Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

786 Khaidi Premakatha

2026-05-07T04:21:21Z

Leopoldo10S: started basic article more to come

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language romantic action drama film}}
{{For|the 1988 film|Khaidi No. 786}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 786 Khaidi Premakatha
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = K. S. Nageswara Rao
| writer =
| screenplay = K. S. Nageswara Rao
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
}}
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = R. V. Rao
| starring = {{plainlist|*Laksh Chadalavada
*Yana Sheik
*[[Hamsa Nandini]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Jaswant
| editing =
| music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| studio = Indian film Corporation
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|2|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
''''' 786 Khaidi Premakatha''''' ({{Translation|Prisoner #786's love story}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[action drama film]] directed by K. S. Nageswara Rao and starring Laksh Chadalavada (credited as Shashikanth), Yana Sheik, and [[Hamsa Nandini]] (credited as Poonam Bhartke). Despite negative reviews, Laksh Chadalavada stated that it had been a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/laksh-valayam.html|title=Interview with Laksh about Valayam|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2024-02-12|archive-date=2022-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205221721/https://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/laksh-valayam.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Laksh Chadalavada as Rajesh
*Yana Sheik as Alekya
*[[Hamsa Nandini]] as Roshini
*[[Anandaraj]] as Harischandra Prasad
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Changala Rayudu
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Potti Veerayya]]
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
*[[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]]
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Police Officer
*[[Kazan Khan|Gajar Khan]]
*[[Uttej]]
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]]
*[[Tirupathi Prakash]]
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]]
*Padma Jayanti as a widowed mother
*[[Shakeela]]
*Chandrika
*Anitha
*Sarika
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]] and the lyrics were written by [[Bhaskarabhatla]]. An audio launch was held on 7 January 200 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-786.html|title=Audio release - 786 (khaidi premakatha)|date=10 January 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108110337/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-786.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "Director KS Nageswara Rao exhibited expertise in action sequences. Other than that he could not succeed in holding interest element in narration and maintaining grip on the proceedings on the film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-786.html|title=Movie review - 786 (Khaidi Premakatha)|date=4 February 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117192014/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-786.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]

Goa Opinion Poll Day

2026-05-06T08:46:40Z

Leopoldo10S: Adding A Details First Draft - done

{{Short description|1967 referendum in Goa and Damaon to decide the future of Goa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox referendum
|country=India
|location=[[Goa, Daman and Diu]], India
|date={{start date|1967|01|16|df=y}}
|title=Should Goa merge with Maharashtra; and Damaon and Diu with Gujarat, or should they remain as a Union Territory?
|yes_text=Merge
|yes=138,170
|no_text=Remain
|no=172,191
|invalid=7,272
|electorate=388,392
|previous_year=1947|previous_referendum=1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum|next_year=1975|next_referendum=1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum}}
The '''Goa Opinion Poll Day''', also known as '''''Asmitai Dis''''' ({{translation|Identity Day}}), was a [[referendum]] held in newly annexed [[union territory]] of [[Goa and Damaon]] in India, on 16 January 1967, to deal with the [[Konkani language agitation]] and to decide the future of [[Goa]].
[[File:Goa opinion poll symbol.jpg|thumb|Symbol of Goa Opinion Poll Day (1967)]]

The referendum, backed by [[United Goans Party]], offered the people of Goa a choice between continuing as a separate territory of India, or merging with the large [[Marathi language|Marathi]] speaking state of [[Maharashtra]], the latter being the agenda of the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]. It was one of the two referendums held in independent India; the other one was the [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|Sikkim Referendum of 1975]].<ref name= "mapsoi_Goa_aft_ind"/><ref name="tgf_Valmiki_Wams">{{cite web|url=http://www.colaco.net/1/ValmikiMonumentalShame.htm|title=What a Monumental Shame !|last=Faleiro|first=Valmiki|publisher=The Goan Forum|access-date=2009-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303095040/http://www.colaco.net/1/ValmikiMonumentalShame.htm|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="goanews_opinion">{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/opinion.htm |title=THE HISTORIC OPINION POLL |last=Prabhudesai |first=Sandesh |pages=1 |access-date=2009-05-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720140727/http://www.goanews.com/opinion.htm |archive-date=20 July 2008 }}</ref> The [[Goans|people of Goa]] voted against the merger and Goa continued to be a union territory. Subsequently, in 1987, Goa became a full-fledged state within the Indian Union.

==Background==
British India was partitioned into two countries, the Union of India and Pakistan, which gained independence from the British in August 1947. Goa was the largest part of the Portuguese possessions in India, the other territories being small enclaves. In 1961, India incorporated these territories after the [[Invasion of Goa]] and Portugal's other Indian colonies. At the time of Goa's accession into India, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had promised that it would retain its distinct identity. Even prior to the annexation of Goa, Nehru had promised that the people of Goa would be consulted on any decision about their territory.<ref name="Express">{{cite news
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-goas-opinion-poll-day-asmitai-dis-5543720/
|title=What is Goa's 'Opinion Poll Day'?
|last1=Pereira
|first1=Aaron
|work=[[Indian Express]]
|date=18 January 2019}}</ref>

In the meantime, the provinces of India had been [[Reorganisation of States|reorganized on a linguistic basis]]. This happened due to the intense political movements for language-based states as well as a need to effectively administer a diverse country. Among the prominent movements for linguistic states was the [[Samyukta maharashtra movement|Samyukta Maharashtra movement]]. In 1960, The [[Bombay State|state of Bombay]] was partitioned into two new states: the state of [[Maharashtra]], which encompassed the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] speaking areas; and [[Gujarat]], where [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] was predominant.

===The language question===
{{main|Konkani language#Konkani–Marathi dispute}}
One of the main reasons leading to the referendum was the [[Konkani language#History|diglossic situation among the people of Goa]].<ref name= "mapsoi_Goa_aft_ind">{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/goa/geography-and-history/goa-after-independence.html|title=Goa after Independence|publisher=Maps of India|access-date=2009-05-15}}</ref> [[Konkani language|Konkani]] was the main language spoken in Goa. However, many Hindu Goans were bilingual; they spoke both Marathi and Konkani. Among the native Hindu minority in Goa, Marathi occupied a higher status due to the century-long [[Maratha]] rule of the [[Novas Conquistas]] that preceded Portuguese rule of those areas. Konkani was spoken by Hindus at home and in the bazaars, but religious literature, ceremonies etc. were in Marathi. Some Hindus in Goa believed that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and hence imagined all [[Goans]] to be of Marathi ethnicity.<ref name="GKA_Konkani_ll">{{cite web|url=http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm |title=KONKANI LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE |publisher=Goa Konkani Akademi |access-date=2009-05-18 |quote=Some Goans, especially from the older generation hold that blind faith that they are, geographically and culturally, the part of Maharashtra and Marathi culture. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171254/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm |archive-date=28 August 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="Ashwin_Pandit">{{cite web|url=http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/~uhdoc/konkani/|title=Konkani - ABOUT MY LANGUAGE|last=Pandit|first=Ashwin C.|publisher=Language Documentation Training Center, Linguistic Society of Hawaii|access-date=2009-05-18|quote=The tendency of many Marathi speakers to consider Konkani as a dialect rather than a language added to the rift between the two speakers. Many Goan Hindus also adopted these beliefs for purposes of convenience as many left the state in search of jobs to Maharashtra.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918001236/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/%7Euhdoc/konkani/|archive-date=18 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result, there were demands from various Hindu sections in Goa as well as from Maharashtra to merge Goa into Maharashtra.

The enclaves of [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] and [[Diu, India|Diu]] were [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking areas due to mass immigration of ethnic Hindu Gujaratis following the end of Portuguese rule, and bordered the new state of [[Gujarat]].

==Political situation==
Since Goa was an overseas territory, it was not given immediate statehood but was incorporated as a Union Territory. Goa did not have its own state legislature, so [[Velim, Goa|Velim]] political leader [[Roque Santana Fernandes]] opposed the nomination by Governor and organised a three-day [[satyagraha]] for early democracy in Goa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Goans pay rich tributes to Roque Santana |date=16 March 2012 |newspaper=Gomantak Times |location=Panjim |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gomantak_Times%2C_Friday_March_16_2012.jpg|access-date=22 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224113023/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gomantak_Times%2C_Friday_March_16_2012.jpg|archivedate=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Gazetteer Department|url=http://www.gazetteer.goa.gov.in/introduction.html|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223113812/http://www.gazetteer.goa.gov.in/introduction.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Subsequently, [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|Goa's first polls]] were held on 9 December 1963, and for this, Roque Santana Fernandes is popularly known as the "Father of Goan Democracy".<ref>{{cite web|title=RoquSantana anniversary observed|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Letters/11th-jun-2013/65760.html|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref>

The two main parties, [[United Goans Party|UGP]] and [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|MGP]], were formed with two opposing ideologies contest the first election. The [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (a Pro-Maharashtra Goan Party) wanted to merge the state of Goa into the newly formed state of Maharashtra. The [[United Goans Party]] wanted to retain independent statehood for the [[Portuguese India|former Portuguese enclaves]]<ref name="goacentralcom_historic">{{Cite web |url=http://goacentral.com/Goahistory/Historyofgoa.htm#Historic%20Opinion%20Poll-%20Goans%20vote%20to%20maintain%20identity |title=GoaCentral.Com-History of Goa |access-date=13 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111164348/http://goacentral.com/Goahistory/Historyofgoa.htm#Historic%20Opinion%20Poll-%20Goans%20vote%20to%20maintain%20identity |archive-date=11 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The MGP had the support of the lower castes among Goa's Hindus (who were hoping for land reforms that would allow them to take over the property of their landlords) as well as the Marathi immigrants who had flooded into Goa to take jobs at the MGP's invitation (Portuguese had been replaced by Marathi so that government jobs could be given to immigrants from Maharashtra instead of to native Goans, which led to a population growth of almost 35% that decade). The UGP was dominated by [[Goan Catholics]] with support from upper-caste Hindus.<ref name="goanews_Quoted">{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/opinion.htm |title=THE HISTORIC OPINION POLL |last=Prabhudesai |first=Sandesh |access-date=2009-05-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720140727/http://www.goanews.com/opinion.htm |archive-date=20 July 2008 }}</ref>

Of the 30 seats in the [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] assembly, 28 belonged to [[Goa]], and one each to [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] and [[Diu, India|Diu]]. The MGP formed the government, having secured 16 seats strengthening the merger movement while the UGP secured 12 seats and occupied opposition benches. The assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu convened on 9 January 1964.

==Demand for a referendum==
Prime minister [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] had promised in 1963 that Goa would remain a Union Territory for ten years after which the future of Goa would be decided in accordance with the wishes of the people of Goa. The MGP was not prepared to wait for that long.<ref name="Sakshena_Goa_mainstream"/>

The MGP and politicians in Maharashtra were elated at the victory and touted it as a mandate that the majority of Goans were in favour of merger.<ref name="tgf_quote_1">
{{cite web|url=http://www.colaco.net/1/ValmikiMonumentalShame.htm|title=What a Monumental Shame !|last=Faleiro|first=Valmiki|publisher=The Goan Forum|access-date=2009-05-18|quote=The MGP won Goa’s first elections to the Legislative Assembly. The Maharashtra lobby immediately went pro-active in Delhi, interpreting the mandate as a pro-merger vote and demanding that Goa be forthwith merged into Maharashtra.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303095040/http://www.colaco.net/1/ValmikiMonumentalShame.htm|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
</ref> [[Dayanand Bandodkar]], the leader of MGP and the first Chief Minister of Goa, proclaimed that by voting the MGP into power, the people of Goa had, in effect, voted in favour of merger with Maharashtra. According to them, passing a bill in the state legislature was all that was needed. Passing a bill in the assembly would be easy for the MGP as they had a simple majority.

In a [[representative democracy]] like India, the elected representatives take the decisions. It is in very rare conditions that the onus of decision making is put directly on the public.

The [[United Goans Party]], headed by [[Jack de Sequeira]], also knew that if the issue was put to vote in the state assembly, merger was a foregone conclusion. Merging [[Goa]] into another state was a monumental decision.<ref name="konk">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843378,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215143912/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843378,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2008|title=Goa: But Not Gone|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=27 January 1967|access-date=2009-05-15}}</ref> Also the very future of the state and the identity of the Goan people was at stake.<ref name="ET">{{cite news
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/50-years-of-opinion-poll-that-gave-goa-an-independent-identity/articleshow/56632378.cms
|title=50 years of Opinion Poll that gave Goa an independent identity
|last1=Doctor
|first1=Vikram
|work=[[The Economic Times]]
|date=17 January 2017}}</ref> So they pressed for a people's referendum instead of a vote among the representatives; as was the norm in a Parliamentary democracy like India.

Sequeira visited New Delhi along other MLAs and impressed Nehru about the need of an opinion poll on this matter. However Nehru died before Parliament could take this decision and [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] succeeded him as Prime Minister. A delegation consisting of MGP MLAs and Maharashtra's leaders went to New Delhi to convince him that a vote on the merger should be conducted in the Goa Assembly.

Sequeira, along with his delegation, went to [[Bangalore]] where an AICC session was being held and met Shastri. They opposed the move to get the merger voted in the Assembly and impressed on Shastri and [[K. Kamaraj|Kamraj]], the need to put this question before the people of Goa themselves instead of a vote in the Assembly. However Shastri died in 1966 in [[Tashkent]] and this decision was now left to the new Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].

Again Sequeira along with other MLAs met [[Indira Gandhi]] and submitted a memorandum that such a monumental decision affecting the future of the State could not be left to legislators alone, but should be put before the people to decide.<ref name="tgf_quote_2">{{cite web|url=http://www.colaco.net/1/ValmikiMonumentalShame.htm|title=What a Monumental Shame !|last=Faleiro|first=Valmiki|publisher=The Goan Forum|access-date=2009-05-18|quote=Fortunately, we had leaders who convinced New Delhi that local Assembly results did not reflect the Goan mind on merger and that the issue be decided by a separate referendum. Leaders like Purshottam Kakodkar, who enjoyed a personal equation with the Nehru household, and the redoubtable Dr. Jack de Sequeira, who led an equally steely opposition in the Goa Assembly.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303095040/http://www.colaco.net/1/ValmikiMonumentalShame.htm|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Purushottam Kakodkar]], the president of the Goa unit of the Congress Party, used his personal equations with the Nehru family to lobby hard for a referendum with the central leadership. According to one source, he reportedly ''"almost lost his sanity"'' trying to do so.<ref name="valmiki_faleiro">{{cite web|url=http://www.colaco.net/1/ValmikiMonumentalShame.htm|title=What a Monumental Shame !|last=Faleiro|first=Valmiki|access-date=2009-05-20|quote=While Kakodkar lobbied hard and long with Nehru and other central leaders (and, in the process, almost lost his sanity),...|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303095040/http://www.colaco.net/1/ValmikiMonumentalShame.htm|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[referendum]] could be conducted via a signature campaign or by [[secret ballot]]. UGP also demanded that expatriate Goans staying in other parts of India or the world, should be allowed to vote by [[postal ballot]]. However this request was denied.

The president of India gave his assent to the ''Goa, Daman and Diu (Opinion Poll) Act'' on 16 December 1966 after it was passed in both houses of the parliament. 16 January 1967 was chosen as the date for the referendum.<ref name="Express"/>

Now that the referendum would be conducted, the anti-merger faction feared that Bandodkar may use the state's administrative and law-enforcement machinery to browbeat the anti-mergerists into submission.<ref name="Sakshena_Goa_mainstream">{{cite book|last=Sakshena|first=R.N.|title=Goa: Into the Mainstream|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2003|isbn= 9788170170051|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kUE7TV3ZWEC|quote=All the political parties in Goa were anxious to have a fair election, for which the resignation of the Bandodkar ministry was demanded. ... It was feared that unless these people were not kept away from the territory or from the position of power, expression of free and fair opinion would not be possible.}}</ref> The UGP demanded that the MGP government resign so that the referendum could be conducted in a free-and-fair atmosphere. The central government conceded and on 3 December 1966, the MGP government resigned.<ref name="Express"/>

==Arguments in favour of merger==
#Goa was too small to administer itself and its effective administration would only be possible as a part of a larger state.<ref name="knol_goa1967">{{cite web|url=http://knol.google.com/k/bospam/goa-the-merger-issue-and-the-opinion/20fjpvnzop03s/4?domain=knol.google.com&locale=en#|title=GOA: The Merger Issue and the Opinion Poll of 1967|publisher=knol|access-date=2009-05-15}}{{dead link|date=February 2018}}</ref>
#Similarities between culture and traditions of Hindus in both the states.
#Strong historical and cultural ties with Maharashtra
#The belief that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi and that Marathi is the mother tongue of all Goans.<ref name="goanews_opinion"/>

The MGP had the backing of non GSB Hindus (especially Bandodkar's [[Gomantak Maratha Samaj]]), immigrants from erstwhile British India, as well as the Maratha landlords from the [[Novas Conquistas]]. They were convinced that the only way to overthrow the existing dominance of the [[Goan Catholic]] majority and the [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]], was to merge into Maharashtra. After merger these previously dominant groups would count for nothing within the vast Maharashtrian populace and their influence would vanish.

The MGP had promised that Goa would be granted several concessions after merger with Maharashtra. The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, [[Vasantrao Naik]], backed up these promises. Some of these promises were:
# Preferential treatment to Goans in government jobs
#Industrial and agricultural development
#Prohibition would not be applicable to Goa
#Government notices in Goa to be posted in Konkani
#Creation of a separate university for Goa
#Development of Konkani language<ref name ="knol_goa1967"/>

==Arguments against the merger==
#Konkani has been proven from archaeological records to be an independent language. It is not a dialect of Marathi. Konkani was underdeveloped due to the neglect of the language.<ref name="konk"/>
#Konkani would be supplanted by the Marathi majority, and be lost permanently.
#Goa is a unique [[East Indies|East]]ern place with a Westernised cultural identity of its own, having been part of the [[Portuguese East Indies]] for over 450 years.<ref name="goanews_opinion"/>
#If Goa was merged, Goan culture would be subsumed in Marathi culture and disappear.
#Goa would be reduced from a state to a "backwater district of Maharashtra".
#Prohibition would be imposed in Goa, which had a significant rate of alcohol consumption and brewing industry. It would also affect the [[palm wine|toddy]] tappers (''Render'' caste)
#Merger would result in a loss of jobs for Goans. The [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], a Marathi regionalist party had emerged in Maharashtra in 1966 which favoured an ethnic discrimination policy; demanding preferential treatment for ethnic [[Marathi people|Marathis]] in jobs. It also spearheaded violent physical attacks against [[South Indian]] immigrants in the city of Mumbai, including Konkani-speaking Hindus from Karwar. If their moves succeeded, Goans would be further sidelined for jobs in their own state.<ref name ="knol_goa1967"/>

The [[Goan Catholics]] still living in Goa following the end of Portuguese rule numbered around 250,000. They had considerable influence due to their better education and economic prosperity, and were fearful that the merger would lead to their oppression by Hindus (e.g. beef ban, prohibition, etc.).<ref name="konk"/> Many Hindus living in Goa at the time, on the other hand, were immigrants from Maharashtra. But the determining question was whether Goa should cease to exist.<ref name="konk"/> Unlike the Hindus, for whom Marathi was a medium of religious instruction, the Catholic Goans had never used Marathi. They mostly spoke in Konkani (although the upper class also knew Portuguese, French, English and Latin), and did not have any feelings for Marathi. The pro-merger argument that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi did not please them.<ref name="konk" />

==Buildup to the referendum==
Campaigning for the referendum began one month before the vote and was vigorous. The pro-merger group received support from leaders of Maharashtra and North India, cutting across political lines.<ref name="ET"/>

Sequeira toured extensively over Goa conducting public meetings explaining the anti-merger stand. He also went to many places outside Goa, such as the city of [[Bombay]] which had a sizeable Goan community to highlight the issue. However, later it turned out that this was in vain as only Indians residing in Goa were allowed to vote. He was aided in his tasks by his son [[Erasmo de Sequeira|Erasmo]].<ref name="djs_people_power">{{Cite web |url=http://drjackdesequeira.com/peoples_power_triumphs_goa_remains_goa.html |title=Peoples' Power Triumphs; Goa Remains Goa |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815065141/http://drjackdesequeira.com/peoples_power_triumphs_goa_remains_goa.html |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The tiatrists of Goa (stage-play performers and writers) campaigned earnestly with Konkani songs written by young writers like Ulhas Buyao,<ref name="auto">{{cite news
|title='Opinion Poll' Day: When Goans decided not to join Maharashtra
|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/opinion-poll-anniversary-when-goans-decided-against-joining-maharashtra.html
|date=15 January 2018
|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> Manoharrai Sardesai, Shankar Bhandari and [[Uday Bhembre]]. The pro-merger groups began disrupting Buyao's programmes in their stronghold areas. Buyao's songs ''Goenchea Mhojea Goenkaramno'' and ''[[Channeache Rati]]'' inspired many Goans.<ref name="auto"/>

Goa's main Marathi newspaper ''Gomantak'' pursued a pro-merger view. To counter this ''Rashtramat'' a new Marathi daily, was started to influence the Marathi readers (who were mostly pro-merger) against the merger. Its chief editor was Chandrakant Keni. Uday Bhembre wrote a fiery column Brahmastra, took a stance opposing his pro-merger father. The Rashtramat proved critical in bringing many of the pro-Marathi faction to vote against the merger.<ref name="toi_Keni_death">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Noted-Konkani-protagonist-Chandrakant-Keni-no-more/articleshow/4073010.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023224647/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-04/goa/28047874_1_konkani-bhasha-mandal-kbm-konkani-movement|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Noted Konkani protagonist Chandrakant Keni no more|last=Kamat Maad|first=Govind|date=4 February 2009|access-date=2009-05-18|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|quote=Keni was the editor of Rashtramat, a vernacular daily published from Margao, whose role in creating mass awareness during the historic Opinion Poll of 1967 is legendary. Keni played a key role in forming public opinion in favour of retaining Goa’s separate identity as opposed to its merger with Maharashtra through his thought-provoking and inspirational writings.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/opinion.htm |title=THE HISTORIC OPINION POLL |access-date=2009-05-18 |quote=... Rashtramat news reports, editorials by Chandrakant Keni and especially Brahmastra – a column written by Adv Bhembre – turned the tables against pro-mergerists. Lots of educated people from Hindu Bahujan Samaj realised that their future lies in retaining Goa's separate identity and not by merging it into Maharashtra. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720140727/http://www.goanews.com/opinion.htm |archive-date=20 July 2008 }}</ref>

==Referendum==
The referendum offered the people of Goa, Daman and Diu two options
#To merge Goa with [[Maharashtra]]; and Daman and Diu with [[Gujarat]]. Or
#To remain a Union Territory of India.<ref name="mapsoi_Goa_aft_ind"/>
The two options were represented by two symbols: A flower for merger, and two leaves for retaining independent identity. Voters had to place a "X" mark against the symbol of choice.

The poll was held on 16 January 1967. Polling was largely peaceful with reports of a few incidents. Supporters from both sides tried their best to ensure that people voted.

===Results===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
!Choice
!Votes
!%
|-
|align=left|[[File:Five-petal flower icon.white.svg|50x50px]] Merger<ref name="Express"/>||138,170||43.50
|-
|align=left|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]] Union territory ||172,191||54.20
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''||'''317,633'''||'''100'''
|-
|align=left|Registered voters/turnout||388,432||81.77
|-
|}

There were 388,432 eligible voters. A total of 317,633 votes were polled. Three days were allotted for the counting. 54.20% voted against merger whereas 43.50% voted in favour. Thus, [[Goans]] rejected the merger with Maharashtra by a vote of 172,191 to 138,170.<ref name="konk"/> The anti-mergerists won by 34,021 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/opinion.htm |title=The Historic Opinion Poll |work=Goa News|access-date=2009-05-18 |quote=Overscoring the Flower, Two Leaves won the elections by 34,021 votes. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020317045941/http://goanews.com/opinion.htm |archive-date=2002-03-17 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Venkatasubramanian |first=P. B. |date=21 January 1967 |title=Declaration of the result of the Opinion Poll in Goa |url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/6667/6667-42-SII-SUG-2.pdf |journal=Government Gazette, Goa |issue=42 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> In the territorial capital of Panjim, the results were cheered by a crowd of 10,000, who danced in the streets carrying branches symbolic of victory, set off firecrackers, and created such a joyous disturbance that the government had to call in police with tear gas to restore order.<ref name="konk"/>

An analysis of the voting patterns shows that the voting patterns closely followed the patterns of the 1963 assembly election. However, a significant section of MGP's supporters had voted against the merger without which the pro-merger faction would have won.<ref name ="knol_goa1967"/>

==== Results by constituency ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Constituency
! Voters
! Polling
! Merger
! Separate territory
|-
|1
|[[Pernem]]
|11516
|8741
|'''5967'''
|2304
|-
|2
|[[Mandrem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mandrem]]
|14719
|12232
|'''8993'''
|3767
|-
|3
|[[Siolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Siolim]]
|12909
|11681
|5583
|'''5868'''
|-
|4
|[[Calangute (Goa Assembly constituency)|Calangute]]
|14341
|13280
|'''8924'''
|8146
|-
|5
|[[Aldona (Goa Assembly constituency)|Aldona]]
|12902
|12472
|4700
|'''7609'''
|-
|6
|[[Mapusa (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mapusa]]
|12782
|11900
|5859
|'''5889'''
|-
|7
|[[Tivim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Tivim]]
|11714
|9930
|'''6110'''
|3526
|-
|8
|[[Bicholim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Bicholim]]
|11473
|10242
|'''7741'''
|2183
|-
|9
|[[Pale, Goa|Pale]]
|12504
|9394
|'''6305'''
|3668
|-
|10
|[[Sattari]]
|12640
|9475
|'''4974'''
|4505
|-
|11
|[[Panaji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panaji]]
|11137
|10502
|4175
|'''6245'''
|-
|12
|[[St. Cruz (Goa Assembly constituency)|St Cruz]]
|13971
|13132
|4311
|'''8609'''
|-
|13
|[[St. Andre (Goa Assembly constituency)|St Andre]]
|13708
|11803
|3930
|'''7590'''
|-
|14
|[[St Estevam]]
|13717
|11719
|'''6903'''
|4634
|-
|15
|[[Marcaim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Marcaim]]
|10824
|10304
|'''8408'''
|3671
|-
|16
|[[Ponda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Ponda]]
|11874
|11395
|'''8082'''
|3090
|-
|17
|[[Shiroda, Goa|Shiroda]]
|12900
|10977
|'''6369'''
|4165
|-
|18
|[[Sanguem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanguem]]
|12639
|9525
|'''4560'''
|4500
|-
|19
|[[Canacona (Goa Assembly constituency)|Canacona]]
|13340
|10764
|'''5832'''
|4622
|-
|20
|[[Quepem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Quepem]]
|9015
|7966
|3447
|'''4217'''
|-
|21
|[[Curchorem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curchorem]]
|12724
|12228
|5425
|'''6856'''
|-
|22
|[[Cuncolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cuncolim]]
|12524
|11004
|1774
|'''9080'''
|-
|23
|[[Benaulim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Benaulim]]
|13661
|11485
|629
|'''10769'''
|-
|24
|[[Navelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Navelim]]
|15757
|13575
|3061
|'''10355'''
|-
|25
|[[Margao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Margao]]
|12603
|10503
|3241
|'''7157'''
|-
|26
|[[Curtorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curtorim]]
|16776
|13746
|926
|'''12547'''
|-
|27
|[[Cortalim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cortalim]]
|13587
|11962
|1376
|'''10411'''
|-
|28
|[[Mormugao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mormugao]]
|21773
|16000
|7654
|'''8072'''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''
|388392
|317633
|138170
|172191
|-
| colspan="3" |'''%'''
|81.78
|43.5
|54.21
|-
| colspan="6" |Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080720140727/http://www.goanews.com/opinion.htm The Historic Opinion Poll, Goa News]
|}

==Criticism==
The opinion poll received a great deal of criticism from the anti-mergerists. Their grievance was that the Opinion Poll only offered them status-quo as a self-administering union territory instead of full statehood that they desired. According to them the referendum should not have been on the issue of merger with Goa, but whether Goa should have an independent legislature or not. This issue led to a split in the UGP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knol.google.com/k/bospam/goa-the-merger-issue-and-the-opinion/20fjpvnzop03s/4?domain=knol.google.com&locale=en#|title=GOA: The Merger Issue and the Opinion Poll of 1967|access-date=2009-05-18|quote="The Opinion Poll Act" faced severe criticism from within the territory of Goa. The United Goans Party demanded a separate referendum for the institution of an independent legislature and wanted to eliminate the idea of a merger. This led to a splinter in the party: four members of the Legislative Assembly, headed by Mr. Alvaro Deloyla Furtado left the party since they did not favour the idea of the Opinion Poll.}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Subsequent events==
Despite the MGP's pro-merger move being defeated, it won the subsequent elections again in 1967 and 1972. This was due to mass immigration from Maharashtra into Goa following the Annexation of Goa, leading to a population increase of almost 35% from 1961 to 1970.<ref name="mapsoi_Goa_aft_ind"/> For the UGP, although the Opinion Poll victory was a vindication of their efforts, it did not translate into electoral gains. Jack de Sequeira was criticized for agreeing to the clause in the referendum that did not confer full statehood to Goa. A group led by [[Alvaro de Loyola Furtado]] split from the party.<ref name ="knol_goa1967"/> The party later faded away.

===Statehood===
Goa did not achieve full statehood in 1971 as was expected. Following persistent demands; including a 1976 resolution by the Goa assembly demanding full statehood; Goa finally became a state on 30 May 1987. [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] and [[Diu, India|Diu]] were separated from [[Goa]] and continued to be administered as the Union territory of [[Daman and Diu]] until 2020. On 26 January 2020, Daman and Diu merged with the Union Territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli district|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] to form the new administrative entity of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref name="egazette.nic.in">{{cite web|access-date=9 June 2020 |author=Narayana Raju |date=9 December 2019 |publisher=The Gazette of India |title=The Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (merger of Union territories) act, 2019 - Nº. 44 of 2019 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/214565.pdf}}</ref>

===The status of Konkani in Goa===
The status of Konkani as the official state language was closely related to the issue of statehood for Goa. Although the issue of statehood was resolved in 1967, the Konkani Vs Marathi dispute continued because of the continued mass immigration of Marathis into Goa. (The population of Goa increased by another 25% during the 1970s.) In 1975, the Sahitya Akademi [[Konkani language#Recognition as an independent language|recognised Konkani as an independent language]].

In 1987, the Goa legislative assembly passed a bill making Konkani the official language of Goa. Although the bill did not explicitly grant Marathi any official status in Goa, it contains safeguards for the use of Marathi in official communication and education.

In 1992, Konkani was included in the [[Official languages of India#The languages of the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution|Eight Schedule of the constitution of India]].

16 January is observed as ''Asmitai Dis'' (Identity Day) in Goa.<ref name="Express" />

==See also==
*[[History of Goa]]
*[[Portuguese India]]
*[[Reorganisation of States]]
*[[United Goans Party]]
*[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720140727/http://www.goanews.com/opinion.htm THE HISTORIC OPINION POLL - Sandesh Prabhudesai (also includes constituency-wise results)].
*[http://knol.google.com/k/bospam/goa-the-merger-issue-and-the-opinion/20fjpvnzop03s/4?domain=knol.google.com&locale=en# GOA: The Merger Issue and the Opinion Poll of 1967 (includes details of pre-referendum opinion polls)]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4357537.pdf Maharashtra Letter: Goans Keep Goa, in EPW]

{{Goa elections}}
{{Goa topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goa Opinion Poll Day}}
[[Category:1967 referendums|Goa]]
[[Category:Reorganisation of Indian states]]
[[Category:1967 in India]]
[[Category:History of Goa (1961–present)]]
[[Category:Referendums in India]]
[[Category:January 1967 in Asia]]

Vembakkam

2026-05-03T01:13:02Z

Leopoldo10S: Creating New Data First Draft...

{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vembakkam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.79669|N|79.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvannamalai district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 631232
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vembakkam''' is a [[town panchayat]] situated in the [[Vembakkam taluk]], [[Tiruvannamalai district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-12-11 |title=Vembakkam gets 25 cm of rainfall, highest in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/Dec/11/vembakkam-gets-25-cm-of-rainfall-highest-in-tamil-nadu-2527236.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It is located about {{Convert|20|km|mi|abbr=}} from the town of [[Kanchipuram]]. It contains a BDO office for many villages around it.

==Other places with the same name==
Other villages in Tamil Nadu that have the same name as Vembakkam:

* Vembakkam Tamil Nadu 603111; village located about {{Convert|4|miles|km|abbr=}} from [[Singaperumalkoil|Singaperumal Koil]]. (12°46'22.0"N 79°57'20.6"E 12.772779, 79.955732)
* [[Chengalpattu taluk]] Vembakkam code 629450 (12°48'52.3"N 79°53'35.2"E 12.814523, 79.893106)
* [[Kanchipuram taluk]] Vembakkam code 629688
* [[Tirukalukundram taluk|Tirukalukundram Taluk]] Vembakkam 629913 (12°39'46.3"N 79°58'16.2"E 12.662851, 79.971166)

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruvannamalai district]]

{{Tiruvannamalai-geo-stub}}

Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (EK Sunnis)

2026-05-02T17:29:08Z

Leopoldo10S:

{{Short description|Sunni Islamic organisation in India}}
{{Distinguish|Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (AP Sunnis)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Samastha Kerala Jam-iyyathul Ulama
| formation = {{start date and age|1926|06|26|p=|df=yes}}{{efn|Per EK Sunnis<ref name="സമസ്തയുടെ ചരിത്രം">{{Cite web |title=സമസ്തയുടെ ചരിത്രം |url=https://www.suprabhaatham.com/details/403073?link=History-of-Samasta- |date=2024-06-25|access-date=2024-09-19 |website=suprabhaatham |language=ml}}</ref>}}
| logo = File:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama flag.png
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Flag of EK Samastha
| founder = Sayyid Abdul Rahman ba-Alavi [[Varakkal Mullakoya Thangal]]{{efn|Per EK Sunnis<ref name="സമസ്തയുടെ ചരിത്രം"/>}}
| type = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-[[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]] scholarly body
| headquarters =
| region_served = {{Unbulleted_list|[[India]]|[[Gulf Cooperation Council]]}}
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Sayyid ul Ulama Sayed [[Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal]]
| leader_title2 = General Secretary
| leader_name2 = [[K. Ali Kutty Musliyar]]
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|https://samastha.info/}}
}}{{Islam}}

'''Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama''' of EK Sunnis also known as '''Samastha,''' and EK Samastha,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-12 |title=Sunni factions bury their differences |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sunni-factions-bury-their-differences/article38419837.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828182004/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sunni-factions-bury-their-differences/article38419837.ece |archive-date=2023-08-28 |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-12-31 |title=Kanthapuram Samastha kicks off centenary celebrations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kanthapuram-samastha-kicks-off-centenary-celebrations/article67692731.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114162725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kanthapuram-samastha-kicks-off-centenary-celebrations/article67692731.ece |archive-date=2024-01-14 |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>''' is a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-[[Shafi‘i|Shafi'i]] Muslim scholarly body in [[Kerala]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Osella |first1=Filippo |last2=Osella |first2=Caroline |date=2008 |title=Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5176/1/osella_ModAsianStuds.PDF |via=SOAS Research Online |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language= |volume=42 |issue=2–3 |pages=317–346 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X07003198 |s2cid-access=free |s2cid=143932405 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324084357/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5176/1/osella_ModAsianStuds.PDF |archive-date= Mar 24, 2024 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Santhosh |first1=R. |last2=Visakh |first2=M. S. |date=2020 |title=Muslim League in Kerala: Exploring the Question of 'Being Secular' |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/7/special-articles/muslim-league-kerala.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language= |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=7–8}}</ref><ref name=":56">{{Cite journal |last=Kooria |first=Mahmood |date=2018 |title=An Ethno-History of Islamic Legal Texts |url=https://academic.oup.com/ojlr/article/7/2/313/5105825 |journal=Oxford Journal of Law and Religion |language= |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=313–338 |doi=10.1093/ojlr/rwy034 |issn=2047-0770|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The body administers [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'ite]] mosques, institutes of higher religious learning (the equivalent of north Indian [[madrasa]]s) and madrasas (institutions where children receive basic [[Islam|Islamic education]]) in [[India]].<ref name=":1" />

==History==
Kerala Muslims of the fundamentalist and puritanical views of [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab|Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab]] (1703-1792), Salafism of [[Rashid Rida]] (1865-1935), Islamic modernism of Muhammad Abduh (1819-1905),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhammad Abduh's contributions to modernity |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260250314 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617134913/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260250314_Muhammad_Abduh%27s_contributions_to_modernity |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=ResearchGate |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> pan-Islamism of [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani|Jamaluddin Afghani]] (1939-1897), and the Tahreek e-Mujahideen in North India. The new ideologists first came out through the Kerala Muslim Aikya Sangham (group for unity among Kerala Muslims),<ref name="Kerala muslim aikya Sanghom">{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/6684725 | title=Kerala muslim aikya Sanghom | last1=Sharafudeen | first1=Shajeer }}</ref> which was founded at [[Kodungallur]] of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin State]] in 1922 by leaders like [[K. M. Seethi Sahib]], [[K. M. Maulavi]], and [[E. Moidu Moulavi|EK Moulavi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/thuhfathulthalibeen1940ekmoulavi | title=1940 - തുഹ്‌ഫത്തുത്താലിബീൻ | date=1940 }}</ref>

It tried to bring the scattered and unorganised reformist activists together. Later, they formed an Ulama organisation, Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama, at a two-day conference of Aikya Sangham held at [[Aluva]] in 1924.<ref name="Kerala muslim aikya Sanghom" />

===Formation===
Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama was formed on June 26, 1926 but it was officially registered on November 14, 1934,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development and Modernisation of Religious Education in Kerala: Role of Samastha Kerala Jam'eyyat ul-Ulama |url=http://etd.lib.jnu.ac.in/TH13581.pdf |website=etd.lib.jnu.ac.in}}</ref> as the government approved its bylaw, which was agreed upon after deep and wide scholarly discussions held in various Mushawara meets and in consultation with law experts. It promulgated the propagation of true Islam, impart of religious education and activities against superstitions and un-Islamic traditions as its primary and supreme objectives. Its bylaw also included encouragement for secular education compatible with religious beliefs, and calls for religious tolerance, interfaith friendship, peaceful existence and national progress. The registration Number is S1.1934/35<ref>{{Cite web |title=കോവിഡ് -19നിയന്ത്രണം പള്ളികളിൽആരാധനക്ക് ഇളവ്അ നുവദിക്കുന്നത് സംബന്ധിച്ച്. |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/pdf_upload/letterskju-to-cheif-ministerpallikalil-araadana-1229875.pdf |website=www.mediaoneonline.com}}</ref> at office of the Kozhikode district registrar

===Samastha history 1924-2000s===
The Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama felt the need to organise to defend and protect Kerala’s Islamic tradition and to wage a revivalist movement against the new interpretations. [[Pangil Ahmed Kutty Musliyar]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.islamonweb.net/an-exploration-of-abdul-bari-musliyar-al-malaibaris-magnum-opus-kithabu-kitab-si%E1%B8%A5a%E1%B8%A5-al-shaikhain | title=An Exploration of Abdul Bari Musliyar al-Malaibari's Magnum Opus: Kithabu Kitāb Siḥāḥ al-Shaikhain | date=6 February 2024 }}</ref> who had already started counter campaigns against the ‘Wahhabi ideology’, along with some other scholars, met [[Varakkal Mullakoya Thangal]], who was a Sufi Sheikh, to discuss creating an organisational movement to defend theirb version of Islam. Tangal suggested convening a meeting of scholars to discuss the suitable solution. In 1925,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/2334442 | title=Samastha Kerala Jam'iathul Ulama: Defining Islamic discourses in Kerala through Ulama activism | last1=Pattasseri | first1=Noorudeen }}</ref> some major ulama and other society leaders gathered at Calicut Valiya Juma Masjid and formed an ulama organisation after prolonged and serious discussions.

KP Muhammad Meeran Musliyar and Parol Hussain Moulawi<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.islamkavadam.com/prasthanam/pandithar/parol-hussain-moulavi | title=പാറോല്‍ ഹുസൈന്‍ മൗലവി }}</ref> were named the President and Secretary of the organisation, respectively.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Event date !! Event notes !! Place!! leadership presence
|-
|1926 June 26||'Samastha' Founding Conference || Town Hall, [[Kozhikode]] || Sayyid Hashim Cherukunhikkoya Thangal
|-
|1927 February 7||'Samastha' First Conference||Tanur|| Liyauddeen Hazrath (Nalir Bakhiyaath)
|-
|1927 December 31||'Samastha' Second Conference|| Molur.||[[Pangil Ahmed Kutty Musliyar]]
|-
|1929 January 7 ||Samastha' Third Conference||Chemmankuzhy (Vallappuzha)|| Moulana Muhammad Abdul Bari<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.islamkavadam.com/prasthanam/keralam-panditha-pramughar-abdul-bari-muslyar | title=അബ്ദുല്‍ ബാരി മുസ്‌ലിയാര്‍ }}</ref>
|-
|1929 January 7||Samastha' Mushavara decided to publish a daily||Chemmankuzhy (Vallappuzha).|| Moulana Muhammad Abdul Bari
|-
|1929 December 10||Samastha' Published a first daily in the name of 'Al Bayaan'.||||K V Muhammad Musliyar(Editor & Publisher)
|-
|1930 March 17||Samastha' 4th Conference|| Mannarkkad|| Vellengara Muhammad Musliyar
|-
|1931 March 11||Samastha' 5th Conference||Velliyancheri|| Karimbanakkal Ahmad Musliyar.
|-
|1932 June||Pangil Ahmad Kutty Musliyar appointed as President of 'Samastha||||
|-
|1933 ||Samastha' 6th Conference||Feroke.|| [[Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya]].
|-
|1934 November 14 ||Bailo of 'Samastha' Registered || Kozhikkode District Registrar Office.||
|-
|1945 May 27,28||Samastha' 16th Conference<ref>{{cite web | url=https://samastha.info/142/ | title=SKIMV BOARD – Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama | date=3 July 2021 }}</ref>|| Karyavattam||
|-
|1945 August 1 ||'Samastha' decided to publish a publication under 'Samastha'||||
|-
|1947 March 15,16,17||'Samastha' 17th Conference|| Meenchantha (Kozhikkode)||
|-
|1949 March 30|| Pathi Abdul Khadir Musliyar reached||Malabar||
|-
|1949 September 1|| 'Samastha' Mushavara decided to establish Madrasa in each Mahallu||Sayyid Abdurahman Bafakhy Thangal.
|-
|1949 October 16||'Samastha' appointed to establish first Madrasa and Dars 2 Organizers||Vallappuzha|| K P Usman Sahib, N K Ayamu Musliyar Vallappuzha.
|-
|1950 April 29,30||'Samastha' 18th Conference||Valancheri||DNA
|-
|1950 April 30||Samastha' appointed K P Usman Sahib as 'Samastha' Office Secretary||Samastha' Office||
|-
|1950 October ||Al Bayaan' started republishing|| Valakkulam|| *Kaderi Muhammad Musliyar
*Publisher: K P Usman Sahib.
|-
|1951 March 23,24,25||'Samastha' 19th Conference||Vatakara.|| Moulana Muhammad Habeebulla.
|-
|1951 March 24||Paravanna Muhyuddeen Kutty Musliyar appointed as 'Samastha' Secretary||
|-
|1951 September 17||'Samastha' Prathinidhi Conference||Valakkulam||
|-
|1951 September 17|| SKIMVB formed||||
|-
|1951 September 17||Madrasa Syllabus Committee formed||||
Members:

* Moulana Paravanna Muhyuddeen Kutty Musliyar,
* K V Muthukoya Thangal,
* K M Kunhimoosa Musliyar,
* O Abdurahman Musliyar,
* P Aboobakkar Nizami.
|-
|1951 October 28|| SKIMVB meeting approved Madrasa Syllabus to Std. 1 to 5||||
|-
|1951 October 28||SKIMVB meeting approved Bylaw of SKIMVB||||
|-
|1951 October 28|| SKIMVB meeting decided to register Madrasas||||
|-
|1951 October 28||SKIMVB meeting formed Text Book Committee to make text book||||
|}

===Conferences===
Samastha organised a host of public conferences at various places to spread their message. Facing an opposition of secularly educated people, journalists, advocates and neo-scholars who had been fruitfully utilising all means from public meetings to publications to propagate their reformist ideologies and to brand traditionalists as courting shirk, Samastha leaders were compelled to come out to defend themselves against the allegations and to explain its views. Systematically held public conferences and anniversaries increased Samasthas popularity, kept the majority of Mappila Muslims in their fold, and restricted the inroads of reformist ideologies. In the first 25 years, Samastha focused its agenda on conducting public conferences, dialogues and ideological conflicts. Between 1927 and 1944, it convened 15 annual conferences at various places attracting immense public attention. 70th year Anniversary E.K Aboobacker musliar addressing the crowd The 16th conference held at Karyavattam was important as since then Samastha started to keep records and registers of all activities, resolutions and decisions scientifically. After that, the frequency of the huge public conferences decreased mainly because the organisation had tightened its foundation and fortress by 1950s and it had formed many sub committees and subordinate organisations to deal with different issues. In next 40 years, it conducted next eight conferences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bitstream |url=http://scholar.uoc.ac.in/bitstream/handle/20.500.12818/450/1553_Sharafuddin%20.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref>

*1985–1996
The 24th and 25th conferences held at Calicut seashore in 1985 and 1996 were widely appreciated for the largest gatherings the town had ever witnessed, for the discipline and obedience the huge crowd displayed, for the resolutions, topics and issues the conference sessions discussed, and for the attention both drew from non-Muslim, political and government circles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama |url=https://samasthaconference.com/single.php?memmory=4 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=samasthaconference.com}}</ref>

*2002 – Samastha celebrated its platinum jubilee holding public conferences at five major Kerala cities: Kasargod, Calicut, Thrissur, Kollam and Tiruvanandapuram.
*26 February 2012 – The Samastha 85th conferences held at Kooriyad, [[Malappuram]]
*11 February 2016 – The Samastha 90th conferences held at [[Alappuzha]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imported |date=2016-02-18 |title=90th annual celebrations of Samastha |url=https://madhyamamonline.com/editorial/2016/feb/18/90th-annual-celebrations-samastha |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=madhyamamonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-11 |title=Samastha conference begins |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/samastha-conference-begins/article8226155.ece |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-10 |title=Samastha's 90th anniversary celebrations from Sunday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/samasthas-90th-anniversary-celebrations-from-sunday/article7973943.ece |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2016-02-15 |title=Lakhs Throng Alappuzha for Samastha Valedictory |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/Feb/15/lakhs-throng-alappuzha-for-samastha-valedictory-892554.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Mushawara council==
A forty-member 'mushawara' is the high command body of the Sunni council.<ref name="Naha">{{Cite news |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |date=18 January 2018 |title=Sunni Factions to Bury the Hatchet |language= |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sunni-factions-to-bury-the-hatchet/article22466086.ece |access-date=23 August 2019 |issn=}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite news |last=Alingal |first=Shafeeq |date=2018-01-07 |title=Kerala: League of Factions |work=The New Indian Express |location= |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jan/07/kerala-league-of-factions-1746566.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611054152/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jan/07/kerala-league-of-factions-1746566.html |archive-date=2020-06-11 |access-date= }}</ref> As of 2020, the president was [[Sayyid Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal|Sayed Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal]].<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |date=2018-01-03 |title=No action against Panakkad scions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/samastha-goes-soft-on-panakkad-scions/article22360419.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606053100/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/samastha-goes-soft-on-panakkad-scions/article22360419.ece |archive-date=2020-06-06 |access-date= |website=The Hindu |location=}}</ref><ref name=":92">{{Cite news |date=3 June 2020 |title=Aradhanalayangal Thurakkanam: Samastha |work=Media One |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/2020/06/03/samstha-wants-masjid-open-news}}</ref>

==Structure==
* President — [[Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal|Sayed Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-03 |title=Resolution against Communism not with my consent: Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/iuml-malappuram-samastha-1.6326699 |website=Mathrubhumi English |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240129113120/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/iuml-malappuram-samastha-1.6326699 |archive-date= Jan 29, 2024 }}</ref>
* General Secretary — [[K. Ali Kutty Musliyar]]
* Treasurer — P. P. Umer Musliyar

==Presidents==
{{Unsourced|section|date=February 2025}}[[File:Varakkal Thangal.jpg|thumb|right|[[Varakkal Mullakoya Thangal|Varakkal Mullokoya Thangal]], founding president of Samastha ]]
* [[Varakkal Mullakoya Thangal|Varakkal Mullokoya Thangal]] (1926–1932)
* [[Pangil Ahmed Kutty Musliyar]] (1932–1945)
* Abdul Bari Musliyar (1945–1965)
* KK Sadakkathulla Musliyar (1965–1967)
* [[Kanniyath Ahmed Musliyar]] (1967–1993)
* K.K. Aboobacker Hazrath (1993–1995)
* [[Sayyid Abdurahman Imbichikoya Thangal Al-Aydarusi Al-Azhari]] (1995–2004)
* [[Kalambadi Mohammed Musliar]] (2004–2012)
* C Koya Kutty Musliyar (2012–2016)
* Kumaramputhur A. P. Muhammed Musliyar (2016–2017)
* [[Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal|Sayed Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal]] (2017–Present)

== Sub-organizations in EK Sunnis' viewpoint ==
The EK Samastha's ''Samastha Centenary Memmorial Book'' mentions several of its sub-organisations and gives details of them. They are as follows:
*'''Samastha Kerala Islam Matha Vidyabhyasa Board (SKIMVB)'''
It is a sub-body of Samastha. It was founded on 24 March 1951. The board prepares curriculum, syllabus and textbooks in over 11,000 madrasas.
*'''Samastha Kerala Jam-iyyathul Mufathisheen (SKJM)'''
It is an organisation of madrasa inspectors. Its state-level body was formed in 1959.
*'''Sunni Mahallu Federation (SMF)'''
It is an organization to coordinate and empower ''[[Mahallah|mallahu]]'' bodies. First body of SMF was formed in 1976 in the northern part of Tirur Taluk, then in 1977 in Malappuram district. In 1987 the state-level body was formed.
*'''Samastha Kerala Sunni Students Federation (SKSSF)'''
It is a student-youth organisation of Samastha. It was founded on 19 February 1989.
*'''Sunni Yuvajana Sangham (SYS)'''
It a youth and mass organisation of EK Samastha. It was regrouped due to a reason linked to the 1989 dispute between AP Sunnis and EK Sunnis. AP Sunnis had taken over the SYS founded in 1954.
*'''Samastha Kerala Sunni Bala Vedi (SKSBV)'''
It was founded on 26 December 1993. It functions under the aegis of SKJMCC, inside and outside of Kerala, with 19 district committees, 560 range committees and ten thousand madrasasa unit committees, with around 12 lakh members.
*'''Samastha Employees Association (SEA)'''
It is an organisation of employees. It was founded in 2001.
*'''Samastha Kerala Madrasa Management Association (SKMMA)'''
It is an organisation of madrasa office bearers. It began its works since 2009 under SKIVB.
*'''Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Muallimeen Central Council (SKJMCC)'''
It is an association for madrasa teachers. Its first district level working body was formed in 2013 and the state level body in 2015
*'''Samastha Kerala Jam-iyyathul Mudariseen (SKJM)'''
It first district level working committee came in to being in June 2013 and the state level committee after EK Samastha central mushavara's permission in 2015.
*'''Samastha Legal Cell (SLC)'''
It was founded in 2013 under SKIVB. EK Samastha's ''Samastha Centenary Memmorial Book'', published on 4 February 2025, says as of now Samastha has filed several appeals before the Supreme Count of India for around 22 matters
*'''Samastha Kerala Jam-iyyathul Quthabah (SKJQ)'''
It is a body of [[Khatib|''Khatibs'']]. It was founded on 15 April 2017.
*'''Samastha Pravasi Cell (SPC)'''
It was founded in 2019. EK Samastha's ''Samastha Centenary Memmorial Book'', published on 4 February 2025, referring to it as the "newest child" of Samastha, continues that Samastha recognised it as the 14th feeder organisation.

==Institutions==
* [[Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College]]
* Jamia Jalaliyya Mundakkulam
* [[Jamia Darussalam Al Islamiyya Nandi]]
*[[Darul Huda Islamic University]]
* [[Samastha National Education Council (SNEC)]]
* [[Alathurpadi Dars]]
* Muttichira Dars
* Kodangad Dars
* MEA Engineering College
*Akode islamic dawa academy

==100th anniversary==
The '''100th Anniversary of Samastha Kerala''' refers to the events organized in 2024 to commemorate the centennial of the Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prashanth |first=M. P. |date=2021-07-10 |title=Malabar revolt pushed Muslims back by 100 years: Sunni body |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Jul/10/malabar-revolt-pushed-muslims-back-by-100-years-sunni-body-2328029.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The two-year-long celebrations were inaugurated on 28 January 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=2024-01-29 |title=സ മ സ്ത നൂ റാം വാർഷികാഘോ ഷ ത്തിന് തു ട ക്കം {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/india/samastha-commencement-of-the-100th-anniversary-celebration-1251694 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref> in Bangalore, Karnataka,<ref>https://www.reporterlive.com/kerala/2024/01/28/samastha-100-year-celebration-in-bengaluru</ref> India and will continue till 8 February 2026. [[Karnataka]] [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] [[Siddaramaiah]] inaugurated the Samastha's 100th anniversary declaration conference at [[Bengaluru]] Palace grounds 28 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/29/siddaramaiah-praises-educational-activities-of-samastha | title=Siddaramaiah praises educational activities of Samastha | date=29 January 2024 }}</ref>

===Official celebrations===
*January 2024 - Commencement of the 100th anniversary celebration Inauguration at Bengaluru<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/29/siddaramaiah-praises-educational-activities-of-samastha | title=Siddaramaiah praises educational activities of Samastha | date=29 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.madhyamam.com/india/samastha-100th-annual-inaugural-conference-on-28th-in-bengaluru-1250549 | title=സമസ്ത നൂറാം വാര്‍ഷിക ഉദ്ഘാടന സമ്മേളനം 28ന് ബംഗളൂരുവിൽ | Madhyamam | date=25 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/pravasi/bangalore/bangalore-1.9274716 | title=സമസ്ത നൂറാം വാർഷികം ഉദ്ഘാടന സമ്മേളനം ഇന്ന് | date=27 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/samastha-100th-anniversary-inaugural-conference-on-january-28-in-bengaluru-238945 | title=സമസ്ത 100ാം വാർഷികം; ഉദ്ഘാടന സമ്മേളനം ജനുവരി 28ന് ബംഗളൂരുവിൽ | date=7 December 2023 }}</ref>
Celebrations of the 100th anniversary of Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama, which will be held from February 6 to 8, 2026, have begun in [[Bengaluru]]. Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]] inaugurated<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-01-29 |title=Siddaramaiah praises educational activities of Samastha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/29/siddaramaiah-praises-educational-activities-of-samastha |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> the 100th anniversary function at Bengaluru Palace grounds on 28 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samsta centenary 6 projects announced |url=https://suprabhaatham.com/samsta-centenary-6-projects-announced/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=2024-01-25 |title=സമസ്ത നൂറാം വാര്‍ഷിക ഉദ്ഘാടന സമ്മേളനം 28ന് ബംഗളൂരുവിൽ {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/india/samastha-100th-annual-inaugural-conference-on-28th-in-bengaluru-1250549 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref>

===Action Plans===
Six action plans were announced at the inaugural meeting. Samasta President [[Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal]] announced the plans. They announced the six projects decided in the Samasta Kendra Mushavara meeting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 projects announced |url=https://suprabhaatham.com/samsta-centenary-6-projects-announced/}}</ref>
* Formulating and implementing new projects at the national and international level to spread the ideals of the Holy [[Sunni Islam|Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah]]
* Formation of coordination committee at international level to coordinate activities of Samasta at national and international levels.
* Starting a [[Higher education]] institution in [[Bengaluru]].
* Formulation of necessary plans to extend the existing educational systems of Samasta to more areas.
* Designing and implementing projects with more emphasis on [[Sociocultural system|socio-cultural]] [[Philanthropy|philanthropic]] activities.
* Introduction of new systems in the field of instruction subject to the ideals of Ahlus Sunnati Wal Jamaat
== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Islam in Kerala}}

[[Category:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama| ]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam in India]]
[[Category:Islamic organizations established in 1926]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]

Aunn Zara

2026-04-30T02:27:03Z

Leopoldo10S: started initial details basic info

{{Short description|Television series}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = AunnZara.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Family drama|Family Drama]] [[Comedy]]
| creator =
| writer = Faiza Iftikhar
| based_on = {{based on|''Hisaar-e-Mohabbat''|[[Faiza Iftikhar]]}}
| director = [[Haissam Hussain]]
| presenter =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Maya Ali]]
* [[Osman Khalid Butt]]
}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = MAD Music
| opentheme = ''Aunn Zara''
| endtheme =
| composer = MAD music
| country = Pakistan
| language = Urdu
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 20
| list_episodes =
| producer = Shahzad Chaudhry
| executive_producer = Tahir Mehmood
| editor = Iftikhar Manzoor
| cinematography = iIlyas Kashmiri
| location = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
| camera = Shehzad Baloch
| runtime =
| company = Oriental Films
| channel = [[A-Plus Entertainment]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|06|18}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2013|10|31}}
| related =
}}

'''''Aunn Zara''''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|عون زارا}}}}) is a 2013 Pakistan [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series telecast on [[A-Plus Entertainment]]. It revolves around a married couple spoilt by their respective families and desperate to escape this attention. It is based on [[Faiza Iftikhar]]'s novel ''Hisaar-e-Mohabbat'', and is directed by [[Haissam Hussain]]. It stars [[Maya Ali ]] and [[Osman Khalid Butt]].<ref name="dawn">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1045819|title='Aunn Zara' - A drama review|date=September 27, 2013|access-date=March 23, 2021|website=[[Dawn News]]}}</ref>

==Plot==

The story revolves around the lives of Aunn and Zara. Aunn, being the only male in his family, is overtly pampered by everyone. Aunn is dying to break out of the shackles of his overprotective and overbearing family members. Zara is a headstrong and vivacious girl. In contrast to Aunn, she lives in a house where she is the only female member of her immediate family. Zara lives with her father and grandfather. Her father, Jamshed, a retired army officer, wants Zara to join the air force. However, Zara wants to have a family life.

Aunn and Zara's first encounter upsets them. A misunderstanding lands Aunn's proposal in front of Zara's family. Unaware of the proposal, Zara lies to her father that she loves Aunn.

When Aunn and Zara discover who they are marrying, they resist but eventually get married. The duo spend time together and eventually fall in love. Aunn realizes that his family is overbearing, and he cannot spend time with Zara. He creates misunderstandings between Zara and his family. Soon a rift develops between Zara and Aunn's family, resulting in Aunn and Zara shifting to another house. Zara learns that she is pregnant.

Zara's friend, Shehna, clears the misunderstanding between Nighat and Zara. Meanwhile, Aunn informs his family about Zara's pregnancy. Aunn's family gets excited, but they fear that Zara might want to keep them away from the baby. Nighat informs the family about Aunn's past actions leading to the strained relationship with Zara. Aunn also confesses his mistakes. Zara eventually reconciles with Aunn's family.

== Cast ==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer = [[Osman Khalid Butt]] played the lead role.
| footer_align = center
| image1 =
| width1 = 120
| image2 =
| width2 = 120
}}

* [[Maya Ali]] as Zara
* [[Osman Khalid Butt]] as Aunn<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/651904/our-favourite-bachelors-of-2013? |title=Our favourite bachelors of 2013 |date=28 December 2013 |author1=Zinnia Bukhari |author2=Mashal Abbasi |author3=Mahwish Rizvi |author4=Mobeen Ansari |author5=Asim Farooki |author6=Samra Aamir |work=The Express Tribune |archive-date=29 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229231905/http://tribune.com.pk/story/651904/our-favourite-bachelors-of-2013/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sabreen Hisbani]] as Nighat
* [[Irfan Khoosat]] as Zara's paternal grandfather
* Nasreen Qureshi as Aunn's paternal grandmother<ref name="dawn"/>
* [[Hina Khawaja Bayat]] as Husna
* Mukarram Kaleem as Manzar<ref name="dawn"/>
* [[Adnan Jaffar]] as Zara's father Jamshed
* Yasir Masher as Aunn's paternal Uncle<ref name="dawn"/>
* Mahira Bhatti as Shehna <ref name="dawn"/>
* Saima Saleem as Aunn's paternal aunt

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aunn Zara
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Ather, Ragini
| cover =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Theme song]]
| length = {{Duration|m=2|s=53}}
| language = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| label =
| producer = Shahzad Chaudhary
}}

The theme song "Aunn Zara" was composed by MAD Music with the lyrics by Awais Sohail. It was sung by Athar and Ragini. Other background music are also composed by MAD Music.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Aunn Zara
| extra1 = Ather and Ragini
| length1 = 2:53
}}

==Broadcast and release ==

First premiering in May 2013 on [[A-Plus Entertainment]], the series was re-launched with enhanced marketing efforts following the appointment of [[Noor ul Huda Shah]] as the network's CEO, who recognized the show's potential.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1173882/dramas-present-women-as-machines-says-noor-ul-huda-shah |title=Dramas present women as machines, says Noor ul Huda Shah |date=8 October 2015 |author=Sadaf Haider |work=DAWN Images }}</ref> It later aired in India on [[Zindagi (TV channel)|Zindagi]], first in 2014,<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.india.com/showbiz/zee-launches-new-channel-zindagi-with-serials-from-pakistan-81863/|title = Zee launches new channel 'Zindagi' with serials from Pakistan|author= Nithya Nair|date = 24 June 2014|work = India.com}}</ref> and then in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2358116/indian-tv-to-air-zindagi-gulzar-hai-aunn-zara-through-zees-zindagi-channel? |title=Indian TV to air ‘Zindagi Gulzar Hai’, ‘Aunn Zara’ through Zee’s Zindagi channel |date=24 May 2022 |work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> The series became available on [[ZEE5]] as a video-on-demand in 2020.

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Sadaf Haider of ''[[The Express Tribune]]'' praised the series for its simplicity, and unique storytelling, and commended the performances of Osman Khalid Butt and Maya Ali, as well as Faiza Iftikhar's nuanced characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/18104/aun-zara-the-perfect-family-show-for-ramazan/|title=Aunn Zara the perfect family show for Ramazan|author=Sadaf Haider|date=11 July 2013|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=31 July 2013}}</ref> In the year-ender list by the same newspaper, the series was voted as the Best Drama Serial (reveiwer's choice), Best Writer (reviewer and people's choice) and Best Supporting actor for Mukarram Kaleem (reviewer's choice).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/article/20351/the-award-for-best-pakistani-drama-of-2013-goes-to|title=The award for best Pakistani drama of 2013 goes to...|author=Sadaf Haider|date=30 December 2013|work=The Express Tribune|archive-date=4 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104115832/https://tribune.com.pk/article/20351/the-award-for-best-pakistani-drama-of-2013-goes-to}}</ref>

Karanjeet Kaur of ''[[The Caravan]]'' praised the portrayal of the quirky families and dialogues of the series but critiques its failure to challenge traditional gender perceptions, ultimately succumbing to orthodox drama with protagonists assuming pre-ordained gender roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/opening-channel |title=Opening a Channel |date=1 November 2014 |author=Karanjeet Kaur |work=The Caravan |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122073804/https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/opening-channel |url-status=live}}</ref>

In an article published by the ''[[DAWN Images]]'' in July 2017, the series was listed among the "iconic Pakistani TV drama" and was noted for its sparkling script, skillful direction, and fabulous performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1176410/10-iconic-pakistani-tv-dramas-you-should-binge-watch-this-weekend |title=10 iconic Pakistani TV dramas you should binge-watch this weekend |date=9 July 2017 |author=Sadaf Haider|work=DAWN Images }}</ref>

=== Awards and nominations ===

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Nominee(s)/ Recipient(s)
!Result
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[13th Lux Style Awards|2014]]
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Lux Style Awards]]
| [[Lux Style Award for Best TV Play|Best TV Play]]
| Shahzad Chaudhry
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" | <ref>{{cite web|title=2014 Lux Style Awards: Meet the nominees!|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1124905/2014-lux-style-awards-meet-the-nominees|work=Dawn.com|date=August 12, 2014|access-date=March 23, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best TV Director
|[[Haissam Hussain]]
|-
|Best TV Writer
|[[Faiza Iftikhar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[4th Pakistan Media Awards|2014]]
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[Pakistan Media Awards]]
|Best Drama
| ''Aunn Zara''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventsinkarachi.com/pakistans-4th-media-award-winner-list/|title=Pakistan's 4th Media Award Winner List|website=www.eventsinkarachi.com|date=17 January 2014|language=en|access-date=March 23, 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202171740/https://www.eventsinkarachi.com/pakistans-4th-media-award-winner-list/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hamaralink.com/2013/12/4th-pakistan-media-awards-nominations.html|title=4th Pakistan Media Awards Nominations|website=www.hamaralink.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227134822/http://www.hamaralink.com/2013/12/4th-pakistan-media-awards-nominations.html|language=en|access-date=March 23, 2021|archive-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Best Drama Director
|Haissam Hussain
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Drama Actor
|[[Osman Khalid Butt]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Sabreen Hisbani]]
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/Aunn.Zara/info Aunn Zara] Facebook page
*[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/aunn-zara/0-6-2695 Official Website] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Programmes broadcast by Zindagi}}

[[Category:A-Plus TV original programming]]
[[Category:2013 Pakistani television series debuts]]
[[Category:Pakistani drama television series]]
[[Category:Urdu-language telenovelas]]
[[Category:Pakistani telenovelas]]
[[Category:Zee Zindagi original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Lahore]]
[[Category:Pakistani television dramas based on novels]]

Muhibbullah Lari Nadwi

2026-04-20T05:08:51Z

Leopoldo10S: new initial info nd citations

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1917 – 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muhibbullah Lari Nadwi
| honorific_suffix = Maulana
| office = 8th [[List of chancellors and principals of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Principal of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
| term_start = 1970
| term_end = 29 November 1993
| predecessor = Muḥammad Ishaq Sandelwi
| successor = [[Rabey Hasani Nadwi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1917|07|15}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1993|11|29|1917|07|15}}
| birth_place = [[Lar, Uttar Pradesh|Lar]], [[Deoria district|Uttar Pradesh]]
| profession = [[Islamic scholar]]
| party =
| alma_mater = [[Nadwa University|Nadwa]], [[Aligarh Muslim University]] Aligarh
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Muhibbullah Lari Nadwi''' (or '''Mohibullah Lari'''; 15 July 1917 – 29 November 1993) was an Indian Islamic scholar, who served as a principal of the [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] from 1970 to 1993.<ref name="our publication1">{{cite magazine|title= Maulana Mohibullah Lari Nadwi eu·lo·gy by Rabey Hasani Nadwi |magazine=TAMIR-E-HAYAT |year=1993|pages=10–14|editor=Shams-ul-Haq Nadvi|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tamir-e-hayat-shumara-number-004-shams-ul-haq-nadvi-magazines}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mohibullah Lari was born on 15 July 1917 in [[Deoria district|Lar]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He took his early education in Islamic studies at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow obtaining an Aalim degree in 1930 and a Fazil-e-Adab degree in 1932, respectively. It is noteworthy that he was a classmate of [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] in Hadith class during the last year of his stay at the aforementioned Darul Uloom. Thereafter he studied at [[Aligarh Muslim University|AMU]] Aligarh and completed, respectively, a B.A.(1939) and M.A. in Political Science (1942).<ref name="our publication2">{{cite book|title=Puranay Charagh|author=Syed Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi|volume=3|year=2010|publisher=Maktaba Firdous-Lucknow|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/144467155/Puranay-Charagh-Vol-3-by-Syed-Abul-Hassan-Ali-Nadvi}}Page,265-269</ref><ref>MOHIBULLAH LARI, M. (1) Mohd. Yusuf Lari, Lar Gorakhpur (2) 15.6..1917 (3) July 1935 (7) B.A 1939; M.A. 1942, AMU Aligarh. 5645 {{cite web|title=Aligarh Muslim University Alumni Directory|page =238|year =2019|url=https://www.idoc.pub/documents/aligarh-muslim-university-alumni-directory-1d47kw123yn2}}</ref>

==Career==
Firstly, he started a business making leather goods in Kanpur from 1940 to 1968. In 1968 he was appointed as a Principal at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama Lucknow.<ref name="our publication2"/> He performed the aforementioned administrative work until he died in 1993. During his tenure, the academic standard including the publication department and growth in the number of students at the school was noted by the rector [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Fragrance of East|year=2010|page=16|url=https://the-fragrance-of-east.nadwa.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/October-2021.pdf }} retrieved 6 March 2024</ref> He produced many articles and columns on literature, society, political, and religion in his career.<ref name="our publication1"/><ref>{{cite magazine|title= Tablighi Dawat and Musalman|magazine=TAMIR-E-HAYAT |date=Dec 1, 2012|page= 12|editor=Shams-ul-Haq Nadvi|url=https://tameerehayat.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Dec-1-2012.pdf}}</ref> He was a member of the executive council, DARUL ULOOM TAJUL MASAJID until he died in 1993.<ref>MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COUNCIL{{cite web|title=Important Personalities |url=https://darululoomtajulmasajid.in/en/important-personalities/}} Retrieved 6 March 2024.</ref>

==Death==
Mohibullah Lari Nadwi died on 29 November 1993 in Lucknow.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohibullah Lari Nadwi}}
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:People from Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi descent|*]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]

Manju Kumari

2026-04-20T01:57:03Z

Leopoldo10S: new basic bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manju Kumari
| image = Manju Kumari.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1979}}
| birth_place = [[Jamua]], [[Giridih district]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2024–present) [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2024)
| spouse =
| parents = Sukar Ravidas (father)
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jamua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamua]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| education = Class 10
| alma_mater = S.B.M.K. High School, Bhandaro
| occupation = Politician
| footnotes =
| image_size = 180
}}

'''Manju Kumari''' (born 1979)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Manju Kumari(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- JAMUA (SC)(GIRIDIH ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12070 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. She is an MLA from [[Jamua Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Giridih district|Giridih District]]. She won the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Jamua, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Manju Kumari defeats JMM's Kedar Hazra with 32631 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/jamua-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638447-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE Updates {{!}} Jamua (SC) Election Result 2024: Manju Kumari Of BJP Wins |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/jamua-sc-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2024-live-winner-and-losser-candidate-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-jmm-eci-jharkhand-assembly-election-result-2823162.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumari is from [[Jamua]], Giridih District, Jharkhand. She is the daughter of former MLA [[Sukar Ravidas]]. She studied Class 10 at S.B.M.K. High School, Bhandaro, Giridih, and she passed the examinations conducted by Bihar School Examination Council, Patna in 1994.<ref name=":0" /> Her husband is in Indian Navy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manju Kumari(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- JAMUA (SC)(GIRIDIH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Jharkhand2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=846 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumari won from Jamua Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election. She polled 1,17,532 votes and defeated her nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[Kedar Hazra]] of [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]], by a margin of 32,631 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Jamua (Jharkhand) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jamua-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684271/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, she represented [[Indian National Congress]] and lost the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] to Kedar Hazra, who then contested on a BJP ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamua Election Result 2024 LIVE: Manju Kumari of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/jamua-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130268.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamua Constituency Election Results 2024: Jamua Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/constituency-show/jamua |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> She joined the BJP in October 2024, a month before the Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-15 |title=Congress leader Manju Kumari joins BJP ahead of Jharkhand assembly polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/congress-leader-manju-kumari-joins-bjp-ahead-of-jharkhand-assembly-polls/articleshow/114237193.cms |access-date=2024-11-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Manju}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Giridih district]]

Kiran Singh Deo

2026-04-19T23:18:44Z

Leopoldo10S: New.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kiran Singh Deo
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|9|17|df=y}}
| office1 = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Jagdalpur Assembly constituency|Jagdalpur]]
| majority1 = 29,834
| predecessor1 = Rekhchand Jain
| president = [[J. P. Nadda]] [[Nitin Nabin]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| office = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start = 21 December 2023
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Arun Sao]]
| office6 = Mayor of [[Jagdalpur Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start6 = 2009
| term_end6 = 2014
| successor6 = Jatin Jaiswal
| predecessor6 = Gitesh Mal
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father = Laxminarayan Deo
| profession = Advocate
| alma_mater = LLB from [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]]
}}

'''Kiran Singh Deo''' (born 17 September 1962) is an Indian politician from Chhattisgarh. He is serving as a Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jagdalpur Assembly constituency]]. He is the President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-21 |title=In Chhattisgarh, first-time MLA at the helm of BJP: Who is Kiran Singh Deo? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/chhattisgarh-first-time-mla-bjp-kiran-singh-deo-9078083/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh Deo is from [[Jagdalpur|Jagadalpur]], Bastar District, Chhattisgarh. He is son of Laxminarayan Deo. He completed his L. L. B. in 1989 at [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]], Raipur and is an advocate. He wife is a government teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiran Deo(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- JAGDALPUR(BASTAR (JAGDALPUR)) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=5 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh Deo was chief of BJP Yuva Morcha in Jagdalpur from 2002 to 2005 and was also general secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Chhattisgarh]] from 2018 and 2022. He was elected as Mayor of Jagdalpur Municipal Corporation from 2009 to 2014.<ref name="First-time MLA Kiran Singh Deo is the new Chhattisgarh BJP chief">{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|title=First-time MLA Kiran Singh Deo is the new Chhattisgarh BJP chief|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/first-time-mla-kiran-singh-deo-is-the-new-chhattisgarh-bjp-chief/article67662566.ece|accessdate=23 December 2023|date=21 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223052616/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/first-time-mla-kiran-singh-deo-is-the-new-chhattisgarh-bjp-chief/article67662566.ece|archivedate=23 December 2023|language=en-IN}}</ref>

He was elected from [[Jagdalpur Assembly constituency]] in [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] by defeating Jatin Jaiswal of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 29,834 votes.<ref name="Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress">{{cite news|last1=mint|title=Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html|accessdate=10 December 2023|date=3 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210105307/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html|archivedate=10 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Result 2023: Full list of winners">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Result 2023: Full list of winners|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471258-2023-12-03|accessdate=10 December 2023|date=3 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210105315/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471258-2023-12-03|archivedate=10 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Arun Sao]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Chhattisgarh]]|years=2023–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Deo, Kiran}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jagdalpur]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:State presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bastar district]]

{{Chhattisgarh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bhavnagar East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:24Z

Leopoldo10S: started some article with sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhavnagar East
| mla = Sejalben Rajivkumar Pandya
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:265877}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 104
}}

'''Bhavnagar East''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Bhavnagar Taluka (Part) Villages – Ruva, Tarsimiya, Malanka, Akwada
# Bhavnagar Taluka (Part) – Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan=2|[[Vibhavari Dave]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Sejalben Pandya]]
|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sejalben Pandya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 98,707
|percentage = 60.71
|change = +5.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Baldev Solanki|party=Indian National Congress|votes=36,153|percentage=22.23|change=-18.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hamir Rathod (Master)|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=19,811|percentage=12.18|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Arun Mehta|votes=1799|percentage=1.11|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mrudangrajsinh Mulrajsinh Chudasama|party=Right to Recall Party|votes=515|percentage=0.32|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=62,554|percentage=38.48|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=162596|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavnagar East<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vibhavari Dave]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 87,323
|percentage = 54.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rathod Nitaben Babubhai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 64,881
|percentage = 40.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party =None of the above
|votes = 3,459
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,442
|percentage = 14.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,59,059
|percentage = 65.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bhavnagar|Bhavnagar East]]}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vibhavari Dave]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 85,375
|percentage = 59.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajeshbhai Joshi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 45,867
|percentage = 31.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arun Mehta
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 5,149
|percentage = 3.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 39,508
|percentage = 27.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,44,642
|percentage = 68.26
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bhavnagar district]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.78|72.17|display=title}}

{{Bhavnagar district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Chennimalai Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:56:05Z

Leopoldo10S: Adding Initial Stub And Citations - done

{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chennimalai
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1957
| district = [[Erode]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Erode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erode]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Socialist Party (India)
| mla = [[K. R. Nallasivam]]
| electors = 95,182
| reservation = None
| abolished = 1962
}}
'''Chennimalai''' is a former [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Erode district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[K. R. Nallasivam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| K. P. Nallasivam
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}|50.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|53.00}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Chennimalai<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Nallasivam]] |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=35,379 |percentage=50.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Periasami Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,978 |percentage=38.75% |change=2.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Samiappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,523 |percentage=7.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramasain Gounder |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,742 |percentage=2.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,401 |percentage=12.07% |change=-5.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,622 |percentage=75.89% |change= 23.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,182 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Socialist Party (India) |loser=Independent politician |swing= -2.18% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Chennimalai<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Nallasivam |party=Independent politician |votes=22,289 |percentage=53.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thengappa Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,085 |percentage=35.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Sundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,682 |percentage=11.13% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,204 |percentage=17.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,056 |percentage=52.32% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,381 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.17|77.60|display=title}}

[[Category:Erode district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 disestablishments in India]]

Pratapgarh Kingdom

2026-04-07T16:19:48Z

Leopoldo10S: Starting basic info v1.

{{short description|Medieval kingdom in the north-east of the Indian subcontinent}}
{{For|the princely state in present-day Rajasthan|Pratapgarh State}}
{{Other places|Pratapgarh (disambiguation){{!}}Pratapgarh}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox country
|image_map = Karimganj and surrounding areas.png
|image_map_caption = Present-day [[Karimganj district]] (blue) and surrounding areas
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Pratapgarh
|common_name = Pratapgarh
|religion = [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Tribal religions in India|Tribal Religions]]
|era = [[Medieval India|Middle Ages]]
|status =
|government_type = [[Monarchy]]
|life_span = {{plainlist|
1489–1700s AD}}
|year_start = 1489
|year_end = 1700s
|event_start = Independence from [[Twipra Kingdom|Tripura]]
|date_start =
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 =
|date_event2 =
|event_end = [[Dimasa Kingdom|Kachari]] conquest
|date_end =
|capital = [[Patharkandi]]
|leader1 = Malik Pratap (first)
|leader2 = Aftab Uddin (last)
|year_leader1 = 1489–1490
|year_leader2 = c. 1700s
|title_leader = [[Raja]] [[Sultan]]}}
{{History of Bengal}}
The '''Pratapgarh Kingdom''' ({{langx|bn|প্রতাপগড় রাজ্য}}) was a [[Medieval India|medieval]] state in the north-east of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Composed of the present-day [[India]]n district of [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], as well as parts of [[Tripura State]] and [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], [[Bangladesh]], the kingdom was ruled by a line of [[Islam|Muslim]] monarchs over a mixed population of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and Islamic adherents. It was bordered by the larger kingdoms of [[Dimasa Kingdom|Kachar]], [[Twipra Kingdom|Tripura]] and [[Bengal]].

Centred around the hilly, forested region which forms the modern border between eastern Bangladesh and India, the lands which later formed Pratapgarh were initially under the control of the rulers of Tripura and were principally inhabited by Hindu tribes. It is believed that during the latter years of the 15th century AD, the area was seceded by Malik Pratap, a landowner of mixed native and [[Persians|Persian]] ancestry, who established the kingdom and from whom it may have received its name. Under the rule of his grandson, Sultan Bazid, the influence of Pratapgarh reached its zenith, developing into a significant cultural centre. It also became a notable military power, defeating the stronger kingdom of Kachar as well as engaging against the dominance of Bengal. It was during this time that the state enjoyed its territorial peak, having briefly captured Sylhet from the latter.

Pratapgarh was eventually captured and dissolved by Kachar during the early 18th century, with its ruling family later only governing as [[Zamindar]]s under the [[British Empire|British]]. However, the kingdom's legacy continued to have a notable impact in the region, with its name being borne by subsequent administrative divisions in the area and its history and legends surviving as oral traditions among the local population.

==Origins==
===Early history===
The heartland of the later Pratapgarh Kingdom, on the present border of southern [[Sylhet]] and the [[India|Indian state]] of [[Tripura]], has undergone several name changes in its history. Originally called Sonai Kachanpur, the area was renamed Chatachura after the wandering [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]n prince Chatra Singh, who received the land as a gift from the [[Maharaja]] of [[Twipra Kingdom|Tripura]] {{circa|1260}} AD, about two hundred years prior to Pratapgarh's foundation.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=303}}{{sfnp|Nath|1948|p=81}} Singh's new principality was hilly country, having been located on the south-eastern corner of the Adal-ail and Du-ail ranges.{{sfnp|Nath|1948|p=81}}{{NoteTag|These hills are also known as the Patharia and Pratapgarh ranges respectively.{{sfnp|Das|2008|p=17}}}} Incorporating dense, tiger-inhabited forests,{{sfnp|Abbasi|Al Helal|1979|p=65}}{{sfnp|Clothey|1982|p=126}} his territory stretched from [[Karimganj]] up to parts of the [[Lushai Hills]] and had its capital in Kanakpur, named after his son Kanak Singh. The latter's own son, Pratap Singh, later founded a new town which he named Pratapgarh after himself.{{sfnp|Nath|1948|pp=81, 119}}{{NoteTag|The ''garh'' suffix roughly translates to "fort".{{sfnp|Bhattacharjee|1982|p=2}}}} It has been suggested that the Pratapgarh Kingdom, established centuries later, received its name from Pratap Singh and this settlement.{{sfnp|Allen|2013|p=62}} Alternatively, the name may have come from the first ruler of the state, the [[Muslim]] [[Pratapgarh Kingdom#Independence from Tripura|Malik Pratap]].{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=304}}

Pratap Singh appears to have maintained marital relations with contemporary neighbouring kingdoms: his father had previously married a princess of Tripura while his sister Shantipriya married [[Garuda of Gour]], a cousin to [[Gour Govinda]], the last king of Sylhet. The latter couple received a portion of Singh's kingdom as a dowry, which later became known as Chapghat.{{sfnp|Nath|1948|p=119}}{{NoteTag|Both Shantipriya and Garuda committed suicide in the aftermath of the [[Conquest of Sylhet]] in 1303 AD.{{sfnp|Nath|1948|p=122}}}} Singh's own family may not have left heirs however, as by the 15th century AD, his royal palace was in the hands of Muslim lords.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=304}}

===Founding of the ruling dynasty===
The earliest recorded member of the royal family of Pratapgarh was a [[Persian people|Persian]] noble, Mirza Malik Muhammad Turani, who lived at the close of the 14th century AD. Turani, as a result of family feuds in his native [[Iran]], migrated to the [[Indian subcontinent]] with a large force, first going to [[Delhi]] before settling in present-day [[Karimganj district]].{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=304}}{{sfnp|Nazir|2013|p=92}} Although by this point nearby Sylhet had long since [[Conquest of Sylhet|been conquered]] for [[Islam]] by the warrior-saint [[Shah Jalal]], the area to which Turani arrived was in the dominion of the Maharaja of Tripura, still under the control of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] tribes.{{sfnp|Choudhury|1980|p=237}}

According to local legend, Turani, after settling into the area, came upon a beautiful woman bathing in a river and immediately fell in love with her. After discovering that the woman, named Umavati, was of noble birth, he went to her father, the local [[Khasi people|Khasi]] governor Pura Raja, to ask for her hand in marriage. Reluctant to marry his daughter to a Muslim, Pura Raja rejected the proposal. Turani, humiliated, led his forces in an attack on Pura Raja's fort and captured it, forcing the governor to acquiesce to the marriage. Further to this, as he had no sons, Pura Raja also agreed to name Turani his successor.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=305}}

According to the researcher Habib Ahmed Duttchowdhury, Turani is identical to the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] prince [[Muhammad Sultan Mirza]], grandson of the [[Central Asia]]n conqueror [[Timur]]. He states that the capture of Pura Raja's lands had been during a sojourn in Bengal in the midst of Timur's [[Timurid conquests and invasions#South Asia|Indian campaign of 1398]], after which Muhammad Sultan with Umavati (converted to Islam under the name Daulat Sultan) returned to Central Asia. Duttchowdhury continues that following Muhammad Sultan's death in 1403, Umavati alias Daulat Sultan went back to her homeland with their young son and took up its rule upon Pura Raja's death.{{sfnp|Duttchowdhury|2024|pp=80–86}}

==History==
===Independence from Tripura===
According to historian [[Achyut Charan Choudhury]], Turani's great-great-grandson Malik Pratap was the ruler of the region in the late 15th century AD. By this point, Pratap had gained the former lands and palace of Pratap Singh in [[Patharkandi]] by marrying the daughter of the then-current owner, Amir Ajfar.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|pp=304-05}}

In 1489, Maharaja [[Pratap Manikya]] of Tripura was engaged in a war against his elder brother, [[Dhanya Manikya|Dhanya]], after taking the throne with the help of his army generals. While the Maharaja was distracted and lacked the means to intervene, Malik Pratap was said to have seceded Pratapgarh from Tripura's control (an area roughly equivalent to what is now Karimganj district) and declared himself its independent ruler.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=306}}{{sfnp|Chaudhury|1979|p=XI}} Malik Pratap later aided the Maharaja in his war and earned his friendship through this assistance. In gratitude, Manikya recognised Pratapgarh's independence and awarded Malik Pratap the title of [[Raja]]. Further to this, the Maharaja gave his daughter Ratnavati Devi in marriage to Malik Pratap's grandson, Bazid. However, in 1490, Pratap Manikya was assassinated by his generals, with Malik Pratap dying soon afterwards.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=307}}{{sfnp|Durlabhendra|Sukheshwar|Baneshwar|1999|p=60}}

===War against Sultanate of Bengal===
[[Image:Achyut Charan Choudhury.jpg|thumb|upright=1|A stone fragment with carved floral patterns from the Pratapgarh royal palace, with historian [[Achyut Charan Choudhury]] seated beside, {{circa}}1900s]]
After ascending the throne, Bazid repulsed an invasion by the powerful neighbouring kingdom of the [[Dimasa Kingdom|Kachari]] of [[Maibong]]. In light of this achievement, he took the new title of [[Sultan]], placing himself on the same level as the [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultan of Bengal]].{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=308}} His capital became associated with outposts and forts and developed into an important trade centre,{{sfnp|Sinha|Chacko|Aier|1993|p=41}} with the floral stonework produced in the region being considered noteworthy.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=306}}

It was during this zenith of Bazid's power that Gouhar Khan, the Bengali governor of Sylhet, died. Khan's assistants, Subid Ram and Ramdas, took advantage of his death and embezzled a large amount of money from the state government. Then, fearing the wrath of the Sultan of Bengal, [[Alauddin Husain Shah]], they fled to Pratapgarh.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=310}} Bazid gave his protection to the two fugitives and, seeing the disunity in Sylhet, also seized control of the district and added it to his own domain.{{sfnp|Kar|2008|p=135}}

Hussain Shah, wishing to avoid war, sent one of his nobles, a recently converted Muslim from Sylhet named [[Mazumdars of Sylhet|Surwar Khan]], to negotiate with the Sultan of Pratapgarh.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=310}}{{sfnp|Bhattacharjee|1994|p=74}} Surwar Khan was unsuccessful in this and was forced to face Bazid in battle, with the latter's forces being bolstered by his allies Shri Shikdar and Islam Roy (the [[zamindar]]s of Ita and Kanihati respectively), as well as the zamindar of [[Jangalbari Fort|Jangalbari]]. Though the rebels reportedly fought well, with Bazid's son Marhamat Khan in particular fighting with distinction, they were eventually defeated.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|pp=214, 310}}{{sfnp|Motahar|1999|p=715}}

Hussain Shah agreed to allow Bazid to continue as ruler of Pratapgarh with relative independence, but he was required to surrender his control of Sylhet and give up the title of Sultan. A tribute of money and elephants was given to show Bazid's loyalty and the two fugitives, Subid Ram and Ramdas, were sent to Hussain Shah to face punishment. Finally, Surwar Khan was named the new governor of Sylhet, with Bazid's daughter Lavanyavati being given in marriage to Surwar's son and eventual successor, Mir Khan.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=310}}{{sfnp|Motahar|1999|p=715}} The elderly Bazid died soon after the defeat.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=310}}

The dating of this event, as well as that of the reign of Bazid himself, has been a matter of dispute among academics. Choudhury, who sourced the above account, has the sultan who Bazid angered be Alauddin Husain Shah, whose reign began at the end of the 15th century AD.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=310}}{{sfnp|Tarafdar|1999|p=376}} However, Subir Kar, a professor at [[Assam University]], identified the ruler as being the similarly-named [[Jaunpur Sultanate#Hussain Shah|Hussain Shah Sharqi]] of [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]], with the described conflict instead taking place in 1464 AD.{{sfnp|Kar|2008|p=135}} This dating is mirrored by Basil Copleston Allen, an [[Indian Civil Service]] commissioner, in his ''Assam District Gazetteers''.{{sfnp|Allen|2013|p=94}} Alternatively, [[Syed Murtaza Ali]] placed the lifetimes of both Malik Pratap and Bazid as being over a century later, with the latter ruler instead being a contemporary of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]]. Ali suggests that Bazid was identical to [[Bayazid of Sylhet]], who was not subjugated by a reigning monarch, but rather by the Mughal governor of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Islam Khan I]], in 1612 AD.{{sfnp|Ali|1965|p=69}}

===Kachari invasion===
By the early 18th century AD, Aftab Uddin, the grandson of Marhamat Khan and great-grandson of Bazid, was the Raja of Pratapgarh. During this time, he entered a dispute with the king of Kachar.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=310}} It escalated to the point where Kachar launched an invasion, the second in Pratapgarh's history, led by the Kachari king himself. Aftab Uddin and his soldiers met the invading army before it had entered too far into his territory and in the ensuing battle, the Kachari king was killed.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=310}}{{NoteTag|There is some dispute about the identity of this king, who is unnamed in local histories. Choudhury believes that this ruler was [[Tulsidhaja]], who reigned after 1730 AD.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=310}}{{sfnp|Guha|1971|p=81}} Alternatively, Upendra Guha suggests that it was Tamradhaja, who ruled a generation earlier, placing these events around 1708.{{sfnp|Guha|1971|p=73}}}}

The Kachari queen, Kamala of [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]], was angered by her husband's death and led a second, much larger army against Pratapgarh. Aftab Uddin's weaker forces were defeated, with the Raja himself and many of his brothers being killed; Choudhury described the defeated army as being like "floating grass in the face of a flood." Kamala then had the royal palace in Patharkandi looted in revenge. The surviving members of the royal family were forced to flee to their relatives in [[Jangalbari Fort|Jangalbari]], located in modern-day [[Kishoreganj District|Kishoreganj]],{{NoteTag|Aftab Uddin's paternal grandmother, the wife of Marhamat Khan, had been a daughter of a former lord of Jangalbari.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=307}}}} while Pratapgarh was incorporated into the Kachari Kingdom.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=311}}

==Zamindars of Pratapgarh==
The Kachari Kingdom lacked the administrative capabilities to maintain a permanent military presence in Pratapgarh. Within a few years, the state reverted to being a part of Tripura, as it had been centuries earlier. Relatives of Aftab Uddin then returned from Jangalbari to regain control of their ancestral land. The head of the former royal family at this point was a nephew of the old Raja, Sultan Muhammad, who was nicknamed ''"Ranga [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]"'' (the Scarlet Lord) and was famous for his physical beauty. However, he did not have the abilities to once again make Pratapgarh an independent kingdom and remained a mere Zamindar under the overlordship of the Maharaja of Tripura.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=312}}{{sfnp|Chaudhury|1979|p=XIV}}

His powers were further diminished when he quarrelled with his cousin Ajfar Muhammad who, though being younger, believed that he should have inherited the land. Ajfar Muhammad rebelled and seceded the northern part of Pratapgarh, establishing a separate Zamindari which he named Jafargarh.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=312}} When he died without issue, Sultan Muhammad's brother Siraj Uddin Muhammad inherited Jafargarh, with his descendants later becoming very powerful Zamindars in their own right; this clan later subdivided into the five ''thakur'' families of Atanagar, Alinagar, Shamshernagar, Rasulnagar and Achalnagar.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=312–13}}

Sultan Muhammad's own descendants (who later adopted the title ''[[Chowdhury|Choudhury]]'') lost further lands in the following centuries, most notably in the lead up to the [[Revolt of Radharam]] in 1786 AD.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=313-16}}{{sfnp|Bhattacharjee|2005|pp=176–77}} Their territories were incorporated by the [[East India Company]] around this time, under whom they were landlords through [[Permanent Settlement]].{{sfnp|Bhattacharjee|2005|p=177}} They continued being prominent landowners into the 20th century.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|p=321}}

Other members of the erstwhile royal dynasty are believed to have gone east and joined the nobility of the [[Manipur (princely state)|Kingdom of Manipur]]. This group was descended from the family of [[Muhammad Sani]] (himself of the line of Muhammad Turani), who became one of the ministers of King [[Khagemba]]. They later formed the Tampakmayum, Touthongmayum and Khullakpam clans of Manipur.{{sfnp|Nazir|2013|pp=90–92}}

==Peoples and customs==
The greater [[Barak Valley]], which encompassed the area of Pratapgarh,{{sfnp|Bhattacharjee|1994|p=66}} has an indigenous population of ethnic [[Bengalis]].{{sfnp|Bhattacharjee|1994|p=63}} As with neighbouring Sylhet, the inhabitants speak a common dialect of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] known as [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], with the region as a whole, in the words of historian Jayanta Bhattacharjee, being "geographically, historically and ethnically an extension of [[Ganges Delta|Gangetic]] Bengal".{{sfnp|Bhattacharjee|1986|p=81}}

The lands which made up Pratapgarh itself, since long before its founding, have exhibited a strong tribal influence. The [[Kuki people]] had been established in the area since at least the mid-1200s AD, when they were the primary population group, and uninterruptedly resided in the region up to the present-day.{{sfnp|Nath|1948|p=81}}{{sfnp|Agrawal|Kumar|2020|p=310}} The [[Khasi people]] have also maintained a presence and though Pura Raja had been their last important chief,{{sfnp|Choudhury|1996|p=37}} the chronicler Mirza Nathan notes in his ''[[Baharistan-i-Ghaibi]]'' that even in the 17th century AD, they enjoyed an essentially independent status in the kingdom.{{sfnp|Nathan|1936|p=324}}{{Notetag|This group associated Pura Raja with a number of local legends where he is linked with the worship of fishing goddesses and ceremonial large-scale fishing, a religious festival which continued into modern times.{{sfnp|Choudhury|1980|p=235}}{{sfnp|Choudhury|1996|p=37}}}} Nathan also records that the territory was further inhabited by the "Mughols" (likely referring to the [[Meitei people|Manipuris]]). He describes them as speaking a language "akin to the language of the [[Kachari language|Kacharies]]" and wearing "big turbans" and "big ear rings of brass called ''tunkal''".{{sfnp|Sanajaoba|1988|p=120}}

While such Hindu tribal groups had long held sway in the region, Islam too was deep rooted among the populace. Following his conquest of Sylhet, [[Shah Jalal]] was said to have dispatched one Shahid Hamja, who had been among his 360 disciples, to the area to propagate the faith. This saint was attributed with possessing the supernatural ability to control wild animals, leading to the common depiction of him having rode a tiger as a steed. Over the centuries, a popular cult formed around this figure, who was later deified, with his name being corrupted to "Sahija Badsah", thus becoming the presiding god of the forest of Pratapgarh.{{Notetag|The title ''[[wikt:Badshah|badsah]]'' may have been applied to Hamja by the local population because of his temporal and political
authority over the region.{{sfnp|Choudhury|1977|p=62}}}} His ''[[Maqam (shrine)|maqam]]'', which is located there, is venerated by timber merchants, Hindu and Muslim alike, with the [[Caste system in India|lower-caste Hindus]] of Karimganj district as a whole also paying homage to him.{{sfnp|Abbasi|Al Helal|1979|p=64}}{{sfnp|Choudhury|1977|pp=62–63}}

==Legacy==
Years after the kingdom's dissolution, the name "Pratapgarh" survived as designations for the successive administrative regions which subsequently occupied the area. Over a number of centuries, various ''mahals'', ''[[tehsil]]s'', ''[[mouza]]s'' and ''[[paragana]]s'' with this name were maintained by the Mughal and [[British Empire|British]] empires, as well as later by the [[Republic of India]].{{sfnp|Bhattacharjee|1991|p=126}}{{sfnp|Mali|1985|p=169}}{{sfnp|Bhattacharjee|1982|p=2}}{{sfnp|Mittal|1984|p=73}} Pratapgarh also had a notable impact on the culture of the region. Choudhury records various legends and anecdotes from the kingdom's history which were still in vogue among the population of the area. Archaeological remnants, which include ''dighi'' (reservoirs), graves and the ruins of the capital, further appear to have impacted the popular consciousness. A song regarding the remains of the royal palace was reported by Choudhury as having been popular among the local villages:{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|pp=304–11}}
{{quote|মন চল যাইরে, প্রতাপগড়ের রাজবাড়ী দেখি আই রে। পানিত কান্দে পাণি খাউরি শুকনায় কান্দে ভেউী। কাঁটাব জঙ্গল লাগিয়া রইছে আজফরের বাড়ী-মন চল যাইরে। Come oh brother, let us go see the palace of Pratapgarh. Weep in rain, weep in the dry, for Ajfar's home will disappear in the jungle thorns.}}

==Genealogy of the Rajas of Pratapgarh==
{{chart top|width=100%|Family tree{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|pp=304–313, 529}}}}
{{Tree chart/start|summary= Pratapgarh Genealogy}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | |MIR| | UMA |MIR=Mirza Malik Muhammad Turani Successor of Pura Raja
|UMA=Umavati}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`|-|v|-|
'}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|'|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | SHD | | |SHD=Shad Malik}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`|-|.||
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|
.}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | BOM | |CHU | |BOM=Boro Malik|CHU=Chuto Malik}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | KAM | |KAM=Malik Kamal Uddin}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | MAL | |MAL= '''Malik Pratap''' Raja of Pratapgarh}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | MAJ | |MAH | |MAJ='''Majlish Pratap''' Raja of Pratapgarh |MAH=''[[Manikya dynasty|Maharajas of Tripura]]''}}

{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |:| |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | BAZ | |RAT
|BAZ='''Bazid''' Sultan of Pratapgarh and Sylhet
|RAT=Ratnavati Devi}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`|-|v|-|'}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | MAJ | | BOR | | ADH | | MAR | | NUW | | LAV | | DAU
|LAV=Lavanyavati Married [[Mazumdars of Sylhet|Mir Khan]], Nawab of Sylhet
|DAU=Daughter Married Syed Qalandar of [[Taraf (Bengal)|Taraf]]{{sfnp|Choudhury|2006|p=342}}{{NoteTag|A grandson of [[Taraf (Bengal)#Syed rule|Syed Khudawand]], ruler of Taraf.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2006|p=342}}}}
|BOR=Boro Khan
|ADH=Adam Khan
|MAJ=Majlis Karam
|NUW=Noiya Khan
|MAR='''Marhamat Khan''' Raja of Pratapgarh}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | SAN | | SAF | | JAM | | TAG | | DAU
|SAN=Sarandaz Khan
|SAF=Sarfaraz Khan
|JAM='''Jamsher Khan''' Raja of Pratapgarh
|TAG=Tegraz Khan
|DAU=Daughter Married Syed Musa of Taraf{{sfnp|Choudhury|2006|p=342}}{{NoteTag|A relative of Syed Qalandar.{{sfnp|Choudhury|2006|p=342}}}}}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{Tree chart| | AFT | | AYY | | ASI | | SHA | | ZAH | | AKB | | AJM | | SEL
|AFT='''Aftab Uddin''' Raja of Pratapgarh
|AYY=Ayyub Uddin
|ASI=Assif Uddin
|SHA=Shakir Uddin
|ZAH=Zahir Uddin
|AKB=Akbar Thakur
|AJM=Ajmal Uddin
|SEL=Selim Thakur}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | SUL | | SIR | | | | | | | | AJF
|SUL=Sultan Muhammad
|SIR=Siraj Uddin Muhammad
|AJF=Ajfar Muhammad}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | |:| |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | ZPR | | ZJF
|ZPR=''Zamindars of Pratapgarh''
|ZJF=''Zamindars of Jafargarh''}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | |F|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|%|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|7|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | CAT | | CAL | | CSH | | CRA | | CAC
|CAT=''Thakurs of Atanagar''
|CAL=''Thakurs of Alinagar''
|CSH=''Thakurs of Shamshernagar''
|CRA=''Thakurs of Rasulnagar''
|CAC=''Thakurs of Achalnagar''}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation|last1=Abbasi|first1=Mustafa Zaman|authorlink1=Mustafa Zaman Abbasi|last2=Al Helal|first2=Bashir|authorlink2=Bashir Al Helal|title=Folkloric Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn2BAAAAMAAJ&q=%22dense+forest+of+Pratapgarh%22|year=1979|publisher=Bangladesh Folklore Parishad|location=Dhaka}}
*{{Citation|last1=Agrawal|first1=Ankush|last2=Kumar|first2=Vikas|title=Numbers in India's Periphery: Political Economy of Government Statistics: The Political Economy of Government Statistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRzhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA310|year=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=India|isbn=978-1-108-48672-9}}
*{{Citation|last=Ali|first=Syed Murtaza|authorlink=Syed Murtaza Ali|title=হযরত শাহ জালাল ও সিলেটের ইতিহাস|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJk9AAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=বাঙলা একাডেমী|location=Dhaka|language=Bangla}}
*{{Citation|last=Allen|first=Basil Copleston|year=2013|orig-year=1905|title=Assam District Gazetteers|volume=2|edition=2nd|publisher=Narayani Handiqui Historical Institute|location=Guwahati|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463814/mode/2up|isbn=9780343330132}}
*{{citation|last=Bhattacharjee|first=J.B.|title=Mirza Nathan's Kachar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeceAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Pratapgarh+%28gar%3D+fort%29+is+now+a+mouza+in+Karimganj+subdivision%2C+where+the+remnant+of+an+old+fort+is+still+traceable%22|journal=Social Research|volume=2|issue=3|year=1982|publisher=Pub. Division|location=Shillong}}
*{{Citation|first=J.B.|last=Bhattacharjee|editor=Milton S. Sangma|journal=Essays on North-east India: Presented in Memory of Professor V. Venkata Rao|title=The Pre-Colonial Political Structure of Barak Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UaNQ_HLLt04C&pg=PA74|year=1994|publisher=Indus Publishing|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7387-015-6}}
*{{Citation|last=Bhattacharjee|first=J.B.|year=2005|title=Revolt of Nawab Radharam (1786)|journal=Proceedings of North East India History Association|volume=26|url=http://14.139.207.116/bitstream/123456789/13004/1/Revolt%20%28JB%20Bhattacharjee%29.pdf|publisher=Gauhati University|location=Guwahati|access-date=10 July 2020|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031115459/http://14.139.207.116/bitstream/123456789/13004/1/Revolt%20%28JB%20Bhattacharjee%29.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{Citation|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Jayanta Bhusan|editor=H. K. Barpujari|title=Glimpses of the Pre-Colonial History of Cachar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uQdAAAAMAAJ|journal=Studies in the History of North-East India: Essays in Honour of Professor H.K. Barpujari|year=1986|publisher=North Eastern Hill University Publications|location=Shillong}}
*{{Citation|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Jayanta Bhusan|title=Social and polity formations in pre-colonial north-east India: the Barak Valley experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOlHAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Pratapgarh+was+a+Mahal+in+the+Sylhet+Sarkar+of+Bangla+Subah.%22|year=1991|publisher=Har-Anand Publications in association with Vikas Pub. House|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780706954647}}
*{{Citation|last=Chaudhury|first=A.K. Dutta|title=Some aspects of socioeconomic conditions of Karimganj since independence with special reference to community development|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66339/5/05_chapter%201.pdf|year=1979|publisher=Gauhati University|location=Gauhati}}
*{{Citation|last=Choudhury|first=Achyut Charan|authorlink=Achyut Charan Choudhury|title=Srihatter Itibritta: Purbangsho|year=2000|orig-year=1910|publisher=Basanti Press|location=Kolkata|language=Bangla|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265078/mode/2up?view=theater}}
*{{Citation|last=Choudhury|first=Achyut Charan|authorlink=Achyut Charan Choudhury|title=Srihatter Itibritta: Uttarrangsho|year=2006|orig-year=1917|publisher=Basanti Press|location=Kolkata|language=Bangla|url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের_ইতিবৃত্ত_(উত্তরাংশ)_-_অচ্যুতচরণ_চৌধুরী_তত্ত্বনিধি.pdf/৩৪১}}
*{{Citation|last=Choudhury|first=Sujit|title=A study of the folkcults of the Bengalee Hindus of Cachar district|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66498/9/09_chapter%205.pdf|year=1977|publisher=Gauhati University|location=Gauhati}}
*{{Citation|last=Choudhury|first=Sujit|title=The origin and development of Kapilashram of Gangasagar and Siddheswar– an outline of comparative study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVXWAAAAMAAJ|journal=Folk-lore |volume=21|issue=10|year=1980|publisher=Indian Publications}}
*{{Citation|last=Choudhury|first=Sujit|title=Folklore and History: A Study of the Hindu Folkcults of the Barak Valley of Northeast India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAwRAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=K.K. Publishers|location=Delhi}}
*{{Citation|last=Clothey|first=Fred W.|title=Images of Man: Religion and Historical Process in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vh8oAAAAYAAJ&q=%22the+tiger-+infested+forest+in+the+Pratapgarh+Pargana+in+Sylhet%22|year=1982|publisher=New Era Publications|location=Madras}}
*{{Citation|last=Das|first=Partha Sarathi|title=Herbaceous flora of Karimganj district Assam with reference to their economic utility|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/90811/11/11_chapter%203.pdf|volume=I|year=2008|publisher=Assam University|location=Silchar}}
*{{Citation|author1=Durlabhendra|author2=Sukheshwar|author3=Baneshwar|translator1=Kailāsa Candra Siṃha|translator2=N.C. Nath|title=Sri Rajmala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cD9uAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Tribal Research Institute, Govt. of Tripura|location=Agartala}}
*{{Citation|last=Duttchowdhury|first=Habib Ahmed|title=ভারতবর্ষের ইতিহাসে শ্রীহট্টের প্রতাপগড় রাজ্য|isbn=978-984-97871-7-4|year=2024|publisher=মোস্তফা সেলিম উৎস প্রকাশন|location=Dhaka|language=Bangla}}
*{{Citation|first=Upendra Chandra|last=Guha|title=কাছাড়ের ইতিবৃত্ত|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNMRAQAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=আসম প্রকাশন পরিষদ|location=Guwahati|language=Bangla}}
*{{Citation|first=Subira|last=Kar|title=1857 in North East: a reconstruction from folk and oral sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uH0MAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Akansha Publishing House|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8370-131-0}}
*{{Citation|last=Mali|first=Dharani Dhar|title=Revenue Administration in Assam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZnQAAAAMAAJ&q=%22There+were+altogether+eight+tahsils+,+viz+.+,+Habigani+,+Sadr+,+South+Sylhet+,+Karimganj+,+Sunamganj+,+Jaintia+Sadr+,+Kanairghat+and+Pratapgarh+4+In+Sylhet+%22|year=1985|publisher=Omsons Publications|location=New Delhi}}
*{{Citation|last=Mittal|first=K.M.|title=Report on the Administration of North East India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pL_GfLfK3lYC&pg=PA73|year=1984|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=Delhi}}
*{{Citation|first=Hosne Ara|last=Motahar|editor=Sharif Uddin Ahmed|title=Museum Establishment and Heritage Preservation: Sylhet Perspective|journal=Sylhet: History and Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_BtAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Bangladesh Itihas Samiti|location=Sylhet|isbn=978-984-31-0478-6}}
*{{Citation|first=Rajmohan|last=Nath|title=The back-ground of Assamese culture|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126984/page/n127|year=1948|publisher=A. K. Nath|location=Nongthymmai}}
*{{Citation|last=Nathan|first=Mirza|translator=M.I. Borah|title=Bahāristān-i-Ghaybī: A History of the Mughal Wars in Assam, Cooch Behar, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa During the Reigns of Jahāngīr and Shāhjahān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zluAAAAMAAJ|volume=I|year=1936|publisher=Government of Assam, Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Narayani Handiqui Historical Institute}}
*{{Citation|first=Ahamad|last=Nazir|title=The Muslims in Manipur: A study in their History and Culture|journal=INFLIBNET |year=2013|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/39985|publisher=Manipur University|location=Imphal|hdl=10603/39985 }}
*{{Citation|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA120|volume=4|year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2}}
*{{Citation|last1=Sinha|first1=Awadhesh Coomar|last2=Chacko|first2=Pariyaram Mathew|last3=Aier|first3=I. L.|title=Hill cities of eastern Himalayas: ethnicity, land relations and urbanisation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XJPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Even+the+headquarters+of+the+smaller+states+like+Pratapgarh+and+Bijni+became+important+trade+centres+associated+with+forts+and+outposts.%22|year=1993|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-85182-80-3}}
*{{Citation|last=Tarafdar|first=Momtazur Rahman|authorlink=Momtazur Rahman Tarafdar|title=Husain Shahi Bengal, 1494–1538 A.D.: A Socio-political Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nRuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Husain+Shah+%3D+899-925+A.+H.+%3D+1494-1519+A.+D.%22|year=1999|publisher=University of Dhaka|location=Dhaka}}

{{Sylhet topics}}

[[Category:15th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:History of Sylhet]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Assam]]

Kiratha Arjuna

2026-04-07T04:02:38Z

Leopoldo10S: Post.

{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kiratha Arjuna
| image = Kiratha Arjuna.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = G. Rameshwaran Murugadasa
| producer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = M. R. Krishnamurthi Thirukharaivaasal Subbulakshmi Bhavani K. Sambamurthi T. M. Ramasami Pillai
| music = Bhavani K. Sambamurthi
| cinematography = G. Singh Devji
| editing =
| studio = Venus Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1940|5|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kiratha Arjuna''''' (also known as '''''Oorvasi Saahasam''''') is a 1940 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by G. Rameshwaran and Murugadasa, and produced by Venus Pictures. Based on the war between the [[Pandava]] prince Arjuna and the god [[Shiva]], the film stars M. R. Krishnamurthi, Thirukharaivaasal Subbulakshmi, Bhavani K. Sambamurthi and T. M. Ramasami Pillai. It was released on 25 May 1940. No print of the film is known to survive, making it a [[lost film]].<ref name="thehindu" />

== Cast ==
* M. R. Krishnamurthi as [[Arjuna]]<ref name="thehindu" />
* Thirukharaivaasal Subbulakshmi as [[Urvashi]]<ref name="thehindu" />
* Bhavani K. Sambamurthi as [[Narada]]<ref name="thehindu" />
* T. M. Ramasami Pillai as [[Shiva]]<ref name="thehindu" />

== Production ==
''Kiratha Arjuna'' had an alternate title: ''Oorvasi Saahasam''. It was directed by G. Rameshwaran and Murugadasa, and produced by Venus Pictures.{{efn|Not the later studio of the same name.}} Bhavani K. Sambamurthi, who portrayed Narada, also composed the film's music,<ref name="thehindu" /> while [[Papanasam Sivan]] wrote the lyrics. Cinematography was handled by G. Singh and Devji. The final length of the film was {{Convert|14000|feet|metres|abbr=}}.<ref name="Anandan" />

== Release and reception ==
The film was censored in 1939,<ref name="thehindu" /> but released only on 25 May 1940.<ref name="Anandan" /> No print of the film is known to survive, making it a [[lost film]].<ref name="thehindu" />

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kiratha-arjuna-oorvasi-saahasam-1940/article3290659.ece |title=Kiratha Arjuna (Oorvasi Saahasam) 1940 |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=7 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200122150404/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kiratha-arjuna-oorvasi-saahasam-1940/article3290659.ece |archive-date=22 January 2020 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>
<ref name="Anandan">{{Cite book |url=http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1940-cinedetails3.asp |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |last=Film News Anandan |publisher=Sivagami Publishers |year=2004 |language=Tamil |trans-title=Tamil film history and its achievements |author-link=Film News Anandan |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200129061204/http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1940-cinedetails3.asp |archive-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0245534}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiratha Arjuna}}
[[Category:1940 films]]
[[Category:1940 Indian films]]
[[Category:1940 lost films]]
[[Category:1940 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

List of tech parks and business parks in Kolkata

2026-04-06T19:06:25Z

Leopoldo10S: new initial post added tags

{{Short description|List of office buildings, tech parks and business parks in Kolkata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

[[Kolkata]] along with its metropolitan area, is the main financial and commercial region of [[East India]]. [[Kolkata metropolitan region]] is one of the seven metro areas in India with a high number of commercial spaces and offices.

Major office hubs of Kolkata are located at Kolkata CBD areas like [[B.B.D. Bagh]], [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]] and PBD areas like [[Salt Lake Sector-V]] and [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town CBD]].

The following is a list of notable office buildings, tech parks and business parks present in [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater Kolkata]]. The list does not contain standard office buildings.

==Tech parks==
Kolkata being the "IT hub of East India", most of the IT and tech parks are located in Salt Lake (officially [[Bidhannagar]]) and [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]. [[Salt Lake Sector-V]] is the first and prime IT hub of the metropolitan area. [[Salt Lake Electronics Complex]] is India's first fully integrated electronics complex, formed by [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|Webel]].<ref>https://www.trp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ARSS-Vol.9-No.2-July–December-2020-pp.8-13.pdf{{Dead link | date=November 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The oldest IT building in [[West Bengal]] as well as [[East India]] was constructed here in 1988 which is the SDF Building, which was planned as an electronics building but later upgraded to IT.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

New Town contains some of the biggest IT, AI and business parks in India. The biggest campus of TCS in East India is located here.<ref name="shapoorjipallonji.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shapoorjipallonji.com/project/TCS-Gitanjali-Park|title=Shapoorji Pallonji Construction - TCS Gitanjali Park|website=www.shapoorjipallonji.com}}</ref> New Town also contains tech parks which come under [[Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub]] and [[FinTech Hub, Kolkata|Fintech Hub]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Bengal Intelligent Park - Commercial Building - Sector V - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2016-05-09 3666.JPG|Bengal Intelligent Park
File:IT Block - PS Srijan Corporate Park - G2 GP Sector V - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2017-12-12 6221.JPG|Srijan Tech Park
File:Godrej Waterside - 5 Block DP - Sector V - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 20170612151937.jpg|Godrej Waterside
File:NDITA Salt Lake Sector V Kolkata College more.jpg|Godrej Genesis
File:Unitech Infospace - Rajarhat - North 24 Parganas 2013-06-15 0712.JPG|Unitech Infospace Hi-Tech Park (also known as Candor Tech Space)
File:Cognizant's Delivery Center in Kolkata - Bantala.jpg|Cognizant Bantala Campus
</gallery>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Cluster/ business district
! Complex name
! Company
! Area
! Office space
! Location
! Details
! Established/ operation started
!Occupants
! Ref(s)
|-
|rowspan="28"| [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]] (PBD)
|'''Godrej Waterside'''
| [[Godrej Group|Godrej]]
|6 acres
|18 lakh sq. ft.
| [[Salt Lake Sector-V|Sector V]]
| IT park
| 2016
|[[Mjunction]], [[Ernst & Young]], [[KPMG]], [[Justdial]], Abzooba, [[Cisco]]
|<ref>{{Cite web| title=Godrej Waterside | url=https://www.godrejproperties.com/kolkata/commercial/godrej-waterside/ebrochure | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213133159/https://www.godrejproperties.com/kolkata/commercial/godrej-waterside/ebrochure | archive-date=2024-02-13}}</ref>

|-
| '''Godrej Genesis '''
| [[Godrej Group|Godrej]]
|4.29 acres
|15 lakh sq. ft.
| Sector V
| IT park
| 2014
|[[PwC]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://property.jll.co.in/office-lease/kolkata/sector-v/godrej-genesis-ind-p-0006cp|title=Godrej Genesis {{pipe}} EP Block, Salt lake City, {{pipe}} Kolkata Office properties|website=JLL Property India {{pipe}} Commercial Office Space for Lease and Sale}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.primoestates.com/upload/product/pbrochure/Godrej%20Genesis.pdf | title=Primo Estates::Contact }}</ref>

|-
|'''Wipro [[Special economic zone|SEZ]]'''
|[[Wipro]]
|20 acres
|10 lakh sq. ft.
| Sector V
| IT park
|2004
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/wipro-to-invest-rs-1000-cr-in-bengals-second-campus/articleshow/5324336.cms?from=mdr|title=Wipro to invest Rs 1,000 cr in Bengal's second campus|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/wipro-to-start-kolkata-operations-in-july/articleshow/685793.cms?from=mdr|title=Wipro to start Kolkata operations in July|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 May 2004}}</ref>

|-
|'''Bengal Eco Intelligent Park'''
|Techna Infrastructure
|3.5 acres
|7 lakh sq. ft.
| Sector V
| IT park
|2017
|TCG Digital, [[LabVantage|Labvantage]]
|<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite web | title=West Bengal does IT | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/west-bengal-does-it-107012001019_1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712135849/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/west-bengal-does-it-107012001019_1.html | access-date=2025-09-26 | archive-date=2023-07-12}}</ref>
|-
|'''Infinity Think Tank'''
|Infinity Group
|2 acres
|2.8 lakhs sq. ft.
| Sector V
| IT park
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infinityitpark.com/infinitythinktank|title=Infinity Group|website=www.infinityitpark.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''Infinity Adventz'''
|Infinity Group
|2.5 acres
|8.5 lakhs sq. ft.
| Sector V
|IT park
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infinityitpark.com/adventzinfinity |title=Infinity Group }}</ref>

|-
|'''Millennium City IT Park'''
|Rungta Group
|2.5 acres
|3 lakh sq. ft.
| Sector V
| IT park
|2005
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rungta.com/mc.html | title=Rungta Group - Millennium City Information Technology Park }}</ref>
|-
|'''Imagine Tech Park'''
|Simplex Infrastructures Limited
|1.5 acres
|7 lakh sq. ft.
| Sector V
| IT park
|2023
|[[Genpact]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imaginetechpark.in/|title=Imagine Tech Park - Office Space in Salt Lake Sector V|date=25 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|'''Infinity Benchmark'''
|Infinity Group
|2.5 acres
|5 lakhs sq. ft.
| Sector V
| IT park
|2009
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://property.jll.co.in/office-lease/kolkata/sector-v/infinity-benchmark-ind-p-000809|title=Infinity Benchmark {{pipe}} Plot G1, Block GP, Salt lake City, {{pipe}} Kolkata Office properties|website=JLL Property India {{pipe}} Commercial Office Space for Lease and Sale}}</ref>
|-
|'''Infinity IT Lagoon'''
|Infinity Group
|2.5 acres
|4.9 lakhs sq. ft.
| Sector V
| IT park
|2014
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://infinityitlagoon.com/|title=Business Centres and Business Space to Rent - Infinity IT Lagoon|website=infinityitlagoon.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''Merlin Infinite'''
|Merlin Group Infinity Group
| 2 acres
| 5.8 lakhs sq. ft.
| Sector V
| IT park
|2014
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://property.jll.co.in/office-lease/kolkata/sector-v/merlin-infinite-ind-p-000bc6 | title=Merlin Infinite {{pipe}} DN-51, Salt lake City, {{pipe}} Kolkata Office properties }}</ref>
|-
|'''TCS Delta Park'''
|[[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]]
| 3.5 acres
|
| Sector V
| IT park: 3 buildings: Delta, Lords and Eden building
|
|
|
|-
|'''Martin Burn Tech Park'''
|Infinity Group
|1 acre
|4 lakh sq. ft.
| Sector V
|IT park
|2013
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infinityitpark.com/martinburnbusinesspark|title=Infinity Group|website=www.infinityitpark.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''Globsyn Crystals'''
| Globsyn Technologies Bengal Shrachi Surekha Group
| 2 acres
| 6 lakh sq. ft.
| Sector V
|IT park
|
|
|<ref name="business-standard.com"/>
|-
| '''Saltee Tech Park'''
| Saltee Group
| 2 acres
| 1.05 lakh sq. ft.
| Sector V
|IT park
|2005
|
|
|-
|'''Srijan Tech Park'''
|Srijan Group PS Group
|2 acres
|5 lakh sq. ft.
| Sector V
|IT park
|2009
|
|
|-
|'''Cognizant Techno Complex'''
|[[Cognizant]]
|3 acres
|1.2 lakhs sq. ft.
| Sector V
|IT park
|2004
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/cognizant-puts-more-money/cid/1076677|title=Bengal promises to give Cognizant more land|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| '''Webel Tower I'''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|
|
| Sector V
|IT park
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Webel%20Tower%20-%20I&loc_id=VFdwSlBRPT0= | title=Webel IT Park at Webel%20Tower%20-%20I, West Bengal }}</ref>
|-
| '''Webel Tower II'''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|
|
| Sector V
|IT park
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Webel%20Tower%20-%20II&loc_id=VFdwQlBRPT0= | title=Webel IT Park at Webel%20Tower%20-%20II, West Bengal }}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Software Technology Parks of India|STPI]] Kolkata '''
|[[Software Technology Parks of India|STPI]]
|2 acres
|65000 sq. ft.
| Sector V
|IT park
|1995
|
|<ref name="bengalglobalsummit.com">{{Cite web| title=Industries in Bengal - A Glimpse | url=https://bengalglobalsummit.com/pdf/industries-in-bengal.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418155949/https://bengalglobalsummit.com/pdf/industries-in-bengal.pdf | archive-date=2022-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kolkata.stpi.in/about-stpi-kolkata|title=About STPI-Kolkata {{pipe}} Software Technology Park of India {{pipe}} Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology Government of India|website=kolkata.stpi.in}}</ref>
|-
|'''Magatherm'''
|Megatherm Electronics
|
|1.5 lakh sq. ft.
| Sector V
| IT park
|2015
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://property.jll.co.in/office-lease/kolkata/sector-v/megatherm-ind-p-000b6p|title=Megatherm {{pipe}} Plot L-1, Block GP, Electronics Complex, Salt Lake City, {{pipe}} Kolkata Office properties|website=JLL Property India {{pipe}} Commercial Office Space for Lease and Sale}}</ref>
|-
|'''Technopolis'''
|Forum Group
|1.5 acres
|7 lakh sq. ft.
| Sector V
| India's first green IT park
|2006
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-s-first-green-it-park-inaugurated/story-4ZqJMJVDMrcu7P89sP7MIN.html|title=India's first green IT park inaugurated|date=29 September 2006 }}</ref>

|-
|'''SDF IT Park '''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|1.5 acres
|2.5 lakhs sq. ft.
| Sector V
|Oldest IT building in Salt Lake Sector V
|1988
|
|<ref name="bengalglobalsummit.com"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/oldest-sector-v-building-may-have-outlived-utility-experts/articleshow/67770280.cms|title=Oldest Sector V building may have outlived utility: Experts|newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|'''Webel Manibhandar IT Park'''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|1 acre
|38,056 sq. ft.
| Sector V
|IT park
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Monibhandar&loc_id=VFhjOVBRPT0= | title=Webel IT Park at Monibhandar, West Bengal }}</ref>
|-
|'''Webel STP II IT Park'''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|0.2 acres
|54,166 sq. ft.
| Sector V
|IT park
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=STP-II&loc_id=VFdwVlBRPT0= | title=Webel IT Park at STP-II, West Bengal }}</ref>
|-
|'''Webel Bhaban IT Park'''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|0.5 acre
|6,788 sq. ft.
| Sector V
|IT park
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Webel%20Bhavan&loc_id=VFdwWlBRPT0= | title=Webel IT Park at Webel%20Bhavan, West Bengal }}</ref>
|-
|'''Salt Lake Incubation Center IT Park'''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|0.5 acre
|3,456 sq. ft.
| Sector V
|IT park
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Salt%20Lake%20Incubation%20Center&loc_id=VG1jOVBRPT0= | title=Webel IT Park at Salt%20Lake%20Incubation%20Center, West Bengal }}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|'''Merlin the Summit '''
|Merlin Group
| 2.2 acre
| 5.25 lakh sq. ft.
| Sector V
|IT park
|Under construction
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/merlin-launches-the-summit/cid/1860725 |title=Merlin launches the Summit }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatas-sector-v-new-town-on-overdrive-add-20000-it-jobs-in-last-6-months/articleshow/96997664.cms | title=Kolkata's Sector V, New Town on overdrive, add 20,000 IT jobs in last 6 months | newspaper=The Times of India | date=15 January 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="16"| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] (PBD)
| '''Candor Tech Space (Unitech Infospace Hi-Tech park) '''
|[[Unitech Group]]
|48 acre
|30 lakh sq. ft.
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area I
|[[Special economic zone|SEZ]], IT park
|2005
|
|<ref>https://www.candortechspace.com/our-properties/it-ites-sez-new-town-rajarhat-kolkata/&ved=2ahUKEwjWtI2t2JL-AhXFXmwGHRc2C-MQFnoECFUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3uXl3seE0uFtwiqpfT_DEL{{Dead link | date=November 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

|-
| '''TCS Gitanjali Park'''
|rowspan="2"|[[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]]
| 40 acre
|22 lakh sq. ft.
|rowspan="2"| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area II
|rowspan="2"| [[Special economic zone|SEZ]], IT park
|2016
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="shapoorjipallonji.com"/><ref>{{Cite web| title=Environmental Clearance for the proposed expansion of 'Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) Gitanjali Park' by M/s Tata Consultancy Services Limited at Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, New Town, Rajarhat, Kolkata-700160, West Bengal | url=https://www.tcs.com/content/dam/global-tcs/en/pdfs/who-we-are/compliance/TCS-Gitanjali-Park-Kolkata-Amended-Environmental-Clearance.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324020354/https://www.tcs.com/content/dam/global-tcs/en/pdfs/who-we-are/compliance/TCS-Gitanjali-Park-Kolkata-Amended-Environmental-Clearance.pdf | archive-date=2023-03-24}}</ref>

|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''TCS Sanchayita Park'''
| 10 acre
| 20 lakh sq. ft.
| Under construction
|
|-
| '''Infosys'''
|[[Infosys]]
|50 acre
|5.25 lakh sq. ft. (1st phase)
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area IIIG
| IT park and software development centre
| 2024
|
|<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/infosys-to-start-work-for-its-first-west-bengal-it-hub-in-july-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/79522507.cms|title=Infosys{{Dead link | date=November 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

|-
| '''RDB Primarc TechPark'''
|Primarc Group
RDB Group
|9.5 acre
|14.69 lakh sq. ft.
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area IA
| IT park
|2005
|[[IBM]], [[Concentrix]], [[Lexmark]]
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatestates.com/blog/list-of-it-parks-in-kolkata/|title=List of IT parks in Kolkata|date=19 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release |url=https://connect.acuite.in/fcompany-details/RDB_PRIMARC_TECHNO_PARK_LLP/3rd_Mar_25#:~:text=The%20property%20(14.69%20lakh%20sq,12%20months%20,%20i.e.%20November%2025. |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=connect.acuite.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-30 |title=Kolkata consortium buys 15 lakh sq ft New Town IT park for Rs 638 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-consortium-buys-15-lakh-sq-ft-new-town-it-park-for-rs-638-crore/articleshow/115848848.cms |access-date=2025-05-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

|-
| '''Srijan IT Park'''
|Srijan Group
| 25 acre
| 10.54 lakh sq. ft.
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area II
| [[Special economic zone|SEZ]], IT park
| 2015
|[[Ericsson]], [[BT Group|BT]], [[Tech Mahindra]], [[LTIMindtree]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.primoestates.com/not-found|title=Primo Estates::Contact|website=www.primoestates.com}}</ref>

|-
| '''Mani Casadona'''
|Mani Group
|13 acre
|14.79 lakh sq. ft.
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] CBD
| Business park
|2016
|[[Infosys]], [[ITC Limited|ITC Infotech]], Capital Numbers
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mani-group.com/commercial/mani-casadona/ | title=Mani Casadona {{pipe}} Mani Group }}</ref>

|-
| '''Webel Rajarhat IT Park I'''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|0.5 acre
|20,700 sq. ft.
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area ID
| IT park
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Rajarhat%20(Phase-I)&loc_id=VGxFOVBRPT0= | title=Webel IT Park at Rajarhat%20(Phase-I), West Bengal }}</ref>

|-
| '''Webel Rajarhat IT Park II'''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|1 acre
| 22,000 sq. ft.
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area ID
|IT park
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Rajarhat%20(Phase-II)&loc_id=VFdwRlBRPT0= | title=Webel IT Park at Rajarhat%20(Phase-II), West Bengal }}</ref>
|-
| '''Rishi Tech Park'''
|Rishi group
|0.64 acre
|8284 sq. ft.
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area ID
|IT park
|2011
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rishi.net.in/|title=Buy Residential Property, Affordable Housing Project {{pipe}} Real Estate Kolkata|website=www.rishi.net.in}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''ITC Sanskriti Infotech Park'''
|[[ITC Limited]]
|17 acre
|30 lakh sq. ft.
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area IIIG
|IT park
|Under construction
|
|
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Wipro IT [[Special economic zone|SEZ]] Rajarhat '''
|[[Wipro]]
|50 acre
|TBD
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]
|[[Special economic zone|SEZ]], IT park
|Under construction
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/wipro-pays-full-price-for-new-town-plot/articleshow/44528153.cms?from=mdr|title=Wipro pays full price for New Town plot|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''TCS Campus '''
| [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]]
|20 acre
|TBD
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area II
|
|Under construction
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/tcs-reliance-adani-focus-on-bengal-silicon-valley-govt-moving-swiftly-123041100165_1.html|title=TCS, Reliance, Adani eye Bengal 'Silicon Valley,' state govt moving swiftly|date=11 April 2023|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-bengal-silicon-valley-reliance-jio-tcs-cap-geminin-and-firstsource-solutions-respond-to-eoi-2682075|title=Bengal Silicon Valley: Reliance Jio, TCS, Cap Gemini and Firstsource Solutions respond to EOI|website=DNA India}}</ref>

|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''LTIMindtree Innovation Campus'''
|[[LTIMindtree]]
|19 acre
|
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area II
|
|Under construction
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mindtree-planning-to-set-up-development-centre-in-kolkata-says-ceo-122090701457_1.html|title=Mindtree planning to set up development centre in Kolkata, says CEO|date=7 September 2022|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2023-06-18 |title=New Town: IT hub project starts, to provide jobs to at least 20K professionals |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/new-town-it-hub-project-starts-to-provide-jobs-to-at-least-20k-professionals-522547 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=MillenniumPost |language=en}}</ref>

|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Webel IT Park '''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|5 acre
| TBD
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area II
|
|Under construction
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2023/03/webel-leading-the-it-transformation-in-bengal/|title=WEBEL leading the IT transformation in Bengal|first=Puja|last=Banerjee|date=7 March 2023}}</ref>

|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''' Firstsource Solutions IT Park '''
| [[RPSG Group|Firstsource Solutions]]
|4 acre
| TBD
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area II
|
|Under construction
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| Others
|'''Cognizant Tech Park '''
| [[Cognizant]]
| 21 acres
|5.5 lakhs sq. ft.
| [[Bantala]]
|[[Special Economic Zone|SEZ]]
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/cognizant-plans-to-expand-operations-in-bengal/article62331428.ece|title=Cognizant plans to expand operations in Bengal|date=6 January 2012|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref>

|-
|'''Webel IT Park Taratala'''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|1.5 acre
| 29,000 sq. ft.
| [[Taratala]]
|One tower with five storeys
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Taratala&loc_id=VG5jOVBRPT0= | title=Webel IT Park at Taratala, West Bengal | access-date=7 April 2023 | archive-date=7 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407030447/https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Taratala&loc_id=VG5jOVBRPT0= | url-status=dead }}</ref>

|-
|'''Webel IT Park Howrah '''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|1 acre
| 30,000 sq. ft.
| Ankurhati, [[Howrah]]
|One tower with four storeys
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Howrah&loc_id=VFZSUlBRPT0= | title=Webel IT Park at Howrah, West Bengal | access-date=7 April 2023 | archive-date=7 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407031204/https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Howrah&loc_id=VFZSUlBRPT0= | url-status=dead }}</ref>

|-
|'''Webel IT Park Kalyani I '''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|1 acre
| 21,500 sq. ft.
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|One tower with four storeys
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Kalyani%20(Phase-I)&loc_id=VGtFOVBRPT0= | title=Webel IT Park at Kalyani%20(Phase-I), West Bengal | access-date=7 April 2023 | archive-date=7 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407033241/https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Kalyani%20%28Phase-I%29&loc_id=VGtFOVBRPT0%3D | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| '''Webel IT Park Kalyani II'''
| [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|WEBEL]]
|1 acre
| 28,000 sq. ft.
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|One tower with four storeys
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Kalyani%20(Phase-II)&loc_id=VFdwTlBRPT0= | title=Webel IT Park at Kalyani%20(Phase-II), West Bengal | access-date=7 April 2023 | archive-date=9 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609042911/https://rmc.webel-india.com/module-details?location=Kalyani%20%28Phase-II%29&loc_id=VFdwTlBRPT0%3D | url-status=dead }}</ref>

|}

==Business parks==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Cluster/ business district
! Complex name
! Company
! Area
! Office space
! Location
! Details
! Established/ operation started
! Ref(s)

|-
| CBD
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Keventer One'''
|
|2.7 acre
| 10 lakh sq. ft.
| [[Strand Road, Kolkata|Strand Road]]
|Business park
|Under construction
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/highways-and-roads-infrastructure/kolkata-to-install-its-first-helipad-on-33-storey-skyscraper/36020 | title=Kolkata to install its first helipad on 33 storey skyscraper }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" | SBD
| '''Biowonder'''
| Somani Realty
| 2.5 acre
| 4 lakh sq. ft.
| [[Eastern metropolitan bypass|EM Bypass]]
| Business park
| Operational since 2017
|<ref>{{Cite web | title=Bio Wonder {{!}} Anandapur Road, {{!}} Kolkata Office properties {{!}} JLL Property India {{!}} Commercial Office Space for Lease and Sale | url=https://property.jll.co.in/office-lease/kolkata/anandapur-ruby/bio-wonder-ind-p-0002kc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401064334/https://property.jll.co.in/office-lease/kolkata/anandapur-ruby/bio-wonder-ind-p-0002kc | access-date=2025-09-26 | archive-date=2023-04-01}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|'''Srijan Westcom'''
|Srijan Realty
|3.05 acre
|3.3 lakh sq. ft.
|[[Taratala]]
|Business park
|Under construction
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Realty |first=Srijan |date=2025-08-01 |title=Westcom G+6 Modern Office & Retail Spaces in Taratala |url=https://www.srijanrealty.com/property/westcom/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WB RERA Srijan Westcom Project |url=https://rera.wb.gov.in/project_details.php?procode=13919000000014 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Rudramani'''
| Somani Realty Mani Group
|
|
| [[Eastern metropolitan bypass|EM Bypass]]
|Business park
| Operational
|<ref>{{Cite web | title=Rudramani Business Tower on EM Bypass, Kolkata – Premium Commercial Spaces by Mani Group | url=https://somanirealtors.com/project/rudramani | access-date=2025-09-26 | website=somanirealtors.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''Primac Chambers'''
|Primarc Group
|0.9 acre
|1.76 lakh sq. ft.
|[[Eastern metropolitan bypass|EM Bypass]]
|Business park
|Operational
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to RERA |url=https://rera.wb.gov.in/project_details_hira.php?procode=14052000000002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124235439/https://rera.wb.gov.in/project_details_hira.php?procode=14052000000002 |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=rera.wb.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Business Hub Launched by Primarc Group in Kolkata |url=https://www.rprealtyplus.com/news-views/business-hub-launched-by-primarc-group-in-kolkata-103667.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Realty Plus Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|'''Ultimate 17'''
|Ultimate 17 Smartvista LLP
|0.78 acre
|1.14 lakh sq. ft.
|[[Eastern metropolitan bypass|EM Bypass]]
|Business park
|Under construction
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Declaration - Garage.pdf |title=Declaration - Garage.pdf |url=http://doc.repository.semtwb.in/attachments/GridAttach/rera/nproj/10233000000019/axp_gridattach_12/Declaration%20-%20Garage.pdf }}</ref>
|-
| '''South City Business Park'''
| Shrachi Realty
| 2.5 acre
| 2.5 lakh sq. ft.
| [[Eastern metropolitan bypass|EM Bypass]]
|Business park
| Operational
|<ref name="srijanrealty.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.srijanrealty.com/property/intellia/ | title=Intellia | date=5 July 2022 }}</ref>

|-
| '''Active Business Park'''
| Ruchi Realty
|
|
| [[Tangra, Kolkata|Tangra]]
|Business park
| Operational since 2012
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://activeacres.in/active-business-park-commercial-offices/ | title=Active Business Park - activeacres | date=12 May 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Intellia Business Park'''
| Srijan Realty
| 5.5 acre
| 7 lakh sq. ft.
| [[Park Circus]]
|Business park
|Under construction
|<ref name="srijanrealty.com"/>
|-
|PBD ([[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]])
| '''Ecostation Business Tower'''
|Ambuja Neotia Group
| 1 acre
|
| [[Salt Lake Sector-V|Sector V]]
| Business park
|2013
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ambujaneotia.com/business_vertical/ecostation/ | title=Ecostation }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|PBD ([[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]])
| '''Synthesis Business Park '''
|Shrachi Group
|15 acre
|6.5 lakh sq. ft.
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] CBD
| Business park
|2010
|<ref name="business-standard.com"/>
|-
| '''Ecospace Business Park'''
|Ambuja Neotia Group
|20 acre
| 20 lakh sq. ft.
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] CBD
| Business park
|2013
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ambujaneotia.com/business_vertical/ecospace-business-park/ | title=Ecospace Business Park }}</ref>
|-
| '''Ecosuite Business Tower'''
|Ambuja Neotia Group
| 1 acre
|
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] CBD
| Business park
|2015
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ambujaneotia.com/business_vertical/ecosuite/ | title=Ecosuite }}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''' Ecospace Business Towers'''
|Ambuja Neotia Group
|5 acre
|
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] CBD
| Business park
|2013
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ambujaneotia.com/business_vertical/ecospace-business-towers/ | title=Ecospace Business Towers }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata-related lists]]

Malvika Devi

2026-03-31T13:58:28Z

Leopoldo10S:

{{Short description|Member of the Lok Sabha }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Malvika Devi
| native_name =
| image = Malvika Devi meeting with the President of India, Droupadi Murmu (2024) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Malvika in 2024
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Basanta Kumar Panda]]
| constituency = [[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2023)
| birth_name = Malvika Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|06|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| other_party = [[Biju Janta Dal]] (2013–2023)
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]], [[Jesus and Mary College]]
| profession =
| spouse = [[Arka Keshari Deo]]
}}

'''Malvika Devi''' or '''Malvika Keshari Deo,''' popularly known as '''Rani Saa'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahoo |first=Akshaya Kumar |date=2024-05-08 |title=Kalahandi LS seat in Odisha sees queen, tribal lady and OBC leader vying for honour |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/kalahandi-ls-seat-in-odisha-sees-queen-tribal-lady-and-obc-leader-vying-for-honour-892937 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[New Delhi]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malvika Devi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KALAHANDI(ODISHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=5174 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> She is the wife of [[Arka Keshari Deo]], a former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-09-28 |title=Arka Keshari Deo, wife Malavika join BJP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/odisha/2023/Sep/28/arka-keshari-deo-wife-malavika-join-bjp-2618971.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She has been elected as a BJP member from [[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[2024 Indian general election in Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kalahandi, Odisha Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Malvika Devi Secures Victory |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/kalahandi-odisha-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547874-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Odisha: four women candidates win seats in Lok Sabha elections">{{cite news |title=Odisha: four women candidates win seats in Lok Sabha elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-four-women-candidates-win-seats-in-lok-sabha-elections-101717656925913.html |access-date=25 March 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325144521/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-four-women-candidates-win-seats-in-lok-sabha-elections-101717656925913.html |archive-date=25 March 2025 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Women register impressive wins">{{cite news |title=Women register impressive wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/women-politicians-secure-impressive-wins-in-lok-sabha-and-assembly-elections/articleshow/110716547.cms |access-date=25 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325144622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/women-politicians-secure-impressive-wins-in-lok-sabha-and-assembly-elections/articleshow/110716547.cms |archive-date=25 March 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{18th LS members from Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Malvika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Kalahandi district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Women in Odisha politics]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Tejpal Singh Rawat

2026-03-24T16:07:29Z

Leopoldo10S: minor edit

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|size=100%|country=IND|PVSM|VSM}}
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency]]
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2009
| predecessor = [[B. C. Khanduri]]
| successor = [[Satpal Maharaj]]
| office2 = Minister of Tourism, Uttarakhand
| term_start2 = 2002
| term_end2 = 2007
| predecessor2 = State created 
| successor2 = [[Prakash Pant]]
| office3 = Minister of Exercise, Uttarakhand
| term_start3 = 2002
| term_end3 = 2007
| predecessor3 = State created 
| successor3 = [[Madan Kaushik]]
| office4 = Minister of Soldier Welfare, Uttarakhand
| term_start4 = 2002
| term_end4 = 2007
| predecessor4 = State created 
| successor4 = [[B. C. Khanduri]]
| office5 = Member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency5 = [[Dhumakot Assembly constituency|Dhumakot]]
| term_start5 = 2002
| term_end5 = 2007
| predecessor5 = State created 
| successor5 = [[B. C. Khanduri]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (from 2008)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2002-2007)
}}

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{similar names|T. S. Rawat (disambiguation){{!}}T. S. Rawat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

'''Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Tejpal Singh Rawat''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Indian National Congress|Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the state of [[Uttarakhand]]. He was a member of 14th [[Lok Sabha]]. He was elected from [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal Parliamentary constituency]] of Uttarakhand in 2008 by-poll election. He is a retired Lt. Gen. from the [[Indian Army]]. He was decorated with [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]] and [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]. After his retirement in 2000, he joined politics and was elected to [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] in 2002 from Dhumakot Assembly constituency from [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=4245 |title=Lok Sabha |website=164.100.47.132 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212702/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=4245 |archive-date=2014-06-06}} </ref>

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Description
|-
| 2002 - 2007
| Elected to [[First Uttarakhand Assembly|1st Uttarakhand Assembly]]
* Cabinet Minister - Tourism, Excise, Soldier Welfare
|-
| 2007 - 2007
| Elected to [[Second Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd Uttarakhand Assembly]]
|-
| 2008 - 2009
| Elected to [[14th Lok Sabha]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{14th LS members from Uttarakhand}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Tejpal Singh}}
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Uttaranchal MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}
{{India-mil-bio-stub}}

Gowthavaram

2026-03-17T06:17:31Z

Leopoldo10S: Adding First Entry Needs Work

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}{{Infobox settlement

| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|15.48|N|78.98|E|type_city_region:IN-AP|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
}}

'''Gowthavaram''' is a village in Racherla mandal, in the [[Markapuram district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in southern India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-11-23 |title=AP: Advocate Tandava Yogesh leaves software job to fight public issues |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/andhra-pradesh/andhra-advocate-tandava-yogesh-leaves-software-job-to-fight-public-issues/na20221123181102272272903 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> Its population consists of about 300 families of different castes. The dominant profession is agriculture with a small number working as teachers, policemen and in the military. There is an upper [[Primary education|primary school]] with a student population of about 200.

Gowhtavaram is known for [[Painted stork]] nesting.

[[Category:Villages in Markapuram district]]
The village was formerly a part of Anumula Palli Panchayati. In 1996 it became an independent Panchayath by Maruthota Madduleti (retired Head Master).

== References ==
<references />
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Jivbadada Kerkar

2026-03-12T07:49:13Z

Leopoldo10S: Done.

{{Short description|Maratha military administrator (1740–1796)}}
{{One source|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Jivbadada Kerkar
| image = Jivbadada Kerkar.png
| caption =
| birth_name = Jivba Ganesh Kerkar
| birth_date = 1740
| birth_place = [[Keri, Ponda|Keri]], [[Ponda taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1796|1|6|1740}}
| death_place = Jambgaon, [[Maratha Empire]]
| allegiance = [[Maratha Empire]]
| serviceyears = 1761–1796
| rank = [[Senapati]] (Commander-in-Chief)
| unit = Shinde (Scindia) infantry
| commands = Forces of [[Mahadji Shinde]]
| battles =
* [[Third Battle of Panipat]]
* Maratha–Mysore War (against [[Tipu Sultan]])
* Campaigns against [[Rajputs]] and [[Jats]]
* Defense of [[Delhi]] (against Ghulam Kadir)
* Battle against the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| awards =
Bakshibahadur Fatehjung
Samshherjang Bahadur
}}

'''Jivbadada Kerkar''' (1740 – 6 January 1796), also known as '''Jivbadada Ganesh''' and '''Bakshi Bahadur Jivbadada Kerkar''', was a prominent military administrator and diplomat who served the [[Maratha Empire]] under the [[Scindia|Shinde]] dynasty. He is particularly noted for his service to [[Mahadji Shinde]] and played a crucial role in the Maratha politics of the late 18th century.

== Early life ==
Jivbadada was born in 1740 in the village of Keri, located in the Ponda taluka of [[Goa]]. He belonged to a family originally from Pedne. His grandfather was Vithal Shenvi Sanzgiri and his father was Ganesh. Jivbadada was the eldest of three brothers, the others being Balwant and Ramkrishna. Following the death of his father, he was raised by his uncle, Balwant. He spent his early childhood in Keri and received his primary education at home. At the age of sixteen, he moved to [[Kolhapur]] for further studies, where he learned [[Sanskrit]] and developed an interest in physical exercise.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol1.pdf/503 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=503 |volume=1 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

== Career ==
Around 1761, Jivbadada moved to [[Pune]] and began working for the Barve family, who were sardars under the [[Peshwa]]. He was later appointed as the head of the Barve infantry. His military career saw significant action during the Peshwa campaigns. At the age of 21, he accompanied Sadashivrao Bhau during the northern campaigns and fought in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Following the battle, [[Nanasaheb Peshwa]] sent him to assist Mahadji Shinde. Shinde, recognizing Jivbadada's bravery and administrative skills, eventually appointed him as his Commander-in-Chief (''Senapati''). Jivbadada played a vital role in several military engagements involving the [[Rajputs]], [[Jats]], and the forces of [[Tipu Sultan]]. He was instrumental in defending [[Delhi]] against Ghulam Kadir. His successes earned him titles from the [[Mughal Emperor]], including "Bakshibahadur Fatehjung" and "Samshherjang Bahadur."<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

As a trusted advisor and the "right hand" of Mahadji Shinde, Jivbadada managed the administration of the Shinde estates and handled diplomatic relations. He was also involved in the Maratha conflicts with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. In the court of [[Madhavrao II|Madhavrao II (Sawai Madhavrao)]], he was honored with a jeweled sword for his services. Following the death of Sawai Madhavrao, he supported the installation of [[Bajirao II]] as the Peshwa.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Death and legacy ==
Jivbadada Kerkar died on 6 January 1796 at Jambgaon. Records indicate that he participated in approximately 175 battles during his lifetime. He is remembered as a loyal and capable general who helped consolidate Shinde power in North India.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

The Bakshi Bahaddar Jivbada Kerkar award, [[Goa]]'s highest state award for sports, is named after him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-17 |title=Kerkar Awards, finally, after 15 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/kerkar-awards-finally-after-15-years/articleshow/62530930.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerkar, Jivbadada}}

[[Category:1740 births]]
[[Category:1796 deaths]]
[[Category:Maratha Chiefs in the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Military administrators]]
[[Category:People from Goa]]
[[Category:Maratha generals]]

Janai, Raebareli

2026-03-06T06:03:26Z

Leopoldo10S: update article additionally based on references

{{other uses|Janai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Janai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Maharajganj block map (Rae Bareli).png
| map_caption = Map showing Janai (#990) in Maharajganj CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.364629|N|81.359682|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.845
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3991
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Janai''' is a village in [[Maharajganj, Raebareli|Maharajganj]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=108–24 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, its population is 3,991, in 425 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 3 primary schools and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It is located 10 km from Maharajganj, the block headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=54–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods are wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Janai as comprising 9 hamlets, with a total population of 1,922 people (985 male and 937 female), in 406 households and 394 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xii-xiii of section "Maharajganj Tahsil"|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 2,430 [[acre]]s and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Janai as having a population of 2,275 people, in 438 households, and having an area of 980.54 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

== Archaeology ==
In the late 1990s, archaeologists D. P. Tewari and Anoop Kumar Singh discovered remains of a brick temple and stone sculptures at Janai, which they dated to approximately the 9th or 10th century.<ref name="Indian Archaeology 1998-99">{{cite book |editor1-last=Misra |editor1-first=R.C. |title=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 — A Review |date=2004 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=https://archive.org/details/indianarchaeology199899areview_421_b/mode/2up |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>{{rp|201}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Louis Cavagnari

2026-03-05T20:50:03Z

Leopoldo10S: new initial stub v1

{{Short description|19th-century Italian-British military officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
[[Image:Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari.png|thumb|right|Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari]]'''Sir Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB|CSI}} (4 July 1841 – 3 September 1879) was a British soldier and military administrator.

Cavagnari was the son of Count Louis Adolphus Cavagnari, of an old family from [[Parma]] in the service of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family, by his marriage in 1837 with an [[Anglo-Irish]] woman, Caroline Lyons-Montgomery. Cavagnari was born at [[Stenay]], in the [[Meuse (department)|Meuse]] [[département]], [[France]], on 4 July 1841.<ref name=Dey>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lifecareerofmajo00deykrich |title=The life and career of Major Sir Louis Cavagnari |publisher=Calcutta, J. N. Ghose & co. |author=Dey, Kally Prosono |year=1881 |accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=EB>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cavagnari, Sir Pierre Louis Napoleon |volume= 05}}</ref> He was killed on 3 September 1879 during the [[Siege of the British Residency in Kabul|siege of the British Residency ]] (then at [[Bala Hissar, Kabul|Bala Hissar]]) in [[Kabul]] in [[Afghanistan]].

He was educated at [[Christ's Hospital]] school, starting at the age of 10 years.<ref name=Dey/> He had obtained [[naturalization]] as a [[British people|British subject]], and entered the military service of the [[British East India Company|East India Company]]. After passing through college at the [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]], he served through the [[Awadh|Oudh]] campaign against the mutineers in 1858 and 1859. In 1861 he was appointed an assistant commissioner in the [[Punjab region]] of [[British India]], and in 1877 became deputy commissioner of [[Peshawar]] (now in [[Pakistan]]) and took part in several expeditions against the [[Pashtun tribes]].<ref name=Dey/><ref name=EB/>

His character was described as "a man of rash and restless disposition and overbearing temper, consumed by the thirst for personal distinction, and as incapable of recognizing and weighing the difficulties, physical and moral, which stood in the way of the attainment of his end".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanna |first=H. B. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284489 |title=The Second Afghan War, 1878–79–80: Its Causes, Its Conduct and Its Consequences |publisher=Archibald Constable & Co. |year=1899 |volume=1 |location=Westminster |pages=119-120}}</ref>

[[Image:Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Cavagnari sitting with a group of Afghan tribesmen.]]
[[File:Mohammad Yaqub Khan with British officers in May of 1879.jpg|thumb|right|Mohammad Yaqub Khan with British officers in May 1879]]
[[File:Guides Memmorial.JPG|thumb|Queen's Own Corps of Guides Memorial, Cavagnari's Arch in [[Mardan]]|right]]

In September 1878 he was attached to the staff of a British mission to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], which the [[Pashtuns|Afghans]] refused to allow to proceed through the [[Khyber Pass]]. In May 1879, after the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|British-Indian forces had invaded Afghanistan]], and the death of Afghan [[Emir]] [[Sher Ali Khan]], Cavagnari negotiated and signed the [[Treaty of Gandamak]] with Sher Ali Khan's son and successor, [[Mohammad Yaqub Khan]]. With this treaty, the Afghans agreed to admit a British representative to Kabul, and the post was conferred on Cavagnari, who also received the [[Order of the Star of India|Star of India]] and was made a [[Order of the Bath|KCB]]. He took up his residence in July 1879. On 3 September 1879, Cavagnari and the other European members of the mission, along with their guards who were made up of [[Corps of Guides (British India)|The Guides]], [[Siege of the British Residency in Kabul|were killed]] after he refused the demands of mutinous Afghan troops.

Cavagnari married in 1871 Mercy Emma Graves.<ref name=Dey/><ref name=EB/> After her husband′s death, Lady Cavagnari was allowed the use of apartments in [[Hampton Court Palace]] by [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular|date=16 February 1903 |page=9 |issue=37005}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[European influence in Afghanistan]]
*[[Siege of the British Residency in Kabul]]
*[[The Great Game]]
*[[Sir Alexander Burnes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Cavagnari, Sir Pierre Louis Napoleon}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cavagnari, Louis}}
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:1841 births]]
[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:People educated at Christ's Hospital]]
[[Category:Graduates of Addiscombe Military Seminary]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British people of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:French emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Meuse (department)]]
[[Category:French people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:French people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:British people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:British people of Irish descent]]

Tola (unit)

2026-03-05T03:10:16Z

Leopoldo10S: adjusted details for accuracy per standard format

{{short description|Traditional Asian unit of mass}}
{{Other uses|Tola (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Silver Rupee Madras Presidency.JPG|thumb|Silver rupee coins, issued by the British East India Company, were a practical standard for the tola.]]
[[File:Tola.JPG|thumb|upright|400 tolas]]
{{British Indian units of mass}}
The '''tola''' ({{langx|hi|तोला}} / {{langx|ur|تولا|tolā|translit-std=ISO}}; also transliterated as '''tolah''' or '''tole''') is a traditional [[South Asian]] [[Physical unit|unit]] of [[mass]], now standardised as 180 [[grain (unit)|grains]] ({{nowrap|11.6638038 [[gram]]s}}) or exactly {{frac|3|8}} [[troy ounce]]. It was the base unit of mass in the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British Indian]] system of weights and measures introduced in 1833, although it had been in use for much longer.<ref name="Prinsep">{{citation | author = Prinsep, James | year = 1840 | title = Useful tables, forming an appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society: part the first, Coins, weights, and measures of British India | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYGAAAAQAAJ | edition = 2nd | location = Calcutta | publisher = Bishop's College Press | pages = 65–74, 79–90}}.</ref> It was also used in [[Aden]] and [[Zanzibar]]: in the latter, one tola was equivalent to 175.90 troy grains (0.97722222 British tolas, or 11.33980925 grams).<ref>{{citation | title = tola | url = http://www.sizes.com/units/tola.htm | publisher = Sizes, Inc.}}</ref>

The tola is a [[Vedic period|Vedic]] measure, with the name derived from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|तोलः}} {{IAST|tolaḥ}} (from the root {{lang|sa|तुल्}} {{IAST|tul}}) meaning "weighing" or "weight".<ref>{{citation | last = Platts | first = John T. | year = 1884 | title = A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English | url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.2.platts.1806931 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120527071003/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.2.platts.1806931 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-05-27 | location = London | publisher = W. H. Allen & Co. | page = 344 }}.</ref> One tola was traditionally the weight of 100 [[Ratti (unit)|Ratti]] (ruttee) seeds,<ref name="seed">[[Robert Montgomery Martin|Martin, Robert Montgomery]]. ''Statistics of the colonies of the British empire'', London: W.H. Allen and Co., 1839, p. 143.</ref> and its exact weight varied according to locality. However, it is also a convenient mass for a coin: several pre-colonial coins, including the currency of [[Akbar]] the Great (1556–1605), had a mass of "one tola" within slight variation.<ref name="Prinsep" /><ref>Prinsep (1840), pp. 45–53.</ref> The first [[rupee]] ({{langx|ur|رپيا}}; ''rupayā''), minted by [[Sher Shah Suri]] (1540–45), had a mass of 178 troy grains, or about 1% less than the British tola.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html | title = Mughal Coinage | publisher = [[RBI Monetary Museum]] | accessdate = 2008-05-04 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085855/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html | archivedate = 2008-05-16 }}.</ref> The [[British East India Company]] issued a [[silver]] rupee coin of 180 troy grains, and this became the practical standard mass for the tola well into the 20th century.<ref name="Silb2">{{citation | author = Silberrad, C. A. | year = 1922 | title = New Weights and Measures for India | bibcode = 1922Natur.110Q.735S | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 110 | issue = 2770 | page = 735 | doi = 10.1038/110735a0| s2cid = 4136423 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1429668 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
[[File:20180507 12471p.jpg|thumb|A set of tolas]]
The British tola of 180 troy grains (from 1833) can be seen as more of a standardisation than a redefinition: the previous standard in the [[Bengal Presidency]], the system of "sicca weights", was the mass of one [[Murshidabad]] rupee, 179.666 troy grains.<ref name="Prinsep" /> For the larger weights used in commerce (in the Bengal Presidency), the variation in the pre-1833 standards was found to be greater than the adjustment.<ref name="Prinsep" />

The tola formed the base for units of mass under the British Indian system, and was also the standard measure of [[Precious metal|gold and silver bullion]].<ref name="Prinsep" /> Although the tola has been officially replaced by metric units since 1956,<ref>[http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sowama1956324/ Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1956 (No. 89 of 1956)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928150049/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sowama1956324/ |date=2009-09-28 }}.</ref> it is still in current use, and is a popular denomination for gold bullion bars in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Singapore]], with a ten tola bar being the most commonly traded.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Green
| first = Timothy
| title = The world of gold
| publisher = Simon and Schuster
| year = 1970
| pages = 103, 179
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uX1kAAAAIAAJ&q=10+tola
}}</ref> In Nepal, minting of tola size gold coins continue up to the present, even though the currency of Nepal is called rupee and has no official connection to the tola. It is also used in most gold markets (bazars/souks) in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and in all the [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf]] (GCC) countries.

Tola is still used as a measure of ''[[Charas#Cultivation and manufacture|charas]]'' (Indian [[hashish]]).<ref>{{cite journal
| author = David Hooper, F.C.S., F.L.S.
| title = Charas of Indian Hemp
| publisher = J. Churchill
| date = September 19, 1908
| journal = Pharmaceutical Journal: A Weekly Record of Pharmacy and Allied Sciences
| page = 347
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d5whAQAAMAAJ&q=tola+charas&pg=PA347
}}</ref> On the black market, however, one tola equals a mass of approximately {{convert|10|g|abbr=on}} and not the actual mass of one tola.

==See also==
*[[Bhori]]
*[[Troy ounce]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Tola}}

* [https://hextobinary.com/unit/weight/from/tola Tola unit converter]
{{Historic Indian currency and coinage}}

[[Category:Customary units of mass in India]]

Save Silent Valley

2026-03-04T06:39:05Z

Leopoldo10S: Creating The Article V1

{{Short description|Ecology protection movement in Kerala, India}}
''' Silent Valley movement''' was a social movement aimed at the protection of Silent Valley, an evergreen sub-tropical forest in the Palakkad district of Kerala, India. It was started in 1966 by an NGO led by [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] (KSSP) to save the Silent Valley from being flooded by a [[hydroelectric]] project. In February 1973, the Planning Commission approved the project at a cost of about Rs. 25 crores. The valley was declared as [[Silent Valley National Park]] in 1985.

== Background ==
[[File:Lion-tailed macaque by N A Nazeer.jpg|thumb|Silent Valley is home to the largest population of [[lion-tailed macaque]]. They are among the world's rarest and most [[threatened]] [[primate]].]]
After the announcement of imminent dam construction the valley became the focal point of Save Silent Valley Movement, India's fiercest [[environmental movement|environmental]] debate of the decade. Because of concern about the endangered [[lion-tailed macaque]], the issue was brought to public attention. [[Romulus Whitaker]], founder of the Madras Snake Park and the [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust|Madras Crocodile Bank]], was probably the first person to draw public attention to the small and remote area.<ref>Ministry of Environment and Forests, ic/wssd/doc.3, Chapter 18, "Storm over Silent Valley, A Peoples Movement Saves A Valley" [http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/ic/wssd/doc3/chapter18/css/Chapter18.htm A Peoples Movement]</ref> In 1977 the [[Kerala Forest Research Institute]] carried out an [[Environmental impact assessment|ecological impact study]] of the Silent Valley area and proposed that the area be declared a [[biosphere reserve]].
In 1978 [[Morarji Desai]], Prime Minister of India, approved the project, with the condition that the state government enact legislation ensuring the necessary safeguards. Also that year the [[IUCN]] (International Union of Conservation of Nature) passed a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] recommending protection of [[lion-tailed macaques]] in Silent Valley and [[Kalakkad]] and the controversy heated up. In 1979 the Government of Kerala passed [[legislation]] regarding the Silent Valley Protection Area (Protection of Ecological balance Act of 1979) and issued a notification declaring the exclusion of the hydroelectric project area from the proposed national park.

==Participants==
[[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] (KSSP) effectively aroused public opinion on the requirement to save Silent Valley. They also published a techno-economic and socio-political assessment report on the Silent Valley hydroelectric project. The [[poet]] [[activist]] [[Sugathakumari]] played an important role in the Silent Valley protest and her poem "Marathinu Stuthi" ("Ode to a Tree") became a symbol for the protest from the intellectual community and was the opening song/prayer of most of the "save the Silent Valley" campaign meetings.<ref>Sridevi Mohan (April 24, 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20041031114742/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/04/25/stories/2004042500510700.htm "Bio-reserve nonpareil"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved May 5, 2014.</ref> Dr. [[Salim Ali]], eminent ornithologist of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]], visited the valley and appealed for cancellation of the hydroelectric project.<ref>Ministry of Environment and Forests, (India) and Centre for Environment Education(2002) "Storm over Silent Valley – A People’s movement saves a rainforest", Towards Sustainability: Learning from the Past, Innovating for the Future, U.N. World Summit on Sustainable Development, retrieved 3 March 2007 [http://greenteacher.org/sdnp/pdf/Case_Study/biodiver/Storm%20over%20Silent%20Valley.pdf Storm over Silent Valley]</ref> A petition of [[writ]] was filed before the High Court of Kerala, against the clear cutting of forests in the hydroelectric project area and the court ordered a stop to the clear cutting.

Dr. [[M. S. Swaminathan]], a renowned agricultural scientist, and then secretary to the Department of Agriculture, called at the Silent Valley region and his suggestion was 389.52 km2 including the Silent Valley (89.52 km2), New [[Amarambalam]] (80 km2), [[Attappadi]] (120 km2) in Kerala and Kunda in Tamil Nadu (100 km2) [[reserve forest]]s, should be made into a national rainforest [[biosphere reserve]], with the aim of "preventing erosion of valuable [[genes]] from the area".<ref>Surendranath C, "Silent Valley: threatened again", ''India Together'', 13 Feb 2007 [http://www.indiatogether.org/2004/jul/env-silentval.htm Threatened again]</ref>[http://switchboard.real.com/player/email.html?PV=6.0.12&&title=ENB%20%40%20WSSD%2C%20Johannesburg%2C%2026%20August%20%2D%204%20September%202002&link=http%3A%2F%2Fiisd.ca%3A8080%2Framgen%2Flinkages%2F2002%2Fwssd%2F2swaminathan2.rm ''Listen'':(8:46)] to Dr. M. S. Swaminathan speaking [http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/636/93/PDF/N0263693.pdf?OpenElement on Sustainable Development, p.83, August 27, 2002]

In January 1980 the High Court of Kerala lifted the ban on clear cutting, but then the Prime Minister of India requested the Government of Kerala to stop further works in the project area until all aspects were fully discussed. In December, the Government of Kerala declared the Silent Valley area, excluding the hydroelectric project area, as a [[national park]].

In 1982, a multidisciplinary committee with Prof. [[M. G. K. Menon]] as chairman and [[Madhav Gadgil]], [[Dilip K. Biswas]] and others as members, was created to decide if the hydroelectric project was feasible without any significant ecological damage.<ref name="Environment, Development and Society in Contemporary India:An Introduction">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt9KHerkrkAC&q=Dilip+K.+Biswas&pg=PA180 | title=Environment, Development and Society in Contemporary India:An Introduction | publisher=Macmillan | author=Prasad | year=2008 | pages=438 | isbn=9780230635302}}</ref> Early in 1983, Prof. Menon's Committee submitted its report. After a careful study of the Menon report, the Prime Minister of India decided to abandon the Project. On 31 October 1984 Indira Gandhi was [[assassinate]]d and on 15 November the Silent Valley forests were declared as a national park, though the boundaries of the Silent Valley Park were limited and no buffer zone was created, despite recommendations by expert committees and scientists.<ref name="Philip">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-silent-revolution/541546/3|title=A Silent Revolution |last=Philip|first=Shaju |date=1 November 2009|publisher=The Indian Express Limited|access-date=3 February 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120114112/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-silent-revolution/541546/3}}</ref>

==Park inaugurated==
[[Image:Silent Valley-topo.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Silent Valley National Park]] Topography 1:250,000., 1959]]
Ten years later, on 7 September 1985, the Silent Valley National Park was formally inaugurated and a memorial at Sairandhri to Indira Gandhi was unveiled by [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the new Prime Minister of India. On 1 September 1986 Silent Valley National Park was designated as the core area of the [[Nilgiri Biosphere]].

Since then, a long-term conservation effort has been undertaken to preserve the Silent Valley [[ecosystem]].<ref>Gledhill,Laurence, AZA SSP Coordinator, Lion-tailed macaques, Woodland Park Zoological Gardens, 5500 Phinney Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98103, "Silent Valley – A Masterplan for The Indian Ex-situ Population of Lion-tailed Macaques, Macaca silenus" and "A Historical Profile of Habitat Conservation in Kerala, India", ''Newsletter for the Old World Monkey Taxon Advisory Group'', American Zoo and Aquarium Association, Volume 3, Number 2, Winter 1996.[http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/news/journals/owmtag.3.2.html A Historical Profile]</ref>

In 2001 a new hydro project was proposed and the "man vs. monkey debate" was revived. The proposed site of the dam (64.5 m high and 275 m long) is just 3.5 km downstream of the old dam site at Sairandhiri, 500 m outside the national park boundary.<ref>Kumar, K. G.,"Silent Valley redux?" ''Financial Daily'' from The Hindu group, Monday, May 24, 2004 [http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/05/24/stories/2004052400601300.htm Silent Valley redux?]</ref> The 84 km2 catchment of the project area included 79 km2 of the Silent Valley National Park.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050115231434/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/08/01/stories/2004080100140100.htm New whispers]</ref> However, The spectacular waterfall between the Neelikkal and Pathrakkadavu hills bordering the Silent Valley will disappear if the proposed Pathrakkadavu hydro-electric project is implemented.<ref>Mustafah K. K. (Jun 30, 2004) "Vanishing fall?", ''Financial Daily'' from The Hindu group, front page, retrieved 3/25/2007
[http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/06/30/stories/2004063001631900.htm "Vanishing fall?"]</ref> – [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/06/30/stories/2004063001631900.htm Image]

From January to May 2003 a rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was carried out by the Thiruvananthapuram-based Environmental Resources Research Centre and its report was released in December, stating that forest lost due to the project would be just .2216 km2, not including the 7.4 km approach road and land to be acquired for the powerhouse in Karapadam.

==Present status==
*Little more was heard till 15 November 2006 when Kerala Minister for Forest [[Binoy Viswam]] said that the proposed [[buffer zone]] for Silent Valley would be declared soon.<ref>The Hindu, Nov. 17 Kerala minister of Forests: "Proposed buffer Zone to be declared soon. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071028122357/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/17/stories/2006111713420500.htm Proposed buffer Zone]</ref>
*On 21 February 2007 Chief Minister [[A. K. Antony]] told reporters after a cabinet meeting that "when the Silent Valley proposal was dropped, the centre had promised to give clearance to the Pooyamkutty project. This promise, however, had not been honoured. The Kerala government has not taken any decision on reviving the Silent Valley Hydel Project".<ref>Times of India, "No decision yet on Silent Valley: Antony"
Feb. 23.[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1972021562.cms No decision yet]</ref>

*On 22 March 2007 the [[activist]] [[poet]] [[Sugathakumari]] appealed to the Chief Minister of Kerala to restrain the Electricity Minister from reviving the proposal for a hydroelectric project at Pathrakkadavu.<ref>''The Hindu'', "Draft policy moots survey of State's forest area and its demarcation",(Mar 22, 2007) front page, retrieved 3/25/2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070331053514/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/22/stories/2007032212630100.htm policy moots survey]</ref>
*On 18 April 2007, Kerala Chief Minister [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] and his cabinet approved the Pathrakkadavu Hydro-electric project and sent it to the [[Government of India|Union Government]] for environmental approval.,<ref>Newindpress.com (April 19, 2007) "Green Marxist succumbs to 'Power' needs" retrieved 5/10/2007 [http://newsrack.in/DisplayNewsItem.do;jsessionid=82C3BE414A3B008A80684EC1CA8896F7?ni=19.4.2007%2F55.nie.crawler%2Fni166.NewsItems.asp_ID%3DIEO20070418111629],[http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEO20070418111629 "Green Marxist succumbs to 'Power' needs"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005202/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEO20070418111629 |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref><ref>SUCHITRA M (June 12, 2007) Kerala clears Pathrakkadavu hydroelectric project near national park, Down to Earth, retrieved 6/12/2007 [http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20070531&filename=news&sec_id=4&sid=18 Kerala clears Pathrakkadavu hydroelectric project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003611/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20070531&filename=news&sec_id=4&sid=18 |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref>
*The 147.22 km2 [[Silent Valley National Park#Buffer zone|Silent Valley Buffer Zone]] was formally approved by the Kerala Cabinet on June 6, 2007. The cabinet also sanctioned 35 staff to protect the area and two new forest stations in Bhavani range at Anavai and Thudukki. The zone is aimed at checking the illicit cultivation of ganja, poaching and illicit brewing in areas adjacent to Silent Valley and help long-term sustainability of the protected area.<ref>June 6, 2007, "Cabinet approves buffer zone for Silent Valley", ''The Hindu'', front page, retrieved June 8, 2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070917042341/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/07/stories/2007060719920100.htm]</ref>
[[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 293981 - The Silent Valley.jpeg|thumb|A 2009 [[souvenir sheet]] marking the 25th anniversary of Silent Valley National Park]]

==Movie==
{{External media|float=right|video1={{Vimeo | 447420995 | Only An Axe Away }}|width=160px}}
''Only An Axe Away'' (2003) is a well-researched film documentary (40 min) on the struggle to preserve the Silent Valley. The film shares the anxiety of the people of Kerala about the future of the Silent Valley. It has been made by P. Baburaj and [[C.Saratchandran|C. Saratchandran]].<ref>Sankar, Anand (2 June 2006). {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071111174012/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/06/02/stories/2006060202720300.htm Not silent anymore]}}, Friday Review Bangalore. ''The Hindu''. Archived from the {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071111174012/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/06/02/stories/2006060202720300.htm original]}} on 11 November 2007.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]
[[Category:1970s in Kerala]]

Manithan Maravillai

2026-03-04T05:14:59Z

Leopoldo10S: new new post more to come

{{short description|1962 film by Aluri Chakrapani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Manithan Maravillai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]]
| producer = [[Nagi Reddi]] Chakrapani
| screenplay = Chakrapani
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]
| editing = G. Kalyana Sundaram D. G. Jayaraman
| studio = [[Vijaya Studios|Vijaya Productions]]
| distributor = Vijaya Productions
| released = {{Film date|1962|06|08|df=yes}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Manithan Maravillai''''' ({{Translation|Man has not changed}}) is a 1962 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written, co-produced and directed by [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]] and produced by [[B. Nagireddy|Nagi Reddi]] under [[Vijaya Productions]]. It was simultaneously shot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'', which itself is based on the 1958 [[Kannada]] film ''Mane Thumbida Hennu''.

The film starred [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], with [[Sundari Bai]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[K. Sarangapani]], [[L. Vijayalakshmi]], Lakshmi Prabha Raja and T. K. Ramachandran in supporting roles. It revolves around the story of a proud mother, Subbamma, and the way she handles her two sons-in-law. ''Manithan Maravillai'' was released on 8 June 1962.

== Plot ==
Subbamma (Sundari Bai) is a wealthy widow with a daughter, Saroja (Jamuna); a son, Prabhakar (Raja), and a stepdaughter, Lakshmi (Savitri). Although the girls are beautiful and intelligent, Saroja is spoiled and Lakshmi is treated like a servant. Chithambaranar (S.V. Ranga Rao), a good friend of Subbamma's late husband with two sons, is searching for suitable brides. Subbamma is interested in Chithambaranar's son for Saroja, and sends word through an intermediary. She wants to marry Lakshmi off to just anyone to avoid accusations of neglecting her stepdaughter. Kuppusamy (K. Sarangapani), Subbamma's brother, wants Saroja to marry his son Boopathy (T. K. Ramachandran)—who is in prison.

Chithambaranar and his sons, aware of Subbamma's greed and her treatment of her daughters, teach her a lesson. After deciding that Lakshmi will make a suitable match for his older son Panjacharam (Gemini Ganesan) and Saroja for his second son Raja (Akkineni Nageswara Rao), Chithambaram asks his sons to play roles. Panjacharam enters Subbamma's house as Panji, a homeless servant who wins her heart (and a job). Raja—with the aid of his cousin, Padma (L. Vijayalakshmi)—enters as Prabhakar, woos her and wins her heart. Panji, with his humility and wit, wins Lakshmi's heart and asks Subbamma for her daughter's hand in marriage. Subbamma agrees, and Panji marries Lakshmi.

Subbamma is impressed by Prabhakar for Saroja, and plans for the wedding. She receives a letter from Chithambaram that he is no longer interested in the alliance because Subbamma allegedly poisoned her husband, but Saroja wants to marry Prabhakar. Subbamma obliges, after Panji convinces her that a son-in-law in her home will be no problem and she can enjoy the company of her beloved daughter even after her marriage. After Saroja's marriage, Prabhakar (Raja) is fascinated by Padma and wants to marry her instead; Panji convinces Subbamma. Subbamma and Saroja soon realise that Prabhakar is a drunkard and a thief, and Subbamma opposes his marriage to Padma (which happens anyway).

Prabhakar intensifies his acting as a drunkard, and pretends that he is not Chithambaram's son but a vagabond who is wanted for theft. As Subbamma's problems accumulate, Padma's paternal Aunt Kaveri (Lakshmi Prabha) appears. Prabhakar leaves Saroja and writes, asking her to join him. Saroja obliges, and leaves Subbamma's house against her wishes. Kuppusamy's son Boopathy, just released from prison, torments Subbamma. Without Prabhakar, Subbamma is confined to her [[outhouse]] by Padma's boisterous aunt and Kuppusmay's prison-educated son. Panji also leaves the house with Lakshmi, installing her in Chithambaram's [[bungalow]] as mistress of the house and his daughter-in-law. Living a better life, she is still concerned about Subbamma and Saroja. Saroja is introduced as a gardener by Prabhakar, and is treated like a servant by Chithambaram. Saroja's conceit and arrogance evaporate, changing her personality, and Subbamma is humbled by the chaos. Lakshmi visits the despairing Subbamma, evicts Kaveri and Boopathy with Panji's help and brings Subbamma to Chithambaram's house. Saroja leaves Chithambaram's house and encounters Lakshmi, who tells her that they are Chithambaram's daughters-in-law; Prabhakar's drunkenness and theft were an act by his sons (now their husbands). Subbamma, happy to see them both married into a good family, continues to live with Chithambaram's family.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Panjacharam
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|A. Nageswara Rao]] as Raja
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Lakshmi (Subbamma's Step daughter)
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Saroja (Subbamma's Daughter)
* [[Sundari Bai]] as Subbamma
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Chithambaranar (Panji& Raja's father)
* [[K. Sarangapani]] as Kuppusamy (Subbamma's Brother)
* [[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as Padma (Raja & Panji's Cousin)
* [[Haranath (actor)|Raja]] as Prabhakar (Saroja's Brother)
* Lakshmi Prabha as Kaveri (Padma's Anuty)
* [[C. T. Rajakantham]] as Chokki (Kuppusamy's Wife)
* T. K. Ramachandran as Boopathy (Kuppusamy's son)
* [[Nagesh]] as Cameo appearance
* [[Serukalathur Sama]]
}}

== Production ==
''Manithan Maravillai'' and its [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'', were based on the [[Kannada]] film ''Mane Thumbida Hennu'' (1958).<ref name="GundammaKathaHindu">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2016-12-01 |title=Gundamma Katha (1962) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/GUNDAMMA-KATHA-1962/article16735882.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2018-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130543/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/GUNDAMMA-KATHA-1962/article16735882.ece |archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> The screenplay was written by [[Chakrapani (politician)|Chakrapani]], who also co-produced the film with Nagi Reddi under [[Vijaya Studios|Vijaya Productions]];<ref name="poster">{{Cite news |date=8 June 1962 |title=Manithan Maravillai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19620608&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=23 March 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Chakrapani and Reddi also produced the Telugu original.<ref name="Eenadu">{{Cite book |last=Chakravarthy |first=Vattikuti |url=http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Gundamma%20Katha |title=యాభై వసంతాల గుండమ్మ కథ |date=3 June 2012 |publisher=[[Eenadu]] |language=Telugu |trans-title=Fifty Years of Gundamma Katha |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021425/http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Gundamma%20Katha |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], who appeared as one of the male leads in ''Gundamma Katha'', reprised his role in ''Manithan Maravillai'', which was his 100th film as an actor,<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 2010 |title=Junk Mail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&q=manithan+maravillai |access-date=November 18, 2025 |magazine=[[South Scope]] |page=13 |volume=1 |issue=10}}</ref> while [[Gemini Ganesan]] was cast as the other male lead, reprising the role originally played by [[N. T. Rama Rao]]. Cinematography was handled by [[Marcus Bartley]].<ref name="GundammaKathaHindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 2|first=G.|last=Neelamegam|language=Tamil|pages=89 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers | location=Chennai | year=2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Om Sarvam Sakthi Mayam Paaru" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan || rowspan="7" |[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || 2:34
|-
| "Kanmaniye Un Idhaya" || K. P. Udayabhanu || 2:38
|-
| "Thendral Paadavum" || rowspan="2" |P. Susheela || 3:30
|-
| "Thendral Paadavum" - 2 || 3:10
|-
| "Podu Podu Thekka Podu" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan, P. Susheela, P. Leela & Ghantasala || 3:01
|-
| "Inbamaana Iravidhuve" || rowspan="2" |A. L. Raghavan & P. Susheela || 3:03
|-
| "Kadhal Yathiraikku" || 3:10
|-
| "Kaalathai Maatrinaan" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & P. Leela || rowspan="2" |[[Kannadasan]] || 2:56
|-
| "Kurumbinilum Oru" || P. Susheela || 3:09

|}

== Release and reception ==
''Manithan Maravillai'' was released on 8 June 1962.<ref name="poster" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' lauded the film, particularly Chakrapani's screenplay and direction, and the performances of Ganesan, Nageswara Rao, Savitri and Jamuna.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 1962 |title=Manithan Maravillai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19620615&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=17 October 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Despite that, it failed commercially.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=019-563579-5 |pages=372 |orig-date=1994}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{The Taming of the Shrew}}

[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:1962 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1962 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films about sisters]]
[[Category:Films based on The Taming of the Shrew]]
[[Category:Films based on works by William Shakespeare]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Tenali Raman (film)

2026-03-04T04:58:35Z

Leopoldo10S: Creating Some Bio W/ Refs...

{{short description|1956 film by B. S. Ranga}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Tenali Raman film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| producer = B. S. Ranga
| screenplay = B. S. Ranga [[Kannadasan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Tenali Ramakrishna''|Ch. Venkataramaiah}}
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[V. Nagayya]] [[P. Bhanumathi]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| cinematography = B. S. Ranga
| editing = P. G. Mohan
| studio = Vikram Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1956|2|3}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Tenali Raman''''' is a 1956 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical drama|historical]] [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[B. S. Ranga]], based on Ch. Venkataramaiah's play ''Tenali Ramakrishna''. Produced for the banner Vikram Productions, the film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[V. Nagayya]], [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] and Thiruvengadam Chettiyar. Ranga also handled the cinematography while P. G. Mohan edited the film. [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] composed the soundtrack and background score.

''Tenali Raman'' narrates the story of the 16th century poet and scholar [[Tenali Rama]], and his life as a member of the court of [[Krishnadevaraya]], the king of [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Raman, with his wits, manages to save Krishnadevaraya from the attacks made by the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani Sultanate]] who try to invade Vijayanagara Empire. The rest of the film is about Raman's efforts in saving Krishnadevaraya from courtesan Krishnasani, a spy and convincing emperor [[Babur]] against extending support to the Sultanate in the war.

Produced as a [[Multiple-language version|bilingual film]], it was shot simultaneously in Tamil and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with a slightly altered cast. ''Tenali Raman'' was filmed in and around Revathy Studios at Madras. It was released on 3 February 1956, nearly a month after the Telugu version ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Ramakrishna]]''.

== Plot ==
During the reign of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], Raman is a poet and scholar whose talent is not recognised in his hometown [[Tenali]]. To earn a livelihood, he migrates to [[Hampi]] along with his wife Kamala and son Madhava. On his way to Hampi, he halts at a [[Kali]] temple where he is initially terrified looking at the goddess' idol and the animal sacrifices made to please her. That night, Kali appears before him and grants a boon: he would have to choose either wisdom or materialistic wealth. Raman opts for both, which angers Kali who warns that he might end up as a clownish poet whose wisdom is solely useful for entertaining others. Raman accepts it as a blessing and requests Kali to save him from further dangers, to which the goddess agrees and disappears.

Raman reaches Hampi and approaches Rajaguru, the royal priest of the Vijayanagara empire to find employment in the court of king Krishnadevaraya. Neither Rajaguru nor his assistants help him and he returns dejected. However, he finds an opportunity when Krishnadevaraya is unable to distribute 17 disputed elephants among three brothers as per their deceased father's will. Raman solves the problem and Krishnadevaraya appoints him as a court member. With his wit and loyalty, Raman soon earns the respect of all the court members, except Rajaguru who sees him as a problem.

The Deccan Sultans of [[Berar sultanate|Berar]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]], [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]], and [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda]] decide to wage a war on Vijayanagara empire with united military forces. They send Kanakaraju, a spy, to Hampi where he meets Raman, who happens to be his distant relative. Some days later, Kanakaraju tries to assassinate Krishnadevaraya and Rajaguru blames Raman for giving shelter to a spy. As Raman is about to be killed as per the king's orders, he overhears a conversation between another spy and the court's astrologer. The spy bribes the astrologer to influence Krishnadevaraya in postponing the war on Bijapur so that they can have time for proper preparations. Raman escapes and meets Appaji with whose help he reveals the astrologer's intentions. The astrologer is killed and Rajaguru, who believed in him with good faith, is accused of trying to back stab the king. Raman intervenes and Rajaguru is saved, which improves their relation.

The Bahmani Sultanate then send courtesan Krishna to Hampi. With her acclaimed dancing skills, she manages to elicit the notice of Krishnadevaraya, who finds himself besotted by her wits and sensuousness. He issues orders that anyone who enters his private chamber would be beheaded and continues to spend with time with Krishna for months. Appaji and Raman learn that the Sultans are planning to take advantage of the King's inaccessibility and shall launch a combined attack on Hampi soon. Worried at the state of affairs, Raman braves the prohibitory order and enters Krishna's abode dressed as a woman, but is ignored and expelled from the kingdom.

Meanwhile, Krishnadevaraya's wife [[Tirumala Devi|Thirumalambal]] falls seriously ill, and he finally realises his mistakes. Once the King is back at his palace, Raman manages to gain entry into Krishna's chamber again, this time under the guise of a saint who assures her that he would bring the King back to her. He catches her red-handed with her gang of spies, and signals to the hidden soldiers to surround her. She kills herself preferring a dignifying death, and Raman wishes to leave for [[Delhi]] to convince emperor [[Babur]] from sending his elephantry to support the Sultanate in the war.

Raman reaches Delhi and meets Babur in the guise of an aged fakir and sings praises of him, until he empties all the gold coins he has. Babur then invites him to his palace to gift him properly. Raman goes to Babur's palace, and introduces himself as one of those innocent citizens of the Vijayanagara empire who shall suffer if Babur extends his support to the unjust Sultanate. Babur is convinced and calls off his elephantry back. Dismayed at the sudden turn of events, the Sultanate call off the war. Krishnadevaraya learns about Raman's efforts in stopping the war from Appaji. Remorseful, Krishnadevaraya invites Raman to rejoin the court, to which he agrees gladly.

== Cast ==
;Male cast
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as [[Tenali Rama]]
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Krishnadevaraya]]
* [[V. Nagayya]] as Appaji
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Rajaguru
* Master Venkateshwar as Raman's son
* Thiruvengadam Chettiyar as Sadayappa pillai

;Female cast
* [[P. Bhanumathi]] as Krishna
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Kamala
* Surabhi Balasaraswathi as Radha
* Sandhya as [[Tirumala Devi|Thirumalambal]]

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After the success of his first production venture ''[[Maa Gopi]]'' (1954), [[B. S. Ranga]] wished to produce and direct a historical film based on the life of the 16th century Telugu poet and scholar [[Tenali Rama]], who was one of the [[Ashtadiggajas]] (a collective title given to the eight Telugu poets in the court of [[Krishnadevaraya]], which literally translates to eight great elephants).<ref name="Sithara" /> He planned it as a [[Multiple-language version|bilingual film]] to be filmed simultaneously in Telugu and Tamil languages with a slightly altered cast.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=348}} Ranga collaborated with [[Samudrala Sr.]], [[Kannadasan]] and Murugadasa on the basic script for both the versions.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=348}} They decided to adapt Ch. Venkataramaiah's Kannada stage play ''Tenali Ramakrishna'' into a film, instead of following the script of [[H. M. Reddy]]{{'s}} 1941 Telugu film of the same name.<ref name="Sithara" /> Ranga titled the film as ''Tenali Raman'' in Tamil,<ref name="cast" /> while [[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|''Tenali Ramakrishna'']] was chosen for the Telugu version.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=348}} ''Tenali Raman'' was the second Tamil film based on Tenali Rama, after a 1938 film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=21 May 2013 |title=Vadivelu gets 60's style return tune |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/may/21/vadivelu-gets-60s-style-return-tune-479405.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410114030/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/may/21/Vadivelu-gets-60s-style-return-tune-479405.html |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=10 April 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Venkataramaiah's play was comical in nature, and focused plainly on the life and times of Rama. Fearing that it would fail to translate on-screen effectively, Samudrala and Kannadasan decided to incorporate political elements during the rule of Krishnadevaraya.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> While Samudrala focused on the administrative aspects of Krishnadevaraya, Kannadasan opted to "humanise" the king by writing scenes related to his personal life and preferences.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> ''Tenali Raman'' was filmed in and around Revathy Studios at Madras, as the floors of Ranga's production company Vikram Studios were still under construction excluding the recording and projection theatres.<ref name="The Hindu" />

=== Cast and crew ===
Ranga cast [[Sivaji Ganesan]] to play Raman in Tamil with [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] replacing him in the Telugu version.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=348}} [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[V. Nagayya]] were signed to play Krishnadevaraya and his minister.<ref name="The Hindu" /> [[M. N. Nambiar]] played the role of the kingdom's royal priest and was replaced by [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] in the Telugu version.<ref name="The Hindu" />{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=348}}

Ranga approached [[P. Bhanumathi]] to play Krishna. Initially disinterested, Bhanumathi accepted the offer keeping in view Ranga's association as a cinematographer for films produced by the former's production company [[Bharani Pictures]].<ref name="The Hindu" /> Surabhi Balasaraswathi, [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] and Master Venkateshwar were cast in key supporting roles.<ref name="cast" />

[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] were signed to compose the soundtrack and background score for both the versions.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=348}} In addition to directing, Ranga also worked as the director of photography. P. G. Mohan edited the film. Vali and Ganga were the art directors, while Chopra and Gopalakrishnan choreographed the dance sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1956 – தெனாலிராமன் – விக்ரம் புரொ. (த-தெ) |trans-title=1956 – Tenali Raman – Vikram Pro. (ta-te) |url=http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956-cinedetails12.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410110333/http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956-cinedetails12.asp |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=10 April 2019 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.ThenaliRaman_B.S.Ranga_1956/60.%20ThenaliRaman_B.S.Ranga_1956.pdf |title=தெனாலிராமன் |publisher=Vikram Productions |year=1956 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=21 December 2021 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Ulagellaam Unatharulaal Malarum" || [[P. Leela]] || M. K. Athamanathan
|-
| "Naattu Jananga Adaiyelam" || Karikkol Raju || [[Kannadasan]]
|-
| "Chandana Charchita Nila Kalebara" || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gita Govinda|Geetha Govindam]]
|-
| "Ullaasam Thedum Ellorum Or Naal" || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || Tamaizhmannan
|-
| "Ulagellaam Unatharulaal Malarum" (pathos) || P. Leela || M. K. Athamanathan
|-
| "Chittu Pole Mullai Mottuppole" || [[A. P. Komala]] || rowspan=16|Kannadasan
|-
| "Aadum Kalaiyellam Paruva Mangaiyar Azhagu Koorum" || P. Leela
|-
| "Thennavan Thaai Nattu Singaarame" || P. Susheela
|-
| "Thangam Pogum Meni Undhan Sondham Ini" || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]
|-
| "Putrile Pambirukkum...Kottaiyile Oru Kaalatthile" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[V. Nagayya]]
|-
| "Kangalil Adidum Penmaiyin Naadagam" || [[P. Bhanumathi]]
|-
| "Kannamirandum Minnidum Annam" || P. Bhanumathi
|-
| "Pirandha Naal Mannan Pirandha Naal" || P. Bhanumathi
|-
| "Vinnulagil Minni Varum Thaaragaiye Po Po" || P. Bhanumathi
|-
| "Adari Padarndha" || V. N. Sundharam
|-
| "Ponnalla Porul" || V. N. Sundharam
|-
| "Kannaa Pinnaa Mannaa" || V. N. Sundharam
|-
| "Vindhiyam Vadakkaaga" || V. N. Sundharam
|-
| "Chandhiran Pole" || V. N. Sundharam
|-
| "Drru Drru Ena Madugal" || V. N. Sundharam
|-
| "Thaadhi Thoodho Theedhu" || V. N. Sundharam
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Tenali Raman'' was released on 3 February 1956, nearly a month after the Telugu version.<ref name="The Hindu" /> Kannadasan published a still from the film showing Raman buried neck deep, waiting to be trampled by an elephant, with a caption describing it as Ganesan's future.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |title=MGR: A Life |date=28 June 2017 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=978-93-86495-88-4 |location=India |quote=Poet Kannadasan published a still from Ganesan's ''Tenaliraman'' (1956), for which he had penned the dialogues, showing Ganesan buried neck deep, waiting to be trampled by an elephant, with the caption 'Sivaji Ganesan's Future'.}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "It is a film which deserves to be seen.... It is a narrative well told, in terms of resourceful acting, (from [Sivaji] Ganesan in the central role in particular, and from others) attractive high flown language, and impressive backgrounds built with an eye to period." ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said, ".... is a very entertaining picture. Some of the songs in the classical style are pleasing. There are a few delightful dances which ought to enhance the entertainment value of the picture." ''[[The Mail (Madras)|The Mail]]'' said, "With witty dialogues, and a number of pleasing dances and songs the film is entertaining." ''[[Screen (magazine)|The Screen]]'' said, "[Sivaji] Ganesan portrays the role of Tenali Raman extremely well. The film should appeal to all sections of picture-goers."<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 1956 |title=Acclaimed by the public.. Applauded by the press.. |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560217&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=28 April 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=[[Chennai|Madras]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |volume=XXIC No. 118}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Sithara">{{Cite magazine |date=18 June 2018 |title=రంగా మలచిన రమ‌ణీయ దశ్య‌కావ్యం 'తెనాలి రామకృష్ణ' |trans-title=Ranga's memorable work on Celluloid 'Tenali Ramakrishna' |url=http://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/tenali/1302 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325070145/http://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/tenali/1302 |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=10 April 2019 |magazine=[[Sitara (magazine)|Sitara]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>
<ref name="cast">{{Cite news |date=8 February 1956 |title=Vikraman's Proudest Presentation |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560208&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 September 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="Prajasakti">{{Cite news |date=3 February 2018 |title=తెనాలి రామ‌కృష్ణ‌ |trans-title=Tenali Ramakrishna |url=http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/Something_Special/2006739 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325071038/http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/Something_Special/2006739 |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=10 April 2019 |work=Prajasakti |language=te}}</ref>
<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=14 November 2014 |title=Tenali Ramakrishna (1956) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tenali-ramakrishna-1956/article6596304.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930110242/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tenali-ramakrishna-1956/article6596304.ece |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=11 January 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1950s biographical films]]
[[Category:1950s historical comedy films]]
[[Category:1956 Indian films]]
[[Category:1956 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1956 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. S. Ranga]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films set in the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian historical comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tenali Rama]]

Mylari

2026-03-03T21:29:43Z

Leopoldo10S: minor update

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mylari
| image = Mylari poster.gif
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[R. Chandru]]
| producer = K. P. Srikanth, Srinivas Kanakapura
| screenplay = R. Chandru
| story = R. Chandru
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Shiva Rajkumar]]|[[Sadha]]|[[Sanjjana]]}}
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = K. S. Chandrashekar
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Company Enterprises
| distributor = R.S. Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|12|24}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Mylari''''' ({{langx|kn|ಮೈಲಾರಿ}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film that has [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Sadha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/entertainment/sada-makes-a-comeback-to-kannada-films-with-mylari-58280.html|title=Sada makes a comeback to Kannada films with 'Mylari'|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=29 March 2010}}</ref> in the lead role. [[R. Chandru]] of ''Taj Mahal'' (movie) fame is the writer and director.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/123095/gandhinagar-grapevine.html|title='I have never felt so young'|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=23 December 2010}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Mylari
* [[Sadha]] as Anitha
* [[Sanjjana]] as Swathi
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* [[Ravi Kale]] as Jailer
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Kuri Prathap]]
* Lakshman Rao
* Madhugiri Prakash
* Gaurish Akki
* Mandya Jayaram
* [[Suresh Heblikar]]
* [[John Kokken]]
* Kote Prabhakar
* Dileep Kumar
* Umesh Punga
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]
* Suresh Mangalore
* Yashas Surya
* Vijaya Sarathi
* Guru Prasad
* Danny Kuttappa
* Vidya Murthy
* Rekha. V. Kumar
* Nihar K Chandra as younger Mylari
* [[Padmaja Rao]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
''Mylari'' audio released by [[Anand Audio]] is set to create a record in the history of Kannada film music. It was first film in 2010 to sell 540 audio CDs and cassettes in the first two days of its release .

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist
|-
| 1 || "Jagginakka Jagginakka" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
|-
| 2 || "Sukumaari" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shamita Malnad]] || Kaviraj
|-
| 3 || "Langa Daavani" || [[Gurukiran]] || [[Gurukiran]]
|-
| 4 || "Ghallu Ghallenutha" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S.P.B]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]] || Kaviraj
|-
| 5 || "Butbide" || [[Kailash Kher]] || Manjunath Sanjeev
|-
| 6 || "Mylapura Mylari" || [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], Shamita Malnad || Kaviraj
|}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "This is definitely both Chandru's and Shivanna's 'sure shot' at erasing their past mistakes. All in all, Mylari is a good entertainer".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/south-review-mylari/20101224.htm|title=Review: Mylari is a good entertainer|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=24 December 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Meanwhile, the SP (Ravi Kale) of the area wants to know about Mylari. The movie is a worth watch for those who want to see the dancing skills of hattrick hero Shivaraj Kumar".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/review/2010/dec/27/mylari-214424.html|title=Mylari|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 December 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "While Sada wins your heart with her excellent expressions and few dialogues, Sanjana shines in her lively and mischievous role. Suchendra Prasad rightly fits the role of a politician. K S Chandrashekar gives some brilliant cinematography".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mylari/movie-review/7158023.cms?from=mdr|title=MYLARI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The film has all the commercial trappings of a village-boy-caught-in-a-city story, which Shiva Rajkumar has made his own. The film is not in the same class as Jogi or Om, even though Puneeth croons in the title song that Mylari is not Jogi or Om's Sathya. Very true".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/not-om-not-even-jogi-mylari/articleshow/21721446.cms|title=Not Om, not even Jogi - Mylari|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=24 December 2010}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Sada looks famished, Rangayana Raghu and Guruprasad irritate and Suchendra Prasad’s mumbling doesn’t help his essay of villainy. The others are hardly missed. Cinematography shines, while the same is not true of music. Shivanna fans will definitely love Mylari along with families of course".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/123562/like-father-like-son.html|title=Like father, like son|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=25 December 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|2431102}}

{{R. Chandru}}

[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Chandru]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Vietnam Colony

2026-03-03T21:26:18Z

Leopoldo10S: fixes

{{for|the 1994 Tamil remake|Vietnam Colony (1994 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vietnam Colony
| image = Vietnam Colony.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Siddique-Lal]]
| producer = [[Swargachitra Appachan]] Joy
| writer = Siddique-Lal
| based_on = ''[[Local Hero (1983 film)|Local Hero]]''
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mohanlal]]|[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]|[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]}}
| music = [[S. Balakrishnan (composer)|S. Balakrishnan]]
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = T. R. Shekhar
| studio = {{ubl|Swargachitra|President Movies}}
| distributor = Swargachitra Release
| released = {{Film date|1992|12|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vietnam Colony''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[Siddique-Lal]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]], and [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]. The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[S. Balakrishnan (composer)|S. Balakrishnan]]. The film achieved considerable success following its theatrical release and became the second highest-grossing film of the year behind ''[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]]'' .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-05|title=Vietnam Colony 1992|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/vietnam-colony|website=Moviebuff|access-date=13 August 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813215826/https://www.moviebuff.com/vietnam-colony|url-status=live}}</ref> A Tamil remake of the film was released in 1994 with [[Vietnam Colony (1994 film)|the same title]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-05|title=மோகன்லாலும், பின்னே தமிழ் ரீமேக்கும்...|trans-title=Mohanlal films and their Tamil remakes|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/34110/cinema/Kollywood/Mohanlal-movies-and-their-remakes.htm|access-date=2021-01-09|website=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111041614/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/34110/cinema/Kollywood/Mohanlal-movies-and-their-remakes.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is based on the 1983 British film ''[[Local Hero (film)|Local Hero]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/avatar-2-james-cameron-technology-8330805/lite/ | title=Avatar 2: James Cameron's genius is in deploying technology for storytelling | date=18 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523574.cms | title=10 Mollywood films that ran for the longest time | newspaper=The Times of India | date=June 2016 }}</ref>

==Plot==

G. Krishnamoorthy, who hails from a respectable [[Tamil Brahmin]] family, gets a job with the Calcutta Construction Company as a [[Supervisor|construction supervisor]]. He is really excited about this until his new colleague, K. K. Joseph, persuades him not to take the job. He tells Krishnamoorthy that their job is to vacate the infamous Vietnam [[Colony houses|Colony]], a poor colony inhabited by day [[Laborer|labourers]], of its residents so that the building company can clear the land for construction. Joseph adds on the fact that the company has been trying to vacate the residents for years, but it has failed due to the efforts of three criminal leaders: Paravoor Ravuthar, Irumbu John and Kannappa Srank. Adding insult to injury, Joseph remarks that Krishnamoorthy is too weak to stay there and take on the criminals due to his sensitive Brahmin mannerisms. Krishnamoorthy decides that Joseph is right; the job is too dangerous for them.

Later that evening, Krishnamoorthy confronts his mother and tells her that he will be rejecting the job offer. However, his strong-willed mother won't let him free that easily. Moreover, Krishnamoorthy's relatives, whom his late father borrowed money from, demand their money back from Krishnamoorthy and threaten him if he doesn't take the job. His circumstances leave him no choice but to accept the offer.

Krishnamoorthy talks to his boss and the company lawyer, Advocate Thomas. They decide to utilize Krishnamoorthy's background in drama by making him and Joseph pose as harmless writers who want to document colony life so that they can destroy the colony from within. They also have made arrangements for the duo to stay at Pattalam Madhavi's house.

The next day, the duo arrives at the colony and finds the house. However, upon the advice of Erumely, the broker, Madhavi mistakes Krishnamoorthy as a marriage proposal for her daughter, Unni, who takes a liking to Krishnamoorthy immediately. Krishnamoorthy is not used to the new way of living, especially being so close with a girl, so everyone chides him and calls him Swami. Krishnamoorthy becomes annoyed at first, but he accepts his new nickname.

Over time, Krishnamoorthy befriends the colony members and tries to get an overview of the situation. He finds out that the proprietor is a man named Moosa Settu and that his mentally ill mother, Suhra Bai, lives in the colony. He wins Suhra Bai's trust with his kindness and compassion. Suhra Bai tells Krishnamoorthy that Moosa Settu took her money and drove her out due to his greed, and left the colony in shambles. Moreover, she knows that the criminal leaders demand monthly payments from the colony's residents so that they don't kill anyone. Krishnamoorthy realizes that the colony members aren't so bad after all, so he tries to help them a little bit by improving the infrastructure of the colony. He gains the trust of the colony residents and even the gangsters. Krishnamoorthy becomes confident that he can relocate the colony peacefully.

Krishnamoorthy begins his plan by striking a deal with his bosses to give the colony residents a large amount of land with houses to which they can relocate, and puts up a show of negotiation in front of the colony to make them agree to the plan. In a large pep talk, he convinces the colony that they can get whatever they want if they are united. In the least unexpected time, Suhra Bai becomes adamant, saying that she cannot leave the land that she inherited from her father. Ravuthar kicks her in a fit of rage, and she dies the next day. Swami sets out to find Moosa Settu to perform his mother's last rites. To Krishnamoorthy's surprise, he finds Advocate Thomas living in Moosa Settu's bungalow. Even more surprising, he finds the now homeless Moosa Settu at the local madrasa and makes him perform his mother's last rites.

Krishnamoorthy realizes that the company that he works for is trying to illegally demolish the land. However, his timing fell a little short; the colony finds out that Krishnamoorthy was on the company's side, and tries to oust him by attacking him until he picks up a knife and fends them off. Swami confesses and vows to fight for the colony's justice. Unni admires Krishnamoorthy's bravery and slowly falls in love with him. The goons are now on the company's side, as they have been asked to vacate the colony in exchange for a large sum of money. The goons attack Krishnamoorthy but he fights them back. The colony residents then come out and beat up the goons and Advocate Thomas. The films ends happy as the colony residents praise Krishnamoorthy for his heroism and he leaves for home and Unnimol sneaks away with him ending the movie.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as G. Krishnamurthy
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as K. K. Joseph
* [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Unnimol
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Advocate Thomas
* Vijaya Rangaraju as Paravur Rowther (voice Dubbed By [[N. F. Varghese]] )
* [[Jagannatha Varma]] as Ajay Panicker, Company MD
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Pattalam Madhavi Amma
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Moosa Settu
* [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Erumeli
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Vattappalli
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as Irumpu John
* [[Philomina]] as Suhra Bai, Moosa Settu's elderly mother
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Parvathiyammal, Krishnamurthy's mother
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Sivaraman Krishnamurthy's maternal uncle
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Pattabhiraman, Sivaraman's son and Krishnamurthy's cousin
* [[Sankaradi]] as Insane Man
* [[Santhakumari]] as Colony woman
* [[T. R. Omana]] as Krishnamoorthy's aunt
* Priyanka Anoop as Colony Girl
* [[James (Malayalam actor)|James]] as Colony man
* Manju Satheesh as Colony girl
* [[Radhika (Malayalam actress)|Radhika]] as Krishnamoorthy's Niece
{{colend}}

==Production==
''Vietnam Colony'' was produced and distributed by [[Swargachitra Appachan]] under the banner of Swargachitra, co-produced by Joy for President Movies. The film was shot in [[Alappuzha]], and Kalpathy in [[Kerala]]. In 2017, actor [[Jayasurya]] revealed that he came to the filming location in Alappuzha as a [[Extra (acting)|junior artist]], but was not recruited as the preference was for the local people in Alappuzha.<ref>{{cite news|author=സ്വന്തം ലേഖകൻ|title=അന്ന് ജൂനിയർ ആർടിസ്റ്റ് പോലുമായില്ല ഇന്ന് അതേ സംവിധായകന്റെ നായകൻ|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/i-me-myself/jayasurya-reveals-fukri-touching-story.html|access-date=11 February 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=2 February 2017|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211234928/http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/i-me-myself/jayasurya-reveals-fukri-touching-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Box office==
The movie was a huge commercial success. It was the second highest-grossing film of the year 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |title=10 Mollywood films that ran for the longest time |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523509.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-26 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826180220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523509.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Vietnam Colony
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Balakrishnan (composer)|S. Balakrishnan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = December 1992
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = Mudra Cassettes Johny Sagariga Wilson Audios
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Mr & Mrs (1992 film)|Mr & Mrs]]
| prev_year = 1992
| next_title = [[Mazhavilkoodaram]]
| next_year = 1995
}}

The film's soundtrack contains six songs, all composed by [[S. Balakrishnan (composer)|S. Balakrishnan]] and lyrics by [[Bichu Thirumala]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) || Raga
|-
| 1
| "Pavanarachezhuthunnu"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]

| [[Mayamalavagowla]]

|-
| 2
| "Thaala Melam"
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Minmini]]
|-
| 3
| "Lallalam Chollunna"
| K. J. Yesudas

| [[Abheri]]
|-
| 4
| "Paathiravayi Neram"
| Minmini

| [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]
|-
| 5
| "Pavanarachezhuthunnu"
| [[Kalyani Menon]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], Chorus

| Mayamalavagowla

|}

==Reception==
The movie was extremely well received and became a critical and commercial success. The technical aspects of the movie were well appreciated.
Dialogues such as "Ithalla, ithinapporum chaadi kadannavananee K.K Joseph!" and many others still find their way into the daily conversation of Malayalees.

==Awards==

; [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]] - Mani Suchitra

; Kerala Film Chamber Award
* Best Supporting Actress - [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Film Chamber Award 1992 | date=26 October 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71-IMVz0diA&t=292s |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103093038/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71-IMVz0diA&t=292s |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Best Female Playback Singer - [[Minmini]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Film Chamber Award 1992 | date=26 October 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71-IMVz0diA&t=748s |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103093036/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71-IMVz0diA&t=748s |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Siddique (director)}}
{{Lal Films}}

[[Category:1992 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1992 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films about real estate holdout]]
[[Category:Films about social class]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddique–Lal]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Balakrishnan (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in apartment buildings]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Vietnam War films]]

Jyotirindranath Tagore

2026-02-28T22:04:41Z

Leopoldo10S: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|Bengali playwright, musician, editor, and painter (1849–1925)}}
{{Notability|bio|date=January 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jyotirindranath Tagore
| image = Jyotirindranath Tagore Headshot.webp
| image_size =
| caption = Jyotirindranath Tagore c.1867
| birth_date = 4 May 1849
| birth_place = Mechuabazar, [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 4 March 1925 (aged 75)
| death_place = Ranchi, Bengal Presidency, British India
| occupation = Playwright, musician, editor, painter
| spouse = [[Kadambari Devi]]
| parents = [[Debendranath Tagore]] Sarada Sundari Devi
| relatives = [[Indira Devi Chaudhurani]] (niece), [[Dwijendranath Tagore|Dwijendranath]], [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendranath]], [[Hemendranath Tagore|Hemendranath]], [[Swarnakumari Devi|Swarnakumari]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (siblings), +9 others
| family = [[Tagore family]]
}}

'''Jyotirindranath Tagore''' (4 May 1849 – 4 March 1925) was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] playwright, musician, editor, and painter.<ref name = "Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Wakil |year=2012 |chapter=Tagore, Jyotirindranath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tagore,_Jyotirindranath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> He played a major role in the flowering of the talents of his younger brother, the first non-European Nobel Prize winner, [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name = "Bandopadhyay">Bandopadhyay, Hiranmay, ''Thakurbarir Katha'', {{in lang|bn}}, pp. 106–113, Sishu Sahitya Sansad.</ref>

==Works==
* Historical plays: ''Purubikram'' (1874), ''Sarojini'' (1875), ''Ashrumati'' (Woman in tears, 1879), ''Swapnamayi'' (Lady of Dream, 1882).
* Satirical plays: ''Kinchit Jalajog'' (Some Refreshments, 1873), ''Eman Karma Ar Korbo Na'' (I will never do such a thing again 1877), ''Hathath Nabab'' (Suddenly Rich, 1884), ''Alik Babu'' (Strange Man, 1900).
* Translations: [[Kālidāsa|Kalidas's]] ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'' (The Recognition of Shakuntala) and ''Malati Madhava'' (Malati and Madhava); Sudrak's ''Mrichhatika'' (Little Clay Cart); [[Marcus Aurelius]]' ''[[Meditations]]'', [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]''; [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]'s ''[[Gita rahasya|Gita Rahasya]]''.

==Family tree==
{{main|Tagore family#Family tree}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Bandopadhyay |first=Hiranmoy |date=1960 |script-title=bn:ঠাকুরবাড়ির কথা (Thakurbarir Katha) |trans-title=About Thakurbari |language=Bengali |location=Kolkata |publisher=Shishu Sahitya Samsad |pages=106–113}}
* {{cite book |last=Chaudhurani |first=Indira Devi |author-link=Indira Devi Chaudhurani |editor-last=Das |editor-first=Anathnath |date=2001 |script-title=bn:স্মৃতি সম্পাৎ (Smriti Samput) |trans-title=A Casket of Memories |volume=1 |language=Bengali |location=Santiniketan |publisher=Ravindra Bhavana |page=29 |isbn=}}
* {{cite book |last=Deb |first=Chitra |author-link=Chitra Deb |editor-last=Chaudhur |editor-first=Sukanta |editor-link=Sukanta Chaudhuri |date=1995 |title=Calcutta: the Living City |volume=1 |chapter=Jorasanko and the Thakur Family |location=Kolkata |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=66 |isbn=0-19-563696-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Tapobrata |editor-last=Chaudhur |editor-first=Sukanta |editor-link=Sukanta Chaudhuri |date=1995 |title=Calcutta: the Living City |volume=2 |chapter=Literature and Literaray Life in Calcutta |location=Kolkata |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=224 |isbn=019563697X}}
* {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Siddhartha |editor-last=Chaudhur |editor-first=Sukanta |editor-link=Sukanta Chaudhuri |date=1995 |title=Calcutta: the Living City |volume=1 |chapter=Calcutta's Industrial Archaeology |location=Kolkata |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=250 |isbn=0-19-563696-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Mitra |first=Rajyeshwar |editor-last=Chaudhur |editor-first=Sukanta |editor-link=Sukanta Chaudhuri |date=1995 |title=Calcutta: the Living City |volume=1 |chapter=Music in Old Calcutta |location=Kolkata |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=184–185 |isbn=0-19-563696-1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1976 |script-title=bn:জ্যোতিরিন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর |trans-title=Jyotirindranath Tagore |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.454299/page/n182/mode/1up |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |oclc=18245961 |pages=175–176}}

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Tagore family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tagore, Jyotirindranath}}
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu School, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi]]
[[Category:Tagore family|Jyotirindranath]]
[[Category:Bangiya Sahitya Parishat]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Musicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Translators to Bengali]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian editorial cartoonists]]
[[Category:Translators of Kalidasa]]

GSAT-7R

2026-02-25T11:45:45Z

Leopoldo10S: corrected citations additionally and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian military communication satellite}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = GSAT-7R
| image = LVM3-M5, CMS-03 — Fully integrated launch vehicle being transferred from VAB to SLP 05.webp
| image_caption = LVM3-M5 equipped with GSAT-7R, being transferred to the Second Launch Pad
| image_size = 290px
| mission_type = [[Communications satellite|Communication]]
| operator = [[Indian Navy]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| website = [https://www.isro.gov.in/LVM3_M5_CMS_03_MISSION.html CMS-03]
| mission_duration = Planned: 15 years<ref name=":6" /> Elapsed: {{time interval|2 November 2025|show=ymd|sep=,}}
| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer = [[U. R. Rao Satellite Centre]]<ref name=":6" />
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = {{convert|4410|kg}}
| power = 
| launch_date = {{start-date|2 November 2025, 11:56|timezone=yes}}{{nbsp}}UTC
| launch_rocket = [[LVM3|LVM3-M5]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Sriharikota]]
| launch_contractor =
| entered_service = 2 November 2025<ref name=":6" />
| disposal_type =
| deactivated =
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit]]
| orbit_longitude =
| orbit_slot =
| apsis = gee
| trans_band =
| trans_frequency =
| trans_bandwidth =
| trans_capacity =
| trans_coverage =
| trans_TWTA =
| trans_EIRP =
| trans_HPBW =
| programme = [[GSAT|CMS Series]]
| previous_mission = [[GSAT-24|CMS-02]]
| next_mission =
| programme2 = [[GSAT]]
| previous_mission2 = [[GSAT-20]]
| next_mission2 = [[GSAT-32]]
}}

'''GSAT-7R''' (also known as '''CMS-03''') is a multi-band communication satellite developed by [[ISRO]] for the [[Indian Navy]]. The satellite is meant to replace the existing and operational [[GSAT-7]].

== Satellite ==
The satellite, weighing {{convert|4410|kg}},<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2025-11-01 |title=Countdown begins for launch of ISRO’s heaviest communication satellite CMS-03 for military on November 2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/countdown-begins-for-launch-of-isros-heaviest-communication-satellite-cms-03-for-military-on-november-2/article70230682.ece |access-date=2025-11-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-03 |title=Gsat-7R: Isro launches heaviest communication satellite from India, Navy set to get boost |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gsat-7r-isro-launches-heaviest-commsat-from-india-navy-set-to-get-boost/articleshow/125044028.cms |access-date=2025-11-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is meant to transmit voice, video and data among the naval ships, submarines, aircraft and Maritime Operation Centres<ref name=":6" /> of the [[Indian Navy]] deployed across the [[Indian Ocean]] Region, covering up to 2,000 km from India's coastline.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Abhinav |date=2025-10-21 |title=CMS-02 satellite launch likely in November. Why this is a major upgrade for Indian Navy's operations, maritime defence |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/10/21/cms-02-satellite-launch-likely-in-november-why-this-is-a-major-upgrade-for-indian-navys-operations-maritime-defence.html |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

The satellite employs advanced payloads in multiple frequency bands, including [[UHF]], [[S band|S]], [[C band (IEEE)|C]] and [[Ku band|Ku]] bands.<ref name=":1" /> It is also equipped with indigenous components like a 1,200 litre propulsion tank and collapsible antenna systems. It also has a planned lifespan of 15 years.<ref name=":6" />

The contract for the {{INRConvert|1589|c|lk=on|year=2019|mode=historical}} satellite project was signed in 11 June 2019 between the Indian Navy and the [[ISRO]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2019-07-18 |title=Navy to buy Rs 1,589 crore satellite from ISRO |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/navy-to-buy-rs-1589-crore-satellite-from-isro/articleshow/70283927.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251027093048/https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/navy-to-buy-rs-1589-crore-satellite-from-isro/amp_articleshow/70283927.cms |archive-date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-10-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2019-07-21 |title=Isro to build 2nd dedicated satellite for Navy to interlink warships, aircraft |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-to-build-2nd-dedicated-satellite-for-navy-to-interlink-warships-aircraft/articleshow/70310935.cms |access-date=2025-10-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== History ==
During the time of contract signing in 2019, the projected launch date of the satellite was expected between 2020<ref name=":2" /> and 2022.<ref name=":3" />By August 2025, the delivery timeline had slipped by few years to November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-20 |title=ISRO to Launch Spy Satellites GSAT-7R and TDS by Year-End, Strengthening Indian Navy’s Communication and Surveillance Capabilities |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/isro-to-launch-spy-satellites-gsat-7r-and-tds-by-year-end-strengthening-indian-navys-communication-and-surveillance-capabilities-138482/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=indianmasterminds.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |date=2025-09-11 |title=Indian Navy to operationalise new info centre in Gurugram today |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-navy-to-operationalise-new-info-centre-in-gurugram-today-3723886 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> By 23 October, the launch date was scheduled on 2 November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-23 |title=LVM-3 to launch CMS-03 on November 2; Nisar to begin operations soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/lvm-3-to-launch-cms-03-on-november-2-nisar-to-begin-operations-soon/articleshow/124758812.cms |access-date=2025-11-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The vehicle performance of LMV3-M5 had been enhanced by 10% to accommodate the CMS-03 satellite which is heavier than its payload capacity of 4 tonnes for GTO orbits.<ref name=":6" />

The satellite assembly and integration with launch vehicle has been completed by early October 2025. The launch vehicle was moved to the launchpad on 26 October and pre-launch procedures were initiated thereafter. It is the heaviest satellite to be launched to the [[Geostationary Transfer Orbit]] orbit from India till date.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-26 |title=LVM-3, set to launch satellite for Navy on November 2, moves to launchpad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lvm-3-set-to-launch-satellite-for-navy-on-november-2-moves-to-launchpad/articleshow/124829075.cms |access-date=2025-10-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-26 |title=Satellite for armed forces to be launched next week |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-to-launch-military-communications-satellite-cms-03-on-november-2/article70205060.ece |access-date=2025-10-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A pre flight inspection fixed problems in the fuel control systems that plagued the [[NVS-02]] satellite which used a similar spacecraft bus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Science Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-02-25 |title=A year after NVS-02 satellite's failure, Isro explains what went wrong in space |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/nvs-02-satellite-failure-reason-isro-explains-lvm-3-mission-2874191-2026-02-25 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NVS-02 Spacecraft: On-Orbit Observations and Apex Committee Recommendations |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/NVS-02-Spacecraft-On-Orbit-Observations.html |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

On 2 November 2025, at 5:26 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]],<ref name=":5" /> ISRO successfully placed the CMS-03 satellite into the desired orbit through the LVM3-M5 rocket from the Second Launch Pad<ref name=":6" /> of the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Sriharikota]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2025-11-02 |title=ISRO scripts history as ‘Bahubali’ rocket injects heaviest satellite in orbit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-lvm3-m5-rocket-with-heaviest-communication-satellite-lifts-off/article70232624.ece |access-date=2025-11-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=ISRO Rocket Launch Today Live Updates: India’s heaviest communication satellite CMS-03 successfully placed in intended orbit, mission successfully accomplished |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-rocket-launch-today-live-updates-heaviest-communication-satellite-cms-03-liftoff-sriharikota-lvm3-10341199/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The mission featured an experiment, re-ignition of the cryogenic upper stage. The satellite was separated from the launch vehicle at around 16 minutes in sub-GTO orbit. from launch with a [[perigee]] of 26,700 km.<ref name=":6" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[GSAT-7A]]
* [[GSAT]]
* [[Indian National Satellite System]]
* [[List of Indian satellites]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{GSAT Satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}

[[Category:GSAT satellites]]
[[Category:2025 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2025 in India]]

{{Communications-satellite-stub}}

The Big Red One

2026-02-19T20:38:17Z

Leopoldo10S: fixed issues

{{Short description|1980 film by Samuel Fuller}}
{{For|the division nicknamed "The Big Red One"|1st Infantry Division (United States)}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Big Red One
| image = Big red one post.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Samuel Fuller]]
| producer = [[Gene Corman]]
| writer = Samuel Fuller
| starring = {{ubl|[[Lee Marvin]]|[[Mark Hamill]]|[[Robert Carradine]]|[[Bobby Di Cicco]]|[[Kelly Ward]]|[[Siegfried Rauch]]|[[Stéphane Audran]]}}
| cinematography = [[Adam Greenberg (cinematographer)|Adam Greenberg]]
| music = Dana Kaproff
| editing = [[Morton Tubor]] Bryan McKenzie (Reconstruction cut)
| studio = [[Lorimar Television|Lorimar]]
| distributor = [[United Artists]]
| released = {{Film date|1980|05|16|[[1980 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]]|1980|07|18|US}}
| runtime = 113 minutes 162 minutes (Reconstruction cut)
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $4 million
| gross = $7.2 million<ref>{{Mojo title|bigredone}}</ref>
}}

'''''The Big Red One''''' is a 1980 American [[Epic film|epic]] [[war film]] written and directed by [[Samuel Fuller]], and starring [[Lee Marvin]] alongside an ensemble supporting cast, including [[Mark Hamill]], [[Robert Carradine]], [[Bobby Di Cicco]], [[Kelly Ward]], [[Siegfried Rauch]] and [[Stéphane Audran]]. The film was based on Fuller's own experiences as a [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] soldier during [[World War II]]. The title refers to the nickname of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]], Fuller's wartime unit.

A longtime passion project of Fuller's, development of ''The Big Red One'' began in the late 1950s. The film was produced independently on a low budget, and shot on-location in [[Israel]] and [[Ireland]] as a cost-saving measure. During post-production, distributor [[United Artists]] recut the film without Fuller's input, significantly shortening the runtime.

The film premiered at the [[1980 Cannes Film Festival]], where it was nominated for the [[Palme d'Or]]. It was theatrically released in the United States on July 13, 1980 to positive reviews. Fuller also published a book with the same title, which was more a companion novel than a [[novelization]] of the film, although it features many of the scenes that were originally cut.

A restored version closer to Fuller's original vision, ''The Big Red One: The Reconstruction'', premièred at the [[2004 Cannes Film Festival]], seven years after Fuller's death.

==Plot==

In a sepia-tinted prologue, a [[United States Army]] private (Lee Marvin) kills a [[German Army (German Empire)|German soldier]] with his [[trench knife]], not believing the man's claims the [[World War I|Great War]] is over. His company commander then tells him [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|the war ended]] four hours earlier.

In November 1942, during [[World War II]], the US soldier is now a [[sergeant]] in the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|"Big Red One"]] leading a squad of infantrymen consisting of Private Griff, a cartoonist, Zab, an aspiring writer, Vinci and Johnson. They first landed unopposed at the beach landing in [[Operation Torch|North Africa]] against the [[Vichy French Army|Vichy French]] army. By February, the squad and their battalion were forced to retreat after the disastrous defeat during the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]]; the Sergeant was wounded, and taken as [[prisoner of war]] in a makeshift hospital, but he is freed after the [[Tunisian Campaign|fall of Tunis]].

After reuniting with the rest of the squad, they participate in an amphibious invasion of [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Sicily]]. As they fight their way in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], the Sergeant and his squad earned a reputation of the moniker: the Four Horsemen; since four of the soldiers in the squad have survived through both campaigns in Africa and Italy. The squad lands in the first wave of the assault on [[Omaha Beach]] on D-Day in [[Normandy landings|Normandy]], and fight through France, Belgium and the Huertgen Forest of Germany.

A [[German Army (1935–1945)|German Army]] sergeant named Schroeder is seen in many of the same battles, sharing the perspective of his American counterpart that soldiers are killers, but not murderers. The squad's participation in the battles is portrayed in a series of vignettes, including the rescue of a Belgian underground agent in a German-held asylum, an ambush of the squad by Schroeder which goes awry, and the squad's assistance to a French woman in labour which allows Schroeder to escape.

The squad takes part in the liberation of [[Sokolov, Czech Republic#History|Falkenau]] [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]] in [[Czechoslovakia]]. Griff, whose courage is questioned throughout the film, is driven by the horrors of the camp to kill one of the guards who refuses to surrender. The sergeant befriends a child inmate who dies later that day. That night Schroeder, realizing the war is over, attempts to surrender but is stabbed by the sergeant. The squad informs him that [[Victory in Europe Day|the war in Europe ended]] four hours earlier. Griff notices that Schroeder is still alive and the sergeant and his men work frantically to save his life. Zab, in [[voice-over]], remarks that he and his fellow American troops have more in common with the German, because they've survived the war, than they do with the many replacements they fought alongside, who are dead.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Lee Marvin]] as Sgt. Possum<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-11-12 |title='The Big Red One': A Director's Case Of Combat Fatigue |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2004/11/12/the-big-red-one-a-directors-case-of-combat-fatigue/57a4d17e-93f2-4bfe-aff1-644562cb02b5/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
* [[Mark Hamill]] as Private Griff
* [[Robert Carradine]] as Private Zab
* [[Bobby Di Cicco]] as Private Vinci
* [[Kelly Ward]] as Private Johnson
* [[Siegfried Rauch]] as [[Feldwebel]] Schroeder
* [[Stéphane Audran]] as Walloon a [[Belgian Resistance]] Fighter
* [[Perry Lang]] as Private Kaiser
* [[Serge Marquand]] as Rensonnet
* [[Charles Macaulay]] as Maj. Gen. [[Clarence R. Huebner]]
* Alain Doutey as [[Vichy France|Vichy]] Sgt. Broban
* [[Maurice Marsac]] as Vichy Colonel
* Joseph Clark as Pvt. Shep
* Ken Campbell as Pvt. Lemchek
* Matteo Zoffoli as Matteo
* [[Marthe Villalonga]] as Madame Marbaise
* [[Giovanna Galletti]] as [[Sicily|Sicilian]] Woman
* [[Samuel Fuller]] as War Correspondent
* [[Christa Lang]] as Countess ''(extended cut only)''
* [[Ulli Kinalzik]] as Gerd ''(uncredited)''
* [[Guy Marchand]] as Chapier ''(uncredited)''{{div col end}}

== Background ==
[[Image:USArmy First Inf Patch.jpg|thumb|right|Patch of the United States Army's 1st Infantry Division]]

''The Big Red One'' is [[Autobiography|semi-autobiographical]] in nature, based on [[Samuel Fuller]]'s experiences serving in the [[16th Infantry Regiment (United States)|16th Infantry Regiment]], [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] of the U.S. Army during [[World War II]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Big Red One (1980) |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/54288 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]}}</ref> The unit is nicknamed "The Big Red One" for the red numeral "1" on the division's shoulder patch. He received the [[Silver Star]], [[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]], and [[Purple Heart]] during his service. He was present at the liberation of the [[Sokolov, Czech Republic|Falkenau concentration camp]].<ref name="Fuller, Samuel 2002" /> The 2004 reconstructed version refers to it as "a fictional life based on a factual death."<ref name=":0" />

According to a journalistic account published in Poland in 2023 the character of Sergeant Possum, portrayed by Lee Marvin, was inspired by Command Sergeant Major {{ill|v=ib|Theodore L. Dobol|simple}}, who served with distinction in the 1st Infantry Division during World War II.<ref name=":02">{{cite web |date=June 11, 2023 |title=Sierżant-major ze Stanów |trans-title=Sergeant Major from the States |url=https://sztafeta.pl/2023/06/11/sierzant-major-ze-stanow |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Sztafeta.pl |language=pl}}</ref>

Fuller's screenplay was drawn from a wartime diary he kept, reflected in the character Zab (Robert Carradine),<ref name=":0" /> and a regimental history he co-authored in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://warchronicle.com/16th_infantry/historiantales_wwii/16th_Infantry_1798_1946/ChapterI.pdf?bcsi_scan_d20c301d7a026bb4=0&bcsi_scan_filename=ChapterI.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102062347/http://warchronicle.com/16th_infantry/historiantales_wwii/16th_Infantry_1798_1946/ChapterI.pdf?bcsi_scan_d20c301d7a026bb4=0&bcsi_scan_filename=ChapterI.pdf |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref>

==Production==

=== Development ===
[[Warner Bros.]] was interested in filming ''The Big Red One'' in the late 1950s, sending Fuller on a trip to Europe to scout locations. Fuller directed ''[[Merrill's Marauders (film)|Merrill's Marauders]]'' as a [[Dry Run (testing)|dry run]] for the film. When Fuller argued with [[Jack L. Warner]] and his studio over cuts they made to ''Merrill's Marauders'', the plans for ''The Big Red One'' were dropped.<ref name="Fuller, Samuel 2002">Fuller, Samuel. ''A Third Face''. Alfred A. Knopf (2002)</ref>

In the project's early stages, at Jack L. Warner's urging, [[John Wayne]] was lined up to play the sergeant, but Fuller felt that he was not right for the role.<ref name="Fuller, Samuel 2002"/>

[[Peter Bogdanovich]] helped set up the film at Paramount Pictures, which paid Fuller to write a script. When Paramount head [[Frank Yablans]] left the studio, though, the project was put in [[Turnaround (filmmaking)|turnaround]]. It shifted over to [[Lorimar Studios|Lorimar]] with Bogdanovich to produce (he says Fuller wanted him to play the Robert Carradine part), but then Bogdanovich pulled out and brought in [[Gene Corman]] to produce.<ref name="peter">[http://www.nbrmp.org/features/PeterBogdanovich.cfm John Gallagher, "Between Action and Cut", August 2004] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206113712/http://www.nbrmp.org/features/PeterBogdanovich.cfm |date=December 6, 2012 }} accessed June 3, 2013</ref>

=== Filming ===
Fuller originally hoped to shoot the film on-location in the countries where the film took place, including [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Libya]] and [[Italy]].<ref name=":0" /> However, due to the reduced budget, filming instead took place mainly in [[Israel]], with the support of the [[Israel Defense Forces]].<ref name=":0" /> Other scenes were filmed in the [[Republic of Ireland]] and the [[Sierra Madre (California)|Sierra Madre mountains]] of [[California]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Editing ===
Fuller's rough cut of the film ran nearly four hours long, which he later reduced to two hours. [[United Artists]] insisted the runtime be reduced further, and the final theatrical cut ran 113 minutes.<ref name=":0" />

==Release==
The film was entered into the [[1980 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1834/year/1980.html|title=Festival de Cannes: The Big Red One|access-date=May 25, 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
Review aggregator website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported an 88% approval rating based on 49 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "The reconstruction of Samuel Fuller's epic account of his days in North Africa in World War II elevates the film into the pantheon of great war movies."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Big Red One|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/big_red_one/|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> For "the Reconstruction" cut, [[Metacritic]] assigned a score of 77 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-big-red-one|title=The Big Red One (re-release)|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref>

In his review of the original, theatrical version of the film, [[Roger Ebert]] gave it three out of four stars, and wrote: <blockquote>While this is an expensive epic, he hasn't fallen to the temptations of the epic form. He doesn't give us a lot of phony meaning, as if to justify the scope of the production. There aren't a lot of deep, significant speeches. In the ways that count, ''The Big Red One'' is still a B-movie – hard-boiled, filled with action, held together by male camaraderie, directed with a lean economy of action. It's one of the most expensive B-pictures ever made, and I think that helps it fit the subject. "A" war movies are about war, but "B" war movies are about soldiers.<ref name="EbertReview">{{cite news|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-big-red-one-1980 |title=Review: The Big Red One|work=Chicago Sun-Times|author=Ebert, Roger}}</ref></blockquote>

In November 2004, Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, and added it to his list of "great movies".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-big-red-one-1980|title=The Big Red One Movie Review & Film Summary (1980) {{!}} Roger Ebert|last=Ebert|first=Roger|website=www.rogerebert.com|language=en|access-date=August 10, 2017}}</ref>

''The Big Red One'' ranks 483rd on ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/500/4.asp|title=Empire's 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time|publisher=[[Empire Online]]|date=December 5, 2006|access-date=December 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318175818/http://www.empireonline.com/500/1.asp |archive-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref> Terry Lawson of the ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' called it the greatest war movie of all time.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

== Extended cut ==
The restored version, dubbed "the Reconstruction" and completed in 2004, adds 47 minutes to the film's running time, bringing it much closer to the form Fuller imagined before the studio took it away from him.<ref name="Crust">Crust, Kevin. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jan-21-et-bigred21-story.html "'Big Red' given epic reworking,"] ''Los Angeles Times'' (January 21, 2005).</ref> Film critic [[Richard Schickel]] — who praised the 1980 version in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' when it was released{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} — took the lead on the restoration, which relied on locating footage allegedly stashed in the Warner Bros. vault in Kansas City.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schickel |first=Richard |date=July 2004 |title=Reconstructing Sam Fuller's The Big Red One |url=https://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All-Articles/0407-July-2004/Profile-Sam-Fuller.aspx |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=www.dga.org/ |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117194635/https://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All-Articles/0407-July-2004/Profile-Sam-Fuller.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was aided by editor Bryan McKenzie and Bogdanovich.<ref name="Crust" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*''The Fighting First: The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D-Day'' by Flint Whitlock – 2004. {{ISBN|0-8133-4218-X}}
*''The Big Red One'' (novel version) by Samuel Fuller – 1980; republished in 2004.

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0080437|title=The Big Red One}}
* {{TCMDb title|id=611836}}
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/big_red_one/ ''The Big Red One'' on Rotten Tomatoes]
* [http://unlikelystories.org/06/schneider1206b.shtml Review of the Reconstruction]
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3620418/Sam-Fullers-last-testament.html Sam Fuller's Last Testament]
* [http://www.lawyersgunsmoneyblog.com/2011/06/d-day-67-years-on "D-Day 67 Years On" by Robert Farley on ''Lawyers, Guns and Money''] – June 6, 2011, Video Interview of Mark Hamill on his meeting with director Sam Fuller]

{{Samuel Fuller}}
{{Operation Overlord}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Big Red One, The}}
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980s war drama films]]
[[Category:1980 war films]]
[[Category:1980 English-language films]]
[[Category:American war drama films]]
[[Category:Films about the North African campaign]]
[[Category:Films about the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Films about Operation Overlord]]
[[Category:Films directed by Samuel Fuller]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Samuel Fuller]]
[[Category:United Artists films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Gene Corman]]
[[Category:American World War II films]]
[[Category:Films set in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Films set in Normandy]]
[[Category:Films set in Sicily]]
[[Category:Films set in France]]
[[Category:Films set in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:World War II films based on actual events]]
[[Category:1980 American films]]
[[Category:Semi-autobiographical films]]
[[Category:English-language war drama films]]
[[Category:War drama films based on actual events]]

Dixon Technologies

2026-02-18T08:45:58Z

Leopoldo10S: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Indian multinational electronics manufacturing services company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Dixon Technologies
| logo = Dixon Technologies Logo.svg
| trade_name =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{plainlist|
*{{NSE|DIXON}}
*{{BSE|540699}}}}
| ISIN = INE935N01012
| industry = [[Electronics industry|Electronics]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1993}} (as Weston Utilities Limited.)
| founder = Sunil Vachani
| location_city = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
*Sunil Vachani ([[executive chairman]])
*Atul B Lall ([[managing director]])}}
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Consumer electronics]]
*[[Home appliance]]s
*[[Lighting]]
*[[Mobile phone]]s
*Security devices}}
| services = {{plainlist|
*[[Electronics manufacturing services]]
*[[Original design manufacturing]]
*[[Reverse logistics]]}}
| num_employees = 2,844 permanent 12,757 including contractual (2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022-2023 |url=https://www.dixoninfo.com/json/dixon/annual-reports/dixon-annual-report-2022-23.pdf |publisher=Dixon Technologies |access-date=17 May 2024}}</ref>
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|38880|c|lk=on}} (FY25)<ref name="fy24"/>
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|1528|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy24"/>
| profit = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|1233|c}} (FY25)<ref name="fy24">{{cite web |title=Dixon Technologies |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/af5197b0-5e36-4b1d-9cb5-bbeb7d9105be.pdf |publisher=HDFC Securities |access-date=17 May 2024}}</ref>
| parent =
| subsid = {{plainlist|
*Padget Electronics Private Limited<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/dixon-inks-deal-with-nokia-to-make-phones-in-india-11611624606985.html|title=Dixon inks deal with Nokia to make phones in India|first=Prasid|last=Banerjee|date=26 January 2021|website=mint}}</ref>}}
| website = {{url|https://www.dixoninfo.com/}}
}}

'''Dixon Technologies''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[electronics manufacturing services]] company, based in [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is a [[contract manufacturer]] of [[televisions]], [[washing machines]], [[smartphones]], [[LED lamp|LED bulbs]], [[batten]]s, [[recessed light|downlighters]] and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV security systems]] for companies such as [[Samsung]], [[Xiaomi]], [[Panasonic]] and [[Philips]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dixon Technologies Says This Is 'Y2K Moment' For Indian Contract Manufacturers |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/dixon-technologies-says-this-is-y2k-moment-for-indian-contract-manufacturers |accessdate=30 November 2020 |work=BloombergQuint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bottomline: Why Dixon Technologies may not be the best way to play the 'China Plus One' shift |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/dixon-technologies-pli-scheme-6588081.htm |accessdate=30 November 2020 |work=cnbctv18.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dixon's chance to be India's Foxconn |url=https://the-ken.com/story/dixons-chance-to-be-indias-foxconn/ |accessdate=30 November 2020 |work=The Ken}}</ref> It has 17 manufacturing units in India.<ref name="About Dixon"/> The company is listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]] since its [[initial public offering]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhanjal |first1=Swaraj Singh |title=Dixon Technologies to launch Rs600 crore IPO on 6 September |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/a3Cheesp516d76v9cJPfOK/Dixon-Technologies-to-launch-Rs600-crore-IPO-on-6-September.html |accessdate=30 November 2020 |work=mint |date=30 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why analysts feel Dixon has a long way to go |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/up-192-in-one-year-what-can-drive-dixon-technologies-shares-further-higher/articleshow/78540117.cms |accessdate=30 November 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==History==
Dixon Technologies was founded in 1993 by Sunil Vachani. His father, Sundar Vachani had been manufacturing televisions under the Weston brand, which had launched the first colour television in India; his business struggled later on due to the emergence of other companies.<ref name= bizstand>{{cite news |last1=Bansal |first1=Shuchi |title=Picture perfect |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/picture-perfect-107042401025_1.html |access-date=8 February 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=24 April 2007}}</ref> Dixon initially manufactured 14-inch televisions, [[Sega]] video game consoles, Philips video recorders, and push-button phones for [[Bharti Airtel]]. A major breakthrough came in the 2000s when the company won a [[Government of India|Government]] contract to manufacture televisions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Upstart Rises 824% as Founder Bets on Making Phones in India |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-07/upstart-surges-824-as-ceo-bets-on-phone-manufacturing-in-india |access-date=8 February 2021 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=7 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Apart from televisions and video recorders, the company also started to manufacture [[air conditioners]] and [[microwave ovens]] for [[LG Electronics]], as well as [[DVD players]] for other brands.<ref name= bizstand/>

In 2018, Dixon signed a deal with [[Xiaomi]] to manufacture LED television sets at its [[Tirupati]] plant.<ref name="mi">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Writankar |title=Xiaomi Mi TV: Xiaomi & Dixon Tech join hands for Make-in-India 'Mi' TV launch in August, to make 55K sets every month |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/xiaomi-dixon-tech-join-hands-for-make-in-india-mi-tv-launch-in-august-to-make-55k-sets-every-month/articleshow/64536538.cms |access-date=8 February 2021 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In January 2020, Dixon entered a partnership with [[Samsung]] for the local production of LED televisions.<ref name="samsung">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Writankar |title=Samsung signs agreement with Dixon to manufacture TV sets in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/samsung-signs-agreement-with-dixon-to-manufacture-tv-sets-in-india/articleshow/73091044.cms |access-date=8 February 2021 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In December 2024, Dixon Technologies and the Chinese mobile phone brand Vivo are forming a joint venture to manufacture electronic devices, including smartphones.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-12-16 |title=Dixon Tech, Vivo to set up electronic manufacturing joint venture |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/gadgets/dixon-tech-vivo-to-set-up-electronic-manufacturing-joint-venture/article68990702.ece |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Padget Electronics ===
In December 2020, it was reported that Dixon's subsidiary Padget Electronics would manufacture smartphones for [[Motorola]].<ref name="moto">{{cite news |title=Dixon Technologies' subsidiary to make smartphones for Motorola |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/dixon-technologies-subsidiary-to-make-smartphones-for-motorola/article33435646.ece |access-date=8 February 2021 |work=@businessline |language=en}}</ref> In January 2021, Dixon announced that it would manufacture wireless speakers for the Indian company BoAt Lifestyle.<ref name="boat">{{cite news |title=boAt joins hands with Dixon Technologies for new Twin Wireless Speakers |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/boat-joins-hands-with-dixon-technologies-for-new-twin-wireless-speakers-11609933877590.html |access-date=8 February 2021 |work=mint |date=6 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Later that month, Padget Electronics signed a contract with [[HMD Global]] to manufacture [[Nokia]] smartphones at its Noida plant.<ref name="hmd">{{cite news |title=Dixon Technologies Arm Inks Deal With HMD India For Manufacturing Nokia Smartphones |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/dixon-technologies-arm-inks-deal-with-hmd-india-for-manufacturing-nokia-smartphones-6393251.html |access-date=8 February 2021 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

For the US and European markets, Padget Electronics will produce the base model of the [[Pixel (smartphone)|Pixel smartphone]] in addition to other Google products. Full-scale manufacturing is scheduled to begin in September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Danish |date=6 July 2024 |title=Google to export India-made Pixel smartphones to Europe, US; trial production begins |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/technology/google-to-export-india-made-pixel-smartphones-to-europe-us-trial-production-begins-article-12762020.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=moneycontrol}}</ref>

== Operations ==
Dixon has 17 manufacturing units in India with over 15,000 employees.<ref name="About Dixon"/> It has India's largest manufacturing plants for LED televisions (in [[Tirupati]]), washing machines (in [[Dehradun]]) and LED bulbs (in [[Noida]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Dixon to open 3rd handset assembly plant by Jan with Rs75 Cr investment |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/dixon-to-open-3rd-handset-assembly-plant-by-jan-with-rs75-cr-investment/78557880 |accessdate=30 November 2020 |work=Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dixon Technologies (India) - Make-in-India, with size and scale aiding import substitution |url=https://bsmedia.business-standard.com/_media/bs/data/market-reports/equity-brokertips/2019-12/15766508020.54311600.pdf |accessdate=30 November 2020 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> The company manufactures/assembles goods such as home appliances, smartphone, laptops, televisions, set top box, medical electronics, lights, security surveillance system.<ref name="About Dixon"/>

== Joint ventures ==
The company has joint ventures with:
* BoAt Lifestyle<ref name="About Dixon">{{cite news |title=Dixon Technologies: From A Single Factory In 1993 To A Rs 10,700 Crore Electronic Manufacturer For The World |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2022-manufacturing-special/dixon-technologies-from-a-single-factory-in-1993-to-a-rs-10700-crore-electronic-manufacturer-for-the-world/77859/1 |access-date=11 December 2022 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>
* Rexxam<ref>{{cite news |title=Dixon Technologies forms JV with Rexxam |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/dixon-technologies-forms-jv-with-rexxam-122011300286_1.html |access-date=11 December 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[Bharti Airtel]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Surajeet Das |title=Dixon partners with Bharti to make telecom equipment under PLI scheme |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/dixon-partners-with-bharti-to-make-telecom-equipment-under-pli-scheme-121040800110_1.html |access-date=11 December 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=8 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Customers==
The following list consists of Dixon's present or past major customers
{{Colbegin|colwidth=18em}}

*[[Xiaomi]]<ref name="mi"/>
*[[Samsung]]<ref name="samsung"/>
*[[Motorola]]<ref name="moto"/>
*BoAt Lifestyle<ref name="boat"/>
*[[Panasonic]]<ref name=auto1>{{cite news|title=Understanding the rise of Dixon Technologies|url=https://finshots.in/markets/understanding-the-rise-of-dixon-technologies/|work=Finshots}}</ref>
*[[TCL Technology]]<ref name="auto1"/>
*[[OnePlus]]<ref name="auto1"/>
*[[Godrej Group|Godrej]]<ref name="auto1"/>
*[[Wipro Enterprises]]<ref name="auto1"/>
*[[Havells]]<ref name="auto1"/>
*[[Bajaj Electricals|Bajaj]]<ref name="auto1"/>
*[[HMD Global]] ([[Nokia]])<ref name="hmd"/>
*Syska<ref name="auto1"/>
*[[Philips]]<ref name=":3"/>
*[[LG Electronics]]<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Indrani Rajkhowa |title=Dixon Tech to rest on its own laurels and brands |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/dixon-tech-to-rest-on-its-own-laurels-and-brands/articleshow/395656.cms |access-date=11 December 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
*[[Orient Electric|Orient]]<ref name="auto1"/>
{{Colend}}

==See also==
* [[Cyient|Cyient DLM]]
* [[Foxconn]]
* [[Wistron]]
* [[Make in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.dixoninfo.com/}}

{{Electronics industry in India}}

[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]
[[Category:Home appliance manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Panche baja

2026-02-05T06:25:58Z

Leopoldo10S: enhance article based on references

{{Short description|Set of Nepali musical instruments}}
[[File:Panche baja.jpg|thumb|Nepali women playing panche baja]]
The '''''{{Lang|ne-latn|panche baja}}''''' ({{Langx|ne|पञ्चे बाजा|lit= five musical instruments}}) is a set of five traditional Nepali musical instruments that are played during holy ceremonies, especially marriages. {{Lang|ne-latn|Panche bajas}} are usually played by the [[Damai]] and the [[Gaine]] [[caste]]s in the Hindu tradition.<ref name="Huang1999">{{cite book|author=Hao Huang|title=Music in the 20th century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CkKAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 March 2012|year=1999|publisher=M.E. Sharp|isbn=978-0-7656-8012-9|page=598}}. ''In Nepal, musicians belong to two untouchable castes (groups of the lowest class in India, whom members of the four main castes were once forbidden to touch), the Damai and the Gaine. The ensembles are known as panche baja''</ref> They are played using the rhythm of folk Nepali songs.

It is referred to as panchje baja because in Nepali, ''panch'' means five (referring to the five different types), and ''baja'' means musical instruments.

The first part of the term is also transliterated {{Lang|ne-latn|panche}}, {{Lang|ne-latn|panchai}}, or {{Lang|ne-latn|pancai}}; the latter also as {{Lang|ne-latn|baaja}}.

== Components ==
[[Image:PancheBaaja.jpg|thumb|A set of {{Lang|ne-latn|panche baja}} commonly used in the hilly region of Nepal]]
The {{Lang|ne-latn|panche baja}} includes the ''[[shehnai]] or (Sanai/Sahanai)'',<ref name=yeah>{{cite web |url=http://yeahnepal.com/instruments-used-in-panche-baja/#sthash.dV6PWvuN.dpbs |title= Instruments used in Panche baja |website= yeahnepal.com |date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208070608if_/http://yeahnepal.com/instruments-used-in-panche-baja/#sthash.dV6PWvuN.dpbs |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>, ''[[Tyamko]]'', ''[[dholaki]]'' (drums), ''[[damaha]] or Nagara'' (large kettledrum), ''[[narsinga]]'' (a long, C-shaped trumpet), ''[[jhyali]] or Jhurma/Jhymta'' (cymbals), and [[karnal (instrument)|''karnal'']] (a wide-mouthed, straight trumpet with a bell that resembles the [[datura]] flower).<ref name=yeah/>

Other renderings give the ensemble as: {{Lang|ne-latn|shehnai}}, {{Lang|ne-latn|jhyali}}, {{Lang|ne-latn|dholki}}, {{Lang|ne-latn|tyamko}}, and {{Lang|ne-latn|damaha}}.<ref>{{cite book |last= Tanka |first= Khadka C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pW0wAQAAIAAJ&q=Panche+baja |title= The Culture, Tourism & Nature of Nepal |publisher= Folk Music Art Academy |place= Nepal |date=2004|isbn= 9789993388142 |quote=''Panche baja comprises Sanahai, Jhyali, Tyamko, Damaha and Dholaki. Damais (a particular caste) traditionally from ancient time have used Panche baja in marriage, festivals and local fairs joyfully''}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Music of Nepal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

'' ''

[[Category:Nepalese musical instruments]]
[[Category:Types of musical groups]]
[[Category:Khas culture]]

{{Nepal-music-stub}}

Rahīmī

2026-01-30T19:23:45Z

Leopoldo10S: Starting new details more to come

{{Short description|16–17th century Indian trading ship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox ship
|display_title=''Rahīmī''
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| flag =
| name = ''Rahīmī''
| owner = [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]
| operator =
| route =
| ordered = In 1590 by [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]]
| builder =
| original_cost =
| yard_number =
| way_number =
| laid_down =
| launched = 1593
| completed = 1592
| acquired =
| maiden_voyage = 1593
| in_service =
| registry =
| out_of_service = September 1613
| identification =
| fate = Burned in Goa harbor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4IAAAAQAAJ&q=Rahimi&pg=PA341 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad – Google Books |year=1879 |accessdate=2020-01-20}}</ref>
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| class = [[Sailing ship]]
| tonnage =
| displacement = 1000–1500 tons{{sfn|Qaisar|1968|p=165}}<ref name="google2">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw4IAQAAIAAJ&dq=rahimi+ship+length&pg=PA469 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Tha'na (2 pts.) – Google Books |year=1882 |accessdate=2020-01-20}}</ref>
| length = {{cvt|153|ft|1}}<ref name="google2"/>
| beam = {{cvt|42|ft|1}}<ref name="google2"/>
| height =
| draught =
| depth = {{cvt|31|ft|1}}<ref name="google2"/>
| decks =
| power =
| propulsion =
| speed =
| capacity =
| notes =
}}
}}

The '''''Rahīmī''''' ({{lit|belonging to the most merciful/dedicated to God}})<ref name=":16" /> was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] trade vessel, running from 1593 to 1613.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItW1AAAAIAAJ&q=Rahimi+ship |title=Medieval India: A Miscellany – Google Books |date=2008-07-29 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |isbn=9780210223932 |accessdate=2020-01-20}}</ref> It is known alternately as the ''Great Remee,''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529461 |title=Letters Received By The East India Company Vol.1 |date=1896 |pages=163}}</ref> ''Reheme,''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529461 |title=Letters Received By The East India Company Vol.1 |date=1896 |pages=178–179}}</ref> ''Remy,''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529461 |title=Letters Received By The East India Company Vol.1 |date=1896 |pages=317}}</ref> ''Remee,''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529461 |title=Letters Received By The East India Company Vol.1 |date=1896 |pages=187–188}}</ref> ''or Beheme.''<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofjohnjou00jouriala/page/153/mode/1up |title=The Journal of John Jourdain, (1608-1617) |date=2017-05-15 |publisher=Hakluyt Society |isbn=978-1-315-55647-5 |editor-last=Foster |editor-first=William |pages=186–187}}</ref> It was built under the patronage of Empress [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], chief consort of Emperor [[Akbar]] and mother of Emperor [[Jahangir]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=1988 |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=227–238 |doi=10.2307/603650 |jstor=603650 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lowe |first=W. H. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.196147 |title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh |date=1884|volume=II|pages=112}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PG189 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=374 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03_zFZdJrEMC&q=Rahimi&pg=PA640 |title=The Trading World of the Indian Ocean, 1500–1800 – Google Books |isbn=9788131732236 |accessdate=2020-01-20|last1=Prakash |first1=Om |year=2012 |publisher=Centre for Studies in Civilisations }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Soma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=Rahimi+ship&pg=PA238 |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions – Soma Mukherjee – Google Books |year=2001 |isbn=9788121207607 |pages=238 |publisher=Gyan Books |accessdate=2020-01-20}}</ref>

The Rahimi was the largest of the Indian ships trading in the Red Sea.<ref name=":2"/> It had a sail area so vast that it was identifiable to sailors from miles away and was known to Europeans as, ''the great pilgrimage ship''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=http://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressofmughalindia |title=Nur Jahan Empress Of Mughal India |pages=150–151 |language=English}}</ref>

One of the most controversial aspects of "The Rahimi's" passage was the amount her officers had to pay the Portuguese for a ''[[cartaz]]''.<ref name=":3" /> The Rahimi's "sum" became, in English reckoning, a standard by which other vessels were taxed. The rates set down were so that "every ship should be taxed to pay for her freedom," and the Rahimi was used as a standard, apparently, because she was so large and her tax was set at 15,000 rials.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529461 |title=Letters Received By The East India Company Vol.1 |date=1896 |pages=186–188}}</ref>

==Background==
The owner and patron of the ship was [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]].<ref name=":2" /> During the reigns of [[Akbar]] and [[Jahangir]], she had ships for trade and Haj pilgrims built at the Khizri Darwaza on the [[Ravi River]] near [[Lahore]]. This place was later renamed by Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] as Sheranwala Darwaza.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sheikh |first=Majid |date=2021-04-11 |title=harking back: The Empress and her two doomed pilgrim ships |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1617497 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last1=Safdar |first1=Aiysha |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Azam |date= |title=History of Indian Ocean-A South Asian Perspective |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/44/v7_no1_21.html |journal=Journal of Indian Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=186–188 |quote=The most influential queen of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542-1605), and mother of Emperor Jahangir, was the beautiful Empress Mariam-uz- Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai. She stands out as an adviser who maintained that without a strong navy, the Mughal Empire would be overtaken by foreign armies. As the Mughals had come from Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, both landlocked countries, the concept of a navy was just not in their DNA. But then Akbar allowed his favourite and most loved wife to build ships for trade and Haj pilgrims at the Khizri Darwaza on the River Ravi. This place was later renamed by Maharajah Ranjit Singh as Sheranwala Darwaza after he tied two lions there to celebrate his victory over Multan.}}</ref>

The Rahimi was homeported in [[Surat]] but often traveled to [[Jeddah]], the port near [[Mecca]] on the Red Sea, where she carried merchandise for the vendors of the holy city and trafficked in pilgrims on various parts of their journey.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529461 |title=Letters Received By The East India Company Vol.1 |date=1896 |pages=163, 167, 178, 179, 183, 184}}</ref>

==Trade and Pilgrimage==
[[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] was the earliest recorded woman who directly participated in overseas trade and commerce.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=1988 |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=232 |doi=10.2307/603650 |jstor=603650 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Rahimi was owned by Mariam-uz-Zamani, a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] princess by birth with a "[[Moors|Moorish]]" title who was the [[Empress mother|Empress Mother]] of one of the [[Mughal Empire|most powerful empires]] in the world,<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Mukhoty |first=Ira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjaYuQEACAAJ |title=Daughters of the Sun: Empresses, Queens and Begums of the Mughal Empire |date=2018 |publisher=Aleph |isbn=978-93-86021-12-0 |language=en}}</ref> but she was in no way immune from the dangers of the business.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=1988 |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=233 |doi=10.2307/603650 |jstor=603650 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> No other noblewoman on record seems to have been as adventurous a trader as the empress mother,<ref>{{Cite book |last=William Foster |url=http://archive.org/details/LettersReceivedByTheEastIndiaCompanyVolII |title=Letters Received By The East India Company |date=1897|volume=II|page=213 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=C.h.payne |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.537038 |title=Jahangir And The Jesuits |date=1930 |pages=140}}</ref> however, and no trader's ship (especially the Rahimi) seems to have gotten into as much trouble as hers.<ref name=":10"/> The repeated recording captures of Empress Mother's ships, and not that most of the others, revealed the involvement of Indians in overseas commerce<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=1988 |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=228 |doi=10.2307/603650 |jstor=603650 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and the active involvement of Mughal noblewomen in trade.<ref name=":6" />

Mariam-uz-Zamani built ships both for commercial and pilgrimage purposes.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last1=Roe |first1=Thomas |url=http://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma01fostgoog |title=The Embassy |last2=Foster |first2=William |date=1899 |publisher=London, Printed for the Hakluyt society |others=Harvard University |pages=421, 425, 454, 480}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13787 |title=Letters received by the East India Company vol.6 |date=1902 |pages=xxx ; 173, 175, 228, 274 |language=English}}</ref> Her greatest ship, the Rahimi, was a conspicuous vessel with a large sail area in the Red Sea<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=1988 |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=238 |doi=10.2307/603650 |jstor=603650 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3" /> and was, in fact, the only ship known to Europeans as "the greatest pilgrimage ship."<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=1988 |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=234 |doi=10.2307/603650 |jstor=603650 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529461 |title=Letters Received By The East India Company Vol.1 |date=1896 |pages=163, 167, 183}}</ref>

Until the eighteenth century, Mecca was the location of one of the world's great commercial fairs, which drew products from Europe, Arabia, and Asia, many of which passed through the central port of [[Mocha (port)|Mocha]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=1988 |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=236 |doi=10.2307/603650 |jstor=603650 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Merchants from India, for example, often combined their pilgrimages with business trips, and Mughal emperors saw the pilgrimage as a way to solidify political alliances. Not only did emperors send goods for trade, but for whatever reasons — religious and non-religious — they dispatched goods and money to be distributed among the needy as well."<ref name=":5"/>

The local [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharifs of Mecca]] were the recipients of substantial Mughal largesse, and the financial assistance rendered to them brought goodwill for Muslim pilgrims from India and favors, when needed, for the imperial court. Finally, the pilgrimage to Mecca occasionally turned up a holy relic for Mughal India, as in the case of an impression of the Prophet's foot, which was brought from Mecca to [[Ahmedabad]] and housed in a magnificent memorial. The pilgrimage ship was thus a common item on Indian Ocean seas, and safe passage across the water was a highly sensitive issue.<ref name=":5"/>

===Emperor Akbar and The Portuguese===
The [[Mughal Empire]] was landlocked until 1572. It was only with [[Akbar's conquest of Gujarat]] in 1572–73 that both the Mughals and Portuguese came face-to-face. The Mughals became a considerable concern for the Portuguese. It wasn't the other way around.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=M.N. |title=Portuguese India and the Mughals |date=1998 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147009 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=59 |pages=407–426 |jstor=44147009 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Muni Lal |url=http://archive.org/details/Akbar |title=Akbar |date=1980 |pages=169 |language=ENGLISH}}</ref>

[[Portuguese Empire|The Portuguese]] were well aware of [[Akbar|Akbar's]] formidable military capacity, and they tried to stress their friendship with the Emperor as best they could. Akbar saw through their pretence but preferred to match theirs with his own. The mighty Portuguese sea power influenced Akbar's pretence. Never did the Portuguese take up arms against him. He kept them guessing until the end of his days. Nevertheless, there were hostilities from time to time, and these figure largely in Portuguese sources.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite book |last= Lal|first=Muni|url=http://archive.org/details/Akbar |title=Akbar |date=1980 |pages=170 |language=ENGLISH}}</ref>

Most offensive, however, especially to orthodox Muslims, was the Portuguese development of a pass system. To travel in Portuguese waters, each Asian ship had to obtain a [[Cartaz|cartaz or pass]] by paying customs at a Portuguese port or by keeping an agent in residence there. If a ship did not carry the pass or was in violation of the conditions listed, it could be seized by any Portuguese agent on patrol.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Roe |first1=Thomas |url=http://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma01fostgoog |title=The Embassy |last2=Foster |first2=William |date=1899 |publisher=London, Printed for the Hakluyt society |others=Harvard University |pages=440}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster|first=William|url=http://archive.org/details/englishfactorie01fostgoog |title=The English Factories in India, 1618-1621: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British ... |date=1906 |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=University of Michigan |pages=81}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Simkin |first=C. G. F. (Colin George Frederick) |url=http://archive.org/details/traditionaltrade00simk |title=The traditional trade of Asia |date=1968 |publisher=London, New York [etc.] Oxford U.P. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-215317-3 |pages=176–177}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=http://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressofmughalindia |title=Nur Jahan Empress Of Mughal India |pages=129 |language=English}}</ref> Particularly distasteful was that each pass carried stamped on it pictures of the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] and [[Jesus]], and for orthodox Muslims to travel under such conditions, especially if on pilgrimage, "would mean to countenance idolatry."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lowe |first=W. H. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.196147 |title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh |date=1884|volume=II |pages=206}}</ref> Often, for strict interpreters of Islamic law, this meant the periodic suspension of the obligation of pilgrimage; although, given the free religious milieu of the Akbar and Jahangir eras, pilgrimage to Mecca did continue at a healthy rate despite the religious problems of the journey. Despite challenges, relations with the Portuguese were mostly amicable throughout Akbar's rule and continued well until Jahangir's reign.<ref name=":19"/>

Akbar's empress consort Mariam-uz-Zamani herself, however, remained untouched by the apostasy issue. There is no record of any question being raised about her position as a ship's owner under the [[Cartaz|Portuguese Pass]], neither her religious status as a wife and then the mother of a Muslim emperor nor the Hindu tradition of her birth<ref name=":17"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Collier |first=Dirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT101 |title=The Great Mughals and their India |date=2016-03-01 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-84544-98-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beni Prasad |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281009 |title=History Of Jahangir 1930 |date=1930 |pages=5}}</ref> seems to have been jeopardized by her involvement in sea trade in Christian waters. Rather, her status as a sequestered financier allowed her both the adventure of overseas trade and protection from religious restrictions such an enterprise might entail.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=1988 |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=237–238 |doi=10.2307/603650 |jstor=603650 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==East India Company==
[[British Empire|English]] interest in India began to take shape at the time of the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=http://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressofmughalindia |title=Nur Jahan Empress Of Mughal India |pages=132 |language=English}}</ref> In 1600, piqued by the success of the Portuguese in the spice trade with India, the English formed the chartered [[East India Company|English East India Company]] and sent a few reconnaissance voyages to India before dispatching, in 1607, an unusually accomplished ambassador in [[William Hawkins (fl. c. 1600)|William Hawkins]], along with his agent, [[William Finch (merchant)|William Finch]].<ref name=":7" />

William Hawkins arrived at [[Jahangir|Jahangir's]] court at Agra "very richly clad," wearing apparel of "scarlet and violet," his cloak "lined with taffeta and embroidered with silver lace," a suitably high idea of his own importance, and carrying a letter of introduction from [[James VI and I|King James]], rather perplexingly written in Spanish.<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":25">{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=61–62}}</ref>

William Hawkins was a fluent Turki speaker and received immediate and familiar attention from the emperor. Jahangir was delighted to be able to converse with a foreigner in the old language. He greeted Hawkins warmly and invited him to come daily to the palace for talks and drinks, and he even bestowed on him the very generous post of 400 horses in the imperial service.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=http://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressofmughalindia |title=Nur Jahan Empress Of Mughal India |pages=133 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=81}}</ref>

Finding his name unaccountably difficult to pronounce, Jahangir offered Hawkins the much more suitable title of [[Khan (title)|Khan]], and Hawkins Khan settled into courtly life at [[Agra]], dressing in the "Mohammeddan manner" of the Mughal noblemen, and even marrying Mariam, an [[Armenian Christian]] woman who had been living as Jahangir's ward in his immense [[zenana]] and whom Jahangir chose for him as a wife.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=64, 85}}</ref>

==English Ambassador, Indigo, & The Rahimi==
[[William Hawkins (fl. c. 1600)|William Hawkins]] arrived in Agra with letters for [[Jahangir]] in order to solicit from him specific trading privileges.<ref name=":25" /> Despite his encouraging reception, however, Hawkins's mission would not succeed. [[Portuguese Empire|The Portuguese]] were adamant about not sharing their trade in India and, still strong at court during this period, used their influence to intrigue against the Hawkins mission.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=83}}</ref>

William Hawkins himself, despite his fluency in Turki and his perseverance, is arrogant and rash, refusing to play by the rules of the Mughal court, where nuance and finesse are preferred to intransigence.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofjohnjou00jouriala/page/153/mode/1up |title=The Journal of John Jourdain, (1608-1617) |date=2017-05-15 |publisher=Hakluyt Society |isbn=978-1-315-55647-5 |editor-last=Foster |editor-first=William |pages=155–156}}</ref> Even so, Hawkins may have been able to secure some firmans from the ever-generous Jahangir had his agent, [[William Finch (merchant)|William Finch]], not made a grave error in judgment by crossing Mariam-uz-Zamani's path.<ref name=":7" />

In late 1610 or early 1611, when Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship was being loaded for [[Mokha|Mocha]], she sent one of her agents to buy indigo in [[Bayana]] (an important center of indigo production 50 miles southwest of Agra) to be put aboard the ship for sale in Mocha.<ref name=":10"/> Just as the deal was being completed, however, the English trader, William Finch arrived and did what no Indian would dare to do. He offered "a little more than [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|she]] should have given," got the indigo, and made off with it.<ref name=":10"/><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=123}}</ref> When Mariam-uz-Zamani heard that she had been outbid by an Englishman, she was furious and complained to her son, the [[Jahangir|emperor]], who made the English representative at the court, William Hawkins, suffer for a long time after that.<ref name=":10"/><ref name=":11"/> [[William Finch (merchant)|William Finch]], on the other hand, struggled to sell the acquired indigo in [[Lahore]]. His hasty decision to outbid the charismatic<ref>{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=http://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressofmughalindia |title=Nur Jahan Empress Of Mughal India |pages=177 |language=English}}</ref> Mariam-uz-Zamani may have contributed to his difficulties there.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jourdain |first1=John |url=http://archive.org/details/journalofjohnjou00jouriala |title=The journal of John Jourdain,(1608-1617) |last2=Foster |first2=William |date=1905 |publisher=Cambridge [Eng.]: Printed for the Hakluyt society |others=University of California Libraries |pages=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-96588-4 |title=Jesuit and English Experiences at the Mughal Court, c. 1580–1615 |year=2022 |pages=167 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-96588-4|last1=Melo |first1=João Vicente |isbn=978-3-030-96587-7 |s2cid=248558166 }}</ref>

William Hawkins had instructed William Finch to return to Agra as soon as he had disposed of his goods, but the latter had come to the conclusion that the prospects of English trade in India were hopeless and informed Hawkins that he planned to sell the indigo in [[Ottoman Syria|Syrian]] city, and then travel back to [[Kingdom of England|England]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=124}}</ref> Believing that Finch's real intention was to "run away," Hawkins discreetly sent a letter of power of attorney to a [[Jesuit missionary]] in [[Lahore]], authorizing him to seize all goods carried by Finch, including Indigo. Nicholas Ufflet was then sent to Lahore to take over the indigo.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=92}}</ref>

William Hawkins himself had to suffer for a long time after leaving the Mughal court, mentioning that he had no choice but to currie favour with the Jesuits to obtain safe conduct that would allow him and his wife to travel to [[Portuguese India|Goa]], from where they would embark for Europe.<ref name=":13" /> This initial plan, however, changed when Hawkins prompted a final attempt to persuade the emperor to grant a firman and for his rehabilitation in court, but he was unsuccessful and finally left Agra on 2 November 1611: "To stay, I would not be amongst these faithless infidels."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=95}}</ref>

The repercussions were so severe, that in 1612, English [[John Jourdain|Captain Jourdain]] noted, " [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|the Empress's]] ship, the Rahimi, was bound for Mocha, & the [ local ] merchants would not lade their goods aboard until we [Europeans] were gone from the country."<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10"/><ref name=":7" />

In 1612, a few months before Captain Best arrived, the English hijacked Rahimi. Six English ships hijacked roughly ten ships departing from the Red Sea ports. Rahimi was one of them, and the British swiftly pillaged all of them after transporting them to a nearby harbor. Rahimi was ransomed for 4,000 pounds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>

==The Portuguese Menace==
{{Blockquote|text="The Great Mogul's mother was a great adventurer, which caused the Great Mogul to drive the Portingals out of this place."<ref>{{cite book|first=William|last=Foster|title=Letters Received By The East India Company |date=1897|page= 213|volume=II|url=https://archive.org/details/LettersReceivedByTheEastIndiaCompanyVolII/page/n235/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref>|author=William Foster|source=Letters Received By The East India Company (Vol II) }}

During the reign of [[Jahangir]], [[Portuguese Empire|the Portuguese]] were threatened by the presence of other European traders, especially [[East India Company|the English]], in the Mughal Court. The Portuguese, who had been trading on Indian shores for almost a decade, were extremely apprehensive of the new English interlopers who sought trading rights from the Emperor.<ref name=":7"/>

In order to pressurise the Emperor to expel European rivals from the Mughal court, the Portuguese challenged Jahangir’s authority and prestige by targeting a ship owned by his mother, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Empress Mother Mariam-uz-Zamani.]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Great Britain. Public Record Office |url=http://archive.org/details/colonialrecordsc02greauoft |title=Colonial Records. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial |last2=Great Britain. Colonial Office |last3=Great Britain. India Office |date=1860 |publisher=London: Longmans, H.M.S.O. |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=258}}</ref>

[[William Hawkins (fl. c. 1600)|William Hawkins]] noted that on 1 February 1609, he witnessed a great stir touching [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Empress Mother's]] ship as it prepared to carry goods to Mocha, an Arabian port south of Mecca at the Red Sea's entrance. The Portuguese threatened to abscond with the ship to Diu unless Mariam-uz-Zamani paid an exorbitant fee for a cartaz or pass. It is recorded that the Portuguese demanded 1,00,000 mamudies for their cartaz and then 20,000; eventually, to forestall violence, the two sides were able to compromise on a much smaller payment of around 1,000 [[Portuguese real|Rials]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=129–130}}</ref>

The incident in particular that permanently turned the Mughals away from their early European friends, the Portuguese, was the seizure and burning<ref>{{Cite book |last=William Foster |url=http://archive.org/details/LettersReceivedByTheEastIndiaCompanyVolII |title=Letters Received By The East India Company|volume=II|date=1897 |pages=229 |language=English}}</ref> of Mariam-uz-Zamani's greatest pilgrimage ship, the Rahimi, in September 1613.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=http://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressofmughalindia |title=Nur Jahan Empress Of Mughal India |pages=130 |language=English}}</ref> Although she was carrying the necessary [[Cartaz|Portuguese pass]] and was apparently not in violation of any of the terms posted on it, still, out of pure greed or anger at the new Mughal friendship with the English, the Portuguese acted "contrary to their pass" and carried off "the Rahimi" with all of her richly laden cargo, worth 100,000 pounds, equivalent to today's currency, half a billion rupees, and the approximately 700 passengers still on board to Goa.<ref name=":24"/> [[Jerónimo de Azevedo|Jeronimo de Azevedo]] celebrated the capture of the Rahimi as "worthy prey that was brought and for giving the Mughals a cause of sorrow."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bocarro |first1=António n 99254262 |url=http://archive.org/details/b2935237x_0001 |title=Decada 13 da historia da India |last2=Felner |first2=Rodrigo José de Lima |date=1876 |publisher=Lisboa: Typ. da Academia real das sciencias |others=Wellcome Library |pages=192}}</ref>

When it became clear that the Portuguese had no immediate intention of returning the Empress Mother's ship, Jahangir sent Muqarrab Khan, his governor, down to stop all shipping traffic at Surat, the major Indian fort for seagoing trade, and to lay siege to the Portuguese city of [[Daman, India|Daman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Alexander |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70311 |title=Tuzuk-i-jahangiri Or Memoris Of Jahangir Vol.1 |date=1909 |pages=255}}</ref> The Jesuit church in Agra, which had been built under Akbar, was closed, and all allowances to Portuguese priests in Mughal India were suspended.<ref>{{Cite book |last=William Foster |url=http://archive.org/details/LettersReceivedByTheEastIndiaCompanyVolII |title=Letters Received By The East India Company (Vol II) |date=1897 |pages=96,107,149,150 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=191, 192, 203}}</ref><ref name=":26" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Great Britain. Public Record Office |url=http://archive.org/details/colonialrecordsc02greauoft |title=Colonial Records. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial |last2=Great Britain. Colonial Office |last3=Great Britain. India Office |date=1860 |publisher=London: Longmans, H.M.S.O. |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=316}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Marc Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OQWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |title=South Asia in World History |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-976034-3 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref>

The entire Mughal court, as well as the city of Surat, is in an uproar, and the tumult and outcry at the Mughal court are unprecedented. In the words of Findly, "Rahimi incident was the only act of piracy against India, which, on record, evoked a severe and intense response from the Mughal government."<ref name=":21"/><ref name=":7"/>

These extreme actions taken by Jahangir are unusual, for the Mughal court has grown used to the rapacious brutality of the Portuguese and has usually reacted by ignoring it or accommodating it if possible. But this is the Rahimi, which has been seized by the Portuguese, Mariam-uz-Zamani's flagship pilgrim ship, and empress mother demands retribution. This is an altogether unusual situation, demonstrating the great cultural upheavals and the tectonic changes that are shaping the Mughal empire: this is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] empress's [[Muslims|Muslim]] ship, carrying Hajj pilgrims in [[Christians|Christian]] waters patrolled by the [[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese armada.]]<ref name=":7" />

The Portuguese tried their influence for peace<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orme |first=Robert |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalfrag00orme |title=Historical fragments of the Mogul empire. |date=1805 |publisher=London: F. Wingrave |others=University of California Libraries |pages=360 |quote=The Portuguese viceroy, after retreating from captain Downton, stopped at Bassein, before he proceeded to Goa, and instructed his governor of Daman to endeavour a reconciliation with Surat; to which end the Jesuit Hieronimo Xavier worked more efficaciously at Agra, by proffers and apologies, which gained the emperor's mother from motives of religion, and his wife by expectation of presents.}}</ref> and later agreed to compensate the Mughal government for the loss of the Empress Mother's vessel and "to grant certain additional passes to native vessels proceeding to the Red Sea," but since the agreement was contingent upon the expulsion of the English, Jahangir balked. Eventually, an agreement was made by the emperor by which the Portuguese had to pay "three [[Lakh|lakhs]] of rupees for the ship taken," but the issue of English expulsion was left hanging as Jahangir became increasingly aware of English power at sea.<ref name=":22"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13774 |title=Letters received by the East India Company|volume=III |date=1899 |pages=xxxvii-xxxviii |language=English}}</ref>

The Portuguese capture of Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship thus served to bring about a major change in the relationship between the two governments and was, by a fortunate accident, a substantial windfall for the [[East India Company|English]].<ref name=":23" />

==Post Rahimi incident==
When the Portuguese seized and burned an exceptionally large and well-known pilgrimage ship called Rahimi belonging to the Empress Mother Mariam-uz-Zamani, an era of overseas trading came to an end.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":26">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/MaclaganJesuitsAndTheGreatMogul1932 |title=Maclagan Jesuits And The Great Mogul 1932 |pages=82 |language=English}}</ref> The Portuguese continued to maintain a presence at the Mughal court but became a relatively insignificant factor in trade, and the scales tipped in favour of the English.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manu S. Pillai |url=http://archive.org/details/the-courtesan-the-mahatma-and-the-italian-brahmin-tales-from-indian-history |title=The Courtesan The Mahatma And The Italian Brahmin Tales From Indian History |date=2022-04-21}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=http://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressofmughalindia |title=Nur Jahan Empress Of Mughal India |pages=131 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jagadish Narayan |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107881 |title=Studies In Economic Life In Mughal India |date=1975 |pages=274}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/MaclaganJesuitsAndTheGreatMogul1932 |title=Maclagan Jesuits And The Great Mogul 1932 |pages=84 |language=English}}</ref>

Tension remained between the English and the Portuguese, especially at the lower levels, and Jahangir himself reported on the sea fight between the two in the [[Battle of Swally|Swally channel]] in January of 1615, during which the English burned most of the Portuguese ships.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Alexander |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70311 |title=Tuzuk-i-jahangiri Or Memoris Of Jahangir Vol.1 |date=1909 |pages=274}}</ref>

Mariam-uz-Zamani carried on with her commercial and pilgrimage ships despite losing her greatest pilgrimage ship, the Rahimi. She was in command of a fleet of ships.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Prasun |date=2012 |title=Gender and Travel Writing in India, c. 1650-1700 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41633802 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=40 |issue=3/4 |pages=66 |jstor=41633802 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref> In 1617, two English pirates tried to seize Empress Mother's ship, which was returning from the Red Sea with numerous hajjis and valuable cargo, but in the nick of time, the ship was rescued.<ref name=":14"/><ref name=":15"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gardiner |first=Samuel R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.228253 |title=History Of England Vol. 3 |date=1883 |pages=216 |quote=Their first act was to attack a rich junk belonging to the mother of the Great Mogul. If it had not been for the fortunate interposition of the fleet of the East India Company, which came up before the contest was decided, the result of Rich's selfish enterprise would have been the closing of the busiest marts in India to English commerce.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=W. Noel Sainsbury |first=Ed |url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 |title=Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621 |date=1870 |publisher=Longman & Co., and Trubner & Co., London |others=Kerala State Library |pages=lxxvi-lxxx, 77, 121}}</ref>

In the words of [[Thomas Roe]], the English Ambassador in the Mughal Court,

{{Blockquote|text="Sir Robert Rich and one Phillope Barnardoe sett out two shipps to take Piratts, which is growne a Common Pretence of beeing Piratts. They missed their entrance into the Red sea (which was their dessigne), and came for India, gaue Chase to the Queene Mothers Juncke, and, but that God sent in our Fleete, had taken and rifled her. If they had prospered in their ends, either at Mocha or here, your goods and our Persons had answered it. I ordered the seisure of the shipps, Prises, and goods, and converted them to your vse; and must now tell you if you bee not round in some Course with these men you will haue the seas full and your trade in India is vtterly lost and our liues exposed to Pledge in the hands of Moores."<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Roe|title=The Embassy|date=1615–1619|page= 480|url=https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma01fostgoog/page/n228/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref>|author=Thomas Roe|source=The Embassy}}

After the loss of her greatest pilgrimage ship, the Rahimi, the Empress Mother then ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns and the placement of over 400 musketeers. It was named "[[Ganj-i-Sawai]]" and in its day was the most fearsome ship in the sea, with the objective of trade and taking pilgrims to Mecca, and on the way back, converting all the goods into gold and silver and bringing back the pilgrims.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Safdar |first1=Aiysha |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Azam |title=History of Indian Ocean-A South Asian Perspective |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/44/v7_no1_21.html |journal=Journal of Indian Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=187 |quote=The Empress, Mariam Zamani then ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns and placements for over 400 musket men. It was named 'Ganj-i-Sawai', and it was in its day the most fearsome ship on the seas, and its objective was to trade and take pilgrims to Mecca, and on the way back convert all the goods sold into gold and silver as well as bring the pilgrims back. But then the English, posing as pirates, attacked with a 25-ship armada of alleged pirates. At Mecca, they claimed they were slave traders.}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

==See also==
* [[Sloop]]
* [[Ganj-i-Sawai]]
* [[White Ship]]
* [[Chinese treasure ship]]
* [[Javanese jong]]
* [[Polacca]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal |last=Qaisar |first=A. Jan |year=1968 |title=Shipbuilding in the Mughal Empire during the Seventeenth Century |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=5|issue=2|pages=149–170|doi=10.1177/001946466800500204 }}
{{World's largest wooden ships}}

[[Category:16th-century ships]]
[[Category:Mariam-uz-Zamani]]
[[Category:1610s in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of India]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire]]

History and culture of Neyyattinkara

2026-01-29T20:06:46Z

Leopoldo10S: Stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2021}}
{{overdetailed|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Vizhinjam Unfinished Cave Temple (constructed by the rulers of the Ay kingdom), Neyyattinkara.jpg|thumb|Unfinished Cave Temple in Vizhinjam [South-West side of NTA Town, constructed by the rulers of the Ay kingdom (857-885 AD)]]]Cave pictures, probably by [[Neolithic]] people, are found in Pandavanpara, located in the North east side of Neyyattinkara towards Karakonam route. This famous cave will come under Perumkadavila panchayath. The name of this portion of land, before [[Marthanda Varma]] became the ruler of [[Travancore]], was 'Thenganad'.

The megaliths recently unearthed at Vizhinjam shows a splendorous display of craftsmanship that was prevalent in the region from the Middle Eras. Studies are going on to ascertain the ancient history of this region. Some of the historic relics of NTA are:

# Pandavan Para (believed to be having 5,000-year-old human inscriptions)
# Vizhinjam Cave Temple (constructed by the rulers of the [[Ay kingdom]])
# Anantha Victoria Marthandan Canal (constructed during the British rule)
# Neyyattinkara's first library Njanapradayini<ref>{{cite web | url=http://jnanapradayini.org/founder.html | title=Founder | publisher=Jnanapradayini Library | accessdate=24 April 2018 }}</ref>

== Times of Travancore Dynasty ==

[[File:Sreekrishna Swami Temple in Neyyattinkara Town.jpg|thumb|Sreekrishna Swami Temple, Neyyattinkara Town founded by Marthanda Varma in 1775]][[Neyyattinkara Sree Krishna Swami Temple|Sree Krishna Swami Temple]] in the town-centre stands as a rare example of merger between legend and reality. According to the legend it was here the [[Travancore]] king [[Marthanda Varma]] once hid inside the hollow trunk of a [[Jackfruit]] tree to escape from his enemies during his war against the [[Ettuveetil Pillamar]] (The Nair-Feudal Lords of the Eight Houses). The King prayed to [[Lord Krishna]] for helping him as he was being surrounded by the enemies. At that time, a mysterious child asked the King to hide himself inside the hollow trunk of a large jack tree standing there. The jack tree popularly known as 'Ammachiplavu' (Translating to "Grandmother Jackfruit Tree") since then, could still be seen preserved in the [[Neyyattinkara Sree Krishna Swami Temple|Shri Krishna Swamy Temple]] located in the heart of the town. This temple was built by [[Marthanda Varma]] in the year 1755, as a thanksgiving to the [[Lord Krishna]], who helped him to win the ordeal.

== Independence struggle ==

Neyyattinkara is the birthplace of renowned revolutionaries like [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai]], Athazhamangalam VeeraRaghavan who fought for Indian independence and against the dictatorial rule of Travancore Diwans. Neyyattinkara is the land of many uprisings against British rule in India. The brutal crackdown by British military resulted in death of many freedom fighters including Veeraraghavan. A monument reminding the new generations of these struggles could be seen in the heart of the town, in front of the Town Police Station. The Father of Nation of [[India]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], had spent a day at Madhavi Mandiram (name of a house) in Neyyattinkara.

== Wards in Neyyattinkara Municipal Area ==

<ref name="apr2">{{cite web|url=http://www.neyyattinkaramunicipality.in/council|title=Council|accessdate=2014-03-31|publisher=Neyyattinkara Municipality|year=2014|author=NMC|work=APR Website|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230112714/http://www.neyyattinkaramunicipality.in/council|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Neyyattinkara Municipal Area is divided into 44 wards. The respective ward numbers assigned by the Municipality are given in brackets. For official matters ward numbers are generally mentioned in [[Roman numerals]]. The wards are: (1). Aralummoodu, (2) Puthanambalam, (3) Moonnukallinmoodu, (4) Koottappana, (5) Pallivilakam, (6) Punnakkadu, (7) Kalathuvila, (8) Vadakodu, (9) Muttakkadu, (10) Elavanikkara, (11) Mampazhakkara, (12) Mullaravila, (13) Perumpazhuthoor, (14) Alampotta, (15) Plavila, (16) Thozhukkal, (17) Vazhuthoor (includes Christ Nagar, Mythry Nagar and Keerthi Nagar), (18) Kollavamvila, (19) Thavaravila, (20) kulathamal, (21) Chaikottukonam, (22) Maruthathoor, (23) Irumbil (includes Arakkunnu and Stuart Nagar), (24) Fort (includes Vadakkey-kotta & Police Quarters), (25) Vlangamuri, (26) Krishnapuram, (27) Rameswaram, (28) Narayanapuram, (29) Amaravila, (30) Pullamala, (31) Pirayummoodu, (32) Olathanni, (33) Chundavila, (34) Athazhamangalam, (35) Kavalakulam, (36) Panagattukari, (37) Nilamel, (38) Manaloor, (39) Ooruttukala, (40) Alummoodu, (41) Town, (42) Brahmamkodu, (43) Athiyannoor, (44) Vazhimukku

These 44 wards are under the surveillance of Neyyattinkara Municipality (a local self-government or LSG). In each ward there is a Ward Councillor democratically elected for a period of 5 years. These Councillors represent the people in the ward concerned. In most of the wards there are Kudumbasree units of [[Kudumbashree Mission (Kerala)]] initiated for the development of womenfolk especially unemployed housewives.

=== Community-building organizations in Municipal Area ===

In most of the wards in Neyyattinkara Municipal Area there are [[Residents' association]]s registered under "The Travancore-Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act, 1955" working for the welfare of the public. A few residents' associations in the Municipal Area were joined together and formed Federation of Residents' Associations, Neyyattinkara (FRAN)<ref name="apr3">{{cite web|url=http://www.fran.co.in/|title=Welcome to Federation of Resident's Association Neyyattinkara|accessdate=2014-04-07|publisher= FRAN, Neyyattinkara|year=2014|author= FRAN, Neyyattinkara|work=APR Website}}</ref> to move as a social unit so as to get all the welfare measures from the Local Self Government (viz. Municipality) and the State Government.<ref name="apr5">{{cite web|url=http://egroops.kerala.gov.in/dev/|title= Home|accessdate=2014-04-07|publisher=Department of Registration|year=2014|author=Kerala Government|work=APR Website}}</ref> Major Residents’ Associations in Municipal Area are:[[File:Christ Nagar.jpg|thumb|left|Christ Nagar in NTA Town (CSI Town Church, Neyyattinkara area)]]
{{Infobox political party
| country = India
| name = Christ Nagar Residents' Association (CNRA), Christ Nagar, Neyyattinkara
| logo = Christ Nagar Residents' Association.jpg
| president = Sherin George ([[Indian National Congress]]), Maniyal, Christ Nagar. Elected on 2014-04-09
| secretary = Mr. Ajithkumar C<ref name="apr8">{{cite web|url=http://christnagar.blogspot.in/|title=Christ Nagar, Neyyattinkara|accessdate=2014-05-14|publisher=CNRA, NTA|year=2014|author= CNRA, NTA|work=APR Website}}</ref>([[Indian National Congress]]), Mispa, Christ Nagar. Elected on 2014-04-09
| foundation = 2000 (Reconstituted in 2014)
| headquarters = Christ Nagar Railway Overbridge Road Neyyattinkara
| website =
| colorcode =
| seats4_title =
| seats4 =
}}

#<ref name="apr6">{{cite web|url=http://facebook.com/cnranta|title=Christ Nagar, Neyyattinkara|accessdate=2014-04-07|publisher= CNRA, Neyyattinkara|year=2014|author= CNRA, Neyyattinkara|work=APR Website}}</ref> Christ Nagar Residents’ Association (CNRA), Christ Nagar<ref name="apr7">{{cite web|url=http://plus.google.com/107740269803650518363/about|title= Christ Nagar, Neyyattinkara|accessdate=2014-05-14|publisher=Christ Nagar Residents’ Association (CNRA)|year=2014|author= Christ Nagar Residents’ Association (CNRA)|work=APR Website}}</ref> The Christ Nagar Residents’ Association (CNRA) is a non-profit society in the Christ Nagar Residential Area of Neyyattinkara town. The association was founded in 2000 by the residents of Christ Nagar and membership is restricted to those who live within the neighbourhood. The association's original aims are outlined in its memorandum of association. The association has close ties with the [[Indian National Congress]] party, with many CNRA members having worked for the party. Christ Nagar Residential Area contains major landmarks such as Town Church (BFM)-NTA, CSI Town Church-NTA, Arakkunnu Checkpost and Prayer Gardens (Ministry of Jesus)-NTA in Vazhuthoor Ward; Bathel Church (Arakkunnu), and extends to Irumbil Ward. Christ Nagar is the largest commuter town or bedroom suburb of Neyyattinkara town. [[In God We Trust]] is the tagline of CNRA.
# Mythry Nagar Residents’ Association (MNRA), Mythry Nagar [in Vazhuthoor Ward]
# Vazhuthoor Residents’ Association (VRA), Vazhuthoor [in Vazhuthoor Ward]
# Koottapana Residents’ Association (KRA), Koottapana
# Swaruma Residents’ Association (SRA), Pallivilakom/Vadakodu
# Kanichankode Residents’ Association (KRA), Kanichankodu (Govt. Hospital to Railway Station road)
# Swadeshi Residents’ Association (SRA), Kanichankodu
# Vadakkey Kotta Residents’ Association (VKRA), Vadakkey Kotta (Sreekrishana Swami Temple to Police Quarters road including Kandal and Kondodi area)
# Convent Road Residents’ Association (CRRA), Convent Road (Alummoodu)
# Nilamel Residents’ Association (NRA), Nilamel
# Krishna Nagar Residents’ Association (KNRA), Krishna Nagar (West side of Swadeshabhimani Municipal Park, Neyyattinkara)
# Amman Nagar Residents’ Association (ANRA), Amman Koil, near Neyyattinkara Bus-stand
# Oruma Residents’ Association (ORA), Pathankallu
# Palakadavu Residents’ Association (PKRA), Palakadavu
# Viswabharathy Road Residents’ Association (VRRA), Viswabharathy Road
# Neyyattinkara Town Residents' Association (NTRA), NTA Town (Town Hall side)
# Swadeshabhimani Residents' Association (SRA), NTA Town (South of Sreekrishna Swami Temple, Court and Kannipuram area)
# Gandhi Nagar Residents’ Association (GNRA), South of NTA KSRTC Bus Terminal
# Mahatma Residents’ Association (MRA), West of NTA KSRTC Bus Terminal
[[File:Christ Nagar, Neyyattinkara.jpg|thumb|left|Christ Nagar Residential Area in Neyyattinkara Town (Arakkunnu Checkpost - Vazhuthoor Ward)]]
In April 2010, Vazhuthoor Ward set as a model in food security through the Swabhimanam Self-Sufficiency programme spearheaded by Adv. Vinod Sen<ref name="apr9">{{cite web|url=http://thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/vazhuthoor-ward-sets-a-model-in-food-security/article748027.ece|title= Vazhuthoor ward sets a model in food security|accessdate=2014-05-14|publisher=The Hindu|year=2010|author=The Hindu|work=APR Website}}</ref> ([[Indian National Congress]] party), the then ward Councillor of Vazhuthoor Ward. As an incentive in appreciation for the efforts put in by the local bodies in taking government's health care projects to the grassroots, Neyyattinkara Municipality got Arogyakeralam award 2012–13.<ref name="apr10">{{cite web|url=http://thehindu.com /|title= Health awards for local bodies|accessdate=2014-05-14|publisher=The Hindu|year=2013|author= the Hindu|work=APR Website}}</ref> Now Adv. L. S Sheela<ref name="apr11">{{cite web|url=http://www.neyyattinkaramunicipality.in/council|title=Council|accessdate=2014-05-14|publisher=Neyyattinkara Municipality|year=2014|author=Neyyattinkara Municipality|work=APR Website|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230112714/http://www.neyyattinkaramunicipality.in/council|url-status=dead}}</ref> ([[Indian National Congress]] party), who is the vice-chairperson and finance and standing committee chairperson of Neyyattinkara Municipality is the ward councilor of Christ Nagar, Mythry Nagar, Keerthi Nagar, New Street and Vazhuthoor residential areas that come under Vazhuthoor Ward.

== Christian Fellowship Christmas Parade, 2015 ==

<ref name="apr12">{{cite web|url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/251386990/The-Christian-Fellowship-Neyyattinkara| title= The Christian Fellowship, Neyyattinkara |accessdate=2014-12-31|publisher= The Christian Fellowship, Neyyattinkara |year=2014|author= The Christian Fellowship, Neyyattinkara |work=APR Website}}</ref> From the heart of NTA town, the L-shaped parade route travelled [on Christmas Day (2015-12-25) at 4 p.m] south of the town (Viswabharathy road) to west of the town (T B Junction) and gathered in the east of the town: Govt. Boys’ Higher Secondary School, NTA for United Christmas Celebrations, 2015 (Convention). The parade and convention were organized by The Christian Fellowship, NTA: a united Christian body comprising Latin Catholic Diocese of NTA, 65 CSI Churches in NTA town, [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]], Malankara Christian Church, [[Lutheran]], and [[Evangelical Church of India]]. A number of CSI Churches including CSI Muttakkad, CSI Melariyodu, CSI Kurumbal, St. Paul's CSI( Pottayil, Irumbil), Lali Memorial CSI – Punnakkadu, CSI Irumbil, CSI Koovodu, CSI Thozhukkal, CSI Perumpazhuthoor, CSI Cathedral NTA, Sharon CSI Plavilamoola, CSI Malanchani, CSI Mayapuri, CSI NTA, CSI Central NTA, CSI Kalathuvila, Bethel CSI Chittacodu, and Lutheran churches such as St. Peter's Lutheran: Karavakkuzhi, and Bethel Lutheran Church: Vazhuthoor participated in the parade by marching bands, complete with a parade of floats, festivities and familiar Christmas characters. Santa Claus participated in the parade with his magnificently decorated sleigh with huge gift sack on top of a float. Most of the streets in the town were partially closed between 3 pm to 5 pm. The United Christmas Celebrations were inaugurated by Rt. Rev. Dr. Vincent Samual – bishop of Latin Catholic Diocese of NTA. Dr. [[Shashi Tharoor]], the current MP and Rev. Dr. Mani Puthiyidam: [[Changanassery]] Athiroopatha Vikari General addressed the gathering. Rev. Pavithrasingh: president of Christian Fellowship presided over the function. The convention started at 5 pm and went on till 12 midnight. The convention was an organized effort of General Convener of Christian Fellowship: J Jose Franklin, Secretary: K Raveendran, Clergy Convener: Rev. T R Satyaraj and president: Rev. L T Pavithrasingh, and other members of the Fellowship: Dr. T Jegin Raj (Velliyavila Sidha Ayurvea Hospital), V Yesudas, Jayakumar, Joyi, Danam, Velukkutty, Sam Jayakumar, Jomi Francis, Susheelan and B B Sanal. The NTA Municipality Chairman S S Jayakumar, Vice-chairperson Adv. L S Sheela and leader of opposition Ansalan felicitated the function. The function was serenaded by local choirs of CSI Town Church, Christ Nagar, NTA. Students of St. Theresa's Convent Girls' Higher Secondary School, NTA, Dr. G R Public School, NTA, Rugmini College of Nursing, Vellarada and children of various church members conducted various Christmas programs in the convention. The convention was closed after a drama Vazhthapetta (beatified) [[Devasahayam Pillai]] conducted by [[Trivandrum]] Rangakala. During the 10 days’ festival time in NTA town, the roads in the town were illuminated in different colours and the buildings and trees along the Railway Overbridge » KSRTC Stand, TB Junction » Govt. Hospital Junction and Ooruttukala » Allummoodu stretch were lit up. The illuminations were sponsored by NTA Municipal Council and The Christian Fellowship, NTA. There were sparkling illuminations and Christmas characters overlooking the [[Neyyar River]] at [[Amaravila]] CSI Church compound, NTA CSI Church compound, Thozhukkal CSI Church compound, in and around NTA town and Thirupuram: the outskirts of NTA town.[[File:Christmas_in_Christ_Nagar,_Neyyattinkara.jpg|thumb|Christmas Celebrations 2015 in Christ Nagar, NTA,]]

== Onam Fest & Illuminations (Neyyar Mela), 2015 ==
[[File:Neyyar Mela (Fest) 2014.jpg|thumb|Onam Celebrations in NTA town, 2014]]

<ref name="apr13">{{cite web|url= http://neyyarmela.com/ |title=Neyyar Mela|accessdate=2015-09-14|publisher= Vyapari Vyavasayi Samithi|year=2015|author= Vyapari Vyavasayi Samithi, Neyyattinkara|work=APR Website}}</ref> The Neyyattinkara Area Committee of Kerala State Vyapari Vyavasaya Samithi along with all the residents’ associations in NTA town and NTA Municipal Council (NMC) conducted Neyyar Mela/Fiesta (Neyyar Fest) from 21 August 2015 to 6 September 2015 as part of [[Onam]]– [[Kerala]] State's national festival, enriched with myriad art and cultural activities. As part of the third edition of 17 days' Onam celebrations in the town the colourful two kilometre Onam inaugural rally began in the morning of 21 August from S N Auditorium, NTA and culminated at NTA Municipal Stadium and it was inaugurated at 9 am by former district panchayat president Anavoor Nagappan and Trivandrum Corporation leader of opposition K Ansalan. The residents came dressed in ethnic wear and traditional pulikali attires/performers along with Talappoli, and people dressed up as [[Mahabali]] and [[Vamana]]. The students from St Teresa's Convent, Dr G R Public School, Vivekananda Public School and other schools in the town attended the rally. The cultural parade that threw light to the rich and envious tradition of Neyyattinkara was the biggest attraction of the fest. Seasonal illuminations around Onam have become a popular attraction across the town. During the 17 days’ festival time in NTA town, the roads in the town were illuminated in different colours and the buildings and trees along the Vazhuthoor » Railway Overbridge » Hospital Junction » Allummoodu » Swadesabhimani Municipal Park » KSRTC Stand » Vlangamuri; Govt. Hospital Junction » TB Junction » Moonnukallinmoodu » Ooruttukala and TB Junction » Allummoodu stretch were lit up. Special illumination displays were found around all government buildings. A variety of traditional and cultural programs were conducted by residents’ associations in NTA Municipal Ground and in and around the town. There were a number of entertainment events and contests, from story writing, poetry writing, Vanjipaatu, painting contests, flower and floral carpet arrangement, vegetable carving, chess competitions, work experience fair of school students, to boat racing. The fiesta also included a short film fest on environment conservation, a number of rides for the kids as well as a park. The fiesta had scores of stalls, which range from food courts, curio, home appliance and handicraft shops and many more. Exhibition-cum-sale of Kudumbashree products and ornamental fishes was also organised. There were medical exhibitions in the Neyyar Mela/Fiesta conducted by Karakkonam Medical College and other hospitals in Trivandrum district. The Gandhi Memorial Fund stall, where artisans make pots the traditional way, was another big draw. Beautiful clay pots and utensils were also put on sale there. There were ‘Adivasi Ooru’ (Land of Forest Dwellers), in the model of a small tribal village - recreated on the banks of a nearby canal, Valli unjal (Swing), tribal tree houses, ‘Aavi Kuli’ (Steam bath) and other herbal and medicinal techniques set up near the premises of NTA Municipal Stadium. Gandhi Teertha Vallamkali (Gandhi Boat Racing) was held at Valiyakulam pond at Chenkal panchayat, with teams from [[Kuttanad]] on 23 August and it was inaugurated by Kerala State Film Development Corporation chairman K Rajmohan Unnithan, presided by H Sugandhi - Vallamkali Aghosha committee chairperson, and welcomed by committee's general convenor N Premkumar. Vijayan Thomas - KTDC chairman, K Ansalan - Neyyar Mela/Fiesta chief coordinator, M R Simon - Parassala block panchayat president, Sudhakaran - KSRTC general manager and Rajaram Manomohanakumar - ward member were among those who attended the event.The Event Were started on 2013 by [[K.Ansalan]] (The Secretary of KSVVS) and M.Suresh Kumar (The Area President of KSVVS).Kumarakom team led by M Shanavas and Chenkal team led by Sanil Kulathingal bagged the first and second place respectively. The ceremony came to a close with a Kalarippayattu performance by Poovachal Puthooram Kalari team.

== C S I Churches ==
{{Infobox church
| name = C S I Neyattinkara
| founded date = 1823
| image = CSI NEYYATTINKARA.jpg
| caption = CSI Neyattinkara Church
| vicar = (1) Rev. M L Sathyasanthoshkumar (District Chairman and Presbyter) (2) Rev. T K Ajikumar (Associate Presbyter)
| bishop = Rt. Rev Dr S Christopher Vijayan
| denomination = [[Church of South India]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of South Kerala of the Church of South India]]
| tradition = [[Church of England]]
| location = Vlangamuri, Neyyattinkara-695121, [[Trivandrum, Kerala]]
| country = India
| website =
}}
{{Infobox church
| name = C S I Thozhukkal
| caption = Thozhukkal C S I Church
| founded date = 1845
| image = C S I Thozhukkal, Neyyattinkara.jpg
| vicar = (1) Rev. M Victor John M.Th (District Chairman and Presbyter) (2) Rev. Prasanth Selvomony M.Th (Associate Presbyter)
| bishop = Rt. Rev Dr S Christopher Vijayan
| denomination = [[Church of South India]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of South Kerala of the Church of South India]]
| tradition = [[Church of England]]
| location = Thozhukkal, Neyyattinkara-695121, [[Trivandrum]], [[kerala]]
| country = India
| website = {{url|csithozhukkal.com/}}
}}
{{Infobox church
| name = C S I Amaravila
| caption = Amaravila C S I Church
| founded date = 1810
| image = C S I Amaravila.jpg
| vicar = Rev. Kunjappi Yesudhas (District Chairman and Presbyter)
| bishop = Rt. Rev Dr S Christopher Vijayan
| denomination = [[Church of South India]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of South Kerala of the Church of South India]]
| tradition = [[Church of England]]
| location = Amaravila, Neyyattinkara-695122 [[Trivandrum, Kerala]]
| country = India
| website = {{url|www.csiamaravila.org/}}
}}
There are 65 C S I ([[Church of South India]]) churches in Neyyattinkara town.

'''Note:''' In C S I terminology, the word '''Area''' used hereunder is considered as a '''District'''. Hence, for instance, Neyyattinkara Area should be read as Neyyattinkara District. Thus, the 65 CSI churches in different areas (districts) of Neyyattinkara town are listed below:<ref name="apr18">{{cite web|url=http://csiskd.com/?page_id=897|title=NEYYATTINKARA AREA|accessdate=2014-04-04|publisher=South Kerala Diocise, Church of South India |year=2014|author=CSI|work=APR Website}}</ref>

'''Neyyattinkara Area''': (1) C S I Neyyattinkara Town, Christ Nagar (2) C S I Aralumoodu (3). C S I Chenkottukonam (4). C S I Chittacode (5). C S I Christhupuram (6). C S I Neyyattinkara (D.C) (7). C S I Neyyattinkara Metro (8). C S I Sharon Muttacaud '''Thozhukkal Area''' (9). C S I Chemmannuvila (10). C S I Kalathuvila (11). C S I Kunnuvila (12). C S I Malanchani (13). C S I Neyyatinkara Central (14). C S I Perumpazhuthoor (15). C S I Punnacadu (16). C S I Thozhukal (D.C) '''[[Amaravila]] Area''': (17) C S I Amaravila (D.C), (18). C S I Asapuram, (19). C S I Chaikottukonam, (20). C S I Ismanipuram, (21). C S I Kudumbode, (22). C S I Kurumbal, (23). C S I Palappally, (24). C S I Pasukottukonam, (25). C S I Plancheri '''Irumbil Area''': (26). C S I Irumbil (D.C) (27). C S I Nediyakala (28). C S I Pottayil (29). C S I Thavaravila (30). C S I Thenguvilakuzhi '''kariprakonam Area''': (31). C S I Elavanikkara (32). C S I Kariprakonam (D.C) (33). C S I Koovode (34). C S I Mampazhakara (35). C S I Melariyode (36). C S I Muttacadu '''Perumkadavila Area''': (37). C S I Acqudate (38). C S I Ancode (39). C S I Aruvikara (40). C S I Christhugiri (41). C S I Chulliyoor (42). C S I Manaluvila (43). C S I Mannarakonam (44). C S I Marayamuttam (45). C S I Melkonam (46). C S I Myladumpara (47). C S I Perumkadavila (D.C) (48). C S I Thottavaram '''Poovathoor Area''': (49). C S I Ambayinthala (50). C S I Kaippallikonam (51). C S I Kunnathukal Town (52). C S I Manchavilakom (53). C S I Mannamcode (54). C S I Poovathoor (D.C) (55). C S I Thathiyoor '''Moolakonam Area''': (56). C S I Araumaloor (57). C S I Cheenivila (58). C S I Govindamangalam (59). C S I Mannadikonam (60). C S I Moolakonam (D.C) (61). C S I Palkunnu (62). C S I Perumulloor (63). C S I Poovanvila (64). C S I Pullayil (65). C S I Punnavoor
(66). C S I Kariyilthottam( St.Luke's)

Out of the above 65 C S I churches in Neyyattinkara town, the oldest churches are C S I Amaravila and C S I Thozhukkal and the latest one is C S I Neyyattinkara Town situated down by the Neyyar riverside and in the midst of Christ Nagar Residential Area in Christ Nagar. C S I Amaravila or Amaravila C S I Church was established in 1810 and it was known in those days as Emily Chappel. Thozhukkal C S I Church or C S I Thozhukkal was founded by Rev. John Cox in 1845.<ref name="apr19">{{cite web|url=http://csithozhukkal.com/multipage.aspx |title=Church History|accessdate=2014-04-05|publisher=C S I Thozhukkal|year=2014|author=CSI Thozhukkal|work=APR Website}}</ref>
[[File:Foundation Stone of CSI Town Church, Christ Nagar, Neyyattinkara.jpg|thumb|center|Foundation stone of C S I Town Church, Christ Nagar, Neyyattinkara, laid on 20 July 2014 (the latest CSI Church in NTA town)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neyyattinkara]]

Shivraj (actor)

2026-01-29T10:06:23Z

Leopoldo10S: Creating First Info W/ Infobox...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{for|the Indian emperor|Shivaji}}
{{One source|date=October 2020}}
'''Shivraj''' ({{langx|hi|शिवराज}}; 1920 – 3 June 2017) was an Indian actor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Character actor Shivraj passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/character-actor-shivraj-passes-away/article18718691.ece|accessdate=2 July 2017|work=The Hindu|date=4 June 2017}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Singaar]]'' (1949)
*''[[Andolan (1951 film)|Andolan]]'' (1951) (He played a key role)
*''[[Patita (1953 film)|Patita]]'' (1953)
*''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]'' (1955)
*''[[Seema (1955 film)|Seema]]'' (1955)
*''[[Dekh Kabira Roya]]'' (1957)
*''[[Miss Mary (1957 film)|Miss Mary]]'' (1957)
*''[[Paigham]]'' (1959)
*''[[Ujala (film)|Ujala]]'' (1959)
* ''Jija Ji'' (1961) (Punjabi film)
*''[[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee]]'' (1961)
*''[[Rakhi (1962 film)|Rakhi]]'' (1962)
*''[[Bharosa]]'' (1963)
*''[[Rajkumar (1964 film)|Rajkumar]]'' (1964)
*''[[Janwar (1965 film)|Janwar]]'' (1965)
*''[[Do Badan]]'' (1966)
*''[[Mera Saaya]]'' (1966)
*''[[Pyar Kiye Jaa]]'' (1966)
*''[[Baharon Ke Sapne]]'' (1967)
*''[[Shagird (1967 film)|Shagird]]'' (1967)
*''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]'' (1968)
*''[[Saraswatichandra (film)|Saraswatichandra]]'' (1968)
*''[[Do Raaste]]'' (1969)
*''[[Adhikar (1971 film)|Adhikar]]'' (1971)
*''[[Anamika (1973 film)|Anamika]]'' (1973)
*''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973)
*''[[Imaan (film)|Imaan]]'' (1974)
*''[[Naya Din Nai Raat]]'' (1974)
*''Ujala Hi Ujala'' (1974)
*''[[Resham Ki Dori]]'' (1974)
*''[[Aa Jaa Sanam]]'' (1975)
*''[[Jaggu]]'' (1975)
*''[[Salaakhen (1975 film)|Salaakhen]]'' (1975)
*''[[Uljhan]]'' (1975)
*''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977)
*''[[Do Musafir]]'' (1978)
*''[[Kasme Vaade]]'' (1978)
*''[[Rahu Ketu (1978 film)|Rahu Ketu]]'' (1978)
*''[[Sarkari Mehmaan]]'' (1979)
*''[[Inspector Eagle]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Jwalamukhi (1980 film)]]''
*''[[Katilon Ke Kaatil]]'' (1981)
*''[[Dil-e-Nadaan]]'' (1982)
*''[[Bade Dil Wala]]'' (1983)
*''[[Avtaar]]''(1983)
* ''[[All Rounder (1984 film)|All Rounder]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Hum Se Na Jita Koi (1984)]] ''
*''[[Hum Hain Lajawab (1984 film)|Hum Hain Lajawab]]'' (1984)
*''[[Aakhir Kyon?]]'' (1985)
*''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]'' (1985)
*''[[Ilzaam]]'' (1986)
*''[[Aap Ke Saath]]'' (1986)
*''[[Ek Aur Sikander]]'' (1986)
*''[[Dil Ke Jharoke Main]]'' (1997)
*''[[Mrityudand]]'' (1997)
{{div col end}}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!! Serial !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 1994 ||''[[Junoon (1994 TV series)|Junoon]]'' || Ramdas, Servant || [[DD National]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm0794513}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]

Debashis Das

2025-12-29T20:23:55Z

Leopoldo10S:

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
|image = Das Debashis 2012 (cropped).jpg
|caption = Debashis in 2012
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|6|27}}
| birth_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2013)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main221804.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2548 (September 2018)
| FideID = 5024854
}}

'''Debashis Das''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
In October 2013, Debashis crossed the 2500 rating mark after winning against Anirudha Deshpande in the National Challenger held in [[Bhopal]], becoming the first [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] from Odisha.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/debashis-das-becomes-first-grand-master-from-odisha-645769.html|title=Debashis Das becomes first grand master from Odisha|agency=Press Trust of India|publisher=News18|date=18 October 2013|accessdate=3 August 2025}}</ref>

In July 2015, he was declared as the brand ambassador of Odisha-based milk federation Omfed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/chess-wizard-is-face-of-omfed/cid/1468480|title=Chess wizard is face of Omfed|date=2 July 2015|first=Namita|last=Panda}}</ref>

In November 2017, he defeated [[Aravindh Chithambaram]] in the final round of the National Premier Chess Championship, finishing in fourth place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/lalith-babu-crowned-national-chess-champion/articleshow/61597524.cms?from=mdr|title=Lalith Babu crowned national chess champion|work=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2017}}</ref>

In July 2018, he won the bronze medal in the [[Commonwealth Chess Championship]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://odishabytes.com/debashis-das-manish-kumar-win-bronze-medals-commonwealth-chess-championships/|title=Debashis Das, Manish Kumar Win Bronze Medals In Commonwealth Chess Championships|date=4 July 2018}}</ref>

In January 2019, he led the Delhi International Open after the sixth round alongside [[Masoud Mosadeghpour]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/delhi-international-chess-2019-debashis-das-dhanush-raghav/article25982851.ece|title=Delhi International Open: Debashis, Mosadeghpour stay ahead; Dhanush Raghav wins Category 'B'|first=Rakesh|last=Rao|date=13 January 2019}}</ref>

He is the founder of chess academy Kingdom of Chess, which organized a Grandmaster Training Festival in May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Grandmaster-Chess-Training-Festival-at-Udaipur-by-Kingdom-of-Chess|title=Grandmaster Chess Training Festival at Udaipur by Kingdom of Chess|first=Chandrajeet|last=Rajawat|date=12 June 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Debashis}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Bhoothalingaswamy Temple

2025-12-20T14:52:41Z

Leopoldo10S: started some biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
The '''Bhoothalingaswamy Temple'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhoothalingaswamy Temple, Boothapandi, Kanyakumari district - Kanyakumarians |url=https://www.kanyakumarians.com/bhoothalingaswamy-temple-boothapandi-kanyakumari |website=www.kanyakumarians.com |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> is an [[India|Indian]] [[temple]] located at [[Boothapandi]], [[India]], dedicated to the [[deity]] [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] and notable for its ancient [[architecture]] and [[Hinduism|religious]] significance. It serves as the headquarters of the [[Thovalai taluk]] and is situated 7 km (4.3 mi) northeast of the village [[Nagercoil]], which is positioned on the western bank of the [[Pahrali River|River Pazhaiyar]], at the foot of the hill known as [https://wikimapia.org/11750989/Thadakai-Nachi-Amman-Malai Thadagai Malai], which is widely believed by [[Hindus]] to be the abode of Thadakai in the [[Ramayana]], thus adding to its religious importance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhoothalingaswamy Temple (T.N) |url=https://www.onlinedarshan.com/hindu-temples/tamil-nadu/bhoothalingaswamy-temple-t-n.htm |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.onlinedarshan.com}}</ref>

According to the [[Travancore State Manual|Travancore Manual]], Boothapandi is "an ancient palace founded by one of the [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandya sovereigns]]". Vague traditions are preserved in the [[Keralolpathi|Keralopatti]] and [[Kerala Mahatmiyam]], where the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] invasion of [[Kerala]] is referred to mythically.

The Mahatmiyam narrates a tale of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] invading Kerala with an army of Bhuthatans (spirits), eventually defeated by [[Parasurama]], the warrior sage. As a result of this conflict, the boundary between Kerala and [[Pandya kingdom (Mahabharata)|Pandya kingdoms]] was repaired at Boothapandi as a compromise. A later interpretation of the Parasurama legend suggests that it symbolically represents the advent of the [[Aryan|Aryans]] into Kerala.

The Bhoothalingaswamy Temple is said to have been constructed by [[Pandya dynasty|King Pasum Pon Pandyan]], the son of Boothapandiyan.

The presiding [[deity]] of the temple is the [[Suyambulingaswamy Temple, Uvari|Suyambu Lingam]], also known as Salian Kanda Thirumani. In the 17th century, members of the [[Saliya|Saliyar caste]] lived in the town. According to a local legend, one of the community members discovered his [[Cattle|cow]] being milked by an unknown individual. To investigate, he followed the cow and found it discharging milk on a bush. In a fit of anger, he destroyed the bush, revealing a stone [[Idolatry|idol]] beneath it. Upon slashing the idol, it started to bleed, which astounded the man. As a result, the decision was made to construct a [[temple]] for the stone idol, now known as [[Lord Shiva]], hence earning the name ''Salian Kanda Thirumani'' for the deity. This [[legend]] has been passed down through generations and adds to the temple's cultural significance.

<gallery>
File:Theppakulam view.jpg
</gallery>

==Structure of the temple==
The temple is east-facing and is located in [[Boothapandi]]. It is positioned on the eastern face of a large irregular rock, where a cell serves as the sanctum for the presiding deity, Bhoothalingaswamy, represented by a [[linga]] carved into the same rock. Unlike traditional temples, this shrine does not have a [[vimana]] over it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jere |first=Wade Anastasia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfVPXwAACAAJ |title=Bhoothalingaswamy Temple (Bhoothapandi) |date=2011-06-27 |publisher=Equ Press |isbn=978-613-6-78163-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhoothalingaswamy Temple, Bhoothappandi |url=http://www.findmytemple.com/en/kanyakumari/t120-bhoothalingaswamy,-bhoothappandi |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.findmytemple.com}}</ref>

The temple complex features a tank with a small [[Mandapa]] on its northern side. A thick stone wall surrounds the rock, and later additions of the [[ardhamandapa]] and [[mahamandapa]] contribute to the temple's architecture.

Upon entering the sanctum, visitors will find the image of [[Vinayak]] ([[Ganesha]]) on the right side and the image of [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] in front of the linga. On the right side of Nandi, facing south, there is an idol of [[Nataraja]] along with Sivakami Ambal. Other deities present in the temple include Adithyan, Subramanian with [[Valli]] and [[Deivanai]], and Sandikeswarar.

Outside the [[prakaram]] (outer courtyard), visitors are allowed to perform [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] to Kasi Viswanathar and Ulagayanayagi. Additionally, there is a separate shrine dedicated to Sivakami Ambal, which features a small vimana above it, adding to the spiritual significance of the temple.

<gallery>
File:Theppakulam view.jpg|Bhoothalingaswamy Tank View
File:Elephant @ Theppakulam.jpg|Elephant in Bhoothalingaswamy Tank
</gallery>

==History==
[[Boothapandi]] was a small forest area surrounded by bushes and trees. In this village, there lived a man who belonged to the [[Saliya|Saliyar caste]]. He owned cows.

Among his cows, there was one cow that did not provide milk to the man regularly. Being curious about this, the man decided to investigate the matter. The next day, he followed the cow and saw that the cow went to a particular long grass bush and automatically released milk into it.

Feeling confused and suspicious, the man used an iron cutter to cut down the bushes. To his astonishment, the iron cutter was filled with blood when he pulled it out. This was an unexpected sight, and he called others from the village to witness the unusual occurrence.

Together, they removed the [[Shrub|bushes]], and to their amazement, they discovered a sculpture of [[Lord Siva]], created by Suyambulingam (Saliyar Kanda Thirumeeni), within the bushes.

In response to this miraculous finding, the king decided to construct a temple dedicated to Lord Siva, which later became known as the Bhoothalingaswamy Temple. This temple is of a type known as "Kudaivarai Kovil," meaning it was built inside a rock.

The temple's rich history and the story of its origin have been cherished by the people of [[Boothapandi|Bhoothapandi]] for generations, adding to its cultural significance and religious importance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-20 |title=1st KDB – Arulmigu Bhoothalinga Swamy Thirukkovil, Bhoothappandi, Thovala Taluk – Major Devaswom. |url=https://490kdbtemples.org/about/581-2/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=திருவிதாங்கூர் தேவஸ்வம் ஆவணக் காப்பகம் _ Travancore Devaswom Archives _ തിരുവിതാംങ്കൂർ ക്ഷേത്ര പുരാ രേഖകൾ |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Sculptures ==
The Bhoothalingaswamy Temple has a range of [[Sculpture|sculptures]], including the front of the Sivakami Ambal [[shrine]]. Notably, the sculptures of [[Kamadeva]] (Manmathan) and [[Rathi (warrior)|Rathi]] are particularly detailed. The chain is made entirely from stone.

One aspect of the temple's sculptures relates to the depiction of a significant event from the [[Ramayana]]. According to the epic, [[Rama|Lord Rama]] killed [[Vaali (Ramayana)|Vaali]] from behind. When viewed from the front, an observer can see the image of Rama behind Vaali. However, when standing in front of Vaali's image, Rama's image remains hidden.

Another art piece found in the temple is the wooden Manamedai (for weddings) within the [[Mandapa]]. This piece has been crafted so that the joints are invisible. The Kalyanamedai contains numerous multi-colored images.

In the Kalyanamandapam, a [[Sri Yantra|Srichakram]] is engraved on the panel of a [[Column|pillar]], symbolizing the spiritual significance and worship of the divine [[Femininity|feminine]] energy.

The temple's architectural layout does not include an inner [[prakaram]] for both the shrines. However, on the southwest corner of the common prakaram of the shrines, one can find the deity [[Vinayaga]], who is locally known as "Ninaithathai Mudikkum Vinayakar," signifying the auspicious beginning and blessing seekers with good thoughts.<ref name=":0" />

==Car Festival==
Yearly, during the month of Tai ([[Tamil calendar]] month from the mid of January to the mid of February), the people of Bhuthapandy and its surrounding areas come together to celebrate a car festival. The [[festival]] spans ten days and involves various activities and events.

Each year, a committee is formed to organize and oversee the festivities. Throughout the ten days, the celebration comes alive with a vibrant atmosphere and a sense of unity among the community members. The festival's nightly events include [[katcheri]] (musical performances), [[orchestra]], and [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatham]] dance competitions performed by children, adding entertainment and cultural enrichment to the festivities.

As part of the celebrations, the streets are adorned with light arrangements, creating an ambiance around the four streets (rathaveethy). The fourth and seventh days of the festival are particularly significant as they witness the grand Thiruvila (procession). During this time, there are processions featuring elephants, the Horse [[Bhavani]], [[Srinagar|Siringari]] melam (traditional percussion music), and Muthu kodai Bhavani.

The festival also includes various competitions, such as [[Rangoli]] ([[Kolam]]) competitions for women and girls.

The ninth day of the festival is called Therotam, which is a highlight of the celebration. On this day, three cars are adorned with garlands and decorations. The main attraction is the big car, which carries the idol of Lord Bhoothalinga Swamy. Additionally, smaller cars hold the idols of Lord Ganapathy and Amman ([[Parvati|Goddess Parvathi]]). The procession marks a significant moment of devotion and [[Reverence (emotion)|reverence]].

The annual car festival of Bhuthapandy is a joyous occasion that not only showcases the religious fervor of the community but also fosters a strong sense of [[cultural heritage]] and togetherness among its people.

<gallery>
File:Bhoothapandy car festival.jpg|Bhoothapandy car festival
File:Swamy Bavani in 7th day around Rathaveethi.jpg|Swamy Bavani on the sevemnth day around Rathaveethi
File:Perumal Swamy.jpg|Perumal Swamy on the seventh day
File:Theppakulam.JPG|Elephant at Theppakulam in 2013
</gallery>

==Route==
The route to reach the place from the District Capital Nagercoil is [[Nagercoil]] - [[Vadasery]] - [[Putheri]] - [[Erachakulam]] - Easanthimangalam -Thuvarancaud - [[Boothapandi|Bhoothapandi]] (totalling nine kilometres).

==See also==
* [[Boothapandi]]
*[[Kanyakumari district]]
*[[Saliya|Saliyar cast in Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bhoothalingaswamy Temple}}
* [http://www.hoparoundindia.com/tamilnadu/nagercoil-attractions/bhoothapandi.aspx Bhoothapandi Nagercoil - Temples in Nagercoil]

{{coord|8.2631|77.449024|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]

Dhanushkodi railway station

2025-12-20T10:38:49Z

Leopoldo10S: added information also and added references per sources

{{Short description|Abandoned railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Dhanushkodi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| style = Indian Railways
| type =
| image = Dhanushkodi Old Railway Station 02.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Heritage building of Dhanushkodi's old railway station
| address =
| borough =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.1793|79.4157|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu#India
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Madurai railway division]]
| line = [[Manamadurai–Rameswaram branch line]]
| platforms = 2
| tracks = 3
| train_operators = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| connections = Bus, Auto
| structure = on ground station
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DNSKDI
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Madurai}}
}}
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| website =
| closed = {{start date and age|df=yes|1964|12|22}} (immediately after the cyclone)
| electrified = no
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services =
| route_map = {{Madurai–Rameswaram line}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Dhanushkodi railway station''' is an abandoned railway station in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It was abandoned during the [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Scott |first=D. J. Walter | date =24 May 2013 |title = Last station master of Danushkodi passes away|url = http://thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/last-station-master-of-danushkodi-passes-away/article4745452.ece|website = [[The Hindu]]|access-date = 2015-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = The story of Dhanushkodi, a cyclone hit town, where reality coexists with myths, mysteries and miracles|url = http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/story-dhanushkodi-cyclone-hit-town-where-reality-coexists-myths-mysteries-and-miracles|website = www.indiawaterportal.org|access-date = 2015-11-11}}</ref> It is one of the two branch lines gets diverted from [[Pamban Junction railway station|Pamban Junction]] one is Pamban Junction–[[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram]] Branch line and the other is [[Pamban Junction to Dhanushkodi Branch Line|Pamban Junction–Dhanushkodi Branch line]]. A train called Boat mail went from Madras(now Chennai) Egmore Station to Ceylon(now Sri Lanka) with a halt at Dhanushkodi station. It was the prime and most economic way to reach Ceylon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scott |first=D. J. Walter |date=2019-01-05 |title=PM to launch new track to Dhanushkodi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/pm-to-lay-foundation-for-railway-line-between-rameswaram-and-dhanushkodi/article25915531.ece |access-date=2022-03-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2021 |first=M. K.|last= Ananth|title=SR needs Rs 11Kcr, got only Rs 95cr for 11 rly lines: MP|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/sr-needs-rs-11kcr-got-only-rs-95cr-for-11-rly-lines-mp/articleshow/80697012.cms |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Railway receives an outlay of ₹7,134.56 crore for 2022-23 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/southern-railway-receives-an-outlay-of-713456-crore-for-2022-23/article64965761.ece |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Cyclone and Aftermath ==
In 23 December 1964, the [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone]] had struck the town of Dhanushkodi. The town was submerged and both lines of the station got destroyed in that cyclone. At the same time Pamban - Dhanushkodi Train(Train No. 653) overturned at the Pamban bridge killing 200 passengers of the train. Immediately after the cyclone, Rameswaram branch line was constructed and opened to traffic but Dhanushkodi branch line was left abandoned.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

As of now [[Madurai railway division]] maintained the station till its operation in 1964. It had 2 platforms, 3 tracks and are now left with open remnants left to see for tourists visiting Dhanushkodi.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

== Restoration==
{{anchor | Line }}

As of April 2025, the plan for restoration of 17 km Rameswaram-Dhanushkodi rail line from [[New Pamban Bridge]] till Dhanushkodi railway station have been approved but facing delays due to environmental and other clearances pending with the state government. There is also a proposal since 1914 to extend the [[Sri Lanka Railways|rail line to Sri Lanka]] to connect to existing [[Talaimannar]] Pier railway station on [[Mannar line]] via a 23 km long over-water rail bridge parallel to [[Ram Setu]].<ref name=restp1>[https://theprint.in/opinion/india-sri-lanka-rail-connectivity-pamban-bridge-ram-setu/2580379/ From Pamban bridge to Ram Setu, India’s revolution in regional integration is underway], The Print, 7 April 2025.</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of railway stations in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IndiaRailInfo|11666}}

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}
{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:Former railway stations in India]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India closed in 1964]]
[[Category:Transport in Rameswaram]]
[[Category:Madurai railway division]]

Rao Jodha

2025-12-17T05:12:04Z

Leopoldo10S: Starting initial bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Rao of Marwar from 1439 to 1489}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rao Jodha
| title =
| image = Rao Jodha.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Rao Jodha
| succession = [[Rai (title)|Rao]] of [[Mandore]]
| reign = {{Nowrap|27 October 1439 – 6 April 1489}}
| predecessor = [[Ranmal|Rao Ranmal]]
| successor = [[Satal Rathore of Marwar|Rao Satal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1416|03|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mandore]], [[Kingdom of Marwar]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1489|04|06|1416|03|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mehrangarh]], Kingdom of Marwar
| spouse = {{Collapsible list
| title = List
| bullets = no
| 1 = Hadi (Chauhan) Rani Jasma De of [[Bundi State]]
| 2 = Bhatiyani Pyar De of Barsalpur in [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer]]
| 3 = Sankhali (Parmar) Navrang De of Roon in [[Kingdom of Marwar]]
| 4 = Songari (Chauhan) Champa De of Pali in [[Jalore]]
| 5 = Solankini Vir De of [[Desuri]]
| 6 = Vagheli Vinay De of [[Tharad]]
| 7 = Hulani Jamna De
}}
| issue = {{Collapsible list
| title = Sons
| hlist =
| bullets = no
| 1 = [[Rao Satal]], Rao of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]]
| 2 = [[Rao Suja]], Rao of Marwar
| 3 = [[Rao Bika]], Rao of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]
| 4 = Rao Bida, Rao of [[Bidasar, Churu|Bidasar]]
| 5 = Rao Duda, Rao of [[Merta City|Merta]]
}} 
{{Collapsible list
| title = Daughters
| hlist =
| bullets = no
| 1 = Shringar De, married to [[Rana Raimal]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
| 2 = Braj De, married to [[Rana Sanga]] of Kingdom of Mewar
| 3 = Roop De, married to Rawal Devidas of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer]]
| 4 = Raj De, married to Rana Ajit of Chapar Dronpur in [[Bikaner State|Jangladesh]]
}}
| issue-link = #Issue
| issue-pipe = among others
| full name =
| house = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Ranmal|Rao Ranmal]]
| mother = Bhatiyani Kuram De d. of Rao Lakhamsen of [[Pugal]] in [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Rao Jodha''' '''Rathore''' (28 March 1416 – 6 April 1489) was the 15th [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput]] chief of [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] clan who ruled the [[Kingdom of Marwar]] in the present-day state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mehrangarh Fort {{!}} History, Description, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mehrangarh-Fort |access-date=2024-03-25 |quote=Mehrangarh Fort, huge hilltop fort in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, built about 1459 by Rao Jodha, a member of the Rathore branch of the Rajput clan and the 15th Rathore ruler of Marwar| website=Britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> He was the eldest son of [[Ranmal|Rao Ranmal]] (Rao Ridmal). He is known for his illustrious military career and for founding the city of [[Jodhpur]] in 1459, which subsequently became the new capital of Marwar after [[Mandore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-09 |title=Jodhpur {{!}} History, Culture & Tourist Attractions |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jodhpur|quote=Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The city was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha, a Rajput (one of the warrior rulers of the historical region of Rajputana), and served as the capital of the princely state of Jodhpur|access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
[[Ranmal|Rao Ranmal]] secured the throne of Mandore in 1427. In addition to ruling Mandore, Rao Ranmal also became the administrator of [[Mewar]] to assist Maharana [[Mokal of Mewar|Mokal]] (father of [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]]). After the assassination of Maharana Mokal by two brothers (Chacha and Mera) in 1433, Ranmal continued as administrator of Mewar at the side of Rana Kumbha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mondini |first=Umberto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQR_DwAAQBAJ&dq=Ranmal&pg=PA31 |title=The Cult of Pābūjī |date=2018-12-12 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-2320-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Coronation ==
Due to weakening of Rathore power after the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] assault on [[Mandore]], Rathore chiefs set aside their internal feuds and rallied under the banner of Jodha. At Kavani, Rathore clansmen collectively decided to declare Jodha as Rao, and successor to Rao Ranmal, and the succeeding day was fixed for the Raj-Tilak. Rao Jodha sent emissaries to [[Deshnoke]] to request [[Karni Mata]] to grace the occasion and herself apply the Tilak. She was unable to come and instead sent ''Pugree Dastoor'' to Kavani with her sons and Jaggu Doshi.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Ujwal |first=Kailash Dan S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pkkqAAAAYAAJ |title=Bhagwati Shri Karniji Maharaj: A Biography |date=1985 |publisher=<nowiki>[s.n.]]</nowiki> |language=en}}</ref>

Therefore, on Kartik Vadi 5, [[Vikram Samvat|VS]] 1496 (27 October 1439), Jodha was put on the Rathore throne and declared the Rao. On the request of the assemblage, [[Karni Mata|Karniji's]] son Punya Raj, on her behalf, performed the ceremony and applied the Raj-Tilak. Punya Raj gave five leaves of ''Jhadberi'' as Karniji's gift which Jodha respectfully put in the [[Turban|Pugree]] that he had received from Karniji.<ref name=":02"/>

==Reign==
Rao Jodha's father was murdered in [[Chittor]] by the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]]'s after which he escaped with his men, he was pursued by Rawat Chunda, an uncle of Kumbha. Chunda's army killed almost all of Jodha's soldiers in the fights that took place to protect Jodha. Jodha was able to escape to Kahuni and started gathering his men to fight off the invasion.<ref name=KA/> The Rathores were too weak to retaliate, and thus, for several years, Rao Jodha waited for an opportunity and strengthened his position. He gradually started attacking his enemies. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] took advantage of Rao Jodha's war with [[Rana Kumbha]] and captured several Rathore strongholds including Nagaur, Jhalor and Siwana. Rao Jodha formed an alliance with several Rajput clans including the Deora's and Bhati's and attacked the Delhi army, he succeeded in capturing Merta, Phalodi, Pokran, Bhadrajun, Sojat, Jaitaran, Siwana, parts of Nagaur and Godwar from the Delhi Sultanate. These areas were permanently captured from Delhi and Mewar and became a part of Marwar. Making Marwar the most powerful Kingdom in Rajputana during Jodha's reign.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Tanuja|last=Kothiyal|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|pages=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|quote=the Rathor strongholds came under attack from the Delhi Sultanate especially as Nagaur, Jalore and Siwana became garrisons of the sultanate. Years later, Jodha succeeded on forging alliances with Deoras, Eendas, Sanklas and Bhatis from Janglu, Pugal and Jaisalmer. Subsequently Merta, Phalodi, Pokhran, Bhadrajun, Sojat, Jaitaran, Siwana, Nagaur and Godwar were permanently added to the Rathor territory, thus making Marwar the most powerful kingdom in Rajputana.}}</ref> In 1453, he was able to capture his ancestral capital of Mandore from Mewar. After the capture of Mandore, Marwar and Mewar signed a treaty through which peace was restored. Rao Jodha's daughter was also married to Rana Kumbha's son Raimal. After the treaty, Rao Jodha captured Chapar Drona from the Mohils and Fatehpur from the Pathans. In order to further secure his position Jodha also founded the city of Jodhpur and built the fort of Mehrangarh. Instead of conquering more territories, Jodha adopted the policy of giving frontier territories of his kingdom to his sons. Amongst his sons Duda secured the area of Merta, Satal conquered territories of the Bhatis and founded Satalmer, Suja secured Sojat, Raipal captured Asop from Fateh Khan, Karamsi founded Khimsar and Bika with the help of his uncle, Kandhal and brother Rao Bida founded his own kingdom which was later called [[Bikaner state]], Bida founded [[Bidasar, Churu|Bidasar]]. Rao Jodha raised the political strength of the Rathores to such an extent that even Rana Kumbha sought an alliance with him. The boundaries between Marwar and Mewar were also fixed to avoid hostilities. After Rana Kumbha's death, his successor Rana [[Udai Singh I]] requested help from the Rathores against his own clansmen and gave Jodha the territories of Sambhar and Ajmer.<ref name=KA>{{Cite book|first=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|last=Mohammad Habib|title=A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF INDIA VOL.5|publisher=PEOPLE’S PUBLISHING HOUSE,NEW DELHI|year=1970|pages=812–813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzARcgAACAAJ&q=A+COMPREHENSIVE++HISTORY+OF+INDIA+VOL.5|quote=After the murder of his father quitted Chittor for Marwar. Jodha during his flight was closely pursued by Rawat Chunda, the uncle of Rana Kumbha. He lost almost all his followers in the skirmishes that took place, and in order to be beyond the reach of his enemies, he went to Kahuni....Jodha laid the foundation to a new fort and town in 1459, and named it Jodhpur, after his own name. Under his leadership the political status of the Rathors was considerably raised, even Rana Kumbha entered into an alliance with him by fixing the boundaries between Marwar and Mewar. Kumbha's successor, Rana Uda, sought his help against his own clansmen by giving him Sambhar and Ajmer.}}</ref> Jodha's last battle against the Delhi Sultanate took place in 1489 when Sarang Khan, the Sultan's governor of [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]], killed Jodha's brother Kandhal in a skirmish. Rao Jodha and his son Bika led an army to Dronpur where a battle took place. After heavy casualties, the Delhi army was defeated.<ref name=RH>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A history of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa and Company|year=2006|pages=381–383, 387|isbn=9788129115010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rima%20hooja%20rajasthan|quote=It took Jodha several years to strengthen his vulnerable position...defeating his enemies Jodha gradually brought areas like Merta, Phalodi, Pokhran, Bhadrajun, Sojat, Jaitaran, Siwana, parts of Nagaur and the Godawar area under Marwar's sway. Finally, the one time capital of Mandore appeared within his grasp and Jodha regained it in AD 1453..Chapar Drona area was captured after Jodha led an expedition against the Mohilas...he is also credited with victory over the Pathans of Fatehpur....Of Jodha's own sons, prince Duda annexed the area of Merta...Satal conquered a part of the territory of the Bhatis and founded a village called Satalmer...Suja secured Sojat ...Raipala captured Asop...Karamsi founded Khimsar...Bika with the help of his uncle Kandhal...founded a {{sic|separate}} kingdom that came to be known as Bikaner...The death was avenged by joint action on part of Kandhal's brother, the aged Rao Jodha...and nephew Rao Bika...in a fiercely fought battle at Dronpur, that saw heavy losses on both sides, put the Delhi's imperial troops to flight.}}</ref>

=== Recapture of Mandore (1453 AD) ===
Mandore was occupied by Sisodia forces and on behalf of Maharana of Mewar, Narbad (son of Rao Satta) was stationed there with a strong garrison at Mandore with orders to pursue and destroy Jodha. For the next 12 years, Narbad would relentlessly devise ways to draw out and capture Jodha. He would often deliberately leave his flanks exposed and even leave the route to Mandore ill-defended in the hope enticing Jodha to attack in the open. But Karniji had forewarned Rao Jodha. She had told him not to risk a major battle until she gave an all clear. Thus forewarned, Rao Jodha bided his time at Kavani for 12 years.<ref name=":02" />

One day in VS 1510 (1453), Karniji sent a message to Rao Jodha asking him to promptly reach [[Deshnoke]] with as many [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]]s as he could muster. Accordingly, he reached Deshnoke and appearing before Karniji sought advice and directions. Karniji told him that the opportune time for invading Mandore had arrived and he must march with his men towards Mandore.<ref name=":02" />

During the way to Mandore, Jodha camped at the hamlet of Modhi Moolani in village Sirdan. Here, Jodha was served affectionately by Modhi with halwa dish. The Modhi told him, "Don’t worry. I put some majith to make up for the shortage of maida. This auspicious hue on your mustache is a sure sign of Karniji’s blessings. Your victory is certain. Proceed at once to Mandore."<ref name=":02" />

Jodha next camped at Bengati where Harbuji Sankhla, one of the five well-known holy men of [[Rajasthan]], played host. Jodha and his men were offered ''bajra khichri'' by the saint. While departing, Harbuji told Jodha he will suffer no defeat so long as he has Sri Karniji's blessings and that he shall reconquer his heritage. Thus Jodha proceeded accepting assistance from chiefs of estates and villages falling on the route.<ref name=":02" />

Jodha arrived near Mandore with a contingent of 700 horses and 10,000 foot soldiers where with the assistance of Kalu Mangalia, who was Jodha's confidant and worked as an insider for the enemy, was able to enter with 1000 of men in the citadel. These men let inside the rest of the army in the night and stormed the fort from within. This took the Sisodias and their Rathore supporters by surprise and by sunrise Jodha took over Mandore.<ref name=":02" />

Nearest remaining outpost of Sisodias, Chokri was attacked by Rao Kandhal (brother of Rao Jodha) the following day. Rao Kandhal then marched an army on Merta and Ajmer which he conquered in the course of year, Samvat 1510 (1453 AD). Thus, Rao Jodha was able to reconquer his inhertitance & restrengthened the Rathores in Marwar.<ref name=":02" />

===Foundation of Jodhpur===
[[Image:Mehrangarh fort (Jodhpur).jpg|thumb|left|300px|Mehrangarh fort, Jodhpur]]
A holy man sensibly advised Rao Jodha to move the capital to hilltop safety. By 1459, it became evident that a more secure headquarters was required. Chidia-tunk, a high rocky ridge, nine km to the south of Mandore was an obvious choice for the new city of [[Jodhpur]]. The natural elevation was enhanced by a fortress of staggering proportions, to which Rao Jodha's successors added over the centuries. Jodhpur was on the important [[Delhi]] to [[Gujarat]] trade route and it greatly benefited from the trade of silk, [[opium]], [[sandalwood]], copper and other items. The [[Mehrangarh]] Fort, situated on a 125 m high hill, is among the most impressive and formidable forts in [[Rajasthan]]. The construction of the fort was begun by Maharaja Rao Jodha in 1459 and was improvised by [[Maharaja Jaswant Singh]] (1637–1680).

The fort originally had seven gates (''"pols"''). There is a first gate with spikes to prevent attack from elephants. The Fatehpol or victory gate was erected by Maharaja [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] in 1707 to commemorate his victory over the Mughals. The other gates include the Jai Pol, built by Maharaja Man Singh in 1806, following his victory over the armies of [[Jaipur]] and [[Bikaner]].

Jodha's mother Koram de built KodamdeSar (now in Bikaner) Pond.<ref>Reu, Vishveshwarnath, Marwar Ka Itihas, Part 1, p94</ref>
Jodha's wife Rani Hadi Jasmade built Ranisar tank, which is now within walls of [[Mehrangarh]] fort.
Rani Sonagri Chand Kanwar built a Baori, called Chand Baori<ref>Reu, Vishveshwarnath, Marwar Ka Itihas, Part 1, p93</ref>

==Death and the succession==
Rao Jodha died on 6 April 1489, aged 73. The death of Rao Jodha was followed by a struggle for succession amongst his sons. He was succeeded by his son Rao [[Satal Rathor of Marwar|Satal]] (1489–1491). After Satal's death, Rao Jodha's son Rao [[Suja Rathore of Marwar|Suja]] (1491–1515) occupied the throne.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=Ramesh Chandra |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |editor2-last=Pusalker |editor2-first=A. D. |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=A. K. |date=1960 |title=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] |volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate |location=Bombay |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=355–357 |quote="The death of Jodha in 1488 was followed by a struggle among his sons for succession ... [the nobles] consecrated Satal ... Shortly afterwards, however, Satal died ... another brother, Suja, secured the throne ... History repeated itself when Suja died in 1515 ... [Satal] fell mortally wounded in the battlefield (1491)."}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jodhpur State]]
* [[Rulers of Marwar]]
* [[Panch Mahal Maroth]]
* [[Jiliya]] alias [[Abhaypura]]
* [[List of Rajputs]]
* [[Rao Nara]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [[Dasharatha Sharma|Sharma, Dasharatha]] (1970). ''Lectures on Rajput History and Culture'', Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass.

{{Jodhpur}}

[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Marwar]]
[[Category:1416 births]]
[[Category:1489 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian city founders]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Opinion polling for the 2014 Indian general election

2025-12-13T15:55:19Z

Leopoldo10S:

{{Short description|Indian lower house election opinion poll}} 
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{lead too short|date=May 2014}}
In the run up to the '''[[2014 Indian general election]]''', various organisations carried out [[opinion poll]]s to gauge voting intention in [[India]]. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls are from the Jan 2013 to April 2014. Many organisations have gone on to conduct [[exit poll]]s and post-poll surveys as well, which too are displayed.

==Background==
Opinion polls in India can be controversial. These charges include partisan manipulation.<ref>[https://thediplomat.com/2014/02/in-indias-national-election-dont-trust-the-polls/ "In India’s National Election, Don’t Trust the Polls, Jonah Force Hill, February 24, 2014"]. TheDiplomat.com. Feb 2014.</ref>

Opinion poll methodology has heavily improved and agencies like CSDS have got it absolutely correct on 16 occasions, roughly correct on 7 occasions and wrong on 4 occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/article5739722.ece|title=Power and Limitations of Opinion Polls: My Experiences}}</ref>

Post-poll surveys or Exit Polls, widely published, are fundamentally different from opinion polls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/what-exit-polls-are-really-about/article6002044.ece|title=What exit polls are really about}}</ref> According to a study, post-poll surveys in the past have consistently overestimated BJP seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/editorial/lok-sabha-elections-2014-why-exit-polls-often-get-it-wrong/articleshow/35043242.cms|title=Lok Sabha elections 2014: Why exit polls often get it wrong|date=13 May 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> However, in 2014, it was the opposite and most exit polls underestimated the number of seats to be won by BJP and allies.

==Opinion polls==

===Seats===
[[File:NDTV-Hansa Research Polls for the Indian general election, 2014-Seat Predictions.png|NDTV - Hansa Research seat predictions|thumb|right|300px]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:red;"|
| style="background:violet;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[List of political parties in India|Other]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Mar 2013
! <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2014-Lok-Sabha-polls-Big-losses-to-UPA-no-gain-for-NDA-survey-finds/articleshow/19588387.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420145129/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/india/38614880_1_ysr-congress-trinamool-congress-160-seats|url-status=live|archive-date=20 April 2013|title=2014 Lok Sabha polls: Big losses to UPA, no gain for NDA, survey finds|date=17 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 June 2013}}</ref>
! [[Times Now]]-CVoter
! No sample size provided
| 128
| style="background:#F4C430;"| '''184'''
| –
| –
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Apr–May 2013
! <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/narendra-modi-2014-lok-sabha-polls-headlines-today-c-voter-survey-nda-trump-card-india-today-163917-2013-05-20 |title=Narendra Modi is NDA's trump card for 2014 Lok Sabha polls, reveals Headlines Today C-Voter survey |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=21 May 2013 |access-date=31 July 2013}}</ref>
! [[Headlines Today]]-CVoter
! 120,000
| 209 (without Modi) 155(with Modi)
| style="background:#F4C430;"| '''179'''(without Modi) '''220 '''(with Modi)
| –
| –
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! May 2013
! <ref>This Content Has been removed from Internet And was seen AT "http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/42023-upa-set-for-a-crushing-defeatsurvey {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608091807/http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/42023-upa-set-for-a-crushing-defeatsurvey |date=8 June 2013 }}". The Site which was earlier named as newsbullet.in has been changed to abplive.in with no previous content.</ref>
! [[ABP News]]-Nielsen
! 33,408
| 136
| style="background:#F4C430;"| '''206'''
| –
| –
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jul 2013
! <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/lok-sabha-polls-2014-narendra-modi-top-choice-for-pm-beats-rahul-gandhi-says-survey/1137756/ |title=Lok Sabha polls 2014: Narendra Modi top choice for PM, beats Rahul Gandhi, says survey |publisher=Indian Express |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=31 July 2013}}</ref>
! [[The Week]] – Hansa Research
! No sample size provided
| 184
| style="background:#F4C430;"| '''197'''
| –
| 162
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jul 2013
! <ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/poll-tracker-nda-to-win-172180-seats-upa-149157-others-147155/409672-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728124028/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/poll-tracker-nda-to-win-172180-seats-upa-149157-others-147155/409672-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2013|title=Poll tracker|date=26 July 2013|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=26 July 2013}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]] and [[The Hindu]] by CSDS
! 19,062<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/note-on-methodology/article4941444.ece|title=Survey Methodology|date=22 July 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 July 2013|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
| 149–157
| 172–180
| –
|style="background:#8F00FF;"|208–224
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jul 2013
! <ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/poll-survey-projects-nda-making-significant-gains/articleshow/21465407.cms|title=2014 Poll survey projects NDA making significant gains|date= 29 July 2013|publisher=[[The Economic Times|economic times]]|access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India Today]]-CVoter
! 36,914
| 134 (INC 119)
|style="background:#F4C430;"| '''156 (BJP 131)'''
| –
| –
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?ddm=10&pid=3061&eid=31 |title=Congress 102, BJP 162; UPA 117, NDA 186: C-Voter Poll |publisher=Outlook |access-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016180408/http://blogs.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?ddm=10&pid=3061&eid=31 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284
| 117 (INC 102)
| 186 (BJP 162)
| –
|style="background:#8F00FF;"|240
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/nda-may-win-over-200-seats-as-modis-popularity-soars-further-india-today-mood-of-the-nation-opinion-poll-178073-2014-01-23 |title=NDA may win over 200 seats as Modi's popularity soars further: India Today Mood of the Nation opinion poll : North, News – India Today |publisher=India Today |access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref>
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792
| 103 (INC 91)
| 212 (BJP 188)
| –
|style="background:#8F00FF;"|228
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="ABPDecJan14"/>
! [[ABP News]]-[[ACNielsen|Nielsen]]
! 64,006<ref name="ABPFeb14"/>
| 101 (INC 81)
|style="background:#F4C430;"| '''226 (BJP 210)'''
| –
| 216
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan 2014
! <ref name="IBNJan14"/>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 18,591<ref name="Lokniti"/>
| 107 – 127 (INC 92 – 108)
|style="background:#F4C430;"| '''211 – 231 (BJP 192 – 210)'''
| –
| 205
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/india-tv-c-voter-projection-big-gains-for-bjp-in-up-bihar-nda--14864.html |title=India TV-C Voter projection: Big gains for BJP in UP, Bihar; NDA may be 45 short of magic mark |publisher=Indiatv |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/videoshow/4447993.cms |title=#WhoWillFormGovt: National Poll Projection – 1 |publisher=Timesnow |access-date=13 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222141747/http://www.timesnow.tv/videoshow/4447993.cms |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 101 (INC 89)
|style="background:#F4C430;"| '''227 (BJP 202)'''
| –
| 215
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Feb 2014
! <ref name="ABPFeb14"/>
! [[ABP News]]-[[ACNielsen|Nielsen]]
! 29,000
| 92
|style="background:#F4C430;"| '''236'''
| 29
| 186
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Feb 2014
! <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/poll-tracker-nda-close-to-halfway-mark-with-212232-needs-more-allies/456309-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307083928/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/poll-tracker-nda-close-to-halfway-mark-with-212232-needs-more-allies/456309-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2014|title= NDA close to halfway mark with 212–232, needs more allies |publisher= IBNLive |date= 7 March 2014|access-date= 7 March 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 29,000
| 119 – 139 (INC 94 – 110)
|style="background:#F4C430;"| '''212 – 232 (BJP 193 – 213)'''
| Colspan=2| 105–193
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name="ndtv1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/live-blog/show/the-final-word-india-s-biggest-opinion-poll-495290|title= The Final Word – India's biggest opinion poll |publisher= NDTV |date= 14 March 2014|access-date= 14 March 2014}}</ref>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571
| 128
|style="background:#F4C430;"| '''230'''
| 55
| 130
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/national-tracker-modipowered-nda-may-get-234246-seats-upa-111123/462610-81.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090806/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/national-tracker-modipowered-nda-may-get-234246-seats-upa-111123/462610-81.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2014|title= Modi-powered NDA may get 234–246 seats, UPA 111–123 |publisher= IBNLive |date= 4 April 2014|access-date= 4 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 20,957
| 111–123
|style="background:#F4C430;"| '''234–246 '''
| Colspan=2| 174–198
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/live-blog/show/ndtv-s-opinion-poll-latest-all-india-forecast-508454 |title= The Final Word – India's biggest opinion poll |publisher= NDTV |date= 14 April 2014|access-date= 15 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/live-blog/show/ndtv-s-opinion-poll-latest-all-india-forecast-508454?q_id=1 |title= The Final Word – India's biggest opinion poll |publisher= NDTV |date= 14 April 2014|access-date= 15 April 2014}}</ref>
| 111 (INC 92)
|style="background:#F4C430;"| '''275 (BJP 226)'''
| Colspan=2| 157
|}

=== Votes ===
[[File:NDTV- Hansa Research Polls for the Indian general election, 2014.png|NDTV - Hansa Research vote share predictions|thumb|right|300px]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:red;"|
| style="background:violet;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[List of political parties in India|Other]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! December 2013 – January 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter" />
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792
| 23%
| 34%
| –
| 43%
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! December 2013 – January 2014
! <ref name="ABPDecJan14">{{cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/incoming/2014/01/25/article254065.ece/ABP-News-nationwide-opinion-poll-NDA-clear-winner-with-226-UPA-stuck-at-101#.UuPtGKy6bcc |title=ABP News nationwide opinion poll: NDA clear winner with 226, UPA stuck at 101 |publisher=Abpnews |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129005403/http://www.abplive.in/incoming/2014/01/25/article254065.ece/ABP-News-nationwide-opinion-poll-NDA-clear-winner-with-226-UPA-stuck-at-101#.UuPtGKy6bcc |archive-date=29 January 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
! [[ABP News]]-[[ACNielsen|Nielsen]]
! 64,006<ref name="ABPFeb14">{{cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/india/2014/02/22/article267206.ece/Modi-led-NDA-way-ahead-than-UPA-to-win-236-seats-in-LS-polls-2014-ABP-News-Nielsen-Opinion-Poll#.Uwi8xWKSwZM |title=Modi-led NDA way ahead than UPA, to win 236 seats in LS polls 2014: ABP News-Nielsen Opinion Poll |publisher=Abp news |date=22 February 2014 |access-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144024/http://www.abplive.in/india/2014/02/22/article267206.ece/Modi-led-NDA-way-ahead-than-UPA-to-win-236-seats-in-LS-polls-2014-ABP-News-Nielsen-Opinion-Poll#.Uwi8xWKSwZM |archive-date=13 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| 23%
| 31%
| 5%
| 41%
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! January 2014
! <ref name="IBNJan14">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/poll-tracker-nda-to-get-211231-upa-distant-second-with-107127/447602-37-64.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126045954/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/poll-tracker-nda-to-get-211231-upa-distant-second-with-107127/447602-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2014 |title=Poll tracker: NDA to get 211–231, UPA distant second with 107–127 |publisher=IBNLIVE |access-date=24 January 2013}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 18,591<ref name="Lokniti">{{cite web |url=http://www.lokniti.org/tracker-poll-round-2.php |title=Methodology of Lokniti-IBN Tracker Round II |publisher=Lokniti |access-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129082536/http://www.lokniti.org/tracker-poll-round-2.php |archive-date=29 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 36% (INC 27%)
| 28% (BJP 34%)
| 4%
| 32%
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! February 2014
! <ref name="ABPFeb14"/>
! [[ABP News]]-[[ACNielsen|Nielsen]]
!
| 20
| 46
| 5%
| 40%
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000
| 25.6%
| 34.5%
| Colspan=2| 39.9%
|}

==Graphs==
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| height = 500
| width = 1000
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 226 : 221 : 227 : 236 : 222 : 230 : 240 : 275
| group 2 = 101 : 117 : 101 : 92 : 129 : 128 : 117 : 111
| group 3 = 216 : 205 : 215 : 215 : 192 : 185 : 181 : 157
| colors = orange : cyan : blue
| group names = NDA : UPA : Others
| x legends = ABP News-Jan : CNN-IBN-Jan : Times Now-Feb : ABP News-Feb : CNN-IBN-Feb : NDTV-March : CNN-IBN-March : NDTV-April
}}
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| height = 500
| width = 1000
| group 1 = 226 : 221 : 227 : 236 : 222 : 230 : 240 : 275
| group 2 = 101 : 117 : 101 : 92 : 129 : 128 : 117 : 111
| group 3 = 216 : 205 : 215 : 215 : 192 : 185 : 181 : 157
| colors = orange : cyan : blue
| group names = NDA : UPA : Others
| x legends = ABP News-Jan : CNN-IBN-Jan : Times Now-Feb : ABP News-Feb : CNN-IBN-Feb : NDTV-March : CNN-IBN-March : NDTV-April
}}

==Statewise opinion polling==

===Andhra Pradesh (42)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Andhra Pradesh
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 10.5 |brick_size= 1
| total = 41
|label4=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| color4=cyan
| value4=6
|label1=[[BJP]] +[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] Alliance
| color1=orange
| value1=18
|label2=[[YSR Congress]]
|color2=blue
| value2=9
|label3=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|color3=pink
| value3=8
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:#FFFF00;"|
| style="background:blue;"|
| style="background:#FFCBDB;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[YSR Congress Party|YSR Congress]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 7 || – || 8 || 13 || 13
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter"/>
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792 || 7 || – || 8 || 13 || 13
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 6 || 2 || 10 || 13 || 10
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]<ref>The poll was conducted separately for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. 1 seat was given to others in Telangana. Moreover, BJP and TDP were taken to be a coalition</ref>
! 46,571 || 6 || colspan="2" | 9 || 15 || 9
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/andhra-poll-tracker-tdp-to-get-1319-seats-ysrcp-915-congress-48/461874-37-64.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404065139/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/andhra-poll-tracker-tdp-to-get-1319-seats-ysrcp-915-congress-48/461874-37-64.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 April 2014 | title=Andhra poll tracker: TDP to get 18–20 seats, YSRCP 1–2, Congress 3–4 | work=CNN-IBN | date=1 April 2014 | access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 1308 || 4–8 || colspan="2" | 13–19 || 9–15 || 4–8
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]<ref>The poll was conducted separately for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.</ref>
! 24,000 || 6 || colspan="2" | 18 || 9 || 8
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! 4–12 April 2014
! <ref name="IndiaToday-cicero AP-TN">{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/bjp-narendra-modi-south-india-india-today-cicero-opinion-poll-189692-2014-04-20 | title=Modi powered BJP breaches southern fortress | work=India Today | date=20 April 2014 | access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[India Today]]-[[Cicero]]
! 1358 || 4–6 || colspan="2" | 17–21 || 7–11 || 6–10
|}

===Arunachal Pradesh (2)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 1 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 1
|}

===Assam (14)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] March 2014 opinion poll for Assam
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 14 |brick_size= 1
| total = 14
|label1=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] | color1=cyan
| value1=12
|label2=[[BJP]] | color2=orange
| value2=1
|label3=Others
| value3=1
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:#298A08;"|
| style="background:#2EFE64;"|
| style="background:#F5A9E1;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Assam United Democratic Front|AUDF]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 9 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 7 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]<ref>The poll gave one seat to others.</ref>
! 46,571 || 12 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
|}

===Bihar (40)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Bihar
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 10 |brick_size= 1
| total = 40
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] +[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]+[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] Alliance | color2=cyan
| value2=12
|label1=[[BJP]]+[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] Alliance | color1=orange
| value1=24
|label3=[[JD(U)]]
| value3=4
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:#298A08;"|
| style="background:grey;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="100px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]-[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]-[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
! class="wikitable" width="100px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="100px"| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
! class="wikitable" width="100px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 15 || 15 || 9 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter" />
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792 || 13 || 22 || 4 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 13 || 22 || 5 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 11 || 23 || 5 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bihar-tracker-bjpljp-to-bag-2129-rjdcongncp-713-jdu-25-seats/461640-3-232.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404090122/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bihar-tracker-bjpljp-to-bag-2129-rjdcongncp-713-jdu-25-seats/461640-3-232.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 April 2014 | title=Bihar tracker: BJP-LJP to bag 21–29, RJD-Cong-NCP 7–13, JDU 2–5 seats | work=CNN-IBN | date=1 April 2014 | access-date=1 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 1557 || 7–13 || 21–29 || 2–5 || 0–3
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! 30 March – 2 April 2014
! <ref name="IndiaToday-cicero UP-Bihar">{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/narendra-modi-namo-modi-wave-uttar-pradesh-bihar-lok-sabha-polls-india-today-group-cicero-poll-188478-2014-04-10 | title=Modi wave to take 42–50 seats in UP; 20–24 in Bihar: India Today Group-Cicero poll | work=India Today | date=11 April 2014 | access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[India Today]]-[[Cicero]]
! 1498 || 15–19 || 20–24 || 0–2 || 0–1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 12 || 24 || 4 || 0
|}

===Chhattisgarh (11)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Chhattisgarh
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 11 |brick_size= 1
| total = 11
|label1=[[BJP]] | color1=orange
| value1=8
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] | color2=cyan
| value2=3
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 3 || 8
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 3 || 8
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 2 || 9
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 3 || 8
|}

===Goa (2)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 1 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 1
|-
|}

===Gujarat (26)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Gujarat
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 13 |brick_size= 1
| total = 26
|label1=[[BJP]] | color1=orange
| value1=22
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] | color2=cyan
| value2=4
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| bgcolor= #00000f |
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 4 || 22 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter" />
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792 || 5 || 21 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 4 || 22 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 3 || 23 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarat-poll-tracker-bjp-on-a-roll-to-win-2026-seats-congress-04/462113-37-64.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405201848/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarat-poll-tracker-bjp-on-a-roll-to-win-2026-seats-congress-04/462113-37-64.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 April 2014 | title=Gujarat poll tracker: BJP on a roll, to win 20–26 seats, Congress 0–4 | work=CNN-IBN | date=2 April 2014 | access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 917 || 0–4 || 20–26 || 0–2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 4 || 22 || 0
|}

===Haryana (10)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Haryana
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 10 |brick_size= 1
| total = 10
|label1=[[BJP]] +[[HJC]] Alliance
| color1=orange
| value1=6
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| color2=cyan
| value2=2
|label3=[[INLD]]
|color3=green
| value3=2
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:green;"|
| style="background:#9B870C;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-[[Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)|HJC]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 7 || 1 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 3 || 7 || 0 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 2 || 6 || 2 || 0
|}

===Himachal Pradesh (4)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 1 || 3
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 3
|-
|}

===Jammu and Kashmir (6)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:green;"|
| style="background:red;"|
| style="background:grey;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|PDP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|NC]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| Others (IND. & People's Conference)
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 ||1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 0
|-
|}

===Jharkhand (14)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Jharkhand
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride =14 |brick_size= 3
| total = 14
|label1=[[BJP]] | color1=orange
| value1=12
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] | color2=cyan
| value2=1
|label3=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
| value3=1
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:blue;"|
| style="background:#FFFF00;"|
| style="background:#FFCBDB;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|JVM]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 1 || 6 || 2 || 3 || 2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 8 || 2 || 2 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 4 || 6 || 2 || 0 || 2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 1 || 12 || 1 || 0 || 0
|}

===Karnataka (28)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Karnataka
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 7 |brick_size= 1
| total = 28
|label1=[[BJP]] | color1=orange
| value1=12
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] | color2=cyan
| value2=14
|label3=[[JD(S)]]
|color3=green
| value3=2
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:green;"|
| style="background:#9B870C;"|
| style="background:#FFCBDB;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 13 || 12 || 3 || 0 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter" />
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792 || 12 || 13 || 0 || 0 || 3
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 14 || 11 || 2 || 1 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 6 || 20 || 2 || 0 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/461880/karnataka-tracker-congress-to-win-1218-seats-bjp-713-others-14.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404012928/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/461880/karnataka-tracker-congress-to-win-1218-seats-bjp-713-others-14.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 April 2014 | title=Karnataka tracker: Congress to win 12–18 seats, BJP 7–13, others 1–4 | work=CNN-IBN | date=1 April 2014 | access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 825 || 12–18 || 7–13 || 1 – 4 (Including Others) || 0 || 1 – 4 (Including JD(S))
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 14 || 12 || 2 || 0 || 0
|}

===Kerala (20)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Kerala
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 10 |brick_size= 1
| total = 20
|label1=[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| value1=12
|label2=[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| value2=8
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:red;"|
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| style="background:#FFFF00;"|
| style="background:#FFCBDB;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Kerala Congress (M)|KC(M)]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 0 || 13 || 4 || 1 || 2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter" />
! [[India Today]]-CVoter<ref>3 seats given to others</ref>
! 21,792 || – || 11 || 6 || – || –
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 9 || 7 || 1 || 2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 0 || 13 || colspan="3" |7 (As UDF)
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-poll-tracker-udf-ahead-with-1117-seats-ldf-48/461868-62-126.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403204951/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-poll-tracker-udf-ahead-with-1117-seats-ldf-48/461868-62-126.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 April 2014 | title=Kerala poll tracker: UDF ahead with 11–17 seats, LDF 4–8 | work=CNN-IBN | date=1 April 2014 | access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 607 || 0 || 4–8 || colspan="3" |11 – 17 (As UDF)
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 0 || 12 || colspan="3" |8 (As UDF)
|}

===Madhya Pradesh (29)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Madhya Pradesh
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 14.5 |brick_size= 1
| total = 29
|label1=[[BJP]] | color1=orange
| value1=26
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] | color2=cyan
| value2=3
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:#3300CC;"|
| style="background:#FFFF00;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 6 || 23 || 0 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter" />
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792 || 6 || 22 || 0 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 5 || 24 || 0 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 4 || 24 || 1 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mp-poll-tracker-landslide-for-bjp-with-2428-seats-congress-15/462119-81.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405201923/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mp-poll-tracker-landslide-for-bjp-with-2428-seats-congress-15/462119-81.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 April 2014 | title=MP poll tracker: Landslide for BJP with 24–28 seats, Congress 1–5 | work=CNN-IBN | date=2 April 2014 | access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 1121 || 1–5 || 24–28 || 0 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 3 || 26 || 0 || 0
|}

===Maharashtra (48)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Maharashtra
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 24 |brick_size= 1
| total = 48
|label1=[[BJP]] +[[Shiv Sena]] Alliance
| color1=orange| value1=37
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] +[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] Alliance
| color2=cyan| value2=9
|label3=Others
| value3=2
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| style="background:blue;"|
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:#FFCBDB;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref>With [[Republican Party of India (Athvale)]] and [[Shiv Sena]] as [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]-NDA</ref>
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Shiv Sena|SS]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 11 || 6 || 15 || 14 || 2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter" />
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792 || 9 || 5 || 14 || 14 || 6
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 8 || 5 || 17 || 15 || 3
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || colspan="2" | 12 || colspan="2" | 33 || 3
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/india/2014/03/28/article285413.ece/BJP-Shiv-Sena-clear-winner-in-Maharashtra-ABP-News-Nielsen-Opinion-Poll#.UzWJMKiSy2E |title=BJP-Shiv Sena clear winner in Maharashtra: ABP News-Nielsen Opinion Poll |date=28 March 2014 |website=abplive.in/ |publisher=ABP News |access-date=28 March 2014}}</ref>
! [[ABP News]]-Nielsen
! Not Available || 8 || 5 || 19 || 12 || 4
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-poll-tracker-bjpssrpi-2430-seats-congressncp-1622/462125-37-64.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405201908/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-poll-tracker-bjpssrpi-2430-seats-congressncp-1622/462125-37-64.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 April 2014 | title=Maharashtra poll tracker: BJP-SS-RPI 24–30 seats, Congress-NCP 16–22 | work=CNN-IBN | date=2 April 2014 | access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 1662 || colspan="2" | 16–22 || colspan="2" | 24–30 || 1–3
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || colspan="2" | 9 || colspan="2" | 37 || 2
|}

===Manipur (2)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:blue;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 2 || 0 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
|}

===Meghalaya (2)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| style="background:blue;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 1 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 1
|-
|}

===Mizoram (1)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| style="background:blue;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 0 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 0
|-
|}

===Nagaland (1)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| style="background:#b475df;"|
| style="background:blue;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 1 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 0
|-
|}

===Odisha (21)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Odisha
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 10.5 |brick_size= 1
| total = 21
|label2=[[BJP]] | color2=orange
| value2=7
|label3=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] | color3=cyan
| value3=1
|label1=[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|color1=green
| value1=13
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:#004225;"|
| style="background:#004275;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 9 || 0 || 12 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter" />
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792 || 8 || 0 || 13 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 7 || 2 || 12 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 3 || 1 || 17 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odisha-tracker-naveens-bjd-to-win-1016-seats-bjp-37-congress-04/461651-3-234.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404090247/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odisha-tracker-naveens-bjd-to-win-1016-seats-bjp-37-congress-04/461651-3-234.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 April 2014 | title=Odisha tracker: Naveen's BJD to win 10–16 seats, BJP 3–7, Congress 0–4 | work=CNN-IBN | date=1 April 2014 | access-date=1 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 796 || 0–4 || 3–7 || 10–16 || 0–2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 1 || 7 || 13 || 0
|}

===Punjab (13)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Punjab
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 13 |brick_size= 1
| total = 13
|label1=[[BJP]] +[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] Alliance
| color1=orange| value1=7
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] | color2=cyan
| value2=6
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 4 || 2 || 7
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 6 || 2 || 5
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 8 || colspan="2" | 5
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 6 || colspan="2" | 7
|}

===Rajasthan (25)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Rajasthan
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 12.5 |brick_size= 1
| total = 25
|label1=[[BJP]] | color1=orange
| value1=21
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] | color2=cyan
| value2=3
|label3=Others
| value3=1
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:#FFCBDB;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 5 || 19 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter" />
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792 || 3 || 21 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 4 || 21 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 5 || 19 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rajasthan-tracker-bjp-to-win-2125-seats-cong-routed-may-get-02/462377-37-64.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406000256/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rajasthan-tracker-bjp-to-win-2125-seats-cong-routed-may-get-02/462377-37-64.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 April 2014 | title=Rajasthan tracker: BJP to win 21–25 seats, Cong routed, may get 0–2 | work=CNN-IBN | date=3 April 2014 | access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 837 || 0–2 || 21–25 || 0–2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 3 || 21 || 1
|}

===Sikkim (1)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:blue;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|}

===Tamil Nadu (39)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Tamil Nadu
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 9.75 |brick_size= 1
| total = 39
|label3=[[BJP]] Alliance
| color3=orange| value3=3
|label1=[[AIADMK]]
|color1=yellow| value1=22
|label2=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] Alliance
|color2=green| value2=14
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:yellow;"|
| style="background:green;"|
| style="background:#FFCBDB;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 1 || 0 || 28 || 5 || 5
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter" />
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792 || 0 || – || 29 || 5 || 5
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 0 || 27 || 5 || 6
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 0 || 0 || 27 || 10 || 2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-nadu-tracker-aiadmk-1521-seats-dmk-1016-bjp-alliance-610/461864-37-64.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404065501/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-nadu-tracker-aiadmk-1521-seats-dmk-1016-bjp-alliance-610/461864-37-64.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 April 2014 | title=Tamil Nadu tracker: AIADMK 15–21 seats, DMK 10–16, BJP alliance 6–10 | work=CNN-IBN | date=1 April 2014 | access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 1460 || 0 || 6 – 10 (In alliance) || 15–21 || 10 – 16 (In alliance) || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 0 || 3 (In alliance) || 22 || 14 (In alliance) || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! 4–12 April 2014
! <ref name="IndiaToday-cicero AP-TN"/>
! [[India Today]]-[[Cicero]]
! 1358 || 0 || 4 – 6 (In alliance) || 20–24 || 9 – 13 (In alliance) || 0–2
|}

===Tripura (2)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:red;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 0 || 0 || 2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
|}

===Uttar Pradesh (80)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Uttar Pradesh
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 10 |brick_size= 1
| total = 80
|label1=[[BJP]] | color1=orange
| value1=74
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] | color2=cyan
| value2=1
|label3=[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| value3=1
|label4=[[Samajwadi Party|SP]] | color4=red
| value4=4
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:red;"|
| style="background:#3300CC;"|
| style="background:grey;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 7 || 17 || 25 || 31 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter"/>
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792 || 4 || 30 || 20 || 24 || 2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRHG8UgsVV4|title=ABP News nationwide opinion poll: UPA leading in south India, NDA in east|last=ABP NEWS|date=25 January 2014|via=YouTube}}</ref>
! [[ABP News]]-Nielsen
! 64,006 || 12 || 35 || 14 || 15 || 4
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref>{{cite web |title=India TV C voter projection big gains for BJP |date = 13 February 2014|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/india-tv-c-voter-projection-big-gains-for-bjp-in-up-bihar-nda--14864.html?page=2}}</ref>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 5 || 34 || 20 || 21 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Feb 2014
! <ref>{{cite web |title=ABP News – Nielsen Opinion Poll BJP sweep in UP-SP-BSP hit |url=http://www.abplive.in/india/2014/02/21/article266802.ece/ABP-News---Nielsen-Opinion-Poll-BJP-sweep-in-UP-SP-BSP-hit#.Uxl0eT-SwZM}}</ref>
! [[ABP News]]-Nielsen
! 29,000 || 11 || 40 || 13 || 14 || 2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 12 || 40 || 13 || 15 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/up-tracker-bjp-may-win-4250-seats-sp-1117-bsp-1016-congrld-48/462361-81.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406024142/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/up-tracker-bjp-may-win-4250-seats-sp-1117-bsp-1016-congrld-48/462361-81.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 April 2014 | title=UP tracker: BJP may win 42–50 seats, SP 11–17, BSP 10–16, Cong-RLD 4–8 | work=CNN-IBN | date=3 April 2014 | access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 2633 || 4 – 8 || 42 – 50 || 11–17 || 10–16 || 0–2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! 30 March – 3 April 2014
! <ref name="IndiaToday-cicero UP-Bihar"/>
! [[India Today]]-[[Cicero]]
! 1498 || 6 – 10 || 42 – 50 || 15–21 || 9–13 || 0–2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 5 || 51 || 14 || 10 || 0
|}

===Uttarakhand (5)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 0 || 5
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 0 || 5
|-
|}

===West Bengal (42)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for West Bengal
| label_type = Political Party
|unit = seats |stride = 10.5 |brick_size= 1
| total = 42
|label1=[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|color1=#66FF00| value1=30
|label3=[[Indian National Congress|INC]] | color3=cyan
| value3=4
|label2=[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|color2=red| value2=8
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:#66FF00;"|
| style="background:red;"|
| style="background:pink;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 3 || 0 || 23 || 16 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Dec 2013 – Jan 2014
! <ref name="Dec 2013 – Jan 2014-India Today-CVoter" />
! [[India Today]]-CVoter
! 21,792 || 2 || 0 || 23 || 16 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 2 || 1 || 24 || 14 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 1 || 0 || 32 || 9 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/west-bengal-tracker-tmc-2329-seats-left-713-congress-47-bjp-01/461624-81.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403165111/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/west-bengal-tracker-tmc-2329-seats-left-713-congress-47-bjp-01/461624-81.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 April 2014 | title=West Bengal tracker: TMC 23–29 seats, Left 7–13, Congress 4–7, BJP 0–1 | work=CNN-IBN | date=1 April 2014 | access-date=1 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 1440 || 4–7 || 0–1 || 23–29 || 7–13 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! 1 – 5 April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/mamata-banerjee-trinamool-congress-lok-sabha-seats-west-bengal-india-today-cicero-poll-188760-2014-04-12 | title=Trinamool Congress set to bag up to 27 of 42 Lok Sabha seats in West Bengal, says India Today-Cicero poll | work=India Today | date=13 April 2014 | access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[India Today]]-[[Cicero]]
! 1706 || 6–10 || 0–3 || 23–27 || 7–11 || 0–1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 4 || 0 || 30 || 8 || 0
|}

==Union Territories==

===NCT of Delhi (7)===
{{Brick chart
| caption = Latest [[NDTV]] - [[Hansa Research]] April 2014 opinion poll for Delhi
| unit = seats |stride = 3.5 |brick_size= 1
| total = 7
|label1=[[BJP]]
|color1=orange | value1=7
|label2=[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|color2=#9B870C| value2=0
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:#9B870C;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 3 || 4 || 0
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 0 || 4 || 3
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2014
! <ref name=ndtv1/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 46,571 || 1 || 2 || 4
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March–April 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-tracker-bjp-takes-lead-to-win-34-seats-aap-23-congress-01/462349-81.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406133103/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-tracker-bjp-takes-lead-to-win-34-seats-aap-23-congress-01/462349-81.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 April 2014 | title=Delhi tracker: BJP takes lead, to win 3–4 seats, AAP 2–3, Congress 0–1 | work=CNN-IBN | date=3 April 2014 | access-date=3 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 891 || 0–1 || 3–4 || 2–3
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! 28–29 March 2014
! <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/bjp-narendra-modi-india-today-group-cicero-congress-delhi-aap-187369-2014-04-03 | title=India Today Group-Cicero opinion poll: BJP set to completely rout Congress in Delhi's seven Lok Sabha seats | work=India Today| date=2 April 2014 | access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref>
! [[India Today]]- [[Cicero]]
! 1,188 || 0–2 || 5–7 || 1–2
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April 2014
! <ref name="ndtv2"/>
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]
! 24,000 || 0 || 7 || 0
|}

===Other Union Territories (6)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:#9B870C;"|
| style="background:#FFCBDB;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| Others
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Aug–Oct 2013
! <ref name="Aug–Oct 2013-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 24,284 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 1
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! Jan–Feb 2014
! <ref name="Jan-Feb 2014-Times Now"/>
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter
! 14,000 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 1
|-
|}

==Other findings==

The eight largest [[metropolis]]es in India are considered important because they constitute 31 seats, larger than some regions altogether. In the previous election, the INC-led UPA won 24 of these seats, but the UPA is trailing in these areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaspend.com/special-reports/why-indias-big-cities-are-important-for-elections-2014 |title=Why India's Big Cities Are Important For Elections 2014 |publisher=IndiaSpend |date=21 February 2014 |access-date=25 February 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A NDTV opinion poll in Uttar Pradesh indicated that the BJP would win its largest share of seats in the region by winning 40 of the 80 seats. BSP would get 15 seats, SP would get 13 seats, INC-RLD will get 12 seats, amongst its losses will [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]. The poll also asked those in Gujarat if Modi should run from U.P., of which 67% responded negatively, while those in U.P. said by 62% that they would like to see him run from there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/ndtv-opinion-poll-uttar-pradesh-with-narendra-modi-big-dent-for-mulayam-singh-yadav-495794?pfrom=home-assemblyelection2013|title=NDTV Opinion Poll: Uttar Pradesh with Narendra Modi, big dent for Mulayam Singh Yadav}}</ref> A survey of first time voters suggested Modi was the most popular prime ministerial candidate and Mamata Banerjee was the most popular outside the BJP or INC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/first-time-voters-want-narendra-modi-as-prime-minister-india-today-cvoter-survey-211572-2013-09-18 |title=First time voters want Narendra Modi as PM, suggests India Today-CVoter Youth Survey |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=19 September 2013 |access-date=25 December 2013}}</ref> Latest survey by CNN-IBN-Lokniti predicts the decline (by 5%) in popularity of Narendra Modi as PM candidate.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modis-popularity-dips-but-NDA-still-leading-Survey/articleshow/31571659.cms | title=Modi's popularity dips but NDA still leading: Survey | date=7 March 2014 | agency=Times of India | access-date=7 March 2014}}</ref>

==Exit polls==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| When conducted
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling organisation/agency
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Constituencies polled
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| style="background:red;"|
| style="background:violet;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Third Front (India)|TF]]
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[List of political parties in India|Other]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April/May 2014 (post-poll)
! <ref name="csds_post">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/postpoll-survey-modiled-nda-may-get-270282-seats-upa-92102/471398-37-64.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515010726/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/postpoll-survey-modiled-nda-may-get-270282-seats-upa-92102/471398-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 May 2014 |title=Post-poll survey: Modi-led NDA may get 270–282 seats, UPA 92–102 |publisher= IBNLive |date= 12 May 2014|access-date= 12 May 2014}}</ref>
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]
! 287<ref name=thbusi12May>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/what-exit-polls-are-really-about/article6002044.ece What exit polls are really about?] The Hindu BusinessLine</ref>
| 92–102 (INC 72–82)
|style="background:#F4C430;"| '''270–282 (BJP 230–242)'''
| Colspan=2| 125–171
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April/May 2014 (exit+post-poll)
! <ref name="ExitPollSummary">[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/lok-sabha-elections-2014-national-post-poll-2014-192645-2014-05-12 Lok Sabha Exit Polls] India Today</ref>
! [[India Today]] – Cicero
! 543<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/lok-sabha-elections-2014-national-post-poll-2014-192645-2014-05-12 India Today Group-Cicero post-poll result: Modi set to be India's next PM] India Today</ref>
| 110–120
|style="background:#F4C430;"| '''261–283'''
| Colspan=2| 150–162
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! April/May 2014 (exit+post-poll)
! <ref name="ExitPollSummary"/><ref name="Lok Sabha 2014 - Exit Poll">[http://www.todayschanakya.com/loksabha_result_2014.html Lok Sabha 2014 – Exit Poll] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515001150/http://www.todayschanakya.com/loksabha_result_2014.html |date=15 May 2014 }} Today's Chanakya</ref>
! [[News 24 (India)|News 24]]-Today's Chanakya
! 479<ref>[http://www.todayschanakya.com/images/loksabha_elections_2014.pdf Methodology – 2014 General Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515062055/http://www.todayschanakya.com/images/loksabha_elections_2014.pdf |date=15 May 2014 }}, TODAY'S CHANAKYA</ref>
| 61–79 {{nowrap|(INC 48–66)}}
|style="background:#F4C430;"| '''326–354 {{nowrap|(BJP 277–305)}}'''
| Colspan=2| 122–144
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="150px"| Publish Date
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="30px"| Ref
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="250px"| Polling Organisation
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| style="background:grey;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" width="120px"| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="wikitable" width="120px"| [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[List of political parties in India|Other]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | 12 May 2014
|<ref name="ExitPollSummary"/>
| [[CNN-IBN]] – CSDS – Lokniti
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |'''276'''
| 97
| 148
|-
|<ref name="ExitPollSummary"/><ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/>
| [[India Today]] – Cicero
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |'''272'''
| 115
|
156
|-
|<ref name="ExitPollSummary"/><ref name="Lok Sabha 2014 - Exit Poll"/>
| [[News 24 (India)|News 24]] – Chanakya
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |'''340'''
| 70
| 133
|-
|<ref name="ExitPollSummary"/>
| [[Times Now]] – ORG
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |'''249'''
| 148
| 146
|-
|<ref name="ExitPollSummary"/><ref>[http://www.abplive.in/india/2014/05/12/article311808.ece/ABP-NEWS---NIELSEN-EXIT-POLL-2014 ABP NEWS – NIELSEN EXIT POLL 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515114349/http://www.abplive.in/india/2014/05/12/article311808.ece/ABP-NEWS---NIELSEN-EXIT-POLL-2014 |date=15 May 2014 }} ABP News</ref>
| [[ABP News]] – [[ACNielsen|Nielsen]]
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |'''274'''
| 97
| 165
|-
|<ref name="ExitPollSummary"/>
| [[India TV]] – [[CVoter]]
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |'''289'''
| 101
| 148
|-
! rowspan="2" | 14 May 2014
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/lok-sabha-exit-and-post-poll-methodology-524084 |title=Lok Sabha Exit and Post Poll – Methodology |publisher=NDTV India |date=14 May 2014|access-date=15 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/live-blog/show/battleground-2014-524253 |title= Watch NDTV Exit Poll: BJP and Allies Cross Half-Way Mark, Congress in Double Digits |publisher=NDTV India |date=14 May 2014|access-date=15 May 2014}}</ref>
| [[NDTV]] – Hansa Research
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |'''279'''
| 103
| 161
|-
|<ref name=cnnibncsds>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140516060443/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/postpoll-survey-modi-propels-bjpled-nda-to-power-with-274286-seats/471865-81.html Post-poll survey: Modi propels BJP-led NDA to power with 274–286 seats], CNN-IBN</ref>
| [[CNN-IBN]] – CSDS
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |'''280'''
| 97
| 148
|-
! 12 May 2014
!<ref name="ExitPollSummary"/>
! Poll of Polls
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |'''283'''
! 105
! 149
|}

==Controversy==

Polling agencies have been criticised by some [[List of political parties in India|political parties]], intellectuals and political scholars.{{why|date=March 2014}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Specials/ficN3stLNPY5qSjMmnsOXN/Election-metrics--Analysing-exit-polls.html|title=Opinion|first=Karthik|last=Shashidhar|date=30 August 2013}}</ref> One of the limitations in making predictions is the modelling the relationship between vote share and the number of seats.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/deep-focus/Why-Indias-pollsters-cant-figure-it-out/articleshow/20501206.cms Why India's pollsters can't figure it out, Rukmini Shrinivasan, TNN, Jun 9, 2013]</ref>

A controversy erupted when a lowly rated news channel ''News Express'' released footage of a sting operation named Operation Polly which alleged that a number of polling agencies were involved in malpractices such as juggling with the statistics and results. The sting was aimed to suggest that Polling agencies are fudging numbers. The allegation included global research Giants like Ipsos and CVoter, whose contract with the [[India Today]] group was suspended briefly.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/index.aspx Election Commission of India website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160405162718/http://www.indiatrendingnow.com/opinion-poll/itn-opinion-poll-punjab-assembly-election-2017-0316/ Punjab Election Opinion Poll]
{{Indian general election, 2014}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Opinion polling in India]]
[[Category:Opinion polling for elections|India]]

Bankura Christian Collegiate School

2025-12-13T07:38:16Z

Leopoldo10S:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Bankura
Christian Collegiate School.jpg
| native_name = Mission Boys' School
| logo = Bankura_Christian_Collegiate_School.jpg
| caption = Bankura Christian Collegiate School Logo
| location = Bankura Town
| city = Bankura
| state = West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|14|11.63|N|87|03|30.37|E|display=title, inline}}
| type = Government Sponsored, Private School
| established = 1889
| sister_school = Bankura Mission Girls High School
| headmaster = Kamakhya Biswas (TIC)
| grades = 5–12
| gender = Boys
| sports = Cricket, Football
| affiliations = [[WBBSE]], [[WBCHSE]]
| address = college more, bankura

}}
'''Bankura Christian Collegiate School''' is situated in [[Bankura]] town, [[West Bengal]], India. It is one of the oldest schools of the [[Bankura district|district]]. It is also known as '''Mission Boys School'''. It was established in 1889. The boys-only school has more than 1800 students. The school is affiliated by [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]].

==Overview==
The boys from 5th to 12th standard are taught here. The school has a boys' hostel in its campus. It has a football ground. [[Christmas]] is also celebrated here in the school campus every year. gifts are distributed amongst students and many programs are also organised by the school authority and class 11th students

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/bccsbankura/ Facebook page]
* [https://archive.today/20140715084913/http://secondary-schools.findthebest.in/l/94309/Bankura-Christian-Collegiate-School-in-Bankura-West-Bengal Bankura Christian collegiate details]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200913/http://www.schoolspedia.com/website/bankura-christian-collegiate-school-bankura Bankura Christian collegiate school information]}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1889]]
[[Category:1889 establishments in British India]]

Baduli Borphukan

2025-11-29T10:31:04Z

Leopoldo10S: started initial info more to come

{{Short description|Borphukan of the Ahom Kingdom (service year ?-1663)}}
{{No footnotes|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Phu kon Lung
| office = [[Borphukan]] of the [[Ahom Kingdom]]
| image =
| alt =
| image_size =
| caption = Portrait by an unknown artist.Date unknown
| monarch = [[Jayadhwaj Singha]] aka [[Sutamla]]
| predecessor = Chengmun Borphukan
| successor = Ghorakonwar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ahom Kingdom]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| battles =
| spouse =
| relatives = [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]] (brother) [[Laluk Sola Borphukan]] (nephew) [[Lachit Borphukan]] (nephew) [[Bhardhora Borphukan]] (nephew) [[Marangi Borbarua]] (nephew) Lao Deka (nephew) Datukari (nephew) [[Pakhori Gabharu]] (nephew) [[Ramani Gabharu]] (grand daughter)
| children = Baduli Dekaphukan
| father = Lan Tai Lung Tamuli
| mother =
| term_start =
| term_end = 1663
| name = Baduli Borphukan
| Religion =
| birth_name = Chiring Tai
| signature =
}}

'''Baduli Borphukan''', also known as '''Baduli Roja Sahur''' was a loyal administrative officer in the [[Ahom Kingdom]], serving during the reign of Ahom king [[Jayadhwaj Singha]] (1648-1663 CE). He was also the brother of [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]], a prominent minister in the Ahom kingdom.
As a Borphukan, Baduli Roja Sahur played a crucial role in the Ahom Kingdom's defense against the [[Mughal Empire]]. He fought valiantly against the Mughal Subahdar (governor) [[Mir Jumla II]], who led a campaign against the Ahom Kingdom in the 17th century.
Additionally, he played a key role in developing the kingdom's infrastructure, constructing the Seuni Ali road from [[Jorhat]] to the capital city [[Garhgaon]]. This road facilitated communication, and military movements, showcasing his vision and leadership.
Baduli Borphukan's legacy continued through his son, Baduli Dekaphukan and grandson Maupia Phukan.

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Barbaruah |first=Hiteswar |title=Ahomor Din |language=as |year=1981 |publisher=Publication Board of Assam |location=Guwahati }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Bhuyan |editor-first=S K |title=Tunkhungia Buranji |edition=2 |year=1968 |publisher=Lawyers Book Stall |location=Guwahati }}
* {{Citation |last=Gait
|first=Edward A
|year=1926
|title=A History of Assam
|edition=2
|place=Calcutta
|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511539
}}
* {{cite book |last=Gogoi |first=Padmeswar |title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms |year=1968 |publisher=Department of Publications, Gauhati University |location=Guwahati }}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Gogoi |given=Padmeshwar |title=The Tai and the Tai kingdoms |publisher=Gauhati University, Guwahati |year=1968}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:People of the Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:1680 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{India-noble-stub}}
{{improve categories|date=June 2024}}

Sonapah

2025-11-27T11:59:11Z

Leopoldo10S:

{{Short description|Village In Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Craft Tourism Village Sonapah
| native_name = Sonpah
| governing_body =
| native_name_lang = ks
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|34|00|35|N|74|36|11|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = Beerwah
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat
| nickname = Sonpah
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1700[[female|♀]]/2300 [[male|♂]]900[children's]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| area_total_km2 = 3000
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4900
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 3
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Sex Ratio
| area_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020| url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193401
| registration_plate = JK04
| website =
| area_rank = 5
| footnotes =
}}
'''Craft Tourism Village Sonapah''' is a village in tehsil [[Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir|Beerwah]], district [[Budgam district|Budgam]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ([[India]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sonapah, Beerwah Village information {{!}} Soki.In|url=https://soki.in/sonapah-beerwah-badgam|access-date=2021-07-31|website=soki.in}}</ref>

== Population ==
As of the 2011 census, the population of Sonapah is 4900, of which 2300are males and 1700 are females. The total number of children below 6 years is 900 as per the report.
== Religions ==
{{Bar box|float=none|title=Religions|left1=Religion|right1=percentage%|bars={{bar percent|Islam|green|100}}
{{bar percent|Others|white|0}}|titlebar=#fcd116|background-color=skyblue}}

== Transport ==
Beerwah to Budgam

Beerwah to Magam

Beerwah to Arizal

Beerwah to Khanshahib

Doodhpathri road

Tosmaidan road

arizal

== Craft Tourism Village Designation ==

In recognition of Sonapah’s deep-rooted tradition of Sozni embroidery, with over 400 practising artisans and more than 20 award-winning craftsmen, the Department of Handicrafts & Handloom, Kashmir initiated the process of designating the village as an official Craft Tourism Village, aiming to preserve this 150-year-old heritage and bolster rural craft tourism. The initiative is part of major infrastructure and promotional priorities under the Union Territory's artisanal support framework, which also encompasses Common Facility Centres, Craft Villages, and GI‑tagging campaigns, with Sonapah’s project proposed alongside others such as a Wool CFC at Nowshera.

Under the scheme, a proposed craft training and demonstration centre in Sonapah is expected to offer hands‑on Sozni embroidery courses for visitors and local youth, facilitate market access, and provide direct exposure to the craft’s techniques and practitioners. Officials anticipate that formal designation will enhance support mechanisms—including subsidies, exhibitions, packaging and logistics assistance, youth entrepreneurship initiatives, and digital authentication of GI-certified products—to promote sustainable livelihoods and tourism integration in Budgam district.

This government-led effort aims to transform Sonapah into a noteworthy destination for craft tourism—celebrated for its exquisite Sozni embroidery—while ensuring economic empowerment of artisans and intergenerational cultural continuity.

The village was officially declared a Craft Tourism Village at the end of June 2025. https://brighterkashmir.com/news/sonpah-craft-village-between-heritage-and-privation-76647.html

== Educational institutions ==
* Govt. MS School Sonapah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MS SONPAH - Sonapah, District Badgam (Jammu And Kashmir)|url=https://schools.org.in/badgam/01040304601/ms-sonpah.html|access-date=2021-08-13|website=schools.org.in|language=en}}</ref>
* Govt. PS School Sonapah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PS PETHPORA SONPAH - Sonapah, District Badgam (Jammu And Kashmir)|url=https://schools.org.in/badgam/01040304604/ps-pethpora-sonpah.html|access-date=2021-08-13|website=schools.org.in|language=en}}</ref>
* Alpine Institute of Modern Education Sonapah (AIMES).
* Roots international school (ROOTS)
* Kids care school (KIDS)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Budgam district]]

Auraiya train derailment

2025-11-25T05:33:50Z

Leopoldo10S: further adjust formatting per standard format further and added references per sources

{{Short description|2017 train derailment incident in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox public transit accident
| name = Auraiya train derailment
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.698743|79.411477|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| date = 23 August 2017
| time = {{abbr|Approx.|Approximately}} 02:50 hours ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| location = [[Auraiya district|Auraiya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| location_dir =
| location_city =
| location_dist_km =
| location_dist_mi =
| country = [[India]]
| type = [[Derailment]]
| cause =
| bus =
| trains = 1
| injuries = 74
}}

On 23 August 2017, the [[Kaifiyat Express]] train derailed between the Pata and Achalda railway stations in [[Auraiya district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], injuring at least 80 people.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=23 August 2017 |title=Kaifiyat Express derails in Auraiya district of UP, 50 injured The Hindu |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kaifiyat-express-derails-in-auraiya-district-of-up-50-injured/article19543823.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |accessdate=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910094449/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kaifiyat-express-derails-in-auraiya-district-of-up-50-injured/article19543823.ece |archive-date=10 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/848292/railways-asks-public-to-submit-proof-to-help-its-inquiry-into-kaifiyat-express-derailment|title=Railways asks public to submit proof to help its inquiry into Kaifiyat Express derailment|last=|first=|date=24 August 2017|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125155326/https://scroll.in/latest/848292/railways-asks-public-to-submit-proof-to-help-its-inquiry-into-kaifiyat-express-derailment |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> This was the second train derailment within a week after the [[Kalinga Utkal Express]] [[2017 Khatauli train derailment|derailed]] near Khatauli on 19 August 2017 in the [[Muzaffarnagar district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/uttar-pradesh-train-derailment-kills-passengers-170819170406483.html|title=Train derails in Uttar Pradesh, more than 20 killed|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=20 August 2017|accessdate=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801124702/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/uttar-pradesh-train-derailment-kills-passengers-170819170406483.html|archive-date=1 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Accident==
The train collided with a dump truck on the line, causing ten coaches of the Kaifiyat Express to derail.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> At least 80 people were injured,<ref name=":1" /> with four in critical condition at the time of the accident. The critical victims were shifted to the Etawah district hospital.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Kaifiyat Express derails in Auraiya district of UP, 74 injured |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/kaifiyat-express-derails-in-auraiya-district-of-up-50-injured/articleshow/60184176.cms |accessdate=6 February 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=23 August 2017}}</ref> The railway administration lodged a complaint against the truck driver and a contractor with a construction company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/high-level-probe-ordered-into-derailment-of-kaifiyat-express/articleshow/60198384.cms|title=High level probe ordered into derailment of Kaifiyat Express|last=Malhotra|first=Abhinav|last2=|date=23 August 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824035631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/high-level-probe-ordered-into-derailment-of-kaifiyat-express/articleshow/60198384.cms |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=2020-01-25|last3=|first3=}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) personnel were sent to join the rescue operation at the scene and all trains on the route were cancelled until the rescue operations concluded and the track was ready for service.<ref name=":2" />

==Response==
Railway Minister [[Suresh Prabhu]] stated that the injured had been shifted to nearby hospitals.<ref name=":2" /> After this accident he offered to resign his ministership, but the sitting prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] asked him to wait further.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/suresh-prabhu-narendra-modi-indian-railways-train-derailment-1030967-2017-08-23|title=Suresh Prabhu offers to quit as railway minister over train accidents, PM Narendra Modi asks him to wait|access-date=2017-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107085727/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/suresh-prabhu-narendra-modi-indian-railways-train-derailment/1/1032066.html|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kuneru train derailment]]
* [[Pukhrayan train derailment]]
* [[2017 Khatauli train derailment]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2017 railway accidents}}
{{Disasters in India in 2017}}

[[Category:2017 disasters in India]]
[[Category:August 2017 in India]]
[[Category:Derailments in India]]
[[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2017]]
[[Category:Auraiya district]]

Vikarna

2025-11-24T05:44:45Z

Leopoldo10S: update layout to improve readability

{{Short description|Character in the Hindu epic Mahabharata}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox character
| affiliation = [[Kaurava]]
| info-hdr = Information
| name = Vikarna
| image =
| caption =
| weapon = [[Bow and Arrow]]
| family = [[Dhritarashtra]] (father) [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] (mother) [[Duryodhana]], [[Dushasana]], Chitrasena, 96 other (brothers), [[Dushala]] (sister) and [[Yuyutsu]] (half-brother) (siblings) 
| relatives = [[Pandavas]] (paternal cousins) [[Shakuni]] (maternal uncle) 
}}

In the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'', '''Vikarna''' ({{langx|sa|विकर्ण}}) was the third [[Kaurava]], a son of [[Dhritarashtra]] and [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]], and a brother to the [[crown prince]] [[Duryodhana]]. Vikarna is also referred to as the most reputable of the Kauravas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shankar |first=Uday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fsMpEAAAQBAJ&dq=vikarna+third+kaurava&pg=PT132 |title=Untold Tales from the Mahabharata: The Epic Beyond the Obvious |date=2021-04-18 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90358-44-1 |language=en}}</ref> Vikarna was the only [[Kaurava]] who opposed the humiliation of [[Draupadi]], the wife of his cousins, the [[Pandavas]], after Yudhisthira lost his freedom in a game of dice to Duryodhana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnan |first=S. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsKlDwAAQBAJ&dq=vikarna+draupadi&pg=PA56 |title=Karna, the son of Kunti: Stories from the Mahabharatha |date=2017-07-01 |publisher=SA Krishnan |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}
The word ''Vikarna'' has two meanings. Basically it is made from two words. First word is ''vinā'' ({{lang|sa|विना}}) or ''vishāla'' ({{lang|sa|विशाल}}), while second word is ''karna'' ({{lang|sa|कर्ण}}. ''vinā'' means 'without' and ''vishāla'' means 'large'. And ''karna'' means 'ears'. So this name contains two meanings. Either it is 'the one who is earless' or 'large eared'. This could say something about his character. It is possible that the name Vikarna basically came from his character of either not listening to anyone(self-esteemed) or who listens and captures wisdom through his (large)ears.

While Karna cheered his friend Duryodhan and encouraged him to disrobe Droupadi, the Vikarna opposed Karna and speaks of righteous behaviour and proper respectful conduct towards women.
Vikarna also means the exact opposite of Karna.

==Adolescence==

Vikarna was one of [[Drona]]'s students who excelled in archery like Arjuna. On completing their training, Drona asked the [[Kauravas]] to bring him [[Drupada]] as a [[Dakshina|guru dakshina]]. [[Duryodhana]], [[Dushasana]], [[Yuyutsu]], Vikarna, and the remaining Kauravas with the [[Hastinapura]] army attacked [[Panchala]]. Their attack was repelled. Vikarna and his brothers were forced to flee and abandon the field.

==Game of dice==
During the infamous [[Pachisi|dice game]] of the [[Mahabharata]], Vikarna raised his voice against the game as a whole, and specifically, at the mistreatment of [[Draupadi]] . Vikarna echoed the questions Draupadi had already asked the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] elders, demanding that her questions be answered. His protests were met with silence, even from the wise elders like [[Bhishma]] and [[Dronacharya|Drona]].

In the silence, and depending on the version of the story, [[Karna]] later rebuked and taunted Vikarna for his outburst. Vikarna quietly replied:

{{blockquote| The sister-in-law's insult is an affront to the entire Kuru clan. If her questions are not answered, our line is doomed.|Vikarna|<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Mahabharata|author=Rajagopalachari, C.|date=1974|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_MfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref>}}

[[Madhvacharya]] states in his commentary that in reality, Vikarna's protest was only to make a show of righteousness; this assessment is however at odds with the sympathetic nature of his fatal encounter with Bhima, who esteems Vikarna's character as a man of dharma.

==Death==
Despite his misgivings, Vikarna fights for [[Duryodhana]] during the [[Kurukshetra War]]. [[Bhishma]] names him as one of the great warriors on the [[Kaurava]] side. Mentioned throughout the war, Vikarna has a few notable moments. On the fourth day of the war, he attempts to check [[Abhimanyu|Abhimanyu's]] advance, and is severely repulsed. On the fifth day of the war, he attempts to break the [[Mahismati|King of Mahismati's]] defense of the [[Pandava]] formation, and is unsuccessful. On the seventh day, he covers the retreat of his brothers from [[Bhima|Bhima's]] rampage. On the same day he stops and repulses Drupada and Shikandi and wounds them badly, causing them to retreat. On the tenth day, he attempts to prevent [[Arjuna]] and [[Shikhandi]] from reaching Bhishma, but is counter-checked by [[Drupada]].

On the thirteenth day of the war, depending on the version of the story, Vikarna is a silent bystander in the slaying of Abhimanyu. On the fourteenth day, [[Arjuna]] navigates the [[chakravyuha]] of [[Drona]], in order to reach and kill [[Jayadratha]] before sunset. Duryodhana sends Vikarna to check Bhima's advance. Bhima, who had sworn to kill all of [[Dhritarashtra|Dhritarashtra's]] true-born sons, calls Vikarna a man of [[dharma]] and advises him to step aside. Vikarna replies that even though he knew that the Kauravas would not win a war against a side with [[Krishna]] on it, he could not forsake Duryodhana. Pleadingly, Bhima reminds him of the dice game, where Vikarna had criticised his brother. Vikarna replied:

{{blockquote|That was my duty then, and this is my duty now. Fight me, o son of [[Vayu]]!|Vikarna challenging Bhima|<ref name="google"/>}}

Bhima promises him a swift and painless death and quickly dispatches Vikarna; in some versions of the story Vikarna asks for Bhima to perform his last rites. His death brings tears to the eyes of Bhima. After his death, Bhima laments:

{{blockquote|Alas, O Vikarna, you were just and knew what was dharma! You fought in loyal obedience to the call of duty. Indeed this battle is a curse upon us wherein men like you...have had to be slaughtered.|Bhima upon Vikarna's death|}}

==Analysis==
Vikarna is comparable to [[Kumbhakarna]] from the [[Ramayana]]. Both Vikarna and Kumbhakarna acknowledged that their elder brother's actions are against [[dharma]] but ultimately they remained loyal to [[Duryodhana]] and [[Ravana]] respectively. Vikarna is contrasted with [[Yuyutsu]], who defected to [[Pandavas]] at the onset of [[Kurukshetra war]].<ref>Critical Perspectives on the Rāmāyaṇa. Jaydipsinh Dodiya Sarup & Sons, Jan 1, 2001 - Hindu literature, Sanskrit - 297 pages</ref>

==References==
*Mahabharata by [[C. Rajagopalachari]]

{{reflist}}

{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Kauravas]]

Siribhoovalaya

2025-11-18T06:58:27Z

Leopoldo10S: Creating Basic Pg First Draft...

{{Short description|Jain epic poem}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Expert needed|literature|date=September 2012|reason=The article needs additional references and additional content}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox religious text
| religion = [[Jainism]]
|image=File:Siribhoovalaya By Jain Monk kumudendu 25-07-29 12-37-09-007.png|caption=[[Kumudendu Muni]]s "Siribhoovalaya"| author = [[Kumudendu Muni]]
| period = 9th century AD
| verses = 600,000
| chapters = 26
| language = [[Kannada]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Prakrit]], Apabhransha<ref>{{cite web |title=An Introduction Siri Bhoovalaya |url=http://siri-bhoovalaya.org/introduction-to-siribhoovalaya/ |website=siri-bhoovalaya.org |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817135215/http://siri-bhoovalaya.org/introduction-to-siribhoovalaya/ |archive-date=Aug 17, 2022 |language=en |date=10 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> etc.
}}
{{Jainism}}
The '''''Siribhoovalaya''''' ({{langx|kn|ಸಿರಿಭೂವಲಯ}}) is a work of multi-lingual [[Kannada literature|literature]] written by [[Kumudendu Muni]], a [[Jainism|Jain]] [[monk]]. The work is unique in that it employs not letters, but is composed entirely in [[Kannada script#Numbers|Kannada numerals]].<ref>{{citation|url= http://www.pustakshakti.com/siribhoovalaya_news_item_-_17.htm|title= Introduction to Siribhoovalaya, from Deccan Herald|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070928065505/http://www.pustakshakti.com/siribhoovalaya_news_item_-_17.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2007|df= dmy-all}}</ref> The ''Saangathya'' [[meter (poetry)|metre]] of [[Kannada poetry]] is employed in the work. It uses numerals 1 through 64 and employs various patterns or ''bandhas'' in a frame of 729 (27×27) squares to represent alphabets in nearly 18 scripts and over 700 languages.<ref>{{citation|url= http://www.pustakshakti.com/siribhoovalaya_news_item_-_6.htm|title= Usage of ''Saangathya'' and frame of 729, from The Hindu newspaper|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070928065432/http://www.pustakshakti.com/siribhoovalaya_news_item_-_6.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2007|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

==Author==
The work is attributed to Digambar Jain monk [[Kumudendu Muni|Kumudendu]]. He claims that he was guru of Rashtrakutas king [[Amoghavarsha]] and Ganga king [[shivamara II]] and a disciple of [[virasena|Acharya Virasena]].<ref>Sundararajan, Saroja. Early Gangas of Talakad. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975, p. 193.</ref> However, not much is known about this monk. Scholars are divided about when he lived. Karlamangalam Srikantaiah, the editor of the first edition, claims that the work may have been composed around 800 AD. Dr Venkatachala Sastry, however, dates him and his work to the 15th century. He also claims that Kumudendu Muni belonged to a village called Yalavalli near Nandidurga in Chikkaballapura Taluk in Kolar district. He further dates the work to around the 1550-1600 period and suggests it might be even more recent.

==Description==
[[File:Indian Republic Day celebration 217th flower show 2025, Lalbagh, Bangalore 100.jpg|thumb|left|Bust of poet Kumudendu Muni at [[Lal Bagh]], Bangalore, Photographed in January 2025]]The work is said to have around 600,000 verses, nearly 6 times as big as the ancient Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. In total, there are 26 chapters constituting a very large volume of text, of which only three have been decoded.

===Coverage===
The author expounds on many philosophies which existed in the Jain classics, which are eloquently and skillfully interpreted in the work.

It is also believed to contain valuable information about various sciences including [[mathematics]], [[chemistry]], [[physics]], [[astronomy]], [[medicine]], [[history]], etc. Karlamangalam Srikantaiah, the editor of the first edition, has claimed that the work contains instructions for travel in water and [[Spaceflight|space travel]]. It is also said that the work contains information about the production of modern weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pustakshakti.com/prod02.htm |title=Siribhoovalaya Volume - 1 (Chapters 1 - 8) |access-date=2012-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206222031/http://www.pustakshakti.com/prod02.htm |archive-date= 6 February 2012 }}</ref>

It is also claimed to consist of works in several languages including [[Sanskrit]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Prakrit]], etc., apart from [[Kannada]]. Different languages can be realised by assigning different alphabets to different numbers.<ref>Nagaraj, D. R. (2005), "The Cipher of the Siribhoovalaya", in Language and Modernity, pp. 54–55</ref>

===Codification===
Some of the patterns used include the ''Chakrabandha'', ''Hamsabandha'', ''Varapadmabandha'', ''Sagarabandha'', ''Sarasabandha'', ''Kruanchabandha'', ''Mayurabandha'', ''Ramapadabandha'', ''Nakhabandha'', etc. As each of these patterns are identified and decoded, the contents can be read.

Though written in Kannada, its numerical encipherment enables speakers of other languages to also comprehend it.

===Challenges===

There are 16,000 ''chakras'' in all. Out of which only 1,270 chakras are available. There are 9 ''khandas'' in all. The available 1,270 chakras belong to Prathama khanda, called Mangala Prabhruta. (This is only a syllabus of the Siri Bhoovalaya, which contains 59 chapters). The remaining 8 khandas of work not available. The number of letters (in the form of numerals) used are 14 [[lakhs]] (14,00,000). It has been claimed that it is possible to decipher 6 lakh Shlokas or verses.

Since no contemporary [[pandit]] is conversant with the esoteric metres employed in the work, the work of deciphering is being done with the help of computers. The whereabouts of remaining (16,000 - 1,270) = 14,730 chakras are not known.<ref>Nagaraj, D. R. (2005), "The Cipher of the Siribhoovalaya", in Language and Modernity, pp. 54–56</ref>

==Modern reception==
Yelappa shastri,[[S. Srikanta Sastri]], a respected name in the study of Indian history and culture, has commented on the work thus,<ref name="Scholarlyopinion">{{cite web|last=Sastri|first=S. Srikanta|title=Scholarly opinion of "Siribhoovalaya" by Yelappa shastri, Dr S. Srikanta Sastri|url=https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/scholarly-opinion-on-siribhoovalaya|access-date=6 November 2013|work=Book review|publisher=Sarvarthasiddhi Sangha, Bangalore}}</ref> This work is of great importance in the study of Kannada language and Literature and the literatures of Sanskrit, Prakritha, Tamil and Telugu. It throws light on the [[history of India]] and the history of Karnataka. This is an important source for the study of [[Indian mathematics|Indian Mathematics]]. It is helpful in the study of the development of Physics, Chemistry and the Life Sciences in India. It helps in the study of sculpture and [[iconography]]. If the versions of the Jain [[Ramayana]], the [[Mahabharatha]], the and other ancient Jain texts can be decoded, a comparison of those versions with the present day versions would be rewarding. Some Jain works which have been lost may be recovered from this work.<ref>Ghosh, P. K. (1990), Jain Acharyas and Their Contributions, p. 143</ref><ref>Ramesh, K. V. (1984), Indian Epigraphy, p. 92</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://siri-bhoovalaya.org/siribhoovalaya-hindi-page/ "सिरि भूवलय" : वेब-साईट परियोजना]
*[http://siri-bhoovalaya.org/introduction-to-siribhoovalaya/ Introduction to Siri Bhoovalaya]
*[https://github.com/mdileep/SiriBhoovalaya A project attempting to demonstrate Siri Bhoovalaya technique]

{{Jain Agamas}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Jain texts]]
[[Category:Eastern philosophical literature]]
[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Indian poetics]]
[[Category:History of literature in India]]
[[Category:Epic poems]]
[[Category:Epic poems in Kannada]]
[[Category:Indian poetry|S]]

St. Thomas Forane Church, Mattom

2025-10-27T07:34:26Z

Leopoldo10S: Creating Initial Post W/ Sources

{{Short description|Church in south India, Kerala}}

{{Infobox church
| name = St. Thomas Forane Church, Mattom
| image =
| caption =
| location = Mattom, [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| pushpin map = India Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|10.66105|N|76.0865|E|display=inline,title}}
| denomination = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| tradition =
| website =
| architectural type =
| style =
| parish =
| membership =
| dedication = [[Thomas the Apostle]]
| archdiocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur|Thrissur]]
| archbishop = [[Andrews Thazhath]]
| founded date = {{start date and age|140}}
| diocese =
| district = Thrissur
| vicar = Francis Aloor
| asstpriest =
}}
'''St. Thomas Forane Church''' is a [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic church]] located in Mattom of [[Thalapilly]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]] in the [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]], south [[India]]. The church belongs to the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur]]. Founded in 140 A.D., it is one of the oldest churches in India.

Apart from the main church, there are ten other parishes under this forane, including centuries old ones.

==History==
''St. Thomas Forane Church'' in Mattom was established in AD 140.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Church – St. John Nepumcian Forane Church, Parappur |url=https://parappurchurch.com/about-church/ |website=www.parappurchurch.com}}</ref>

==Feast==
The main feast of the church is held in the month of January every year.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=മറ്റം തിരുനാളിന് കൊടിയേറി |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/thrissur-1.9221201 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=7 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In the feast, there is a ceremony of carrying an arrow in a procession.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

==Parishes under the Forane==
St. Sebastian Church, Aloor (established: 1960), St. Mariam Thressia Church, Aloor East (established: 2007), [[St. Sebastian's Church, Chittattukara]] (established: 1770), St. Thomas Church, Choondal (established: 1973), St. Antony Church, Elavally South (established: 1925), St. Joseph Church, Arikaniyoor, Kananassery (established: 1933), St. Xavier Church, Konnammuchi (established: 1924), St. Sebastian Church, Kunnamkulam (established: 1747), Nativity of Our Lady Church, Choondal (established: 1875), St. Sebastain Church, Vaka (established: 1976) are the other churches under the forane.<ref>{{cite web |title=PARISHES UNDER MATTOM FORANE {{!}} Archdiocese of Trichur |url=https://www.trichurarchdiocese.org/sacellum/parishes?f_id=14 |website=www.trichurarchdiocese.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Churches in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Ancient churches of the Saint Thomas Christians (pre-1606)]]

{{India-church-stub}}
{{SyroMalabar-church-stub}}

Local government in India

2025-10-24T11:11:11Z

Leopoldo10S:

{{Short description|Governmental jurisdictions below the level of the state}}
{{See also|Panchayati raj in India|Municipal governance in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}

{{Politics of India}}

'''Local government in India''' is governmental jurisdiction below the level of the [[states and union territories of India|state]]. Local self-government means that residents in towns, villages and rural settlements are the people who elect local councils and their heads authorising them to solve the important issues. India is a federal republic with three spheres of government: [[Government of India|union]], [[State governments of India|state]] and local. The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments give recognition and protection to local governments and in addition each state has its own local government legislation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/India.pdf|title=The Local Government System in India|website=Commonwealth Local Government Forum}}</ref> Since 1992, local government in India takes place in two very distinct forms. Urban localities, covered in the 74th amendment to the Constitution,<ref>[http://india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-fourth-amendment-act-1992 The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992]</ref> have Municipality but derive their powers from the individual state governments, while the powers of rural localities have been formalized under the ''panchayati raj'' system, under the 73rd amendment to the Constitution.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-third-amendment-act-1992 The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992]</ref>

Within the [[Administrative divisions of India|Administrative setup of India]], the democratically elected Local governance bodies are called the ''"[[municipalities of India|municipalities]]"'' (abbreviated as the ''"MC"'') in urban areas and the ''"[[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj Institutes]] (PRI)"'' (simply called the ''"panchayats"'') in rural areas.
There are 3 types of municipalities based on the population (the criteria differs from state to state), [[Municipal corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]] (''Nagar Nigam'') with more than 1 million population, [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Councils]] (''Nagar Palika'') with more than 25,000 and less than 1 million population, and [[Nagar Panchayat|Municipal Committee]] (''Town Panchayat'') with more than 10,000 and less than 25,000 population.
The [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] does not define what exactly would constitute larger or smaller urban area or an area of transition from rural to urban. It has been left to the state governments to fix their own criteria. The Article also states that apart from population, other
parameters such as density of population, percentage of population in non-agricultural employment,
annual revenue generation etc., may be taken into account by the states. PRIs in rural areas have 3 hierarchies of panchayats, [[Gram panchayat]]s at village level, [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Panchayat Samiti]] at [[Community development block|block]] level, and [[District Councils of India|Zilla panchayats]] at [[District (India)|district]] level.<ref>[http://www.ncert.nic.in/ncerts/textbook/textbook.htm?keps2=8-10 PRIs of India]</ref>

Panchayats cover about 96% of India's more than 5.8 lakh (580,000) villages and nearly 99.6% of the rural population. As of 2020, there were about 3 million elected representatives at all levels of the panchayat, nearly 1.3 million are women. These members represent more than 2.4 lakh (240,000) [[Gram Panchayats|gram panchayats]], about over 6,672 were intermediate level [[Panchayat samiti (block)|panchayat samitis]] at the [[Community development block|block]] level and more than 500 [[District council (India)|zila parishads]] at district level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2019/7/take-five-rahul-bhatnagar-india|title=Take Five: "Elected Women Representatives are key agents for transformational economic, environmental and social change in India"|website=[[UN Women]]|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref> Following the 2013 local election, 37.1% of councillors were women, and in 2015/16 local government expenditure was 16.3% of total government expenditure.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Tiers of Government in India.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Tiers of Government in India]]

== History ==
{{see also | Monarchy in ancient India}}

=== Committees for the study of issues ===
Various committees were formed to study the issues and make recommendations for the implementation of local governance in India.

==== The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957) ====

In 1957, a committee led by [[Balwant Rai Mehta]] studied the [[Community Development]] Projects and the National Extension Service and assessed the extent to which the movement had succeeded in utilising local initiatives and in creating institutions to ensure continuity in the process of improving economic and social conditions in rural areas. The Committee held that community development would only be deep and enduring when the community was involved in the planning, decision-making and implementation process.<ref>Government of India, Report of the Team for the Study of Community Projects and National Extension Service, (Chairperson: Balvantray Mehta), Committee on Plan Projects, National Development Council, (New Delhi, November 1957), Vol. I,</ref> The suggestions were for as follows:<ref>Anirban Kashyap: Panchaytiraj, Views of founding fathers and recommendation of different committees, New Delhi, Lancer Books, 1989 P 109</ref>

*an early establishment of elected local bodies and devolution to them of necessary resources, power, and authority,
*that the basic unit of democratic decentralisation was at the block/samiti level since the area of jurisdiction of the local body should neither be too large nor too small. The block was large enough for efficiency and economy of administration, and small enough for sustaining a sense of involvement in the citizens,
*such body must not be constrained by too much control by the government or government agencies,
*the body must be constituted for five years by indirect elections from the village panchayats,
*its functions should cover the development of agriculture in all its aspects, the promotion of local industries and others
*services such as drinking water, road building, etc., and
*the higher-level body, Zilla Parishad, would play an advisory role.

==== Ashok Mehta Committee (1977) ====
{{main | Ashok Mehta Committee }}

The [[Panchayati raj in India|PRi]] structure did not develop the requisite democratic momentum and failed to cater to the needs of [[rural development]]. There are various reasons for such an outcome which include political and bureaucratic resistance at the state level to share power and resources with local-level institutions, the domination of local elites over the major share of the benefits of welfare schemes, lack of capability at the local level and lack of political will.

It was decided to appoint a high-level committee under the chairmanship of Ashok Mehta to examine and suggest measures to strengthen PRIs. The Committee had to evolve an effective decentralised system of development for PRIs. They made the following recommendations:<ref>Anirban Kashyap: Panchaytiraj, Views of founding fathers and recommendation of different committees, New Delhi, Lancer Books, 1989 P 112</ref>
*the district is a viable administrative unit for which planning, coordination, and resource allocation are feasible and technical expertise available,
*PRIs as a two-tier system, with Mandal Panchayat at the base and Zilla Parishad at the top,
*the PRIs are capable of planning for themselves with the resources available to them,
*district planning should take care of the urban-rural continuum,
*representation of SCs and STs in the election to PRIs on the basis of their population,
*four-year term of PRIs,
*participation of political parties in elections,
*any financial devolution should be committed to accepting
that much of the developmental functions at the district level
would be played by the panchayats.

The states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal passed new legislation based on this report. However, the flux in politics at the state level did not allow these institutions to develop their own political dynamics.

==== G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985) ====

The [[G.V.K. Rao]] Committee was appointed by [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|date=December 2009|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vkmhVEk8QEC|access-date=2015-04-10}}</ref> to once again look at various aspects of PRIs. The Committee was of the opinion that a total view of rural development must be taken in which PRIs must play a central role in handling people's problems. It recommended the following:<ref>World Bank: Overview of ruraldecentralisation in indi Volume III World Bank, 2000 P 21</ref>-
*PRIs have to be activated and provided with all the required support to become effective organisations,
*PRIs at district level and below should be assigned the work of planning, implementation and monitoring of rural development programmes, and
*the block development office should be the spinal cord of the rural development process.
*district development commissioner to be introduced.
*election should conduct regularly.
this is GVK Rao Committee main topics which they focused on.

==== L. M. Singhvi Committee (1986) ====

A committee led by Laxmi Mall Singhvi was constituted in the 1980s to recommend ways to revitalize PRIs. The Gram Sabha was considered as the base of a municipality decentralised, and PRIs viewed as institutions of governance which would actually facilitate the participation of the people in the process of planning and development. It recommended:<ref>Mahoj Rai et al. :The state of Panchayats – A participatory perspective, New Delhi, Smscriti, 2001 P 9</ref>
*local government should be constitutionally recognised, protected and preserved by the inclusion of new chapter in the Constitution,
*non-involvement of political parties in Panchayat elections.

The suggestion of giving [[panchayats]] constitutional status was opposed by the Sarkaria Commission, but the idea, however, gained momentum in the late 1980s especially because of the endorsement by the late Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who introduced the 64th Constitutional Amendment Bill in 1989. The 64th Amendment Bill was prepared and introduced in the lower house of Parliament. But it got defeated in the Rajya Sabha as non-convincing. He lost the general elections too. In 1989, the National Front introduced the 74th Constitutional Amendment Bill, which could not become an Act because of the dissolution of the Ninth Lok Sabha.
All these various suggestions and recommendations and means of strengthening PRIs were considered while formulating the new Constitutional Amendment Act.

=== Legal framework ===

Following laws and subsequent amendments were passed to implement the selected recommendations of various committees.

==== The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (1992) ====

The idea which produced the [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd Constitution Amendment]]<ref>The [[Constitution]] (Seventy Third Amendment) Act, 1992, The Gazette of India, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, New Delhi, 1993.</ref> was not a response to pressure from the grassroots, but to an increasing recognition that the institutional initiatives of the preceding decade had not delivered, that the extent of rural poverty was still much too large and thus the existing structure of government needed to be reformed. This idea evolved from the Centre and the state governments. It was a political drive to see PRIs as a solution to the governmental crises that India was experiencing.

[[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|The Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act]], passed in 1992 by the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] government, came into force on April 24, 1993. It was meant to provide constitutional sanction to establish "democracy at the grassroots level as it is at the state level or national level". Its main features are as follows:<ref>T M Thomas Issac with Richard Franke : Local democracy and development – Peoples Campaign for decentralized planning in Kerala, New Delhi, Leftword Books, 2000 P 19</ref>

*The Gram Sabha or village assembly as a deliberative body to decentralised governance has been envisaged as the foundation of the Panchayati Raj System.73rd Amendment of the Constitution empowered the Gram Sabhas to conduct social audits in addition to its other functions.
*A uniform three-tier structure of panchayats at village (Gram Panchayat — GP), intermediate or block (Panchayat Samiti — PS) and district (Zilla Parishad — ZP) levels.
*All the seats in a panchayat at every level are to be filled by elections from respective territorial constituencies.
*Not less than one-third of the total seats for membership as well as office of chairpersons of each tier have to be reserved for women.
*Reservation for weaker castes and tribes (SCs and STs) have to be provided at all levels in proportion to their population in the panchayats.
*To supervise, direct and control the regular and smooth elections to panchayats, a State Election Commission Act has ensured constitution of a State Finance Commission in every State/UT, for every five years, to suggest measures to strengthen finances of panchayati raj institutions.
*To promote bottom-up-planning, the District Planning Committee (DPC) in every district has been accorded to constitutional status.
*An indicative list of 29 items has been given in Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution. Panchayats are expected to play an effective role in planning and implementation of works related to these 29 items.

====97th Constitutional Amendment Act (2011)====

Cooperative Societies are taken under "Local Government" after 97th Constitutional Amendment act 2011, under [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]]'s government. Part-IX of Indian Constitution is related to Local Government, under which Panchayat Raj was defined, then after 74th Amendment Municipal Corporation and council were included and defined by inducing Part IX-A, and in 2011, Cooperative Societies were included in Local Government by inducing Part IX-B in the Constitution.

The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011 provided for amendment in following things:

1. It amended article 19(1)c by inserting after the word 'or unions' the words 'or Co-operative Societies'.

2. It also inserted Article 43B in part IV of the Constitution as "The State shall endeavor to promote Voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional Management of the Co-operative Societies" and

3. After Part IX-A of the Constitution Part IX-B was inserted. Part IX-B extended from Article 243ZH to Article 243ZT.

==Tiers of Government==
{{Main|Municipal governance in India|Panchayati raj in India}}

The diagram below outlines the three tiers of government :

{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart|}}
{{Tree chart| | | FED | FED='''[[List of sovereign states|Union Government]]''' ([[Government of India]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | PRO | PRO=[[States and union territories of India|'''State Government''']] (e.g. [[Government of Kerala]])}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|^|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart| Urban | | Rural | | |Urban='''Urban'''|Rural='''Rural''' {{Small|([[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj Institutions]])}}}}

{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{Tree chart|District| |Block| |Village|District='''[[District Panchayat]]''' ({{Small|Zilla Parishad}}) (e.g. [[Raigad District Council]])|Block='''[[Block Panchayat]]''' {{Small|(Panchayat Samiti)|}}|Village='''[[Village Panchayat]]''' {{Small|(Gram Panchayat)}} (e.g. [[Binodpur Gram Panchayat]])|}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart|}}
{{Tree chart| | | FED | FED='''Urban''' {{Small|([[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]])}}}}
{{Tree chart|,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| || }}
{{Tree chart|Municipal corporation| Municipal council|Town Panchayat|Municipal corporation='''[[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]''' (e.g. [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]])|Municipal council='''[[Municipality#India|Municipality]]''' (e.g. [[Darjeeling Municipality]])|Town Panchayat='''[[Town Panchayat]]'''
(e.g [[Bhatgaon, Surajpur|Bhatgaon]])|}}
{{Tree chart|}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

==Types of local governance entities ==
{{see also | Administrative divisions of India }}

The local governance entities are broadly classified into rural, which are further sub-divided based on the size of population in case of the urban bodies and based on the size of population and hierarchy in case of the rural bodies.

===Urban local governance bodies ===
{{main|Municipal governance in India}}

====3 types of MCs ====

The following 3 types of democratically elected urban local governance bodies in India are called [[municipalities of India|municipalities]] and abbreviated as the ''"MC"''. These are classified based on the size of the population of the urban settlement.<ref name=aa1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/ncerts/textbook/textbook.htm?keps2=8-10|title=National Council Of Educational Research And Training :: Home|website=www.ncert.nic.in|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref>

* [[Municipal corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]], also called the ''"Nagar Nigam"'' or ''"City Corporation"'', of cities with more than 1 million population.
* [[Nagar Palika|Municipal Councils]], also called the ''"Nagar Palika"'' or ''"Nagar Palika Parishad"'', of cities with more than 25,000 and less than 1 million population.
* [[Nagar Panchayat|Municipal Committee]], also called the ''"Town Council"'' or ''"Nagar Panchayat"'' or ''"Town Panchayat"'' or ''"Notified Area Council"'' or ''"Notified Area Committee"'' depending on the state within which they lie, these are in the town with more than 10,000 and less than 25,000 population.

==== Municipal Acts ====
Municipal Acts are state level legislations to establish municipal governments in urban areas. These acts provide a framework of governance for cities within the state. Various processes including rules for elections, recruitment of staff, and demarcation of urban areas derive from the state municipal acts. Almost 70 different municipal acts in India govern the cities in the country. Typically, the municipal acts are of three types - statewide general municipalities acts, separate acts for establishing municipal corporations, and acts that are specific to individual municipal corporations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagrika - What is a Municipal Act?|url=https://www.nagrika.org/nagrikalarticles/municipalacts|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Nagrika|language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Functions of MCs ====
All municipal acts in India provide for functions, powers and responsibilities to be carried out by the municipal government. These are divided into two categories: obligatory and discretionary.

The mandatory functions of MC include the supply of pure and wholesome water, construction and maintenance of public streets, lighting and watering of public streets, cleaning of public streets, places and sewers, regulation of offensive, dangerous or obnoxious trades and callings or practices, maintenance or support of public hospitals, establishment and maintenance of primary schools, registration of births and deaths, removing obstructions and projections in public streets, bridges and other places, naming streets and numbering houses, maintenance of law and public order, etc.

The discretionary functions of MC include the laying out of areas, securing or removal of dangerous buildings or places, construction and maintenance of public parks, gardens, libraries, museums, rest houses, leper homes, orphanages and rescue homes for women, public buildings, planting of trees and maintenance of roads, housing for low income groups, conducting surveys, organizing public receptions, public exhibitions, public entertainment, provision of transport facilities with the municipality, and promotion of welfare of municipal employees.

Some of the functions of the urban bodies overlap with the work of state agencies. The functions of the municipality, including those listed in the [[Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution]], are left to the discretion of the state government. Local bodies have to be bestowed with adequate powers, authority and responsibility to perform the functions entrusted to them by the Act. However, the Act has not provided them with any powers directly and has instead left it to state government discretion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fahim |first=Mayraj |date=24 May 2009 |title=Local government in India still carries characteristics of its colonial heritage |publisher=City Mayors Foundation |url=http://www.citymayors.com/government/india_government.html }}</ref>
These are all functions of MCs

===Rural local governance bodies ===
{{main | Panchayati raj in India | Monarchy_in_ancient_India#Kingship_and_the_Vedas | l2 = Governance in Vedic era }}

The democratically elected local governance bodies in the [[Village#South Asia|villages]] of rural India are called [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj Institutions]] (PRIs) which are based on the [[vedic era]] native democratic [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] (Council of five officials) system.<ref>{{citation|title=Panchayati Raj Institutions in India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-third-amendment-act-1992}}</ref><ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 |url-status=live |title=Basic Statistics of Panchayati Raj Institutions |author= |date=2019 |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424232317/https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 |archive-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>

====3 hierarchies of PRI panchayats ====

The following 3 hierarchies of PRI panchayats exist in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants:

* [[Gram Panchayat]]s at village level
* Panchayat Samiti or Mandal Parishad or Block Panchayat or Taluk Panchayat at [[Community Development Block]] or [[Mandal]] or Taluk level and
* [[District Panchayat|Zila Parishad]]/District Panchayat at [[List of districts in India|district]] level.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

The panchayati raj system is a three-tier system with elected bodies at the village, taluk and district levels. The modern system is based in part on traditional [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat governance]], in part on the vision of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and in part by the work of various committees to harmonize the highly centralized Indian governmental administration with a degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{Cite book |author= Singh, Vijandra |year=2003 |chapter=Chapter 5: Panchayati Raj and Gandhi |title=Panchayati Raj and Village Development: Volume 3, Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration |series= Studies in public administration |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sarup & Sons |pages=84–90 |isbn= 978-81-7625-392-5}}</ref> The result was intended to create greater participation in local government by people and more effective implementation of rural development programs. Although, as of 2015, implementation in all of India is not complete, the intention is for there to be a [[gram panchayat]] for each village or group of villages, a [[tehsil]] level council, and a [[zilla panchayat]] at the district level.

In India, the nomenclature of [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat Raj institutions]] varies across different states. At the village level, Panchayat Raj institutions are commonly referred to as gram panchayats in most states. These gram panchayats or village panchayats are responsible for the administration and governance of rural areas at the grassroots level. The block or tehsil level Panchayat Raj institutions are known by different names in different states. For instance, in some states, they are called block panchayats, while in others, they are referred to as panchayat samitis, panchayat unions and mandal parishads. The specific names may vary from state to state, but the purpose remains the same – to oversee the development and welfare activities at the block or tehsil level. The district level Panchayat Raj institutions are known by different names in different states, such as zilla panchayat, zilla parishad, district council and district panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proceedings of the National Webinar on Localization of Sustainable Development Goals and Role of Panchayats – SDG No. 2 – Zero Hunger on 23rd August 2021 as part of AZADI KA AMRIT MAHOTSAV {{!}} Ministry of Panchayati Raj {{!}} India |url=https://panchayat.gov.in/document/proceedings-of-the-national-webinar-on-localization-of-sustainable-development-goals-and-role-of-panchayats-sdg-no-2-zero-hunger-on-23rd-august-2021-as-part-of-azadi-ka-amrit-maho/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Functions of PRIs ====

Defined in the Part IX of the Indian Constitution,<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Renukadevi Nagshetty |date=2015 |title=Problems and Challenges in the Working of Panchayat Raj Institutions in India. A Case Study of Gulbarga Zilla Panchayat |type=PhD |chapter=IV. Structure and Organisational Aspects of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Karnataka and Gulbarga District |publisher=Gulbarga University |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/36516 |url-status=live |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013185717/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36516/9/09_chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-13 |page=93 |hdl=10603/36516 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf |url-status=live |title=Record of Proceedings. Writ Petition (Civil) No. 671/2015 |author= |date=2015 |website=Website "India Environment Portal" by the Centre for Science and Environment |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028214205/https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-28 |page=3}}</ref> these are responsible for the 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule including the "economic development, and strengthening social justice."<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

==Local bodies by states of India==

The [[Constitution of India]] visualises panchayats as institutions of local governance. However, giving due consideration to the federal structure of India's polity, most of the financial powers and authorities to be endowed on panchayats have been left at the discretion of concerned state legislatures. Consequently, the powers and functions vested in PRIs vary from state to state. These provisions combine representative and direct democracy into a synergy and are expected to result in an extension and deepening of democracy in India. Hence, panchayats have journeyed from an institution within the culture of India to attain constitutional status.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- class="sortttop"
! colspan="2" scope="col" | State or Union Territory
! colspan="3" scope="col" | Local Bodies
|- class="sortttop"
! scope="col" | Map key
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | [[Panchayati raj in India|Rural LB]]
![[Municipal governance in India|Urban LB]]
!Traditional LB
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 1 || [[Local Bodies in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Praja Parishad

2. Mandal Praja Parishad

3.Gram Panchayat
|4.Municipal Corporation

5.Municipality

6.Nagar Panchayat
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 2 || [[Local Bodies in Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad

2.Anchal Samiti

3.Gram Panchayat
|4.Municipal Corporation

5.Municipality
 
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 3 || [[Local Bodies in Assam|Assam]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad

2.Anchalik Samiti

3.Gaon Panchayat
|4.Municipal Corporation

5.Municipality

6.Town Panchayat
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 4 || [[Local Bodies in Bihar|Bihar]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Panchayat Samiti

3.Gram Panchayat
|4.Municipal Corporation

5.Municipality

6.Town Panchayat
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 5 || [[Local Bodies in Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Janpad Panchayat

3.Gram Panchayat
|4.Municipal Corporation

5.Municipality

6.Notified Area Council
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 6 || [[Local Bodies in Goa|Goa]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad

2.Village Panchayat
|4.Municipal Corporation

5.Municipality
 
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 7 || [[Local Bodies in Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. District Panchayat

2.Taluka Panchayat

3.Gram Panchayat
|4.Municipal Corporation

5.Municipality
 
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 8 || [[Local Bodies in Haryana|Haryana]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Panchayat Samiti

3.Gram Panchayat
|4.Municipal Corporation

5.Municipal Committee

6.Municipal Council
 
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 9 || [[Local Bodies in Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Panchayat Samiti

3.Gram Panchayat
|
# Municipal Corporation
# Municipal Council
# Nagar Panchayat
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 10 || [[Local Bodies in Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Panchayat Samiti

3.Gram Panchayat
|
# Municipal Corporation
# Nagar Parishad
# Nagar Panchayat
# Notified Area Committee
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 11 || [[Local Bodies in Karnataka|Karnataka]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. District Panchayat

2.Taluka Panchayat

3.Gram Panchayat
|1.Municipal Corporation

2.City Municipal Council

3.Town Municipal Council

4.Town panchayat
 
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 12 || [[Local government in Kerala|Kerala]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. District Panchayat

2. Block Panchayat

3. Gram Panchayat
|1. Municipal Corporation

2. Municipality 
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 13 || [[Local Bodies in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Panchayat
2.Janpad Panchayat

3.Gram Panchayat
|
# Municipal Corporations
# Municipality
# Nagar Parishad
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 14 || [[Local Bodies in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Panchayat

2.Block Panchayat

3.Village Panchayat
|4. Municipal Corporation grade A

5. Municipal Corporation grade B

6. Municipal Council

7. Nagar panchayat 
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 15 || [[Local Bodies in Manipur|Manipur]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Gram Panchayat
|
# Municipal Council
# Nagar Panchayat
# Small Town Committee
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 16 || [[Local Bodies in Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]
| style="text-align:right" |
# District Council
# Village Council

|
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 17 || [[Local Bodies in Mizoram|Mizoram]]
| style="text-align:right" |
# District Council
# Village Council
|
* Municipal Corporation
* Municipal Council
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 18 || [[Local Bodies in Nagaland|Nagaland]]
| style="text-align:right" | NA
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 19 || [[Local Bodies in Odisha|Odisha]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Panchayat Samiti

3.Gram Panchayat
|
# Municipal Corporation
# Municipality
# Notified Area Council
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 20 || [[Local Bodies in Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Panchayat Samiti

3.Gram Panchayat
|
# Municipal Corporation
# Municipal Council
# Nagar Panchayat
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 21 || [[List of urban local bodies in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.panchayat samiti

3.Gram Panchayat
|
# Nagar Nigam
# Nagar parishad
# Nagar Palika
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 22 || [[Local Bodies in Sikkim|Sikkim]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Gram Panchayat
|
# Municipal Corporation
# Municipal Council
# Nagar Panchayat
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 23 || [[Local Bodies in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. District Panchayat
2. Panchayat Union

3. Village Panchayat
|
# City Municipal Corporation
# Municipality
# Town Panchayat

|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 24 || [[Local Bodies in Telangana|Telangana]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Praja Parishad

2.Mandal Praja Parishad

3.Gram Panchayat
|
# Municipal Corporation
# Municipality
# Nagar Panchayat
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 25 || [[Local Bodies in Tripura|Tripura]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Block Panchayat

3.Gram Panchayat
|
# Municipal Corporation
# Municipal Council
# Nagar Panchayat
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 26 || [[List of urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Kshetra Panchayat

3.Gram Panchayat
|4.Nagar Nigam

5.Nagar Palika Parishad

6.Nagar Panchayat
 
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 27 || [[Local Bodies in Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Panchayat
2.Kshetra Panchayat

3.Gram Panchayat
|
# Nagar Nigam
# Nagar Palika Parishad
# Nagar Panchayat
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 28 || [[Local Bodies in West Bengal|West Bengal]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Panchayat Samiti

3.Gram Panchayat
|4.Municipal Corporation

5.Municipality

6.Notified Area Council
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | A ||[[Local Bodies in Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Parishad
2.Panchayat Samiti

3.Gram Panchayat
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | B ||[[Local Bodies in Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
| style="text-align:right" | 1. Zilla Parishad
2.Panchayat Samiti

3.Gram Panchayat
|
# Municipal Corporation
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | C ||[[Local Bodies in Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and
[[Local Bodies in Daman and Diu|Daman and Diu]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Panchayat
2.Gram Panchayat
|
# Municipal Corporation
# Municipal Council
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | D ||[[Local Bodies in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|1.District Planning and Development Board
2.Block Development Council

3.Halque Panchayat
|
# Municipal Corporation
# Municipal Council
# Municipal Committee
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | E || Ladakh
| style="text-align:right" |1.District Planning and Development Board
2.Block Development Council

3.Halque Panchayat
|
# Municipality
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | F ||[[Local Bodies in Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Zilla Panchayat
2.Gram Panchayat
|NA
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | G ||[[Local Bodies in Delhi|NCT Delhi]]
| style="text-align:right" | NA
|
# Municipal Corporation
# Municipal Council
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | H ||[[Local Bodies in Puducherry|Puducherry]]
| style="text-align:right" |1. Commune Panchayat
2.Village Panchayat
|
# Municipality
|
|}

==Finance and funding==
The local governments—which include municipal bodies in urban areas and Panchayati Raj Institutions in rural areas—are financed by a mix of grants from various programs, transfers from higher governmental levels, and own-source income. Property taxes, user fees, fees, and licenses are the main sources of their own income. As suggested by the State Finance Commissions, a sizable portion of funding is provided by state governments in the form of grants-in-aid, assigned revenues, and tax devolution. Along with following the Central Finance Commission's recommendations, the Union Government also contributes money directly or through centrally sponsored programs. States and levels of local government differ greatly in how they balance their own revenues with intergovernmental transfers.
== Decentralisation ==
When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government, it is called [[Decentralization|decentralisation]]. The main concept of decentralization is that many problems and matters are better solved at the local level. Additionally, at the local level, people can directly participate in making decisions. This promotes democratic participation and encourages people to get involved. In 1992, a significant step was taken towards decentralization. The rural local government is commonly referred to as "panchayati raj institutions (PRIs)." This local government structure extends up to the district level. The urban local government is commonly referred as "urban local bodies" (ULBs). Municipal corporations, municipal councils, and nagar panchayats are examples of urban local bodies responsible for managing local affairs, such as infrastructure development, public health, and sanitation.<ref>[https://www.iipa.org.in/cms/public/uploads/159601665552397.pdf THEORY OF DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALISATION AND LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS IN INDIA] by [[Indian Institute of Public Administration]]</ref>

The local governments have been entrusted with the governance of various government institutions that were previously under the control of the state government. These transfers include the government district hospitals, which now falls under the authority of the district panchayats, the taluk or sub-district hospitals, which is now managed by the block panchayats, and the taluk headquarters hospitals, which are now the responsibility of the respective urban local bodies. Similarly, community health centers are now overseen by the block panchayats or urban local bodies, while primary health centers are managed by the respective gram panchayats and urban local bodies. Additionally, agricultural offices, veterinary hospitals, anganwadis, fisheries offices, and other relevant institutions have also been transferred to the respective local governments. In the education sector, the district panchayats have taken charge of all government higher secondary schools and high schools within their jurisdiction, while the respective gram panchayats are responsible for the management of government primary schools. In urban areas, all government schools, including higher secondary, high schools, primary schools, technical, and vocational schools, have been transferred to the respective urban local bodies for governance and administration. The local self-government institutions are responsible for managing local affairs, including infrastructure development, public health, sanitation, and urban planning, minor irrigations, fisheries, social forestry, small scale industries, social welfare, electricity, sports and cultural affairs, poverty alleviation, housing etc.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

=== Functions and Powers; ===
Certain functions and powers that were previously under the exclusive jurisdiction of the central government or state governments were transferred to local governments. These functions can include areas like education, healthcare, rural development, infrastructure, and social welfare. By decentralizing these functions, local governments gained the authority to make decisions and implement policies that are more responsive to local needs.

=== Administrative authority; ===
Decentralization involved granting administrative authority to local governments. This meant that local governments gained the power to manage and oversee various administrative functions within their jurisdiction. They could hire and manage local staff, execute development projects, and ensure the efficient delivery of public services. This devolution of administrative authority aimed to enhance local governments' capacity to govern effectively.

=== Financial resources; ===
Along with functions and powers, financial resources were also transferred to local governments. This involved providing them with a share of tax revenues, grants, and funds from higher levels of government. The idea was to provide local governments with the necessary financial resources to carry out their responsibilities effectively. Financial decentralization aimed to reduce dependency on higher levels of government and promote local decision-making in financial matters.

=== Institutional framework; ===
To facilitate decentralization, an institutional framework was established. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in 1992 provided a constitutional status to rural and urban local bodies, respectively. These amendments mandated the establishment of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) at the village, block, and district levels, and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) at the municipal and city and town levels.

The establishment of PRIs and ULBs provided a framework for decentralized governance and promoted democratic participation at the grassroots level.

==See also==

*[[Administrative divisions of India]]
*[[Panchayati Raj]]
*[[Municipal governance in India]]

==Further reading==

*Shourie, Arun (1990). ''Individuals, institutions, processes: How one may strengthen the other in India today''. New Delhi, India: Viking.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090425192746/http://www.localgovernmentindia.org/local-government-india.asp?id=1 Milestones in the Evolution of Local Government since Independence]
*[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAjfshahjautsgghhGgfagshgSIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPPRISECDEV/EXTSAREGTOPDECENTRALIZATION/0,,contentMDK:20254773~isCURL:Y~menuPK:496908~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:496900,00.html World Bank : Overview of rural decentralization]{{Dead link|date=February 2022}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180823/http://data.undp.org.in/hdrc/dis-srs/Challenges/DecentralisationCO.pdf Decentralisation in India : Challenges and opportunities, UNDP, 2000 p 4]

{{Local government in India}}
{{Asia topic|Local government in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of}}
[[Category:Local government in India| ]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]

Sangam (newspaper)

2025-10-14T10:35:59Z

Leopoldo10S: Creating Initial Details Nd Citations...

{{Short description|Urdu daily published newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Sangam
| italic_title = no
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founder = Ghulam Sarwar
| headquarters = Ghulam Sarwar Clinic, Bhikna Pahari, Patna, Bihar
| publishing_city = Patna
| publishing_country = India
}}

'''Sangam''' is an Urdu daily published [[newspaper]] from [[Patna]], Bihar. It was started by Ghulam Sarwar, an Indian politician from Bihar in January 1953.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_INFA_Press_Year_Book/pEDifkVHnPYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=sangam+ghulam+sarwar&dq=sangam+ghulam+sarwar&printsec=frontcover |title=The INFA Press Year Book |date=1962 |publisher=INFA Publications |pages=331 |language=en}}</ref> It became popular among Urdu reader due to its anti-congress nature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sajjad |first=Mohammad |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Muslim_Politics_in_Bihar/0iVHBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours |date=2014-08-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-55982-5 |pages=246, 264 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-17 |title=Decision to make Urdu second official language in Bihar provokes furore from Maithil Brahmins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800731-decision-to-make-urdu-second-official-language-in-bihar-provokes-furore-from-maithil-brahmins-821314-2014-01-17 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Ghulam Sarwar served as the first editor of the newspaper.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Statement_of_Charges_Against_Fourteen_Ex/-FQ9AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=sangam+ghulam+sarwar&dq=sangam+ghulam+sarwar&printsec=frontcover |title=Statement of Charges Against Fourteen Ex-United Front Ministers |date=1970 |publisher=Superintendent Secretariat Press, Bihar |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Vidura/jotZAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=sangam+ghulam+sarwar&dq=sangam+ghulam+sarwar&printsec=frontcover |title=Vidura |date=1982 |publisher=C. Sarkar |pages=290 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-05-06 |title=Bihar govt criticised for poll violence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-govt-criticised-for-poll-violence/articleshow/9003178.cms |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== History ==
It was started as a weekly newspaper in 1953 and since 1962, it was made a daily newspaper.<ref>{{Cite book |last=قادرى |first=سيد احمد |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%BA/Mf9kAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=اردو صحافت بهار ميں: تحقيق |date=2003 |publisher=سيد احمد قادرى |pages=157 |language=ur}}</ref> It was also published from Kolkata till the death of Ghulam Sarwar in 2005.<ref>{{Cite book |last=رنجن، |first=بھٹّاچارىہ، شانتى |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF/C9wQAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=آزادى کے بعد مغربى بنگال مىن اردو |date=1973 |pages=45 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaṭṭācāryah |first=Shāntī Ranjan |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%83/HAFlAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=بنگال میں اردو صحافت كى تاريخ |date=2003 |publisher=مغربى بنگال اردو اكاڈمى، |pages=256 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Editors ==

* Ghulam Sarwar
* [[Ejaz Ali]]

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:1953 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Mass media in Bihar]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1953]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Patna]]
[[Category:Urdu-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]

{{india-newspaper-stub}}

Ankam

2025-08-28T08:06:57Z

Leopoldo10S: adjust layout to improve readability

{{Short description|Malayalam word for duel}}
[[File:Churika mandakini , The churika sword used by Malaysian Kings at their coronation ceremony.jpg|thumb|[[Cura Si Manjakini|Churika mandakini]], the churika sword used by Malaysian Kings at their coronation ceremony]]
'''Ankam''' is a [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] word meaning combat or battle, typically fought with swords called 'Churika' in [[Malabar District|Malabar]] of [[Kerala]]. The outcome of an Ankam was determined by one warrior killing the other. It can refer to either a duel or a larger-scale war.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=Chekavan+|title= Communal Road to a Secular Kerala.Page 30|work=George Mathew|year= 1989|publisher=Concept Pub.Co, 1989|isbn=81-7022-282-6|accessdate=2007-12-28}} - {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&dq=Chekavar+Sevakan&pg=PA27|title= Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia.Page 27|work=Bardwell L. Smith|year= 1976|publisher=BRILL publications ,1976|isbn=90-04-04510-4|accessdate=2007-12-28}}</ref>

These duels were conducted on elevated platforms known as Ankathattu, ensuring that only the designated combatants participated, thereby protecting civilians from harm.<ref>{{cite web | title=Laws of Yesterday's Wars Symposium - Kalaripayattu to IHL: The Ancient Roots of Legal Warfare Practices in Malabar | date=19 July 2024 | url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/kalaripayattu-ihl-ancient-roots-legal-warfare-practices-malabar/ }}</ref>

A fundamental principle of Ankam was the clear distinction between combatants and non-combatants. The engagement was strictly limited to the warriors chosen to represent each side, preventing conflicts from escalating into broader violence.<ref>{{cite web | title=Laws of Yesterday's Wars Symposium - Kalaripayattu to IHL: The Ancient Roots of Legal Warfare Practices in Malabar | date=19 July 2024 | url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/kalaripayattu-ihl-ancient-roots-legal-warfare-practices-malabar/ }}</ref>

The duels followed a strict code of conduct, emphasizing fairness and honor among warriors. Unethical practices were prohibited, and combatants were expected to demonstrate respect for their opponents. The structured nature of Ankam also included provisions for the families of warriors, who were often compensated by their rulers as recognition of their sacrifice.<ref>{{cite web | title=Laws of Yesterday's Wars Symposium - Kalaripayattu to IHL: The Ancient Roots of Legal Warfare Practices in Malabar | date=19 July 2024 | url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/kalaripayattu-ihl-ancient-roots-legal-warfare-practices-malabar/ }}</ref>

From a historical perspective, Ankam represents an early form of regulated conflict resolution, aligning with principles later seen in modern international humanitarian law. By selecting designated warriors and adhering to agreed-upon combat rules, this practice helped contain disputes, preventing them from spreading to surrounding regions while maintaining social order.<ref>{{cite web | title=Laws of Yesterday's Wars Symposium - Kalaripayattu to IHL: The Ancient Roots of Legal Warfare Practices in Malabar | date=19 July 2024 | url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/kalaripayattu-ihl-ancient-roots-legal-warfare-practices-malabar/ }}</ref>

In medieval Kerala, Ankam was practiced either as a fight between two warriors to prove who was better at Kalari, to settle ego clashes, to avenge the killing of an ancestor by engaging in a sword fight with the current generation of the tharavad—a practice known as settling Kudipaka (vengeance passed through generations)—or as a means of resolving disputes between districts and nobles. The duelists, known as Chekavar or Ankachekavar, were trained in Kalari to serve as militiamen under a lord, helping to prevent large-scale wars that could result in thousands of deaths.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=Chekavan+|title= Communal Road to a Secular Kerala.Page 30|work=George Mathew|year= 1989|publisher=Concept Pub.Co, 1989|isbn=81-7022-282-6|accessdate=2007-12-28}} - {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&dq=Chekavar+Sevakan&pg=PA27|title= Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia.Page 27|work=Bardwell L. Smith|year= 1976|publisher=BRILL publications ,1976|isbn=90-04-04510-4|accessdate=2007-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Laws of Yesterday's Wars Symposium - Kalaripayattu to IHL: The Ancient Roots of Legal Warfare Practices in Malabar | date=19 July 2024 | url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/kalaripayattu-ihl-ancient-roots-legal-warfare-practices-malabar/ }}</ref>

These Anka Chekavars were either the chiefs of the army or the best martial artists, who were rewarded with enormous wealth—sometimes enough to sustain them for seven generations—by the hiring parties.<ref>{{cite web | title=Laws of Yesterday's Wars Symposium - Kalaripayattu to IHL: The Ancient Roots of Legal Warfare Practices in Malabar | date=19 July 2024 | url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/kalaripayattu-ihl-ancient-roots-legal-warfare-practices-malabar/ }}</ref>

For dispute resolution, Ankam between warriors was considered the last resort, only after exhausting other methods such as presenting the case in the village assembly or conducting Ankams between cocks. If none of these methods resolved the issue, then, as the final measure to prevent large-scale war between regions, an Ankam would be held between the best Kalaripayattu warriors from each side<ref>{{cite web | title=Laws of Yesterday's Wars Symposium - Kalaripayattu to IHL: The Ancient Roots of Legal Warfare Practices in Malabar | date=19 July 2024 | url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/kalaripayattu-ihl-ancient-roots-legal-warfare-practices-malabar/ }}</ref>

A fight between two Kalari warriors could occur due to an ego clash or as a way to resolve a dispute, creating a war-like situation between the two.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=Chekavan+|title= Communal Road to a Secular Kerala.Page 30|work=George Mathew|year= 1989|publisher=Concept Pub.Co, 1989|isbn=81-7022-282-6|accessdate=2007-12-28}} - {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&dq=Chekavar+Sevakan&pg=PA27|title= Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia.Page 27|work=Bardwell L. Smith|year= 1976|publisher=BRILL publications ,1976|isbn=90-04-04510-4|accessdate=2007-12-28}}</ref> In case of dispute resolution, When a dispute arose between two local rulers, each side would engage warriors to fight for them in organised single combat at a fixed place and time. Each local ruler was represented by one Ankachekavar. The ankam were usually fought to the death, and the ruler represented by the surviving Ankachekavar was considered the winner.<ref>{{Cite book|first=S.N. |last=Sadasivan |title=A social history of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&dq=ankam&pg=PA352 |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2000 |page=344 and 122 |isbn=81-7648-170-X }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dueling]]
[[Category:Trials by combat]]

{{vocab-stub}}

John Worthington Adams

2025-08-26T20:01:22Z

Leopoldo10S: enhanced page after review and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Short description|British major-general}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:John Worthington Adams.jpg|thumb|Adams in around 1837, by William Melville]]
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major General]] '''Sir John Worthington Adams''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB}} (1764 – 9 March 1837) was a senior [[United Kingdom|British]] army officer who served in [[India]].

Adams joined the Army in 1780. During the [[Rohilla War]] he fought under Sir [[Robert Abercromby of Airthrey|Robert Abercromby]]. He was present during the [[Battle of Seringapatam]] in 1799. In 1809 he commanded a regiment in Central India. He became a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] in 1815. Adams then held commands at [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], [[Nagpur]] and the Dekkan. He took [[Chandrapur District|Chanda]] in 1818 and was at [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]] in 1826. In May 1828 he took command of the [[Sirhind Division]]. In 1830 Adams was promoted to major-general. At some point he became Colonel of the [[Bengal Regiment|16th Bengal Infantry Regiment]] and was elevated to a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] in the [[1831 Coronation Honours]].

Adams died at [[Sabathu]] on 9 March 1837.

== References ==
* {{cite book|first=Buckland|last=C.|year=1906|title=''Dictionary of Indian Biography''| editor = Charles Edward Buckland| pages= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_InFTmnS4crYC/page/n16 4]| publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Lim: London|location=Harvard University, Digitized July 8, 2005| url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_InFTmnS4crYC|quote=dictionary biography.}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adams, John Worthington}}
[[Category:1764 births]]
[[Category:1837 deaths]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army generals]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:19th-century British military personnel]]
[[Category:19th-century British knights]]

{{UK-army-bio-stub}}

Anarta kingdom

2025-08-12T00:44:20Z

Leopoldo10S: started new data needs work

{{for|historical region of Gujarat, India|Anarta}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Anarta''' is a [[Vedic period]] kingdom of [[ancient India]] described in the [[Mahabharata]], roughly forming the northern [[Gujarat]] state of India. It was founded by the [[Surya|father]] of [[Vaivasvata Manu]] and [[Yama]], named Anarta. He built a fortress at [[Dvārakā|Kusasthali]] (Dvaraka), which was later flooded by [[Varuna]]. The place remained then for some time as a forest land, before [[Krishna]] and the [[Yadavas]] went there and built Dvaraka.<ref>Vettam Mani: ''Puranic Encyclopaedia'', 9th reprint Delhi 2010, page 89</ref>
It was then ruled by [[Yadavas]] after they fled from [[Mathura]] of [[Surasena|Surasena kingdom]], due to the attacks of [[Jarasandha]], the king of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. The Yadava chiefs like [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]], [[Bala Rama]] (brother of Krishna), [[Kritavarma]] and [[Satyaki]], ruled this kingdom under their king [[Ugrasena]]. In [[Mahabharata]], Dwaraka is considered as a capital city of Anarta kingdom. But some other ancient texts like Mahabhagavata, mentions [[Dwaraka kingdom|Dwaraka]] and Anarta as two independent kingdoms. As per the [[Purana]] viz. [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Bala Rama]]'s wife [[Revati]] was from this kingdom.

Other [[yadu|Yadava]] kingdoms in west-central India include:
#[[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]] ([[Jhansi]] district in [[Uttar Pradesh]])
#[[Surasena kingdom|Surasena]] ([[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] district in [[Uttar Pradesh]] (also known as [[Vraja]])
#Dasharna (south to Chedi Kingdom)
#[[Karusha kingdom|Karusha]] (east to Dasharna Kingdom)
#[[Kunti kingdom|Kunti]] (North to Avanti Kingdom)
#[[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] ([[Ujjain]] district in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
#[[Malava kingdom|Malava]] (West to Avanti Kingdom)
#[[Gopa Rashtra|Goparashtra]] (southern [[Rajasthan]])
#[[Heheya kingdom|Heheya]] ([[Narmada River|Narmada]] valley around the city [[Maheshwar]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]])
#[[Saurashtra kingdom|Saurashtra]] (southern [[Gujarat]])
#[[Dwaraka kingdom|Dwaraka]] (offshore the [[Dwarka]] city in [[Gujarat]])
#[[Vidarbha kingdom|Vidarbha]] (north eastern [[Maharashtra]])

== References in Mahabharata ==

=== Draupadi's sons in Anarta country undergoes military training ===

====Mahabharata 3.182====

''When [[Pandavas]] were exiled to the woods, by the [[Kauravas]], the five sons of Pandavas, born to [[Draupadi]], were sent to [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala]], the kingdom ruled by their maternal grandfather [[Drupada]]. They later went to the Anarta Kingdom, ruled by the [[Yaduvanshi Aheer|Yadavas]], so that they can stay with their step brother and dear friend, [[Abhimanyu]], and learn military science from eminent Yadava warriors.''

[[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]]'s words to [[Princess Krishna]] (alias Draupadi, Panchali):- Those sons of yours, are devoted to the study of the science of arms, are well-behaved and conduct themselves on the pattern of their righteous friends. Your father and your uterine brothers proffer them a kingdom and territories; but the boys find no joy in the house of [[Drupada]], or in that of their maternal uncles. Safely proceeding to '''the land of the Anartas''', they take the greatest delight in the study of the science of arms. Your sons enter the town of the Vrishnis ([[Dvārakā|Dwaraka]]) and take an immediate liking to the people there. And as you would direct them to conduct themselves, or as the respected [[Kunti]] would do, so does [[Subhadra]] (their stepmother) direct them in a watchful way. Perhaps, she is still more careful of them. As [[Pradyumna]] is the preceptor of [[Aniruddha]], of [[Abhimanyu]], of Sunitha, and of Bhanu; so he is the preceptor and the refuge of your sons also! And a good preceptor, would unceasingly give them lessons in the wielding of maces and swords and bucklers, in missiles and in the arts of driving cars and of riding horses, being valiant. And he, [[Pradyumna]], the son of [[Rukmini]], having bestowed a very good training upon them, and having taught them the art of using various weapons in a proper way, takes satisfaction at the valorous deeds of your sons, and of [[Abhimanyu]]. O daughter of Drupada! And when your son goes out, in pursuit of (out-door) sports, each one of them is followed thither by cars and horses and vehicles and elephants.’

[[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]], next told to the exiled [[Pandava]] king [[Yudhishthira]], that the fighting men of Anarta, consisting of Satwata, Dasarha, Kukura, Adhaka, Bhoja, Vrishni and Madhu tribes will be kept ready to overthrow the enemies of [[Pandavas]], viz the [[Kauravas]] headed by [[Duryodhana]], ruling the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]] city [[Hastinapura]]. [[Bala Rama]], with plough as his weapon, will lead the warriors consisting of bowmen, horsemen, foot-soldiers, cars and elephants.

In the fifth book, Chapter 83 of Mahabharata (MBh 5.83), it is mentioned that [[Pandava]]'s mother [[Kunti]] also stayed for some time in Anarta, during the exile of the Pandavas.

=== Pandava's cousins from Anarta join them at Upaplavya ===

====Mahabharata 4.72====
After the expiry of the thirteenth year, the five [[Pandavas]] took up their abode in one of Virata's towns called [[Upaplavya]]. [[Arjuna]] brought over [[Abhimanyu]] and [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]], and also many people of the Dasarha race from the '''Anarta''' country.

=== Both Duryodhana and Arjuna arrive at Anarta city (Dwaraka) seeking alliance ===

*Mbh 5.7

Both [[Duryodhana]] and [[Arjuna]] arrived at the city of '''Anarta''' (Dwaraka alias Dwaravati) seeking alliance of [[Yaduvanshi Aheer|Yadavas]], to join their side in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. Some Yadava heroes allied with [[Kauravas]] while others allied with the [[Pandavas]]. [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]] allied with the [[Pandavas]] and promised not to take any weapons in the battle. Thus he took part in the war not as a warrior, but as a diplomat, an ambassador of peace, an adviser on war-strategy and as the guide and car-driver of [[Arjuna]]. The army owned by [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]], called the [[Narayani Sena]] was given to [[Duryodhana]]. The Narayani Sena consisted of a large body of cowherd warriors, all of whom are able to fight in the thick of battle. Another hero [[Bala Rama]], took a neutral standpoint, though he wished to aid [[Duryodhana]], because he cannot fight against his brother [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]], who had already joined the [[Pandavas]]. Thus he will not fight for any of the parties and wished to set for a pilgrimage over [[Sarasvati River]]. The Bhoja Yadava hero, [[Kritavarman]] joined [[Duryodhana]] with a body of troops numbering an [[Akshauhini]] of troops. Another Yadava hero, [[Satyaki]] joined the Pandavas, with an Akshohini of troops.

=== Anarta mentioned as a kingdom of Ancient India (Bharata Varsha) ===

*MBh. 6.9

the Pundras, the Bhargas, the Kiratas, the Sudeshnas, and the Yamunas, the Sakas, the Nishadhas, the '''Anartas''', the Nairitas, the Durgalas, the Pratimasyas, the Kuntalas, and the Kusalas;

=== Anartas in Kurukhsetra war ===
* [[Satyaki]] was a general in the [[Pandava]], army. He was a chief of Anartas. (9. 17)
* [[Kritavarman]] was a general in the [[Kaurava]], army (9. 17). He is described as the dweller of the Anarta country, the son of Hridika, the mighty car-warrior, the foremost one among the Satwatas, the chief of the Bhojas.
* viviṃśati, one among the 100 [[Kaurava]] brothers, had slain hundreds of Anarta warriors.

== See also ==
* [[Mahajanapadas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]], ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883–1896.

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Yadava kingdoms]]
[[Category:Vadnagar]]