2000–2009 (Figures in Ind Rs) | url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 | publisher=BoxOffice India | access-date=2012-04-26 | archive-date=25 April 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425201300/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/65066|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204043551/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/65066|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2013|title = Dhoom Box Office Collection | India | Day Wise | Box Office – Bollywood Hungama| website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref><ref>http://www.yashrajfilms.com/AboutUs/BuisnessActivities.aspx?SectionCode=PRO002 Yashrajfilms.

</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=dhoom.htm|website=Boxofficemojo}}</ref> Overseas gross of Dhoom stands at US$2 million with its US gross at $330,400.

===''Dhoom 2'' (2006)===
{{Main|Dhoom 2}}

''Dhoom 2'' was the second installment in this series<ref>{{cite web|title=Sequel season dawns on Bollywood|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/pdf/2813.pdf|publisher=India eNews|access-date=23 August 2009|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225140454/http://www.indiaenews.com/pdf/2813.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> which was released on 24 November 2006 in India, where it received critical acclaim from critics.<ref name="release">{{cite web|title=Dhoom 2 set to make big splash|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/nov/24dhoom.htm|date=24 November 2006|first=Aminah|last=Sheikh|work=Rediff.com|access-date=22 August 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923082948/http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/nov/24dhoom.htm|archive-date=23 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Taran Adarsh of ''Bollywood Hungama'' gave 4.5 out of 5 stars, reporting "On the whole, ''Dhoom 2'' is a winner all the way. For [[Yash Raj Films|Yash Raj]], who've not only produced but also distributed the film, ''Dhoom 2'' should emerge as one of the biggest hits of their career."<ref name=bhreview>{{cite web|title=Dhoom 2 : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/509011|date=24 November 2006|author-link=Taran Adarsh|first=Taran|last=Adarsh|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=6 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525025303/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/509011|archive-date=25 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' reviewed, "The pleasure principle is palpable in the giddy, slick ''Dhoom 2'', a satisfying example of the new, thoroughly modern Bollywood.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dhoom 2 (2006)|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/376330/Dhoom-2/overview|access-date=3 September 2009|first=Rachel|last=Saltz|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215070046/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/376330/Dhoom-2/overview|archive-date=15 December 2007|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In India, ''Dhoom 2'' broke several box-office records, mainly those for opening day and opening weekend grosses, including a first week of {{INR|66 million}} in Mumbai and {{INR|179 million}} for all of India.<ref name="r12">{{cite web|title=Dhoom 2: Box Office India|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/boxoffice/12546/index.html|first=P.K. Ajith|last=Kumar|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121120104/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/boxoffice/12546/index.html|archive-date=21 November 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It grossed US$979,000 in North America in 63 theatres over its three-day opening weekend ($1.3 million over four days), becoming the third largest opening weekend for a [[Bollywood]] film in North America.<ref name="r4">{{cite web|title=Dhoom 2 rocks the US|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/28dhoom.htm|date=28 November 2006|first=Arthur J.|last=Pais|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=31 August 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827204404/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/28dhoom.htm|archive-date=27 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Dhoom 2'' is estimated to have grossed US$8,750,000 total in the overseas markets.<ref name="Box Office India">{{cite web|title=Top Overseas Grossers ALL TIME: Three Idiots Number One|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3946&nCat=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109011505/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3946&nCat=|archive-date=9 January 2014 |publisher=Box Office India|access-date=14 February 2012}}</ref>

===''Dhoom 3'' (2013)===
{{Main|Dhoom 3}}

''Dhoom 3'' was the third installment of the series, which was released on 20 December 2013 and received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics.<ref name=releasedate>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bAjfhdaqH4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/2bAjfhdaqH4 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=DHOOM:3 – Logo Revealed|publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]]' official channel on YouTube|date=24 December 2012|access-date=24 December 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and said, "On the whole, ''DHOOM-3'' is one solid entertainer loaded with attitude and star power that will leave fans of the series salivating for more."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/1330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220230258/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/1330 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2013 |title=Dhoom 3 | Latest Hindi Movie Review by Taran Adarsh |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> The film went on to gross {{INRConvert|4|b}} worldwide in just ten days, and becomes the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|eleventh highest-grossing Indian film of all time]].<ref name="dhoom3uk26mnjan12">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenoverseasgrossers2014jaihotopsthecharts|title=Top Ten Overseas Grossers 2014 – Jai Ho Tops The Charts|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225438/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenoverseasgrossers2014jaihotopsthecharts|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dhoom3overseasno1jan12">{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/507|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115060632/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/507|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 January 2014|title=South Indian films dominate international markets!|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="dhoom3overseasno1jan8">{{cite web|url=http://bollywoodnewsflash.com/dhoom-3-becomes-one-of-the-highest-grosser-overseas/=|title=Dhoom 3 Is Highest Ever Grosser Overseas|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101082342/http://bollywoodnewsflash.com/dhoom-3-becomes-one-of-the-highest-grosser-overseas/=|archive-date=1 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Cast and characters ==
This table lists the main characters who appear in the Dhoom Franchise.
<blockquote class="toccolours" style="text-align:justify; width:95%; float:center; padding:5px 6px 6px; display:table;">
{{center|'''List indicator'''}}
*A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film.
</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Actors
! colspan="3" scope="col" style="text-align:center:" | Films
|-
! scope="col" style="width:25%"| ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004)
! scope="col" style="width:25%"| ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (2006)
! scope="col" style="width:25%"| ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013)
|-
![[Uday Chopra]]
| colspan="3" |[[Sub Inspector]] / [[Inspector]] Ali Akbar Fateh Khan
|-
![[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| colspan="3" |[[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] / [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Jai Dixit
|-
![[Rimi Sen]]
|colspan=2|Sweety J. Dixit
|colspan=2 {{cEmpty}}
|-
![[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]
|Kabir Sharma
|colspan=3 {{cEmpty}}
|-
![[Esha Deol]]
|Sheena Rai
|colspan=3 {{cEmpty}}
|-
![[Arav Chaudhary]]
|Rahul
|colspan=3 {{cEmpty}}
|-
!Ajay Pande
|Vinod
|colspan=3 {{cEmpty}}
|-
!Farid Amiri
|Tony
|colspan=3 {{cEmpty}}
|-
!Rohit Chopra
|Rohit
|colspan=3 {{cEmpty}}
|-
![[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]
|Shekhar Kamal
|colspan=3 {{cEmpty}}
|-
![[Hrithik Roshan]]
|{{cEmpty}}
|Aryan Singhania "Mr. A" / [[Queen Elizabeth II]]
|colspan=2 {{cEmpty}}
|-
![[Aishwarya Rai]]
|{{cEmpty}}
|Sunehri Kaur
|colspan=2 {{cEmpty}}
|-
![[Bipasha Basu]]
|{{cEmpty}}
|Shonali Bose / Monali Bose
|colspan=2 {{cEmpty}}
|-
![[Aamir Khan]]
|colspan=2 {{cEmpty}}
|Sahir Khan / Samar Khan
|-
![[Katrina Kaif]]
|colspan=2 {{cEmpty}}
|Aaliya Hussain
|-
![[Jackie Shroff]]
|colspan=2 {{cEmpty}}
|Iqbal Haroon Khan
|-
![[Siddharth Nigam]]
|colspan=2 {{cEmpty}}
|Young Sahir Khan / Young Samar Khan
|-
![[Tabrett Bethell]]
|colspan=2 {{cEmpty}}
|Victoria Williams
|}

== Additional crew and production details ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Occupation
! colspan="3" | Film
|-
! width:"10%;"| ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004)
! width:"10%;"| ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (2006)
! width:"10%;"| ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013)
|-
! Director
| colspan=2|[[Sanjay Gadhvi]]
| [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]
|-
! Producer
| colspan=3|[[Aditya Chopra]]
|-
! Story
| colspan=2|[[Aditya Chopra]]
| [[Aditya Chopra]] [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]
|-
! Screenplay & Dialogues
| colspan=3|[[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]
|-
! Editor
| colspan=2|Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| Ritesh Soni
|-
! Music
| colspan=3| [[Pritam]]
|-
! Lyrics
| colspan=2| [[Sameer Anjaan]]
| [[Sameer Anjaan]] [[Kausar Munir]] [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|-
! Background Score
| colspan=2| [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| [[Julius Packiam]]
|-
! Cinematography
| [[Nirav Shah]]
| [[Nirav Shah]] Vikas Sivaraman
| [[Sudeep Chatterjee]]
|-
!Production Design
|Sartaj Singh
|Vinod Guruji K.K. Muralidharan Rachna Rastogi
|Rajnish Hedao Sumit Basu Snigdha Basu
|-
!Action Directors
| colspan="2" | [[Allan Amin]]
| [[Conrad Palmisano]] Sham Kaushal
|-
!Costume Designers
| colspan="2" |[[Anaita Shroff Adajania]]
| [[Anaita Shroff Adajania]] [[Manoshi Nath]] [[Rushi Sharma]]
|-
!Choreographer(s)
|[[Vaibhavi Merchant]] [[Ashley Lobo]] [[Remo D'Souza]] Shruti Merchant
|[[Vaibhavi Merchant]] [[Shiamak Davar]]
|[[Vaibhavi Merchant]]
|-
! Production Companies
| colspan=3|[[Yash Raj Films]]
|-
! Distributing Companies
| colspan="3" | [[Yash Raj Films]]
|-
! Running Time
| 129 minutes
| 152 minutes
| 172 minutes
|}

==Reception==
===Box office performance===
The franchise has been notable for its profit, with ''Dhoom''<ref>{{cite news|title=Dhoom set to make big splash|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/nov/24dhoom.htm|work=[[Rediff]]|date=24 November 2006}}</ref> and its follow-up having earned a combined profit of ₹823.7 crore, according to IBtimes.<ref name="ibtimes">{{cite news|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar|title=Baahubali 2 overseas box office collection: Rajamouli's film beats Chennai Express, Kabali's lifetime record in 1st weekend|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-2-overseas-box-office-collection-rajamoulis-film-beats-chennai-express-kabalis-725036|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=1 May 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/isaamirkhantherealsuperstarnowasheistheonlyonetotakeabigopeningwithoutbackingofaholidaywithdhoom3#.UuniCj2SyAo|title=Is Aamir Khan The Real Superstar Now As He Is The Only One To Take A Big Opening Without Backing Of A Holiday With Dhoom 3?|work=[[Box Office India]]|date=30 January 2014|access-date=30 January 2014|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201215417/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/isaamirkhantherealsuperstarnowasheistheonlyonetotakeabigopeningwithoutbackingofaholidaywithdhoom3#.UuniCj2SyAo|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Box office" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centr;"| Film
! style="text-align:centr;"| Release date
! style="text-align:centr;"| Budget
! style="text-align:centr;"| Box office revenue
! style="text-align:centr;"| Ref.
|-
| ''[[Dhoom#Box office|Dhoom]]''||27 August 2004||{{INRConvert|11|c|year=2004|mode=historical}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhoom – Movie|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=450|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=22 November 2017}}</ref>||{{INRConvert|72.5|c|year=2004|mode=historical}}||<ref name="yashrajfilms">{{cite web |title=Film Production |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/AboutUS/BuisnessActivities.aspx?SectionCode=PRO002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175300/http://www.yashrajfilms.com/AboutUS/BuisnessActivities.aspx?SectionCode=PRO002 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2016 |publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]] |access-date=14 February 2019 |date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top Overseas Grossers 2004 |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2004 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dhoom 2#Box office|Dhoom 2]]''||24 November 2006<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhoom 2 set to make big splash |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/nov/24dhoom.htm |date=24 November 2006 |first=Aminah |last=Sheikh |work=Rediff.com |access-date=22 August 2009}}</ref>||{{INRConvert|35|c|year=2006|mode=historical}}||{{INRConvert|162|c|year=2006|mode=historical}}<ref name="Box Office 2006">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2006|title=TOP WORLDWIDE GROSSERS 2006|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=16 February 2017}}</ref>||<ref name=foreign>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |title=Foreign Grosses |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=15 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006052405/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=6 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="yashrajfilms"/>
|-
| ''[[Dhoom 3#Box office|Dhoom 3]]''||20 December 2013||{{INRConvert|175|c|year=2013|mode=historical}}||{{INRConvert|556.74|c|year=2013|mode=historical}}<ref name="200crore">{{cite web|title=Bollywood 200 Crore Club Movies: Hindi Films|url=https://bollywoodmoviereview.in/bollywood-200-crores-movies-list/|website=Bollywood Movie Review|access-date=1 October 2017|date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325184717/http://bollywoodmoviereview.in/bollywood-200-crores-movies-list/|archive-date=25 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/deepika-padukone-padmaavat-beats-aamir-khan-dhoom-3-and-salman-khans-tiger-zinda-hai-at-the-box-office/202889|title=Deepika Padukone's Padmaavat beats Aamir Khan's Dhoom 3 and Salman Khan's Tiger Zinda Hai at the box office|access-date=14 September 2018|work=Times Now|date=27 February 2018}}</ref>||<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarita Tanwar|title=Aamir Khan's Dhoom 3 breaks box office records|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dhoom-3-mints-over-rs35-crore-on-opening-day-1938787|access-date=8 September 2013|newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=2 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="statista">{{Cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/282411/bollywood-highest-grossing-movies-worldwide/ |title=All time box office revenue of the highest grossing Bollywood movies worldwide as of June 2018 (in million U.S. dollars) |website=[[Statista]] |access-date=October 8, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:centr;"| Total
! style="text-align:centr;"| {{INRConvert|221|c}} ({{small|three films}})
! style="text-align:centr;"| {{INRConvert|791.24|c}} ({{small|three films}})
!
|}
'''<big>Critical reception</big>'''
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Critical response" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film
! [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
|-
|''[[Dhoom#Critical response|Dhoom]]''
|N/A (1 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhoom {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhoom |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dhoom 2#Reception|Dhoom 2]]''
|93% (7/10 average rating) (14 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhoom 2 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhoom_2 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dhoom 3#Critical reception|Dhoom 3]]''
|67% (6.6/10 average rating) (21 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhoom 3 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhoom_3 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Home media ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Films
!Satellite Rights
!Digital Rights
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |''[[Dhoom]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Star Gold Network#Star Gold|Star Gold]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Netflix]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |''[[Dhoom 2]]''
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |''[[Dhoom 3]]''
|}

== Influence ==
The movie had a significant cultural impact among urban Indian youth. It was blamed for an increase in incidents of [[street racing]], bike-borne theft and [[Stunters|stunting]] on public roads. Besides, there was a new impetus to the bike-modifying scene with youth going in for modifications to their bikes ranging from free flow exhaust systems to addition of [[Nitrous oxide|NOS]] kits. In [[Malappuram district]] of [[Kerala]], four members of a group of criminals had [[Chelembra Bank Robbery|cracked the floor]] of [[South Malabar Gramin Bank]] in the early hours on 30 December 2007 and looted {{INR}} 2.5 million and 80 kilograms of gold, a total worth of Rs. 80 million, considered to be one of the biggest thefts in Kerala's crime records. The [[Kerala Police]] have arrested four people in connection with this and the leader admitted that he was inspired by ''Dhoom''. The [[media in India]] drew parallels to Dhoom 2.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1153520 |title=Bollywood scripts Kerala's bank heist |newspaper=DNA India |date=29 February 2008 |publisher=DNA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IER20080228222306&Page=R&Title=Kerala&Topic=0 |title=D(h)oomsday: In Chelembra and Milan, gold robberies rival thrillers |work=The Indian Express |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618005511/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IER20080228222306&Page=R&Title=Kerala&Topic=0 |archive-date=18 June 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Graphic novel==
A graphic novel named ''Dhoom: Redux 893'', has been published in 2012 by [[Yomics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3809/Comic+book+Review%3A+Ek+Tha+Tiger+-+Dhoom+Redux+893|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919041813/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3809/Comic+book+Review%3A+Ek+Tha+Tiger+-+Dhoom+Redux+893|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2016|title=Featured Bollywood Movie News | Featured Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>

==Video games==
* ''Dhoom'' (2004) and ''Dhoom 2'' (2006), video games by FXLabs based on the first and second films of the series.<ref>{{cite web|title=FXLabs launches move on Indian video gaming|url=http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=12BC73199A014E6A86F9966A81557E38&AudID=6EF55B05AA694954939FA7B6FB605DAB|date=1 June 2007|publisher=Indus Business Journal|access-date=6 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103085025/http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=12BC73199A014E6A86F9966A81557E38&AudID=6EF55B05AA694954939FA7B6FB605DAB|archive-date=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wolf | first=M.J.P. | title=Encyclopedia of Video Games [2 volumes]: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming [2 volumes] | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-313-37937-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbrOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313 | access-date=29 September 2023 | page=313}}</ref>
* ''Dhoom:3 The Game'' and ''Dhoom:3 Jet Speed'' by 99games based on the third film of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ninetyninegames.dhoomthreejetspeed|title=Dhoom:3 Jet Speed – Apps on Google Play}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ninetyninegames.dhoomthree|title = Dhoom:3 the Game – Apps on Google Play}}</ref>

== Rumoured projects ==

There have been large number of false rumours spread of an upcoming sequel to ''Dhoom 3'', some rumours stating that [[Akshay Kumar]] would be in ''Dhoom 4''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-is-akshay-kumar-a-part-of-dhoom-4-yrf-issues-a-clarification-2798589|title=Is Akshay Kumar a part of 'Dhoom 4'? YRF issues a clarification|date=2019-10-25|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> However, [[Yash Raj Films]] later clarified that they had never asked Akshay for a role in the film. In fact they further even stated that they did not even have a script, plot, or even an idea, at that point.<ref name=":0" /> The response that the production company gave even further clarified that there was no actors yet even signed or in consideration for the so-called ''Dhoom 4'' by the production company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dhoom-4-update-akshay-kumar-not-in-the-film-yet-says-yrf-1612807-2019-10-25|title=Dhoom 4 update: Akshay Kumar not in the film yet, says YRF|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19|agency=Ist}}</ref>

This was not the first time such a rumour relating to ''Dhoom 4'' happened: when [[Shah Rukh Khan]] was rumoured to be in the film, one of the directors at the production company stated a similar statement that there was no story for a ''Dhoom 4''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/bollywood/no-dhoom-4-no-shah-rukh-khan-we-tell-you-the-real-story-behind-the-rumors-429919.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705012257/https://www.in.com/entertainment/bollywood/no-dhoom-4-no-shah-rukh-khan-we-tell-you-the-real-story-behind-the-rumors-429919.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-07-05|title=No Dhoom 4, No Shah Rukh Khan: We tell you the real story behind the rumors|website=in.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> The actor himself even stated that he had not yet been offered to sign up for a ''Dhoom 4'' film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-shah-rukh-khan-opens-up-on-signing-dhoom-4-2557372|title=Shah Rukh Khan opens up on signing 'Dhoom 4'|last=Pandey|first=Prachita|date=2017-11-03|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> This was the same case when other actors were speculated, with the production house stating the same response.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/no-salman-no-ranveer-no-dhoom-4-2018-07-04-1.670974|title=No Salman, No Ranveer, No Dhoom 4 – Emirates24{{!}}7|last=Media|first=Sanskriti|website=www.emirates247.com|date=4 July 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> In fact in at some time in 2018, a spokesperson of the production company stated that there were no current plans for the movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/040718/dhoom-4-is-not-on-the-cards.html|title=Yash Raj Films is not planning to make Dhoom 4|date=2018-07-04|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> However, around the time of the release of ''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]'', a film made by the same director of ''Dhoom 3'', some people from the production house stated the possibility of a release of ''Dhoom 4'' lies on how successful the movie is.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/dhoom-4-to-be-announced-post-the-release-of-thugs-of-hindostans-first-look-29639.html|title=Dhoom 4 to be announced post the release of Thugs Of Hindostan's first look|website=filmfare.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dhoom series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhoom Series}}
[[Category:Dhoom (franchise)| ]]
[[Category:Film franchises introduced in 2004]]
[[Category:Action film franchises]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Films adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Outlaw biker films]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]

Ente Mezhuthiri Athazhangal

2026-03-23T18:52:35Z

LesliGirard6: updated page

{{Short description|2018 film by Sooraj Thomas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ente Mezhuthiri Athazhangal
| image = Ente Mezhuthiri Athazhangal poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sooraj Tom
| producer = Noble Jose
| writer = [[Anoop Menon]]
| screenplay =
| starring = {{ubl||Anoop Menon|[[Miya (actress)|Miya]]|[[Dileesh Pothan]]|[[Lal Jose]]|[[Alencier Ley Lopez]]|[[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]]|[[V. K. Prakash]]|[[Hannah Reji Koshy]]|Srikant Murali|Nisa NP|}}
| music = [[Rahul Raj]]
| cinematography = Jithu Damodar
| editing = Zian Sreekanth
| studio = 999 Entertainments
| distributor = 999 Cinemas Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|07|27|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/pandalam/movies/ente-mezhuthiri-athazhangal/ET00076832|title=ente mezhuthiri athazhangal|website=in.bookmyshow.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-19}}</ref>
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ente Mezhuthiri Athazhangal''''' ({{Translation|My candle light dinners}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Sooraj Tom. It was written by [[Anoop Menon]] who also stars in the lead role alongside [[Miya (actress)|Miya]]. The film also features an ensemble supporting cast that includes [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Lal Jose]], [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], [[V. K. Prakash]], [[Hannah Reji Koshy]], Srikant Murali and Nisa NP, The songs featured in the film are composed by [[M. Jayachandran]]. Anoop Menon signed [[Rahul Raj]] to compose the [[background score]] of the movie.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sanjith|last=Sidhardhan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anoop-menon-miya-to-star-in-a-triangular-love-story/articleshow/62671183.cms|title=Anoop Menon, Miya to star in a triangular love story|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 January 2018|access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref> The movie was released on 27 July 2018 to theatres and was well acclaimed.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Sanjay Paul
* [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] as Anjali Menon (Dubbed by [[Angel Shijoy]])
*[[Anil Murali]] as Shoukath Sahib
* [[Hannah Reji Koshy]] as Thara Antone
*[[Nirmal Palazhi]] as Bobby
* Nisa NP as Thulasi Damodaran
*Srikant Murali as Narayanan Nair
*Nandan Unni as Krishnan
*[[Manju Sunichen]] as Gracy Stephen
* [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Stephen Maiyyeruthottathil
*[[Tini Tom]] as Renees
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as Itty Chandy/T.K Alexander
*[[Rahul Madhav]] as Adhi Menon
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Sony George Thyikkadan
*[[Madhuri Braganza]] as Paromita Shome
* [[Lal Jose]] as Agusthis Theodus/Eppachan
* Anoop Sivasenan as Shibu
* [[V. K. Prakash]] as Anthony Orikkyalpattu
*George Ellor as George
}}

==Music==
The [[film score]] is composed, arranged and produced by [[Rahul Raj]], while the five songs featured in the film are composed by [[M. Jayachandran]] and written by [[Rafeeq Ahamed]].<ref>https://www.pendujatt.net/malayalam-songs/albums/ente-mezhuthiri-athazhangal-adrrgk.html</ref>

* Venalum Varshavum ...
* Kaattil ee Jalakam ...
* Neela Neela Mizhikalo ....
* Marayatholi Kannal ...
* Oru Paarvayil ....

==Release==
''Ente Mezhuthiri Athazhangal'' was released on 27 July 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jayaram|first=Deepika|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anoop-menons-ente-mezhuthiri-athazhangal-to-release-on-july-27/articleshow/64494796.cms|title=Anoop Menon's Ente Mezhuthiri Athazhangal to release on July 27|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 June 2018|access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|8016648}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sooraj Tom]]

Fossils (band)

2026-03-13T01:07:29Z

LesliGirard6: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian hard rock band}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2011}}
{{COI|date=July 2014}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Fossils
| image = Fossilslive2.jpg
| caption = Fossils during one of their concerts
| native_name = ফসিল্‌স
| origin = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| genre = Bangla Rock
| years_active = 1998–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* Asha Audio
* Bangla Rock
}}
| current_members =
* [[Rupam Islam]]
* Deep Ghosh
* Allan Temjen Ao
* Prasenjit 'Pom' Chakraborty
* Tanmoy Das
| past_members =
* Chandramouli Biswas
* = {{URL|http://fossilsmusic.in/}}
}}
'''''Fossils''''' ('''''{{lang|bn|ফসিল্‌স}}''''') is an Indian [[hard rock]] [[List of musical band types|band]] from Bengal formed in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]], in 1998. The group is considered one of the pioneering rock acts in Kolkata's [[Music of Bengal|Bengali music]] scene. The band currently comprises [[Rupam Islam]] ([[Lead vocalist|lead vocals]], [[Guitarist|additional guitars]]), Deep Ghosh ([[rhythm guitar]]), Allan Temjen Ao ([[lead guitar]]), Arindam Sen ([[additional rhythm guitar]]) Tanmoy Das ([[Drummer|drums]]), Prasenjit 'Pom' Chakraborty ([[Bassist|bass guitar]]), Subhadeep Pan ([[Backing Vocals]]).

Their music is flavoured by a blend of [[blues]], [[Rock music|rock]] and [[psychedelic music|psychedelia]], [[hard rock]] along with Rupam Islam's vocal renditions of his characteristic psychoanalytical lyrics. They are noted for their social commentary and advocation of causes such as the welfare of [[HIV-positive people]].

== History ==

===Formation and early years: 1998–2000===
The band was formed by Rupam Islam. Their first stage show was held on 9 January 1999 at Najrul Mancha for Gaan 99 organised by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]. While performing on stage as "Rupam Islam and group," Rupam announced the band's new name, Fossils. This initial show had Deep on acoustic guitar, Deep Ghosh on guitars, Tanmoy on bass, and Rajiv on drums. This line-up was short lived however, and the next show saw Chandra and Teno on guitars, Baji on drums, Bumpy{{Who|date=April 2025}} on bass, Jatu on keyboards and Rupam.

The group started to call themselves "Fossils" after a suggestion by their guitarist Deep. The name is inspired by a line from one of Rupam's lyrics: "''Khoro aamar fossil, onubhutir michhil protikriashil kono biplobe''" ({{Literal translation|'Dig up my fossil, a procession of emotions, in a reactionary revolution'}}).

The initial audience reaction to the band's music was negative. During their first few shows, they were met with jeering and hostility because of their rock style and techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/features/fossils-digging-up-dirt/2/ |title=Fossils – Digging up Dirt | Rolling Stone India |access-date=4 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117202930/http://rollingstoneindia.com/features/fossils-digging-up-dirt/2/ |archive-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The band went through line-up changes until the end of 1999, by which time a sort of permanency was achieved with Rupam (vocals), Chandra (bass), Allan (guitar), Deep (Rhythm Guitar), Stephen (drums), Indra (keyboards), and Parikhshit (manager) as the members.

===Fossils: 2000–2003===
In 2000, the band recorded a demo version of their tracks. They faced rejection several times from different record houses.

In 2001, the guitarist Allan left the band. Former members Teno and Deep re-joined in Allan's stead.

A contract was landed with Asha Audio and by the end of the same year, recording for the band's first studio album began. The album was entitled ''Fossils'' and released in 2002.

Teno left the band in 2002, and was replaced by Partha.

In 2003, the drummer Stephen was replaced by Bubun.

===Fossils 2: 2004–2005===
The band's second album, entitled ''Fossils 2'', was released in 2004.

In 2005, the manager Parikshit was expelled from the band; Rupam and Deep jointly took over his work. As of 2007, management has been handled by Deep and Rupam's wife Rupsha Dasgupta.

===Mission F: 2006===
The band's third studio album, entitled ''Mission F'', was released in 2006.
It was a theme album for the first [[Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Football Tournament]].

A special track, "Aeka Nauo", dedicated to [[HIV positive people]], was included in the album. It featured [[Usha Uthup]] and was produced in collaboration with the [[Kolkata Sukriti Foundation]].
A free [[VCD]] distributed with the album contains the music video for the track, which shows [[HIV positive people]] with their faces uncovered interacting freely with Uthup and the band members.
The VCD also contained a chat session with band members.

[[Radio Mirchi]] collaborated with the band to produce two "unplugged" versions of previously recorded tracks that were included in the album.

According to a survey conducted by [[Radio Mirchi]], ''Mission F'' was declared the best-selling album in [[Kolkata]] for the year 2006.

On [[Earth Day]], the band covered [[Michael Jackson]]'s [[Earth Song]] in Bengali exclusively for the news channel [[CNN IBN]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/38980/special-a-song-for-mother-earth.html |title=Special: A song for Mother Earth --Videos Tech:IBNLive Videos |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407052228/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/38980/special-a-song-for-mother-earth.html |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Aupodartho: 2007===
In the first half of 2007, Rupam Islam worked on a separate project named ''RnB'' with the bassist Bumpy.

In the second half of 2007, the band released a music video album entitled ''Aupodartho''.

The album was scheduled to be launched in [[RPG Group|Music World]], [[Park Street, Kolkata]]. The crowd turnout was so unexpectedly huge that fans had to be turned out and the outlet's premises closed.{{cn|date=February 2026}} The police had a tough time controlling the crowd. The release did take place on the same day.

During the [[Puja (Hinduism)|Pujas]] of 2007, Rupam Islam's 1998 solo album was re-launched by [[Saregama]].{{cn|date=February 2026}}

On 9 November, Fossils played lived for the first time in [[Bangladesh]] at the Dhaka Rock Fest 2007, the first international Bengali rock festival.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071127/asp/entertainment/story_8598579.asp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919161805/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071127/asp/entertainment/story_8598579.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 September 2012 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Bangla boom | date=27 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=11213|title = Dhaka Rock Fest 2007 pulls in enthusiastic crowd| newspaper=The Daily Star |date = 12 November 2007}}</ref>

===Fossils 3: 2008–2013===
Fossils featured in the [[Rolling Stone India]] magazine in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/features/fossils-digging-up-dirt/2/ |title=Fossils – Digging up Dirt | Rolling Stone India |access-date=4 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117202930/http://rollingstoneindia.com/features/fossils-digging-up-dirt/2/ |archive-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The end of 2008 saw Fossils begin the recording of their fifth studio album, which was released on 19 September 2009. It was titled ''Fossils 3'' and developed as a [[concept album]].<ref name="Beatbuzz">{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090818/jsp/entertainment/story_11371128.jsp | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Beatbuzz | date=18 August 2009 | access-date=21 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023163353/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090818/jsp/entertainment/story_11371128.jsp | archive-date=23 October 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> It endeavours to tell the story of a mysterious character known only as ''Shada Jama'' (White Shirt) through the interlinked audio tracks as well as a separate graphic account contained in the inlay cards. Mayookh Bhowmick on the distortion tabla, Indrajit Dey (Indra) on the keyboards, and a team from the Kolkata Music Academy Chamber Orchestra led by Abraham Mazumder were the guest contributors to the album. Fossils 3 would go on to win in the Best Non-Film Album category of the [[Anandalok Awards]] 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091205/jsp/entertainment/story_11822465.jsp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918224427/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091205/jsp/entertainment/story_11822465.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 September 2012 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Mere Paas Award Hai! | date=5 December 2009}}</ref>

2009 marked the band's tenth anniversary.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-29/kolkata/28100732_1_rupam-double-bonanza-fossils | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715124013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-29/kolkata/28100732_1_rupam-double-bonanza-fossils | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-07-15 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Throwing Ekla Ghar open to all!}}</ref>

The band's official fan club, Fossils Force, was launched the same year, which started their operations through a blood donation camp on 1 May 2009. They continue to engage in activities for social welfare, such as contributing to the relief of people affected by the [[Cyclone Aila]] and another blood donation camp in 2010.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090508/jsp/entertainment/story_10931080.jsp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918043921/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090508/jsp/entertainment/story_10931080.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 September 2012 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | first=Madhuparna | last=Das | title=Idols and ideals | date=8 May 2009}}</ref>

''Rupam on the Rocks'', written by [[Rupam Islam]] and published by [[Ananda Publishers]] was launched at the [[Kolkata Book Fair]] 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090205/jsp/entertainment/story_10485334.jsp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913100729/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090205/jsp/entertainment/story_10485334.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 September 2012 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Power of words | date=5 February 2009}}</ref>

The same year saw Fossils touring the UK<ref name="Beatbuzz"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/10685109-fossils-3-watch-free-kolkata-bangla-band-music-videos-uk-tour|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016055609/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/10685109-fossils-3-watch-free-kolkata-bangla-band-music-videos-uk-tour|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2009|title = Unable to select database}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newkerala.com/nkfullnews-1-115513.html | title=Project SECURITY }}</ref> and [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090828/jsp/entertainment/story_11418052.jsp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911132332/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090828/jsp/entertainment/story_11418052.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 September 2012 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Beat Buzz | date=28 August 2009}}</ref>

2010 started with a change in the line-up. Bubun was replaced by Tanmoy on the drums.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/news-and-interviews/28354384_1_lows-kolkata-festival-band | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707034255/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/news-and-interviews/28354384_1_lows-kolkata-festival-band | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=I hope to get a special reaction: Rupam Islam | date=29 January 2011}}</ref>

In July 2010, the band played live at [[Nashville]] in the United States. Due to the venue restrictions their performance was cut short. But owing huge demands they took to the stage the next day.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100817/jsp/entertainment/story_12817239.jsp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203120100/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100817/jsp/entertainment/story_12817239.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 February 2013 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Rocking Nashville | date=17 August 2010}}</ref><ref>http://www.tollyworld.com/news/regional-bengali-conference-2010.html{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://tv.banglapodcast.com/?p=119 |title = BanglaPodcastTV » Blog Archive » Nashville Regional Banga Sammelan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.candidcommunication.net/showDetails.asp?articleid=311 |title=Welcome to Candid Communication |access-date=4 November 2011 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425134916/http://www.candidcommunication.net/showDetails.asp?articleid=311 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Later in the year, Rupam Islam won a [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] (Silver Lotus or ''Rajat Kamal'') in the [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] category from the [[Government of India]] for his work in the film ''Mahanagar @ Kolkata''.<ref name="57thNFAList">{{cite web|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=20 October 2010|title= 57th National Film Awards for 2009|url=http://dff.nic.in/57thNFAaward.pdf}}</ref>

June 2011, Allan rejoined the band in place of Partha.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/speednewsshow/8941537.cms | work=The Times of India| title=Rupam:Rupam is very happy that Allan Ao has joined Fossils as the band's guitarist}}</ref>

September 2011, Fossils visited Dhaka, Bangladesh for the third time.

===Fossils 4: 2014===
The sixth studio album of the band was released on 19 October 2013 at City Centre II, Rajarhat – Kolkata. For the first time, the band soft-launched ''Fossils 4'' as a full-length digital album available for streaming days before the physical release of the album.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

===Fossils 5: 2017===
Their 7th Studio album Fossils 5 was released on 8 December 2017. It included 4 songs & 3 of them were released with Music videos. The music videos were directed by renowned director [[Samik Roy Choudhury]].

===Fossils 6: 2019===
Their latest album, Fossils 6 was released in 2019. The album contains 3 songs & was mixed & mastered by famous Producer Miti Adhikari who worked with [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] & [[Pearl Jam]]. This was the last album in which the band's Bassist Chandramouli Biswas contributed.

In 2018, Bassist Chandramouli Biswas left the band because of health issues. Chandramouli was known for his iconic basslines & his stage presence. he quickly developed a fan following among the audience. He was replaced by Prasenjit 'pom' Chakrabutty on bass who was previously their recording engineer.

===2020-present===

On 9 January 2023, the band celebrated their 25th anniversary by organising a concert, Fossils Panchabingshoti. It was held in south Kolkata, and the audience was 7,000-plus.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/fossils25-an-electrifying-gig-by-the-band-for-their-fans/articleshow/96983562.cms |title=Fossils@25: An electrifying gig by the band for their fans |work=The Times of India }}</ref>

On 12 January 2025, the former bassist Chandramouli Biswas died by [[suicide]].<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bangla-rock-band-rupam-islam-led-fossils-chandramouli-biswas-dies-by-suicide-at-48-five-things-about-the-bassist-11736757337864.html|title=Chandramouli Biswas, ex-bassist of Fossils, found dead hours after updating his Facebook profile}}</ref>

On September 2025, Fossils started their North America Tour in Toronto followed by 5 other venues from USA and Canada.

== Discography ==

* ''Fossils'' (2002)
** Aaro Ekbaar
** Eklaa Ghar
** Nemesis
** Haasnuhaanaa
** Dekho Maanosii
** Bishaakto Maanush
** Niskromon
** Millennium
* ''Fossils 2'' (2004)
** Keno Korle
** Maanob Bomaa
** Chhaal
** Haaraano Padok
** Tritiiyo Bishwo
** Acid
** Untrishe October
** Bicycle Chor
** Shaasti
* ''Mission F'' (2006)
** Itostato
** Satotaar Bilaasitaa
** Maanob Bomaa (Unplugged)
** Friendship Chaai
** Bondhu He
** Kichhutaa Somay
** Bishaakto Maanush (Unplugged)
** Ekaa Nao
** Shono, Aamraa Ki Sabaai?
** Haari Naa
* ''Apodaartho'' (2007)
** Apodaartho [Video Album]
* ''Fossils 3'' (2009)
** Swaabhaabik Khun
** Maa
** Daanober Utthaan
** Guru
** Phire Chalo
** Bidroher Paandulipi
** Mummy
** Bhuut aar Tilottamaa 1
** Dhwangsho Romanthon
** Haaspaataale
** Mrityu: Mrityur Pare
** Rail Line-e Mrityu
** Schizophrenic Bra
** Bhuut aar Tilottamaa 2
* ''Fossils 4'' (2013)
** Khnoro Aamaar Fossil
** Bnaador
** Haajaar Bichhaanaa
** Mahaakaash
** Baari Eso
** Shaytaan
** Resolutions
** Sthaabor/Asthaabor
** Mrityu
* ''Fossils 5'' (2017)
** Jaanlaa
** Stabdho Jiibon
** Mrito Maanush
** Paalaao
* ''Fossils 6'' (2019)
** Ghrinaa
** Hriday Bhaangbaar Gaan
** Dewali Pee
* ''Fossils 7'' (2026)
** Khudhaarto Maangsaashii
** Long Drive-e, Wrong Drive-e
** Aporibortito
** Jodi Tumi
** Obhinay
** Shunechhi

==See also==
* [[Rupam Islam]]
* [[Music of India]]
* [[Indian Rock]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=233 Interview with Rupam Islam on Fossils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029100342/http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=233 |date=29 October 2007 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121023163353/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090818/jsp/entertainment/story_11371128.jsp The Telegraph reports on Fossils 3 pre-release buzz]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120902080157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-20/news-and-interviews/28259646_1_bands-rock-baul The Times of India reports on Bengali rock bands]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120902080310/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-22/news-and-interviews/28227114_1_songs-humour-lyrics Rupam Islam and composer Debojyoti Mishra talk about the history of comic songs in Bengal]
* [https://archive.today/20130204131321/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101121/jsp/graphiti/story_13200349.jsp The Telegraph reports on the impact of a new generation of singers on Bengali film music]

{{Bengali Bands}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian progressive rock groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1998]]
[[Category:Bengali musical groups]]

Jogipara

2026-03-12T11:20:01Z

LesliGirard6:

{{Short description|Villages in Kamrup Metropolitan district}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jogipara
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.04854|91.12333|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metro]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = Azara
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 54
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4482
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781017
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 0361
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303413
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]]
| area_total_ha = 259.86
| registration_plate = AS-01
}}

'''Jogipara''' is a census village in Azara Circle of [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]], [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Speeding Dumper Crashes Into House in Guwahati’s Borjhar, Kills 46-Year-Old Man |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/speeding-dumper-crashes-into-house-in-guwahatis-borjhar-kills-46-year-old-man |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=10 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Data India |date=1983 |publisher=Press Institute of India |page=596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Assam Gazette |date=1963 |publisher=[[University of California]] |page=789 |language=en}}</ref> As per [[2011 Census of India]], the village has population of total 4,482 people, out of which 2,249 are males and 2,233 are females, with a literacy rate of 87.30%.<ref>{{cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Assam - District Kamrup Metropolitan - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41001/download/44632/PCA_CDB-1823-F-Census.xlsx |website=Census Digital Library |publisher=[[Census of India]] |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Human settlement]]
[[Category:Villages in Kamrup Metropolitan district]]

Raid on Sidi Haneish Airfield

2026-03-12T01:24:58Z

LesliGirard6: fixed issues

{{Short description|Military operation during World War II}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2019}}

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Raid on Sidi Haneish Airfield
|partof = the [[Western Desert Campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]
|image = File:Desert Rats E21339.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
|caption = Colonel [[David Stirling]] with Lt Edward McDonald and other SAS soldiers in [[North Africa]], January 1943.
|date = 26–27 July 1942
|place = [[Sidi Haneish Airfield]], north-western [[Egypt]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|31|09|45|N|27|37|38|E|display=INLINE}}
|result = Allied victory
|territory=
|combatant1 = {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Free France}}
|combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
|commander1 ={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[David Stirling]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Carol Mather]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Paddy Mayne]]
|commander2 = Unknown
|strength1 = 18 armed jeeps [[Special Air Service]]
|strength2 = Unknown
|casualties1 = *2 [[killed in action]] Lance Bombardier John Robson (British) & Aspirant André Zirnheld (France)
* 3 jeeps lost
|casualties2 = 37 aircraft destroyed
* Numerous casualties
|campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Western Desert}}
}}
The '''Raid on Sidi Haneish Airfield''' was a military operation carried out the night of 26 July 1942. A British [[Special Air Service]] unit commanded by Major [[David Stirling]] attacked a German-held airfield in [[Egypt]] during the [[Western Desert Campaign]] of [[Second World War]]. Several {{lang|de|[[Luftwaffe]]}} aircraft used to ferry supplies to the Axis forces were destroyed or damaged with machine-gun fire and explosives. Axis [[front line]] units were diverted to reinforce the garrisons in the rear vulnerable to attack.{{sfn|Zabecki|2015|p=543}}

==Background==

===Axis supply===

In November 1941, 70% of supplies being sent to Axis forces in North Africa were lost to Allied air and naval attacks.{{sfn|Polmar|2006|p=135}} By 1942, German and Italian forces in North Africa faced a serious supply shortage with Allied forces sinking merchant ships in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Axis supplies were being transported down the [[Italian Peninsula]], mainly by rail, to southern ports for shipment to [[North Africa]]. The [[Royal Navy]] was deploying growing numbers of ships and submarines to the area to intercept Axis supply convoys forcing the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} to carry some of the burden of supplying the {{lang|de|[[Afrika Korps]]}} and Italian troops by air. The terrain in North Africa often made land transport impractical, forcing aircraft to fly between remote desert airstrips to deliver supplies, parts, troops and food.{{sfn|Spencer|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Zabecki|2014|p=816}}

===Special Air Service===

In July 1941, Major David Stirling formed the Special Air Service for bold operations behind Axis lines. Initially dubbed 'L' Detachment, Special Air Service Brigade, the unit consisted of men drawn from conventional British units and given [[ad hoc]] parachute training.{{sfn|Lewis|2015|p=13}} The unit was based in [[Jalo Oasis]] and gained a reputation for daring raids on German bases, infiltrating them and destroying parked aircraft with explosives.{{sfn|Mortimer|2012|p=134}} Stirling became known among the Germans as the "Phantom Major".{{sfn|Mortimer|2015b|p=57}}

==Prelude==

Stirling had for some time been developing a plan to attack the [[Sidi Haneish Airfield]], a complex located {{convert|235|mi|km|abbr=on}} west of [[Cairo]], which the Germans called {{lang|ar|Haggag el Qasaba}}. The raid was to involve a tactic unfamiliar to the SAS; storming the base in vehicles, rather than discreetly penetrating it. The SAS was no longer dependent on the [[Long Range Desert Group]] for transport, judging the firepower and speed of the jeeps to be sufficient to overcome the German defences. The raiders were to drive {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on}} through the desert from a hideout in {{lang|ar|Bir el Quseir}} and then overrun the airfield in 18 jeeps in two columns, with Stirling at the lead. Each jeep carried four [[Vickers K machine gun]]s, a rapid-firing weapon, originally designed for aircraft use. On the night of 25/26 July, the men held a dress rehearsal.{{sfn|Mortimer|2015a|pp=35–37}}

==Raid==

The raid commenced on the night of 26/27 July, with the 18 jeeps, each carrying three or four British or French commandos, navigating the desert in formation without headlights. The weather was ideal with a full moon and no clouds. As the raiders approached the airfield, the lights lining the runway switched on, causing concern among the commandos who feared they had been detected but the lights had been turned on for a {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} bomber to land. Stirling fired a green flare and ordered the jeeps forward onto the airfield in 'V' formation.{{sfn|Macintyre|2016|p=199}} The SAS stormed the airfield, using their K guns, loaded with [[tracer ammunition]], to fire on the parked German aircraft which included [[Junkers Ju 87]] {{lang|de|Stuka}} dive bombers, [[Junkers Ju 52]] cargo aircraft and [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] fighters. German troops retaliated with machine-guns and [[anti-aircraft weapons]], disabling one jeep. [[Bombardier (rank)|Lance Bombardier]] John Robson, a 21-year-old SAS soldier manning a machine gun, was shot and killed, the only Allied casualty of the raid itself.{{sfn|James|2015|p=329}} The raiders used most of their ammunition and manoeuvred to escape after a last sweep for undamaged aircraft. [[Paddy Mayne]] placed a bomb in the engine of a parked bomber before withdrawing.{{sfn|Mather|1997|p=91}} In about 15 minutes, the raiders destroyed or damaged 37 {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} aircraft.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Michael |url=http://archive.org/details/regimentrealstor0000ashe_l5k2 |title=The regiment : the real story of the SAS |date=2007 |publisher=London : Viking |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-670-91633-7}}</ref>

===Escape===

The raiders escaped into the desert, less one jeep and one man killed and split into groups of three to five jeeps, seeking to evade detection by German aircraft since only two and a half hours of darkness remained; in daylight, they would become vulnerable to air attack. The SAS hid during the day, camouflaging their vehicles and all but one group reached {{lang|ar|Bir el Quseir}}. A group of jeeps operated by French troops were slowed by punctures and breakdowns, exposing them in the desert. They were spotted by four {{lang|de|Stuka}} dive-bombers which made nine attacks, fatally wounding paratrooper [[André Zirnheld]]. After the {{lang|de|Stukas}} ran out of ammunition, the commandos boarded the last operational jeep and reached safety.{{sfn|Macintyre|2016|p=204}}{{sfn|Syrett|2014|p=234}}

==Aftermath==

The raid was a great success, several of the destroyed German aircraft being Junkers 52 transport aircraft, the loss of which exacerbated Axis supply difficulties.

Stirling was captured by the Germans in January 1943 and spent the rest of the war in and out of Axis [[prisoner of war]] camps. He was replaced by Mayne as commander of the SAS.{{sfn|Dilley|2013|pp=87–89}}

==See also==
* [[Raid on Bardia]]
* [[Operation Caravan]]
* [[Operation Spiderweb]]
* [[Desert warfare]]
* [[List of North African airfields during World War II]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|first=Michael F. |last=Dilley|title=Behind the Lines: A Critical Survey of Special Operations in World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5PUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT87|date=30 September 2013|publisher=Casemate|isbn=978-1-61200-183-8}}
* {{cite book|first=Malcolm |last=James|title=Born of the Desert: With the SAS in North Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZAdDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA329|date=19 March 2015|publisher=Frontline |isbn=978-1-4738-9691-8}}
* {{cite book|first=Jon E. |last=Lewis|title=The Mammoth Book Of Special Forces Training: Physical and Mental Secrets of Elite Military Units|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5vYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT13|date=22 January 2015|publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-1-4721-1178-4}}
* {{cite book|first=Ben |last=Macintyre|title=Rogue Heroes: The History of the SAS, Britain's Secret Special Forces Unit That Sabotaged the Nazis and Changed the Nature of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDlbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204|date=4 October 2016|publisher=Crown/Archetype|isbn=978-1-101-90417-6}}
* {{cite book|first=Carol |last=Mather|title=When the Grass Stops Growing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNGkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|date=9 April 1997|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-0-85052-576-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Gavin |last=Mortimer|title=The Daring Dozen: 12 Special Forces Legends of World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJejCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|date=20 June 2012|publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-78096-454-6}}
* {{cite book|first=Gavin |last=Mortimer|title=Stirling's Desert Triumph: The SAS Egyptian Airfield Raids 1942|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AECVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|date=20 April 2015a|publisher=Osprey (Bloomsbury) |series=Raid No. 49 |isbn=978-1-4728-0764-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Gavin |last=Mortimer|title=The SAS in World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkGXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|date=20 June 2015b|publisher=Osprey (Bloomsbury) |isbn=978-1-4728-0876-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Norman |last=Polmar|title=Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and its Influence on World Events: 1909–1945 |volume=I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNAXHkfMs5wC&pg=PA135|date=1 September 2006|publisher=Potomac Books |isbn=978-1-57488-663-4}}
* {{cite book|first=MSG Napoleon |last=Spencer|title=Battle Of Gazala (May–June 1942) |edition=Illus. |issue=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oBvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP16|date=15 August 2014|publisher=Lucknow Books|isbn=978-1-78289-389-9}}
* {{cite book|first=David |last=Syrett|title=The Eyes of the Desert Rats: British Long-Range Reconnaissance Operations in the North African Desert 1940–43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234|date=19 August 2014|publisher=Helion|isbn=978-1-912174-63-8}}
* {{cite book|first=David T. |last=Zabecki |title=Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History (4 volumes)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCWMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA816|date=28 October 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-981-3}}
* {{cite book|first=David T. |last=Zabecki|title=World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq_lCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT545|date=May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-81242-3}}
{{refend}}

{{British Commando raids of the Second World War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sidi Haneish Airfield 1941}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1942]]
[[Category:July 1942 in Africa]]
[[Category:1942 in Egypt]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving France]]
[[Category:Egypt in World War II]]
[[Category:British Commando operations during the Second World War]]
[[Category:North African campaign]]
[[Category:Western Desert campaign]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Attacks on airports in Africa]]
[[Category:Attacks on air bases]]
[[Category:Military operations involving airports]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in 1942]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in Egypt]]

Babasaheb Purandare

2026-03-05T00:37:08Z

LesliGirard6:

{{Short description|Indian writer (1922–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Babasaheb Purandare
| image = Babasahebwikismall.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Balwant Moreshwar Purandare
| honorific_prefix = ''Shiv Shahir''
| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|07|29|df=y}}<ref name=k>{{cite news|url=http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=071120N15&flag1=1 |title=Kalidas Samman to Shri Purandare |publisher=Department of Public Relations, Madhya Pradesh Government |date=20 November 2007 |access-date=16 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716064424/http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=071120N15&flag1=1 |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/babasaheb-purandare-turns-99-wishes-pour-in-101627581899015.html|title=Babasaheb Purandare turns 99, wishes pour in|work=Hindustan Times |date=29 July 2021}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Shukrawar Peth, Pune]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|11|15|1922|07|29|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pune, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Historian, writer, orator
| parents =
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2019) [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] (2015) [[Kalidas Samman]] (2007–08)
| spouse ={{marriage|[[Nirmala Purandare]]||2019|end=died}}
| children = 3
}}

'''Balwant Moreshwar Purandare''' (29 July 1922 – 15 November 2021), popularly known as '''Babasaheb Purandare''', was an Indian historian and writer of books and plays from [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=15 November 2021 |title=Babasaheb Purandare, historian and authority on Chhatrapati Shivaji, passes away at 99 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/historian-padma-vibhushan-awardee-babasaheb-purandare-dead/article37497511.ece |access-date=15 November 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His works are mostly based on the life of [[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj|Shivaji]], the 17th-century founder of the [[Maratha Empire]]; as a result he is called ''Shiv-Shahir'' ("Shivaji's bard").<ref name="Pāṭīla1987">{{cite book|author=Śālinī Pāṭīla|title=Maharani Tarabai of Kolhapur, c. 1675-1761 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh1BAAAAMAAJ|access-date=9 August 2013|year=1987|publisher=S. Chand & Co.|isbn=978-81-219-0269-4}}</ref> He is mostly known for his popular play on Shivaji, ''Jaanta Raja''. Purandare also studied the history of the [[Peshwa]]s of Pune. In 2015, he was awarded the [[Maharashtra Bhushan Award]], [[Maharashtra]]'s highest civilian award.<ref>{{cite news|title=Purandare awarded "Maharashtra Bhushan".|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/shivajis-poet-to-be-conferred-maharashtra-bhushan/|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=Indian Express|date=1 May 2015}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second-highest civilian award on 25 January 2019.

==Early life==
'''Babasaheb''' was born in Pune in 1922 and belonged to the noble family of the [[Purandare]], who were senior Sardars in the court of the [[Peshwa]]. In 1930, when he was seven, the Purandare family had to move out from Pune as a wave of plague had returned to the city. They temporarily shifted to a relative’s home in [[Donje]] on the city outskirts, at the foothills of [[Sinhagad Fort]]. During this stay, the family would visit the fort and Babasaheb's father would tell him stories of the fort and Shivaji's rendezvous at the hilly citadel which was once called [[Kondhana]].
His young mind was so taken by the history and stories of the [[Maratha Empire]] and the ramparts of the forts, that for the next nine decades it would be the sole preoccupation of his life.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/babasaheb-purandare-death-7623864/ | title=Babasaheb Purandare, 'Shivaji's Bard' who brought him alive through stories | date=15 November 2021 }}</ref>

In the early days of his career he worked in [[Acharya Atre]]'s newspaper as a journalist. He made several contributions in the formative years of the [[Shiv Sena]] as a senior party leader. He also participated in the [[Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] from [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]].<ref>https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?25187|title Shivshahir Balwant Moreshwar Purandare.
</ref>

==Works==
[[File:Babasaheb Purandare Wax Statue.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Babasaheb Purandare Wax Statue|Babasaheb Purandare Wax Statue at ''Wax Museum, Lonavala''.]]
Purandare had started writing stories related to the period of Shivaji's reign at a very young age, which were later compiled and published in a book titled ''Thinagya'' ("Sparks"). His other works include books titled ''Raja Shiva-Chatrapati'' and ''Kesari'', and a book on life of [[Narayanrao Peshwa]]. His most well-known work is the drama, ''Jaanata Raja'', a widely popular play on Shivaji published and first staged in 1985. Since then the drama has been staged over 1000 times in 16 districts of Maharashtra, Agra, Delhi, Bhopal, and the United States. Originally written in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], this work was later translated into Hindi.<ref name=k/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20071102/811130.html|title=Janta Raja' to be staged in the US: Baba Purandare|date=2 November 2007|access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> This drama is performed by over 200 artists, and includes elephants, camels and horses. Generally the performance of this drama begins around [[Diwali]] each year.

For his works, in the field of drama, he was awarded the [[Kalidas Samman]] by the [[Madhya Pradesh]] government for 2007–08.<ref name=k/>

==Restoration and preservation efforts==
Historically, his [[Purandare|family]] held positions of power in the [[Maratha Empire]], which gave him access to a lot of objects,[[ceremonial weapon]]ry and documents. They were aptly ustilised by him and formed the basis of some of his literature. The items which were part of his family heritage were properly documented, analyzed and many donations to museums took place. He has also worked immensely in the field of historical [[Archive|archiving]] as well as proper restoration of historical documents and [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] from the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] Period. The [[Vishrambaug Wada]] houses many such items painstakingly preserved by him. After his demise, there was an outcry regarding the fate of the artifacts, their preservation and proper caretaking at the Wada.

He also founded [https://www.shivsrushti.com/ शिवसृष्टी (ShivShrushti)] near [[Ambegaon]] in Pune, which preserves the Maratha culture and artistic prowess from the rule of Shivaji.<ref>https://www.shivsrushtipune.com/|title ShivaShrusti Official Website.</ref>

==Personal life==
He belonged to the Deshastha Rigvedi Purandare Family. His wife, [[Nirmala Purandare]], was a veteran social activist. She founded the Vanasthali organisation in Pune.<ref>{{cite news|title=Social activist, educationist Nirmala Purandare dies in Pune|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/21/social-activist-educationist-nirmala-purandare-dies-in-pune-2007070.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=21 July 2019}}</ref> She was known for working amongst rural women, and in the area of child development. Her brother, Shree Ga Majgaonkar, and Babasaheb Purandare had a very close association in the field of literature. Babasaheb Purandare has a daughter, Madhuri, and two sons, Amrut and Prasad. All his children are active in the Marathi literary field.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/noted-social-activist-educationist-nirmala-purandare-dies-in-pune/story-RXHsZAPJ6w5ija3lTfGBRI.html | title=Noted social activist, educationist Nirmala Purandare dies in Pune | date=21 July 2019 }}</ref> Madhuri Purandare, his daughter, is a renowned writer, painter, and singer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jyotsnaprakashan.com/illustrators/english-illustrators/madhuri-purandare-2|title=Madhuri Purandare - jyotsnaprakashan.com|website=jyotsnaprakashan.com}}</ref>

Over his lifetime, he donated a lot of his income from literature to numerous charitable organizations and NGOs which fight for a good cause.In one such instance, he kept only 10 paise of the ₹10 [[Lakh]] cash award for receiving the [[Maharashtra Bhushan]]. He added ₹15 Lakhs from his own pocket, and donated the entire sum towards cancer research.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/purandare-donates-award-sum-for-cancer-treatment/articleshow/48548433.cms | title=Purandare donates award sum for cancer treatment | work=The Times of India | date=20 August 2015 }}</ref>

Purandare died from pneumonia on 15 November 2021, at the age of 99 in a hospital in Pune.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=मोठी बातमी {{!}} शिवशाहीर बाबासाहेब पुरंदरे यांचे निधन|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/maharashtra/big-news-from-pune-shivshahir-babasaheb-purandare-is-no-more-died-at-99-years/591870|access-date=15 November 2021|website=24taas.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-15|title=Historian, Padma Vibhushan Awardee Babasaheb Purandare Dead; 'Pained Beyond Words,' PM Modi Says|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/noted-author-historian-babasaheb-purandare-on-ventilator-support-4444184.html|access-date=2021-11-15|work=News18|language=en}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Purandare's critics have accused him of distorting history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-15 |title=Why Marathas had a problem with the late Babasaheb Purandare, the bard of Chhatrapati Shivaji |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/why-marathas-had-a-problem-with-the-late-babasaheb-purandare-the-bard-of-chhatrapati-shivaji/832127 |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> One of their biggest criticisms has been that Purandare has portrayed Dadoji Kondadeo as Shivaji's guru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Not against Purandare as an individual but opposition to his writings will continue: Critics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/babasaheb-purandare-critics-7624710/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* A 2008 TV show, ''[[Raja Shivchhatrapati (TV series)|Raja Shivchhatrapati]]'' depicting the life of Maratha king [[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj|Shivaji]], was based on ''Raja Shivchhatrapati'', written by Babasaheb Purandare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-15 |title=Noted historian Babasaheb Purandare passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/noted-historian-babasaheb-purandare-passes-away-1050850.html |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purandare, Babasaheb}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Maharashtra Bhushan Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in India]]

Vaira Maalai

2026-03-04T05:06:33Z

LesliGirard6: creating new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vaira Maalai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = N. Jagannath
| based_on = {{based on|''Vaira Maalai''|Thottakara Viswanathan}}
| producer = A. C. Pillai Sri Patha Shankar
| starring = [[R. S. Manohar]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] [[K. A. Thangavelu]]
| cinematography = P. L. Rai H. S. Venu
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Vaidhya Films
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1954|09|25}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vaira Maalai''''' ({{Translation|Diamond Necklace}}) is a 1954 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] starring [[R. S. Manohar]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] and [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]. It is based on the play of the same name by Thottakara Viswanathan.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=24 December 2011 |title=Blast from the past – Vaira Maalai 1954 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-vaira-maalai-1954/article2744712.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617052850/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-vaira-maalai-1954/article2744712.ece |archive-date=17 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1954-09-26 |title=வைர மாலை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1954-09-26/page/n25/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240909053437/https://archive.org/details/kalki1954-09-26/page/n25/mode/2up |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=24 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rangasamy and Mohan are college students studying in [[Chennai]]. Rangasamy bets that he will make another college student, Kamala, dance at his birthday party for 1000 rupees. He goes to [[Coimbatore]] with Mohan to get money from his uncle Sambantham. Kamala also goes with them. He has his own house in Coimbatore. But he stays with Mohan and plans to take his mother's diamond necklace for his bet. He meets a girl, Shantha and falls in love with her. But Shantha's brother Mani takes her away before Rangan makes contact.

Sambantham has rented Rangan's house to Shantha's father Paramasivam. Rangan, without knowing this, goes to his home. There is a lunatic in the house and Rangan get out of the house from the lunatic's clutches. He asks his uncle Sambandam for money. Sambandam tells him to marry Paramasivam's daughter Shantha if he wants the money. Rangasamy does not know that Shantha is the girl whom he had seen earlier and fallen in love. He tells his uncle that he will earn money and then marry Shantha.

In the meantime Kamala sends Mohan disguised as Rangasamy, to Paramasivam's house to see the girl. Shantha's brother Mani disguises himself as a girl and makes Mohan to suffer in the clutches of the lunatic.

Kamala forces Rangasamy for the money and he goes back to his house to take his mother's diamond necklace. Again he gets caught in the clutches of the lunatic. Shantha helps him to escape.

Rangasamy tells Mohan that Shantha the beautiful girl is the Paramasivam's daughter. But Mohan (who was cheated by Mani) says Paramasivam's daughter is like an ape. In order to find the truth, Rangasamy disguised as Kandasamy finds employment as a servant in Paramasivam's house. Shantha suspects him as having come there to steal her diamond necklace.

Paramasivam's elder brother's daughter Kasturi also lives in the same house. Rangasamy befriends Mani and tries to find who is who. Shantha deceives him saying Kasturi is Paramasivam's daughter and she (Shantha) is Paramasivam's elder brother's daughter.
The diamond necklace gets lost one day. Shantha suspects Rangasamy and chases him out. She realises that the lunatic only stole the necklace. She writes a letter to Rangasamy begging his pardon and she requests him to come back to the house.

Sambantham and Paramasivam are making arrangements to marry Shantha to Rangasamy. Paramasivam learns that his daughter Shantha is moving closely with Rangasamy who is disguised as Kandasamy. Paramasivam chases Rangasamy out of the house. Meanwhile, Mohan enters the house. Shantha thinks he is Rangasamy. So she runs away to Bangalore with Kandasamy (the real Rangasamy).

Through Mohan, Sambantham learns that Rangasamy has run away. He sends Mohan to bring Rangasamy back. The lunatic informs Paramasivam that his daughter Shantha has run away.

Sambandam and Paramasivam makes arrangements for the marriage in the absence of the bride and groom.

Paramasivam complains to the police that Kandasamy has stolen the diamond necklace.

Sambandam adopts Mohan as his son. Paramasivam 'buys' Kamala and makes her his daughter.

What happens Rangasamy and Shantha forms the rest of the story.<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.VairaMaalai_N.Jagannath_1954/149.%20Vaira%20Maalai_N.Jagannath_1954.pdf |title=வைரமாலை |publisher=Vaidhya Films |year=1954 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=9 September 2024 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
Adapted from ''[[The Hindu]]'':<ref name="hindu" />
* [[R. S. Manohar]]
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]]
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]
* [[K. R. Chellam]]
* [[V. S. Raghavan]]

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by the duo [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]].<ref name="hindu" /><ref name="song book" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song || Singer/s || Lyricist || Length
|-
| Senthamarai Kannane || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] || Kanaga Surabi || 02:55
|-
| Aanum pennum Serndhu padicha || [[Jikki]] || [[Kannadasan]] ||
|-
| Vanjamidho Vaanchaiyile || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], M. L. Vasanthakumari || Kanaga Surabi || 03:02
|-
| Koovamal koovum Gokilam || Thiruchi Loganathan, M. L. Vasanthakumari || rowspan="2" | Kannadasan || 03:25
|-
| Nadana Kala Rani (Dance Drama) || [[P. Leela]], [[A. P. Komala]], [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| Unnai ennum podhe || M. L. Vasanthakumari || Kuyilan || 02:49
|}

== Reception ==
Historian [[Randor Guy]] noted that, unlike the source play, the film adaptation was not well received.<ref name="hindu" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:1954 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1954 comedy films]]
[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Valliyin Selvan

2026-03-04T05:05:37Z

LesliGirard6: creating a data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Valliyin Selvan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kothamangalam Subbu]]
| writer = Kothamangalam Subbu
| starring = [[S. V. Subbaiah]] [[M. S. Sundari Bai]]
| cinematography = C. A. S. Mani
| editing = N. R. Krishnaswamy
| music = P. S. Anantharaman
| studio = United Film Arts
| distributor = [[Gemini Studios]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 1955 |title=Valliyin Selvan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19550211&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1955|02|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Valliyin Selvan''''' ({{translation|Valli's son}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[children's film]] written and directed by [[Kothamangalam Subbu]]. The film stars [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]], [[S. V. Sahasranamam|Sahasranamam]], [[M. S. Sundari Bai]] and [[S. V. Subbaiah]]. It was released on 11 February 1955.<ref name="anandan">{{Cite web |title=1955 – வள்ளியின் செல்வன் – யுனைடெட் பிலிம் ஆர்ட்ஸ் (ஜெமினி). |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails33.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170428003554/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails33.asp |archive-date=28 April 2017 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2024}}
A rich man is childless and wants to remarry. His wife is worried. Their household servant gives his infant son to the lady who convinces the rich man that the baby was born to her. The lady's brother knows the truth. The servant's wife dies and after some time the lady conceives and gives birth to a son. She starts neglecting the servant's son. She also ill treats him. So the servant tries to take away his son. However, the rich man, who is not aware of the truth, thinks the servant is trying to abduct the eldest boy and beats the servant. The elder boy learns that he is the son of the servant and goes away to live with the servant, his real father. The younger boy becomes very ill. The doctor who examines him says he is affected by the loss of his elder brother and he can be cured only if the elder boy returns home. The lady, mistaking her husband for her brother, tells the truth. Thus, the rich man learns the truth. The rich man begs the servant to give him his son. The servant initially objects but due to the plight of the younger boy, sends his son to the rich man.<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/ValliyinSelvan/Valiyen%20selvan.pdf |title=வள்ளியின் செல்வன் |publisher=United Film Arts |year=1955 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=28 April 2017 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] as Vathsala<ref name="songbook" />
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam|Sahasranamam]] as Manoharam Pillay<ref name="songbook" />
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai|Sundari Bai]] as Valli<ref name="songbook" />
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Kandan<ref name="songbook" />
* Vanaja as Leela<ref name="songbook" />
* [[Gemini Ganesan|R. Ganesan]] as Murthy<ref name="songbook" />
* [[T. S. Durairaj]] as [[Sheristadar]] Doraiswamy Pillay<ref name="songbook" />
* P. S. Gnanam as Manoharam Pillay's sister<ref name="songbook" />
* Master Murali as Raju<ref name="songbook" />
* Master Babuji as Balu<ref name="songbook" />

== Production ==
The film was produced by United Film Arts, a subsidiary company of [[Gemini Studios]].<ref name="anandan" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by P. S. Anantharaman and lyrics were penned by [[Kothamangalam Subbu]].<ref name="songbook" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Kannin Maniye Vaa" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || 02:32
|-
| "Jigu Jigu Engeyum Nikkaadhu Rayil" || Children song || 04:25
|-
| "Nadanam Aadinaar" || Seergazhi Govindarajan || 01:51
|-
| "Kannaa Unnai Kandadhum" || Thiruchi Loganathan || 01:56
|-
| "Mangalam Endra.... En Arumai Selvame" (Title song) || Radha Jayalakshmi || 02:18
|-
| "Vilayaadum Dheivamadi" || M. L. Vasanthakumari & T. V. Rathnam || 06:09
|-
| "Aayirangaalatthu Payiraai" || T. V. Rathnam || 02:37
|-
| "Nallavar Endre.... Putthira Vaanjaiyil" || Seergazhi Govindarajan || 02:35
|-
| "Panjayaththukku Vaa Pulle" || T. M. Soundararajan & T. V. Rathnam || 02:59
|-
| "Anbe Uruvaai Aanavar" || V. N. Sundaram & group || 00:23
|-
| "Un Mugam Vaada Kandaal" || ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1955 children's films]]
[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kothamangalam Subbu]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kothamangalam Subbu]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=February 2025}}

Sajan (1947 film)

2026-03-03T23:12:27Z

LesliGirard6: creating new stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sajan
| image = Sajan_1947.jpg

| caption = Ashok Kumar and Rehana in ''Sajan'' from [[Filmindia]]
| director = [[Kishore Sahu]]
| producer = [[Filmistan]]
| writer = [[Kishore Sahu]]
| screenplay = [[Kishore Sahu]]
| story = [[Kishore Sahu]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ashok Kumar]]|[[Rehana (actress)|Rehana]]|Ramesh Gupta|Ranjit Kumari|[[Leela Mishra]]}}
| music = [[C. Ramchandra]]
| cinematography = K. H. Kapadia
| editing = Pundalik
| distributor = [[Filmistan]]
| studio = [[Filmistan]]
| released = {{Film date|1947}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sajan''''' (Boyfriend) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1947|1947]] [[Hindi]] romantic film directed by [[Kishore Sahu]].<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book|author=Ashok Raj|title=Hero Vol.1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35|accessdate=18 March 2015|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-02-9|pages=35–}}</ref> The film was produced by Filmistan and had music by [[C. Ramchandra]].<ref name=Gomolo>{{cite web|title=Sajan (1947)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/sajan-movie/1641|website=gomolo.com|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> The story and screenplay were by Kishore Sahu.<ref name=Patel>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Filmindia|journal=Filmindia|date=August 1948|volume=14|issue=8|pages=47|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194612unse#page/n591/mode/2up|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> The film had [[Rehana (actress)|Rehana]] in the female lead, and following the success of this film, as well as ''[[Shehnai (1947 film)|Shehnai]]'' (1947), she became an "overnight star".<ref name=Cineplot>{{cite web|title=Rehana|url=http://cineplot.com/rehana/ |website=cineplot.com|publisher=Cineplot|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> The cast included [[Ashok Kumar]], Rehana, Ramesh Gupta, Anant Prabhu and [[Leela Mishra]].<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Sajan|url=http://www.citwf.com/film301594.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>

The story revolves around Prakash (Ashok Kumar), a man suffering from amnesia following a train accident. A man pretending to be Prakash surfaces at his house. The film was a big commercial success.<ref name=Tehelka>{{cite web|last1=Ausaja|first1=SMM|title=Talkie Superstar|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main38.asp?filename=Ws150308Talkie.asp|website=archive.tehelka.com|publisher=Tehelka.com|accessdate=18 March 2015|ref=Anant Media Pvt. Ltd. Tehelka}}</ref>

==Plot==
Prakash (Ashok Kumar) is returning home after eleven years from UK, and is now on a train for his journey back home. He meets a young man, also called Prakash (Ramesh Gupta), on the train who befriends him. The train meets with an accident and Prakash loses his memory. While Prakash is wandering around trying to regain his memory, the man from the train thinking that Prakash (Kumar) is dead, pretends to be Prakash and reaches his house. There everyone believes him to be Pakash except for his wife, Kamla (Rehana), who then runs away from home. She joins a band of wandering gypsies. Kamla and Prakash meet, both unaware of each other's true identity. Forming a close bond, the two finally realise the truth when Prakash's memory returns. The fake Prakash is revealed as the villain.

==Cast==
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Prakash
* [[Rehana (actress)|Rehana]] as Kamla
* Ranjit Kumari as Bijli
* [[Leela Mishra]]
* S. L. Puri as Gypsy Chief

==Reception==
''[[Filmindia]]'' called it a "highly improbable and unrealistic story", but praised it for its fast pace and "good entertainment". The story was inspired by ''[[Random Harvest (film)|Random Harvest]]'' (1942), however unlike it, ''Sajan'' made "no effort" to remain "plausible". [[Baburao Patel]], the editor of ''Filmindia'', remarked on the implausible situation of a mother, servants and others not recognising someone only after a period of eleven years. Critical of Rehana's acting, citing it as "Rehana flops", Patel praised S. L. Puri, in his role of the gypsy leader, as the only actor to show any "authenticity" in the film.<ref name=Patel />

==Soundtrack==
Ashok Kumar, who was to sing his songs in the film, was replaced by playback singer [[Mohammed Rafi]]. In his book "A Journey Down Melody Lane", Bharatan states that Ashok Kumar was unable to reach the recording studios due to the Hindu-Muslim riots (1947), and hence the composer of the film, [[C. Ramchandra]], "daringly" chose Rafi to sing "Hum Ko Tumhara Hi Aasra", which became "an instant hit".<ref name="Bharatan2010">{{cite book|author=Raju Bharatan|title=A Journey Down Melody Lane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnxABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT11|accessdate=18 March 2015|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-05-0|pages=11–}}</ref> The lyricists were Moti B. A. ,

[[Qamar Jalalabadi]], Ram Murti chaturvedi.

<ref name="LyricsBogie">{{cite web|title=Sajan (1947)|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/category/movies/saajan-1947|website=lyricsbogie.com|publisher=LyricsBogie|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>

===Song list===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "O Babu Gali Mein Teri"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Humko Tumhara Hi Aasra"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Humko Tumhara Hi Aasra" (Duet)
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], Lalita Deulkar
|-
| "Main Hoon Jaipur Ki Banjaran, Chanchal Mera Naam"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], Lalita Deulkar
|-
| "Hum Banjare, Sang Hamare Dhoom Macha Le Duniya, Mauj Uda Le Duniya"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], Lalita Deulkar, [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Sambhal Sambhalke Jaiyo Ho Banjare, Dilli Door Hai"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], Lalita Deulkar, [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Chor Aa Gaye Nagariya"
| Lalita Deulkar
|-
| "Thandi Ret Mein"
| [[Zohrabai Ambalewali]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0268595 |title =Sajan (1947) }}

{{Kishore Sahu}}

[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:1947 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1947 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kishore Sahu]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Ramchandra]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:1940s romance films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]

Bisile

2026-03-03T21:21:28Z

LesliGirard6: Made A Entry

{{Short description|2010 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bisile
| image = Bisile.jpeg
| caption =
| director = Sandeep S Gowda
| producer = Kiran P Reddy
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Diganth]]
*[[Jennifer Kotwal]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = Gagan-Hari
| cinematography = A R Niranjan Banu
| editing = Shivaraj Mehu
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|11|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bisile''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by Sandeep S Gowda, starring [[Diganth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/diganth-and-i-are-buddies-111243.html|title='Diganth and I are buddies'|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=25 November 2010|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171010/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/metrolife/diganth-and-i-are-buddies-111243.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Jennifer Kotwal]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Nov/30/the-bisile-wait-begins-207050.html|title=The 'Bisile' wait begins|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 November 2010|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171202/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/nov/30/the-bisile-wait-begins-207050.amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/nov/12/bisile-being-shot-with-wiper-digital-cameras-103196.html|title='Bisile' being shot with wiper digital cameras|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=12 November 2009|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171226/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/nov/12/bisile-being-shot-with-wiper-digital-cameras-103196.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Diganth]] as Vicky
* [[Jennifer Kotwal]] as Anu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Nov/30/i-am-happy-to-act-in-bisile-jennifer-207009.html|title=I am happy to act in Bisile: Jennifer|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 November 2010|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172713/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/nov/30/i-am-happy-to-act-in-bisile-jennifer-207009.amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Dwarakish]]
* [[M. S. Umesh]]
* [[Jai Jagadish]]
* [[Shivaram]]
* Lakshmi Devamma
* Sunethra Pandith
* [[Chithra Shenoy]]
* Shailaja Joshi
}}

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Bisile
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Gagan Baderiya Rishikesh Hari
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2010
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:43
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2009
| year = 2011
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| jlC2MVYaJkA| Bisile - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:43
| title1 = Andakivale
| extra1 = Rishikesh Hari
| length1 = 1:14
| title2 = Ee Bhoomiya
| extra2 = Rishikesh Hari, Ramya, Gurupreeth
| length2 = 2:55
| title3 = Ee Bisileli
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length3 = 5:16
| title4 = Ee Bisileli (Remix)
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length4 = 1:07
| title5 = Idu Kanasa
| extra5 = Sudarshan
| length5 = 3.16
| title6 = Kanda Kanasugalu
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length6 = 1:53
| title7 = Naa Haadoke
| extra7 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Godlove
| length7 = 3:34
| title8 = Nannusiru
| extra8 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length8 = 5:01
| title9 = Ninnanda Kaanadagi
| extra9 = Sandeep Bathra
| length9 = 2.45
| title10 = Ninnanda Nodalende
| extra10 = Hariharan
| length10 = 4:02
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and says "Digant and Jeniffer make a good looking pair. The role offered to Diganth seems more like an extension of his lover boy image. He does a good job and proves that he can perform outside the Yograj Bhat camp as well. Jeniffer gets to do nothing but walk, smile and dance in designer wears in the first half, while she mouths a few dialogues and gets to perform a bit in the second. Actors like Jai Jagdeesh and Biradar have been wasted. Bisile could have been a perfect family entertainer if only backed by a stronger script".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-bisile/20101126.htm|title=Review: Bisile disappoints|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=6 November 2009|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922214042/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/south-review-bisile/20101126.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and says "Diganth and Jennifer Kotwal have shown great chemistry on-screen, while Dwarakish and Umesh are at their humorous best. Gagan-Hari's foot-tapping music keeps up the up-beat tone of the film while A R niranjan Babu's cinematography needs special mention".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bisile/movie-review/7009119.cms?from=mdr|title=BISILE MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920213550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bisile/movie-review/7009119.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Bisile gives viewers some respite from other mindless fare currently on offer. Gagan-Rishi also impress on their maiden outing with two melodious numbers which Niranjan Babu’s camerawork has embellished. The director’s rough edges need to be smoothened out, but for all that, Bisile creates enough sunny moments. Families and youth are certain to enjoy the dialogues".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/116100/bisile.html|title=Bisile|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=26 November 2010|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171752/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/116100/bisile.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "Though the storyline is slim, it is amply made up by the dialogues, with the style of saying the unobvious that keeps the audience glued throughout. In this aspect, Diganth gets to mouth dialogues which his mentor Yograj Bhat made popular once - and it never goes over the top. Effortless, Bisile must be Diganth's best film to date. For the visual canopy he provides, Niranjan Babu, the cinematographer, too deserves a special mention. Bisile is a beauty. Get in".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/loads-of-sunshine/articleshow/21739244.cms|title=Loads of sunshine|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=26 November 2010|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173644/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/loads-of-sunshine/articleshow/21739244.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]

Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru!

2026-03-03T18:02:35Z

LesliGirard6: added references

{{short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru!
| image = Avunu Valliddaru Istapaddaru.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[Vamsy]]
| producer = Vallurapalli Ramesh Babu
| screenplay = Vamsy
| story = Gooduru Viswanatha Sastry
| starring = [[Ravi Teja]] [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]] Prasanna [[Krishna Bhagavan]]
| narrator = Sankaramanchi Parthasarathi
| music = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| cinematography = K. Rajendra Prasad
| editing = Basva Paidireddy
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2002|08|02|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Avunu... Valliddaru Ishta Paddaru!''''' ({{translation|Yes, they both liked each other!}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Vamsy]]. It won many awards including the [[Andhra Pradesh]] State Nandi Award. The film's music is composed by [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]].

==Plot==

Morampudi Anil Sai Kumar is a well-educated but unemployed youth who comes to the city in search of a job. After attending a hundred interviews, he is offered a night watchman job by an employer who is impressed by Anil's honesty and [[dignity of labour]]. Anil starts looking for accommodation in a nearby colony. Satyanandam stays in the colony and takes care of a house of his friend living in America, collecting rent for him. Swathi stays in that house and works in a software firm. Satyanandam is interested in collecting a second rent for himself and offers the house to Anil on the condition that he can stay there only during the day, without Swathi's knowledge. Anil agrees and moves into the house. Anil is impressed by the way the room is decorated and artfully arranged and understands that the woman living there has a very good taste.

The colony is full of comical characters very typical of Vamsy's films. Satyanandam is a miser trying to make money by what ever means he can. His crazy brother-in-law keeps creating trouble for him and others in the colony. The washer-man sells his crazy ideas to people. Potti Raju keeps making several attempts to start his own business but always ends up in a loss. The interaction of these characters with each other and the humorous situations that arise form the backbone to the movie's story line.

After a month, Anil accidentally breaks Swathi's porcelain artefact in the room and writes a letter to her, apologising for his mistake. Swathi comes across the letter, and learns that someone else has been staying in her room without her knowledge. But she takes a liking to Anil's honesty and lets him stay in her house when she is at work during the day. Both keep communicating through letters and become friends, gradually falling in love without seeing each other. Anil and Swathi also happen to meet in a restaurant when she wrongly accuses him of stealing her purse. They start off as enemies but become friends without realising that they are roommates, too. One day, Anil discovers that the friend he has been meeting outside is none other than his own roommate Swathi, but does not reveal this to her, wanting to surprise her at the time of marriage.

Anand, the brother of Swathi's office manager takes a liking to her, and sends his father to her adopted parents in the village seeking a matrimonial alliance with Swathi. Swathi's poor parents express interest, as it would help them to get their two younger daughters married. Swathi is in a fix, as she wants to help her father who adopted her and brought her up despite his poverty, but she cannot let go of her love for Anil. She expresses her dilemma to Anil as a friend, without any knowledge that it is with him that she is in love actually. Anil realises that Swathi's family would benefit financially from her marriage to Anand. He leaves a letter in the room telling her that he is deserting Swathi and going after a wealthy girl. As a friend he comforts Swathi and convinces her to marry Anand. However, Swathi learns the truth in the end through Anil's friend and unites with Anil.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Morampudi Venkata Anil Sai Kumar
* [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]] as Swathi
* Prasanna as Ananth
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Ram Mohan Rao (Ananth's father).
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Kishore (Ananth's brother).
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Nookaraju
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as NV Subba Rao alias Gali Dumaram
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Anil's maternal uncle
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Swathi's adoptive father
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Police Constable
* [[Krishna Bhagavan]] as Chittibabu
* [[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]] as Subba Raju alias Pottiraju
* [[Siva Reddy]] as America Prasad
* [[Preeti Nigam]] as Nukaalu Nookaraju's wife
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Satyanandam
* [[L.B. Sriram]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam]] Recruiting Interviewer.
}}

==Music==
The music was composed by Chakri. It was manufactured and marketed by Supreme Recording. The lyricists involved with the movie are: "Sirivennela" sitaramasastry, Sai Sriharsha, Chandra Bose, and Bhaskarbatla Ravikumar; with Sai Sriharsha penning the famous "Ennenno Varnaalu" song, and Sirivennela Sitaramasastry penning the "Naalo Nenu Lene Lenu" song.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singer !! Lyricist
|-
|"Vennello Hai Hai"
|[[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
|Sai Sriharsha
|-
| "Raa Rammani"
| [[SP Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Kousalya (Singer)|Kousalya]]
|Chandrabose
|-
| "Naalo Nenu Lene Lenu"
| Sandeep, Kousalya
|Sirivennela Sitaramasastry
|-
| "Pogadamaaku Athigaa"
| SP Balasubrahmanyam, Kousalya
|Sai Sriharsha
|-
| "Sitakoka Chilukaa"
| Chakri, Kousalya
|Bhaskarabatla Ravikumar
|-
| "Ennenno Varnaalu"
| SP Balasubrahmanyam, Kousalya
|Sai Sriharsha
|-
| "Madi Ninduga Manchitanam"
| SP Balasubrahmanyam, Kousalya
|Sai Sriharsha
|-
| "Yemi Ee Bhaagyamo"
| Kousalya
|Sai Sriharsha
|-
| "Nuziveedu Soniaa"
| Ravi Varma
|Bhaskarabatla Ravikumar
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "On the whole the film is a good entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/avunu-valliddaru-ista-paddaru-review-telugu-pclut4gbhaaej.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120030912/https://www.sify.com/movies/avunu-valliddaru-ista-paddaru-review-telugu-pclut4gbhaaej.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2022|title=Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "Made with a different story, narrated in a creative manner, 'Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru' will entertain you in a big way, if you have taste of class films and situational comedy sequences".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-avunu.html|title = Telugu Cinema – Review – Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru – Ravi Teja, Kalyani – Vamsy – Chakri|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Kiran Nadella of ''Full Hyderabad'' stated that "''AVI'' is hilarious without straining to be, with a clichéd but entertaining storyline and terrific cast".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/avunu...-valliddaru-istapaddaru/telugu/avunu...-valliddaru-istapaddaru-movie-reviews-1102-2.html|title=Avunu... Valliddaru Istapaddaru! Review|author=Kiran Nadella|work=Full Hyderabad}}</ref>

==Awards==

;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2002.htm|title=Nandi Awards 2002|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=8 September 2003}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]] – Ganapathi

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0318338}}

{{Vamsy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Avunu Valliddaroo Ishtapaddaru}}
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vamsy]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]

Yuga (2006 film)

2026-03-03T04:36:15Z

LesliGirard6: creating a stub!

{{No plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yuga (2006 film).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Yaar Kannan]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
* [[Richard Rishi|Richard]]
* [[Manikandan (actor)|Manikandan]]
* [[Swarnamalya]]
* [[Kadhal Sukumar|Sukumar]]
* Jai
* Raja
* [[Santhoshi]]
* [[Bharathi (Tamil actress)|Bharathi]]
}}
| producer = Creative Force Team
| writer = [[E. Ramdoss]] '''(Dialogue)''' Jeeva Kannan '''(Additional Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = "Yaar" Kannan Jeeva Kannan '''(assistant)'''
| story = "Yaar" Kannan
| music = [[Dhina]]
| cinematography = M. Sibiyon
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|07|14}}
| runtime =
| studio = Creative Force Media P. Ltd
| language = Tamil
| country = India
}}

'''''Yuga''''' ({{Translation|Eon}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Science fiction film|science fiction]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2006 |title=Yesterday, today and 'Naalai' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/yesterday-today-and-naalai/article3231269.ece |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119020132/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/yesterday-today-and-naalai/article3231269.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[thriller film]] directed by [[Yaar Kannan]] and starring [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Richard Rishi|Richard]], [[Manikandan]], [[Swarnamalya]], [[Kadhal Sukumar|Sukumar]], Jai, Raja, [[Santhoshi]], and [[Bharathi (Tamil actress)|Bharathi]]. The film was produced by fifty film technicians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2005 |title=Stargazing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/stargazing/article28588872.ece |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119023458/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/stargazing/article28588872.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Professor Narendran
* [[Richard Rishi|Richard]] as Sri
* [[Manikandan (actor)|Manikandan]] as Rishi
* [[Swarnamalya]] as Bhanu
* [[Kadhal Sukumar|Sukumar]] as Giri
* Jai as Aravind
* Raja as Dev
* [[Santhoshi]] as Meenu
* [[Bharathi (Tamil actress)|Bharathi]] as Bhuvana
* [[Ice (2003 film)|'' Ice'' Ashok]]
* [[Charuhasan]] as Bhanu's father
* [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]] as Elizabeth Thomas
*G. K. as the assistant commissioner
* [[Besant Ravi]] as an [[aghori]]
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]] as a robot
*Risha in a special appearance
*"Metti Oli" Shanti Srihari in a special appearance
*Rakshana Maurya in a special appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Dhina]].<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2006 |title=Yugaa |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/yugaa/Br0xu0pvyns_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528064854/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/yugaa/Br0xu0pvyns_ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Oolala Olala" || [[Suchitra]], Dev Prakash, [[Harish Raghavendra]] || rowspan=5|[[Pa. Vijay]]
|-
| "Orangattu" || Aishwarya, [[Silambarasan]]
|-
| "Pada Pada" || [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
| "Theendava" || [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
|-
| "Yugaa" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|}

== Reception ==
S. Sudha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film a rating of two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "On the whole, a commendable effort, considering it was completed with great difficulty".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudha |first=S. |date=19 July 2006 |title=Yuga: Commendable effort |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/19yuga.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823064034/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/19yuga.htm |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' stated that "'Yuga' neither excites nor entertains".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=25 July 2006 |title=Yuga |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/07yuga.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903115836/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/07yuga.asp |archive-date=3 September 2006 |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=Chennai Online}}</ref> A critic from ''Cinesouth'' wrote that "This is not a film on love, lust or gangsterism. Such an ad propels one to buy a ticket and hasten to see what this new type of film could be. A little bit of 'wow,' and a little bit of yawn is what it turns out to be".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuga |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/yuga.shtml |url-status=dead |website=Cinesouth |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=22 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022230812/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/yuga.shtml }}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the director wants to add the supernatural to the scientific subject, but the science gets spoiled in the beginning as it is not tied properly.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=30 July 2006 |title=யுகா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-07-30/page/n81/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240330155844/https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-07-30/page/n81/mode/2up |archive-date=30 March 2024 |access-date=30 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Yaar Kannan]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

List of awards and nominations received by Urvashi

2026-03-01T03:46:31Z

LesliGirard6:

{{short description|None}}

'''Kavitha Ranjini''',<ref name="Name"/> known by the [[stage name]] '''[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]''', is an Indian actress, dubbing artist, television host, scriptwriter and producer known for her works in the [[South India|Southern]] film industry, predominantly in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/south-indian-actress-urvashi-aka-kavitha-ranjini-celebrates-her-52nd-birthday/articleshow/80442727.cms |title=തെന്നിന്ത്യയുടെ പകരം വെക്കാനില്ലാത്ത പ്രതിഭയ്ക്ക് ഇന്ന് അൻപത്തിരണ്ടാം പിറന്നാൾ!|work=Malayalam Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|language=ml|access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> She has acted in around 700 films.

She started her acting career as a child artist, in a Malayalam movie ''[[Vidarunna Mottukal]]'', released in 1977.<ref name="Name">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/kavitha-ranjini-is-the-real-name-of-actress-urvashi/articleshow/64494591.cms |title=Kavitha Ranjini is the real name of actress Urvashi |work= Times of India|date=7 June 2018 |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> Her first released film as heroine was ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]'' ([[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], directed by [[K. Bhagyaraj]]) in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I have got no invitation from any political party, says actor Urvashi |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/tamil-nadu/i-have-got-no-invitation-from-any-political-party-says-actor-urvashi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329044806/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/tamil-nadu/i-have-got-no-invitation-from-any-political-party-says-actor-urvashi |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2013 |title='முந்தானை முடிச்சு' படத்தின் கதாநாயகி ஆனார், ஊர்வசி! எதிர்பாராமல் தேடிவந்த அதிர்ஷ்டம் |language=ta |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/09/14225426/oorvasai-cinema-history.html |url-status=dead |access-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918220231/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/09/14225426/oorvasai-cinema-history.html |archive-date=18 September 2013}}</ref> She was a prominent [[lead actress]] of the 1980s and 1990s, primarily in [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] Films.<ref name="Name"/> She has written the films ''[[Ulsavamelam]]'' and ''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]'', the latter was also produced by her. She has won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] twice: first for her role in ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' (2005),<ref name="TOI"/> which marked her return to cinema after a six-year break, and again for her performance in ''[[Ullozhukku]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[Press Information Bureau|PIB]]}}</ref> She has won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] a record six times, which includes three consecutive wins from 1989 to 1991. She has also received three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-urvashi-won-the-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-actress-five-times/articleshow/78970630.cms?from=mdr|title=Did you know Urvashi won the Kerala State Film Award for best actress five times?|work=The Times of India|date=31 October 2020 }}</ref>

Urvashi was born to popular drama actors Chavara V. P. Nair and Vijayalakshmi in [[Sooranad]] in [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]] .Her elder sisters are actors [[Kalaranjini]] and [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/popular-siblings-from-the-malayalam-film-industry/photostory/48708581.cms |title=Popular siblings from the Malayalam film industry |date=28 August 2015 |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> She married actor [[Manoj K. Jayan]] on 2 May 1998, which ended in divorce in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Urvasi and Manoj K Jayan submit consent letter for separation |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=5003 |access-date=19 March 2013 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203092008/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=5003 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Court gives daughter's custody to Manoj K Jayan |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/125736/ |access-date=19 March 2013 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=6 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707212231/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/125736/ |archive-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== [[National Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2005 || rowspan=2| [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] || ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Ullozhukku]]'' || {{Won}}
|}

== [[Kerala State Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 1989 || rowspan=6|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || ''[[Mazhavil Kavadi]]'', ''[[Varthamanakalam]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Thalayanamanthram]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Bharatham]]'', ''[[Mukha Chithram]]'', ''[[Kakkathollayiram]]'', ''[[Kadinjool Kalyanam]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Kazhakam]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Madhuchandralekha]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Ullozhukku]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
|}

== [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 1994 || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] || ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 1995 || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award|Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Kalaivanar Award]] || ''[[ Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award|Contributions to Various Tamil films]]''|| {{Won}}
|-
| 2017 || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedy Actress]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. |first=Ashwin |date=January 29, 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016 to 2022 announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/29/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-films-from-2016-to-2022-announced-check-out-the-list-of-winners |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> || ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' || {{Won}}
|}

== [[Filmfare Awards South]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983 || rowspan=1|[[Filmfare Special Award – South|Filmfare Award for New Face - Tamil]] ||''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]'' || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=4|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]] ||''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 1990 ||''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Irattai Roja]]'' || {{nom}}
|-

| 2010 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Malayalam]] || ''[[Mummy & Me]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 2018 || rowspan=3|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]] || ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' || {{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |date=4 June 2018 |website=[[Filmfare]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604163156/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |archive-date=4 June 2018 |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' || {{won}}
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Veetla Vishesham]]'' || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|''[[J Baby]]''
|{{nom}}<ref>[https://www.filmfare.com/awards/70th-filmfare-awards-south/tamil/nominations]</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]]
|''[[Ullozhukku]]''
|{{won}}<ref>[https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-malayalam-81914.html]</ref>
|}

== [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 1990 || Best Actress || ''[[Thalayanamanthram]]'',''[[Thoovalsparsham]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 1991 || Best Actress || ''[[Kakkathollayiram]]'',''[[Mukha Chithram]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 2022 || Chalachithra Prathibha Puraskaram || Contribution to Malayalam Film Industry || {{Won}}
|}

== [[Vanitha Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2019 || Best Actress-Special Performance || ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]], [[Ente Ummante Peru]]'' || {{Won}}
|}

== [[Asianet Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2019 || Best Actress-Special Jury Award || ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]], [[Ente Ummante Peru]]'' || {{Won}}
|}

== [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2019|| Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Malayalam) || ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=3|2020 || Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Malayalam) || ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Tamil) ||''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress in a Comedy (Tamil) || ''[[Mookuthi Amman]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2024 || Best Actress (Malayalam) || ''[[Ullozhukku]]'' || {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress (Tamil) || ''[[J Baby]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
|}

== [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2007 || Best Actress in a Comedy (Tamil) || ''[[Malaikottai]]'' || {{won}}
|-
| 2017 || Best Actress in a Comedy (Tamil) || ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' || {{won}}
|-
| 2020 || Best Actress in a Comedy (Tamil) || ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu 2]]'' || {{won}}
|-
| 2020 || Aval Awards for Evergreen Heroine-2021 || ''[[Soorarai Pottru]], ''[[Mookuthi Amman]]'' , [[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'' || {{won}}
|-
| 2020-21 || Best Supporting Actress || ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' || {{won}}
|}

==Amrita Film Awards==
*2005: Best Supporting Actress- ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]''

==Other Film Awards==
*1983: Best New face Madras Telugu Film Academy Award - ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]])
*1984: Savithry Award for Best Actress - ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]''
*1993: Woman of the Year Award By Film Fans Association for various films
*2005: Best Actress Award by Film Fans Association - ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]''
*2009: [[Edison Awards (India)]] for Best Character (Female) - ''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi]]''
*2010: Jaihind TV Special Award for Best Actress - ''[[Mummy & Me]]''
*2010: Jayan Smaraka Award for Best Actress - ''[[Mummy & Me]]'' & ''[[Sakudumbam Shyamala]]''
*2019: Creative Film Awards - Best supporting actress -''[[Ente Ummante Peru]]''
*2021: Women Achievers Awards
*2023: 7th Malayalam Film Awards- Best Actress -''[[Jaladhara Pumpset Since 1962]]''
*2024: [[Mazhavil Entertainment Awards]]- Master Entertainer (Actor) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/21/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-jagathy-sreekumar-mohanlal-mammootty-amma.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor|Urvashi]]

Siddipet Assembly constituency

2026-02-27T14:54:01Z

LesliGirard6: quick update

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Siddipet
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (33-Siddipet highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Siddipet Assembly constituency within Telangana
| type = SLA
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 33
| mla = [[ T. Harish Rao]]
| incumbent_image = Harish Rao PROFILE.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = 2,18,770
}}
'''Siddipet Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Final-voter-rolls-of-Siddipet-published/article16268624.ece|title=Final voter rolls of Siddipet published|date=25 June 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> It is one of the five constituencies in [[Siddipet district]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140516/nation-politics/article/trs-likely-form-first-government-telangana |title=Live Telangana election results: TRS storms to power in the newly formed 29th state |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com |date= 16 May 2014|access-date=2014-06-05}}</ref> It is part of [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao|K. Chandrashekar Rao]], the first [[Chief Minister of Telangana]] represented the constituency four times. [[T. Harish Rao]] of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] is representing the constituency for the fifth consecutive time.

==Mandals==
The assembly constituency presently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Siddipet Urban
|-
| Siddipet Rural
|-
| [[Chinna Kodur]]
|-
| [[Nanganur|Nangunoor]]
|-
| Naryanaraopet
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Members of Legislative State Assembly, who represented Siddipet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/siddipet.html|title=Siddipet Elections Results 2018, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Siddipet, Telangana|website=Elections in India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]]
|-
!Year!!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952]]||Adla Gurva Rao
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[United Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||P. V. Rajeswar Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Someshwar Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|V. B. Raju
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1970^
| rowspan="4" |[[Ananthula Madan Mohan|A. Madan Mohan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress | rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao|K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party| rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=4}}
|-
|2004^
| rowspan="3" |[[T. Harish Rao|Thanneeru Harish Rao]]
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|2010^
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[Telangana]]
|-
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[T. Harish Rao|Thanneeru Harish Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

^by-election

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Siddipet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Harish Rao | Thanneeru Harish Rao]]|votes= 1,05,514 |percentage= 58.17|change={{decrease}}20.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pujala Harikrishna|votes=23,206|percentage=12.79|change={{increase}}2.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dudi Srikanth Reddy|votes=23,201|percentage=12.79|change={{increase}}6.05}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Gadhagoni Chakdradhar Goud|votes=16,610|percentage=9.16|change=New}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Pilli Sai Kumar|votes=4,970|percentage=2.74|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,300|percentage=0.72|change={{decrease}}1.04}}
{{Election box majority|votes=82,308|percentage=45.38|change={{decrease}}25.67}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,81,403|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser =Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Siddipet<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Elections to the House of People and Telangana Legislative Assembly 2018, Statistical Report |url=http://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2014/General%20Election%20HOP%202014%20Book.pdf |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830183719/http://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2014/General%20Election%20HOP%202014%20Book.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2018 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Harish Rao | Thanneeru Harish Rao]]|votes=1,31,295|percentage=78.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Jana Samithi|candidate=Bhavani Marikanti|votes=12,596|percentage=7.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Naini Narotham Reddy|votes=11,266|percentage=6.74|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2,932|percentage=1.76|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,18,699|percentage=71.05|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,67,055|percentage=79.77|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telangana Jana Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Siddipet<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Harish Rao | Thanneeru Harish Rao]]|votes=1,08,699|percentage=71.96|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Taduri Srinivas Goud|votes=15,371|percentage=10.18|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Soppadandi Vidyasagar|votes=13,003|percentage=8.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,664|percentage=1.10|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=93,328|percentage=61.78|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,51,049|percentage=74.63|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telangana Jana Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Siddipet]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|18.10|78.85|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Siddipet district]]
[[Category:Siddipet]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]

Bhat

2026-02-23T23:04:42Z

LesliGirard6: expanded content

{{Distinguish|text=[[Bhāts]], a traditional genealogist and bardic caste, or the [[Thai baht]], a currency}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

'''Bhat''' (also spelled '''Bhatt''' or '''Butt''', {{IAST3|Bhāṭ}}) is a [[Brahmin]] title and a surname used in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Bhat and Bhatt are shortened renditions of '''Bhatta''' or '''Brahmabhatta'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanks |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG7MZ9J6dAgC&dq=brahmbhatt+surname&pg=PA214 |title=Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set |date=8 May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-508137-4 |pages=214}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word "Bhat" ({{langx|sa|भट्ट}}, {{IAST3|Bhaṭṭa}}) means "scholar" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Sahagala1994">{{cite book |last1=Sahagala |first1=Narendra |title=Converted Kashmir: Memorial of Mistakes |date=1994 |publisher=Utpal Publications |isbn=978-81-85217-06-2 |page=53 |language=English |quote=Bhat means a Brahmin, teacher, who imparts knowledge.}}</ref><ref name="Sehgal2013">{{cite book |last1=Sehgal |first1=Narender |title=A State In Turbulence Jammu & Kashmir |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8430-242-4 |page=18 |language=English}}</ref> While the original shortened rendition of "Bhatta" was "Bhat" or "Bhatt,"<ref name="Saligram Bhatt">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&q=Bhat&pg=PA134 |title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace|author=Saligram Bhatt|quote=Bhat {Bhatt}, surnames are found in Uttaranchal, Northern Belt, Central and Western parts of the country and is a surname of sizeable Brahmins in Konkan, Maharashtra and Gujarat; where they had migrated in sizeable strength. Bhattas who migrated to Gauda {Bengal} were called ''Acharaya's'' {Scholars} and thus ''Bhattacharaya's''. In Nepal, they became priests, ardent worshippers of ''Bhadrakali'' and spread ''Kali'' worship; mostly around ''Pashupatinath'' Temple. In Uttaranchal, they became the ''Purohit'' {Priestly} class, adopted the surname ''Purohit'', many changed profession but retained the Bhatt surname. In northern plains, few became Bhattas, many Bhatts; in both cases ''Purohit'' {Priestly} class. In Central and Western parts, strict requirements of a Bhatta {Purohit} could not be sustained, and to indicate the Brahmin roots they opted for a surname only. Thus Bhatta and ''Purohit'' are surnames of the same category. Bhatta has a shortened version, Bhat {Bhatt}; referring to the same class of people. Surname Bhat {Bhatt} in ''Kas'mira'' can also be traced to the short form of Bhatta. In ''Kas'mira'', the Bhatta honorific has been associated with many personalities, scholars of the 9th and 10th centuries, scriptures, and specific in many cases in the 14th century and later. |access-date=2 December 2010 |isbn=9788131304020 |year=2008 |publisher=APH}}</ref> many of the [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Brahmin]] migrants to the [[Punjab]] region started spelling their surname as "Butt", which is the transliteration of the name when written using the [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]/[[Persian alphabet|Persian]] alphabet (as opposed to Bhat when using the [[Devanagari|Devanagari alphabet]]).<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India2"/><ref name=" P. K. Kaul"/><ref name="Madras Literary Society and Auxiliary of the Royal Asiatic Society">{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hVMYAQAAIAAJ&dq=bhat+butt+name&pg=PA143|title=Madras journal of literature and science, Volume 4|year=1836 |publisher=[[Athenæum Press]]|quote=''Bhatt'' (vulgarly ''Butt'') is the distinctive name of a class of Bramins in the north; and in the south the same class bear the distinctive title of ''Pattar'' |access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
===Goa===
The surname is in use among some Konkani [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin|Goud Saraswat Brahmins]] as well as [[Konkani people|Konkani]] [[Christians]] (who trace their ancestry to the Gaud Saraswat Brahmins of [[Goa]]).<ref name="Machado">{{cite book |title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians |author=Alan Machado Prabhu |publisher=I.J.A. Publications |year=1999 |page=137}}</ref>

===Kashmir===
Batt or Butt (a local Kashmiri language form of Sanskrit language Brahmin title Bhatt) is a generic term used for all Brahmins or [[Kashmiri Pandit]] of Kashmir valley irrespective of their individual surnames, as well as the Kashmiri Brahmins who [[Kashmiris in Punjab|migrated]] to [[Punjab]],<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52 |publisher=The Survey |year=2003 |quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine. |access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="P. K. Kaul">{{cite book |author=[[P. K. Kaul|Kaul, P.K.]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKFjAAAAMAAJ&q=butt+pahari |title=Pahāṛi and other tribal dialects of Jammu, Volume 1 |publisher=Eastern Book Linkers |year=2006 |isbn=9788178541013 |quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine. |access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Bansi Pandit">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&pg=PA99|title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits|publisher=Dharma Publications|isbn=9780963479860|access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> a region now divided between India and the neighbouring [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India2"/>

The Bhats who migrated to Punjab in the late 19th century and the early 20th century due to the 1878 drought, were [[Brahmin]] migrants<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India2" /> from Kashmir, escaping discrimination by local rulers and seeking trade opportunities.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=From Jinnah to Jihad: Pakistan's Kashmir Quest and the Limits of Realism|last=Bahl|first=Arvin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaYPyVAjHH8C|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2007|isbn=9788126907212|pages=76}}</ref><ref name="Anthropological Survey of India2" /><ref name="University of Michigan2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SANuAAAAMAAJ|title=The quarterly journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore)., Volume 96|publisher=The Society|year=2005|quote=Even today most common family name in Kashmir is Butt, a distortion of Bhatt, a Hindu surname common amongst the Brahmins in India.|access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Saligram Bhatt2">{{cite book|author=Saligram Bhatt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&q=Bhat&pg=PA134|title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace|year=2008| publisher=APH |isbn=9788131304020|quote=Bhat {Bhatt}, surnames are found in Uttaranchal, Northern Belt, Central and Western parts of the country and are a surname of sizeable Brahmins in Konkan, Maharashtra, and Gujarat; where they had migrated in sizeable strength. Bhattas who migrated to Gauda {Bengal} were called ''Acharaya's'' {Scholars} and thus ''Bhattacharaya's''. In Nepal, they became priests, ardent worshippers of ''Bhadrakali'' and spread ''Kali'' worship; mostly around ''Pashupatinath'' Temple. In [[Uttarakhand|Uttaranchal]], they became ''Purohit'' {Priestly} class, adopted the surname ''Purohit'', many changed profession but retained the Bhatt surname. In northern plains, few became Bhattas, many Bhatts; in both cases ''Purohit'' {Priestly} class. In Central and Western parts, strict requirements of a Bhatta {Purohit} could not be sustained, and to indicate the Brahmin roots they opted for a surname only. Thus Bhatta and ''Purohit'' are surnames of the same category. Bhatta has a shortened version, Bhat {Bhatt}; referring to the same class of people. Surname Bhat {Bhatt} in ''Kas'mira'' can also be traced to a short form of Bhatta. In ''Kas'mira'', the Bhatta honorific has been associated with many personalities, scholars of the 9th and 10th centuries, scriptures, and specific in many cases in the 14th century and later.|access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref>

The surname is now shared by both [[Kashmiri Hindus]] and [[Kashmiri Muslims]] who mostly retained their [[Hindu]] last names.<ref name = "WMClements">{{Cite book |last1=Clements |first1=William M.|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East |last2=Green |first2=Thomas A. |date=2006 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-313-32849-7 |page=60 |language=English |quote=A variety of '''Hindu surnames''' such as Dar, '''Bhatt''', Handoo, Kachru, Kichlu, Matoo and Pandit persist in Muslim families. }}</ref><ref name="Parvéz Dewân">{{cite book|author=Parvéz Dewân|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fF0wAQAAIAAJ|title=Parvéz Dewân's Jammû, Kashmîr, and Ladâkh: Kashmîr|date=January 2004|publisher=Manas Publications|isbn=9788170491798|quote=This is a surname shared by Hindus and Muslims.|access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Sharma2001">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Usha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3gwAQAAIAAJ|title=Political development in Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Radha Publications|isbn=9788174870629|language=en|quote=Surnames like 'Bhatt' and 'Pandit' are common to both Hindus and Muslims.|access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Samiuddin |first1=Abida |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEXFxCK-ulUC&dq=global+encyclopaedic+ethnography+of+indian+muslim+by+abida+samiuddin%2C+r.+khanam+volume+0&pg=RA1-PA361 |title=Global Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Indian Muslim |last2=Khanam |first2=R. |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-299-3 |pages=102–105 |language=en}}</ref>

===Punjab===
Some Bhats/Butts found in the [[Punjab region]] are descendants of those [[Kashmiri Brahmins]]<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India2" /> who migrated to different cities of (undivided) Punjab from the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] during the [[Great Famine of 1876–1878|1878 famine]] in [[British India]].<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India2"/><ref name=" P. K. Kaul"/><ref name="University of Michigan2"/>

In [[Ludhiana]], Kashmiris became known for their contribution to the handicraft arena.<ref name="The Tribune">{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030724/ldh1.htm |title=Kashmiris' contribution to Ludhianvi culture |work =[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=24 July 2003 |access-date = 25 March 2007 |quote=In fact, the Ludhiana hosiery industry owes its origin to Kashmiris. According to the Ludhiana District Gazetteer, during a devastating famine in the 19th century a number of Kashmiris migrated to Ludhiana. They are known world over for their handicraft skills. They started weaving woollen fabric there. Slowly the trade got popular and Ludhiana started to be identified with hosiery only}}</ref>

===Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh===
The word Bhaṭṭa (Kannada: ಭಟ್ಟ) or Bhaṭṭar (Tamil: பட்டர்) or Bhaṭṭu (Telugu: భట్టు) is traditionally used, especially in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]] usually to denote a "learned man" or a "scholar" ([[Pancha-Dravida|Brahmins]]), but also in other southern states.

It was originally used as an honorific like [[Shastri|śāstri]] or paṇḍita, but has become a surname in parts of the country in modern times used as a family name rather than an honorific. In [[South Karnataka|Southern Karnataka]] naming convention followed is such that, generally, one's father's name is kept as the surname irrespective of caste and many of these honorifics continue to be used as honorifics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/India_Personal_Names |title=India Personal Names |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=www.familysearch.org}}</ref>

In earlier times a caste name or village name was used by the Tamils as their last name, but due to the influence of the [[Dravidian movement]], Tamils of all castes have mostly given up caste surnames. However, women frequently adopt their father's or husband's name and take it for successive generations. But, honorific like Bhaṭṭar are still in use in spoken language rather than as a surname.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Culture - Naming |url=http://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/indian-culture/indian-culture-naming |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=Cultural Atlas |date=January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable individuals==
===Academics===


* [[Aryabhata]] (476–550 [[Common Era|CE]]), first of the major mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and astronomy
* [[B. V. Rajarama Bhat]] (born 1966), Indian mathematician
* [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]], [[Sanskrit]], prose writer and poet
* [[Eric Bhat]] (1956–2025), French journalist
* [[Kiran Bhat]] (born 1990), Indian-American novelist
* [[Mayurbhatta]], poet of Harsha's court
* [[Miriam Butt]], Professor of Linguistics and Chair of the Department of Linguistics (Facereich Sprachwissenschaft) at the University of Konstanz
* [[Motiram Bhatta]] (1866–1896), Nepali Sanskrit and Khas language poet
* [[Muhammad Asim Butt]], Pakistani Urdu novelist and short story writer
* [[P. Gururaja Bhat]] (1924–1978), Indian archaeologist
* [[Pamposh Bhat]] (born 1958), Kashmiri Indian environmentalist
* [[Rasheed Butt]] (born 1944), renowned Pakistani artist and recipient of "The Pride of Performance" 1989
* [[Suresh Bhat]] (1932–2003), Marathi Indian ghazal writer
* [[U. Narayan Bhat]] (1934–2021), Indian mathematician
* [[U. R. Bhat]], economist
* [[Vasanti N. Bhat-Nayak]], Indian mathematician
* [[Vinay Bhat]] (born 1984), American chess player

===Actors, models, technicians and musicians===


* [[Ahmed Butt]] (born 1975), male Pakistani model and actor
* [[Ali Azmat|Ali Azmat Butt]] (born 20 April 1970), Pakistani rock artist and former lead singer of rock band Junoon
* [[Alia Bhatt]] (born 1993), Bollywood actress
* [[Ambreen Butt]], Pakistani model
* [[Anuradha Bhat]] (born 1969), Indian playback singer
* [[Asha Bhat]] (born 1992), Indian model
* [[Asim Butt (artist)|Asim Butt]] (born 1978), Pakistani painter and sculptor and a member of the Stuckist Art Movement
* [[Biraj Bhatta]], Nepalese actor
* [[DJ Butt]] (born 1987), Pakistani disc jockey for PTI
* [[Farhan Saeed|Farhan Saeed Butt]] (born 1984), Pakistani singer and member of rock band Jal
* [[Furqan and Imran|Imran Imtiaz Butt]], Pakistani singer
* [[Ganapati Bhat]], Hindustani classical vocalist
* [[Hrishitaa Bhatt]], Indian model
* [[Keerthi Bhat]] (born 1999), Indian actress
* [[Mahesh Bhatt]] (born 1948), Indian film producer and director
* [[Muhammad Younis Butt]] (born 1962), Pakistani screenwriter
* [[Neil Bhatt]], Indian television actor, dancer and choreographer
* [[Osman Khalid Butt]] (born 1986), Pakistani actor
* [[Pooja Bhatt]] (born 1972), Indian actress
* [[Praneet Bhat]], Kashmiri Indian actor
* [[Rabia Butt]], Pakistani model
* [[Rahul Bhat]], Kashmiri Indian actor
* [[Ramesh Bhat]], Indian actor
* [[Samina Peerzada|Samina Peerzada Butt]], Pakistani actress
* [[Tanmay Bhat]], Indian actor and comedian
* [[Yogaraj Bhat]] (born 1972), Indian film writer and director

===Businesspeople===


* [[Baiju Bhatt]] (born 1984/1985), American billionaire, co-founder of Robinhood

===Military===


* [[Malik Tazi Bhat]], 15th-century warlord, from Jammu, who fought the Lodhi Dynasty
* [[Muhammad Zaki Butt]] (1929–1993), former Air Commodore in the Pakistan Air Force and bodyguard of Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah
* [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] (born 1955), 20th Chief of Air Staff of the Pakistan Air Force
* [[Ziauddin Butt]], former Chief of the Inter-Services Intelligence

===Politics===


* [[Balaji Vishwanath Bhat]] (1662–1720), Peshwa of the Maratha Empire
* [[Ghulam Mustafa Bhat]], former mayor of Srinagar
* [[Hassan Butt]] (born 1980), the former spokesman for the disbanded British Islamist group Al-Muhajiroun
* [[Kalsoom Nawaz Sharif]], First Lady of Pakistan, wife of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, of Kashmiri origin
* [[Khemraj Bhatta 'Mayalu'|Khemraj Bhatta "Mayalu"]], [[Nepali Congress]] politician
* [[Lekh Raj Bhatta]], Nepali [[CPN Maoist]] politician
* [[Masarat Alam Bhat]] (born 1971), Kashmiri separatist
* [[Maqbool Bhat]] (1938–1984), executed Kashmiri separatist
* [[Sanjiv Bhatt]] former [[Indian Police Service]] officer
* [[Shakeel Ahmad Bhat|Shakeel Bhat]] (born c. 1978), outspoken Kashmiri separatist activist, labelled as an "Islamic Rage Boy" by Western media
* [[S. L. Bhat]], Kashmiri Indian serving as chairman of the Jammu & Kashmir Public Service Commission
* [[Shailen Bhatt]] administrator of the Federal Highway Administration
* [[Sohail Shaukat Butt]] (born 1983), Pakistani politician
* [[Trilochan Bhatta]] (born 1969), Nepalese politician and current Chief Minister of Sudurpashchim Province, Nepal
* [[Umer Tanveer]] Butt (born 1982), politician and Member of the Punjab Provincial Assembly, businessman, and philanthropist

===Scientists===


* [[Atul Butte]], researcher in biomedical informatics and biotechnology entrepreneur in Silicon Valley
* [[Noor Muhammad Butt]] (born 1936), Pakistani nuclear physicist, research scientist, and chairman of the Pakistan Science Foundation
* [[Parvez Butt]] (born 1942), Pakistani nuclear engineer and former chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

===Sports===


* [[Abhishek Bhat]] (born 1989), Indian cricket player
* [[Amad Butt]] (born 1995), Pakistani cricket player for Islamabad United, of Kashmiri origin
* [[Arif Butt]] (1944–2007), Pakistani cricket player
* [[Arvind Bhat]] (born 1979), Indian badminton player
* [[Danish Farooq Bhat]] (born 1996), Indian professional footballer
* [[The Great Gama|Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt]] (1878–1960), popularly known by his [[ring name]] the Great Gama, [[pehlwani]] wrestler of Kashmiri Muslim origin
* [[Hussain Butt]] (born 1976), Pakistani cricketer
* [[Ijaz Butt]] (1938–2023), former chairman of Pakistan Cricket Board and cricket player, of Kashmiri origin
* [[Ikram Butt]] (born 1968), rugby player for England, of Pakistani/Kashmiri origin
* [[Muhammad Sharif Butt]] (1926–2015), Pakistani sprinter
* [[Pramila Bhatt]] (born 1969), Indian cricketer
* [[Raghuram Bhat]] (born 1958), Indian cricketer
* [[Rehan Butt]] (born 1980), Pakistani field hockey player
* [[Sadia Butt]] (born 1975), Pakistani cricketer
* [[Salman Butt]] (born 1984), Pakistani cricketer
* [[Samad Bhat]] (born 1995), Indian cricket player
* [[Shujauddin Butt]] (1930–2006), Pakistani cricketer
* [[Yasir Butt]] (born 1986), Pakistani squash player
* [[Yousuf Butt]] (born 1989), Pakistani footballer

==Fictional==
* [[List of Seinfeld characters|Babu Bhatt]], [[Pakistani]] restaurateur in the US sitcom ''[[Seinfeld]]''

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Pakistan}}
* [[Barot (caste)]]
* [[Bhati]]
* [[Bhattacharya (surname)|Bhattacharyya]]
* [[Bhatra Sikhs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kashmirifamalies}}
{{Bahun communities}}
{{Chhetri communities}}
{{Surname}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat (Kashmir)}}
[[Category: Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Kashmiri tribes]]
[[Category:Kashmiri-language surnames]]
[[Category:Konkani-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]

Sachidanand Bharti

2026-02-23T00:05:21Z

LesliGirard6: slightly improved formatting for clarity and added references

{{Short description|Indian environmental activist (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox Person
| name = Sachidanand Bharti
| occupation = [[Environmentalist]], [[Head teacher|Principal]]
| birth_place = [[Gadkhark Malla|Gadkhark]], [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|11|05}}
| image = Sachidanand Bharti.jpg
| birth_name = Sachidanand Dhaundiyal
}}

'''Sachidanand Bharati''' ({{Langx|hi|सच्चिदानंद भारती}}) is an Indian [[Natural environment|environmentalist]] activist, philanthropist, and [[teacher]] from the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]]. He is the founder and [[secretary]] of the [[Ufrainkhal]]-based voluntary organisation named '''Dudhatoli Lok Vikas Sansthan (DLVS)'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English rendering of PM’s address in the 78th Episode of ‘Mann Ki Baat’ on 27.06.2021 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1730647}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Participatory processes for integrated watershed management |url=https://www.fao.org/4/X5269E/X5269e04.htm |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref>

==Early life==
'''Sachidanand Bharti''' was born in the year 1955 in the village of Badhkar, [[Dudhatoli]], in the district of [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]], which is located in the state of [[Uttarakhand]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachidanand Bharati {{!}} Ashoka {{!}} Everyone a Changemaker |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en/fellow/sachidanand-bharati |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.ashoka.org |language=en-ca}}</ref>

=== Education and career ===
Bharati, completed his elementary education at local institutions. In the mid-70s, he studied at Gopeshwar College, in Chamoli district. During his college years, he founded "''Yuva Nirman Samiti''" along with his friends to foster creative works and ideas among students at Post Graduate College.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage - Sant Eshwer Samman |url=https://www.santeshwer.org/index.html |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.santeshwer.org}}</ref> He finished his college studies in 1979.

In 1982, he returned to his home hamlet of Ufrainkhal from Chamoli, where he worked as a teacher at Ufrainkhal Inter College and began working to solve the area's forest and environmental concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachidanand Bharti - Civil Society Magazine |url=https://www.civilsocietyonline.com/mega-hall-of-fame/sachidanand-bharti/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.civilsocietyonline.com}}</ref>

== Environmental activism ==
In 1974, Bharati, in his college years, was inspired by environmentalist [[Chandi Prasad Bhatt]] and joined the [[Chipko movement|Chipko]] movement that had just begun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachidanand Bharati {{!}} Ashoka {{!}} Everyone a Changemaker |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en/fellow/sachidanand-bharati |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.ashoka.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-28 |title=PM Modi lauds Uttarakhand environmentalist Sachidanand Bharti for his water conservation efforts in hills |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/modi-lauds-uttarakhand-environmentalist-sachidanand-bharti-for-his-water-conservation-efforts-in-hills/articleshow/83900918.cms |access-date=2023-08-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Dasholi Village Swarajya Mandal organised a 45-day tree planting programme in 1976 to avert landslides in Joshimath. Mr. Bharti and his 100 young buddies remained at this camp for the whole 45 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पर्यावरणविद सच्चिदानंद भारती को स्वामीराम मानवता पुरूस्कार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/rishikesh/sachchidanand-bharti-received-swamiram-humanity-award-rishikesh-news-drn361934153 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

And in 1979, to halt the destruction of this region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पर्यावरणविद सच्चिदानंद भारती को स्वामीराम मानवता पुरूस्कार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/rishikesh/sachchidanand-bharti-received-swamiram-humanity-award-rishikesh-news-drn361934153 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-27 |title=Mann ki Baat: 'पाणी राखो आंदोलन' चलाने वाले भारती ने ऐसे लौटाई हरियाली, पीएम मोदी ने की तारीफ |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/dehradun-sachidanand-bharti-pani-bachao-andolan-returned-greenery-pm-modi-mentioned-nodssp-3636321.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

In this way, in July 1980, the first environmental camp was completed in the Dudhatoli area.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Devy |first1=G. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsRcCgAAQBAJ&dq=Sachidanand+Bharti&pg=PA212 |title=Knowing Differently: The Challenge of the Indigenous |last2=Davis |first2=Geoffrey V. |last3=Chakravarty |first3=K. K. |date=2015-08-12 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-32569-7 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1987, he started a platform named the Friends of Trees, "''Daliyon Ka Dagda''" with the goal of planting trees and spreading the word about conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rirakesh |date=2017-04-28 |title=Reviving History and Quenching Thirst in the hills of Uttarakhand |url=https://himalayandesk.wordpress.com/2017/04/28/reviving-history-and-quenching-thirst-in-the-hills-of-uttarakhand/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Himalayan Desk |language=en}}</ref>

=== Keep the Water Movement (''Paani Rakho Andolan'') ===
In 1989, Bharti began learning about the water and forest traditions in his region. After witnessing the issue of forest fires and droughts in the lower Himalayas, he took the initiative to establish small ponds called '''chaal''' in Dudhatoli. This endeavour subsequently gained traction and expanded to encompass 30 villages.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

During the early 1990s, the Doodhatoli group conducted a series of experiments with different forms and sizes of chaals. Between the years 1993 and 1998, Bharati and his group initiated digging of chaals in the vicinity of hill slopes. To presdatearati's team has successfully constructed a total of 12,000 chaals throughout 136 villages. Additionally, a substantial number of women actively participated in the construction of the chaals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachidanand Bharti - Civil Society Magazine |url=https://www.civilsocietyonline.com/mega-hall-of-fame/sachidanand-bharti/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.civilsocietyonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=चिपको के 50 साल: एक जगह जुटे चिपको के योद्धा और याद हो आया वह अनोखा युद्ध |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttarakhand/dehradun/chipko-andolan-50-years-know-the-story-of-this-movement/articleshow/96585014.cms |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=rirakesh |date=2017-04-28 |title=Reviving History and Quenching Thirst in the hills of Uttarakhand |url=https://himalayandesk.wordpress.com/2017/04/28/reviving-history-and-quenching-thirst-in-the-hills-of-uttarakhand/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Himalayan Desk |language=en}}</ref>

Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed Sachidanand Bharti in the Mann Ki Baat programme last year on 27 June 2021. He said that any endeavour that is done with sincere attention and effort may be effective.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मन की बात में प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी ने सच्चिदानंद कों पर्यावरण की सेवा के लिए बधाई दी|url=https://www.newsncr.com/national/uttarakhand-pm-modi-praised-sachchidanand-bharti-in-mann-ki-baat-made-dry-hills-green-with-his-hard-work-ended-water-crisis/|access-date=2022-06-27|website=newsncr.com|language=hi}}</ref>

Teacher Sachchidanand Bharti of Uttarakhand's Pauri Garhwal area has done major work in water conservation, and his efforts may be continued. In reference to Sachchidanand Bharti's accomplishment, PM Modi said that there was a shortage of water in the steep districts of Uttarakhand before, but Sachchidanand Bharti has made substantial efforts to preserve water through his efforts, which is a laudable move.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सच्चिदानंद भारती को भगीरथ प्रयास सम्मान से नवाजा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pauri/honour-to-sachidanand-bharti-hindi-news |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Bharti has earned the National Water Award, the Swamiram Manavta Puraskar, the Kedar Singh Rawat Environment Protection Award, and other honours for his conservation efforts. He also obtained a D.Litt. degree from [[Uttarakhand Open University]] and appeared on Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s Dachara programme [[Mann Ki Baat]] on [[All India Radio]]. One particular incident warrants special note.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Shivani |last= Azad |agency=TNN |date=28 June 2021 |title=PM Modi lauds Uttarakhand environmentalist Sachidanand Bharti for his water conservation efforts in hills |department=Dehradun News |language=en |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/modi-lauds-uttarakhand-environmentalist-sachidanand-bharti-for-his-water-conservation-efforts-in-hills/articleshow/83900918.cms |access-date=2022-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2021-06-27 |title=Uttarakhand: PM मोदी ने 'मन की बात' में की सच्चिदानंद भारती की तारीफ- अपनी कड़ी मेहनत से सूखी पहाड़ियों को बनाया हरा-भरा, खत्म किया पानी का संकट |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/uttarakhand/paurdi-garhwal-sachidanand-bharati-made-dry-hills-green-or-solve-water-problem-712882.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar]], Government of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=ENVIS Centre, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India |url=http://wwfenvis.nic.in/Database/IGPPAwardeesList_5624.aspx?format=PrintDr |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=wwfenvis.nic.in}}</ref>
* Mahatma Gandhi National Award, Government of Madhya Pradesh<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-10-22 |title=A people's forest |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/a-peoples-forest/article2562120.ece |access-date=2023-01-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Bhagirath Prayas Samman World Wide Fund
* Paryavaran Rakshak Award - Panjanya and Organization, India Publication
* Urav Deoras Samman, Lucknow
* Sanskriti Puraskar, New Delhi
* Swami Ram Humanity Award
* Uttarakhand Green Award
* National Water Awards, New Delhi
* Times boat Winner, New Delhi

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Activists from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Garhwali people]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:People from Pauri Garhwal district]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharti, Sachidanand}}
[[Category:Living people]]

Dakshin Gujarat Adivasi Sevamandal

2026-02-22T18:56:02Z

LesliGirard6: Made New Entry.

{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Dakshin Gujarat Adivasi Sevamandal
| latin_name = દશ્રિણ ગુજરાત આદિવાસી પછા્ત સેવામંડળ ગુજરાત
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| location = NaniVahial Dharampur Gujarat
| country = India
| coordinates = 
| type =
| established = {{start date and age|1954}}
| opened =
| founder = Smt. Urmillaben Premshankar Bhatt
| closed =
| school_board = Gujarat Board
| district = Valsad
| superintendent =
| chairman = Smt. Sudhaben S Desai
| principal =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff = 100
| employees = 150
| grades =
| campus_size =
| campus_type = Building Style 1950
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| communities =
| website = www.dakshinseva.in
| footnotes = registered as a non-profit organization under the Bombay Trust Act
| enrollment =
| colors =
| feeder_schools =
}}

'''Dakshin Gujarat Adivasi Sevamandal''' (দক্ষিন গুজরাট আদিবাসী সেবামন্ডল), is an Indian non-profit educational organization founded to serve tribes in Dakshin Gujarat tribal belt of [[Dang District, India|Dang District]], located in [[South Gujarat]], [[India]], on the foothills of the [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri Range]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dakshinseva.in|title=South Gujarat Adivasi Sevamandal- Tribal People - NGO India|publisher=|accessdate=6 June 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Dakshin Gujarat Adivasi Nanivahial Ashram.jpg|thumb|Nani Vahial Ashram Dharampur Valsad Gujarat
Adivasi Tribal Education School.|268x268px]]

==History==
Just after [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], the tribes residing in the Dang District were primitive, but aware of Indian political developments and requested government educational assistance. The government was reticent to take up the challenge until November 20, 1948, about a year after Independence, when a group of [[Gandhian]]s and the Freedom Fighters Shri Kalyanji Mehta, Premshankar Bhatt, Jyotsanaben Shukla, Jugatram Dave, Urmillaben Bhatt (Kikiben) and Bhadur Patel visited the region, stopping first at [[Ahwa]]-[[Waghai]] to organize ''Dakshin Gujarat - Rani Pradesh Kalavani Mandal''. It was funded with donations by an organization of local wood traders, under the presidency of Shri. Premshankar Bhatt initiated a government education program through School and Ashrams. This was the first step towards promoting literacy in the region.
On 14 August 14, 1948 a trust was formed under the name ''Dakshin Gujarat Adivasi Pachatt Sevamandal'' and was registered as a non-profit organization under the [[Bombay Trust Act]].
[[File:Urmillaben Bhatt Founder Dakshin Gujarat Adivasi Tribal Sevamandal.jpg|left|thumb|Urmillaben P Bhatt|163x163px]]
On May 12, its first office was established in [[Surat]]. With just a table and chair, Urmillaben Bhatt began the work of serving the remote interior villages, establishing 200 People's Schools, first meeting outside, in the shade of the trees.

These schools have made a huge impact on tribal education, social development and awareness, and soon the people voiced a general demand for a residential school, called an ''Ashramshalla''. Out of respect for the people, and with government support, the Institute established its first Ashramshalla at [[Nani-Vahial]] - [[Dharampur, Gujarat|Dharampur]] in 1954. Through the constant effort of Urmillaben Bhatt Ashram, the school witnessed full enrollment.

Urmilaben Bhatt, popularly known as ''Kikiben'', "Lady Ingress" (in Gandhian philosophy), worked diligently on the project, labored in the dense forest, despite the presence wild animals, roaming from village to village on foot, or riding in a bullock cart, surviving on wild berries. She spent the last years of her life at the Nani-Vahia Ashramshalla.

As time passed, the Institute garnered support from the people and began establishing ''ashrams'' in other villages and regions. Within a ten-year span it also founded ''ashrams'' in [[Umarkui]], [[Acchavanni]], [[Patal, India|Patal]], [[Kaparada]], [[Pindwal]], and [[Gavachhi]]. Boy's and girl's [[hostel]]s were also created.

In the beginning, the work faced difficulties, but once people began witnessing its benefits, including economic benefits, they began supporting it. Mr. Premshankar Bhatt said that it was only through mutual cooperation and the peoples' blessing that the Institute was able to succeed, though a lot of hard work remained to be done to achieve its goal.

== List of Ashrams Shala Primary Education==
{| class="wikitable"
!sr. No
!Name of Ashram
!Data of Establishment
!Name of Principal
|-
|1
|Nani Vahial Ashram Shala - Dharampur Valsad
|08 Feb 1956
|Chamanbhai M Solanki
|-
|2
|Umarkui Ashram Shala Vansada Navsari
|15 July 1957
|Mahendrabhai C Parmar
|-
|3
|Achwani Ashram Shala Achwani Chikhali Navsari
|19 June 1958
|Manojsingh A Solanki
|-
|4
|Kaparada Ashram Shala Kaparada Dharampur Valsad
|19 June 1958
|Manojsingh P Solanki
|-
|5
|Patal Ashram Shala Mandvi Surat
|16 January 1964
|Praful D Parmar
|-
|6
|Pindwal Ashram Shala Dharampur Valsad
|2 November 1964
|Bhaghubhai Patel
|-
|7
|Naren Ashram Shala Mandvi Surat
|1 July 1965
|Rajesh C Patel
|}

== List of Secondary Schools - Tribal Secondary Schools ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr. Nos.
!Name of Secondary School
!Location
!Date of Establishment
!Name of Principal
|-
|1
|Sarvjanik High School
|Nanivahial Ashram Dharampur Valsad
|16 June 1964
|Shailesh R Patel
|-
|2
|Uttar Buniyadi Vidhaylaya
|Patal Mandvi Surat
|17 June 1968
|Bhaskar C Mehta
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== List of Hostels - Tribal Hostels ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr. Nos.
!Name of Hostel
!Location
!Date of Establishment
!Name of Warden
|-
|1
|Raniperaj Vidharthi Chattralaya
|Virval District Dharampur Valsad
|5 July 1956
|Jignesh K Patel
|-
|2
|Kumar Chattralaya
|Nani Vahial Dharampur Valsad
|23 June 1965
|Jaysingh Bhagaria
|-
|3
|Kaniya Chattralaya
|Nani Vahial Dharampur Valsad
|16 June 1966
|Vanitaben Patel
|-
|4
|Uttar Buniyadi Kumar Chattralaya
|Patal Mandvi Surat
|16 June 1969
|Arvind Gamit
|-
|5
|Uttar Buniyadi Kanaya Chattralaya
|Patal Mandvi Surat
|1 June 1979
|
|}

== Creating New Infrastructures ==
With on going help by Hari Om Ahsram Gujarat, Round Table Conference, Parle G and other individual donors, our Institute has been able to start renovation work, construction of new buildings and creating new infrastructure for the students.

New Building was construction with donations from Dutch Students at Patal, Mandvi, Surat Gujarat which was visited by Dutch Students and where students shared their experience. The Patal School Building was opened by then Minister for MoRTH Shri Tushar Chaudari a Tribal Leader and son of late Ex. CM of Gujarat Shri Amarsinghbhai Chaudary.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ashrams]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]

Manikuntala Sen

2026-02-20T08:41:34Z

LesliGirard6: expanded content

{{Communism in India}}
{{Short description|Indian politician (c. 1911–1987)}}
{{third-party|date=March 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
'''Manikuntala Sen''' ({{langx|bn|মণিকুন্তলা সেন}}; c. 1911–1987) was one of the first women to be active in the [[Communist Party of India]]. She is best known for her [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language memoir ''Shediner Kotha'' (published in English as ''In Search of Freedom: An Unfinished Journey''),<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 81-85604-26-6|title = In Search of Freedom: An Unfinished Journey|last1 = Sena|first1 = Maṇikuntalā|year = 2001}}</ref> in which she describes her experiences as a woman activist during some of the most turbulent times in India's history.

==Early life==
Manikuntala Sen was born in [[Barisal]] in what is now [[Bangladesh]], an area known for the activities of the [[Indian nationalism|nationalist]] [[Jatra (Bengal)|jatra]] playwright [[Mukunda Das]]. [[Ashwini Kumar Dutta]], a prominent nationalist leader and educationist, was a friend of the family and an early influence on her, as was [[Jagadish Chandra Mukhopadhyay]], principal of [[Brajamohan College]], then affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]], where Manikuntala Sen got her BA degree; Mukhopadhyay especially encouraged her to develop her mind. Sen met [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]] when he visited Barishal in 1923, and was particularly impressed by the way he exhorted a group of prostitutes to work towards liberation. The family stopped wearing imported fabrics and patronised the [[Bangalakshmi Mills]], owned and run by Indians and an icon of the nationalist movement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sengupta|first=Nitish K. |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&q=Bangalakshmi+Mills+history&pg=PA212|year=2011|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0143416784|page=212}}</ref> Barishal was then a hotbed of revolutionary politics, with the extremist [[Anushilan Samiti]] very active. Sen took up teaching at a girls' school where she met [[Shantisudha Ghosh]], a member of the [[Jugantar]] party, whose circle read and shared the writings of [[Marx]] and [[Lenin]]. Initially sceptical, Sen became more and more influenced by their ideas, even more so when she saw Shantisudha Ghosh taken in for questioning and harassed by the police. Sen persuaded her family to allow her to go to Calcutta to complete her studies and, she secretly hoped, to make contact with the Communist Party.

==Studenthood in Calcutta==
At that time Hindu [[bhadralok]] communities in Bengal were more liberal about sending their daughters long distances to study further; Sen found herself part of a group of young girls like herself living in the city for the first time. She stayed in a hostel and soon got over her initial awe at being in the big city. The conservatism and narrowmindedness of the established families she sometimes encountered rather disgusted her, and she also writes with remarkable frankness for her time about the harassment that she and her friends often faced from men. Through her friend [[Bimal Pratibha Devi]] she became acquainted with leaders of the [[Mahila Shakti Sangha]] and several prominent [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] women; this nurtured her nascent [[feminism]] and inspired her to think about the need for change in women's position in society. She made contact with [[Soumyendranath Tagore]]'s [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]. The 'real' [[Communist Party of India]], part of the [[Third International]] was then underground, and after much searching she eventually discovered that its headquarters were in fact in Barishal.

==Early experiences as a communist==
Sen's parents were initially ambivalent about her involvement with the party, as it was then regarded as a dangerous group of rebels wanted by the authorities, but shortly after she became a communist in 1939, Sen took her mother to a meeting addressed by Biswanath Mukherjee, brother of [[Ajoy Mukherjee]]. His impassioned speech converted her mother to the cause and for a few days she could talk of nothing else. Sen took the opportunity to ask that she be allowed to travel (alone in the company of young male activists) to another meeting. Reluctantly she was given permission. Living on a nominal party [[stipend]], from 1942 Sen began to travel the country, staying in small villages and addressing the people. She describes how the men would shun her because she was a woman, and the women, in [[purdah]], stayed away because she was a 'leader' and the equivalent of a man. Much patience and tact were required to overcome this barrier.

==World War II and after==
The year 1943 saw a devastating [[Bengal famine of 1943|famine]] sweep over Bengal, caused by the loss of Burmese rice and the dislocations of war. A cyclone also devastated part of [[Midnapore district]]. Sen began relief work there and spent most of the war years travelling the districts helping destitute women. In 1947 India attained [[Partition of India|Independence]]; a few months later the Communist Party of India was outlawed and Sen was jailed in 1948. She remained in custody till 1951, and was released to find the Party embroiled in controversy and her beloved [[Barishal]] now part of [[East Pakistan]]. She withdrew somewhat from the ideological debates dividing Indian communism and increased her work for various feminist organisations such as the [[Women's International Democratic Federation]] and the [[All India Women's Conference]]. She had come to realise that the Party had integral biases against women and that she would not rise in its hierarchy. Around this time she met her future husband, the Kashmiri [[Jolly Kaul]], also a Party activist. She was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kalighat]] constituency in 1952, campaigned for the [[Hindu Code Bill]] and clashed with rightwing leaders such as [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]].

==War with China==
The [[Sino-Indian War|war with China]] in 1962 brought to a head the various disagreements in the Communist Party of India, and led to a split, with the Indian government conducting a short-lived crackdown on those who continued to support China. Kaul and Sen were unable to bear the thought of choosing between the CPI and CPI(M). Kaul resigned, and though Sen stayed within the party she withdrew from active participation. The couple moved to [[Delhi]] but returned within a few years to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], where Sen died on 11 September 1987.

==Sources==
Manikuntala Sen, ''In Search of Freedom: An Unfinished Journey'', (Calcutta: Stree, 2001). Translated from the Bengali by [[Bhatkal and Sen|Stree]]. Original Bengali title ''Shediner Katha'' (Calcutta: Nabapatra Prakashan, 1982).

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Das Gupta |first1=Uma |year=2003 |title=Book Reviews: Manikuntala Sen, In Search of Freedom: An Unfinished Journey (Translated from the Bengali) |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=179–182 |doi=10.1177/097152150301000115|s2cid=220720100 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sutanuka |date=19 July 2010 |title=Expressing the Self in Bengali Women's Autobiographies in the Twentieth Century |journal=South Asia Research |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=105–123 |doi=10.1177/026272801003000201|pmid=20684082 |s2cid=19756923 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Kumar |first=Nita |author-link=Nita Kumar |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Bonnie G. |editor-link=Bonnie G. Smith |encyclopedia=The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history |title=Sen, Manikuntala |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514890-9 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Manikuntala}}
[[Category:1910s births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Female politicians of the Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
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[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Barisal]]
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[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Marxist feminists]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist writers]]
[[Category:Radical feminists]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian women biographers]]
[[Category:Women's International Democratic Federation people]]
[[Category:Brojomohun College alumni]]

Pothuraju Judson

2026-02-09T06:11:14Z

LesliGirard6: started a stub - done

{{Short description|Indian entomologist (born 1950)}}
{{sources exist|date=November 2024}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = [[Professor]]<ref name="CW">[https://books.google.com/books?id=vE4lAQAAIAAJ&q=p.judson+osmania ''Commonwealth Universities Handbook'', Parts 3-4, 1986, p.1939]</ref>
| name = P. Judson<ref name="UH">''Universities Handbook'', Volume 2, Association of Indian Universities, New Delhi, 2006, p.931.[https://books.google.com/books?id=o10lAQAAIAAJ&q=judson]</ref>
| honorific_suffix = [[Ph.D.]]<ref name="CW"/> ([[Osmania University|Osmania]])
| image = Judson Pothuraju.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Professor Judson in early 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|07|28|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mycorporateinfo.com/director/pothuraju-judson-2830021 | title=Pothuraju Judson - 2830021 Director Info }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| other_names =
| pronounce =
| citizenship = Indian
| fields = [[Entomology]]
| workplaces = University College of Science, [[Saifabad]], Department of Zoology,<ref>C. Srinivasulu and Bhargavi, ''CCINSA Bat Lovers Club, Hyderabad/Secunderabad'' in ''Bat Net Newsletter'', Volume 6, Number 1, January 2005, pp.24-25.[https://www.zoosprint.zooreach.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/bat%20newsletter%20jan%2005.pdf]</ref> Osmania University,<ref>''Universities Handbook: India'', Inter University Board of India, New Delhi, 2010, p.1066.[https://books.google.com/books?id=n-Xn7TS79eYC&q=judson]</ref> Secunderabad
| patrons =
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|B. Sc.]], [[Master of Science|M. Sc.]],<ref name="CW"/> Ph. D.
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]],<ref>[http://www.osmania.ac.in/ou/Alumni/AlumniMain/191.htm Alumni Association of Osmania University, ''Members Profile'']</ref> [[Secunderabad]]
| thesis1_title = The effect of [[exogenous]] [[juvenile hormone]] on the reproductive system of bug [[Dysdercus]] similes Freeman (1980)<ref>P. Judson, ''The effect of [[exogenous]] [[juvenile hormone]] on the reproductive system of bug [[Dysdercus]] similes Freeman'', Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Osmania University, Secunderabad, 1980. Cited in [[Shodhganga]].[http://www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/48067/9/reference.pdf]</ref>
| thesis2_title =
| thesis1_url =
| thesis2_url =
| thesis_year = 1980
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Research in [[Entomology]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
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| footnotes =
}}
'''P. Judson''' is an Indian [[entomologist]],<ref name="Gordon">Gordon W. King, ''Seed Falling on Good Soil: Rooting Our Lives in the Parables of Jesus'', Cascade books, Eugene, 2016, p.83.[https://books.google.com/books?id=BARKDAAAQBAJ&dq=pothuraju+judson&pg=PA83]</ref> who researched much on [[Dysdercus cingulatus]] in the 1970s. In the successive decades,<ref name="UH"/> he took to teaching of [[Zoology]]<ref>K. Moshi Raju, K. Rudrama Devi and P. Minny Jael, ''Garlic extract prevents chromium induced cytogenetic damage in somatic cells of mice'', ''Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Toxicology'', Volume 1(6), July 2012, pp. 131-136.[https://web.archive.org/web/20190308054111/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e363/e3de40d8da6c872957a58740e384c66f7748.pdf]</ref> at [[Osmania University]], [[Secunderabad]], a [[Constituent state|State]]-run University u/s 2 (f)<ref>University Grants Commission, ''List of Universities under Section 2(f) and Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956''.[http://www.mewaruniversity.org/uploads/files/ugcuniversity.pdf]</ref> of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission Act, 1956]]. He contributed much to the discipline of [[Entomology]]<ref name="CW"/> through scholarly articles in scientific journals ''(see section on writings)''. He was also a member of the Indian Society for Comparative Animal Physiology.<ref name="IJCAP">''Indian Journal of Comparative Animal Physiology'', Volumes 8-11, 1990, p.68.[https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z9KAAAAYAAJ&q=p.judson+zoology]</ref>

Judson was [[Lecturer]], [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DSZJAAAAYAAJ&q=judson ''Commonwealth Universities Yearbook'', Volume 2, 1993, p.1464]</ref> then [[Professor]]<ref name="UH"/> and Head<ref name="NS">''National Symposium on implications of climate change on mosquito-borne diseases and its impact on public health'', August 2009.[http://www.osmania.ac.in/srrip/SRRIP_OU_Symposium_Brochure.pdf]</ref> and Chairperson of Board of Studies<ref>''A brief report on the two-day lecture workshop on "current trends" in animal biology and biotechnology'', February, 2010.[https://web-japps.ias.ac.in:8443/SEP/Reports/report_lw/150_20.pdf]</ref> of Department of Zoology<ref>M. Moshe Raju and K. Rudrama Devi, ''Modulating Effects of Curcumin on Chromium Induced Chromosomal Aberrations in Somatic Cells of Mice'' in ''Nature Environment and Pollution Technology'', Volume 9, Number 4, 2010, pp.813-817.[http://www.neptjournal.com/upload-images/NL-20-27-(27)B-1606.pdf]</ref> at Osmania University,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DRMgAQAAMAAJ&q=p.judson+head+osmania ''Indian Science Abstracts'', Volume 17, 1981, p.894]</ref> Secunderabad. Earlier in 1997,<ref name="ucssou.ac.in">[http://www.ucssou.ac.in/Principals-Message.html University College of Science, Saifabad, ''Principal's message'']</ref> he became Principal<ref>P. Ramachandra Reddy, P. Padma Rao, ''A survey of plant crude drugs in folklore from Ranga Reddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India'' in ''Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge'', Volume 1(1), October 2002, pp.20-25.[http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/19373/1/IJTK%201(1)%2020-25.pdf]</ref> of the University College of Science,<ref>''Ethnobotany: Journal of Society of Ethnobotanists'', Volumes 9-12, 1997, p.108.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hi49AAAAYAAJ&q=judson,+p.+saifabad]</ref> [[Saifabad]].<ref>Masanori Abe, Yohtaro Yamazaki (Compiled), ''Ferrites: proceedings of ICF 8 ; main conference, Sept. 18-Sept.21, 2000, Kyoto, Japan ; satellite conference, Sept. 25-Sept.27, 2000, Tokyo, Japan'', 2000, p.234.[https://books.google.com/books?id=q83zAAAAMAAJ&q=p.judson+head+osmania]</ref> During his tenure, a full-fledged vocational course in [[Dryland farming]] leading to B. Sc. (Dryland farming)<ref name="Dry"/> was launched in 2001<ref name="Dry"/> with the cooperation of three external stakeholders, namely, [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] (ICRISAT), [[Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture]] (CRIDA) and [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]] (ANGRAU).<ref name="Dry">''[[The Hindu]]'', ''OU to introduce new course in dryland farming '', Monday, 23 April 2001.[https://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/23/stories/0423201c.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Much like an [[Old Testament]] Scholar contributing to the German academic journal ''[[Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft]] (ZAW)'', Judson and others, contributed a research article in 1978<ref name="ZMAF"/> to the [[Leipzig]]-based academic journal, ''Zeitschrift für mikroskopisch-anatomische Forschung''.<ref name="ZMAF">P. Judson, B. Kishen Rao, S. S. Thakur, B. Julius Divakar, ''Histological changes in the ovaries of [[Dysdercus cingulatus]] (F.) caused by the "paper factor"'' in ''Zeitschrift für mikroskopisch-anatomische Forschung'', Volume 92, Issue 3, 1978, pp.541-546.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/751342]</ref>

==Few co-authored Writings==
[[File:Dysdercus Cingulatus-Fabricius - Red cotton stainer bug.jpg|thumb|[[Dysdercus cingulatus]] of [[Pyrrhocoridae]] family on which Judson researched much in the 1970s.]]
Judson's articles co-authored with others appeared in major scientific journals. One of Judson's research articles published in 1978<ref name="EXP"/> with B. Kishen Rao, S. S. Thakur and B. Juilus Divakar entitled ''The effects of a juvenile hormone analogue on the male reproductive organs of the red cotton bug, [[Dysdercus cingulatus]] ([[Heteroptera]])'' appeared in the scientific journal ''[[Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences|Experientia]] (now [[Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences]])'',<ref name="EXP">P. Judson, B. Kishen Rao, S. S. Thakur and B. Juilus Divakar, ''The effects of a juvenile hormone analogue on the male reproductive organs of the red cotton bug, Dysdercus cingulatus (Heteroptera)'' in ''[[Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences|Experientia]]'', Volume 34, Issue 6, 1978, pp.817-818.[https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01947347].</ref>

He was much active among the academic fraternity in [[Hyderabad, India]]. In 2007, he co-organized a ''National Conference on Biodiversity Conversation and Human Wellbeing'', which was conducted jointly by the Department of Zoology (OU) and [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History]].<ref>''Annual Report 2006-2007'', [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History]], Coimbatore, 2007.[https://www.sacon.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Annual-Report-2006-07.pdf]</ref> In 2008, he co-edited a compendium titled ''Biodiversity Conservation and Human Well-Being''.<ref>B. Raghavendra Rao, S.N. Prasad, C. Srinivasulu and P. Judson (Edited), ''Biodiversity Conservation and Human Well-Being'', Department of Zoology, OU, Hyderabad, 2008.[http://www.osmaniawildlife.org/home/chelmala-srinivasulu]</ref> In 2009,<ref name="NS"/> Judson convened a national symposium on the theme ''Implications of climate change on mosquito-borne diseases and its impact on public health''<ref name="NS"/> at [[Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology]].<ref name="NS"/>

His co-authored writings comprise,
* {{Cite journal |jstor=24081409|issn=0011-3891|title=The effect of "Paper factor" on the fecundity and hatchability in Dysdercus cingulatus (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae)|vauthors=Judson P, Julius Divakar B, Kishen Rao B|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=45|issue=24|pages=867–868|date=December 1976}}
* {{Cite journal |jstor=24080234 |issn=0011-3891|title=Transfer of Juvenoids and Inhibition of Embryogenesis in Dysdercus cingulatus (Heteroptera) |vauthors=Judson P, Julius Divakar B, Kishen Rao B|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=46|issue=2|pages=44|date=December 1977}}
* {{Cite journal |issn=0044-3107|title=Histological changes in the ovaries of Dysdercus cingulatus (F.) caused by the "paper factor"|vauthors=Judson P, Kishen Rao B, Thakur SS, Julius Divakar B|journal=Zeitschrift für mikroskopisch-anatomische Forschung|volume=92|issue=3|pages=541–546|year=1978|pmid=751342}}
* {{Cite journal |issn=0021-8804|title=Juvenile hormone-like activity of the Pygidial secretion of Anthia sexguttata (F.) (Carabidae: Coleoptera)|vauthors=Maruthi Ram G, Kishen Rao B, Thakur SS, Judson P|journal=Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology|volume=25|pages=93–100|year=1978}}
* {{Cite journal |issn=1420-9071|title=The effects of a Juvenile hormone analogue on the male reproductive organs of the red cotton bug, Dysdercus cingulatus (Heteroptera)|vauthors=Judson P, Kishen Rao B, Thakur SS, Julius Divakar B|journal=[[Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences|Experientia]]|volume=34|issue=6|pages=817–818|year=1978|doi=10.1007/BF01947347|s2cid=10799244 }}
* {{Cite journal |issn=0044-5185|title=Defensive secretion of the soap-nut bug Tessaratoma javanica (Thunberg) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) as a juvenile hormone mimic|vauthors=Ashok S, Kishen Rao B, Thakur SS, Judson P, Samuel Raj N, Maruthi Ram G|journal=Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere|volume=82|issue=4|pages=383–394|year=1978}}
* {{Cite journal |issn=0975-1009|title=Effect of Precocene II on Reproduction of the Bug Dysdercus similis (F.) (Heteroptera)|vauthors=Judson P, Kishen Rao B, Thakur SS, Revathy D|journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=17|issue=2|pages=947|year=1979}}
* {{Cite journal |issn=0970-3012|title=Biology of the Dysdercus koenigii in relation with the mortality and sex ratio (Pyrrhocoridae: Heteroptera)|vauthors=Judson P, Rao VS|journal=Pestology|volume=13|issue=11|pages=8–11|year=1989}}

==Other initiatives==
Judson is a communicant member<ref name="BLESS"/> of [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] (STBC) and attached to the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]-Baptist Church, [[Lallaguda]],<ref name="BLESS"/> Secunderabad.<ref name="Chaise"/> He is also associated<ref>[https://tentindia.org/about-us/board/ Training in Evangelism Needs and Technology, ''Board'']</ref> with ''Training in Evangelism Needs and Technology (TENT)'', a brain child of the [[Geologist]], [[B. E. Vijayam]],<ref name="KMS">Kay Marshall Strom, ''In the presence of the poor: Changing the face of India'', Authentic, Hyderabad, 2008.[https://books.google.com/books?id=npTDRlP12dsC&dq=b.e.vijayam&pg=PP5]</ref> who set up such facility to promote means of livelihood with the inspiration being attributed<ref name="KMS"/> to [[Bishop]] [[Bunyan Joseph]] of the [[Church of South India]], a rural Evangelist, [[Canon (priest)]] and later [[Bishop]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===Inter-faith dialogue===
Judson was also involved in other initiatives relating to [[Interfaith dialogue]]<ref>[http://hmiindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Interaction_July-Dec_2010.pdf ''HMI Newsletter'', Volume 31, Number 2, July - December 2010]</ref> and [[Community development]]. He was on the Council<ref>[http://hmiindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Jan_June_2011.pdf ''HMI Newsletter'', Volume 32, Number 1, January-June 2011]</ref> of the [[Henry Martyn|Henry Martyn Institute]], [[Shivarampally]] for over<ref>[http://hmiindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Annual-Report-2013-2014.pdf ''HMI Annual Report 2013-2014'']</ref> a decade.<ref>[http://hmiindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Full-Annual-Report-2012-2013-with-audit-report.pdf ''HMI Annual Report 2012-2013'']</ref> Judson was on the Committee and later on the Council, which was led by Theologians comprising [[C. L. Furtado]], [[P. Surya Prakash]] and others.<ref>[http://hmiindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Interaction-2010.pdf ''HMI Newsletter'', Volume 31, Number 1, January-June 2010]</ref> Judson came up on the Committee, especially at a crucial juncture, when the institute relocated to its new campus in [[Shivarampally]] from its earlier locality<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=k-Q8AAAAIAAJ&q=HMI+nampally ''Al-Basheer'', Volumes 1-2, 1972, p.27]</ref> in [[Abids]].<ref>Dinesh K. Agarwal, ''Great Struggle: Bishop's Story'', Patridge India, New Delhi, 2016.[https://books.google.com/books?id=I2TjCwAAQBAJ&q=henry+martyn&pg=PT14]</ref>

===Community development===
Judson is also on the Advisory Board of Genesis Urban and Rural Development<ref>[http://guardsociety.org/Board_of_Members.html Genesis Urban and Rural Development, ''Advisory Board'']</ref> under whose aegis a ''National Conference on emerging challenges and opportunities in Agriculture, Social, Plant, Environment, Cooperatives and Technology'' was held in 2016.<ref>''National Conference on emerging challenges and opportunities in Agriculture, Social, Plant, Environment, Cooperatives and Technology'', GUARD Society, 2016.[http://guardsociety.org/DOWNLOADS.html#]</ref>

Efforts by the members of the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]-Baptist Church, [[Lallaguda]] resulted in creation of a social action initiative which was named ''Burden and Love for Economically and Socially Suppressed (BLESS)''<ref name="BLESS">[http://baptistchurchlgd.org/about-us/ Baptist Church, Lallaguda, ''BLESS Committee'']</ref> in which Judson has been active and presently holds the position of Secretary.<ref name="BLESS"/> Through the Church, he has been actively involved in promoting<ref>Bethel Church, [[Stuttgart, Germany]].[https://www.bethelkirche.de/ueber-uns/bless/107-bless-lalaguda-baptist-church]</ref> food security<ref>Lois Mitchell, ''The Fishermen and the Sea: Net Profits at what cost?'', CBM Newsletter, 2017.[https://www.cbmin.org/the-fishermen-and-the-sea/]</ref> among those marginalized<ref name="Gordon"/> dry land farmers of [[Telangana]] through [[System of Rice Intensification]]<ref name="Chaise">[https://cbminorg.wordpress.com/2012/03/08/seeing-is-believing/ Cut to the Chaise, ''Seeing is believing'', 2012]</ref> in a few<ref name="Chaise"/> mandals of [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]] and [[Medchal-Malkajgiri district]].

During the 2010s, he took up social action initiatives in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] and [[Odisha]] through the [[Canadian Baptist Ministries]]<ref name="Atlantic">''2013 Year Book of the Convention of Atlantic Baptist Churches'', 2013, p.F-2.[https://baptist-atlantic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2013-Year-Book-Final.pdf]</ref> in which he was a Field Staff<ref name="Chaise"/> and Team member.<ref name="Atlantic"/> Judson is the present India representative<ref>[http://ebm.baptisten.ch/medien/documents/2015%20Jahresbericht.pdf Europäische Baptistische Mission, ''EBM Schweiz'', 2015]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> of European Baptist Mission International overseeing social action programmes<ref>[https://issuu.com/cbpsb/docs/ebm-magazin_3-13_portugiesisch ''Ebm magazin'', Vol. 3 (13), 17 December 2013]</ref> together with 16 partners in the country.<ref>Matthias Dichristin, ''Stories from the Missionfield - Encounters in a Fishing Village'', February 2019.[https://www.ebm-international.org/en/2019/02/06/geschichten-vom-missionsfeld-india-2-2019/]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Entomology}}
* Prof. Dr. [[M. Abel]], Ph. D. ([[University of California|California]]),
* Prof. Dr. [[T. D. J. Nagabhushanam]], Ph. D. ([[Indian Agricultural Research Institute|IARI]]),
* Prof. Dr. [[P. A. James]], Ph. D. (Osmania)
* Dr. [[J. A. Oliver]], Ph. D. ([[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University|ANGRAU]]),
* Prof. Dr. [[B. E. Vijayam]], Ph. D. (Osmania),

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author=Gordon W. King
| title=Seed Falling on Good Soil: Rooting Our Lives in the Parables of Jesus
| year=2016
| publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers
| isbn=9781498279369| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BARKDAAAQBAJ&dq=pothuraju+judson&pg=PR4
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{s-start}}
{{S-aca}}
{{Succession box| before=M. Janardhan Reddy, 1995-1997| title=Principal, University College of Science, [[Saifabad]]<ref name="ucssou.ac.in">[http://www.ucssou.ac.in/Principals-Message.html University College of Science, Saifabad, ''Principal's message'']</ref>| after=M. Prabhakar, 2001-2003
| years=1997-2001
}}
{{S-hon}}
{{Succession box| before=P. Joshua| title=Chairperson, [[Council of Christian Hospitals]], [[Pithapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]| after=''Incumbent''| years=2019-}}
{{S-end}}
----
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|entomology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Judson, P.}}
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Indian entomologists]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh academics]]
[[Category:Scientists from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian Baptists]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Canadian Baptist Ministries missionaries in India]]
[[Category:1950 births]]

Godhuli Alap

2026-02-05T18:09:11Z

LesliGirard6: Made Info

{{short description|2022 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Godhuli Alap.jpeg
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* [[Drama]]
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Family]]
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| screenplay = Sudip Pal '''Dialogues''' Arpita Pal
| writer = Sweta Bhardwaz
| story = Sweta Bhardwaz
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Raj Chakraborty
* Victo
* Shyam Aggarwal
}}
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Koushik Sen]]
* Somu Sarkar
* [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]]
* Diya Chakraborty
*[[Sohag Sen]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = Godhuli Alap
| end_theme =
| composer = {{Plainlist|
* Ritam
* Amit
}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 350 
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Souvik Bhattacharya
* Rahul Dutta
* Debashree Dey
* Samajita Chatterjee (Star Jalsha)
* Suptara Dev
* Sohini Sinha (Star Jalsha)
}}
| producer = Raj Chakraborty
| editor = Prasanta Roy
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Sumit Gupta
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Raj Chakraborty Productions
| channel = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|03|21|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|06|04|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Godhuli Alap''''' was an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[romance drama]] television series produced by [[Raj Chakraborty]] under the banner of ''Raj Chakraborty Productions. ''It premiered on 21 March 2022 on Bengali General Entertainment Channel [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=ঘোষণা হল 'গোধূলি আলাপ'-এর টাইম স্লট, খারাপ টিআরপির জন্য বন্ধ হচ্ছে কোন ধারাবাহিক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-s-upcoming-serial-godhuli-alap-s-time-slot-announced-for-bad-trp-this-bengali-show-will-stopped-31646974720994.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313001853/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-s-upcoming-serial-godhuli-alap-s-time-slot-announced-for-bad-trp-this-bengali-show-will-stopped-31646974720994.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> The show is available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The show stars [[Kaushik Sen]], Somu Sarkar <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-23 |title=হাঁটুর বয়সী মেয়েকে বিয়ে, টিভিতে কামব্যাক কৌশিক সেনের, নতুন মেগা স্টার জলসায় |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/koushik-sen-s-new-bengali-mega-godhuli-alap-will-be-air-on-star-jalsha-new-promo-is-out-31645614843636.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223125102/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/koushik-sen-s-new-bengali-mega-godhuli-alap-will-be-air-on-star-jalsha-new-promo-is-out-31645614843636.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> and Diya Chakraborty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Diya Chakraborty: কেদারকণ্ঠ থেকে সোজা শ্যুটিং ফ্লোরে, পদ্মমণি ছেড়ে 'গোধূলি আলাপ'-এর নতুন চরিত্রে দিয়া |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/diya-chakraborty-is-acting-in-godhuli-alap-after-playing-padmamonis-character-in-rani-rashmoni-dgtl/cid/1334607 |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
Nolak is presented as a young woman who whose life takes a twist, taking her Kolkata-based advocate Arindam. Arindam spent most of his time fighting a case that had been running for almost 20 years. He had taken an oath that he would not marry until he brings peace to the farmers of Mourigram. But destiny brought these two souls together due to a promise made to Nolak's father.

The story depicts that love cannot be stopped due to age, caste or creed. It shows how love can grow among people from diverse backgrounds even without the support of the society.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Arindam Roy aka AR: Nolok's husband; Anu, and Aditya's brother; Nikhilesh, Illa, and Kasturi's nephew; Agni, Judo, Trisha and Dona's cousin; Arundhati and Akhilesh's son; Mekhla's uncle; A middle-aged advocate.
* Somu Sarkar as Nolok Roy: Haradhan's daughter; Arindam's wife; Mekhla's aunt; A village girl; owner of a Bohurupi group, an advocate.

===Recurring===

*[[Sohag Sen]] as Arundhati Roy: Arindam, Anu and Aditya's mother and Nolak's mother-in-law; Akhilesh's widow.
*Sumanta Mukherjee as Nikhilesh Roy, Arindam's Uncle, Arundhati's brother-In-Law
*Mou Bhattacharya as Illa Roy; Arindam's Aunt; Late Nikhilesh's wife; Agni and Trisha's mother; Chaiti's mother-in-law
* [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] as Agni Roy: Trisha's elder brother; Arindam, Anu, Adi and Dona's cousin; Nikhilesh's son
*Arpita Mukherjee as Chaiti Roy; Agni's wife; Arindam's sister-in-law.
*Diya Chakraborty as Trisha: Agni's sister; Arindom's cousin.
*Arijita Mukhopadhyay as Buri Pishi
* ✓[[Riju Biswas]] as Aditya "Adi" Roy: Arindam's youngest brother, Rohini's husband.
*Suvajit Kar as Jayanta: Buri Pishi's son
*Sahana Sen as Anu: Arindam's sister
*Sincheeta Sanyal as Mekhla: Anu's daughter; Arindam's niece
*Ranjini Chatterjee as Kasturi: Arindam's paternal aunt
*Sristi Pandey as Dona: Kasturi's daughter; Arindam's cousin
*Roshni Bhattacharya as Rohini Roy: Arindam's assistant; Adi's wife
*Shamik Chakrabarty as Judo: Kasturi's youngest son
*[[Arindya Banerjee]] as Laalu
*Milan Roychowdhury as Haradhan/Kanai: Nolok's father
*Gautam Mukherjee as Kasturi's husband, Akhilesh & Nikhilesh's Brother-In-Law
* Sayantan Halder as Shantanu Sanyal
*[[Bulbuli Panja]] as Arindam's ex girlfriend
*Niladri Lahiri as Santanu's father

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/godhuli-alap/1260089293 ''Godhuli Alap''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]

Banarasi Das

2026-01-10T04:51:24Z

LesliGirard6: added info

{{Short description|Indian politician (1912–1985)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Banarasi Das
| image = Banarasi Das 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| constituency =
| order = 11th
| office = Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
| term = 28 February 1979 – 17 February 1980
| predecessor = [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]
| successor = [[V. P. Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1912|7|18}}
| birth_place = [[Bulandshahr district|Utarawli]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| residence =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1985|8|3|1912|7|18}}
| death_place = [[India]]
| party = [[Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Banarasi Das''', popularly known as '''Babu Banarasi Das''' (8 July 1912 – 3 August 1985) was an Indian [[Politics of India|politician]] and [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]. He was from [[Janata Party]].

==Career==
Banarasi Das was a freedom fighter. He went to jail many times during [[Indian independence movement|India's freedom struggle]]. He was elected to Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha in 1977 as member of Janata Party from Hapur or Khurja, both those seats having elected a member named Banarsi Das.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html|title = Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1977}}</ref> He was [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] from 28 February 1979 to 17 February 1980. He joined Charan Singh's [[Janata Party (Secular)]] when the Janata Party split. He lost 1980 Vidhan Sabha election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1980-election-results.html|title = Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1980}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Banarasi Das was born in Utarawli, [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].
Banarasi Das was married and had five sons and five daughters. Two of his sons followed his footsteps. The elder one Harendra Agarwal was the former member of legislative council & is active in Indian politics. The youngest son Late Dr [[Akhilesh Das Gupta]]<ref>[http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=119 Detailed Profile – Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta – Members of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) – Who's Who – Government: National Portal of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108105005/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=119 |date=8 November 2018 }}. Archive.india.gov.in. Retrieved on 8 November 2018.</ref> was a former [[Rajya Sabha|Rajya sabha]] MP and ex national general secretary of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and was Minister of State in [[First Manmohan Singh Cabinet|Manmohan singh government]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091114081547/http://sify.com/news/cong-mp-quits-party-attacks-rahul-coterie-news-national-jegqCrjihhg.html Cong MP quits party, attacks Rahul `coterie`]. Sify.com. Retrieved on 8 November 2018.</ref>

==Legacy==
An Indian postal stamp featuring Das was issued in 2013.
[[Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow]],
[[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]],
[[Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology]],
[[Babu Banarasi Das Institute of Technology and Management]],
[[Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences]],
in Uttar Pradesh are named in his honor.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.bbdit.edu.in/Inspiration.aspx Short biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719014250/http://www.bbdit.edu.in/Inspiration.aspx |date=19 July 2020 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140721050934/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
| before= [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]
| title = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| years = 28 February 1979 – 17 February 1980
| after = ''President's Rule'' Administered by the [[List of Governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]], Ganpat Rao devji Tapase, 17 February 1977 – 27 February 1980 [[Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh]], 28 February 1980 – 9 June 1980 title/post subsequently held by- [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Banarsi}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bulandshahr]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Janata Party]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Varanasi]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}
{{JP-politician-stub}}

Hari Om Entertainment

2025-12-28T21:58:08Z

LesliGirard6: cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Cape of Good Films]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Piramalai Kallar

2025-12-26T10:24:57Z

LesliGirard6: started new stub

{{Short description|Sub-caste of the Kallars, part of the Mukkulathor community}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Piramalai Kallar
| classification = [[Backward Classes|Backward Class]] / [[Denotified tribes|Denotified Class]]
| subdivisions = Sub-caste of [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]]
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| country = India
}}

'''Piramalai Kallars''' is a sub-caste of the [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]]s and thus are part of the [[Mukkulathor]] community that also includes the [[Maravar]] and [[Agamudayar]] castes. They belong to [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward class/Denotified class]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of |first=Tamil Nadu |title=List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu |url=https://bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/bclist.htm |website=www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

==History==

Copper plate inscriptions dated 1645, 1652, 1655 and 1656 are the most important artefacts about the Piramalai Kallars. According to these, during the period of [[Thirumalai Nayak]], members of the community were appointed as guards ("kavalkarars") of villages. The Piramalai Kallar group responsible for a village had to compensate for any theft in that village.<ref name="DumontStern1986">{{cite book|author1=Louis Dumont|author2=A. Stern|author3=Michael Moffatt|title=A South Indian subcaste: social organization and religion of the Pramalai Kallar|url=https://archive.org/details/southindiansubca0000dumo|url-access=registration|accessdate=21 March 2012|year=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-561785-6}}</ref>

Piramalai Kallar local chieftains, such as Tirumal Pinna Thevar, also performed judicial duties by organising [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]s. This is described in the 1655 inscription.<ref name="DumontStern1986"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/copper-plate-dating-back-to-1655-ce-found/article5951669.ece |title=Copper plate dating back to 1655 CE found |work=The Hindu |date=2014-04-27 |accessdate=2016-10-07}}</ref>

With a separate system of judiciary and policing, they refused to accede to British rule. In 1767, around 5000 Kallars were killed by British forces near [[Melur]] in a single day when they refused to pay tax.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/taking-the-road-less-travelled/article5268387.ece |title=Taking the road less travelled |work=The Hindu |date=2013-10-24 |accessdate=2016-10-07}}</ref>

With the introduction of British rule and the fall of the [[Nayak dynasty]], the Piramalai Kallars began to lose their work as guards. They participated in the South Indian Rebellion of 1800-1801 that resulted in [[Madurai]] and the adjoining regions coming under the British rule. When the rebellious Kallars refused to pay tax, the British abolished the kavalkarar system.<ref>K. Gowri, Madurai under the English East India Company (1801 – 1857),Raj Publishers, Madurai, 1987, p.9.</ref>{{qn|reason=I think this applied to all Kallars and is not specific to the PK|date=October 2016}}

Piramalai Kallars were reduced to poverty, reliant on land farming. , while continuing to oppose the British.<ref>David Arnold ‘Dacoity and Rural Crime in Madras’, The Journal of
Peasant Studies, Vol.6, No.2, January 1979, p.158</ref> They became classified as a [[Denotified tribes of India|criminal tribe]] under the [[Criminal Tribes Act]] (CTA).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/the-grim-story-behind-a-small-settlement/article4669070.ece |title=The grim story behind a small settlement |work=The Hindu |date=2013-04-30 |accessdate=2016-10-07}}</ref>{{Efn|Although the Criminal Tribes Act was introduced in 1871, its provisions were not generally applied in [[South India]] until the amended Act of 1911.<ref>{{cite book |title=George Joseph, the Life and Times of a Kerala Christian Nationalist |first=George Gheverghese |last=Joseph |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2003 |isbn=978-8-12502-495-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6MfPh-9DiEC&pg=PA70 |page=70}}</ref>}}

On 3 April 1920 a group of Piramalai Kallars at [[Perungamanallur]] village battled against the British in protest against the CTA. A memorial pillar at the village names 16 inhabitants who were shot dead during the incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/namma-madurai-massacre-in-a-village/article2319054.ece |title=Namma Madurai - Massacre in a village |work=The Hindu |date=2011-08-03 |accessdate=2016-10-07}}</ref> The Act, which had originally been introduced in 1871 and then amended in 1911, was repealed in 1948.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/colonial-act-still-haunts-denotified-tribes-expert/article1227400.ece |title=Colonial Act still haunts denotified tribes: expert |work=The Hindu |date=2008-03-27 |accessdate=2016-10-07}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
*[[P.K. Mookiah Thevar]]
*[[Maya Thevar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/elections-2016/2016/may/10/aifb-and-other-rag-tag-thevar-outfits-cant-dent-aiadmks-traditional-vote-bank-934882.html|title=AIADMK's traditional vote bank|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
*[[O. A. K. Thevar]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*[[Dindigul C. Sreenivasan]]
*[[Bharathiraja]]
*[[Vairamuthu]]

== Elected representatives ==
2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
*[[A. Maharajan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/19/brothers-to-fight-it-out-in-andipatti-by-election-1952837.html|title=Brothers to fight it out in andipatti by election|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*[[P. Ayyappan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/development-remains-a-distant-dream-for-usilampatti/article34068297.ece/|title=Development remains a distant dream for usilampatti|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*[[Sellur K. Raju]]
*[[V. V. Rajan Chellappa]]
*[[Dindigul C. Sreenivasan]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Hinduism}}
*{{cite book |title=Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past |first=Spencer |last=Wells |date=20 November 2007 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=9781426202117 |authorlink=Spencer Wells |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWgDAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT93}}

[[Category:Denotified tribes of India]]
[[Category:Mukkulathor]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Indian agency police

2025-12-14T02:28:54Z

LesliGirard6: started

{{Short description|US policemen enforcing federal laws on natives}}
[[Image:Cheyenne Indian policeman.png|thumb|A [[Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes|Southern Cheyenne]] Indian policeman, {{Circa|1889}}]]
'''Indian agency police''' were policemen hired by the [[Federal government of the United States|United States government’s]] [[Indian agent]]s during the late 19th and early 20th century, it was assigned to members of [[Tribe (Native American)|American Indian tribes]]. It was the duty of Indian agency police to enforce federal laws, the laws of the state where their reservation was located, and the terms of the federal treaties with their tribal authority.

The very first Indian police made their appearance in the Great Plains in the 1830s. This was partly due to the relocation of tribes such as the Cherokee into Indian territories.<ref name=":0" />

Many tribes had no recognizable governments and therefore no tribal laws. On these tribes' reservations, the Indian agent hired tribal members to effect law and order according to federal, agency, and treaty rules.

Some tribes, such as the [[Cherokee]], had well-developed systems of tribal laws and tribal courts; the agency police also enforced these laws, and they testified and maintained order in the tribal courts. Since the agency police were federal officers, crimes against them had to be tried in a [[United States district court]].

Indian policemen had a wide range of responsibilities, such as maintaining law and order, protecting agency property, arresting offenders, managing jails, and serving as messengers. They also patrolled reservation boundaries, detaining thieves and enforcing various bans.<ref name=":0" />

They often faced danger, with at least twenty-four officers losing their lives in [[Indian Territory]] (modern day-[[Oklahoma]]) alone between 1876 and 1906. The deadliest incident occurred on December 15, 1890, when six members of Standing Rock's Indian police force were killed while trying to apprehend Sitting Bull. Members of the Indian agency police were also responsible for the death of [[Sitting Bull]] and 12 other American Indians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of the Great Plains {{!}} INDIAN POLICE |url=http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.law.022 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=plainshumanities.unl.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sitting Bull killed by Indian police |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sitting-bull-killed-by-indian-police |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=HISTORY |date=16 November 2009 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Australian native police]]
*[[Indian tribal police]]
*[[Lighthorse (American Indian police)]]
*[[Sitting Bull]]
*[[United States Indian Police]]
*[[Bureau of Indian Affairs Police]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Bureau of Indian Affairs. ''Indian Law Enforcement History''. Republished at [http://www.tribal-institute.org/download/Indian%20Law%20Enforcement%20History.pdf Tribal Court Clearinghouse] from original published by Bureau of Indian Affairs and archived at [https://web.archive.org/web/20000226013721/http://bialaw.fedworld.gov/history/index.htm Archive.org]
*Ellis, Mark R. "[http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.law.022 Indian Police]", ''Encyclopedia of the Great Plains''. University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 2011.
*[[Frederic Remington|Remington, Frederic]], ''"On the Indian Reservations"''. ''The Century'', Vol. 38, Issue 4, August 1889, pp 536–545.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060103224135/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol1/HTML_files/SES0036.html Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. I, Laws (Compiled to December 1, 1902)].

[[Category:History of the American West]]
[[Category:Native American tribal police]]
[[Category:United States Bureau of Indian Affairs personnel| Indian agency police]]

{{US-hist-stub}}

Porandla, Jagtial district

2025-12-02T15:43:05Z

LesliGirard6: started a place - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2024}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Porandla
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Telangana
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Jagtial district
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 = Jagtial Rural mandal
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 = Panchayat
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Mandal Office
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Porandla''' is a village in Jagtial Rural mandal, [[Jagtial district]], in the Indian state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourtelugunadu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/226.Jagityal.-Final.pdf |title=Formation/Reorganization of District, Revenue Divisions and Mandals in Jagitial District – Final Notification - Orders – Issued: Re-Organization Of Mandals In Jagityal District |publisher=Government of Telangana |date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430062643/http://www.ourtelugunadu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/226.Jagityal.-Final.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|18.8357|78.90885|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}
[[Category:Villages in Jagtial district]]
[[Category:Telangana geography stubs]]

Aunta-Simaria Bridge

2025-11-23T12:56:06Z

LesliGirard6: done

{{Short description|Six-lane road bridge in Bihar, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2025}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Bridge
| bridge_name = Aunta-Simaria Bridge
| native_name =
| image = Simaria Six Lane Bridge.png
| caption = Six Lane Cable Bridge
| official_name = Barauni-Mokama Six Lane Ganga Bridge
| other_name =
| carries = [[National Highway 31 (India)]]
| crosses = [[Ganges]]
| locale = [[Barauni]], [[Mokama]]
| engineering = SP Singla Building Private Limited [[Company]]
| design = Cable bridge
| material =
| spans =
| pierswater =
| mainspan =
| length = {{Convert|8000|m}}
| traffic = Six Lane Road Bridge
}}
The '''Aunta-Simaria Bridge''', also known as the '''Barauni–Mokama Six Lane Ganga Bridge''', is a major infrastructure project in Begusarai and Patna districts in [[Bihar]], India, that is designed to improve connectivity and reduce travel time between North and South Bihar. The bridge opened on 22 August 2025.<ref name="TOI-opening">{{cite news |title=PM, CM hand in hand as Aunta-Simaria bridge opens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/pm-cm-hand-in-hand-as-aunta-simaria-bridge-opens/articleshow/123455219.cms |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=Times of India |date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

== Description ==

The bridge is expected to reduce travel time and distance between North and South Bihar, including areas like [[Darbhanga]], [[Samastipur]], [[Saharsa]], [[Patna]] and [[Buxar]].
It uses a [[cable-stayed bridge|cable-stayed system]] to support its weight.
It has six lanes (three lanes in each direction) as well as wide footpaths on either side, for pedestrians, cyclists, and two-wheelers.

== Construction ==
Construction has faced delays, including those due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and rising water levels.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/6-lane-bridge-on-ganga-river-asia-widest-pul-know-details-mokama-begusarai-patna/articleshow/118912265.cms एशिया का सबसे चौड़ा 6 लेन पुल बिहार में बन कर लगभग तैयार, अप्रैल से हो जाइए रेडी]
* [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-about-asias-widest-and-bihars-6-lane-mokama-begusarai-bridge-set-to-open-in-april-7907095 Bihar's 6-Lane Mokama-Begusarai Bridge, Asia's Widest, To Open In April]
* [https://patnapress.com/begusarai-mokama-six-lane-cable-stayed-ganga-bridge-completed-inauguration-likely-by-pm-modi/ Begusarai- Mokama Six-Lane Cable- Stayed Ganga Bridge Completed, Inauguration Likely by PM Modi]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/part-of-countrys-first-six-lane-ganga-bridge-to-open-by-mid-feb/articleshow/117494371.cms Part of country’s first six-lane Ganga bridge to open by mid-Feb]
* [https://news4nation.com/bihar/general/bihar-six-lane-ganga-bridge-opening-of-mokama-simaria-6-lane-cable-bridge-date-decide-vehicles-will-run-on-asias-widest-bridge-from-15-february-883563 Bihar Six Lane Ganga Bridge : मोकामा-सिमरिया 6 लेन केबल ब्रिज के शुरू होने की तारीख तय! एशिया के सबसे चौड़े पुल पर इस दिन से दौड़ेगी गाडियां]
* [https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/mokama-six-lane-bridge-over-ganga-river-will-complete-by-october-2023/articleshow/88560720.cms Mokama Bridge News : 2023 में पूरा बन जाएगा मोकामा वाला 6 लेन का पुल, जानिए कहां तक हो चुका है तैयार]
* [https://spsingla.com/?projects=extradosed-bridge-across-the-ganges-on-nh-31-aunta-simaria Extradosed Bridge across the Ganges on NH-31 Aunta-Simaria, Mokama in the state of Bihar | SP Singla Constructions Pvt. Ltd.]
* [[Rajendra Setu]]
* [[Barauni]]

{{coord|25.3722|86.0006|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Bridges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges in India]]

Kṣemaka

2025-11-14T16:26:22Z

LesliGirard6: Starting basic stub first draft

{{Short description|Raja of Vatsa from 378 to 340 BCE}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kṣemaka
| succession = [[Vatsa|King of Vatsa]]
| reign = c. 378 – c. 340 BCE
(48 years)
| predecessor = Nimi
| successor = [[Mahapadma Nanda]] (Kuru dynasty annexed by Nandas)
| death_date = c. 330 BCE
| dynasty = [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| Cause of death =
}}
'''Kṣemaka''' was the last king of [[Vatsa]]. He was defeated and dethroned by [[Magadha]]'s [[Nanda Empire|Nanda]] emperor [[Mahapadma Nanda]]. Kṣemaka was the last ruler of main [[Kuru dynasty]] branch, after his defeat the rule of Kurus end forever.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=273}}

== Conquered by Nandas ==

Mahapadma Nanda of Magadha was an imperialistic ruler, he wanted to conquer all [[Mahajanapada|Kshatriya kingdoms]]. In this series he launched invasions on Kshatriya kingdoms and defeated them one by one. He defeated Kṣemaka and annexed Kuru dynasty into Magadha Empire.{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|p=8}}

According to ''Puranas'' Mahapadma Nanda, describe him as ''ekarat'' (sole sovereign) and ''sarva-kshatrantaka'' (destroyer of all the ''[[Kshatriya]]s'').{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=273}} The Kshastriyas (warriors and rulers) said to have been exterminated by Mahapadma include [[Mithila (region)|Maithalas]], [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kasheyas]], [[Pasenadi|Ikshvakus]], [[Panchala]]s, [[Shurasena]]s, '''[[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]]''', [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihayas]], [[Vitihotras]], [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]]s, and [[Ashmaka]]s.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=17}}

== See also ==
* [[Mahapadma Nanda]]
* [[Nanda Empire]]
* [[Kurukshetra War]]
* [[Mahabharat]]
* [[Kuru kingdom]]
* [[Ripunjaya]]
;List of rulers
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[Puru and Yadu Dynasties]]
* [[List of monarchs of Magadha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{citation |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C |edition=4th |year=1988 |orig-year=first published in 1966 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0433-3}}
* {{cite book |author=H. C. Raychaudhuri |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |chapter=India in the Age of the Nandas |editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |edition=Second |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC |year=1988 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0466-1}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=Pearson |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}}}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kṣemaka}}

[[Category:4th-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Vatsa]]

Sukhna Interpretation Centre

2025-10-22T07:44:16Z

LesliGirard6: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Sukhna Interpretation Centre
| native_name = Sukhna Gallery
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Sukhna_Gallery_insider_view.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption = Sukhna Gallery Inside View
| alt =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| map_relief =
| former_name =
| established = 
| dissolved = 
| location = [[Sukhna Lake]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.7386956|N|76.8133633|E}}
| type = [[Art museum]]
| accreditation = Administrator of Chandigarh
| key_holdings =
| collections = [[Vintage Photos]], [[Sketch (drawing)|sketches]], [[drawings]],
| collection_size = 30 Panels
| visitors =
| founder =
| executive_director =
| director =
| president =
| ceo =
| chairperson =
| curator =
| architect = [[Pierre Jeanneret]]
| historian =
| owner =
| publictransit =
| parking =
| car_park = Sukhna Parking
| website = 
| network =
| embedded =
| leader =
| leader_type =
}}

The '''Sukhna Interpretation Centre/ Sukhna Gallery''' is an [[Indian art]] museum at [[Sukhna Lake]]. It was inaugurated by Manoj Parida who is the Advisor to the Administrator of [[Chandigarh]] on 4 December 2019, on the occasion of the 52nd anniversary<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/adviser-inaugurates-sukhna-interpretation-centre-at-lake-870415|title=Adviser Inaugurates Sukhna Interpretation Centre|last=|first=|date=2020-04-13|website=The Tribune India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news|archive-date=2020-04-13|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> of the death of [[Pierre Jeanneret]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/eeege/pierre-jeanneretdesigned-pump-house-in-chandigarh-lake-converted-into-sukhna-interpretation-centre-.html|title=Pierre Jeanneret-Designed Pump House In Chandigarh Lake Converted Into Sukhna Interpretation Centre|website=World Architecture Community|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> It was proposed by Deepika Gandhi who is the Director of Le Corbusier Center in May 2019.

== History ==
This structure was built to house a water pump and in spite of its impressive architecture remained locked and unused for over three decades.<ref name=":1" /> It was designed by a Swiss architect [[Pierre Jeanneret]].

== Display ==
It has old pictures, drawings and sketches<ref name=":0" /> that reveal many aspects of Sukhna Lake such as light fixtures and the entrance gate. The structure was restored and renovated and has around 30 pictures. It also holds the books "'''Moods of Sukhna'' and ''Sukhna - Sublime Lake of Chandigarh''.<ref name=":0" /> (2009).

== Announcement and design ==
The announcement of converting this structure to the Interpretation Centre took place on 1 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/museum-inaugurated-on-sukhna-lake-advisor-said-now-people-will-be-able-to-see-the-journey-of-sukhna-chandigarh-news-pkl3589308199|title=सुखना लेक पर म्यूजियम का उद्घाटन, एडवाइजर बोले- अब झील का सफर देख सकेंगे पर्यटक|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> It took the Engineering department two months to convert it.

== Challenges ==

* The circular shape and small size of the room which is 12 feet in diameter became a challenge.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/interpretation-centre-opened-at-sukhna-lake.html|title=Interpretation Centre opened at Sukhna Lake|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> "During the restoration, a skylight which was closed some years back was opened up to let in natural light in the room. The ventilators were very interestingly designed and were the starting point for conception of the display of exhibits," Deepika Gandhi said.<ref name=":2" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Photos at Sukhna Gallery.jpg|Panel Inside Sukhna Gallery
File:Sukhna Gallery Sukhna lake Board.jpg|Sukhna Gallery Board
File:Sukhna Gallery hanging photos.jpg|Sukhna lake as island picture inside Sukhna gallery
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Museums in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Le Corbusier]]

Battle of Delhi (1783)

2025-10-15T08:03:12Z

LesliGirard6: improved article

{{Short description|Sikh raid on Delhi during the fall of the Mughal Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Delhi 1783
| partof = Mughal-Sikh Wars and [[Sikh attacks on Delhi]]
| image = Sikh_Delhi.jpg
| caption = Baghel Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, and Jassa Singh Ramgharia marching through Delhi next to the Red fort.
| date = 11 March 1783<ref name="sikhs18">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/n560/mode/2up?q=firoz |title=Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century
|page=560}}</ref><ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sg_9N_AHbMC&pg=PA89 |title=Views and Reviews |first=Jasbir Singh |last=Sethi |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |isbn=9788190825986}}</ref>
| place = [[Delhi]]
| territory = The Sikhs temporarily conquer Delhi
| result = Sikh victory.<ref name="google1" /><ref name=fenechmcleod54>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=54}}</ref>{{sfn|Singha|2000}}<ref name="Bhagata 1993 271–282">{{cite book|last=Bhagata|first=Siṅgha|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|year=1993|pages= 271–282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA271|quote=Baghel Singh, Baghel Singh took the leadership of karorisingha misl.}}</ref><ref name="sikhs18" />

* Construction of [[Gurudwara Bangla Sahib]], [[Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib]]<ref name="randhir">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCyYDQAAQBAJ&q=1783+sikh+delhi&pg=PT62 |title=Sikh Shrines in India |first=G.S |last=Randhir |year=1990|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=9788123022604}}</ref>
* [[Shah Alam II]] surrenders to the Sikhs.
* [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] is temporarily enthroned on the throne of Delhi as "Badshah Singh of Delhi."
* The throne of [[Aurangzeb]] is taken back to [[Amritsar]] by [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|23px]] [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)|Dal Khalsa]] ([[Sikhs]])
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|23px]] [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|23px]] [[Baghel Singh]] [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|23px]] [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|23px]][[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]]
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|23px]] [[Shah Alam II]]{{Surrender}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|23px]] Mirza Shikoh{{Surrender}}
| strength1 = 30,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280259 |title=History Of The Sikhs 1769 1799 Vol Ii |date=1944 |pages=141}}</ref>
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}
The '''Battle of Delhi''' was fought between the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Dal Khalsa]] of [[Sikhs]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1783.{{sfn|Singha|2000|p=26-27}}

==Background and battle==
The Sikhs under [[Baghel Singh]], [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]], and [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]], began raiding and plundering the outskirts of Delhi in 1764. In April 1782, [[Mirza Najaf Khan|Najaf Khan]] hitherto the highest commander of the Mughal army died, after which a power struggle ensued allowing the Sikhs to capture Delhi. The Sikhs reappeared in Delhi and plundered its environs and laid waste the country up to Khujra. Some of the Sikhs having ravaged the Gangetic [[Doab]] contemplated approaching [[Rohilkhand|Ruhilkhand]], though they were deterred by the arrival of the [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab of Oudh's]] forces as well as some English battalions to the area, forcing them to concentrate solely on the Doab. Some of the rajas reigning over areas dominated by the Sikhs agreed to pay tribute to them. The main body of the Sikhs having plundered [[Aligarh]] and [[Bulandshahr|Buland Shahar]] proceeded towards Delhi where they further set Malka Ganj and Sabzi Mandi on fire. They managed to capture the [[Red Fort]] on 11 March after defeating a defence by Prince Mirza Shikoh.<ref name="sur" />

== Dispute over throne ==
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was placed on the throne of Delhi as Badshah Singh of Delhi but Ramgarhia objected that no one can sit on the throne without the approval of [[Sarbat Khalsa]].{{sfn|Singha|2000|p=26-27}}<ref name="google1" /><ref>Hari Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764–1803,'' second ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2000) {{ISBN|978-8-12150-213-9}}</ref><ref>Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Misls'', rev. ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2001) {{ISBN|978-8-12150-165-1}}</ref><ref name="randhir2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCyYDQAAQBAJ&q=1783&pg=PT62 |title=Sikh Shrines in India |first=G.S |last=Randhir |year=1990|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=9788123022604}}</ref><ref>Baba Baghel Singh Museum's paintings and their brief history - Page 53</ref>

== Settlement ==
A settlement was agreed upon between the Sikhs and the Delhi court which entailed a cash present of three lakh rupees and Baghel Singh staying behind at the head of 4,000 Sikh troops to oversee the construction of gurdwaras in the city. The main body of Sikhs left Delhi on 12 March 1783 following the settlement.<ref name="sur">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/563/mode/2up?view=theater|title=Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century |pages=559, 560}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Historic stone slab of Mughal throne.jpg|thumb|Slab of Mughal throne placed in Ramgarhia Bunga<ref name="sikhchic.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/heritage/Amritsar/Amritsar.htm}}</ref>]]
Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia captured the [[Red Fort]] of Delhi in conjunction with Sardar [[Baghel Singh]]. He detached the throne of [[Mughal emperor|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] (on which he likely ordered the death of the 9th Sikh guru [[Guru Teg Bahadur|Guru Tegh Bahadur]]) and brought it on elephants and kept it at [[Golden Temple]], [[Amritsar]]. Even today it is present at the [[Golden Temple]], in the [[Ramgarhia Bunga]] minaret.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |last2=Barrier |first2=Norman Gerald |title=Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change |year=1999 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-236-2 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIN0AAAAMAAJ&q=Ramgarhia+Bunga+golden+temple+jassa+singh |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sikhchic.com">{{cite web| url=http://sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=2532&cat=14 | title=Restoration of The Bunga Ramgharia | access-date=2024-02-20}}</ref><ref name="Untitled Document">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/heritage/Amritsar/Amritsar.htm|title = Untitled Document}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sikh raids on Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|editor-last=Singha|editor-first=H. S|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060305/society.htm#2 News article on Baghel Singh ]

[[Category:Battles involving the Sikh Confederacy|Delhi]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1783]]
[[Category:1783 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Delhi]]
[[Category:1780s in the Mughal Empire]]

1998–99 Santosh Trophy

2025-09-24T19:28:10Z

LesliGirard6: new

{{more citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Santosh Trophy
| year = 1998–99
| other_titles = National Football Championship
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = India
| dates = 25 March – 4 April 1999
| num_teams = 12
| winners = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
| count = 29
| second = [[Goa football team|Goa]]
| matches =
| goals =
| attendance =
| scoring_leader = [[Syed Sabir Pasha]] (9)
| award =
| prev_season = [[1997–98 Santosh Trophy|1997–98]]
| next_season = [[1999–2000 Santosh Trophy|1999–2000]]
}}
The '''1998–99 Santosh Trophy''' was the 55th edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the main [[States and union territories of India|State]] competition for [[football in India]]. It was held between 25 March and 4 April 1999 in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. In the final, Bengal beat Goa 1–0 in a repeat of the previous edition's final. It was Bengal's sixth consecutive title and 29th overall.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal lift record sixth crown |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr05/sports.htm#11 |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=The Tribune |agency=Press Trust of India |date=5 April 1999}}</ref>

== Group stage ==
=== Cluster I ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020316134645/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1998-99st.html indianfootball.de]
|team1=BE |team2=MA |team3=SE
|result1=KO

|win_BE=2 |draw_BE=0 |loss_BE=0 |gf_BE=6 |ga_BE=1
|win_MA=1 |draw_MA=0 |loss_MA=1 |gf_MA=3 |ga_MA=5
|win_SE=0 |draw_SE=0 |loss_SE=2 |gf_SE=1 |ga_SE=4

|name_BE=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|name_MA=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|name_SE=[[Services football team|Services]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advances to [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 27 March 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Services football team|Services]]
|score= 1–2
|team2= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar28/sports.htm#9 Report]
|goals1= Rajesh Kumar Singh {{goal|40}}
|goals2=
* [[Bhaichung Bhutia|Bhutia]] {{goal|17||23|pen.}}
|stadium= [[Udhagamandalam]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 28 March 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Services football team|Services]]
|score= 0–2
|team2= [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar29/sports.htm#1 Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
* Wangchupler {{goal|4}}
* Manaoba Singh {{goal|34}}
|stadium= [[Udhagamandalam]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 29 March 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|score= 1–4
|team2= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar30/sports.htm#9 Report]
|goals1= Wangchupler {{goal|74}}
|goals2=
* [[Bhaichung Bhutia|Bhutia]] {{goal|29}}
* Amit Das {{goal|48}}
* [[Dipendu Biswas|Biswas]] {{goal|85}}
* [[Jo Paul Ancheri|Ancheri]] {{goal|90}}
|stadium= [[Udhagamandalam]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

=== Cluster II ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020316134645/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1998-99st.html indianfootball.de]
|team1=GO |team2=KA |team3=CH
|result1=KO

|win_GO=2 |draw_GO=0 |loss_GO=0 |gf_GO=9 |ga_GO=0
|win_KA=1 |draw_KA=0 |loss_KA=1 |gf_KA=5 |ga_KA=7
|win_CH=0 |draw_CH=0 |loss_CH=2 |gf_CH=1 |ga_CH=8

|name_GO=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|name_KA=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|name_CH=[[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advances to [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 26 March 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|score= 1–5
|team2= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar27/sports.htm#10 Report]
|goals1= Virender Kanwar {{goal|62}}
|goals2=
* K. C. Ramesh {{goal|15||44}}
* [[Xavier Vijay Kumar|Vijay Kumar]] {{goal|33}}
* Murali {{goal|?|pen.}}
* George {{goal|?}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location=[[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 28 March 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|score= 0–3
|team2= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar29/sports.htm#1 Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
* Seby Coelho {{goal|40}}
* Somatai Shaiza {{goal|57}}
* Marcus Carvalho {{goal|75}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location=[[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 30 March 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|score= 0–6
|team2= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar31/sports.htm#12 Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
* Somatai Shaiza {{goal|22}}
* [[Shanmugam Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|60}}
* [[Mario Soares (footballer)|Soares]] {{goal|65}}
* Marcus Carvalho {{goal|67}}
* Agostinho Rodrigues {{goal|88||89}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location=[[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

=== Cluster III ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020316134645/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1998-99st.html indianfootball.de]
|team1=KL |team2=MH |team3=AS
|result1=KO

|win_KL=2 |draw_KL=0 |loss_KL=0 |gf_KL=5 |ga_KL=1
|win_MH=0 |draw_MH=1 |loss_MH=1 |gf_MH=2 |ga_MH=3
|win_AS=0 |draw_AS=1 |loss_AS=1 |gf_AS=1 |ga_AS=4

|name_KL=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|name_MH=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|name_AS=[[Assam football team|Assam]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advances to [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 26 March 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|score= 1–1
|team2= [[Assam football team|Assam]]
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 27 March 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|score= 3–0
|team2= [[Assam football team|Assam]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar28/sports.htm#9 Report]
|goals1=
* [[Asif Saheer|Saheer]] {{goal|1||37}}
* Shaji {{goal|76}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 28 March 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|score= 1–2
|team2= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar29/sports.htm#1 Report]
|goals1= Abbas Ali Rizvi {{goal|43}}
|goals2=
* Sunny {{goal|14}}
* Boniface {{goal|68}}
|stadium= [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

=== Cluster IV ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020316134645/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1998-99st.html indianfootball.de]
|team1=TN |team2=PB |team3=DL
|result1=KO

|win_TN=2 |draw_TN=0 |loss_TN=0 |gf_TN=5 |ga_TN=1
|win_PB=0 |draw_PB=1 |loss_PB=1 |gf_PB=1 |ga_PB=3
|win_DL=0 |draw_DL=1 |loss_DL=1 |gf_DL=0 |ga_DL=2

|name_TN=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|name_PB=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|name_DL=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advances to [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 25 March 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score= 3–1
|team2= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar26/sports.htm#7 Report]
|goals1=
* Jestes Antony {{goal|3}}
* [[Hamilton Bobby|Bobby]] {{goal|16}}
* [[Syed Sabir Pasha|Pasha]] {{goal|68}}
|goals2= Manmohan Singh {{goal|23}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location=[[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 27 March 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score= 0–0
|team2= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar28/sports.htm#9 Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location=[[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 29 March 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score= 2–0
|team2= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar30/sports.htm#9 Report]
|goals1=
* [[Syed Sabir Pasha|Pasha]] {{goal|74}}
* Samson Selvakumar {{goal|74}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location=[[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

== Knockout stage ==
=== Semi-finals ===
{{football box
|date= 1 April 1999
|time=
|team1= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score= 1–3
|team2= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr02/sports.htm#13 Report]
|goals1= [[Syed Sabir Pasha|Pasha]] {{goal|90}}
|goals2=
* [[Shanmugam Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|13}}
* Francis Silveira {{goal|40}}
* [[Bruno Coutinho (footballer, born 1969)|Bruno Coutinho]] {{goal|87}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|date= 2 April 1999
|time=
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|score= 3–1
|team2= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr03/sports.htm#7 Report]
|goals1=
* [[Bhaichung Bhutia|Bhutia]] {{goal|12}}
* [[Raman Vijayan]] {{goal|37}}
* [[Carlton Chapman|Chapman]] {{goal|?}}
|goals2=[[Asif Saheer|Saheer]] {{goal|26}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

=== Final ===
{{football box
|date= 4 April 1999
|time=
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|score= 5–0
|team2= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|report= [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr05/sports.htm#11 Report]
|goals1=
* Basudeb Mondal {{goal|11}}
* [[Bhaichung Bhutia|Bhutia]] {{goal|48}}
* [[Carlton Chapman|Chapman]] {{goal|53}}
* [[Raman Vijayan]] {{goal|68}}
* [[Dipendu Biswas|Biswas]] {{goal|82|pen.}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=55th "Bharat Petroleum" Santosh Trophy 1999 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1998-99st.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |access-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020316134645/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1998-99st.html |archive-date=16 March 2002}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{1998–99 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1998-99 Santosh Trophy}}
[[Category:1998–99 in Indian football]]
[[Category:Santosh Trophy seasons]]

Chamrauli, Fatehabad

2025-07-17T07:36:51Z

LesliGirard6: Made Article

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{onesource|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Chamrauli''' is a village in Fatehabad Block in Agra District of Uttar Pradesh State, India. It belongs to Agra Division . It is located 33 km towards South from District headquarters Agra. 12 km from Fatehabad. 319 km from State capital Lucknow

Chamrauli Pin code is 282001 and postal head office is Agra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pincode of CHAMRAULI VILLAGE TAJ NAGARI AGRA UTTAR PRADESH 282004 Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/chamrauli-village-taj-nagari-agra-uttar-pradesh-282004#:~:text=Pincode%20of%20CHAMRAULI%20VILLAGE%20TAJ,PRADESH%20282004%20Pincode.net.in |website=pincode.net.in |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Agra district]]

{{Agra-geo-stub}}

Sarsod

2025-07-09T17:25:09Z

LesliGirard6: creating new details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarsod
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = NH 52 Passing Through Sarsod.
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.320995|N|75.834512|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hisar district|Hisar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]], Sarsod
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 214
| population_total = 5,216<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=998565&category=VILLAGE|title=Census of India: View Population Details|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=69175|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Haryanvi]], [[Bagri language|Bagri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 125 121
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-01693
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HR.E2.80.94Haryana|HR]]-80
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Chandigarh]]
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sarsod''' {{pronunciation|Sarsod.ogg}} is located in [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]] tehsil of [[Hisar (district)]] district in [[Haryana]]. It is situated 21 km from [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] city on [[National Highway 52 (India)]] which leads to [[Chandigarh]]. Sarsod is 3 km away from [[Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station]]. [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]] Tehsil is just 9 km away from Sarsod on [[National Highway 52 (India)]].

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Sarsod has a population of 4630 with 2460 males and 2160 females.

==Education==

In the village both [[Private school]] and [[Education in India|Government Schools]] are there. Sarsod having 3 Government schools and 3 [[Private school]]. Modern Sunrise School<ref name="sunrisemodernschool">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunrisemodernschool.com/|title=Welcome to Sunrise Modern School|publisher=sunrisemodernschool.com|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref> is one of the popular [[Private school]] in [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]] area. Government school for girls and boys are separate. Government school provide facilities up to 12th class.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://schooleducationharyana.gov.in/downloads_pdf/stat/02%20Number%20of%20Schools%20(Block%20Wise).pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302012542/http://schooleducationharyana.gov.in/downloads_pdf/stat/02%20Number%20of%20Schools%20(Block%20Wise).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Banks==
Exclusive Branch of [[Punjab National Bank]] is situated at Sarsod. Bank is also serving all the neighbouring villages also<ref name="banksifsccode">{{cite web|url=https://banksifsccode.com/punjab-national-bank-ifsc-code/haryana/hissar/sarsod-branch/|title=IFSC Code of PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK (PNB) - SARSOD Branch, HISSAR. Contact Phone Number, Address|publisher=banksifsccode.com|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref>

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sarsod
|North = [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]]
|East = [[Baalak]]
|South = [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]]
|West = [[Rajli, Hisar]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hisar, India topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Hisar district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Bharananganam

2025-06-13T14:12:48Z

LesliGirard6: updated page

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bharananganam
| other_name =
| nickname = Lisieux of India
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Bharananganam.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bharananganam Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|42|00|N|76|43|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =Panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 16000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686578
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 914822
| registration_plate = KL- 35
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 100%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kottayam]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:BHM B2.jpg|thumb|Bharanamganam Church]]
[[File:Bhm B4.jpg|thumb|Bharananganam]]
[[File:Bhm B11.jpg|thumb|Bharanamganam School]]
[[File:Bhm B1.jpg|thumb|Bharananganam town]]
'''Bharananganam''', is a Christian [[pilgrimage]] centre in [[South India]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> on the banks of the [[Meenachil River]], {{convert|4|km|spell=in}} away from [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]] and {{convert|4|km|spell=in}} from [[Plassanal]], in [[Kottayam district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Kerala]]. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people, who cultivate cash crops like [[Natural rubber|rubber]].

== History==
The place was believed to be an independent territory under Travancore Kingdom immediately governed by vassal [[Kingdom of Poonjar]].
It is believed that the place had the Church of [[Veluthachan]] who is believed to be a legendary person. The church was later burnt in the 11th century and a new church was built on the opposite bank of the river [[Meenachil]], which lead to the current church also to be named '[[Anakallitt palli]] as an elephant laid its location due to confusion about construction of the church on the north or south bank of river [[Meenachil]].
It is also believed to be the birthplace of [[Kulapurath Bhima]] a Brahmin born in Kulapurath family of Bharananganam, who is a legendary figure who built a fort in Poonjar.
sh
==Demographics==
The population of Bharananganam comprises [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Catholic Syrian Christians]] and Nair's and Eshava's.Now Increasing Number Of Migrant labours From Nepal&Other North Indian States
== Saint Alphonsa's tomb ==

The thousand-year-old [[St. Mary's Forane Church, Bharananganam|St Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] is a pilgrimage centers of the [[St Thomas Christians]] in [[Kerala]]. [[St Alphonsa]] was the first woman from the Kerala Church to be canonized (declared a saint), and the second Indian after [[Gonsalo Garcia]], a [[Luso-Indian]] born in [[Portuguese Bombay and Bassein]].
[[File:Saint Alphonsa's tomb.jpg|thumb|right|Saint Alphonsa's tomb]]

Alphonsa was [[beatification|beatified]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] during his visit to India in 1986. There is a two - floored structure in front of the shrine which was originally the Papal podium for the beatification ceremony on 8 February 1986.

She was canonised as Saint Alphonsa by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] at a ceremony at [[St. Peter's Square]], Vatican City on 12 October 2008. There is a museum adjacent to the convent chapel, where her personal belongings are preserved.
==Sri Krishna Swamy Temple==
This temple managed by N.S.S and admired for its architectural beauty. It is situated in the outskirts of Bharananganam.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110202214457/http://bharananganamtemple.com/ Bharananganam Temple website]
{{commons category|Bharananganam}}
{{Kottayam district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharananganam}}
[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]

Dhandlan

2025-06-08T16:12:56Z

LesliGirard6: correct structure based on references

{{Short description|Village in Jhajjar (Haryana), India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhandhlan
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.754|76.618|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_name2 = North India
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Ch.
Dhandu Ahlawat
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 124107
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HR.E2.80.94Haryana|HR]]-14
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Dhandlan''' is a village panchayat located in the [[Jhajjar]] district of [[Haryana]] state, India, near [[Dighal]]. [[Chandigarh]] is the state capital for Dhandhlan village. It is located around 222.4 kilometers away from Dhandhlan. The nearest state capital to Dhandhlan is [[Delhi]], at a distance of 58.5 km. It is a village of Ahlawat [[Jats]] .

==Villages of Beri==
*[[Achhej]] - Baghpur - Bakra - Berhana Gugnan - Berhana Milwan - Bhagal Puri - Bhambewah - Bishan - [[Chamanpura]] - Chhochi - Chimni - Dhandlan - Dharana - [[Dighal]] - Dimana - Dubaldhan Bidhan - Dubaldhan- Ghikan - Dubaldhan- Kirman - Gangtan - Gochhi - Godhri - Jahaj Garh - [[Lakria]] - Madana Kalan - Madana Khurd - Majra D (bhiman) - Majra- Dubaldhan - Malikpur - Mangawas - Mohammudpur Majra - Paharipur - Palra - Safipur - Seria - Siwana - Wazirpur.
Dhandhlan is a village of Ahlawat Khap Panchyat. Literacy rate is very high. High School, Veterinary Dispensary and Dispensary are functional units in village. The village has given many officers to Indian army & Civil Servants. Many Medical Graduates arefrom this village. Village commands a good reputation in area. People from this village participated in freedom struggle. Income Tax Commissioner Dr Devender Ahlawat, Vikas Ahlawat, Engineering Service (Civil) and GATE topper, recently selected IES Chitra Ahlawat are from this village. Professor Shyma, Dr Sajjan Singh Principal Scientist and Ex Member Veterinary Council of India are from this great village. Bhupender Ahlawat current Administrative officer in New India Assurance also hails from this village.DTU electronics and communications engineer Siddhant Ahlawat is also from Dhandlan village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jhajjar district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}