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INS Suvarna

2026-05-06T11:56:17Z

Leonwim:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}{{italic title|string=Suvarna}}

{{Short description|Indian navy patrol vessel}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Suvarna (P52) at sea.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Suvarna''
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Suvarna''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| builder =
| laid_down =
| launched = 22 August 1990
| acquired =
| commissioned = 4 April 1991
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = [[Sukanya class patrol vessel]]<ref name=in-sukanya/>
| type =
| tonnage =
| displacement = 1,890 tons (full load)<ref name=in-sukanya>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/sukanya-class-saryu-class-karwar-class|title=Sukanya Class, Saryu Class, Karwar Class - Indian Navy|website=indiannavy.nic.in|accessdate=16 February 2017}}</ref>
| length = 101 metres
| beam = 11.5 metres
| height =
| draught =
| draft =
| depth =
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power =
| propulsion = 2 × [[diesel engine]]s, {{convert|12800|bhp|kW|-1|abbr=on}}, 2 shafts
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|21|kn|km/h|0}}
| range = {{convert|7000|nmi|km|-3}} at {{convert|15|kn|km/h|0}}
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 70
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *1 × Racal Decca 2459 search radar
*1 BEL 1245 navigation radar
| EW =
| armament = *1 × 40 mm, 60-cal [[Bofors]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*2 × 12.7 mm [[machine gun]]s
*''P51 added:'' 1 [[Dhanush (missile)|Dhanush ballistic missile]]
*''P55 added:'' 2 x 25 mm, 80-cal anti-aircraft guns
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 [[HAL Chetak]]
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Suvarna'' (P52)''' is a [[Sukanya class patrol vessel]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-sukanya/>

INS ''Suvarna'' has been modified for use as a test bed for the launch of the ship-based [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program#Dhanush|Dhanush]] short-range [[ballistic missile]].

On 19 April 2021, INS Suvarna, while on a surveillance patrol in the [[Arabian Sea]], seized [[narcotic]]s worth [[Indian rupee|₹]]3000 crore being transported on a fishing vessel.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Manjeet Negi |date=April 19, 2021 |title=Indian Navy ship seizes narcotics worth Rs 3,000 crore from fishing vessel in Arabian Sea|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-ship-seizes-narcotics-worth-rs3000-crore-fishing-vessel-arabian-sea-1792655-2021-04-19|access-date=2021-04-19|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mega bust: Indian Navy seizes narcotics worth over Rs 3,000 crore in Arabian Sea|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/04/19/mega-bust-indian-navy-seizes-narcotics-worth-over-rs-3k-crore-in-arabian-sea.html|access-date=2021-04-19|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-19|title=Indian Navy seizes narcotics worth Rs 3,000 cr from fishing vessel in Arabian Sea|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/indian-navy-seizes-narcotics-worth-rs-3000-cr-from-fishing-vessel-in-arabian-sea|access-date=2021-04-19|website=ZEE5 News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Navy ship seizes narcotics worth Rs 3,000 cr in Arabian Sea: Govt sources|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indian-navy-ship-seizes-narcotics-worth-rs-3000-cr-in-arabian-sea-say-govt-sources/746923|access-date=2021-04-19|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian Navy seizes narcotics worth Rs 3,000 crore from fishing vessel|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-seizes-narcotics-worth-rs-3000-crore-from-fishing-vessel/articleshow/82144932.cms|access-date=2021-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Navy seizes narcotics worth Rs 3,000 cr from fishing vessel in Arabian Sea|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/19/indian-navy-seizes-narcotics-worth-rs-3000-cr-from-fishing-vessel-in-arabian-sea-2291983.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419121242/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/19/indian-navy-seizes-narcotics-worth-rs-3000-cr-from-fishing-vessel-in-arabian-sea-2291983.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2021|access-date=2021-04-19|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=160 | height=170
|File:INS Suvarna (P52).jpg
|INS Suvarna (P52)

}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sukanya-class patrol vessel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suvarna (P52)}}
[[Category:Sukanya-class patrol boats]]
[[Category:1990 ships]]

{{india-mil-stub}}
{{mil-ship-stub}}

Maniktala Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T04:30:10Z

Leonwim: new new entry...

{{Short description|Constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Maniktala
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Maniktala.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Maniktala Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Tapas Roy]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| preceded_by =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| constituency_no = 167
| established = 1951
| electors = 211,214
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished =
}}

'''Maniktala Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Maniktala Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
* Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 11, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|11]], [[Ward No. 12, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|12]], [[Ward No. 13, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|13]], [[Ward No. 14, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|14]], [[Ward No. 15, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|15]], [[Ward No. 16, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|16]], [[Ward No. 31, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|31]] and [[Ward No. 32, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|32]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 22 February 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Borough
! Ward No.
! [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|Councillor]]
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
|-
|rowspan=2|II
|[[Ward No. 11, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|11]]
|[[Atin Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=8}}
|-
|[[Ward No. 12, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|12]]
|Meenakshi Gangopadhyay
|-
|rowspan=2|III
|[[Ward No. 13, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|13]]
|Anindya Kishor Routh
|-
|[[Ward No. 14, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|14]]
|Amal Chakraborty
|-
|rowspan=2|II
|[[Ward No. 15, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|15]]
|Sukhla Bhore
|-
|[[Ward No. 16, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|16]]
|Swapan Kumar Das
|-
|rowspan=2|III
|[[Ward No. 31, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|31]]
|[[Paresh Paul]]
|-
|[[Ward No. 32, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|32]]
|Shanti Ranjan Kundu
|}

Maniktala Assembly constituency is part of No. 24 [[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 November 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranen Sen|Ranendra Nath Sen]]
|rowspan="5"style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|rowspan="5"|[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 159|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Ila Mitra]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Anila Debi
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Ila Mitra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Suhrid Mullick Chowdhury
|rowspan="4"style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|rowspan="4"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Shyamal Chakraborty]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Paresh Paul]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Rupa Bagchi
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sadhan Pande]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2024 elections in India#West Bengal|2024]]^
|[[Supti Pandey]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[Tapas Roy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

*denotes by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Maniktala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tapas Roy]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=76,370|percentage=50.67|change={{increase}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shrreya Pande|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=60,726|percentage=40.29|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mousumi Ghosh|party=Communist Party of India|votes=9,014|percentage=5.98|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sugato Roy Chaudhuri|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,426|percentage=0.95|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1058|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,644|percentage=10.38|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,50,722|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =BJP
|loser =Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024 by-election===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#West Bengal|2024 West Bengal Assembly by election]] : Maniktala<ref name="Maniktala Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result">{{cite news |title=Maniktala Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJuly24/candidateswise-S25167.htm |accessdate=25 July 2025 |work= |publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] |date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725154228/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJuly24/candidateswise-S25167.htm|archivedate=25 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Supti Pandey]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=83,110|percentage=71.65|change=+20.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kalyan Chaubey]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=20,798|percentage=17.93|change=-17.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajib Majumder|party=CPI(M)|votes=9,502|percentage=8.19|change=-1.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,023|percentage=0.88|change=-0.19}}
{{Election box majority||votes=62,312|percentage=53.72|change=62,312}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,15,991|percentage=53.7|change=-9.29}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Trinamool Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

The seat fell vacant due to the death of sitting MLA Sadhan Pande on 20th February 2022. However, bypolls to the seat couldn't be held even after 6 months of Pande's death (according to Indian law) because BJP candidate Kalyan Chaubey filed an [[election petition]] in the [[Calcutta High Court]] alleging irregularities in polling & demanded a recount of votes. The [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]] forbids holding any polls to the seat until any election petition concerning that seat hasn't been resolved at the court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-18 |title=HC rejects PIL demanding bypoll in Maniktala Assembly constituency |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/hc-rejects-pil-demanding-bypoll-in-maniktala-assembly-constituency-515610 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=MillenniumPost |language=en}}</ref> On 29 April 2024, Choubey withdrew his election petition from the court, making way for bypoll to the seat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-30 |title=Kalyan Chaubey withdraws poll petition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bjp-leader-kalyan-chaubey-withdraws-petition-challenging-election-process-at-maniktala-assembly-constituency/articleshow/109707857.cms |access-date=2024-07-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Maniktala]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sadhan Pande]]
|votes = 67,577
|percentage = 50.82
|change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kalyan Chaubey]]
|votes = 47,339
|percentage = 35.60
|change = +23.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rupa Bagchi
|votes = 13,513
|percentage = 10.16
|change = -22.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,420
|percentage = 1.07
|change = -1.10
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Nimai Nath
|votes = 783
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,238
|percentage = 15.22
|change = -2.29
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,33,110
|percentage = 62.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Maniktala]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sadhan Pande]]
|votes = 73,157
|percentage = 50.60
|change = -9.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rajib Majumder
|votes = 47,846
|percentage = 33.09
|change = -2.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sunil Roy
|votes = 18,149
|percentage = 12.55
|change = +10.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,141
|percentage = 2.17
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Tarun Banerjee
|votes = 920
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,311
|percentage = 17.51
|change = -7.14
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,44,587
|percentage = 69.70
|change = -3.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -9.45
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Maniktala]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sadhan Pande]]
|votes = 89,039
|percentage = 60.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rupa Bagchi
|votes = 52,489
|percentage = 35.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nandalal Singhania
|votes = 3,663
|percentage = 2.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Sanjay Bagchi
|votes = 1,016
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 36,550
|percentage = 24.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,48,273
|percentage = 72.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box win|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata constituencies}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Mannargudi Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T03:04:28Z

Leonwim: new a info

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mannargudi
| type = SLA
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| map_image = Constitution-Mannargudi.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]
| reservation = None
|constituency_no=167
| mla = [[S. Kamaraj]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = {{Party index link|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 234,430
}}
'''Mannargudi''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Thiruvarur district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Manali C. Kandasami]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan=3| [[T. S. Swaminatha Odayar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress | rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| K. Balakrishnan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2 | [[M. Ambigapathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[S. Gnanasundaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[K. Ramachandran (Mannargudi MLA)|K. Ramachandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[K. Srinivasan (Mannargudi MLA)|K. Srinivasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=3 | [[V. Sivapunniam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India | rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=3 | [[T. R. B. Rajaa|Dr. T R B Rajaa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[S. Kamaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|49.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|56.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|59.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|56.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|37.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|25.49}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kamaraj|party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=68416 |percentage=35.25 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. R. B. Rajaa]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,850 |percentage=34.44 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= U. V. M. Rajarajan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=44,266 |percentage=22.81 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= R. Bharathi Selvan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8,240 |percentage=4.25 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231935|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web |title=Mannargudi Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a167|access-date= 25 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. R. B. Rajaa]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=87,172 |percentage=45.34% |change=-3.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Siva Rajamanickam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,779 |percentage=25.89% |change=-17.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kamaraj |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,481 |percentage=21.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Aravindan Rama |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,438 |percentage=5.43% |change=+4.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kumaresan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,845 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Anbanandam |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,366 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=960 |percentage=0.50% |change=-0.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,393 |percentage=19.45% |change=14.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=192,269 |percentage=73.94% |change= -3.56% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=356 |percentage=0.19% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 260,042 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. R. B. Rajaa]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=91,137 |percentage=48.71% |change=-0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kamaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,200 |percentage=43.40% |change=-3.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Murugaiyan Babu |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,966 |percentage=3.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Balasubramaniyan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,983 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Balamurugan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,923 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,774 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Sivakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,744 |percentage=0.93% |change=+0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,937 |percentage=5.31% |change=2.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=187,110 |percentage=77.49% |change= -3.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 241,448 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. R. B. Rajaa]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,320 |percentage=48.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Siva. Rajamanickam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,338 |percentage=46.54% |change=+2.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jayachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,863 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vasudevan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,435 |percentage=0.86% |change=-0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vetrivel |party=Independent politician |votes=924 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,982 |percentage=2.40% |change=-2.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=205,522 |percentage=80.86% |change= 5.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,186 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -0.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Sivapunniam]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=68,144 |percentage=49.42% |change=-6.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kamaraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,186 |percentage=44.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Muthiya |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=4,500 |percentage=3.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kalayana Raman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,894 |percentage=1.37% |change=-38.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Muthu Lingam |party=Independent politician |votes=836 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,958 |percentage=5.05% |change=-11.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=137,898 |percentage=75.15% |change= 7.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,489 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -6.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Sivapunniam]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=70,644 |percentage=56.40% |change=-3.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gnanasekaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,454 |percentage=40.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Neduncheyan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,722 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Senguttuvan Vandaiyur |party=Independent politician |votes=1,467 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. V. Kaliamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=969 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,190 |percentage=16.12% |change=-17.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=125,256 |percentage=67.35% |change= -5.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,994 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -3.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Sivapunniam]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=71,803 |percentage=59.80% |change=+14.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kaliyaperumal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,969 |percentage=26.62% |change=-25.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Tamilarasan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,582 |percentage=12.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Dhanalakshmi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=875 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,834 |percentage=33.17% |change=26.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=120,076 |percentage=73.27% |change= 1.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,116 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Srinivasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,194 |percentage=52.32% |change=+43.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Veerasenan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=50,798 |percentage=45.67% |change=+4.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Vaduganathan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,258 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate|change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,396 |percentage=6.65% |change=4.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,232 |percentage=71.66% |change= -7.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,854 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.22% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramachandran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,809 |percentage=43.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Veerasenan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=46,084 |percentage=40.69% |change=-2.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gnana Sundaram |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,478 |percentage=9.25% |change=-38.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ambigapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=6,482 |percentage=5.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. A. M. Amaan Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=879 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,725 |percentage=2.41% |change=-1.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,259 |percentage=79.29% |change= -1.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,950 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gnanasundaram |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,471 |percentage=47.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramalingam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=45,044 |percentage=43.67% |change=-12.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ganesekaran |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=8,079 |percentage=7.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Parthibhan |party=Independent politician |votes=553 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,427 |percentage=4.29% |change=-15.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,147 |percentage=81.06% |change= 4.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,490 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -8.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Ambigapathi]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=51,818 |percentage=56.33% |change=+18.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gopalasamy Thenkondar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,496 |percentage=36.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kunchithapatham |party=Independent politician |votes=5,895 |percentage=6.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Veeraiya Thevar |party=Janata Party |votes=787 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,322 |percentage=19.92% |change= 11.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,996 |percentage=76.62% |change= 0.34% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,083 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 18.43% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Ambigapathi]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=34,298 |percentage=37.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balakrishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,881 |percentage=29.70% |change=-22.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thirunayukkarasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,160 |percentage=24.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Veeraiya |party=Janata Party |votes=6,830 |percentage=7.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,417 |percentage=8.19% |change= -2.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,515 |percentage=76.28% |change= -6.13% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,893 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balakrishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,211 |percentage=52.05% |change=+3.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. S. Swaminatha Odayar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,083 |percentage=41.51% |change=-8.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Venktesa Solagar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,055 |percentage=5.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,128 |percentage=10.54% |change= 9.11% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,648 |percentage=82.41% |change= -2.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,422 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. S. Swaminatha Odayar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,481 |percentage=50.10% |change=-1.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Narayanaswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,558 |percentage=48.67% |change=+22.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. R. B. Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=797 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=923 |percentage=1.42% |change= -23.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,836 |percentage=84.44% |change= 3.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,429 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. S. Swaminatha Odayar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,117 |percentage=51.94% |change=+7.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Narayanasami |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,021 |percentage=26.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Thangaraj |party=Communist Party of India |votes=15,321 |percentage=21.44% |change=+4.2 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,096 |percentage=25.32% |change= 5.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,459 |percentage=81.17% |change= 18.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,758 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.34% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. S. Swaminatha Odayar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,095 |percentage=44.60% |change=+21.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Sivanada Saluvar |party=Independent politician |votes=14,135 |percentage=25.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Venkatesan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=9,699 |percentage=17.24% |change=-8.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Arunachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=7,337 |percentage=13.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,960 |percentage=19.48% |change= 17.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,266 |percentage=62.51% |change= -63.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,015 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 19.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannargudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kandaswami |party=Communist Party of India |votes=51,498 |percentage=25.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramachandra Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,228 |percentage=23.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Govindaswami |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=9,521 |percentage=4.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kulandavelu Nainar |party=Independent politician |votes=7,189 |percentage=3.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,270 |percentage=2.11% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=202,039 |percentage=125.79% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,613 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|10.663|N|79.445|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Chengannur Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T12:08:43Z

Leonwim: Details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chengannur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 110
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikara]]
| established = 1957
| map_image = File:Alappuzha district wise kerala assambly election 2016 constituency map.svg
| map_caption = Chengannur within Alappuzha district
| electors = 2,08,498 (2021)
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = File:Saji Cheriyan.jpg
| mla = [[Saji Cherian]]
| party = [[File:Cpm election symbol.svg|20px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
}}
'''Chengannur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]], India. It is one of the seven assembly segments that constitute the [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/legislative-assembly-constituencies|website=alappuzha.nic.in|title=State Assembly Constituencies in Alappuzha district, Kerala|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref> Since 2021, it has been represented by [[Saji Cherian]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Chengannur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/alappuzha.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Alappuzha District
}}</ref>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! width="100px" | Name
! width="130px" | Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
! width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Chengannur]]
| Municipality
| [[Chengannur]]
|-
| [[Ala, Alappuzha|Ala]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chengannur]]
|-
| [[Budhanoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chengannur]]
|-
| [[Cheriyanad]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chengannur]]
|-
| [[Mannar, Alappuzha|Mannar]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chengannur]]
|-
| [[Mulakuzha]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chengannur]]
|-
| [[Pandanad]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chengannur]]
|-
| [[Puliyoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chengannur]]
|-
| [[Thiruvanvandoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chengannur]]
|-
| [[Venmony]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chengannur]]
|-
| [[Chennithala]]-[[Thriperumthura]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Mavelikkara]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}{{Party index link|Independent (politician)}}{{Party index link|Communist Party of India}}{{Party index link|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama
Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
|R. Sankaran Thampi
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|K. R. Saraswathi Amma
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
| rowspan="2" |P. G. P. Pillai
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|Thankappan Pillai
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Party (Kerala)|rowspan=3}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|K. R. Saraswathi Amma
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|S. Ramachandran Pillai
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|Mammen Iype
| {{Party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
| rowspan="3" |[[Shobhana George]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="2" |[[P. C. Vishnunath]]
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|[[K. K. Ramachandran Nair]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|2016 – 2018
|-
|2018*
|14th
| rowspan="2" |[[Saji Cherian]]
|2018-2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[Incumbent]]
|}

== Electorate ==
As of 2026, the constituency has 189,490 voters. As per estimates 32% of the electorate is [[Nair]], 24% [[Ezhava]] and 30% [[Christians]] predominantly from [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] and [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]].

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengannur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Saji Cherian]]
|votes = 57,859
|percentage = 42.1
|change = {{loss}}6.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Adv. Abi Kuriakose
|votes = 47,567
|percentage = 34.61
|change = {{gain}}7.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = M. V .Gopakumar
|votes = 30,942
|percentage = 22.51
|change = {{loss}}1.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 638
|percentage = 0.46
|change = {{gain}}0.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = B. Praneesh
|votes = 429
|percentage = 0.31
|change = {{gain}}0.1
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 10,292
|percentage = 7.49
|change = {{loss}}14.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{loss}}6.48
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,08,498 registered voters in the Chengannur constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |title=Legislative Assembly 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121075941/https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |archive-date=21 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengannur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Saji Cherian]]
|votes = 71,502
|percentage = 48.58
|change = {{gain}}3.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = M. Murali
|votes = 39,409
|percentage = 26.78
|change = {{loss}}4.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = M. V. Gopakumar
|votes = 34,620
|percentage = 23.52
|change = {{loss}}0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Shaji T. George
|votes = 534
|percentage = 0.36
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 493
|percentage = 0.33
|change = {{loss}}0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India
|candidate = T. K. Gopinathan
|votes = 316
|percentage = 0.21
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Melivin K. Mathew
|votes = 198
|percentage = 0.13
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 32,093
|percentage = 21.87
|change = {{gain}}8.02
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,47,171
|percentage = 70.59
|change = {{loss}}8.73
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{gain}}3.39
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 by-election ===
Following the death of the sitting MLA [[K. K. Ramachandran Nair]], a by-election was held in the Chengannur constituency on 28 March 2018. There were 2,00,137 registered voters in the constituency for the by-election.<ref name="Chengannur Bye-Election Result 2018: CPM wave helps party double victory margin from 2016">{{cite news|last1=The Indian Express|title=Chengannur Bye-Election Result 2018: CPM wave helps party double victory margin from 2016|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chengannur-assembly-bypoll-results-2018-cpm-saji-cherian-doubles-victory-margin-from-2016-5198389/|accessdate=24 May 2024|date=31 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524181011/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chengannur-assembly-bypoll-results-2018-cpm-saji-cherian-doubles-victory-margin-from-2016-5198389/|archivedate=24 May 2024|language=en}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=2018 Kerala Assembly By-election: Chengannur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Saji Cherian]]|votes=67,303|percentage=45.19|change={{increase}}8.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=D. Vijayakumar|votes=46,347|percentage=31.12|change={{increase}}0.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]|votes=35,270|percentage=23.68|change={{decrease}}5.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Swami Sukbaksh Saraswathi|votes=800|percentage=0.53|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=728|percentage=0.07|change={{decrease}}0.18}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Rajeev Pallathu|votes=368|percentage=0.24|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mobran Achary|votes=263|percentage=0.17|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|candidate=Jiji Puntbala|votes=248|percentage=0.16|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Aji. M. Chalakeri|votes=137|percentage=0.09|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Madhu Chengannur|votes=124|percentage=0.08|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sreedharan Pillai|votes=121|percentage=0.08|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Somnatha Warrier T. K.|votes=98|percentage=0.06|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Unni Karthikeyan|votes=57|percentage=0.04|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Ambedkarite Party of India|candidate=Subhash Naga|votes=53|percentage=0.04|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Murali Naga|votes=44|percentage=0.03|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=A. K. Shaji|votes=39|percentage=0.03|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sivaprasad Gandhi K. M.|votes=21|percentage=0.01|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=M. C. Jayalal|votes=20|percentage=0.01|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 20,956
|percentage =13.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,58,756|percentage=79.32|change={{increase}}5.59}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing ={{increase}}8.85
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,97,372 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengannur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. K. Ramachandran Nair]]|votes=52,880|percentage=36.34|change={{decrease}}5.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. C. Vishnunath]]|votes=44,897|percentage=30.85|change={{decrease}}21.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]|votes=42,682|percentage=29.33|change={{increase}}24.49}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sobhana George|votes=3,966|percentage=2.73|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Alex|votes=483|percentage=0.33|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=363|percentage=0.25|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=E. T. Sasi|votes=247|percentage=0.17|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=8,013|percentage=5.49|change={{down}}4.48}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,45,518|percentage=73.73|change={{increase}}2.86}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,76,875 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengannur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. C. Vishnunath]]|votes=65,156|percentage=51.98|change={{up}}1.48}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[C. S. Sujatha]]|votes=52,656|percentage=42.01|change={{down}}2.59}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=B. Radhakrishna Menon|votes=6,062|percentage=4.84|change={{up}}1.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Surendran Karippuzha|votes=848|percentage=0.68|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=V. Venugopal|votes=623|percentage=0.50|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=12,500|percentage=9.97|change={{up}}4.07}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,25,345|percentage=70.87|change={{down}}1.13}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing={{up}}1.48}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
There were 1,21,105 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengannur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[P. C. Vishnunath]]
|votes = 44,010
|percentage = 50.5
|change = {{up}}6.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[Saji Cherian]]
|votes = 38,878
|percentage = 44.6
|change = {{up}}2.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Mannar Satheesh
|votes = 3,299
|percentage = 3.8
|change = {{down}}9.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sasi E. T.
|votes = 488
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = V. Venugopal
|votes = 416
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 5,132
|percentage = 5.9
|change = {{up}}4.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 87,139
|percentage = 72.0
|change = {{down}}0.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{up}} 6.9
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
There were 1,31,196 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengannur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sobhana George
|votes = 41,242
|percentage = 43.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[K. K. Ramachandran Nair]]
|votes = 39,777
|percentage = 42.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = M. T. Ramesh
|votes = 12,598
|percentage = 13.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Adv. Sanalkumar
|votes = 902
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,465
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 94,522
|percentage = 72.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chengannur]]
* [[Alappuzha district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

James Stuart (East India Company officer, died 1793)

2026-05-02T03:42:28Z

Leonwim: New entry

{{distinguish|text=[[James Stuart (British Army general)|James Stuart]] (1741–1815), who also served in India at that time}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= James Stuart
|birth_date =
|death_date = 2 February 1793
|birth_place=
|death_place=
|burial_place=
|image= George Romney - General James Stuart (d. 1793).jpg
|caption=Portrait by [[George Romney (painter)|George Romney]], {{circa}} 1786
|nickname=
|allegiance= {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
|service_years=
|rank= [[Major general]]
|branch={{army|UK}}
|commands= [[Madras Army]]
|unit=
|battles= [[Seven Years' War]] [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]
|awards=
|other_work=
}}
{{One source|date=October 2022}}
[[Major-General]] '''James Stuart''' (died 2 February 1793) was a British Army officer who served in various [[Military history of India|conflicts in India]] during the 18th century. His service in the [[East India Company]] was marked by his conflict with [[George Pigot, 1st Baron Pigot|Lord Pigot]], the governor of Madras; Stuart's arrest of the latter in 1776 resulted in his suspension as commander-in-chief, and he was not vindicated until 1780. He later fought in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]], but was suspended from command in 1782 by [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|Lord Macartney]], an action that provoked a [[Dueling|duel]] between the two men. Stuart was a younger brother of the lawyer and politician [[Andrew Stuart (MP)|Andrew Stuart]].

==Early service==
{{further|Seven Years' War}}
Stuart was appointed captain in the [[56th Regiment of Foot]] on 1 November 1755. He first saw active service at the [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)|siege of Louisbourg]] (present-day [[Nova Scotia]]) under [[Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst|Lord Amherst]] in 1758. On 9 May of the same year he was promoted to the rank of major, and in 1761 was present with Colonel Morgan's regiment at the [[Capture of Belle Île|reduction of Belle Île]]. During the course of the expedition he acted as quartermaster-general, and in consequence obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel.

From Belle Île he went to the [[West Indies]], and served in the [[British expedition against Martinique (1762)|expedition against Martinique]], which was captured in February 1762, and on the death of Colonel Morgan took command of the regiment. After the conquest of Martinique his regiment was ordered to join the [[British expedition against Cuba|expedition against Havana]], where he greatly distinguished himself by his conduct in the assault of the [[Morro Castle (Havana)|castle of Morro]], the capture of which determined the success of the expedition.

==Conflict with Pigot==
In 1775 he received permission to enter the service of the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] as second in command on the [[Coromandel Coast]], with the rank of colonel. On his arrival he found serious differences existing between the council of the [[Madras Presidency]] and the governor, [[George Pigot, 1st Baron Pigot|Lord Pigot]], and on 23 August 1776 he arrested the governor at [[Chennai|Madras]], at the command of the majority of the council. On this news reaching England, Stuart was suspended by the directors from the office of commander-in-chief of the [[Madras Army]], to which he had succeeded, with the rank of brigadier-general, on the death of Sir Robert Fletcher in December 1776.

Although he repeatedly demanded a trial, he could not, despite peremptory orders from England, succeed in obtaining a [[court-martial]] until December 1780, when he was honourably acquitted, and by order of the directors received the arrears of his pay from the time of his suspension.

==Anglo-Mysore War==
{{further|Second Anglo-Mysore War}}
On 11 January 1781 he was restored to the chief command in Madras by order of the governor and council. He returned to Madras in 1781, and, under [[Eyre Coote (1726–1783)|Sir Eyre Coote]], took part in the [[battle of Porto Novo]] on 1 July, and distinguished himself by his able handling of the second line of the British force. In the [[Battle of Pollilur (1781)|Battle of Pollilur]], on 27 August, he had his leg carried away by a cannon shot. On 19 October he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and on the return of Sir Eyre Coote to [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] he took command of the [[Madras Army|forces in Madras]]. [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|Lord Macartney]], the governor, however, would not allow him that freedom of action which Eyre Coote had enjoyed, and on the death of [[Hyder Ali]] on 7 December he urged him immediately to attack the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] army. Stuart declared his forces were not ready, and made no active movement for two months.

==Dismissal and return home==
While [[Siege of Cuddalore|besieging Cuddalore]] he was suspended from the command by the Madras government. He was placed in strict confinement in Madras, and sent home to England. On 8 June 1786, though unable to stand without support owing to his wounds, he fought a duel with Lord Macartney in Hyde Park, and severely wounded him. On 8 February 1792 he was appointed colonel of the [[31st (Huntingdonshire) Regiment of Foot|31st Foot]].

He died on 2 February 1793. His portrait, painted by [[George Romney (painter)|George Romney]], was engraved by Hodges. He married Lady Margaret Hume, daughter of [[Hugh Hume-Campbell, 3rd Earl of Marchmont]], but had no children.

==References==
*{{DNB Cite|wstitle=Stuart, James (d.1793)}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-new | regiment}}
{{s-ttl | title=Lieutenant-Colonel of the [[97th Regiment of Foot (1760)|97th Regiment of Foot]] | years=1761–1762}}
{{s-aft | after=[[James Forrester (British Army officer)|James Forrester]] }}
{{succession box | before=[[Thomas Clarke (British Army officer)|Thomas Clarke]] | title=Colonel of the [[31st (Huntingdonshire) Regiment of Foot]] | years=1792–1793 | after=[[Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave|The Lord Mulgrave]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stuart, James}}
[[Category:1793 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army generals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:British duellists]]
[[Category:East Surrey Regiment officers]]
[[Category:56th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Mysore War]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Nikita Singh

2026-04-29T04:36:34Z

Leonwim: adding the bio basic info...

{{short description|Indian writer (born 1991)}}
{{for|the fictional character|Best of Luck Nikki}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nikita Singh
| image = Nikita Singh Bihar writer 2016 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Nikita Singh Bihar (2016)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|10|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| citizenship =
| other_names =
| known_for = Author of ''Every Time It Rains'', ''Someone Like You'', ''Like a Love Song''
| education = Master of Fine Arts – Creative Writing
[[Bachelor of Pharmacy]]
| occupation = Writer
| years_active = 2011 – present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Nick Sheridan|2022}}<ref name="bride"/>
| website = {{URL|https://nikitasbooks.com/}}
}}

'''Nikita Singh''' (born 6 October 1991) is an Indian writer.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Aastha Atray Banan|title=Nikita Singh has written eight bestsellers in four years. What's her secret?|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/nikita-singh-has-written-eight-bestsellers-in-four-years-what-s-her-secret/story-ctVKudhvrLaGG21KrEKAuJ.html|access-date=10 January 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=1 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Udhav Naig|title=Nikita Singh: the goddess of racy reads|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/nikita-singh-the-goddess-of-racy-reads/article5996243.ece|access-date=10 January 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/775222/why-romance-writer-nikita-singh-changes-publishers|title=Why romance writer Nikita Singh changes publishers}}</ref> She has written twelve books including ''The Reason is You'', ''Every Time It Rains'', ''Like a Love Song'', ''The Promise'' and ''After All This Time''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140510/lifestyle-booksart/article/book-launch-nikita-singhs-right-here-right-now|title=Book Launch: Nikita Singh's 'Right Here Right Now'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youth24x7.com/reviews/item/338-book-review-if-its-not-forever-its-not-love-by-durjoy-datta-and-nikita-singh|title=Book Review: If It's Not Forever It's Not Love By Durjoy Datta and Nikita Singh|publisher=Youth24x7.com|access-date=2013-11-19|archive-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107063030/http://www.youth24x7.com/reviews/item/338-book-review-if-its-not-forever-its-not-love-by-durjoy-datta-and-nikita-singh|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Babita Basu|title=In the words of a writer-entrepreneur|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-enchanted-word/glimpses-of-himalayan-lit-hive-festival-2014/|access-date=10 January 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|date=8 March 2014}}</ref> She has also edited and contributed to an anthology of stories titled ''25 Strokes of Kindness''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=25 Strokes of Kindness|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/68579772-25-strokes-of-kindness|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Her 2016 novel, ''Like a Love Song'', debuted at No. 2 at [[Hindustan Times]] Bestseller list. In the following year, ''Every Time It Rains'', debuted on No. 7 on the same list.

==Early life and career==
Nikita Singh was born in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], where she spent the first four years of her life. She then relocated to [[Indore]], where she went to a primary school. She completed her schooling at Bridgeford School, Ranchi, in 2008. She graduated in pharmacy at the [[Acropolis Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research]] in Indore in 2012. She then moved to New York for a Masters of Fine Arts in creative writing from [[The New School]], [[New York City]], from where she graduated in 2016. In 2022 she married an American husband and is currently residing in [[Brooklyn]], New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160423/jsp/t2/story_81607.jsp#.Vxu0HdR97IW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426130157/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160423/jsp/t2/story_81607.jsp#.Vxu0HdR97IW|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2016|title=Meet Ranveer Singh's wife! Can you guess who's romance writer Nikita Singh's 'hubby'? Ranveer Singh! }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Student Achievement|url=http://aiper.ac.in/student-achievement|access-date=10 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512103450/http://aiper.ac.in/student-achievement|archive-date=12 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nikita Singh - Profile|url=http://www.indiaspeakersbureau.in/NikitaSingh-profile.html|access-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144146/http://www.indiaspeakersbureau.in/NikitaSingh-profile.html|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She signed a contract with [[Penguin Books India]] in 2011 and also joined Grapevine India as an editor. She wrote her first book ''Love @ Facebook'' when 19 years old and was studying pharmacy.<ref>[http://www.youthconnectmag.com/2013/09/22/interview-nikita-singh/ An Interview With Nikita Singh] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425232911/http://www.youthconnectmag.com/2013/09/22/interview-nikita-singh/ |date=25 April 2014 }}</ref> ''Love @ Facebook'' is a young adult book about a nineteen-year-old girl, who falls in love with a VJ, after befriending him on Facebook. Under the pseudonym Sidharth Oberoi, she has also contributed to the books in ''The Backbenchers'' series, by editing the first book and writing the second book of the series, ''The Backbenchers: The Missed Call'', which was released in June 2012.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}

[[HuffPost India|''Huffpost'']] called Singh "India's Leading Romance Writer" in an expansive profile done on the writer in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/02/15/this-25-year-old-is-now-indias-leading-romance-writer-and-she-h_a_21714384/|title=This 25-Year-Old Woman Is Now India's Leading Romance Writer And She Has No Time For Snobs|date=2017-02-15|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' called her "the Goddess of Racy Reads" in an article.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/nikita-singh-the-goddess-of-racy-reads/article5996243.ece|title=Nikita Singh: the goddess of racy reads|last=Naig|first=Udhav|date=2014-05-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Singh received a ''[[Live India]] Young Achievers Award'' in 2013 and was nominated for a First International Young Author Award, held in April 2018 in UAE.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Gautam Sunder|title=Book Launch: Nikita Singh's 'Right Here Right Now'|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140510/lifestyle-booksart/article/book-launch-nikita-singhs-right-here-right-now|access-date=10 January 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=10 May 2014}}</ref>

In September 2011, the sequel to Singh’s ''Love @ Facebook'', ''Accidentally In Love..With Him? Again?'' was published. The novel is aimed at an older audience than ''Love @ Facebook''. In February 2012, ''[[If It's Not Forever|If It's Not Forever...It's Not Love]]'', was published. The book is about a real-life incident, the [[2011 Delhi bombing|2011 Delhi High Court blast]], which occurred on 7 September 2011. The protagonist of the book was there when the blast happened. He stumbles upon a half-burnt diary, which had a love story written in it and decides to chase it. Nikita also edited an anthology, ''25 Strokes of Kindness''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/this-beyhadh-actress-daughter-is-drop-dead-gorgeous-and-sexy-497729#image11|title=Orvana has also co-edited another famous book by Nikita Singh called '25 Strokes Of Kindness'! (Image Courtesy - Instagram)
}}</ref>

Singh has also spoken on various [[TEDx]] conferences in colleges and top business schools across India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tedxibabangalore.com/index-3.html|title=Speakers|publisher=|access-date=26 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/people-shame-you-when-you-are-ugly-and-also-when-you-are-not-author-nikita-singh-talks-about-stereotypes/story-0mBu1Hv0iICBkApdrNNz6M.html|title=People shame you when you are ugly, and also when you are not: Nikita Singh|date=13 November 2016|newspaper=Hindustan Times|first=Suveen|last=Sinha|access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref> She also worked as an editor in Grapevine India.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Shalini Shah|title=Two to tell a tale|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/two-to-tell-a-tale/article4435336.ece|access-date=10 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=20 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Sreyoshi Dey|title=Books: Love, Sex And Marriage|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120301/jsp/entertainment/story_15196286.jsp#.U5w37pRw8t4|access-date=10 January 2016|date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109201432/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120301/jsp/entertainment/story_15196286.jsp#.U5w37pRw8t4|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her book, ''Like a Love Song'', was released in March 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kolkata: Nikita Singh launches 'Like a Love Song' at Starmark - newkerala.com #43965|url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/2016/fullnews-43965.html|access-date=1 May 2016|work=www.newkerala.com|date=2 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Young writer's book released - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Young-writers-book-released/articleshow/51577944.cms|access-date=1 May 2016|work=The Times of India|date=28 March 2016}}</ref> This was followed by ''Every Time It Rains'', which was released in February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/writeindia/season-2/writeindiaauthor/57084730.cms?notifyme=true|title=Nikita Singh Upcoming author TOI|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>[http://www.vowelor.com/book/every-time-it-rains-nikita-singh-book-review/ "Every Time It Rains"] by Nikita Singh, ''Harlequin Books''</ref> In February 2018, her book, ''Letters To My Ex'', was released and sold widely across the Indian subcontinent. Her most recent novel, ''The Reason Is You'', was released in February 2019.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}

==Personal life==
Nikita has an elder brother, Nishant. In 2022, Nikita married Nick Sheridan,<ref name="bride">{{cite web|url=https://www.bridestoday.in/beauty-grooming/story/eloped-in-new-yorkthe-mushy-love-story-of-author-nikita-singh-and-tech-wiz-nick-sheridan-576561-2023-02-06|title=Eloped in New York—The mushy love story of author Nikita Singh and tech wiz Nick Sheridan}}</ref> who is Senior Technical Program Manager at [[Sonos]] in New York.

==Bibliography==
* ''Love @ Facebook'' (2011)
* ''Accidentally in Love'' (2011)
* ''The Backbenchers: The Missed Call'' (part of The Backbenchers series, 2012), under the pseudonym Sidharth Oberoi
* ''[[If It's Not Forever|If It's Not Forever… It's Not Love]]'' (2012)
* ''The Promise'' (2012)
* ''25 Strokes of Kindness'' (2013)
* ''Someone Like You'' (2013)
* ''The Unreasonable Fellows'' (2013)
* ''Right Here Right Now'' (2014)
* ''The Turning Point: Best of Young Indian Writers'' (2014)
* ''After All This Time'' (2015)
* ''Like A Love Song'' (2016)
* ''Every Time It Rains'' (2017)
* ''Letters To My Ex'' (2018)
* ''The Reason is You'' (2019)
* ''What Do You See When You Look In The Mirror?'' (2021)

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://nikitasbooks.com/}}
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Nikita}}
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Writers from Patna]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fiction writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Young adult novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Indore]]
[[Category:Novelists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:The New School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Penguin Books people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Mudukulathur Assembly constituency

2026-04-28T23:01:27Z

Leonwim: new a post...

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mudukulathur
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| established = 1951
| district = [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 212
| map_image = Constitution-Mudhukulathur.svg
| mla = [[Raja Kannappan|R. S. Rajakannappan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 298,958
}}
'''Mudukulathur''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Ramanathapuram district]] the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017}}</ref> It is a component of [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[U. Muthuramalinga Thevar]] and [[Mottaya Kudumbar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc (Marxist Group)}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[A. Perumal]] and U. Muthuramalinga Thevar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[T. L. Sasivarna Thevar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[R. R. Thevar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[Kadher Batcha]] alias S. Vellaichamy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[K. Dhanukkodi Thevar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[K. Muthuvel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Kadher Batcha alias S. Vellaichamy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| S. Balakrishnan
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[K. Patinetampatian]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[K. Murugavel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[M. Murugan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[S. Pandi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Raja Kannappan|R. S. Rajakannappan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22212.htm?ac=212 |title=Election Commission of India |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503023831/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22212.htm?ac=212 |archive-date=2021-05-03}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|44.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|37.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|51.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|24.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|32.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|53.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|32.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|29.56}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudukulathur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Raja Kannappan]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Pandi]]|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Dr.Chandira Praba|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= V. Malarvizhi Jayabala|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 297310|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mudukulathur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Raja Kannappan|R.S.Rajakannappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=101,901 |percentage=46.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Keerthika Muniyasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,180 |percentage=36.70% |change=-3.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Murugan]] |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,699 |percentage=8.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rahmadnisha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,234 |percentage=5.08% |change=4.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Navapanneerselvam |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=943 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sathish |party=Independent politician |votes=815 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. M. Senthilmurugan |party=Independent politician |votes=722 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Saravanakumar |party=Naam Indiar Party |votes=614 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Prabakaran |party=Independent politician |votes=557 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Sivanandam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=535 |percentage=0.24% |change=-0.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=532 |percentage=0.24% |change=-0.28% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,721 |percentage=9.37% |change=2.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=221,196 |percentage=71.13% |change= 2.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 310,954 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mudukulathur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Pandi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=94,946 |percentage=46.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Keerthika |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,598 |percentage=40.14% |change=-6.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajkumar |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,800 |percentage=4.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. T. Arasakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,408 |percentage=2.66% |change=1.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mohamed Ishak |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=2,103 |percentage=1.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. F. Mohamed Gaddaffe |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,993 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Balakrishnan |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=1,656 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Irulandi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,133 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Pandiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,128 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Panchatcharam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,100 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,059 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,348 |percentage=6.57% |change=-4.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=203,276 |percentage=68.35% |change= -0.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 297,394 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Murugan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,225 |percentage=46.87% |change=+7.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Sathyamoorthy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,136 |percentage=35.56% |change=-14.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. John Pandian]] |party=Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,701 |percentage=12.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shanmugaraj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,784 |percentage=1.57% |change=-0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Chandrasearan |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=2,308 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,838 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Sivasubramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,628 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kathiresan |party=Independent politician |votes=935 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,089 |percentage=11.31% |change=1.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=257,118 |percentage=69.06% |change= 9.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,555 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Murugavel]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,555 |percentage=49.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Kalimuthu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,034 |percentage=39.57% |change=-7.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivakumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,535 |percentage=3.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shanmugaraj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,178 |percentage=2.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thanikodi |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=1,698 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mohandass |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,399 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Balan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,037 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,521 |percentage=10.15% |change=7.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,706 |percentage=59.85% |change= 0.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,271 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Patinetampatian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,554 |percentage=46.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pandian |party=Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi |votes=46,885 |percentage=44.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muniasamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,221 |percentage=4.95% |change=-2.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muniasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,293 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Raman |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,276 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Albert Valan Babu |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=744 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,669 |percentage=2.53% |change=-21.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,458 |percentage=59.41% |change= 2.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,522 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 2.28% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=41,850 |percentage=44.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Bose |party=Independent politician |votes=19,322 |percentage=20.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Nagalingam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,057 |percentage=13.95% |change=-27.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Durai Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=8,777 |percentage=9.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Villi Thevar |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,421 |percentage=7.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shanmugavelu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,131 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Velusamy |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=873 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,528 |percentage=24.07% |change=12.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,599 |percentage=57.35% |change= 0.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,473 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,065 |percentage=41.74% |change=+19.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. John Pandian]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=29,021 |percentage=30.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugan |party=Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam |votes=25,499 |percentage=26.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thevar Muthumani |party=Independent politician |votes=786 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,044 |percentage=11.51% |change=0.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,981 |percentage=57.15% |change= -2.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,823 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kadher Batcha]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,787 |percentage=33.14% |change=+5.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Krishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,383 |percentage=21.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,970 |percentage=20.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thanikodi Thevar |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=9,388 |percentage=10.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sathiah |party=Tamil Nadu Congress (K) |votes=4,542 |percentage=4.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Arunasalam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,251 |percentage=4.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Veluchamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,006 |percentage=3.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,404 |percentage=11.20% |change=1.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,908 |percentage=59.77% |change= -3.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,153 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= -4.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Muthuvel]] |party=Independent politician |votes=32,199 |percentage=37.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kadher Batcha]] Alias S. Vellaichamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,611 |percentage=27.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Alankaram |party=Independent politician |votes=23,385 |percentage=27.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Maruthupandian |party=Independent politician |votes=3,438 |percentage=3.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Jeyaraj |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=1,446 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Hasan Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=826 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. M. M. Mohanmed Kasim |party=Independent politician |votes=753 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,588 |percentage=9.96% |change=3.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,244 |percentage=63.49% |change= 1.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,942 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -14.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K.THANIKKODI THEVAR |party=Independent politician |votes=42,711 |percentage=51.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Balakrishnan|party=Indian National Congress|votes=37,175|percentage=44.77%|change=+20.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Raman|party=Independent politician|votes=1,790|percentage=2.16%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. S. Madana Meera|party=Independent politician|votes=1,117|percentage=1.35%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,536 |percentage=6.67% |change= 2.76% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=83,043|percentage=62.46%|change=2.50%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,626 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 27.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Balakrishnan (Mudhukulathur Mla)|S. Balakrishnan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,709 |percentage=24.13% |change=-7.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Munisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=14,844 |percentage=20.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Karumalaiyan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,652 |percentage=19.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thanukodi Thevar |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=12,035 |percentage=16.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Veluchamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,716 |percentage=10.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Habeeb Mohamed |party=Janata Party |votes=5,524 |percentage=7.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kalimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=405 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Alagarasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=386 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,865 |percentage=3.90% |change= 2.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,392 |percentage=59.96% |change= 3.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,054 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -8.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kadher Batcha]] Alias Vellaichind |party=Independent politician |votes=18,267 |percentage=32.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. C. Subramoniam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,532 |percentage=31.54% |change=-3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rathina Thevar |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=17,244 |percentage=31.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Abdul Kader |party=Independent politician |votes=2,227 |percentage=4.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Durairaj Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=321 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=735 |percentage=1.32% |change= -16.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,591 |percentage=56.53% |change= -12.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,560 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -20.31% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. R. Thevar]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=33,790 |percentage=53.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Servai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,500 |percentage=35.40% |change=-10.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Devanesan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,768 |percentage=5.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. D. Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,495 |percentage=5.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,290 |percentage=17.76% |change= 13.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,553 |percentage=69.40% |change= 6.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,817 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= 3.81% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. L. Sasivarna Thevar]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=37,162 |percentage=49.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kasinatha Dorai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,217 |percentage=45.45% |change=+26.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Karuppiah |party=Independent politician |votes=3,908 |percentage=5.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,945 |percentage=3.91% |change= 2.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,287 |percentage=63.01% |change= -27.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,265 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=Independent politician |swing= 16.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[U. Muthuramalinga Thevar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=55,333 |percentage=32.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Perumal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=53,571 |percentage=31.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinniah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,767 |percentage=19.43% |change=+5.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Krishnan (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,013 |percentage=16.01% |change=+2.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,762 |percentage=1.04% |change= -0.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=168,684 |percentage=90.67% |change= 2.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,050 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= 3.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhukulathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[U. Muthuramalinga Thevar]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=37,011 |percentage=28.48% |change= ''General seat'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Mottaya Kudumban]]|party=All India Forward Bloc|votes=38,412|percentage=29.56%|change=''Reserved seat''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sankaran|party=Indian National Congress|votes=17,807|percentage=13.70%|change=''Reserved seat''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmuga Sundaram|party=Indian National Congress|votes=13,546|percentage=10.42%|change=''General seat''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muniyandi|party=Independent politician|votes=4,967|percentage=3.82%|change=''Reserved seat''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Michael|party=Independent politician|votes=4,832|percentage=3.72%|change=''Reserved seat''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathiah|party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|votes=4,433|percentage=3.41%|change=''Reserved seat''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Malaichami|party=Republican Party of India|votes=3,588|percentage=2.76%|change=''Reserved seat''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganapathi Servai|party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|votes=3,471|percentage=2.67%|change=''General seat''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandra Paul|party=Independent politician|votes=1,880|percentage=1.45%|change=''General seat''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,465 (General seat) and 20,605 (Reserved seat) |percentage=18.06% (General seat) and 15.86% (Reserved seat) |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=129,947|percentage=88.05%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,582 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Forward Bloc - both (General and Reserved seat) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|9.338233|N|78.508301|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Mandawali - West Vinod Nagar metro station

2026-04-27T09:17:46Z

Leonwim: new a biography...

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Mandawali – West Vinod Nagar
| style = Delhi Metro
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| image = Mandawali - West Vinod Nagar metro station (Delhi).jpg
| address = [[Narwana Road]], Mandawali - West Vinod Nagar, Vinod Nagar, Delhi 110092
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| platform = [[Side Platform]] {{font color|pink|Platform 1}} → "-" Circular Line {{font color|pink|Platform 2}} → "+" Circular Line 
| tracks = 2
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| zone =
| opened = {{start date and age|2018|10|31|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Pink|left=East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II|right=IP Extension}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
}}

'''Mandawali - West Vinod Nagar''' is a metro station located on the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]. It was a part of Phase III of the Delhi Metro Network's expansion. The station was opened on 31 October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Show_corridor_details.aspx?id=1|title=DMRC - Majlis Park-Shiv Vihar|website=Delhi Metro}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Anticlockwise'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|"-" Circular Line (Anticlockwise) Via: [[IP Extension metro station|IP Extension]], [[Anand Vihar metro station|Anand Vihar]], [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkarduma]], [[Krishna Nagar metro station (Delhi)|Krishna Nagar]], [[Welcome metro station|Welcome]], [[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]], [[Yamuna Vihar metro station|Yamuna Vihar]], [[Bhajanpura metro station|Bhajanpura]], [[Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar metro station|Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar]], [[Jagatpur - Wazirabad metro station|Jagatpur - Wazirabad]], [[Burari metro station|Burari]], [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]], [[Azadpur metro station|Azadpur]], [[Shalimar Bagh metro station|Shalimar Bagh]], [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Punjabi Bagh West metro station|Punjabi Bagh West]], [[Rajouri Garden metro station|Rajouri Garden]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|IP Extension}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Clockwise'''
|"+" Circular Line (Clockwise) Via: [[East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II metro station|East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II]], [[Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake metro station|Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake]], [[Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar metro station|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar]], [[Mayur Vihar-I metro station|Mayur Vihar-I]], [[Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin metro station|Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin]], [[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]], [[South Extension metro station|South Extension]], [[Dilli Haat - INA metro station|Dilli Haat - INA]], [[Sarojini Nagar metro station|Sarojini Nagar]], [[Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh metro station|Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh]], [[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus]], [[Delhi Cantonment metro station|Delhi Cantt.]], [[Naraina Vihar metro station|Naraina Vihar]], [[Mayapuri metro station|Mayapuri]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Exits==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Pink}};"| Mandawali – West Vinod Nagar metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
|-
|}

== Connections ==
===Bus===
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes number 85, 85EXT, 349A, 391, 534, 534A, 534C, 624A, 624ACL, 624BLnkSTL, 740, 740A, 740B, 740EXT, AC-534 serves the station from nearby Ras Vihar bus stop.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |title=Delhi Transport Corporation |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025080536/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dtc/DTC/Home/ |archive-date=25 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://businfo.dimts.in/businfo/Bus_info/SearchBusStop.aspx |title=Search Bus Stop - Bus Information |access-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814201040/http://businfo.dimts.in/businfo/Bus_info/SearchBusStop.aspx |archive-date=14 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Trains}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Sanjay Lake]]
*[[Mayur Vihar]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[East Delhi]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}

* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|access-date=2010-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=2010-06-19|url-status=dead}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Mandawali-+West+Vinod+Nagar/@28.625087,77.3033531,317m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sMandawali+-+West+Vinod+Nagar+metro+station!3m4!1s0x0:0xe85768256f84da83!8m2!3d28.624877!4d77.3043718|title= Mandawali – West Vinod Nagar metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in East Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}

Movement against Intimidation, Threat and Revenge against Activists

2026-04-26T20:41:56Z

Leonwim: new data...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox organisation
|name = Movement against Intimidation, Threat and Revenge against Activists (MITRA)
|image =
|image_size = 162px
|formation = 2004
|type = Non-governmental organisation
|status =
|purpose =
|headquarters = [[Mumbai]]
|coordinates =
|region_served = India
|leader_title = President
|leader_name = [[B.G. Deshmukh]]
|parent_organization =
|website = {{URL|www.mitraindia.net}}
}}
'''Movement against Intimidation, Threat and Revenge against Activists''' ('''MITRA''') is a network of NGOs and activists based in Mumbai to protect people taking up public interest causes through Right to Information, grass root activism, or [[public-interest litigation (India)]] against intimidation from threat and attack from vested interests they may oppose in the course of their work. MITRA was founded in 2004 after an attack on activist [[Sumaira Abdulali]] by the politically led sand mafia at Kihim Beach, Alibag. MITRA was chaired by late Mr. B.G Deshmukh IAS, Retired Cabinet Secretary of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2718/stories/20100910271802400.htm |title=No real will to protect activists |publisher=Frontline.in |date=2010-09-10 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Nitasha Natu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Common-platform-to-fight-vested-interests-required/articleshow/1046088.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131119194347/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-03-09/mumbai/27860141_1_activist-crusader-edwin-britto |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-11-19 |title=Common platform to fight vested interests required |date=2005-03-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNMUM159388 |title=Will the cell to protect activists be revived? - DNA - English News & Features - Mumbai |publisher=dnasyndication.com< |date= |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref>
== Attacks on activists ==

After activist and Convenor of [[Awaaz Foundation]] Sumaira Abdulali was attacked by the son and employees of a local Alibag politician during a [[sand mining]] site visit, a public meeting was held in Mumbai and MITRA was formed under the Chairmanship of Mr. [[B.G. Deshmukh]], IAS and retired Cabinet Secretary of India. A number of prominent NGOs and activists networked for the first time to provide a common platform to fight against vested interests and show solidarity in the face of violence. Activists under threat or those who were attacked were identified and joint NGO representations made at various levels including to the Government of Maharashtra the Police and the Bombay High Court. Recently, [[Attacks on RTI activists in India]] are escalating along with attacks on other public spirited citizens taking up grass root activism or public interest litigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2718/stories/20100910271802500.htm |title=Revenge attacks |publisher=Frontline.in |date= |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/indias-rti-activism-threats/a-6488531 |title=India's RTI activism threats | Asia | DW.DE | 31.03.2011 |publisher=DW.DE |date=2013-10-18 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/694293/indian_activists_risk_death_to_expose_illegal_logging_pollution_and_mining.html |title=Indian activists risk death to expose illegal logging, pollution and mining - News Analysis |publisher=The Ecologist |date= 14 December 2010|accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref>

== Representations to authorities ==

MITRA made a number of representations to the Commissioner of Police, the Home Minister of Maharashtra, Chief Minister of Maharashtra, the Home Minister of India, Prime Minister of India and Chairperson of the UPA Smt Sonia Gandhi. Attacks and murders of known activists, journalists and government and police officers acting in the public interest were brought to their attention and included a second attack on Sumaira Abdulali and journalist Viju B at Mahad, an attack on Citispace Convenor Nayana Kathpalia in Mumbai, an attack on AGNI Co ordinator Jamesh John in Mumbai, an attack on Citispace Trustee H S D’Lima in Mumbai, the murder of activist Shehla Masood in Bhopal, the murder of Right to Information activist Satish Shetty in Pune, the murder of journalist J Dey in Mumbai, the murder of anti-superstition activist Narendra Dabholkar in Pune.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anahita Mukherji |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-17/mumbai/29895708_1_rti-activist-naseer-jalal-sand-mining |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131119194351/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-17/mumbai/29895708_1_rti-activist-naseer-jalal-sand-mining |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-19 |title=Left to die like orphans: Activists |date=2011-08-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/mitra-demands-protection-for-activists/article_32729 |title=MITRA demands protection for activists |publisher=Afternoondc.in |date=2011-08-19 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Vrinda Malik |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/a-vulnerable-vocation/article2993846.ece |title=A vulnerable vocation |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2012-03-14 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.gulfnews.com/activist-s-murder-in-broad-daylight-sparks-outrage-1.567686 |title=Activist's murder in broad daylight sparks outrage | GulfNews.com |publisher=M.gulfnews.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=DHNS |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/46616/land-scams-whistleblower-killed-maharashtra.html |title=Land scams whistleblower killed in Maharashtra |publisher=Deccanherald.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=109996 |title=Mumbai politicians, activists condemn Mid Day scribe's murder |publisher=Mathrubhumi English |date=2011-06-12 |accessdate=2013-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610221337/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=109996 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Suo Motu public interest litigation ==

In 2010, following an attack on Citispace Convenor Nayana Kathpalia who had filed public interest litigation in the Bombay High Court and the murder of RTI Activist Satish Shetty in Pune for exposing an active land mafia, the Bombay High Court took up suo motu public interest litigation to protect citizens working in the public interest. MITRA intervened in the petition and obtained an order for the legal status of ongoing cases of attack or murder of activists pending with the police to be placed before the Court. In most cases, no arrests had been made. The Court also ordered the police to compile a list of activists or citizens under threat and to take action to protect them.<ref>{{cite web|author=Our Special Correspondent |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100115/jsp/nation/story_11985764.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125072211/http://telegraphindia.com/1100115/jsp/nation/story_11985764.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2010 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Nation | Attacks on social activists in HC glare |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2010-01-15 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Viju B |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-19/mumbai/28120840_1_hc-raps-police-police-station-mahad |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131119194456/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-19/mumbai/28120840_1_hc-raps-police-police-station-mahad |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-19 |title=HC raps police over scribe-activist attack |date=2010-03-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/bombay-hc-to-government-protect-whistleblowers-or-face-the-heat/5493.html |title=Bombay HC to government: Protect whistleblowers or face the heat - Moneylife |publisher=Moneylife.in |date= |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref>

== See also==
* [[Attacks on RTI activists in India]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Non-government Organizations in India}}
[[Category:Advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Human rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2004]]

National Film Award for Best Malayalam Feature Film

2026-04-17T13:06:26Z

Leonwim: new new stub

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Malayalam Feature Film
| subheader = National award for contributions to [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam feature film]] of the year
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1954
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name = President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Malayalam (1954–1968) National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam (1969–2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Ullozhukku]]'' (2023)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Malayalam Feature Film''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus). Since the [[70th National Film Awards]], the name was changed to "Best Malayalam Feature Film".<ref>{{cite web|author=Under Secretary to the Government of India|title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India|url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|access-date=28 August 2024|date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

The [[National Film Awards]], established in 1954, are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the [[Indian cinema]]. The ceremony also presents awards for films in various [[Languages of India|regional languages]].

Awards for films in seven regional language ([[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) started from [[2nd National Film Awards]] which were presented on 21 December 1955.<ref name="2ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/2nd_nff_1955.pdf|title=2nd National Film Awards|access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> Three awards of "President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film", "Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film" and "Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film" were instituted. The later two certificate awards were discontinued from [[15th National Film Awards]] (1967).

The first winner of the "President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Malayalam" was the 1954 film ''[[Neelakuyil]]''. Jointly directed by [[P. Bhaskaran]] and [[Ramu Kariat]], the film was based on a story written by Malayalam writer [[Uroob]]. It told the story of a love affair between a Dalit girl and an educated, high caste school teacher. The film is considered a landmark in Malayalam cinema history.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/11/01/stories/2008110150781100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052729/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/11/01/stories/2008110150781100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2011|title=Neelakuyil 1954|author=B. Vijayakumar|date=1 November 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2010-12-28}}</ref> Along with ''Neelakuyil'', S. S. Rajan directed film ''[[Snehaseema|Sneha Seema]]'' was honoured with a Certificate of Merit. Following is the list of ''Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)'' recipient films produced in [[Malayalam language]].

== Winners ==

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus Award) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="background:#fff; width:40%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#efe4b0;"| Awards legends
|-
| style="background:#f4f4f4; width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background:#efecd1; width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background:#d6e0cc; width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background:#e0eaea; width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background:#ebebe0; width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Indicates a joint award for that year}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | List of award films, showing the year (award ceremony), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#efe4b0; width:5%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background:#efe4b0; width:22%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background:#efe4b0; width:20%;"| Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background:#efe4b0; width:18%;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background:#efe4b0; width:3%;" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[2nd National Film Awards|1954 {{small|(2nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Neelakuyil]]''
| Chandrathara Productions
| {{•}}[[P. Bhaskaran]] {{•}}[[Ramu Kariat]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref name="2ndawardPDF"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#e0eaea;"| ''[[Snehaseema]]''
| Associate Pictures
| S. S. Rajan
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[3rd National Film Awards|1955 {{small|(3rd)}}]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="3rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf|title=3rd National Film Awards|access-date=11 March 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[4th National Film Awards|1956 {{small|(4th)}}]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="4thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/4th_Nff.pdf|title=4th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[5th National Film Awards|1957 {{small|(5th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Padatha Painkili]]''
| [[Merryland Studio|Neela Productions]]
| [[P. Subramaniam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="5thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/5th_nff.pdf|title=5th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[6th National Film Awards|1958 {{small|(6th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background:#e0eaea;"| ''[[Nairu Pidicha Pulivalu]]''
| [[T. E. Vasudevan]]
| [[P. Bhaskaran]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref name="6thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6thNFAAward.aspx|title=6th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020054317/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=20 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#e0eaea;"| ''[[Randidangazhi (film)|Randidangazhi]]''
| [[Merryland Studio|Neela Productions]]
| [[P. Subramaniam]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[7th National Film Awards|1959 {{small|(7th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background:#e0eaea;"| ''[[Chathurangam (1959 film)|Chathurangam]]''
| Capt. (Dr.) G. T. Joshua
| {{•}}[[J. D. Thottan]] {{•}}D. V. Swamy
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="7thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/7th_nff.pdf|title=7th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[8th National Film Awards|1960 {{small|(8th)}}]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="8thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|title=8th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062918/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=12 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| [[9th National Film Awards|1961 {{small|(9th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mudiyanaya Puthran]]''
| Chandrathara Productions
| [[Ramu Kariat]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#efecd1;"| ''[[Kandam Becha Kottu]]''
| [[Modern Theatres]]
| [[T. R. Sundaram]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#d6e0cc;"| ''Sabarimala Ayyappan''
| [[K. Kuppuswamy]]
| [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[10th National Film Awards|1962 {{small|(10th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background:#e0eaea;"| ''[[Puthiya Akasam Puthiya Bhoomi]]''
| Associated Producers
| [[M. S. Mani (film editor)|M. S. Mani]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref name="10thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|title=10th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=9 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929062243/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#efecd1;"| ''[[Kalpadukal]]''
| T. R. Raghavan
| K. S. Anthony
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| [[11th National Film Awards|1963 {{small|(11th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ninamaninja Kalpadukal]]''
| K. V. Bhavadas, N. K. Karunakara Pillai and K. Parameshwaran Nair
| [[N. N. Pisharody]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#efecd1;"| ''[[Doctor (1963 film)|Doctor]]''
| H. H. Ebrahim
| [[M. S. Mani (film editor)|M. S. Mani]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#d6e0cc;"| ''[[Kalayum Kaminiyum]]''
| [[Merryland Studio|Neela Productions]]
| [[P. Subramaniam]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[12th National Film Awards|1964 {{small|(12th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background:#efecd1;"| ''[[Aadyakiranangal]]''
| [[P. Bhaskaran]] and V. Abdullah
| [[P. Bhaskaran]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#d6e0cc;"| ''[[Kudumbini]]''
| [[P. A. Thomas]] and [[J. Sasikumar]]
| [[P. A. Thomas]] and [[J. Sasikumar]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]]''
| T. K. Pareekutty
| S. S. Rajan
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Thacholi-Othenan-1964/article13386206.ece | title=Thacholi Othenan (1964) | newspaper=The Hindu | date=29 January 2012 | last1=Vijayakumar | first1=B. }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| [[13th National Film Awards|1965 {{small|(13th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kavyamela]]''
| [[T. E. Vasudevan]]
| [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref name="13thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf|title=13th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#efecd1;"| ''[[Odayil Ninnu (film)|Odayil Ninnu]]''
| P. Ramaswamy
| [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#d6e0cc;"| ''[[Murappennu]]''
| K. Parameswaran Nair
| [[A. Vincent]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[14th National Film Awards|1966 {{small|(14th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kunjali Marakkar (1966 film)|Kunjali Marikkar]]''
| T. K. Pareekutty
| S. S. Rajan
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[15th National Film Awards|1967 {{small|(15th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Anveshichu Kandethiyilla]]''
| [[K. Ravindran Nair]]
| P. Bhaskaran
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="15thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|title=15th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[16th National Film Awards|1968 {{small|(16th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Adhyapika]]''
| [[Merryland Studio|Neela Productions]]
| [[P. Subramaniam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="16thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf|title=16th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=22 September 2011|page=2}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[17th National Film Awards|1969 {{small|(17th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Adimakal]]''
| [[M. O. Joseph]]
| [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="17thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[18th National Film Awards|1970 {{small|(18th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ezhuthatha Kadha]]''
| Jai Maruthy Pictures
| [[A. B. Raj]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="18thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=18th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[19th National Film Awards|1971 {{small|(19th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Karakanakadal]]''
| Hari Pothan
| [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[20th National Film Awards|1972 {{small|(20th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Panitheeratha Veedu]]''
| K. S. R. Moorthy
| [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=26 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[21st National Film Awards|1973 {{small|(21st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Gayathri (1973 film)|Gayathri]]''
| A. R. Shreedharan Elayidom and P. B. Ashram
| [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="21stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf|title=21st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[22nd National Film Awards|1974 {{small|(22nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Uttarayanam]]''
| [[Pattathuvila Karunakaran]]
| [[G. Aravindan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="22ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf|title=22nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[23rd National Film Awards|1975 {{small|(23rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Swapnadanam]]''
| T. Mohamed Bapu
| [[K. G. George]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="23rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/93_23rdNfacatalogue.pdf|title=23rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[24th National Film Awards|1976 {{small|(24th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Manimuzhakkam]]''
| Cartoonist Thomas
| [[P. A. Backer]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[25th National Film Awards|1977 {{small|(25th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kodiyettam]]''
| [[Adoor Bhasi|Kulathoor Bhaskaran Nair]]
| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="25thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf|title=25th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Thampu]]''
| [[K. Ravindran Nair]]
| [[G. Aravindan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="26thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf|title=26th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[27th National Film Awards|1979 {{small|(27th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Peruvazhiyambalam]]''
| [[Prem Prakash]]
| [[Padmarajan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[28th National Film Awards|1980 {{small|(28th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Yagam (1982 film)|Yagam]]''
| B. Chandramani Bai
| [[Sivan (cinematographer)|Sivan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="28thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/28th_nff_1981.pdf|title=28th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[29th National Film Awards|1981 {{small|(29th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Elippathayam]]''
| [[K. Ravindran Nair]]
| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="29thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf|title=29th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[30th National Film Awards|1982 {{small|(30th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Chappa]]''
| P. K. Abdul Latif
| [[P. A. Backer]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="30thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/30th_nff_1983.pdf|title=30th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Malamukalile Daivam]]''
| Surya Mudra Films
| [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mukhamukham]]''
| [[K. Ravindran Nair]]
| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[33rd National Film Awards|1985 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Thinkalaazhcha Nalla Divasam]]''
| [[M. Mani]]
| [[P. Padmarajan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[34th National Film Awards|1986 {{small|(34th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Uppu]]''
| K. M. A. Rahim
| [[V. K. Pavithran]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf|title=34th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Purushartham]]''
| [[P. T. Kunju Muhammed|P. T. K. Mohammad]]
| [[K. R. Mohanan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Rugmini]]''
| S. C. Pillai and Gigy Abraham
| [[K. P. Kumaran]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal]]''
| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Vasthuhara]]''
| T. Ravindranath
| [[G. Aravindan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]''
| [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Swaroopam]]''
| [[P. T. Kunju Muhammed|P. T. K. Mohammed]]
| [[K. R. Mohanan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Vidheyan]]''
| [[K. Ravindran Nair|K. Ravi]]
| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sukrutham]]''
| [[Atlas Ramachandran|M. M. Ramachandran]]
| [[Hari Kumar (director)|Harikumar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ormakalundayirikkanam]]''
| Salam Karassery
| [[T. V. Chandran]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Desadanam]]''
| [[Jayaraj]]
| [[Jayaraj]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mangamma (film)|Mangamma]]''
| [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| [[T. V. Chandran]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''
| Srishti Films
| [[Shyamaprasad]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Punaradhivasam]]''
| N. P. Prakash
| [[V. K. Prakash]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ebebe0;"
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background:#e0e0d1;"| ''Sayanam''
| [[M. P. Sukumaran Nair]]
| [[M. P. Sukumaran Nair]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ebebe0;"
! scope="row" style="background:#e0e0d1;"| ''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]''
| Grihalakshmi Films
| [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]''
| [[T. V. Chandran]]
| [[T. V. Chandran]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]''
| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Saphalam]]''
| Anil Thomas
| Asok R. Nath
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Akale]]''
| [[Tom George Kolath]]
| [[Shyamaprasad]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Thanmathra]]''
| Century Films
| [[Blessy]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Drishtantham]]''
| [[M. P. Sukumaran Nair]]
| [[M. P. Sukumaran Nair]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ore Kadal]]''
| Vindhyan N. B.
| [[Shyamaprasad]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Thirakkatha]]''
| Varnachithra Big Screen
| [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pazhassi Raja (2009 film)|Keralavarma Pazhassiraja]]''
| A. M. Gopalan
| [[Hariharan (director)|T. Hariharan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Veettilekkulla Vazhi]]''
| B. C. Joshi
| [[Dr. Biju]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/58_NFA.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]''
| August Cinema
| [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]''
| [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and Ubaid
| [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]''
| C. V. Sarathi
| [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="61staward">{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ain (film)|Ain]]''
| 1:1.3 Entertainments
| [[Sidhartha Siva]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[Pathemari]]''
| Allens Media
| [[Salim Ahamed]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=27 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]''
| Dream Mill Cinemas and Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]''
| Urvasi Theatres
| [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]''
| Happy Hours Entertainments
| [[Zakariya Mohammed]]
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[Kalla Nottam]]''
| First Print Studio
| [[Rahul Riji Nair]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/67th-national-film-awards-kangana-ranaut-sushant-singh-rajput-s-chhichhore-win-101616411773402.html|title=67th National Film Awards: Kangana Ranaut, Sushant Singh Rajput's Chhichhore win. See complete list of winners here|date=22 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam]]''
| [[Pushkar Films]]
| [[Senna Hegde]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=68th National Film Awards Full Winners List: Suriya, Ajay Devgn jointly win Best Actor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/68th-national-film-awards-full-winners-list-suriya-ajay-devgn-jointly-win-best-actor-1978718-2022-07-22 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Home (2021 film)|Home]]''
| [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]
| [[Rojin Thomas]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/|title=69th National Film Awards:Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun win big. See complete list of winners here|date=24 August 2023|website=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]''
| Urvashi Theatres
| [[Tharun Moorthy]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=16 August 2024 |title=70th National Film Awards full list of winners: Brahmastra, Ponniyin Selvan Part 1, Aattam win big |language=en-IN |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-full-list-of-winners-brahmastra-ponniyin-selvan-part-1-aattam-win-big-101723799613996.html |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ullozhukku]]''
| [[RSVP Movies]] and MacGuffin Pictures
| [[Christo Tomy]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]
{{National Film Award Best Malayalam Feature Film}}{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Malayalam]]
[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]

Jeff Bezos

2026-03-28T07:07:59Z

Leonwim: fix information for accuracy for clarity

{{Short description|American businessman (born 1964)}}
{{Redirect|Bezos|other people with the surname|Bezos (surname)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jeff Bezos
| image = Jeff Bezos visits LAAFB SMC (3908618) (cropped).jpeg
| caption = Bezos in 2017
| birth_name = Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|01|12}}
| birth_place = [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]], U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Businessman|media proprietor|investor}}
| citizenship =
| education = [[Princeton University]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|BSE]])
| known_for = Founding [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]
| title = {{Unbulleted indent list|Founder and executive chairman of [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|Founder of [[Blue Origin]]||Owner of ''[[The Washington Post]]''|Founder of [[Bezos Expeditions]]|Executive chair of Bezos Earth Fund|Founder of Bezos Academy}}
| spouse = {{UBL|{{Marriage|[[MacKenzie Scott]]|1993|2019|end=divorced}}|{{Marriage|[[Lauren Sánchez]]|2025}}}}
| partner =
| children = 4
| parents = {{ubl|[[Jackie Bezos]] (mother)|[[Ted Jorgensen]] (father)|[[Miguel Bezos]] (stepfather)}}
| relatives = [[Mark Bezos]] (half-brother)<ref name="NYTM">{{Cite news |last=Jonge |first=Peter de |date=March 14, 1999 |title=Riding the Wild, Perilous Waters of Amazone.com |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/14/magazine/riding-the-wild-perilous-waters-of-amazonecom.html |access-date=July 9, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709015127/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/14/magazine/riding-the-wild-perilous-waters-of-amazonecom.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| signature = Jeff Bezos signature.svg
}}

'''Jeffrey Preston Bezos''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|z|oʊ|s}} {{respell|BAY|zohss}};<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posttv/national/jeff-bezos-pronounces-his-name/2013/08/07/c6992b0a-ffa9-11e2-96a8-d3b921c0924a_video.html|title=Jeff Bezos pronounces his name|year=2009|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 17, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110114816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posttv/national/jeff-bezos-pronounces-his-name/2013/08/07/c6992b0a-ffa9-11e2-96a8-d3b921c0924a_video.html|archive-date=January 10, 2019}}; and Robinson (2010), p. 7.</ref> {{né|'''Jorgensen'''}}; born January 12, 1964) is an American businessman best known as the founder, executive chairman, and former president and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], the world's largest [[e-commerce]] and [[cloud computing]] company. According to ''[[Forbes]]'', as of December 2025, Bezos's estimated net worth is US$239.4 billion, making him the fourth richest person in the world.<ref name=Forbes>{{Cite magazine|title=Jeff Bezos|url=https://www.forbes.com/real-time-billionaires/ |magazine=Forbes|access-date=February 17, 2025}}</ref> He was the wealthiest person from 2017 to 2021, according to ''Forbes'' and the ''[[Bloomberg Billionaires Index]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Jeff Bezos|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jeff-bezos/?list=rtb |magazine=Forbes|access-date=January 10, 2022|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110184214/https://www.forbes.com/profile/jeff-bezos/?list=rtb |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bezos was born in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]], and raised in [[Houston]] and [[Miami]]. He graduated from [[Princeton University]] in 1986 with a degree in engineering. He worked on [[Wall Street]] in a variety of related fields from 1986 to early 1994. Bezos founded [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] in mid-1994 on a road trip from New York City to [[Seattle]]. The company began as an online bookstore and has since expanded to a variety of other [[e-commerce]] products and services, including video and audio streaming, cloud computing, and [[artificial intelligence]]. It is the world's largest online sales company, the [[List of largest Internet companies|largest Internet company by revenue]], and the largest provider of [[virtual assistant]]s and cloud infrastructure services through its [[Amazon Web Services]] branch.

Bezos founded the [[aerospace manufacturer]] and [[sub-orbital spaceflight]] services company [[Blue Origin]] in 2000. Blue Origin's [[New Shepard]] vehicle [[Kármán line|reached space]] in 2015 and afterwards successfully landed back on Earth; he flew into space on [[Blue Origin NS-16]] in 2021. He purchased the major American newspaper ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in 2013 for $250 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=250000000|start_year=2013|r=0|fmt=eq}}) and manages many other investments through his [[venture capital]] firm, [[Bezos Expeditions]]. In September 2021, Bezos co-founded [[Altos Labs]] with [[Mail.ru]] founder [[Yuri Milner]].<ref name="Regalado2021" />

The first [[centibillionaire]] on the [[The World's Billionaires|''Forbes'' Real Time Billionaires Index]] and the second ever to have achieved the feat since [[Bill Gates]] in 1999, Bezos was named the "richest man in modern history" after his net worth increased to $150 billion in July 2018 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=150000000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite news|year=2019|title=This Is The Richest Person in the World|magazine=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2019/03/04/this-is-the-richest-person-in-the-world/|url-status=live|access-date=March 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304180154/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2019/03/04/this-is-the-richest-person-in-the-world/|archive-date=March 4, 2019}}</ref> In August 2020, according to ''Forbes'', he had a net worth exceeding $200 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=200000000000|start_year=2020|r=0|fmt=eq}}). On July 5, 2021, Bezos stepped down as the CEO and president of Amazon and took over the role of executive chairman. Amazon Web Services CEO [[Andy Jassy]] succeeded Bezos as the CEO and president of Amazon.

== Early life and education ==
Bezos was born Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen on January 12, 1964, in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/12/UPI-Almanac-for-Sunday-Jan-12-2020/8721578623716/|title=UPI Almanac for Sunday, Jan. 12, 2020|work=[[United Press International]]|date=January 12, 2020|access-date=June 27, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113032052/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/12/UPI-Almanac-for-Sunday-Jan-12-2020/8721578623716/|archive-date=January 13, 2020|quote=Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos in 1964 (age 56)}}</ref> to [[Jackie Bezos|Jacklyn]] (''née'' Gise) (1946–2025) and [[Ted Jorgensen]]<ref>Robinson (2010), pp. 14, 100</ref> (1944–2015). At the time of his birth, his mother was a 17-year-old high-school student and his father was 19.<ref>Robinson (2010), pp. 14–15</ref> Ted was a [[Danish Americans|Danish American]] unicyclist<ref name=":12">[[Brad Stone (journalist)|Brad Stone]], (2013). ''[[The Everything Store]]''. United States: [[Little, Brown and Company|Little, Brown]]. {{ISBN|978-0-316-21926-6}}</ref> born in Chicago to a family of Baptists.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t95iRvivDHIC&dq=%22jeff+bezos%22+%22baptists%22&pg=PT139|isbn=978-0-316-21925-9|title=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon|date=October 15, 2013|publisher=Little, Brown|access-date=March 19, 2023|archive-date=August 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807120541/https://books.google.com/books?id=t95iRvivDHIC&dq=%22jeff%20bezos%22%20%22baptists%22&pg=PT139|url-status=live}}</ref> After completing high school despite challenging conditions, Jacklyn attended night school, bringing her baby with her.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clifford |first1=Catherine |title=Jeff Bezos's single teen mom brought him to night school with her when he was a baby |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/14/jeff-bezoss-single-teen-mom-brought-him-to-night-school-with-her.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128051520/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/14/jeff-bezoss-single-teen-mom-brought-him-to-night-school-with-her.html |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |language=en |date=June 14, 2019 |quote=Condition one, I had to arrive and depart [high] school within five minutes of the starting and finishing bells. Condition two, I could not talk to other students. Condition three, I couldn’t eat lunch in the cafeteria. Condition four, I was told I would not be allowed to walk across the stage with my classmates to get my diploma |url-status=live}}</ref> Jeff attended a [[Montessori education|Montessori]] school in Albuquerque when he was two.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelauyeung/2020/10/14/why-some-locals-are-miffed-about-jeff-bezos-free-preschool-near-seattle/ Why Some Locals Are Skeptical About Jeff Bezos' Free Preschool Near Seattle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201040627/https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelauyeung/2020/10/14/why-some-locals-are-miffed-about-jeff-bezos-free-preschool-near-seattle/ |date=February 1, 2022 }}, Forbes, October 14, 2020</ref>

Ted struggled with alcohol and with his finances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stone |first=Brad |author-link=Brad Stone (journalist) |date=October 10, 2013 |title=The Secrets of Bezos: How Amazon Became the Everything Store |language=en |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-10/jeff-bezos-and-the-age-of-amazon-excerpt-from-the-everything-store-by-brad-stone |access-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216112035/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-10/jeff-bezos-and-the-age-of-amazon-excerpt-from-the-everything-store-by-brad-stone |url-status=live }}</ref> Jacklyn left her husband to live with her parents, filing for divorce in June 1965 when Jeff was 17 months old.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Brad |authorlink=Brad Stone (journalist) |year=2013 |title=[[The Everything Store]] |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company|Little, Brown]] |isbn=978-0-316-21926-6}}</ref> After his parents divorced, his mother married [[Cuban Americans|Cuban immigrant]] [[Miguel Bezos|Miguel "Mike" Bezos]] in April 1968.<ref>Robinson (2010), pp. 14, 18</ref> Shortly after the wedding, Mike adopted 4-year-old Jeff, whose surname was then legally changed from Jorgensen to Bezos.<ref>Robinson (2010), p. 15</ref> Jacklyn, her husband, and her son left the area and asked Ted to discontinue contact, to which he agreed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barr |first=Alistair |date=October 10, 2013 |title=Bike shop owner discovers he's father of Amazon founder |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/10/10/bezos-amazon-biological-father/2959633/ |access-date=March 27, 2023 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327035136/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/10/10/bezos-amazon-biological-father/2959633/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After Mike received his degree from the [[University of New Mexico]], the family moved to [[Houston]], Texas, so that he could begin working as an engineer for [[Exxon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Family of Voices: Miguel Bezos |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/family-voices/individuals/miguel-bezos |website=[[National Museum of American History]] |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=April 6, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=December 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224193058/https://americanhistory.si.edu/family-voices/individuals/miguel-bezos |url-status=live }}</ref> Jeff attended [[River Oaks Elementary School (Houston)|River Oaks Elementary School]] in Houston from fourth to sixth grade.<ref>Robinson (2010), p. 18</ref> Jeff's maternal grandfather was Lawrence Preston Gise, a regional director of the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|U.S. Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC) in Albuquerque.<ref>Robinson (2010), p. 16</ref>

Lawrence retired early to his family's ranch near [[Cotulla, Texas]], where his grandson would spend many summers in his youth<ref>Robinson (2010), p. 17</ref> and which he would later purchase and expand from {{convert|25000|acre|ha|0}} to {{convert|160000|acre|ha|0}}.<ref name=Frank>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/business/media/jeff-bezos-amazon-rich-charity.html |title=At Last, Jeff Bezos Offers a Hint of His Philanthropic Plans|last=Frank|first=Robert |date=June 15, 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|issn=0362-4331|access-date=March 8, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054205/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/business/media/jeff-bezos-amazon-rich-charity.html |archive-date=March 9, 2018}}</ref><ref name="parkhurst2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/morning_call/2015/08/jeff-bezos-just-sold-534-million-worth-of-amazon.html |title=Jeff Bezos just sold $534 million worth of Amazon stock|last=Parkhurst|first=Emily |date=August 5, 2015|website=[[Puget Sound Business Journal]]|access-date=August 5, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150807183402/http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/morning_call/2015/08/jeff-bezos-just-sold-534-million-worth-of-amazon.html |archive-date=August 7, 2015}}</ref> Jeff displayed scientific interests and technological proficiency and once rigged an electric alarm to keep his younger half-siblings out of his room.<ref>Robinson (2010), p. 19</ref> The family moved to [[Miami]], Florida, where Jeff attended [[Miami Palmetto High School]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article1953866.html |title=Jeff Bezos: A rocket launched from Miami's Palmetto High|last=Yanez|first=Luisa |date=August 5, 2013|newspaper=[[Miami Herald]]|access-date=February 11, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084027/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article1953866.html |archive-date=February 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bayers" /> In high school, he worked at [[McDonald's]] as a short-order [[Chef de partie|line cook]] during the breakfast shift.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/42412/face-time-jeff-bezos |title=Face Time With Jeff Bezos|last=Fishman|first=Charles |date=January 31, 2001|magazine=[[Fast Company]]|access-date=April 16, 2018|archive-date=April 17, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180417105518/https://www.fastcompany.com/42412/face-time-jeff-bezos |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bezos attended the Student Science Training Program at the [[University of Florida]]. He was high school [[valedictorian]], a [[National Merit Scholarship Program|National Merit Scholar]],<ref name="Robinson 2010, p. 24" /><ref name="st20120331">{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2017883721_amazonbezos25.html |title=Amazon.com's Bezos invests in space travel, time|last=Martinez|first=Amy |date=March 31, 2012|access-date=August 10, 2013|newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|archive-date=July 2, 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120702232441/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2017883721_amazonbezos25.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[Silver Knight Award]] winner in 1982.<ref name="Robinson 2010, p. 24">Robinson (2010), p. 24</ref> In his graduation speech, Bezos told the audience that he dreamed of the day when mankind would [[Space colonization|colonize space]]. A local newspaper quoted his intention "to get all people off the earth and see it turned into a huge national park".<ref>{{cite news|last=Foer|first=Franklin |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/11/what-jeff-bezos-wants/598363 |title=Jeff Bezos's Master Plan|work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=November 1, 2019 |access-date=October 10, 2019|archive-date=October 10, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191010193219/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/11/what-jeff-bezos-wants/598363/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

After graduating from high school in 1982, Bezos attended [[Princeton University]]. He initially majored in [[physics]] but later switched to [[electrical engineering]] and [[computer science]].<ref name="Inside the Mind of Jeff Bezos">{{cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/50541/inside-mind-jeff-bezos-4|title=Inside the Mind of Jeff Bezos|last=Deutschman|first=Alan |date=August 1, 2004|work=Fast Company|access-date=March 7, 2018|archive-date=February 26, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211555/https://www.fastcompany.com/50541/inside-mind-jeff-bezos-4 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, during a talk at [[the Economic Club of Washington, D.C.]], Bezos revealed that, some thirty years ago, his Princeton classmate [[Yasantha Rajakarunanayake]] had defeated him in solving a mathematical problem, causing him to give up on his dreams of becoming a theoretical physicist.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xv_vkA0jsyo |title=Jeff Bezos At The Economic Club Of Washington (9/13/18) |date=13 September 2018 |last=CNBC |access-date=17 June 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The seeds of my success were sown in early childhood. {{!}} UNICEF Sri Lanka |url=https://www.unicef.org/srilanka/stories/seeds-my-success-were-sown-early-childhood |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolfe |first=Sean |title=Watch Jeff Bezos tell the funny story about the moment in college he realized he 'was never going to be a great theoretical physicist' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-moment-in-college-he-realized-would-not-be-theoretical-physicist-2018-9 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2018 |title=Jeff Bezos wanted to be a physicist, but started Amazon after a friend showed him he wasn't smart enough |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/jeff-bezos-wanted-to-be-a-physicist-but-started-amazon-after-a-friend-showed-him-he-wasn-t-smart-enough-1347637-2018-09-24 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihindukulasuriya |first=Regina |date=20 September 2018 |title=The Sri Lankan who solved a maths problem for Jeff Bezos & gave the world Amazon |url=https://theprint.in/economy/the-sri-lankan-who-solved-a-maths-problem-for-jeff-bezos-gave-the-world-amazon/121706/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bezos was a member of the [[Quadrangle Club]], one of [[Princeton University eating clubs|Princeton's 11 eating clubs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.princetonquadrangleclub.com/about.html |website=Princeton Quadrangle CLub|title=About|access-date=July 13, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200714022608/https://www.princetonquadrangleclub.com/about.html |archive-date=July 14, 2020}}</ref> Additionally, he was the president of the Princeton chapter of the [[Students for the Exploration and Development of Space]] (SEDS).<ref>Robinson (2010), pp. 25–27</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeffrey-p-bezos/#interview |title=Biography and Video Interview of Jeff Bezos at Academy of Achievement|publisher=Achievement|access-date=April 7, 2019|archive-date=March 6, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190306162238/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeffrey-p-bezos/#interview |url-status=live}}</ref> He had a 4.2 [[Grading in education#United States|GPA]]<ref name="Inside the Mind of Jeff Bezos" /> and was elected to [[Phi Beta Kappa]] and [[Tau Beta Pi]]. Bezos graduated from Princeton in 1986 with a [[Bachelor of Science in Engineering]] (BSE), ''[[Latin honors|summa cum laude]]''.<ref>Robinson (2010), p. 26</ref>

== Business career ==
=== Early career ===
After Bezos graduated from college in 1986, he was offered jobs at [[Intel]], [[Bell Labs]], and [[Andersen Consulting]], among others.<ref name="Robinson 2010, p. 72">Robinson (2010), p. 7</ref> He first worked at Fitel, a [[fintech]] telecommunications [[Startup company|start-up]], where he was tasked with building a network for [[international trade]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/7.03/bezos_pr.html|title=The Inner Bezos|last=Bayers|first=Chip|date=July 2003|magazine=Wired|access-date=April 30, 2018 |url-status= live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150624103507/http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/7.03/bezos_pr.html|archive-date=June 24, 2015}}</ref> Bezos was promoted to head of development and director of customer service. He transitioned into the banking industry when he became a product manager at [[Bankers Trust]] from 1988 to 1990. From 1990 to 1994, he worked at [[D. E. Shaw & Co.|D. E. Shaw & Co]], a newly created [[hedge fund]] with a strong emphasis on mathematical modelling. Bezos became D. E. Shaw's fourth senior vice-president by age 30.<ref name=Bayers /><ref name="Robinson 2010, p. 72" />

=== Amazon ===
{{Main|Amazon (company)|l1 = Amazon}}

[[File:Jeff Bezos visits the Robot Co-op in 2005.jpg|thumb|Bezos (front row, center) at the [[Robot Co-op]] in 2005]]

In spring 1994, Bezos read that web usage was growing at a rate of 2,300% a year and eventually decided to establish an [[Online shopping|online bookstore]].<ref>Robinson (2010), pp. 9–12</ref> He and his then-wife, [[MacKenzie Scott]], left their jobs at D. E. Shaw and founded Amazon in a rented garage in [[Bellevue, Washington|Bellevue]], Washington on July 5, 1994, after writing its [[business plan]] on a cross-country drive from New York City to [[Seattle]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/27/how-amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-went-from-the-son-of-a-teen-mom-to-the-worlds-richest-person.html|title=How Amazon's Jeff Bezos went from the son of a teen mom to the richest person in the world|last=Clifford|first=Catherine|date=October 27, 2017 |publisher=CNBC|access-date=March 6, 2018|archive-date=March 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151053/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/27/how-amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-went-from-the-son-of-a-teen-mom-to-the-worlds-richest-person.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="portfolio.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.portfolio.com/resources/executive-profiles/Jeffrey-P-Bezos-1984|title=Top Executive Profiles – Jeffrey P. Bezos|website=Portfolio.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090204204126/http://www.portfolio.com/resources/executive-profiles/Jeffrey-P-Bezos-1984|archive-date=February 4, 2009|url-status= dead}}</ref> With Bezos at the helm and Scott taking an integral role in its operation—writing checks, keeping track of the books, and negotiating the company's first freight contracts—the foundation was laid for this garage-run operation.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Matsakis |first=Louise |title=MacKenzie Bezos and the Myth of the Lone Genius Founder |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/mackenzie-bezos-amazon-lone-genius-myth/ |access-date=April 14, 2022 |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=May 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516162130/https://www.wired.com/story/mackenzie-bezos-amazon-lone-genius-myth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to settling in Seattle, Bezos had investigated setting up his company at an [[Indian reservation]] near [[San Francisco]] in order to avoid paying taxes.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.fastcompany.com/27309/whos-writing-book-web-business| title= Who's Writing the Book on Web Business?| last=Taylor|first=William|date=October 31, 1996| magazine=Fast Company|access-date=November 24, 2020| archive-date=November 11, 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221110/https://www.fastcompany.com/27309/whos-writing-book-web-business| url-status=live}}</ref>

Bezos initially named his new company ''Cadabra'' but later changed the name to ''Amazon'' after the [[Amazon River]] in South America, in part because the name begins with the letter ''A'', which is at the beginning of the alphabet.<ref name="Amazon.com {{!}} History & Facts">{{cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amazoncom|title=Amazon.com {{!}} History & Facts| encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=March 7, 2018|archive-date= June 8, 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190608125826/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amazoncom|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, website listings were alphabetized, so a name starting with "A" would appear sooner when customers conducted online searches.<ref name="Lebowitz">{{cite news |last=Lebowitz |first=Shana |date=July 5, 2019 |title=Amazon is celebrating its 25th birthday. Here's how the e-commerce giant got its name |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-jeff-bezos-chose-company-name-2018-5 |work=Business Insider |location=New York, NY |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611125234/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-jeff-bezos-chose-company-name-2018-5 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, he regarded "Amazon," the name of the world's largest river as fitting for what he hoped would become the world's largest online bookstore.<ref name="Lebowitz" /> He accepted an estimated $300,000 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=300000|start_year=1994|r=0|fmt=eq}}) from his parents as an investment in Amazon.<ref name="portfolio.com2" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Leibovich |first1=Mark |title=Child Prodigy, Online Pioneer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/09/03/child-prodigy-online-pioneer/2ab207dc-d13a-4204-8949-493686e43415/ |access-date=June 8, 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 3, 2000 |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922221101/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/09/03/child-prodigy-online-pioneer/2ab207dc-d13a-4204-8949-493686e43415/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jeff Bezos convinced 22 investors to back his new company Amazon in 1994. Their returns? Mind-boggling |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/2143375/1994-he-convinced-22-family-and-friends-each-pay |access-date=June 8, 2021 |work=South China Morning Post |date=April 26, 2018 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608202709/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/2143375/1994-he-convinced-22-family-and-friends-each-pay |url-status=live }}</ref> He warned many early investors that there was a 70% chance that Amazon would fail or go bankrupt.<ref>Robinson (2010), p. 56</ref> Although Amazon was originally an online bookstore, Bezos had always planned to expand to other products.<ref name=Bayers /><ref name="Amazon.com {{!}} History & Facts" /> Three years after Bezos founded Amazon, he took it public with an [[initial public offering]] (IPO).<ref>{{cite web| url= http://fortune.com/2017/05/15/amazon-stock-20-years-ipo|title=If You Invested in Amazon at Its IPO, You Could Have Been a Millionaire|last=Shen|first=Lucinda|date=May 15, 2017|website=Fortune|access-date=March 7, 2018|archive-date=March 8, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103918/http://fortune.com/2017/05/15/amazon-stock-20-years-ipo/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to critical reports from ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' and ''[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]'', Bezos maintained that the growth of the Internet would overtake competition from larger book retailers such as [[Borders (retailer)|Borders]] and [[Barnes & Noble]].<ref name="Amazon.com {{!}} History & Facts" />

In 1998, Bezos diversified into the online sale of music and video, and by the end of the year he had expanded the company's products to include a variety of other [[Final good|consumer goods]].<ref name="Amazon.com {{!}} History & Facts" /> Bezos used the $54 million raised during the company's 1997 [[equity (finance)|equity offering]] ({{Inflation|index=US|value=54000000|start_year=1998|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to finance the aggressive acquisition of smaller competitors.<ref name="Amazon.com {{!}} History & Facts" /> Among these acquisitions were his purchase of a majority stake in [[pets.com]] in 1999 and a purchase of a portion of [[kozmo.com]] for $60 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=60000000|start_year=1999|r=0|fmt=eq}}), both of which would fail after the [[dot-com bubble]] collapse in 2000.<ref name="Rivlin"/> By the end of 2000, Bezos borrowed $2 billion from banks ({{Inflation|index=US|value=2000000000|start_year=2000|r=0|fmt=eq}}), as its cash balances dipped to only $350 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=350000000|start_year=2000|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Rivlin">{{cite news| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/10/business/yourmoney/a-retail-revolution-turns-10.html|title=A Retail Revolution Turns 10|last=Rivlin|first=Gary|date=July 10, 2005|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=March 7, 2018|archive-date= January 12, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180112062707/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/10/business/yourmoney/a-retail-revolution-turns-10.html|url-status=live }}</ref> However, the company continued to expand despite its losses,<ref name="Rivlin"/> and in 2002, Bezos led Amazon to launch [[Amazon Web Services]], which compiled data from weather channels and [[Web traffic|website traffic]].<ref name="Amazon.com {{!}} History & Facts" /> Revenues stagnated later that year,<ref name="Rivlin" /> and after the company nearly went bankrupt, he closed distribution centers and laid off 14% of the Amazon workforce.<ref name="Rivlin" /> In 2003, Amazon rebounded from financial instability and turned a profit of $35 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=35000000|start_year=2003|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/jeff_bezos_on_the_next_web_innovation|title=The electricity metaphor for the web's future|last=Bezos|first=Jeff|date=April 9, 2007 |access-date=March 7, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019224630/https://www.ted.com/talks/jeff_bezos_on_the_next_web_innovation|archive-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Perez 2004 Amazon profitable ">{{cite web | last=Perez | first=Juan Carlos | title=Amazon records first profitable year in its history | website=Computerworld | date=2004-01-28 | url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2575106/amazon-records-first-profitable-year-in-its-history.html | access-date=2024-02-19 | archive-date=February 19, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219020424/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2575106/amazon-records-first-profitable-year-in-its-history.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2007, Bezos launched the [[Amazon Kindle]].<ref name="Amazon: Reinventing the Book">{{cite web |url= http://www.newsweek.com/amazon-reinventing-book-96909| title=Amazon: Reinventing the Book|date=November 17, 2007|website=Newsweek|access-date=March 7, 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231436/http://www.newsweek.com/amazon-reinventing-book-96909|archive-date=March 8, 2018}}</ref> According to a 2008 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' profile, Bezos wished to create a device that allowed a "[[Flow (psychology)|flow state]]" in reading similar to the experience of video games.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733758_1736345,00.html|title=The 2008 Time 100 |last=Quittner|first=Josh|date=May 12, 2008|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=March 7, 2018|issn=0040-781X|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120193819/http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733758_1736345,00.html|archive-date=January 20, 2019}}</ref> In 2013, Bezos secured a $600-million contract ({{Inflation|index=US|value=600000000|start_year=2013|r=0|fmt=eq}}) with the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) on behalf of Amazon Web Services.<ref name="Davenport">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/how-jeff-bezos-was-selected-but-never-joined-the-defense-innovation-board/2018/02/23/e3dd42d6-1828-11e8-8b08-027a6ccb38eb_story.html|title=How Jeff Bezos was selected for, but never joined, the Defense Innovation Board|last1=Davenport|first1=Christian|date=February 23, 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=March 7, 2018|last2=Lamothe|first2=Dan|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231406/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/how-jeff-bezos-was-selected-but-never-joined-the-defense-innovation-board/2018/02/23/e3dd42d6-1828-11e8-8b08-027a6ccb38eb_story.html|archive-date=March 8, 2018}}</ref> In October of that year, Amazon was recognized as the largest online shopping retailer in the world.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2013/01/14/bezos-i-never-expected|title=Bezos: I never expected this'|date=January 4, 2013|work=Digital Commerce 360|access-date=March 11, 2018|archive-date=July 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032133/https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2013/01/14/bezos-i-never-expected/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Jeff Bezos' iconic laugh.jpg|thumb|upright|Bezos in 2010]]
In May 2016, Bezos sold slightly more than one million shares of his holdings in the company for $671 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=671000000|start_year=2016|r=0|fmt=eq}}), the largest sum he had ever raised from selling some of his Amazon stock.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidermole.com/insider/bezos-jeffrey-p/transactions|title=Bezos Jeffrey P.: Insider Trading Transactions|publisher=InsiderMole.com|access-date=July 14, 2016|archive-date=August 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816081439/https://www.insidermole.com/insider/bezos-jeffrey-p/transactions|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 4, 2016, Bezos sold another million of his shares for $756.7 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=756700000|start_year=2016|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davemanuel.com/net-worth/jeff-bezos|title=Jeff Bezos Net Worth|website=Davemanuel.com|access-date=December 29, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114711/https://www.davemanuel.com/net-worth/jeff-bezos| archive-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref> A year later, Bezos took on 130,000 new employees when he ramped up hiring at company distribution centers.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/amazon-posts-profits-of-19-billion-its-highest-ever/2018/02/01/402aa9c2-06c5-11e8-94e8-e8b8600ade23_story.html |title=Amazon posts quarterly profit of $1.9 billion, its highest ever|last=Bhattarai|first=Abha|date=February 1, 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|issn=0190-8286|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 10, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/amazon-posts-profits-of-19-billion-its-highest-ever/2018/02/01/402aa9c2-06c5-11e8-94e8-e8b8600ade23_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By January 19, 2018, his Amazon stock holdings had appreciated to slightly over $109 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=109000000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}); months later he began to sell stock to raise cash for other enterprises, in particular, [[Blue Origin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-bezos-amazon-blue-origin-20180312-story.html|title=Bezos is putting $1 billion a year into rocket-maker Blue Origin by selling Amazon stock|agency=Bloomberg|date=March 12, 2018|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430114728/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-bezos-amazon-blue-origin-20180312-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 29, 2018, he was featured in Amazon's [[Super Bowl commercials|Super Bowl commercial]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/308222|title=Billionaire Jeff Bezos Will Star in Amazon's Super Bowl Ad|last=Belanger|first=Lydia|date=January 29, 2018|work=Entrepreneur|access-date=April 7, 2018|archive-date=April 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010023/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/308222 |url-status=live }}</ref> On February 1, 2018, Amazon reported its highest ever profit with quarterly [[earnings]] of $2 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=2000000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-results/amazon-posts-largest-profit-in-its-history-on-sales-tax-boost-idUSKBN1FL6H0|title=Amazon posts largest profit in its history on sales, tax boost|last=Dastin|first=Jeffrey|date=February 1, 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430114537/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-results/amazon-posts-largest-profit-in-its-history-on-sales-tax-boost-idUSKBN1FL6H0|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the growth of [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]] in China, Bezos has often expressed interest in expanding Amazon into [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/after-losing-china-jeff-bezos-really-wants-to-win-in-india/articleshow/63204865.cms|title=After losing China, Jeff Bezos really wants to win in India|agency=Bloomberg|date=March 9, 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-date=June 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611184844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/after-losing-china-jeff-bezos-really-wants-to-win-in-india/articleshow/63204865.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 27, 2017, Bezos momentarily became the [[The World's Billionaires|world's wealthiest person]] over [[Microsoft]] co-founder [[Bill Gates]] when his estimated [[net worth]] increased to just over $90 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=90000000000|start_year=2017|r=0|fmt=eq}}). His wealth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=100000000000|start_year=2017|r=0|fmt=eq}}), and he was formally designated the wealthiest person in the world by ''[[Forbes]]'' on March 6, 2018, with a net worth of $112 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=112000000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/billions/2018/09/04/jeff-bezos-is-18-billion-richer-as-amazons-market-cap-briefly-hits-1-trillion/|title=Jeff Bezos Is $1.8 Billion Richer As Amazon's Market Cap Briefly Hits $1 Trillion|magazine=Forbes|date=September 4, 2018|last=Debter|first=Lauren|access-date=June 19, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621183449/https://www.forbes.com/sites/billions/2018/09/04/jeff-bezos-is-18-billion-richer-as-amazons-market-cap-briefly-hits-1-trillion/|archive-date=June 21, 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Naturalization Ceremony (27590970472).jpg|thumb|left|Bezos receives the [[Smithsonian Institution|James Smithson Bicentennial]] medal on June 14, 2016, for his work with Amazon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yoursurvivalguy.com/financial-security/the-benefits-of-billionaires/|title=The Benefits of Billionaires|date=March 20, 2019|website=Young Research & Publishing Inc.|access-date=October 10, 2021|archive-date=October 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010183229/https://www.yoursurvivalguy.com/financial-security/the-benefits-of-billionaires/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In March 2018, Bezos dispatched Amit Agarwal, Amazon's global senior vice president, to India with $5.5 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=5500000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to localize operations throughout the company's [[supply chain]] routes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-05/five-things-you-need-to-know-to-start-your-day-jeeqzcof|title=Five Things You Need to Know to Start Your Day|work=Bloomberg News|date=March 5, 2018|access-date=March 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306010642/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-05/five-things-you-need-to-know-to-start-your-day-jeeqzcof|archive-date=March 6, 2018|url-status=live }}</ref> Later in the month, U.S. President Donald Trump accused Amazon and Bezos, specifically, of [[sales tax]] avoidance, misusing [[Mail|postal routes]], and [[Anti-competitive practices|anti-competitive]] business practices.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/03/forget-zuckerberg-trump-is-obsessed-with-breaking-jeff-bezos|title=Forget Zuckerberg: Why Trump Is "Obsessed" with Breaking Bezos|last=Kosoff|first=Maya|work=The Hive|access-date=January 2, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810055258/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/03/forget-zuckerberg-trump-is-obsessed-with-breaking-jeff-bezos|archive-date=August 10, 2020}}</ref> Amazon's share price fell by 9% in response to the President's negative comments; this reduced Bezos's personal wealth by $10.7 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=10700000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2018/03/29/amazon-stock-amzn-jeff-bezos-net-worth|title=The World's Richest Man Just Lost $10.7 Billion as Trump Tweets About Amazon|last=Shen|first=Lucinda|date=January 2, 2018|work=Fortune|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=April 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404090913/http://fortune.com/2018/03/29/amazon-stock-amzn-jeff-bezos-net-worth/|url-status=live}}</ref> Weeks later, Bezos recouped his losses when academic reports out of [[Stanford University]] indicated that Trump could do little to regulate Amazon in any meaningful way.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-a-trump-led-antitrust-case-against-amazon-is-a-long-shot-1522501200|title=Why a Trump-Led Antitrust Case Against Amazon Is a Long Shot|last=Stevens|first=Laura|date=April 9, 2018|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=April 9, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408183802/https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-a-trump-led-antitrust-case-against-amazon-is-a-long-shot-1522501200|archive-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> During July 2018, a number of members of the U.S. Congress called on Bezos to detail the applications of Amazon's [[Facial recognition system|face recognition]] software, [[Amazon Rekognition|Rekognition]].<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.fastcompany.com/90209707/congress-demands-jeff-bezos-explain-amazons-face-recognition-software| title=Congress demands Jeff Bezos explain Amazon's face recognition software|magazine=Fast Company|date=July 26, 2018|last=Captain|first=Sean|access-date=July 26, 2018|archive-date=July 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727224612/https://www.fastcompany.com/90209707/congress-demands-jeff-bezos-explain-amazons-face-recognition-software|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Jeff Bezos-171027-F-DC888008 (25610066788).jpg|thumb|upright|Bezos on October 25, 2017, on his visit to [[Los Angeles Air Force Base]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/129133022@N07/25610066788/|title=171027-F-DC888008|date=December 31, 2011|via=Flickr|access-date=March 6, 2021|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307071819/https://www.flickr.com/photos/129133022@N07/25610066788/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Criticism of Amazon's business practices continued in September 2018 when Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] introduced the Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (Stop BEZOS) Act and accused Amazon of receiving [[corporate welfare]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2018/09/05/bernie-sanders-introduces-stop-bezos-act-senate/|title=Bernie Sanders introduces 'Stop BEZOS Act'|first=Abha|last=Bhattarai|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018|archive-date=September 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914152737/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2018/09/05/bernie-sanders-introduces-stop-bezos-act-senate/|url-status=live}}</ref> This followed revelations by the non-profit group New Food Economy which found that one third of Amazon workers in [[Arizona]], and one tenth of Amazon workers in [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Ohio]], relied on food stamps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/5/17819450/bernie-sanders-stop-bezos-amazon-worker-pay-corporate-welfare-tax-bill|title=Bernie Sanders introduces 'Stop BEZOS' bill to tax Amazon for underpaying workers|first=Adi|last=Robertson|website=The Verge|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018|archive-date=September 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914131936/https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/5/17819450/bernie-sanders-stop-bezos-amazon-worker-pay-corporate-welfare-tax-bill|url-status=live}}</ref> While preparing to introduce the bill, Sanders opined: "Instead of attempting to explore Mars or go to the moon, how about Jeff Bezos pays his workers a living wage?"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/9/5/17822810/bernie-sanders-bill-bezos-amazon-ro-khanna|title=Bernie Sanders's BEZOS bill takes aim at how Amazon pays workers|first=Emily|last=Stewart|publisher=Vox|date=September 5, 2018|access-date= September 14, 2018|archive-date=September 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914094424/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/9/5/17822810/bernie-sanders-bill-bezos-amazon-ro-khanna|url-status=live}}</ref> He later said: "Bezos could play a profound role. If he said today, nobody who is employed at Amazon will receive less than a living wage, it would send a message to every corporation in America."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bernie-sanders-amazon-walmart-with-100-tax/|title=Bernie Sanders targets Amazon, Walmart with 100% tax|first=Kate|last=Gibson|publisher=CBS|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018|archive-date=September 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914131946/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bernie-sanders-amazon-walmart-with-100-tax/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sanders's efforts elicited a response from Amazon which pointed to the 130,000 jobs it created in 2017 and called the $28,446 figure ({{Inflation|index=US|value=28,446|start_year=2017|r=0|fmt=eq}}) for its median salary "misleading" as it included part-time workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.aboutamazon.com/company-news/response-to-senator-sanders|title=Response to Senator Sanders|date=August 29, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018|archive-date=September 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914005442/https://blog.aboutamazon.com/company-news/response-to-senator-sanders|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Sanders countered that the companies targeted by his proposal have placed an increased focus on part-time workers to escape benefit obligations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-amazon_us_5b8eecade4b0511db3dcfd55|title=What the Bernie Sanders Amazon welfare fight is really about|newspaper=[[HuffPost]]|date=September 5, 2018|first1=Arthur|last1=Delaney|first2=Dave|last2=Jamieson|access-date=September 14, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914181926/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-amazon_us_5b8eecade4b0511db3dcfd55|archive-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> On October 2, 2018, Bezos announced a company-wide wage increase, which Sanders applauded.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/02/business/amazon-minimum-wage.html|title=Amazon to raise minimum wage to $15 for all U.S. workers|first=Karen|last=Weise|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 2, 2018|access-date=October 22, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021233433/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/02/business/amazon-minimum-wage.html|archive-date=October 21, 2018}}</ref> The American workers who were being paid the minimum wage had this increased to $15 per hour ({{Inflation|index=US|value=15|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}), a decision that was interpreted as support for the [[Fight for $15]] movement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/why-amazon-really-raised-minimum-wage/|title=Why Amazon really raised its minimum wage to $15|first=Louise|last=Matsakis|magazine=Wired|date=October 2, 2018|access-date=October 22, 2018|archive-date=October 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030030200/https://www.wired.com/story/why-amazon-really-raised-minimum-wage/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2021, Bezos announced that in the [[Third quarter of a calendar year|third quarter]] of 2021 he would step down from his role as CEO of Amazon to become the Executive Chairman of the Amazon Board. He was succeeded as CEO by [[Andy Jassy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon.com Announces Financial Results and CEO Transition|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/news-release/news-release-details/2021/Amazon.com-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Results/default.aspx|access-date=|website=|archive-date=February 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202210857/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/news-release/news-release-details/2021/Amazon.com-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Results/default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Weise|first=Karen|date=February 2, 2021|title=Jeff Bezos to Step Down as Amazon C.E.O.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/02/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202211253/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/02/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon.html |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gartenberg|first1=Chaim|date=February 2, 2021|title=Amazon will have a new CEO as Jeff Bezos transitions to executive chair later this year|work=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/2/22263039/amazon-new-ceo-jeff-bezos-andy-jassy-executive-chair-board-q3-2021|access-date=February 2, 2021|archive-date=June 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602172459/https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/2/22263039/amazon-new-ceo-jeff-bezos-andy-jassy-executive-chair-board-q3-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> On February 2, 2021, Bezos sent an email<ref>{{cite web|title=Bezos' memo to fellow Amazonians|date=February 2, 2021|publisher=Amazon.com|url=https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/email-from-jeff-bezos-to-employees|access-date=February 2, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202225200/https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/email-from-jeff-bezos-to-employees|url-status=live}}</ref> to all Amazon employees, telling them the transition would give him "the time and energy [he] need[s] to focus on the Day 1 Fund,<ref>{{cite web|title=Bezos Day One Fund awards $110.5 million for homeless families|url=https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/bezos-day-one-fund-awards-110.5-million-for-homeless-families|date=November 20, 2024|website=Philanthropy News Digest |access-date=November 28, 2025}}</ref> the [[Bezos Earth Fund]], [[Blue Origin]], [[The Washington Post]], and [his] other passions."<ref name=StillCEOTillThirdQuarter>{{cite web|title=NBC News reports Jeff Bezos' intention to stand down as CEO of Amazon in the third quarter of 2021|website=[[NBC]] News|date=February 2, 2021|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/jeff-bezos-steps-down-amazon-ceo-n1256540|access-date=February 2, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202221303/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/jeff-bezos-steps-down-amazon-ceo-n1256540|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2024, Bezos sold 24 million shares in Amazon at a total value of $4 billion. Bezos announced that he intended to sell 50 million shares in Amazon over the next year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-68277678|title=Amazon founder Jeff Bezos sells shares worth over $4bn|website=BBC News|date=14 February 2024|access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=February 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214172622/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-68277678|url-status=live}}</ref> During an interview at the [[DealBook]] Summit in December 2024, Bezos said that he was dedicating 95% of his time to artificial intelligence initiatives at Amazon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Jyoti |date=December 5, 2024 |title=Jeff Bezos says he's 'putting a lot of time' in at Amazon to help it become an AI winner |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-amazon-ai-efforts-blue-origin-2024-12 |website=Business Insider |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205121348/https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-amazon-ai-efforts-blue-origin-2024-12 |archive-date=December 5, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Del Rey |first=Jason |date=December 9, 2024 |title=Amazon's top AI exec says industry concerns that LLMs hit a 'wall' are overblown, says Jeff Bezos 'very involved' in AI efforts |url=https://fortune.com/2024/12/09/amazon-rohit-prasad-ai-wall-new-dimension-alexa-brainstormai/ |work=Fortune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211145121/https://fortune.com/2024/12/09/amazon-rohit-prasad-ai-wall-new-dimension-alexa-brainstormai/ |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Blue Origin ===
{{Main|Blue Origin}}

[[File:NASA Deputy Administrator Tours Blue Origin.jpg|thumb|Bezos and [[Rob Meyerson]] (fifth from left) giving NASA Deputy Administrator [[Lori Garver]] (fourth from left) a tour of Blue Origin's crew capsule in 2011]]
[[File:Secretary of Defense Ash Carter meets with Jeff Bezos, May 5, 2016 (1).jpg|thumb|Then U.S. Secretary of Defense [[Ash Carter]] meets with Bezos in 2016 at [[The Pentagon]].]]

In September 2000, Bezos founded Blue Origin, a [[human spaceflight]] [[startup]].<ref name="msnbc2007-01-03">{{cite web|last=Boyle|first=Alan|title=Blue Origin Revealed|url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/01/03/26062.aspx|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|date=December 9, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223032428/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/01/03/26062.aspx|archive-date=December 23, 2009}}</ref> Bezos has long expressed an interest in space travel and the development of human life in the Solar System.<ref name="st20120331" /> His 1982 high school [[valedictorian]] senior graduation speech was followed up with a ''[[Miami Herald]]'' interview in which he expressed an interest to build and develop hotels, amusement parks, and colonies for human beings who were in orbit.<ref name=":7" /> The 18-year-old Bezos stated that he wanted to preserve Earth from overuse through [[resource depletion]].<ref name=Whoriskey>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/for-bezos-the-post-represents-new-frontier/2013/08/10/ba7cfeb6-013c-11e3-9a3e-916de805f65d_story.html|title=For Jeff Bezos, a new frontier|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 12, 2013|last=Whoriskey|first=Peter|access-date=February 20, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916053753/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/for-bezos-the-post-represents-new-frontier/2013/08/10/ba7cfeb6-013c-11e3-9a3e-916de805f65d_story.html|archive-date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> [[Rob Meyerson]] led Blue Origin from 2003 to 2017 and served as its first president.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 8, 2018|title=Former Blue Origin president Rob Meyerson leaves Jeff Bezos' space venture|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/veteran-aerospace-engineer-rob-meyerson-leaves-jeff-bezos-blue-origin-space-venture/|access-date=April 9, 2021|website=GeekWire|language=en-US|archive-date=March 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301162826/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/veteran-aerospace-engineer-rob-meyerson-leaves-jeff-bezos-blue-origin-space-venture/|url-status=live}}</ref>

After its founding, Blue Origin maintained a low profile until 2006 when it purchased a large tract of land in [[West Texas]] for a launch and test facility.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116312683235519444|title=Buzz in West Texas is about Jeff Bezos space craft launch site|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=November 10, 2006|last=Mangalindan|first=Mylene|access-date=May 28, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205053621/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116312683235519444|archive-date=February 5, 2015}}</ref> After the company gained the public's attention during the late 2000s, Bezos additionally indicated his interest in reducing the [[Human spaceflight|cost of space travel]] for humans while also increasing the safety of extraterrestrial travel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/ff_bezos/all/1|title=Jeff Bezos Owns the Web in More Ways Than You Think|magazine=Wired|date=November 13, 2011|last=Levy|first=Steven|access-date=December 9, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210145216/http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/ff_bezos/all/1|archive-date=December 10, 2011}}</ref> In September 2011, one of the company's uncrewed prototype vehicles crashed during a short-hop test flight. Although the crash was viewed as a setback, news outlets noted how far the company went from its founding-to-date in advancing [[spaceflight]].<ref name=":7">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2012/03/03/taking-the-long-view|title=Taking the long view: Jeff Bezos, the founder and chief executive of Amazon, owes much of his success to his ability to look beyond the short-term view of things|date=March 3, 2012|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=August 10, 2013|quote=''Mr Bezos's willingness to take a long-term view also explains his fascination with space travel, and his decision to found a secretive company called Blue Origin, one of several start-ups now building spacecraft with private funding.''|archive-date=August 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808064440/http://www.economist.com/node/21548487|url-status=live}}</ref> After the crash, Bezos has been superstitiously wearing his "lucky" Texas [[Cowboy boots]] to all rocket launches.<ref>{{Cite video |title=Fireside Chat with Jeff Bezos; Shah Rukh Khan, Zoya Akhtar; Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJJB7eb-1u0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207141134/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJJB7eb-1u0 |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |time=34m10s |via=YouTube |access-date=February 18, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2013, Bezos met with [[Richard Branson]], chairman of [[Virgin Galactic]], to discuss commercial spaceflight opportunities and strategies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/05/27/richard-branson-space-flight-jeff-bezos-elon-musk-amazon-spacex/2356245|title=Unplugged: Richard Branson's otherworldly space quest|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=May 27, 2013|last=Veverka|first=Mark|access-date=May 28, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527155653/http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/05/27/richard-branson-space-flight-jeff-bezos-elon-musk-amazon-spacex/2356245/|archive-date=May 27, 2013}}</ref> He has been compared to Branson and Elon Musk as all three are billionaires who prioritize spaceflight among their business interests.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/04/three-billionaires-are-racing-to-space--who-will-win- |title=Three Billionaires Are Racing to Space. Who Will Win? |last=Worrall |first=Simon |date=April 7, 2018 |work=National Geographic |access-date=April 7, 2018 |archive-date=April 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407184158/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/04/three-billionaires-are-racing-to-space--who-will-win-/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2015, Bezos announced that a new [[orbital launch vehicle]] was under development and would make its first flight in the late-2010s.<ref name="sn20150915">{{cite web |last1=Foust |first1=Jeff |title=Bezos Not Concerned About Competition, Possible ULA Sale |url=http://spacenews.com/bezos-not-concerned-about-competition-possible-ula-sale |access-date=September 16, 2015 |website=Space News |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Later in November, Blue Origin's [[New Shepard]] space vehicle successfully rocketed into space and reached its planned test altitude of 329,839 feet (100.5 kilometers) before executing a [[VTVL|vertical landing]] back at the launch site in West Texas. In 2016, Bezos allowed select journalists to visit, tour, and photograph his facility.<ref name="gw20160308">{{cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2016/jeff-bezos-lifts-curtain-blue-origin-rocket-factory-vision-space |title=Jeff Bezos lifts curtain on Blue Origin rocket factory, lays out grand plan for space travel that spans hundreds of years |website=[[GeekWire]] |date=March 8, 2016 |access-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310101109/http://www.geekwire.com/2016/jeff-bezos-lifts-curtain-blue-origin-rocket-factory-vision-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He has repeatedly called for increased inter-space energy and industrial manufacturing to decrease the negative costs associated with [[Pollution|business-related pollution]].<ref name="ars20160310">{{cite web|last=Berger|first=Eric|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/03/jeff-bezos-says-he-wants-to-fly-into-space-as-soon-as-possible|title=Jeff Bezos says he wants to fly into space 'as soon as possible'|website=[[Ars Technica]]|date=March 10, 2016|access-date=March 11, 2016|quote=Bezos: ''I want to change the whole cost structure of accessing space.''|archive-date=March 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310202956/http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/03/jeff-bezos-says-he-wants-to-fly-into-space-as-soon-as-possible/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2017, New Shepard successfully flew and landed [[Crash test dummy|dummy passengers]], amending and pushing its human space travel start date into late 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.space.com/39111-blue-origin-mannequin-skywalker-dummy-launch.html |title=Later, Vader! Watch Blue Origin Fly 'Mannequin Skywalker' to Space and Back |last=Malik |first=Tariq |work=Space.com |access-date=April 4, 2018 |archive-date=April 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405214436/https://www.space.com/39111-blue-origin-mannequin-skywalker-dummy-launch.html |url-status=live }}</ref> To execute this program, Blue Origin built six of the vehicles to support all phases of testing and operations: no-passenger test flights, flights with test passengers, and commercial-passenger weekly operations.<ref name="sn20160308">{{cite web|url=http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-plans-growth-spurt-this-year|title=Blue Origin plans growth spurt this year|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=March 8, 2016|website=[[SpaceNews (publication)|SpaceNews]]|access-date=March 11, 2016}}</ref> Since 2016, Bezos has spoken more freely about his hopes to [[Extraterrestrial life|colonize the solar system]], and has been selling $1 billion in Amazon stock each year to capitalize Blue Origin in an effort to support this endeavor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/science/blue-origin-rocket-jeff-bezos-amazon-stock.html|title=Jeff Bezos Says He Is Selling $1 Billion a Year in Amazon Stock to Finance Race to Space|last=St. Fluer|first=Nicholas|date=April 5, 2017|access-date=April 8, 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=April 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408021704/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/science/blue-origin-rocket-jeff-bezos-amazon-stock.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/29279/20160927/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-colonize-solar-system.htm|title=Jeff Bezos: Blue Origin Wants to Colonize the Solar System|last=Ayque|first=Jamie|date=September 27, 2016|access-date=September 27, 2016|archive-date=September 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928164651/http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/29279/20160927/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-colonize-solar-system.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2018, Bezos maintained that the primary goal of Blue Origin is to preserve the [[Natural resource|natural resources of Earth]] by making the human species [[Extraterrestrial life|multi-planetary]].<ref name=Boyle>{{cite news|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/jeff-bezos-isdc-space-vision|title=Jeff Bezos: 'We will have to leave this planet ... and it's going to make this planet better'|last=Boyle|first=Alan|date=May 29, 2018|work=GeekWire|access-date=May 31, 2018|archive-date=May 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529170353/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/jeff-bezos-isdc-space-vision/|url-status=live}}</ref> He announced that ''New Shepard'' would begin transporting humans into [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|sub-orbital space]] by November 2018.<ref name=Boyle /> In July 2018, it was announced that Bezos had priced commercial spaceflight tickets from $200,000 to $300,000 per person.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-blueorigin-exclusive/exclusive-jeff-bezos-plans-to-charge-at-least-200000-for-space-rides-sources-idUSKBN1K301R|title=Exclusive: Jeff Bezos plans to charge at least $200,000 for space...|last=Johnson |first=Eric M.|date=July 16, 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=July 18, 2018|archive-date=July 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717235741/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-blueorigin-exclusive/exclusive-jeff-bezos-plans-to-charge-at-least-200000-for-space-rides-sources-idUSKBN1K301R|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Spaceflight====
{{Infobox astronaut
| type = Commercial Astronaut [[File:US - FAA Astronaut Wings version 2.png|150px]]
| selection = [[Blue Origin]]
| flight_time = 10m 18s
| missions = [[Blue Origin NS-16|NS-16]]
| insignia =
}}
On July 20, 2021, he launched on the [[NS-16]] mission with his half-brother Mark Bezos, [[Wally Funk]], and [[Oliver Daemen]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57386049|title = Jeff Bezos and brother to fly to space in Blue Origin flight|work = BBC News|date = June 7, 2021|access-date = June 7, 2021|archive-date = December 3, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203094634/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57386049|url-status = live}}</ref> He launched nine days after [[Richard Branson]] launched on board the [[Virgin Galactic Unity 22]] mission. Bezos's [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|suborbital flight]] lasted over 10 minutes, reaching a peak altitude of {{convert|66.5|mi|km}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jeff Bezos, Mark Bezos, Wally Funk and Oliver Daemen reach edge of space, return safely on Blue Origin's New Shepard rocket |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/07/20/bezos-space-flight-live-updates-video/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 20, 2021 |language=en |access-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720130659/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/07/20/bezos-space-flight-live-updates-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''The Washington Post'' ===
{{See also|The Washington Post}}
On August 5, 2013, Bezos announced his purchase of ''The Washington Post'' for $250 million in cash ({{Inflation|index=US|value=250000000|start_year=2013|r=0|fmt=eq}}),<ref>{{cite news|last=Farhi|first=Paul|title=Washington Post to be sold to Jeff Bezos |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/washington-post-to-be-sold-to-jeff-bezos/2013/08/05/ca537c9e-fe0c-11e2-9711-3708310f6f4d_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 5, 2013|date=August 6, 2013|archive-date=January 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101175929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/washington-post-to-be-sold-to-jeff-bezos/2013/08/05/ca537c9e-fe0c-11e2-9711-3708310f6f4d_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> at the suggestion of his friend, [[Donald E. Graham|Don Graham]].<ref>{{Cite video |title=Jeff Bezos at the Economic Club of Washington |date=September 14, 2018 |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=xv_vkA0jsyo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208081725/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xv_vkA0jsyo |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |time=13m |via=YouTube |access-date=February 22, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> To execute the purchase, he established [[limited liability company]] '''Nash Holdings''' to serve as a [[holding company]] through which he would own the newspaper.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/08/06/jeff-bezos-is-buying-the-washington-post-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-sale|title=Jeff Bezos is buying The Washington Post. Here's what you need to know about the sale.|last=Matthews|first=Dylan|date=August 8, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=March 11, 2018|archive-date=March 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311140725/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/08/06/jeff-bezos-is-buying-the-washington-post-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-sale/|url-status=live}}</ref> The sale closed on October 1, 2013, and Nash Holdings took control.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/washington-post-closes-sale-to-amazon-founder-jeff-bezos/2013/10/01/fca3b16a-2acf-11e3-97a3-ff2758228523_story.html|title=The Washington Post closes sale to Amazon founder Jeff Bezos|last=Farhi|first=Paul|date=October 1, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=March 31, 2014|archive-date=May 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528092936/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/washington-post-closes-sale-to-amazon-founder-jeff-bezos/2013/10/01/fca3b16a-2acf-11e3-97a3-ff2758228523_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2014, Bezos made his first significant change at ''The Washington Post'' and lifted the online paywall for subscribers of a number of U.S. local newspapers in [[Texas]], Hawaii, and [[Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Luckerson|first=Victor|title=Jeff Bezos Makes His First Major Move at the Washington Post|url=https://time.com/30243/jeff-bezos-makes-his-first-major-move-at-the-washington-post/|access-date=February 20, 2016|magazine=Time|date=March 19, 2014|archive-date=February 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207013940/http://time.com/30243/jeff-bezos-makes-his-first-major-move-at-the-washington-post/|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2016, Bezos set out to reinvent the newspaper as a media and technology company by reconstructing its digital media, mobile platforms, and analytics software.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40495770/the-washington-post-is-a-software-company-now|title=The Washington Post Is a Software Company Now|last=McCrakken|first=Harry|date=November 17, 2017|magazine=Fast Company|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135709/https://www.fastcompany.com/40495770/the-washington-post-is-a-software-company-now|url-status=live}}</ref> After a surge in online readership in 2016, the paper was profitable for the first time since Bezos made the purchase in 2013.<ref name="Fortune">{{cite news |last=Wieczner |first=Jen |title=How Jeff Bezos Reacts to 'Negative' Amazon Articles in the Washington Post |url=http://fortune.com/2017/10/27/amazon-jeff-bezos-washington-post |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301153000/http://fortune.com/2017/10/27/amazon-jeff-bezos-washington-post/ |archive-date=March 1, 2018 |access-date=March 9, 2018 |work=Fortune}}</ref> However, Bezos' ownership of the ''Post'' has been subject to scrutiny and [[#Criticism|criticism]] regarding his treatment of employees<ref name="Hamilton"/> as well as his influence on the paper's content, in particular [[The Washington Post#Suppression of views Bezos disfavors|2024-25 interference]] with the editorial and opinion pages.

=== Bezos Expeditions ===
{{Main|Bezos Expeditions}}

Bezos makes personal investments through his [[venture capital]] vehicle, Bezos Expeditions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/29/inside-jeff-bezos-80-billion-empire.html|title=Inside Jeff Bezos' $80 billion empire|last=Hess|first=Abigail|date=August 29, 2017|publisher=CNBC|access-date= September 13, 2017|archive-date=September 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183250/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/29/inside-jeff-bezos-80-billion-empire.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was one of the first [[investor|shareholders]] in Google, when he invested $250,000 in 1998 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=250000|start_year=1998|r=0|fmt=eq}}). That $250,000 investment resulted in 3.3 million shares of Google stock, worth about $3.1 billion in 2017 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=3100000000|start_year=2017|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.growthink.com/content/story-jeff-bezos%E2%80%99-250000-investment-google-1998|title=The Story of Jeff Bezos' $250,000 Investment into Google in 1998|last=Turo|first=Jay|website=Growthink|access-date= February 28, 2017|archive-date=March 5, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002724/http://www.growthink.com/content/story-jeff-bezos%E2%80%99-250000-investment-google-1998|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allthingsd.com/20091005/new-yorker-bezos-initial-google-investment-was-250000-in-1998-because-i-just-fell-in-love-with-larry-and-sergey|title=New Yorker: Bezos' Initial Google Investment Was $250K in 1998 Because 'I Just Fell in Love with Larry and Sergey'|last=Swisher|first=Kara|year=2009|website=All Things D|access-date=February 28, 2017|archive-date=March 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317215509/http://allthingsd.com/20091005/new-yorker-bezos-initial-google-investment-was-250000-in-1998-because-i-just-fell-in-love-with-larry-and-sergey/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also invested in [[Unity Biotechnology]], a life-extension research firm hoping to slow or stop the process of aging.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/31/google-co-founders-and-silicon-valley-billionaires-try-to-live-forever.html|title=Google's co-founders and other Silicon Valley billionaires are trying to live forever|last=Bloom|first=Ester|date=March 31, 2017|publisher=CNBC|access-date=June 29, 2017|archive-date=July 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704231656/http://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/31/google-co-founders-and-silicon-valley-billionaires-try-to-live-forever.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bezos is involved in the healthcare sector, which includes investments in Unity Biotechnology, [[GRAIL (company)|GRAIL]], [[Juno Therapeutics]], and [[Zocdoc]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/03/bezos-health-investments-reveal-strategy.html|title=We can learn a lot about Jeff Bezos' health strategy by looking at his investments|last1=Farr|first1=Christina|date=February 3, 2018|access-date=February 4, 2018|publisher=CNBC|archive-date=February 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203224219/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/03/bezos-health-investments-reveal-strategy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2018, an announcement was made concerning Bezos's role within a new, unnamed healthcare company. This venture, later named [[Haven (healthcare)|Haven]], is expected to be a partnership between Amazon, [[JPMorgan Chase|JPMorgan]], and [[Berkshire Hathaway]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://fortune.com/2018/01/31/jeff-bezos-amazon-health-care|title=Why Jeff Bezos Might Be the One to Crack the Health Care Challenge|last1=Lashinsky|first1=Adam|date=January 31, 2018|access-date=February 4, 2018|work=Fortune|archive-date=February 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204185148/http://fortune.com/2018/01/31/jeff-bezos-amazon-health-care/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/30/technology/amazon-berkshire-hathaway-jpmorgan-health-care.html|title=Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Team Up to Try to Disrupt Health Care|last1=Wingfield|first1=Nick|date=January 30, 2018|access-date=February 4, 2018|newspaper=The New York Times|last2=Thomas|first2=Katie|last3=Abelson|first3=Reed|archive-date=February 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203171550/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/30/technology/amazon-berkshire-hathaway-jpmorgan-health-care.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bezos also supports philanthropic efforts through direct donations and non-profit projects funded by Bezos Expeditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon-twitter-charity.html|title=Jeff Bezos Wants Ideas for Philanthropy, So He Asked Twitter| last=Wingfield|first=Nick|date=June 15, 2017|work= The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date= March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 9, 2018| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054222/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon-twitter-charity.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bezos used Bezos Expeditions to fund several philanthropic projects, including an Innovation center at the Seattle Museum of History and Industry and the Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics at [[Princeton Neuroscience Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/billionaire-bezos-adds-to-eclectic-interests/|title=Billionaire Bezos adds to eclectic interests|last=Martinez|first=Amy|date=August 5, 2013|website=The Seattle Times|access-date=April 2, 2019|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402165909/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/billionaire-bezos-adds-to-eclectic-interests/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohai.org/press-media/press-releases/item/2612-jeff-and-mackenzie-bezos-flip-the-switch-on-new-bezos-center-for-innovation-at-mohai-kicking-off-saturday-launch-celebration|title=Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos Flip the Switch on New Bezos Center for Innovation at MOHAI, Kicking Off Saturday Launch Celebration|website=mohai.org|access-date=December 31, 2017|archive-date=August 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817213203/http://www.mohai.org/press-media/press-releases/item/2612-jeff-and-mackenzie-bezos-flip-the-switch-on-new-bezos-center-for-innovation-at-mohai-kicking-off-saturday-launch-celebration|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, Bezos Expeditions funded the recovery of two [[Saturn V]] first-stage [[Rocketdyne F-1]] engines from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/03/the-engines-that-propelled-us-into-space-recovered-from-the-ocean-floor/274204/|title=The Engines That Propelled Us into Space, Recovered From the Ocean Floor|last=Garber|first=Megan|date=March 20, 2013|website=The Atlantic|access-date=April 2, 2019|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402165908/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/03/the-engines-that-propelled-us-into-space-recovered-from-the-ocean-floor/274204/|url-status=live}}</ref> They were positively identified as belonging to the [[Apollo 11]] mission's [[S-1C|S-1C stage]] from July 1969.<ref name="Apollo 11 F1 Engines Found">{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/22044-apollo-rocket-engines-bezos.html|title=Rocket Engine Part Recovered by Amazon CEO Has Apollo 11 History|last=Pearlman|first=Robert Z.|date=July 19, 2013|location=New York|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724005810/http://www.space.com/22044-apollo-rocket-engines-bezos.html|archive-date=July 24, 2013|access-date=August 10, 2013|newspaper=Space.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.pcmag.com/news/309462/bezos-salvage-team-plucks-apollo-rocket-engines-from-atlanti|title=Bezos Salvage Team Plucks Apollo Rocket Engines from Atlantic|last=Poeter|first=Damon|website=PC Magazine|access-date=April 2, 2019|date=March 20, 2013|archive-date= April 2, 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190402165911/https://www.pcmag.com/news/309462/bezos-salvage-team-plucks-apollo-rocket-engines-from-atlanti|url-status=live}}</ref> The engines are currently on display at the [[Museum of Flight|Seattle Museum of Flight]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.museumofflight.org/Exhibits/apollo-f-1-engine-preview|title=Apollo F-1 Engine Preview {{!}} The Museum of Flight|website=museumofflight.org|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=April 4, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404200740/http://www.museumofflight.org/Exhibits/apollo-f-1-engine-preview|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2019/apollo-11-moon-landing-anniversary-nears-space-fans-get-ready-celebrate/|title=As Apollo 11 moon landing anniversary nears, space fans get ready to celebrate|date=March 16, 2019|website=GeekWire|access-date=April 2, 2019|archive-date= April 2, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190402180300/https://www.geekwire.com/2019/apollo-11-moon-landing-anniversary-nears-space-fans-get-ready-celebrate/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Altos Labs ===
{{Main|Altos Labs}}

In September 2021, Bezos co-founded Altos Labs with [[Mail.ru]] founder [[Yuri Milner]]. Altos Labs is a well-funded biotechnology company dedicated to harnessing [[Induced pluripotent stem cells|cellular reprogramming]] to develop [[Life extension|longevity therapeutics]].<ref name="Regalado2021">{{cite news |last1=Regalado |first1=Antonio |title=Meet Altos Labs, Silicon Valley's latest wild bet on living forever |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/09/04/1034364/altos-labs-silicon-valleys-jeff-bezos-milner-bet-living-forever/ |date=September 4, 2021 |work=[[MIT Technology Review]] |access-date=September 18, 2021 }}</ref> The company has recruited prominent scientists such as [[Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte|Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte]] (known for work on rejuvenation through reprogramming), [[Steve Horvath]] (known for work in [[epigenetic clock|epigenetic aging clocks]]), and [[Shinya Yamanaka]] (the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]]-winning inventor of cellular reprogramming in mammalian cells).<ref name="Regalado2021" /> The company left [[stealth mode]] and launched on January 19, 2022, with a start capital of $3 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=3000000000|start_year=2022|r=0|fmt=eq}}) and an executive team led by [[Hal Barron]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Philippidis|first=Alex|date=January 19, 2022|title=Altos Labs Launches with $3B and a Focus on Reversing Disease, Aging|url=https://www.genengnews.com/aging/altos-labs-launches-with-3b-and-a-focus-on-reversing-disease-aging/|access-date=January 23, 2022|website=Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News|language=en-US|archive-date=January 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123161608/https://www.genengnews.com/aging/altos-labs-launches-with-3b-and-a-focus-on-reversing-disease-aging/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Project Prometheus ===
{{Main|Project Prometheus (company)}}

In November 2025, Bezos announced that he co-founded [[Project Prometheus (company)|Project Prometheus]] with former Google executive [[Vik Bajaj]]. The company will focus on the use of artificial intelligence in engineering and the manufacturing of computers, spacecraft, and automobiles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-17 |title=Jeff Bezos Has a New AI Company, But He's Not Making a Chatbot |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/jeff-bezos-new-ai-company-project-prometheus-not-making-a-chatbot |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=PC Magazine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119094840/https://www.pcmag.com/news/jeff-bezos-new-ai-company-project-prometheus-not-making-a-chatbot |archive-date=2025-11-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Metz |first=Cade |date=2025-11-17 |title=Jeff Bezos Creates A.I. Start-Up Where He Will Be Co-Chief Executive |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/17/technology/bezos-project-prometheus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117103439/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/17/technology/bezos-project-prometheus.html |archive-date=2025-11-17 |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=New York Times}}</ref>

== Public image ==
[[File:Naturalization Ceremony (27590969882).jpg|thumb|Bezos at a [[naturalization]] ceremony on June 14, 2016]]
Journalist [[Nellie Bowles]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' has described the [[Persona|public persona]] and personality of Bezos as that of "a brilliant but mysterious and coldblooded corporate titan".<ref name="Wingfield 2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/12/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon.html|title=Jeff Bezos, Mr. Amazon.com, Steps Out|last1=Wingfield|first1=Nick|year=2018|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 9, 2018|last2=Bowles|first2=Nellie|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308061444/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/12/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 1990s, Bezos earned a reputation for relentlessly pushing Amazon forward, often at the expense of [[Charitable organization|public charity]] and social welfare.<ref name="Wingfield 2018" /><ref name="Kakutani">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/books/the-everything-store-jeff-bezos-and-the-age-of-amazon.html|title=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon|last=Kakutani|first=Michiko|date=October 28, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 9, 2018|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=May 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529205120/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/books/the-everything-store-jeff-bezos-and-the-age-of-amazon.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Journalist Mark O'Connell criticized Bezos's relentless customer focus as "very small" in terms of impact on humanity as a whole,<ref>{{Cite news |title='A managerial Mephistopheles': Inside the mind of Jeff Bezos |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/feb/03/jeff-bezos-and-the-world-amazon-made |date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=February 10, 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |last1=O'Connell |first1=Mark}}</ref> a sentiment technologist [[Tim O'Reilly]] agreed with.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Tale of Two Platforms |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/tale-two-platforms-tim-o-reilly/ |date=April 13, 2021 |last1=O'Reilly |first1=Tim |website=linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> His business practices projected a public image of [[prudence]] and parsimony with his own wealth and that of Amazon. Throughout the early 2000s, he was perceived to be geeky or nerdy.<ref name="Inside the Mind of Jeff Bezos" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxnrDQAAQBAJ|title=Geektionary: From Anime to Zettabyte, An A to Z Guide to All Things Geek|last1=Bergman|first1=Gregory|last2=Lambert|first2=Josh|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4405-1188-2|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803160251/https://books.google.com/books?id=MxnrDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bryan">{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2017/10/20/jeff-bezos-old-photos|title=If Jeff Bezos really wanted to rule the world, he'd pose for corny photos like he used to|last=Bryan|first=Chloe|work=Mashable|date=October 20, 2017|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010128/https://mashable.com/2017/10/20/jeff-bezos-old-photos/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bezos was seen by some as needlessly quantitative and data-driven.<ref name=Anderson>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/retailwire/2013/10/22/is-jeff-bezos-a-horrible-boss-and-is-that-good|title=Is Jeff Bezos a Horrible Boss and Is That Good?|last=Anderson|first=George|magazine=Forbes|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 9, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180309183508/https://www.forbes.com/sites/retailwire/2013/10/22/is-jeff-bezos-a-horrible-boss-and-is-that-good/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/why-trump-went-after-bezos-two-billionaires-across-a-cultural-divide/2018/04/05/22bb94c2-3763-11e8-acd5-35eac230e514_story.html|title=Why Trump went after Bezos: Two billionaires across a cultural divide|last=Fisher|first=Marc|date=April 4, 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 6, 2018|archive-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180405223910/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/why-trump-went-after-bezos-two-billionaires-across-a-cultural-divide/2018/04/05/22bb94c2-3763-11e8-acd5-35eac230e514_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This perception was detailed by Alan Deutschman, who described him as "talking in lists" and "[enumerating] the criteria, in order of importance, for every decision he has made".<ref name="Inside the Mind of Jeff Bezos" /> Select accounts of his persona have drawn controversy and public attention. Notably, journalist [[Brad Stone (journalist)|Brad Stone]] wrote [[The Everything Store|a book]] that described Bezos as a demanding boss as well as [[Competition (companies)|hyper-competitive]],<ref name="Kakutani" /><ref name=Anderson /> and opined that Bezos perhaps "bet the biggest on the Internet" out of anyone.<ref>{{Cite video |title=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon, Brad Stone, Talks at Google |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVZpqCkA00g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301063855/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVZpqCkA00g |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |date=October 31, 2013 |via=YouTube |time=16m43s |url-status=live}}</ref> Bezos has been characterized as a notoriously opportunistic CEO who operates with little concern for obstacles and [[Externality|externalities]].<ref name=Caine>{{cite web|url=https://www.inc.com/business-insider/amazon-ceo-jeff-bezos-leadership-management-style-work-culture.html|title=9 Shocking Anecdotes That Reveal Jeff Bezos's Cutthroat Management Style |last=Caine |first=Aine |date=November 14, 2017|work=Inc.com|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=January 14, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190114072023/https://www.inc.com/business-insider/amazon-ceo-jeff-bezos-leadership-management-style-work-culture.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/amazon-jeff-bezos-prime |title=How Jeff Bezos Became a Power Beyond Amazon|last=Lashinsky|first=Adam|work=Fortune|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010214/http://fortune.com/amazon-jeff-bezos-prime/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the early 2010s, Bezos solidified his reputation for aggressive business practices, and his public image began to shift. Bezos started to wear [[Tailor|tailored clothing]]; he [[Weight training|weight trained]], pursued a regimented diet and began to freely spend his money.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/selectall/2017/11/jeff-bezos-used-to-eat-a-lot-of-pillsbury-biscuits.html|title=Guess How Many Pillsbury Biscuits Jeff Bezos Used to Eat Daily|last=Kircher|first=Madison Malone|work=Select All|date=November 16, 2017|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309190006/http://nymag.com/selectall/2017/11/jeff-bezos-used-to-eat-a-lot-of-pillsbury-biscuits.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His physical transformation has been compared to the transformation of Amazon; he is often referred to as the [[metonym]] of the company.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40525448/how-amazon-got-swole-just-like-ceo-jeff-bezos|title=How Amazon Got Swole Just Like CEO Jeff Bezos|last=Lidsky|first=David|date=February 27, 2018|magazine=Fast Company|access-date=March 7, 2018|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041753/https://www.fastcompany.com/40525448/how-amazon-got-swole-just-like-ceo-jeff-bezos|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{cite news|url=https://www.mensfitness.com/life/entertainment/jeff-bezos-man-who-turned-amazon-empire|title=Jeff Bezos: The man who turned Amazon into an empire|magazine=[[Men's Fitness]]|access-date=March 7, 2018|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027153817/https://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/jeff-bezos-man-who-turned-amazon-empire/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2017, he has been portrayed by [[Kyle Mooney]] and [[Steve Carell]] on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', usually as an undercutting, domineering figure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2018/11/18/snl-bald-steve-carell-plays-jeff-bezos-wont-stop-trolling-trump/|title=On SNL, a bald Steve Carell plays Jeff Bezos – and won't stop trolling Trump|last=Wang|first=Amy|date=November 18, 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=November 19, 2018|archive-date=November 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118213638/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2018/11/18/snl-bald-steve-carell-plays-jeff-bezos-wont-stop-trolling-trump/|url-status=live}}</ref> His physical appearance increased the public's perception of him as a symbolically dominant figure in business and in popular culture, wherein he has been [[Parody|parodied]] as an enterprising [[supervillain]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/amazon-ceo-jeff-bezos-stuns-everyone-with-his-new-macho-look-twitter-users-go-crazy-compare-him-with-the-rock-vin-diesel/764306|title=Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos stuns everyone with his macho look, Twitter users compare him with The Rock, Vin Diesel|date=July 15, 2017|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310075524/http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/amazon-ceo-jeff-bezos-stuns-everyone-with-his-new-macho-look-twitter-users-go-crazy-compare-him-with-the-rock-vin-diesel/764306/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/jeff-bezoss-latest-sideline-has-lots-of-people-comparing-him-to-a-comic-book-supervillain-2018-02-20|title=Jeff Bezos's latest sideline has lots of people comparing him to a comic-book supervillain|website=[[MarketWatch]]|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310100959/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/jeff-bezoss-latest-sideline-has-lots-of-people-comparing-him-to-a-comic-book-supervillain-2018-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dealbreaker.com/2018/02/jeff-bezos-who-is-not-a-super-villain-is-building-a-giant-clock-inside-a-mountain-because-hes-not-a-super-villain|title=Jeff Bezos, Who Is Not A Super-Villain, Is Building A Giant Clock Inside A Mountain, Because He's NOT A Super-Villain|last=McEnery|first=Thornton|work=Dealbreaker|access-date=March 9, 2018}}</ref>

In May 2014, the [[International Trade Union Confederation]] named Bezos the "World's Worst Boss", with its general secretary [[Sharan Burrow]] saying: "Jeff Bezos represents the inhumanity of employers who are promoting the North American corporate model",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ituc-csi.org/amazon-s-jeff-bezos-wins-ituc-s|title=Amazon's Jeff Bezos Wins ITUC's World's Worst Boss Poll|publisher=[[International Trade Union Confederation]]|date=May 22, 2014|access-date=October 27, 2015|archive-date=October 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001113453/http://www.ituc-csi.org/amazon-s-jeff-bezos-wins-ituc-s|url-status=live}}</ref> while in 2019, ''[[Harvard Business Review]]'', which ranked Bezos the best-performing CEO for 4 years in a row since 2014, did not rank him even in the top 100, citing Amazon's "relatively low ESG ([[Corporate environmental responsibility|environment]], [[Corporate social responsibility|social]], and [[Corporate governance|governance]]) scores" that reflect "risks created by [[Occupational stress|working conditions]] and employment policies, [[data security]], and [[antitrust]] issues".{{r|hbrbest}}

During the late 2010s, Bezos reversed his reputation for being reluctant to spend money on non-business-related expenses.<ref name=Frank /> His relative lack of philanthropy compared to other billionaires has drawn a negative response from the public since 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-31/for-bezos-now-world-s-richest-philanthropy-is-saved-for-later|title=For Bezos, Now World's Richest, Philanthropy Is 'Saved for Later'|last=Bass|first=Diane|work=Bloomberg News|date=October 31, 2017|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309120442/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-31/for-bezos-now-world-s-richest-philanthropy-is-saved-for-later|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Frank /> Bezos has been known to publicly contest claims made in critical articles, as exemplified in 2015 when he sent a memo to employees denouncing a ''New York Times'' piece.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/amazon-responds-new-york-times/411232/|title=Amazon launches a scathing response to Times story|first=Krishnadev|last=Calamur|magazine=The Atlantic|date=October 19, 2015|access-date=September 14, 2018|archive-date=September 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915123231/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/amazon-responds-new-york-times/411232/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/17/432555175/jeff-bezos-responds-to-new-york-times-report-on-amazons-workplace|title=Jeff Bezos responds to 'New York Times' report on Amazon's workplace|publisher=NPR|date=August 17, 2015|access-date=September 14, 2018|archive-date=September 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915001739/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/17/432555175/jeff-bezos-responds-to-new-york-times-report-on-amazons-workplace|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Leadership style ===
{{quote box
| title = "Day 1" Management Philosophy
| quote = Day 1: [[Startup company|start up]] Day 2: [[Punctuated equilibrium|stasis]] Day 3: [[Relative market share|irrelevance]] Day 4: "excruciating, painful decline" Day 5: [[Bankruptcy|death]]
| source = Bezos has stated "it is always Day 1" to describe his [[Mindset|growth mindset]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.recode.net/2017/4/12/15274220/jeff-bezos-amazon-shareholders-letter-day-2-disagree-and-commit|title=This is the Jeff Bezos playbook for preventing Amazon's demise|last=Del Ray|first=Jason|date=April 12, 2017|work=Recode|access-date=April 22, 2018|archive-date=April 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420151228/https://www.recode.net/2017/4/12/15274220/jeff-bezos-amazon-shareholders-letter-day-2-disagree-and-commit |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/amazons-bezos-could-teach-large-companies-a-thing-or-two-about-strategy-2017-04-20|title=Amazon's Bezos could teach large companies a thing or two about strategy|last=Atsmon|first=Yuval|date=April 22, 2017|website=MarketWatch|access-date=April 22, 2018|archive-date=April 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423034019/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/amazons-bezos-could-teach-large-companies-a-thing-or-two-about-strategy-2017-04-20|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 20em
| bgcolor = #CCDDFF
| qalign = left
| salign = left
}}Bezos used what he called a "regret-minimization framework" while working at [[D. E. Shaw & Co.|D. E. Shaw]] and again during the early years of Amazon. He described this [[Lebensphilosophie|life philosophy]] by stating: "When I'm 80, am I going to regret leaving Wall Street? No. Will I regret missing the beginning of the Internet? Yes."<ref name="Bayers" /> During the 1990s and early 2000s at Amazon, he was characterized as trying to quantify all aspects of running the company, often listing employees on spreadsheets and basing executive decisions on data.<ref name="Inside the Mind of Jeff Bezos" /> To push Amazon forward, Bezos developed the [[mantra]] "Get Big Fast", establishing the company's need to [[Economies of scale|scale]] its operations to produce market dominance.<ref name="Amazon.com {{!}} History & Facts" /> He favored diverting Amazon profits back into the company in lieu of allocating it amongst shareholders in the form of [[dividend]]s.<ref name="Inside the Mind of Jeff Bezos" />

Bezos uses the term "work–life harmony" instead of the more standard "[[work–life balance]]" because he believes that ''balance'' implies that you can only have one and not the other. He believes that work and home life are interconnected, informing and calibrating each other.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/05/jeff-bezos-guide-to-life|title=Jeff Bezos' guide to life|newspaper=[[TechCrunch]]|last=Constine|first=Josh|access-date=March 7, 2018|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308042146/https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/05/jeff-bezos-guide-tco-life/|url-status=live}}</ref> Journalist [[Walt Mossberg]] dubbed the idea that someone who cannot tolerate criticism or critique should not do anything new or interesting "[[q:Jeff Bezos|The Bezos Principle]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boingboing.net/2016/06/01/what-amazons-jeff-bezos-thin.html|title=What Amazon's Jeff Bezos thinks about Peter Thiel and Hulk Hogan vs. Gawker|website=[[Boing Boing]]|date=June 2, 2016|last=Mossberg|first=Walt|access-date=April 22, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423102143/https://boingboing.net/2016/06/01/what-amazons-jeff-bezos-thin.html|archive-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> Bezos does not schedule early morning meetings and enforces a two-pizza rule—a preference that meetings are small enough for two [[pizza]]s to feed everyone in the boardroom.<ref name="businessinsider.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-daily-routine-2017-7?op=0#when-he-does-call-a-meeting-bezos-employs-a-two-pizza-rule-he-never-organizes-a-meeting-where-two-pizzas-couldnt-feed-the-entire-group-5|title=A day in the life of the richest person in history, Jeff Bezos – who made $6.44 billion in one day and still washes the dishes after dinner|last=Caine|first=Aline|work=Business Insider|access-date=March 7, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308042243/http://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-daily-routine-2017-7?op=0#when-he-does-call-a-meeting-bezos-employs-a-two-pizza-rule-he-never-organizes-a-meeting-where-two-pizzas-couldnt-feed-the-entire-group-5|archive-date=March 8, 2018}}</ref> When interviewing candidates for jobs at Amazon, he has stated he considers three inquiries: can he admire the person, can the person raise the [[Status quo|common standard]], and under what circumstances could the person become exemplary.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/01/jeff-bezos-questions-amazon-used-to-hire-employees.html|title=This is Jeff Bezos' 3-question test for new Amazon employees|publisher=CNBC|date=August 1, 2018|last=Montag|first=Ali|access-date=August 7, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808043447/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/01/jeff-bezos-questions-amazon-used-to-hire-employees.html|archive-date=August 8, 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, it was reported that he met with Amazon investors for just six hours a year.<ref name="businessinsider.com" /> Instead of using [[presentation program|presentation slides]], Bezos requires high-level employees to present information with six-page narratives.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/technology/kevin-week-in-tech-bezos.html|title=Kevin's Week in Tech: Jeff Bezos Reminds Tech Who's Boss|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 20, 2018|last=Roose|first=Kevin|access-date=April 21, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420152313/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/technology/kevin-week-in-tech-bezos.html|archive-date=April 20, 2018}}</ref> Since 1998, Bezos has published an annual letter for Amazon shareholders wherein he frequently refers to five principles: focus on customers, not competitors; take risks for [[Market share|market leadership]]; facilitate staff morale; build a [[Organizational culture|company culture]]; and empower people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/13/5-key-business-lessons-from-amazons-jeff-bezos.html|title=5 key business lessons from Amazon's Jeff Bezos|publisher=CNBC|date=January 12, 2017|first=Tim|last=Mullaney|access-date=March 7, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308042718/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/13/5-key-business-lessons-from-amazons-jeff-bezos.html|archive-date=March 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2017/04/14/data-sheet-be-like-jeff-bezos|title=What Makes Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos Such a Visionary Leader|work=Fortune|last=Lashinsky|first=Adam|access-date=March 7, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311064600/http://fortune.com/2017/04/14/data-sheet-be-like-jeff-bezos/|archive-date=March 11, 2018}}</ref> Bezos maintains the email address jeff@amazon.com<ref>{{cite news|title=Jeff Bezos keeps his Amazon email address public{{snd}}here's why|date=November 23, 2020|website=[[CNBC]] News|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/23/jeff-bezos-keeps-his-amazon-email-address-public.html|access-date=February 3, 2021|archive-date=January 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116215851/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/23/jeff-bezos-keeps-his-amazon-email-address-public.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as an outlet for customers to reach out to him and the company. Although he does not respond to the emails, he forwards some of them with a question mark in the subject line to executives, who then attempt to address the issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/bezos-explains-his-dreaded-one-character-emails-2018-4|title=Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos explains his famous one-character emails, known to strike fear in manager's hearts|magazine=Business Insider|date=April 21, 2018|last=Bort|first=Julie|access-date=April 21, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421234437/http://www.businessinsider.com/bezos-explains-his-dreaded-one-character-emails-2018-4|archive-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref> Bezos has cited [[Jeff Immelt]] of [[New Enterprise Associates]],<ref name=hbrn14>{{Cite magazine |title=The Numbers in Jeff Bezos's Head |date=November 2014 |first1=Daniel |last1=McGinn |magazine=[[Harvard Business Review]]
|volume=92
|issue=11
|publisher=Harvard Business School Publishing}}</ref> [[Warren Buffett]] of [[Berkshire Hathaway]], [[Jamie Dimon]] of [[JPMorgan Chase]], and [[Bob Iger]] of [[The Walt Disney Company]] as major influences on his leadership style.{{r|hbrn14}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bushcenter.org/takeover/sessions/forum-leadership/bezos-closing-conversation.html|title=Forum on Leadership: Conversation with Jeff Bezos|website=[[George Bush Center for Intelligence|Bush Center]]|date=April 20, 2018|last=Hersh|first=Kenneth|access-date=April 22, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122141258/https://www.bushcenter.org/takeover/sessions/forum-leadership/bezos-closing-conversation.html|archive-date=January 22, 2019}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
* In 1999, Bezos received his first major award when ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named him [[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,992927,00.html|title=Jeffrey Preston Bezos: 1999 Person of the year|magazine=Time|first=Joshua|last=Cooper Ramo|date=December 27, 1999|access-date=April 22, 2006|archive-date=August 18, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818122654/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,992927,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 2008, he was selected by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' as one of America's best leaders.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/best-leaders/2008/11/19/americas-best-leaders-jeff-bezos-amazoncom-ceo.html|title=America's Best Leaders: Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com.com CEO|website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|first=David|last=LaGesse|date=November 19, 2008|access-date=November 25, 2008|archive-date=December 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230043922/http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/best-leaders/2008/11/19/americas-best-leaders-jeff-bezos-amazoncom-ceo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Bezos was awarded an honorary doctorate in science and technology from [[Carnegie Mellon University]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmu.edu/news/archive/2008/April/april22_jeffbezos.shtml|title=April 22: Amazon.com Founder Jeff Bezos to Speak at Carnegie Mellon Business School and Computer Science Diploma Ceremonies|website=Carnegie Mellon University|access-date=March 6, 2018|archive-date=April 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420124641/https://www.cmu.edu/news/archive/2008/April/april22_jeffbezos.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2011, ''[[The Economist]]'' gave Bezos and Gregg Zehr an Innovation Award for the [[Amazon Kindle]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economistconferences.co.uk/press-release/charging-ahead-e-book-design-and-popularity-win-kindle-creators-innovation-award/5908|title=Charging ahead: e-book design and popularity win Kindle creators Innovation Award|newspaper=The Economist|date=September 19, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414143656/http://www.economistconferences.co.uk/press-release/charging-ahead-e-book-design-and-popularity-win-kindle-creators-innovation-award/5908|archive-date=April 14, 2012}}</ref>
* In 2012, Bezos was named Businessperson of the Year by ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://management.fortune.cnn.com/2012/11/16/jeff-bezos-amazon|title=Amazon's Jeff Bezos: The ultimate disrupter|last=Lashinsky|first=Adam|website=Fortune|access-date=August 10, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809040922/http://management.fortune.cnn.com/2012/11/16/jeff-bezos-amazon|archive-date=August 9, 2013}}</ref>
* He is also a member of the [[Bilderberg Group]] and attended the 2011 Bilderberg conference in [[St. Moritz]], Switzerland,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html|title=Bilderberg 2011 list of participants|publisher=BilderbergMeetings.org|access-date=August 24, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828210925/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html|archive-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> and the [[2013 Bilderberg Conference|2013 conference]] in [[Watford]], Hertfordshire, England. He was a member of the executive committee of [[The Business Council]] for 2011 and 2012, and appointed as chairman of the organization in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harrison |first=J. D. |date=2023-04-16 |title=Amazon's Jeff Bezos appointed chairman of Washington-based Business Council |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/on-small-business/amazons-jeff-bezos-appointed-chairman-of-washington-based-business-council/2014/10/20/14a59828-5635-11e4-809b-8cc0a295c773_story.html |access-date=2024-06-24 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
* Between 2014 and 2018, he was ranked the best-performing CEO in the world by ''[[Harvard Business Review]]''.<ref name=hbrbest>{{cite magazine |url=https://hbr.org/2019/11/the-best-performing-ceos-in-the-world-2019 |title=The Best-Performing CEOs in the World, 2019 |newspaper=Harvard Business Review |date=November 2019 |access-date=February 10, 2021}}</ref>
* He has also figured in ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''{{'}}s list of 50 great leaders of the world for three straight years, topping the list in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2014/03/20/worlds-50-greatest-leaders|title=The World's 50 Greatest Leaders (2014)|work=Fortune|access-date=March 20, 2014|archive-date=February 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223233458/http://fortune.com/2014/03/20/worlds-50-greatest-leaders/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In September 2016, Bezos received a $250,000 prize for winning the [[Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Bezos wins Heinlein Prize commercial space award |url=https://spacenews.com/bezos-wins-heinlein-prize-commercial-space-award/ |access-date=April 17, 2023 |website=SpaceNews |archive-date=November 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104133736/https://spacenews.com/bezos-wins-heinlein-prize-commercial-space-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which he donated to the [[Students for the Exploration and Development of Space]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/09/15/jeff-bezos-on-nuclear-reactors-in-space-the-lack-of-bacon-on-mars-and-humanitys-destiny-in-the-solar-system |title=Jeff Bezos on nuclear reactors in space, the lack of bacon on Mars and humanity's destiny in the solar system |last=Davenport |first=Christian |date=September 15, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=September 16, 2016 |archive-date=September 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915230611/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/09/15/jeff-bezos-on-nuclear-reactors-in-space-the-lack-of-bacon-on-mars-and-humanitys-destiny-in-the-solar-system/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Heinlein Prize 2016 SEDS">{{cite web | last=Today | first=James Dean - Florida | title=Bezos receives Heinlein Prize for Blue Origin progress | website=heinleinprizetrust | date=2016-09-28 | url=https://www.heinleinprize.com/single-post/2016/09/28/bezos-receives-heinlein-prize-for-blue-origin-progress | access-date=2024-02-19 | archive-date=February 19, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219021213/https://www.heinleinprize.com/single-post/2016/09/28/bezos-receives-heinlein-prize-for-blue-origin-progress | url-status=live }}</ref>
* In February 2018, Bezos was elected to the [[National Academy of Engineering]] for "leadership and innovation in space exploration, autonomous systems, and building a commercial pathway for human space flight".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nae.edu/MediaRoom/20095/177353/178117.aspx|title=National Academy of Engineering Elects 83 Members and 16 Foreign Members|website=[[National Academy of Engineering]]|access-date=February 9, 2018|archive-date=February 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123526/https://www.nae.edu/MediaRoom/20095/177353/178117.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In March 2018, at the [[Explorers Club]] annual dinner, he was awarded the [[Buzz Aldrin]] Space Exploration Award in recognition of his work with Blue Origin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=July 17, 2017 |title=Jeff Bezos gets a kick out of winning the first Buzz Aldrin Space Innovation Award |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2017/jeff-bezos-buzz-aldrin-space-innovation-award/ |access-date=August 4, 2022 |website=GeekWire |language=en-US |archive-date=September 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924134925/https://www.geekwire.com/2017/jeff-bezos-buzz-aldrin-space-innovation-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* He received Germany's 2018 [[Axel Springer Award]] for Business Innovation and Social Responsibility.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-responded-to-reports-on-amazon-warehouse-working-conditions-2018-4|title=Jeff Bezos responded to reports of poor working conditions at Amazon – here's what he said|last=Schwär|first=Hannah|date=April 26, 2018|work=Business Insider|access-date=April 26, 2018|archive-date=April 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427044518/http://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-responded-to-reports-on-amazon-warehouse-working-conditions-2018-4|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named him one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]] on five separate occasions between 2008 and 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217562/jeff-bezos-3/|title=Jeff Bezos: The World's 100 Most Influential People|last=Dimon|first=Jamie|date=April 26, 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=April 26, 2018|archive-date=April 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426013225/http://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217562/jeff-bezos-3/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2019, Bezos was inducted into the [[Living Legends of Aviation]], being awarded with the Jeff Bezos Freedom's Wings Award and the Kenn Ricci Lifetime Aviation Entrepreneur Award.<ref>{{Cite press release |last=Academy |first=Kiddie Hawk Air |title=Jeff Bezos headlines newest class of inductees into Living Legends of Aviation |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jeff-bezos-headlines-newest-class-of-inductees-into-living-legends-of-aviation-300774500.html |access-date=April 16, 2023 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416232521/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jeff-bezos-headlines-newest-class-of-inductees-into-living-legends-of-aviation-300774500.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In February 2023, Bezos was presented with the [[Légion d'honneur]], the highest French [[order of merit]]. Bezos had been designated a member of the Légion d'Honneur about 10 years earlier but was not available to collect it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Emmanuel Macron criticised for giving Légion d'honneur to Jeff Bezos |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/23/emmanuel-macron-criticised-for-ceremony-giving-jeff-bezos-legion-dhonneur |date=February 23, 2023 |last1=Willsher |first1=Kim |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224160800/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/23/emmanuel-macron-criticised-for-ceremony-giving-jeff-bezos-legion-dhonneur |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Wealth ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" align="right"
|+Annual estimates of Jeff Bezos's [[net worth]]{{efn|All currency figures expressed in the United States dollar (US$) in [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal terms]].}}<ref>Main data source: ''Forbes'' ''World's Billionaires Estimates''{{hairspace}}; additional reference: ''Bloomberg Billionaires Index''</ref>
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Billions
! scope="col" |Change
|-
! scope="row" |1999
|10.1
|{{steady}} 0.0%
|-
! scope="row" |2000
|6.1
|{{decrease}} 40.5%
|-
! scope="row" |2001
|2.0
|{{decrease}} 66.6%
|-
! scope="row" |2002
|1.5
|{{decrease}} 25.0%
|-
! scope="row" |2003
|2.5
|{{increase}} 66.6%
|-
! scope="row" |2004
|5.1
|{{increase}} 104%
|-
! scope="row" |2005
|4.1
|{{decrease}} 19.6%
|-
! scope="row" |2006
|4.3
|{{increase}} 5.1%
|-
! scope="row" |2007
|8.7
|{{increase}} 102.3%
|-
! scope="row" |2008
|8.2
|{{decrease}} 5.7%
|-
! scope="row" |2009
|6.8
|{{decrease}} 17.1%
|-
! scope="row" |2010
|12.6
|{{increase}} 85.3%
|-
! scope="row" |2011
|18.1
|{{increase}} 43.7%
|-
! scope="row" |2012
|23.2
|{{increase}} 28.2%
|-
! scope="row" |2013
|28.9
|{{increase}} 24.5%
|-
! scope="row" |2014
|30.5
|{{increase}} 5.5%
|-
! scope="row" |2015
|50.3
|{{increase}} 60.9%
|-
! scope="row" |2016
|45.2
|{{decrease}} 10.1%
|-
! scope="row" |2017
|72.8
|{{increase}} 61.6%
|-
! scope="row" |2018
|112.0
|{{increase}} 53.8%
|}

Bezos first became a millionaire in 1997 after raising $54 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=54000000|start_year=1997|r=0|fmt=eq}}) through Amazon's [[initial public offering]] (IPO).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inc.com/business-insider/when-billionaires-made-their-first-million.html|title=The Age When 17 Self-Made Billionaires Earned Their First Million|last=Elkins|first=Kathleen|date=February 11, 2016|website=Inc.com|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308025254/https://www.inc.com/business-insider/when-billionaires-made-their-first-million.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was first included on the ''[[Forbes]]'' ''[[World's Billionaires]]'' list in 1999 with an estimated [[net worth]] of $10.1 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=10100000000|start_year=1999|r=0|fmt=eq}}), which placed his on the 19th position in the world and 10th in the USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx99xwor.htm|title=World's Billionaire List 1999|last=Casais|first=Eduardo|website=stats.areppim.com|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=December 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205115311/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx99xwor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> His net worth decreased to $6.1 billion a year later ({{Inflation|index=US|value=6100000000|start_year=2000|r=0|fmt=eq}}), a 40.5% drop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx00xwor.htm|title=World's Billionaire List 2000|last=Casais|first=Eduardo|website=stats.areppim.com|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=April 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408224556/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx00xwor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> His wealth plummeted even more the following year, dropping 66.6% to $2.0 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=2000000000|start_year=2001|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx01xwor.htm|title=World's Billionaire List 2001|last=Casais|first=Eduardo|website=stats.areppim.com|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=December 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206224300/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx01xwor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He lost $500 million the following year ({{Inflation|index=US|value=500000000|start_year=2002|r=0|fmt=eq}}), which brought his net worth down to $1.5 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=1500000000|start_year=2002|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx02xwor.htm|title=World's Billionaire List 2002|last=Casais|first=Eduardo|website=stats.areppim.com|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316074934/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx02xwor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, his net worth increased by 66.66% to $2.5 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=2500000000|start_year=2003|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Casais">{{cite web|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx03xwor.htm|title=World's Billionaire List 2003|last=Casais|first=Eduardo|website=stats.areppim.com|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305203717/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx03xwor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2005 to 2007, he quadrupled his net worth to $8.7 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=8700000000|start_year=2005|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/10/Rank_6.html|title=The World's Richest People|magazine=Forbes|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308165605/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/10/Rank_6.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[2008 financial crisis]] and [[Great Recession]], his net worth would decrease to $6.8 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=6800000000|start_year=2008|r=0|fmt=eq}})—a 17.7% drop.<ref name="Casais2">{{cite web|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx09xwor.htm|title=World's Billionaire List 2009|last=Casais|first=Eduardo|website=stats.areppim.com|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305183346/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx09xwor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx08xwor.htm|title=World's Billionaire List 2008|last=Casais|first=Eduardo|website=stats.areppim.com|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307172837/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx08xwor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> His wealth rose by 85.2% in 2010, leaving him with $12.6 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=12600000000|start_year=2010|r=0|fmt=eq}}). This percentage increase ascended him to the 43rd spot on the ranking from 68th.<ref name="Casais2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx10xwor.htm|title=World's Billionaire List 2010|last=Casais|first=Eduardo|website=stats.areppim.com|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305190116/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_billionairesx10xwor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

After a rumor broke out that Amazon was developing a [[smartphone]], Bezos's net worth rose to $30.5 billion in 2014 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=30500000000|start_year=2014|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2014/06/05/bezos-net-worth-rises-1-4-billion-on-rumors-of-3-d-amazon-smartphone|title=Jeff Bezos' Net Worth Rises $1.4 Billion on Rumors of 3-D Amazon Smartphone|last=Mac|first=Ryan|magazine=Forbes|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308165438/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2014/06/05/bezos-net-worth-rises-1-4-billion-on-rumors-of-3-d-amazon-smartphone/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-21/jeff-bezoss-net-worth-dives-in-2014|title=Jeff Bezos's Net Worth Dives in 2014|last=Summers|first=Nick|work=Bloomberg News|date=April 21, 2014|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308230646/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-21/jeff-bezoss-net-worth-dives-in-2014|url-status=live}}</ref> A year later, he entered the top ten when he increased his net worth to a total of $50.3 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=50300000000|start_year=2015|r=0|fmt=eq}}). Bezos rose to become the fifth richest person in the world hours before [[Stock market|market close]]; he gained $7 billion in one hour ({{Inflation|index=US|value=7000000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/katevinton/2015/07/23/jeff-bezos-just-gained-7-billion-in-an-hour-to-become-worlds-fifth-richest|title=Jeff Bezos Just Gained $7 Billion in an Hour to Become World's Fifth Richest|last=Vinton|first=Kate|magazine=Forbes|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308170035/https://www.forbes.com/sites/katevinton/2015/07/23/jeff-bezos-just-gained-7-billion-in-an-hour-to-become-worlds-fifth-richest/|url-status=live}}</ref> By the time the ''Forbes'' list was calculated in March 2016, his net worth was registered at $45.2 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=45200000000|start_year=2016|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/01/the-full-list-of-every-american-billionaire-2016|title=The Full List of Every American Billionaire 2016|last=Peterson-Withorn|first=Chase|magazine=Forbes|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308165450/https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/01/the-full-list-of-every-american-billionaire-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, just months later in October 2016, his wealth increased by $16.2 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=16200000000|start_year=2016|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to $66.5 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=66500000000|start_year=2016|r=0|fmt=eq}}), unofficially ranking him the third-richest person in the world, behind [[Warren Buffett]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/katevinton/2016/07/28/jeff-bezos-net-worth-hits-record-high-as-fortune-jumps-2-6-billion|title=Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos' Net Worth Hits Record High As Fortune Jumps $2.6 Billion|last=Vinton|first=Kate|magazine=Forbes|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308170056/https://www.forbes.com/sites/katevinton/2016/07/28/jeff-bezos-net-worth-hits-record-high-as-fortune-jumps-2-6-billion/|url-status=live}}</ref> After sporadic jumps in Amazon's share price, in July 2017 he briefly unseated [[Microsoft]] co-founder [[Bill Gates]] as the wealthiest person in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.com/richest-people-in-the-world/|title=The Richest People in the World|last=Calfas|first=Jennifer|magazine=Money|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819182138/https://money.com/richest-people-in-the-world/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Net worth of Jeff Bezos from 1999 to 2018.png|left|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[net worth]] of Jeff Bezos from 1999 to 2018 as estimated by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine, in the [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal]] [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]]. His net worth is calculated in the billions by March of each year.]]
Bezos would continue to sporadically surpass Gates throughout the month of October 2017 after Amazon's share price fluctuated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/katevinton/2017/10/27/amazon-ceo-jeff-bezos-is-the-richest-person-in-the-world-again|title=Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos Is the Richest Person in the World – Again|last=Vinton|first=Kate|magazine=Forbes|access-date=October 3, 2017|archive-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027170831/https://www.forbes.com/sites/katevinton/2017/10/27/amazon-ceo-jeff-bezos-is-the-richest-person-in-the-world-again/|url-status=live}}</ref> His net worth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=100000000000|start_year=2017|r=0|fmt=eq}}), after Amazon's [[share price]] increased by more than 2.5%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/24/technology/jeff-bezos-100-billion/index.html|title=Jeff Bezos is now worth $100 billion|last=Isidore|first=Chris|publisher=CNN|access-date=December 29, 2017|archive-date=December 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229131618/http://money.cnn.com/2017/11/24/technology/jeff-bezos-100-billion/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When the 2017 list was issued, Bezos's net worth was registered at $72.8 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=72800000000|start_year=2017|r=0|fmt=eq}}), adding $27.6 billion from the previous year ({{Inflation|index=US|value=27600000000|start_year=2017|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Dolan">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2017/03/20/forbes-2017-billionaires-list-meet-the-richest-people-on-the-planet|title=Forbes 2017 Billionaires List: Meet The Richest People on the Planet |last=Dolan|first=Kerry A.|magazine=Forbes|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308165415/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2017/03/20/forbes-2017-billionaires-list-meet-the-richest-people-on-the-planet/|url-status=live}}</ref> His wealth's rapid growth from 2016 to 2017 sparked a variety of assessments about how much money Bezos earned on a controlled, reduced time scale. On October 10, 2017, he made an estimated $6.24 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=6240000000|start_year=2017|r=0|fmt=eq}}) in 5 minutes, slightly less than the then annual gross domestic product of [[Kyrgyzstan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.inc.com/bill-murphy-jr/jeff-bezos-made-62-billion-in-5-minutes-became-worlds-richest-person-how-was-your-thursday.html|title=Jeff Bezos Made $6.2 Billion in 5 Minutes and Became the World's Richest Person (How Was Your Thursday?)|last=Murphy|first=Bill|date=October 27, 2017|magazine=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]|access-date=April 29, 2018|archive-date=May 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502161733/https://www.inc.com/bill-murphy-jr/jeff-bezos-made-62-billion-in-5-minutes-became-worlds-richest-person-how-was-your-thursday.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On March 6, 2018, Bezos was designated the [[The World's Billionaires|wealthiest person in the world]], with a registered net worth of $112 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=112000000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="NBC News">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/trump-slumps-down-forbes-annual-list-billionaires-bezos-rises-top-n854141|title=America produced the largest number of billionaires in the world|last=Bayly|first=Lucy|date=March 6, 2018|publisher=[[NBC News]]|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-date=April 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425001238/https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/trump-slumps-down-forbes-annual-list-billionaires-bezos-rises-top-n854141|url-status=live}}</ref> He unseated Bill Gates ($90 billion, {{Inflation|index=US|value=90000000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}), who was $6 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=6000000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}) ahead of Warren Buffett ($84 billion, {{Inflation|index=US|value=84000000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}), ranked third.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/forbes-2018-list-of-worlds-billionaires|title=Jeff Bezos moves to top spot on Forbes' annual billionaires list|publisher=[[CBS News]]|access-date=March 6, 2018|archive-date=March 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306165128/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/forbes-2018-list-of-worlds-billionaires/|url-status=live}}</ref> He is considered the first registered [[centibillionaire|centi-billionaire]] (not [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|adjusted for inflation]]).{{efn|Although [[Bill Gates]] momentarily surpassed the $100 billion [[net worth]] mark in April 1999 before the [[Dot-com bubble]],<ref name = "KirschForbes">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahkirsch/2018/01/09/heres-why-jeff-bezos-is-not-truly-the-richest-person-in-history|title=Here's Why Jeff Bezos Is Not Truly The Richest Person in History|last=Kirsch|first=Noah|magazine=Forbes|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025758/https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahkirsch/2018/01/09/heres-why-jeff-bezos-is-not-truly-the-richest-person-in-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bezos was the first to register $100 billion with major wealth indexes and has retained the wealth for longer than Gates's three weeks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2018/03/09/jeff-bezos-net-worth-jump|title=Jeff Bezos Had a Record-Breaking One-Year Net Worth Jump|work=Fortune|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=March 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312213706/http://fortune.com/2018/03/09/jeff-bezos-net-worth-jump/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2018/03/06/forbes-billionaires-2018-meet-the-richest-people-on-the-planet|title=Forbes Billionaires 2018: Meet The Richest People on the Planet|last=Kroll|first=Luisa|magazine=Forbes|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=April 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404014827/https://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2018/03/06/forbes-billionaires-2018-meet-the-richest-people-on-the-planet/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/market/jeff-bezos-worlds-first-centibillionaire-amazon-boss-journey-to-beat-bill-gates-to-the-top-of-fobres-list/1093600|title=Jeff Bezos world's first centibillionaire: Amazon boss' journey to beat Bill Gates to the top of Forbes list|date=April 4, 2018|newspaper=The Financial Express|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025041/http://www.financialexpress.com/market/jeff-bezos-worlds-first-centibillionaire-amazon-boss-journey-to-beat-bill-gates-to-the-top-of-fobres-list/1093600/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Bezos's net worth increased by $33.6 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=33600000000|start_year=2017|r=0|fmt=eq}}) from January 2017 to January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valuewalk.com/2018/03/jeff-bezos-richest-man| title=Bezos' Billions: The Wealth of a 'Centi-Billionaire'|date=March 7, 2018|website=ValueWalk|access-date=March 8, 2018}}</ref> Following a report by ''Quartz'' highlighting Bezos' wealth, Amazon workers in [[Poland]], Germany, and Spain participated in demonstrations and [[Strike action|labor strikes]] draw attention to his growing wealth and the lack of compensation, labor rights, and satisfactory working conditions of select Amazon workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/jeff-bezoss-massive-wealth-becoming-a-problem|title=Is Jeff Bezos's Massive Wealth Becoming a Problem?|last=Kosoff|first=Maya|date=July 17, 2018|work=The Hive|access-date=July 17, 2018|archive-date=November 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122024239/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/jeff-bezoss-massive-wealth-becoming-a-problem|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 17, 2018, he was designated the "wealthiest person in modern history"{{efn|Many calculations of Bezos's wealth during the late 2010s were not [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|adjusted for inflation]]. When he was designated the "world wealthiest person" on March 6, 2018, the ''Forbes'' [[The World's Billionaires]] list stipulated that although Bezos was the first [[Billionaire|centi-billionaire]] (i.e. +US$100 billion in net worth), it was [[Bill Gates]] who had the most money when taken in [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|real terms]].<ref name = "KirschForbes"/> In such terms, Gates had $150 billion while Bezos had $100 billion. However, in July 2018, the net worth of Bezos officially surpassed the $150 billion mark, which led most major wealth indexes to label him the wealthiest person in modern history (post-1982).<ref name=Chaykowski>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenchaykowski/2018/07/17/jeff-bezos-net-worth-hits-record-151-billion-after-strong-amazon-prime-day|title=Jeff Bezos's Net Worth Hits Record $151 Billion After Strong Amazon 'Prime Day'|last=Chaykowski|first=Kathleen|date=July 17, 2018|magazine=Forbes|access-date=July 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717233002/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenchaykowski/2018/07/17/jeff-bezos-net-worth-hits-record-151-billion-after-strong-amazon-prime-day/|url-status=live|archive-date=July 17, 2018}}</ref>}} by the [[Bloomberg Billionaires Index]],<ref name=BloombergRichestMan>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-16/happy-prime-day-jeff-amazon-ceo-s-net-worth-tops-150-billion|title=Jeff Bezos Becomes the Richest Man in Modern History, Topping $150 Billion|date=July 17, 2018|work=Bloomberg News|access-date=July 17, 2018|archive-date=July 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716231622/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-16/happy-prime-day-jeff-amazon-ceo-s-net-worth-tops-150-billion|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Fortune'',<ref name=Fortune.com>{{cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2018/07/16/jeff-bezos-richest-man|title=Jeff Bezos Is Now the Richest Man in Modern History, Topping $150 Billion|date=July 17, 2018|work=Fortune|access-date=July 17, 2018|archive-date=July 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716232723/http://fortune.com/2018/07/16/jeff-bezos-richest-man/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[MarketWatch]]'',<ref name=MarkettchWa>{{cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/jeff-bezos-becomes-the-richest-person-in-modern-history-amid-amazon-prime-day-kickoff-2018-07-16?link=MW_latest_news|title=Jeff Bezos becomes the richest person in modern history amid Amazon Prime Day kickoff|last=French|first=Sally|date=July 17, 2018|website=MarketWatch|access-date=July 17, 2018|archive-date=July 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719054144/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/jeff-bezos-becomes-the-richest-person-in-modern-history-amid-amazon-prime-day-kickoff-2018-07-16?link=MW_latest_news|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/is-jeff-bezos-really-the-richest-of-them-all-1533893580|title=Is Jeff Bezos Really the Richest of Them All?|last=McGinty|first=Jo Craven|date=August 10, 2018|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=August 11, 2018|archive-date=August 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810222316/https://www.wsj.com/articles/is-jeff-bezos-really-the-richest-of-them-all-1533893580|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''Forbes''.<ref name=Chaykowski />

In 2019, Bezos's wealth was reduced by the divorce from his wife [[MacKenzie Bezos]].<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46814557|title=World's richest man Jeff Bezos divorces|date=January 10, 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=February 8, 2019|archive-date=February 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209011036/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46814557|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''Forbes'', had the Washington state common law applied to their divorce without a prenuptial agreement, Bezos's wealth could have been equitably divided with his ex-wife;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahkirsch/2019/01/09/jeff-bezos-worlds-richest-person-announces-divorce-after-25-years-of-marriage/|title=Jeff Bezos, World's Richest Person, Announces Divorce After 25 Years Of Marriage|last=Kirsch|first=Noah|date=January 9, 2019|magazine=Forbes|access-date=January 10, 2019|archive-date=January 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110235029/https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahkirsch/2019/01/09/jeff-bezos-worlds-richest-person-announces-divorce-after-25-years-of-marriage/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2019/01/10/who-mackenzie-bezos-she-may-soon-worlds-richest-woman/2536235002/|title=MacKenzie Bezos, author, philanthropist, and soon to be world's richest woman?|last=Snider|first=Mike|date=January 10, 2019|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=January 10, 2019|archive-date=January 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110233246/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2019/01/10/who-mackenzie-bezos-she-may-soon-worlds-richest-woman/2536235002/|url-status=live}}</ref> however, she eventually received 25% of Bezos's Amazon shares, then valued at approximately $36 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=36000000000|start_year=2019|r=0|fmt=eq}}), making her the third-richest woman in the world. Bezos retained his interest in ''The Washington Post'' and Blue Origin, as well as voting control of the shares received by his ex-wife.<ref name=":8">{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-mackenzie-bezos-divorce-finalized-2019-4|title=Jeff Bezos and MacKenzie Bezos have finalized their divorce agreement, and he's getting 75% of the Amazon shares and voting control of the rest|last=Hartmans|first=Avery|website=Business Insider|access-date=August 13, 2019|archive-date=April 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404180601/https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-mackenzie-bezos-divorce-finalized-2019-4|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2019, Bezos purchased three adjoining apartments overlooking [[Madison Square Park]] in [[Manhattan]], including a [[penthouse apartment|penthouse]], for a combined total of $80 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=80000000|start_year=2019|r=0|fmt=eq}}), making this one of the most expensive real estate purchases within New York City in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/jeff-bezos-buys-three-manhattan-apartments-for-80-million-dollars|title=Jeff Bezos Buys Three Manhattan Apartments for $80 Million – The combined space totals 17,000 square feet|author=Jordi Lippe-Mcgraw|magazine=[[Architectural Digest]]|date=June 5, 2019|access-date=June 6, 2019|archive-date=June 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607112918/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/jeff-bezos-buys-three-manhattan-apartments-for-80-million-dollars|url-status=live}}</ref> Bezos had also purchased three adjoining apartments at [[The Century (apartment building)|25 Central Park West]] in Manhattan for $7.65 million in 1999 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=7650000|start_year=1999|r=0|fmt=eq}});<ref name="Ciuraru 1999">{{cite web | last=Ciuraru | first=Carmela | title=Amazon's Jeff Bezos Stiffs Tommy Mottola In $7.65 Million Deal | website=Observer | date=October 4, 1999 | url=https://observer.com/1999/10/amazons-jeff-bezos-stiffs-tommy-mottola-in-765-million-deal/ | access-date=May 18, 2022 | archive-date=May 18, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518180222/https://observer.com/1999/10/amazons-jeff-bezos-stiffs-tommy-mottola-in-765-million-deal/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gannon 2018">{{cite web | last=Gannon | first=Devin | title=Will Jeff Bezos live in one of his Upper West Side apartments when Amazon comes to town? | website=6sqft | date=November 15, 2018 | url=https://www.6sqft.com/will-jeff-bezos-live-in-one-of-his-upper-west-side-apartments-when-amazon-comes-to-town/ | access-date=May 18, 2022 | archive-date=May 18, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518180222/https://www.6sqft.com/will-jeff-bezos-live-in-one-of-his-upper-west-side-apartments-when-amazon-comes-to-town/ | url-status=live }}</ref> he bought a fourth unit in that building for $5.3 million in 2012 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=5300000|start_year=2012|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Gannon 2018"/>

In February 2020, Bezos purchased the [[Jack Warner Estate|Warner Estate]] from [[David Geffen]] for $165 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=165000000|start_year=2020|r=0|fmt=eq}}),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeff-bezos-buys-david-geffens-los-angeles-mansion-for-a-record-165-million-11581542020|title=Jeff Bezos Buys David Geffen's Los Angeles Mansion for a Record $165 Million|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=February 12, 2020|first1=Katy|last1=McLaughlin|first2=Katherine|last2=Clarke|access-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213220252/https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeff-bezos-buys-david-geffens-los-angeles-mansion-for-a-record-165-million-11581542020|archive-date=February 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-buys-most-expensive-home-in-los-angeles-11933075|title=Amazon founder Jeff Bezos buys 'most expensive home' in Los Angeles|publisher=[[Sky News]]|date=February 13, 2020|access-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213225324/https://news.sky.com/story/amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-buys-most-expensive-home-in-los-angeles-11933075|archive-date=February 13, 2020}}</ref> a record price paid for a residence in the Los Angeles area. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], it was reported that Bezos's fortune had grown by $24 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=24000000000|start_year=2020|r=0|fmt=eq}}), citing a surge in demand from households on lockdown shopping on Amazon.<ref name=Evelyn>{{cite news|last=Evelyn|first=Kenya|date=April 15, 2020|title=Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos grows fortune by $24bn amid coronavirus pandemic|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/15/amazon-jeff-bezos-gains-24bn-coronavirus-pandemic|url-status=live|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415165201/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/15/amazon-jeff-bezos-gains-24bn-coronavirus-pandemic|archive-date=April 15, 2020}}</ref> He further expanded his residential holdings in February 2022, purchasing a $16.1 million apartment at a 24-story boutique condominium ({{Inflation|index=US|value=16100000|start_year=2022|r=0|fmt=eq}}), located across from Madison Square Park in the Flatiron neighborhood, where he already owns all the units on the top floor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mansionglobal.com/articles/jeff-bezos-drops-16-million-on-another-manhattan-pad-to-create-a-vertical-dream-home-214150?reflink=outbrain_editorial-kpio_008078469379c5885737ee7a8f4917f898&dicbo=v1-fe4fde943bfa31f569d0d105000eeee5-00f0464d4134b070538283435e8e7fd395-gvrtaztgmuywmllgmiygeljugzrgkllcge3tgljwgi4denbrgqzgkobqgq|title=Jeff Bezos Drops $16 Million on Another Manhattan Pad to Create a 'Vertical' Dream Home|date=April 17, 2020|access-date=February 15, 2022|archive-date=February 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215005539/https://www.mansionglobal.com/articles/jeff-bezos-drops-16-million-on-another-manhattan-pad-to-create-a-vertical-dream-home-214150?reflink=outbrain_editorial-kpio_008078469379c5885737ee7a8f4917f898&dicbo=v1-fe4fde943bfa31f569d0d105000eeee5-00f0464d4134b070538283435e8e7fd395-gvrtaztgmuywmllgmiygeljugzrgkllcge3tgljwgi4denbrgqzgkobqgq|url-status=live |last1=Block |first1=Fang }}</ref> Bezos is the owner of the ''[[Y721]]'', a luxury superyacht estimated to cost more than $500,000,000 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=500000000|start_year=2022|r=0|fmt=eq}}); it is the largest yacht in the world.<ref name="Superyacht">{{cite news |last1=Burack |first1=Emily |title=Rotterdam Is Dismantling a Historic Bridge for Jeff Bezos's Superyacht |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a38973492/jeff-bezos-yacht-bridge-rotterdam-destruction/ |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=Town & Country |date=February 3, 2022 |archive-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203185629/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a38973492/jeff-bezos-yacht-bridge-rotterdam-destruction/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''Forbes'' Bezos was the second-wealthiest person in America and the third-wealthiest person in the world in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/ | title=Forbes 400 2023 | website=[[Forbes]] | access-date=February 27, 2024 | archive-date=February 13, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213224211/https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ | title=Forbes Billionaires 2023: The Richest People in the World | website=[[Forbes]] | access-date=May 8, 2017 | archive-date=January 4, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104180124/https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/3/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jeff-bezos/?list=forbes-400&sh=42e2c8fd1b23/ | title=Jeff Bezos | website=[[Forbes]] | access-date=February 27, 2024 | archive-date=February 27, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227175601/https://www.forbes.com/profile/jeff-bezos/?list=forbes-400&sh=42e2c8fd1b23/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Bezos is the second-wealthiest person in the world according to ''Bloomberg Billionaires Index''. His net worth is about $197 billion as of February 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bloomberg Billionaire Index – Jeff Bezos |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/jeffrey-p-bezos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113120101/https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/jeffrey-p-bezos/ |archive-date=January 13, 2018 |access-date=May 19, 2024 |agency=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref>

Bezos added a remote 14-acre estate on La Perouse Bay in [[Maui]], encircled by inactive lava fields, to his real estate holdings for $78 million in 2022 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=78000000|start_year=2022|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="s048">{{cite web | last=Rogers | first=Stephanie | title=Jeff Bezos Just Added a $78M Hawaiian Estate to His $500M Real Estate Portfolio | website=Dornob via Yahoo News | date=2022-01-10 | url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/jeff-bezos-just-added-78m-140022683.html | access-date=2025-11-02}}</ref>

As of November 30, 2025, the [[Bloomberg Billionaires Index]] ranks Bezos the fifth wealthiest person in the world, with an estimated wealth of $255 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/jeffrey-p-bezos/|title=#5 Jeff Bezos|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=November 30, 2025|accessdate=November 30, 2025}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
Bezos is known for creating an [[Toxic workplace|adversarial environment]] at Amazon, as well as [[Workplace bullying|insulting and verbally abusing his employees]]. As journalist [[Brad Stone (journalist)|Brad Stone]] revealed in his book ''[[The Everything Store]]'', Bezos issued remarks to his employees such as "I'm sorry, did I take my stupid pills today?", "Are you lazy or just incompetent?", and "Why are you ruining my life?"<ref name="Caine" /> Additionally, Bezos reportedly pitted Amazon teams against each other, and once refused to give Amazon employees city bus passes in order to discourage them from leaving the office.<ref name="Caine" />

Throughout his early years of ownership of ''The Washington Post'', Bezos was accused of having a potential [[conflict of interest]] with the paper.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Streitfeld |first1=David |last2=Haughney |first2=Christine |date=August 17, 2013 |title=Expecting the Unexpected From Jeff Bezos |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/business/expecting-the-unexpected-from-jeff-bezos.html |url-status=live |access-date=March 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203080004/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/business/expecting-the-unexpected-from-jeff-bezos.html |archive-date=February 3, 2018 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Bezos and the newspaper's [[editorial board]] have dismissed accusations that he unfairly controlled the paper's content, and Bezos maintains that the paper is independent.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Block |first=Melissa |title=Washington Post' May Find Conflicts in Amazon Coverage |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=209584962 |url-status=live |access-date=March 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135543/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=209584962 |archive-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Fortune" /> Bezos' treatment of employees at ''The Washington Post'' has also drawn scrutiny.<ref name="Hamilton">{{Cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Isobel Asher |date=June 15, 2018 |title=More than 400 Washington Post staffers wrote an open letter to Jeff Bezos calling out his 'shocking' pay practices |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/washington-post-staff-sent-fair-pay-petition-to-jeff-bezos-2018-6 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128201612/https://www.businessinsider.com/washington-post-staff-sent-fair-pay-petition-to-jeff-bezos-2018-6 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, more than 400 ''Washington Post'' employees wrote an open letter to Bezos criticizing his [[Living wage|poor wages]] and benefits for his employees. The letter demanded "Fair wages; fair benefits for retirement, family leave and health care; and a fair amount of job security".<ref name="Hamilton"/> Around 750 employees at ''The Washington Post'' went on a brief strike in December 2023 in response to Bezos' plans to [[layoff|lay off]] staff.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=December 7, 2023 |title='Washington Post' journalists stage daylong strike under threat of job cuts |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/07/1217690720/washington-post-workers-strike |access-date=January 6, 2024 |work=[[NPR]] |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107032407/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/07/1217690720/washington-post-workers-strike |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, Bezos [[News media endorsements in the 2024 United States presidential election#Suppression of Harris endorsements|blocked the ''Washington Post''{{'}}s editorial board]] from endorsing [[Kamala Harris]] in the [[2024 United States presidential election|presidential election]]. The move was criticized by former editor [[Marty Baron]], who considered it to be an act of "disturbing spinelessness at an institution famed for courage" and said that it would invite intimidation of Bezos by Donald Trump. Editor-at-large [[Robert Kagan]] and columnist [[Michele Norris]] also resigned in the wake of the decision, and editor [[David Maraniss]] said that the paper was "[[Democracy Dies in Darkness|dying in darkness]]". ''Post'' opinion columnists jointly authored an article calling the decision to not endorse a "terrible mistake", and it was condemned by the Washington Post Guild, a union unit representing ''Post'' employees.<ref name="GoldStelter">{{Cite web |last1=Gold |first1=Hadas |last2=Stelter |first2=Brian |date=2024-10-25 |title=Washington Post won't endorse candidate in 2024 presidential election after Bezos decision |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/25/media/washington-post-wont-endorse-presidential-candidate/index.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Roig-Franzia |first1=Manuel |last2=Wagner |first2=Laura |date=2024-10-25 |title=The Washington Post says it will not endorse a candidate for president |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2024/10/25/washington-post-endorsement-president/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangan |first=Dan |date=2024-10-25 |title=Jeff Bezos killed Washington Post endorsement of Kamala Harris, paper reports |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/25/jeff-bezos-killed-washington-post-endorsement-of-kamala-harris-.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitwood |first=Adam |date=2024-10-27 |title=Washington Post Columnist Michele Norris Resigns Over Bezos Scrapping Harris Endorsement: 'A Terrible Mistake' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/washington-post-columnist-michele-norris-resigns/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> More than 250,000 people (about ten percent of the ''Post''{{'}}s subscribers) cancelled their subscriptions, and three members of the editorial board left the board.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=2024-10-29 |title=More than 250,000 subscribers have left 'Washington Post' over withheld endorsement |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/10/29/nx-s1-5170939/more-than-250-000-subscribers-have-left-washington-post-over-withheld-endorsement |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gold |first=Hadas |date=2024-10-28 |title=Three Washington Post editorial board members step down amid wave of canceled subscriptions over non-endorsement |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/28/media/washington-post-endorsement-subscribers-resign/index.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref name="w850">{{cite web |last=Helmore |first=Edward |date=2024-10-29 |title=Washington Post cancellations hit 250,000 – 10% of subscribers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2024/oct/29/washington-post-subscriber-cancellations |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Condemning the ''Post''{{'}}s decision, several columnists, including Will Bunch, [[Jonathan V. Last|Jonathan Last]], [[Dan Froomkin]], [[Donna Ladd]] and [[Sewell Chan]], described it as an example of what historian [[Timothy Snyder]] calls [[wikt:anticipatory obedience|anticipatory obedience]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bunch |first=Will |date=2024-10-27 |title=Billionaire cowards at Washington Post, L.A. Times show what life under a dictator is really like |url=https://www.inquirer.com/opinion/commentary/washington-post-la-times-endorsements-trump-harris-20241027.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Froomkin |first=Dan |date=2024-10-25 |title=Billionaires have broken media: Washington Post's non-endorsement is a sickening moral collapse |url=https://www.salon.com/2024/10/25/billionaires-have-broken-media-washington-posts-non-endorsement-is-a-sickening-moral-collapse/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Salon |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Last |first=Jonathan V. |date=2024-10-25 |title=The Guardrails Are Already Crumpling |url=https://www.thebulwark.com/p/bezos-kills-washington-post-endorsement-guardrails-falling |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=The Bulwark |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=Sewell |date=2024-10-25 |title=The Washington Post opinion editor approved a Harris endorsement. A week later, Jeff Bezos killed it. |url=https://www.cjr.org/political_press/the-washington-post-opinion-editor-approved-a-harris-endorsement-a-week-later-the-papers-publisher-killed-it.php |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Columbia Journalism Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ladd |first=Donna |date=2024-10-26 |title=Editor's Note {{!}} As Fascism Looms, A Free Press Must Stand Up |url=https://www.mississippifreepress.org/democracy-as-fascism-looms-the-free-press-must-stand-and-report-in-the-breach/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Mississippi Free Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Snyder, too, condemned the decision.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |date=2024-10-26 |title=Obeying in advance |url=https://snyder.substack.com/p/obeying-in-advance |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Thinking about...}}</ref>

In January 2025, editorial cartoonist [[Ann Telnaes]] resigned from the ''Post'' after it refused to run a satirical cartoon critical of the relationship between American billionaires and President [[Donald Trump]], sparking conversations about the paper's ownership under Bezos; Telnaes called the decision "dangerous for a free press".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telnaes |first=Ann |date=2025-01-03 |title=Why I'm quitting the Washington Post |url=https://anntelnaes.substack.com/p/why-im-quitting-the-washington-post |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Substack}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Patton |first=Tess |date=2025-01-03 |title=Washington Post Cartoonist Ann Telnaes Quits After Bezos-Owned Paper Kills Trump Satire Piece |url=https://www.thewrap.com/washington-post-cartoonist-quits-after-bezos-trump-satire-killed/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Wrap}}</ref> In February 2025, Bezos announced that the opinion section of the ''Post'' will give voice only to opinions that support "personal liberties" and "free markets", and that divergent opinions will not be published by the ''Post''.<ref>NBC News, 26 Feb. 2025, [https://www.nbcnews.com/media/jeff-bezos-washington-post-op-ed-david-shipley-rcna193817 "Jeff Bezos Overhauls Washington Post Opinion Section, Says It will Focus on 'Personal Liberties and Free Markets,' Opinion Editor David Shipley decided to "step away" after Bezos offered him the chance to continue in his role but under this new editorial focus] </ref><ref name="Mullin">{{Cite news |last=Mullin |first=Benjamin |date=2025-02-26 |title=Bezos' Directive for Washington Post Opinion Pages Leads to Editor David Shipley's Exit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/26/business/media/washington-post-bezos-shipley.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[David Shipley]], ''The Post''{{'}}s opinion editor, resigned after trying to persuade Bezos to reconsider the new direction.<ref name="Mullin" /> Within two days of the announcement, it was reported that over 75,000 digital subscribers had canceled their subscriptions.<ref name = Folkenfirk>{{cite news|url = https://www.npr.org/2025/02/28/nx-s1-5312819/washington-post-bezos-subscriptions-cancellations|title = Bezos' changes at 'Washington Post' lead to mass subscription cancellations — again|last = Folkenfirk|first = David|date = February 28, 2025|accessdate = February 28, 2025|work = [[NPR]]}}</ref>

Due to his considerable influence on industry, politics, and media, Bezos has been described as an [[Oligarchy|oligarch]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Foer |first=Franklin |date=2024-11-02 |title=The Unique Danger of a Trumpist Oligarchy |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/11/trumpist-oligarchy-big-tech-takeover-musk-bezos/680503/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Tim |title=The rise of the American oligarchy |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/01/american-oligarchy-introduction-essay-russia-ukraine-capitalism/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Opinion {{!}} Democracy Dies... in the Pockets of the American Oligarchy {{!}} Common Dreams |url=https://www.commondreams.org/opinion/democracy-oligarch-us-election |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.commondreams.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
{{See also|Family of Jeff Bezos}}
[[File:Jeff Bezos talking.jpg|thumb|upright|Bezos in 2017]]
[[File:Lauren Sánchez and Jeff Bezos.jpg|thumb|right|Bezos and [[Lauren Sánchez Bezos]] in September 2021]]

In 1992, while working for [[D. E. Shaw]] in Manhattan, Bezos met novelist [[MacKenzie Scott|MacKenzie Tuttle]], who was a research associate at the firm; the couple married a year later.<ref name=Bayers>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/1999/03/bezos-3|title=The Inner Bezos|last=Bayers|first=Chip|magazine=Wired|access-date=March 7, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320200110/https://www.wired.com/1999/03/bezos-3/|archive-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconbeat.com/2013/11/05/quoted-she-said-he-said-mackenzie-bezos-vs-author-of-book-on-amazon|title=Quoted: She Said, He Said – MacKenzie Bezos Vs. Author of Book on Amazon|website=SiliconBeat|publisher=The Mercury News|author=Levi Sumagaysay|date=November 5, 2013|quote=I have firsthand knowledge of many of the events. I worked for Jeff (Bezos) at D. E. Shaw|access-date=January 9, 2018|archive-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402054946/http://www.siliconbeat.com/2013/11/05/quoted-she-said-he-said-mackenzie-bezos-vs-author-of-book-on-amazon/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1994, they moved across the country to [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]], where Bezos founded Amazon.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bayers|first=Chip|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.03/bezos_pr.html|title=The Inner Bezos|magazine=Wired|volume=7|issue=3|access-date=August 23, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831214002/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.03/bezos_pr.html|archive-date=August 31, 2013}}</ref> Bezos and his ex-wife MacKenzie are the parents of four children: three sons, and a daughter adopted from China.<ref name=Whoriskey /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/05/us/jeff-bezos-fast-facts|title=Jeff Bezos Fast Facts|publisher=CNN|date=March 24, 2016|access-date=August 3, 2014|archive-date=August 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810152735/http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/05/us/jeff-bezos-fast-facts/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2003, Bezos was a passenger in a helicopter that crashed in [[West Texas]] while surveying land to buy for Blue Origin; the other three occupants in the helicopter were pilot Charles "Cheater" Bella, Amazon lawyer Elizabeth Korrell, and local rancher Ty Holland.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB104742483556702500|title=Amazon Chief Survives Helicopter Crash in Texas|author=Nick Wingfield|access-date=March 7, 2018|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103905/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB104742483556702500|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davenport |first=Christian |title=The Space Barons : Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-61039-829-9 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=1–26 |language=English |oclc=1003305591 |author-link=Christian Davenport}}</ref> All survived; Bezos sustained only minor injuries and was discharged from a local hospital the same day.<ref name="Inside the Mind of Jeff Bezos" />

Bezos portrayed a [[Starfleet]] official in the 2016 movie ''[[Star Trek Beyond]]'', and joined the cast and crew at a [[San Diego Comic-Con]] screening.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 21, 2016 |title=Amazon founder Jeff Bezos reveals Star Trek Beyond alien cameo |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-36857001 |publisher=BBC |access-date=February 22, 2017|archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223141849/http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-36857001 |url-status=live }}</ref> He had lobbied [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] for the role apropos of [[Amazon Alexa|Alexa]] and his personal/professional interest in [[speech recognition]]. His one line consisted of a response to an alien in distress: "Speak Normally." In his initial discussion of the project which became Alexa with his technical advisor Greg Hart in 2011, Bezos told him that the goal was to create "the ''Star Trek'' computer."<ref>Vlahos, James (2019). ''Talk to Me: How Voice Computing Will Transform the Way We Live, Work and Think'', p. 40, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. {{ISBN|978-1328799302}}.</ref> Bezos's family corporation Zefram LLC is named after [[Zefram Cochrane]], a character from ''[[Star Trek]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Timberg|first1=Craig|last2=Whoriskey|first2=Peter|last3=Davenport|first3=Christian|last4=Dwoskin|first4=Elizabeth|title=Jeff Bezos, long known for guarding his privacy, faces his most public and personal crisis|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/jeff-bezos-long-known-for-guarding-his-privacy-faces-his-most-public-and-personal-crisis/2019/02/08/8e130a82-2bd4-11e9-97b3-ae59fbae7960_story.html|access-date=October 21, 2020|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=October 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024054738/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/jeff-bezos-long-known-for-guarding-his-privacy-faces-his-most-public-and-personal-crisis/2019/02/08/8e130a82-2bd4-11e9-97b3-ae59fbae7960_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2019, Bezos and his wife MacKenzie released a joint statement which revealed that they would be getting divorced after 25 years together.<ref name="Snider2019">{{Citation |title=Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos and wife MacKenzie to divorce after 25 years of marriage |first=Mike |last=Snider |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=January 9, 2019 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2019/01/09/amazon-ceo-jeff-bezos-wife-mackenzie-divorce-after-25-years/2523544002/ |access-date=January 9, 2019 |archive-date=January 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109190914/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2019/01/09/amazon-ceo-jeff-bezos-wife-mackenzie-divorce-after-25-years/2523544002/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=July 21, 2016|title=Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos are getting divorced after 25 years of marriage|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/09/tech/jeff-bezos-wife-divorce/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=January 9, 2019|archive-date=January 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109154741/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/09/tech/jeff-bezos-wife-divorce/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, ''[[National Enquirer]]'' revealed that Bezos had an affair with media personality [[Lauren Sánchez]]; the affair with Sánchez had lasted for months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dean |first=Sam |date=February 8, 2019 |title=What Jeff Bezos' intimate-message breach teaches us about digital security |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-jeff-bezos-photos-security-20190208-story.html |access-date=November 29, 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129201143/https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-jeff-bezos-photos-security-20190208-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartmans |first=Avery |title=Jeff Bezos' girlfriend Lauren Sanchez greeted him when he returned from his spaceflight. Here's everything that's happened since their relationship began, including a tabloid scandal and possibly even a hack by foreign operatives. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-jeff-bezos-lauren-sanchez-relationship-timeline-photos-2020-1 |access-date=November 29, 2022 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109223010/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-jeff-bezos-lauren-sanchez-relationship-timeline-photos-2020-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, Bezos published an online essay on February 7, 2019, in which he accused [[American Media, Inc.]] owner [[David Pecker]] of "extortion and blackmail" for threatening to publish intimate photos of Bezos and current girlfriend Lauren Sánchez<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Brad |date=February 2, 2021 |title=Jeff Bezos Walks Through a One-Way Door, Opening a New Age for Amazon |work=[[Bloomberg Media]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-03/jeff-bezos-steps-down-heralding-new-era-for-amazon |access-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> if he did not stop his investigation into how his text messages and other photos had been leaked to the ''National Enquirer''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Weise |first=Karen |date=February 7, 2019 |title=Jeff Bezos Accuses National Enquirer of 'Extortion and Blackmail' |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/technology/jeff-bezos-national-enquirer-blackmail.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207235007/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/technology/jeff-bezos-national-enquirer-blackmail.html |archive-date=February 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bezos |first=Jeff |date=February 7, 2019 |title=No thank you, Mr. Pecker |url=https://medium.com/@jeffreypbezos/no-thank-you-mr-pecker-146e3922310f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207230040/https://medium.com/@jeffreypbezos/no-thank-you-mr-pecker-146e3922310f |archive-date=February 7, 2019 |access-date=February 7, 2019 |publisher=Medium.com}}</ref> Media reports have accused Sánchez's brother Michael of being the source for the photos obtained by ''National Enquirer''; however, Bezos has speculated that it may have been the Saudi Arabian government.<ref>{{Cite web |last2=Sapra |first=Paige | last=Leskin | first2= Bani |title=Jeff Bezos' nudes were reportedly leaked when his girlfriend Lauren Sanchez sent them to her brother, in a new twist to the dramatic saga — here's everything we know so far |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-national-enquirer-investigation-timeline-2019-2 |access-date=November 29, 2022 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129201143/https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-national-enquirer-investigation-timeline-2019-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On April 4, 2019, the divorce was finalized, with Bezos keeping 75% of the couple's Amazon stock and MacKenzie getting the remaining 25% ($35.6 billion, {{Inflation|index=US|value=35600000000|start_year=2019|r=0|fmt=eq}}). However, Bezos would keep all of the couple's voting rights.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/04/mackenzie-bezos-to-keep-25-percent-of-couples-amazon-stock-after-finalizing-divorce.html|title=Jeff Bezos to keep 75 percent of couple's Amazon stock after finalizing divorce|access-date=March 4, 2019|archive-date=April 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404173118/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/04/mackenzie-bezos-to-keep-25-percent-of-couples-amazon-stock-after-finalizing-divorce.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sánchez and Bezos became engaged in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/22/entertainment/jeff-bezos-lauren-sanchez-engaged/index.html|title=Jeff Bezos and Lauren Sánchez are engaged|date=May 22, 2023|website=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523052846/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/22/entertainment/jeff-bezos-lauren-sanchez-engaged/index.html|archive-date=May 23, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=May 22, 2023|first1=Chloe|last1=Melas|first2=Alli|last2=Rosenbloom}}</ref> The couple [[Wedding of Jeff Bezos and Lauren Sánchez|married in Venice]] on June 27, 2025, with the ceremony attracting mainstream media attention and various celebrities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeff Bezos and Lauren Sánchez Are Married! Couple Ties the Knot in Star-Studded Venice Wedding |url=https://people.com/jeff-bezos-and-lauren-sanchez-married-venice-wedding-11761769 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=People.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Video All the details from Jeff Bezos and Lauren Sánchez's star-studded wedding |url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/video/details-jeff-bezos-lauren-snchezs-star-studded-wedding-123334777 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrities spotted in Venice day after Jeff Bezos and Lauren Sánchez's lavish wedding |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/celebrities/2025/06/28/celebrities-bezos-wedding-photos/84400873007/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Mychal |date=2025-06-29 |title=Every Celebrity at Jeff Bezos And Lauren Sánchez's Wedding |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/mychalthompson/celebrities-jeff-bezos-wedding |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=BuzzFeed |language=en}}</ref>

Bezos is the Honorary Chair of the [[The Explorers Club|Explorers Club]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Club Officials {{!}} The Explorers Club |language=en-US |work=The Explorers Club |url=https://www.explorers.org/about/club-officials/ |access-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402045100/https://www.explorers.org/about/club-officials/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Politics ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi presenting the USIBC Global Leadership Award to Mr. Jeff Bezos, in Washington DC, USA on June 07, 2016.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] presenting the USIBC Global Leadership Award to Bezos, in Washington, D.C. on June 7, 2016]]
[[File:Prime Minister Boris Johnson UNGA visit (51786182369).jpg|thumb|right|British Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] meets with Bezos during the United Nations General Assembly, in New York City on September 20, 2021.]]
According to public [[Campaign finance in the United States|campaign finance records]], Bezos supported the electoral campaigns of [[Patty Murray]] and [[Maria Cantwell]], two [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] U.S. senators from Washington. He has also supported Democrats U.S. representative [[John Conyers]], as well as [[Patrick Leahy]] and Republican [[Spencer Abraham]], U.S. senators serving on committees dealing with Internet-related issues.<ref name="Sullivan">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2013/08/07/the-politics-of-jeff-bezos |title=The politics of Jeff Bezos |last=Sullivan |first=Sean |date=August 7, 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307152855/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2013/08/07/the-politics-of-jeff-bezos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jeff Bezos and MacKenzie Bezos have supported the legalization of [[same-sex marriage]], and in 2012 contributed $2.5 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=2500000|start_year=2012|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to [[Washington United for Marriage]], a group supporting a yes vote on [[Washington Referendum 74]], which affirmed a same-sex marriage law enacted in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-gaymarriage-bezos-idUSBRE86R01320120728 |title=Amazon's Jeff Bezos, wife, make $2.5 million donation for gay marriage |last=Porterfield |first=Elaine |date=July 28, 2012 |access-date=August 23, 2013 |work=Reuters |archive-date=August 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815022336/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/28/us-usa-gaymarriage-bezos-idUSBRE86R01320120728 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bezos donated $100,000 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=100000|start_year=2010|r=0|fmt=eq}}) towards a movement against a Washington [[state income tax]] in 2010 for "top earners".<ref name="Sullivan" /> In 2012, he donated to Amazon's [[political action committee]] (PAC),<ref name="Sullivan" /> which has given $56,000 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=56000|start_year=2012|r=0|fmt=eq}}) and $74,500 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=74,500|start_year=2012|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to Democrats and Republicans, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/pacgot.php?cmte=C00360354&cycle=2012 |title=Amazon.com Contributions to Federal Candidates, 2012 cycles |publisher=[[OpenSecrets]] |archive-date=March 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041618/http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/pacgot.php?cmte=C00360354&cycle=2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, Amazon won a bid for a [[cloud computing]] contract with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] valued at $600 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=600000000|start_year=2014|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/norman-solomon/why-amazons-collaboration_b_4824854.html|title=Why Amazon's collaboration with the CIA is so ominous – and vulnerable|first=Norman|last=Solomon|newspaper=HuffPost|date=February 20, 2014|access-date=September 14, 2018|archive-date=August 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807022453/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/norman-solomon/why-amazons-collaboration_b_4824854.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2018, $10 billion contract ({{Inflation|index=US|value=10000000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}) known as the [[Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure]] (JEDI) project, this time with the [[United States Department of Defense|Pentagon]], was allegedly written up in a way that favors Amazon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://federalnewsradio.com/contractsawards/2018/08/dods-10b-cloud-contract-comes-under-protest-11-days-after-final-rfp/|title=DoD's $10B cloud contract comes under protest 11 days after final RFP|first=Jason|last=Miller|publisher=Federal News Radio|date=August 7, 2018|access-date=October 21, 2018|archive-date=September 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923163309/https://federalnewsradio.com/contractsawards/2018/08/dods-10b-cloud-contract-comes-under-protest-11-days-after-final-rfp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Controversy over this was raised when General [[James Mattis]] accepted a headquarters tour invitation from Bezos and coordinated the deal through Sally Donnelly, a lobbyist who previously worked for Amazon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/08/has-bezos-become-more-powerful-in-dc-than-trump|title="Everybody immediately knew that it was for Amazon": Has Bezos become more powerful in DC than Trump?|first=May|last=Jeong|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=August 13, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018|archive-date=August 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821034524/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/08/has-bezos-become-more-powerful-in-dc-than-trump|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, when the contract was awarded to Microsoft instead, Amazon filed a lawsuit with allegations that the bidding process was biased.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/oct/26/microsoft-wins-pentagons-10bn-cloud-computing-contract|title=Microsoft wins Pentagon's $10bn cloud computing contract|newspaper=The Guardian|date=October 26, 2019|access-date=November 21, 2019|archive-date=November 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118022426/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/oct/26/microsoft-wins-pentagons-10bn-cloud-computing-contract|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/14/amazon-sues-pentagon-microsoft-contract-071001|title=Amazon suing Pentagon over $10B cloud contract, alleging 'bias'|first1=Jacqueline|last1=Feldscher|first2=Steven|last2=Overly|work=Politico|date=November 14, 2019|access-date=November 21, 2019|archive-date=November 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115043517/https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/14/amazon-sues-pentagon-microsoft-contract-071001|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 6, 2021, the Pentagon cancelled the JEDI contract with Microsoft, citing that "due to evolving requirements, increased cloud conversancy, and industry advances, the JEDI Cloud contract no longer meets its needs."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Macias |first1=Amanda |last2=Feiner |first2=Lauren |date=July 6, 2021 |title=Pentagon cancels $10 billion JEDI cloud contract that Amazon and Microsoft were fighting over |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/06/pentagon-cancels-10-billion-jedi-cloud-contract.html |access-date=July 6, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=July 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706163909/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/06/pentagon-cancels-10-billion-jedi-cloud-contract.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite Bezos's support for an open borders policy towards immigrants, Amazon has actively marketed facial recognition software to [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] (ICE).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/amazon-pushes-ice-to-buy-its-face-recognition-surveillance-tech|title=Amazon Pushes ICE to Buy Its Face Recognition Surveillance Tech|first=Jake|last=Laperruque|website=The Daily Beast|date=October 23, 2018|access-date=October 23, 2018|archive-date=October 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023141902/https://www.thedailybeast.com/amazon-pushes-ice-to-buy-its-face-recognition-surveillance-tech|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, a [[political action committee|PAC]] linked to Bezos spent over $1 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=1000000|start_year=2019|r=0|fmt=eq}}) in an unsuccessful attempt to defeat the reelection bid of Seattle city council member and activist [[Kshama Sawant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/amazons-growing-spending-on-seattle-politics-includes-a-spate-of-donations-from-jeff-bezos-s-team/|title=Amazon's growing spending on Seattle politics includes a spate of donations from Jeff Bezos' 'S Team'|first1=Jim|last1=Brunner|first2=Benjamin|last2=Romano|work=The Seattle Times|date=October 20, 2019|access-date=November 21, 2019|archive-date=December 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211185519/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/amazons-growing-spending-on-seattle-politics-includes-a-spate-of-donations-from-jeff-bezos-s-team/|url-status=live}}</ref> On November 22, 2021, Jeff Bezos donated $100 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=100000000|start_year=2021|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to the [[Obama Foundation]] to "help expand the scope of programming that reaches emerging leaders" and requested the [[Obama Presidential Center]]'s plaza to be named after [[John Lewis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jeff Bezos donates $100M to the Obama Foundation in honor of Congressman John Lewis|url=https://www.obama.org/updates/bezos-donation-2021/|access-date=November 23, 2021|website=Obama Foundation|language=en|archive-date=November 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010856/https://www.obama.org/updates/bezos-donation-2021/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jeff Bezos donates to Obama Foundation in honor of John Lewis|date=November 22, 2021|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/jeff-bezos-donates-obama-foundation-honor-john-lewis-n1284413|access-date=November 23, 2021|publisher=NBC News|language=en|archive-date=November 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123012051/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/jeff-bezos-donates-obama-foundation-honor-john-lewis-n1284413|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Donald Trump===

After the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential election]], Bezos was invited to join [[Donald Trump]]'s [[Defense Innovation Advisory Board]], an advisory council to improve the technology used by the [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department]].<ref name="Davenport" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/02/investing/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-billionaires-warren-buffett/index.html|title=The Hillary Clinton billionaires club|publisher=CNN|date=August 2, 2016|last=La Monica|first=Paul R.|access-date=August 3, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806193619/https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/02/investing/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-billionaires-warren-buffett/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Trump has repeatedly criticized Bezos [[Donald Trump on Twitter|via Twitter]], accused Bezos of avoiding [[corporate tax]]es, gaining undue political influence, and undermining his presidency by spreading [[fake news]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fortune.com/2017/06/28/donald-trump-twitter-jeff-bezos|title=How to Understand Donald Trump's #AmazonWashingtonPost Tweet in 3 Easy Steps|last=Abramson|first=Alana|website=Fortune|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010150/http://fortune.com/2017/06/28/donald-trump-twitter-jeff-bezos/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/slammed-by-trump-amazons-jeff-bezos-chooses-the-silent-treatment-1523282400|title=Slammed by Trump, Amazon's Jeff Bezos Chooses Silence|last1=Stevens|first1=Laura|date=April 9, 2018|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=April 9, 2018|last2=Nicholas|first2=Peter|archive-date=April 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409145543/https://www.wsj.com/articles/slammed-by-trump-amazons-jeff-bezos-chooses-the-silent-treatment-1523282400|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/02/why-jeff-bezos-is-pouring-amazon-cash-into-trumps-swamp|title=Why Jeff Bezos Is Dumping Cash into Trump's Swamp|last=Kosoff|first=Maya|website=The Hive|date=February 14, 2018|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=August 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821184147/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/02/why-jeff-bezos-is-pouring-amazon-cash-into-trumps-swamp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-called-out-jeff-bezos-on-twitter-then-bezos-called-his-bluff|title=Donald Trump called out Jeff Bezos on Twitter. Then Bezos called his bluff.|last=Cillizza|first=Chris|date=December 7, 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|issn=0190-8286|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309182728/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-called-out-jeff-bezos-on-twitter-then-bezos-called-his-bluff/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, Bezos congratulated Trump on his [[2024 United States presidential election|second election victory]], posting on X, "Big congratulations to our 45th and now 47th President on an extraordinary political comeback and decisive victory. No nation has bigger opportunities. Wishing Donald Trump all success in leading and uniting the America we all love."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/06/media/jeff-bezos-congratulates-trump-victory-amazon-post/index.html|title=Jeff Bezos congratulates Trump for 'extraordinary political comeback and decisive victory'|last=Reilly|first=Liam|website=CNN|date=November 6, 2024|access-date=November 27, 2024}}</ref>

Since 2023, Bezos has been a resident of [[Indian Creek, Florida]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/real-estate/luxury-homes/most-expensive-miami-home-sales-c85bafe1|title=Billionaire Buyers Like Jeff Bezos Have Supercharged Miami's High-End Home Market|first1=Katherine|last1=Clarke|website=The Wall Street Journal|quote=The Amazon founder’s $68 million Indian Creek purchase is among the priciest deals to close in the South Florida city in recent years|date=August 21, 2023|access-date=2025-03-01}}</ref> As reported by ''[[Axios (website)|Axios]]'' in February 2025, Bezos held a private phone conversation in July 2024 with then-candidate Trump, planting the seeds of a "Bezos–Trump alliance" months before Bezos [[News media endorsements in the 2024 United States presidential election#The Washington Post|blocked the ''Washington Post''{{'}}s editorial board]] from endorsing [[Kamala Harris]] in the election.<ref name="Isenstadt">{{cite web | last=Isenstadt | first=Alex | title=The inside story of how the Bezos-Trump alliance began | website=Axios | date=2025-02-27 | url=https://www.axios.com/2025/02/27/jeff-bezos-trump-tech-alliance | access-date=2025-03-01}}</ref> After Trump's November victory, Bezos dined with [[Elon Musk]] and Trump at [[Mar-a-Lago]]; Amazon subsequently donated $1 million to [[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|Trump's inauguration]], at which Bezos was in attendance.<ref name="Isenstadt" /> Bezos and Trump were reported to have met for dinner again in February 2025, on the same night that Bezos announced [[The Washington Post#Suppression of views Bezos disfavors|changes to the ''Washington Post's'' opinion policies]] to promote "free markets and personal liberties" and suppress divergent opinions.<ref name="Amos">{{cite web | last=Amos | first=Jaden | title=Trump says he had dinner with Bezos week of Washington Post changes | website=Axios | date=2025-02-28 | url=https://www.axios.com/2025/02/28/trump-jeff-bezos-dinner-spectator-interview | access-date=2025-03-01}}</ref> ''Axios'' characterized it as "another sign of Trump and Bezos' growing closeness".<ref name="Amos" />

According to the ''[[Financial Times]]'', Bezos had a contentious relationship with Trump during Trump's first term, but worked to have a positive relationship with Trump in 2024 and during [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump's second term]]. Bezos reportedly supported Trump to further his business interests, and supports many of Trump's policies. The ''Financial Times'' also noted that Bezos had made other changes in his life, including stepping down as CEO of Amazon in 2021, focusing on [[Blue Origin]], and being engaged to [[Lauren Sánchez]], which may have changed his political views.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/00e81e1a-a38f-4d45-89e8-0e8c162572b8|title=How Jeff Bezos made peace with Donald Trump|quote=In the past year, the Amazon founder has executed a sharp public reversal in his relationship with the president that has surprised even longtime associates|website=The Financial Times|date=March 19, 2025|first1=Anna|last1=Nicolaou|first2=Stephen|last2=Morris|first3=Rafe|last3=Uddin|first4=Alex|last4=Rogers|access-date=March 19, 2025}}</ref>

=== Saudi hacking claim ===
{{Main|Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident}}

In March 2018, Bezos met in Seattle with [[Mohammad bin Salman]], the crown prince and ''de facto'' ruler of [[Saudi Arabia]], to discuss investment opportunities for [[Saudi Vision 2030]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1276676/saudi-arabia|title=Saudi crown prince meets Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos in Seattle|newspaper=Arab News|date=March 31, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523171558/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1276676/saudi-arabia|archive-date=May 23, 2018}}</ref> In March 2019, Bezos's security consultant accused the Saudi government of [[Phone hacking|hacking]] Bezos's phone. According to BBC, Bezos's top security staffer, [[Gavin de Becker]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chozick |first1=Amy |title=He's Come Undone |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/business/jeff-bezos-lauren-sanchez-amazon-hollywood.html |work=The New York Times |date=March 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224054211/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/business/jeff-bezos-lauren-sanchez-amazon-hollywood.html |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |page=1(L) | id={{Gale|A576639749}}}}</ref> "linked the hack to the ''Washington Post''{{'}}s coverage of the murder of Saudi writer [[Jamal Khashoggi]] at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul". Khashoggi, a Saudi journalist and dissident, was employed as a writer at the ''Washington Post'', owned by Bezos. Khashoggi was killed in late 2018 in Turkey's Saudi consulate for his critical stance and journalism against the Saudi government and its leader.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabia 'hacked Amazon boss's phone', says investigator|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47763179|work=BBC News|date=March 31, 2019|access-date=May 9, 2019|archive-date=April 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411133518/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47763179|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2020, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that the hack was initiated before the murder but after Khashoggi wrote critically about the crown prince in the ''Washington Post''. Forensic analysis of Bezos's mobile phone conducted by advisory firm [[FTI Consulting]], concluded it "highly probable" that the hack was achieved using a malicious file hidden in a video sent in a [[WhatsApp]] message to Bezos from the personal account of the crown prince on May 1, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/21/amazon-boss-jeff-bezoss-phone-hacked-by-saudi-crown-prince|title=Jeff Bezos hack: Amazon boss's phone 'hacked by Saudi crown prince'|first=Stephanie|last=Kirchgaessner|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 22, 2020|access-date=January 22, 2020|archive-date=February 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229191904/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/21/amazon-boss-jeff-bezoss-phone-hacked-by-saudi-crown-prince|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/technology/jeff-bezos-hack-iphone.html|title=How Jeff Bezos' iPhone X Was Hacked|access-date=January 22, 2020|website=The New York Times|date=January 22, 2020|archive-date=January 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123001012/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/technology/jeff-bezos-hack-iphone.html|url-status=live|last1=Frenkel|first1=Sheera}}</ref> Saudi Arabia has denied the claim.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51171400 |title=Jeff Bezos hack: Saudi Arabia calls claim 'absurd' |date=January 22, 2020 |work=BBC News|access-date=January 22, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122090908/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51171400|archive-date=January 22, 2020}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
[[File:Recovered F-1 Engine parts .jpg|thumb|Bezos funded the retrieval of these [[Rocketdyne F-1|F-1 engine]] parts from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean in 2015, eventually donating them to the [[Museum of Flight|Seattle Museum of Flight]]. They are from [[Apollo 16]] (above) and [[Apollo 12]] (below).]]
Bezos donated to the [[Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center]] several times between 2009 and 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/hutch-receives-35-million-donation-largest-ever-from-bezos-family/|title=Fred Hutch receives $35 million donation, largest ever, from Bezos family|date=March 30, 2017|website=The Seattle Times|access-date=April 2, 2019|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402165908/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/hutch-receives-35-million-donation-largest-ever-from-bezos-family/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, he pledged $500,000 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=500,000|start_year=2013|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to [[Worldreader]], a non-profit founded by a former Amazon employee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geekwire.com/2014/jeff-bezos-donates-20-million-fred-hutchinson-cancer-research-center|title=Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos and family donate $20M to Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center|last=Soper|first=Taylor|website=GeekWire|date=April 7, 2014|access-date=December 31, 2017|archive-date=January 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102072819/https://www.geekwire.com/2014/jeff-bezos-donates-20-million-fred-hutchinson-cancer-research-center/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2018, ''Business Insider'' reported that Bezos was the only one of the top five billionaires in the world who had not signed the [[Giving Pledge]], an initiative created by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett that encourages wealthy people to give away a majority of their wealth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-richest-person-modern-history-spends-on-charity-2018-7|title=Jeff Bezos is the richest man in modern history – here's how he spends on philanthropy|last=Kotecki|first=Peter|magazine=Business Insider|access-date=July 1, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508153534/https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-richest-person-modern-history-spends-on-charity-2018-7|archive-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref> That same month, Janet Camarena, director of transparency initiatives at [[Foundation Center]], was quoted by CNBC as having questions about Bezos's new Day 1 Fund, including the fund's structure and how exactly it will be funded.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/14/jeff-bezoss-new-2-billion-philanthropic-fund-faces-many-unanswered-questions.html|title=Unanswered questions about Jeff Bezos' new $2 billion philanthropic fund|publisher=CNBC|date=September 16, 2018|last=Kim|first=Eugene|access-date=July 1, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429065745/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/14/jeff-bezoss-new-2-billion-philanthropic-fund-faces-many-unanswered-questions.html|archive-date=April 29, 2019}}</ref>

In May 2017, Bezos gave $1 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=1000000|start_year=2017|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to the [[Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press]], which provides [[pro bono]] legal services for American journalists.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/4038657/jeff-bezos-just-gave-1-million-to-the-reporters-committee-for-freedom-of-the-press|title=Jeff Bezos just gave $1 million to the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press|last=Grothaus|first=Michael|date=May 24, 2017|magazine=Fast Company|access-date=March 8, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309120254/https://www.fastcompany.com/4038657/jeff-bezos-just-gave-1-million-to-the-reporters-committee-for-freedom-of-the-press|archive-date=March 9, 2018}}</ref> On June 15, 2017, he posted a message on Twitter asking for ideas for philanthropy: "I'm thinking about a philanthropy strategy that is the opposite of how I mostly spend my time—working on the long term".<ref name=Frank /> At the time of the post, Bezos's lifetime spending on charitable causes was estimated to be $100 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=100000000|start_year=2017|r=0|fmt=eq}}).<ref name=Frank /> Multiple opinion columnists responded by asking Bezos to pay higher wages to Amazon warehouse workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jeff-bezos-workers_us_59a7220fe4b07e81d354e6e3|first=Frederick|last=Kunkle|title=Jeff Bezos wants to give more money to charity. He should pay his workers first.|newspaper=HuffPost|date=September 1, 2017|access-date=September 19, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920062447/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jeff-bezos-workers_us_59a7220fe4b07e81d354e6e3|archive-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/14/jeff-bezos-low-income-people-pay-amazon-workers-better|title=If Jeff Bezos wants to help low-income people why not just pay them better?|newspaper=The Guardian|date=September 14, 2018|last=Hyde|first=Marina|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212144909/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/14/jeff-bezos-low-income-people-pay-amazon-workers-better|archive-date=December 12, 2019}}</ref> A year later in June, he tweeted that he would announce two philanthropic foci by the end of summer 2018.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=http://observer.com/2018/06/what-has-jeff-bezos-chosen-to-spend-his-140b-on-we-have-4-guesses|title=What Has Jeff Bezos Chosen to Spend His $140B On? We Have 4 Guesses|newspaper=[[The Observer]]|date=June 6, 2018|last=Cao|first=Sissi|access-date=June 6, 2018 |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616082134/http://observer.com/2018/06/what-has-jeff-bezos-chosen-to-spend-his-140b-on-we-have-4-guesses |url-status=live}}</ref> Bezos announced in September 2018 that he would commit approximately $2 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=2000000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to a fund to deal with [[Homelessness in the United States|American homelessness]] and establish a network of non-profit [[preschool]]s for low-income communities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/sep/13/amazon-jeff-bezos-philanthropy-day-one-fund|title=Jeff Bezos to fund schools where 'child will be the customer' with new charity|last=Levin|first=Sam|date=September 13, 2018|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=September 13, 2018|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913200840/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/sep/13/amazon-jeff-bezos-philanthropy-day-one-fund|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of this announcement, he committed to establishing the "Day 1 Families Fund" to finance "[[Homeless shelter|night shelters]] and [[Child care|day care centers]] for homeless families" and the "Day 1 Academies Fund" for [[early childhood education]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeff-bezos-to-create-2-billion-fund-for-homeless-preschools-1536856739|title=Jeff Bezos to Create $2 Billion Fund for Homeless, Preschools|last=Stevens|first=Laura|date=September 13, 2018|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=September 13, 2018|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913165532/https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeff-bezos-to-create-2-billion-fund-for-homeless-preschools-1536856739|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelauyeung/2018/09/13/jeff-bezos-amazon-philanthropy-giving-billion-dollar-fund/|title=Jeff Bezos Unveils Multibillion-Dollar Plans For Charitable Giving|last=Au-Yeung|first=Angel|date=September 13, 2018|magazine=Forbes|access-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913192543/https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelauyeung/2018/09/13/jeff-bezos-amazon-philanthropy-giving-billion-dollar-fund/|archive-date=September 13, 2018}}</ref>

In January 2018, Bezos made a $33 million donation ({{Inflation|index=US|value=33000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to TheDream.US, a college scholarship fund for [[Undocumented youth in the United States|undocumented immigrants brought to the United States as minors]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/01/12/jeff-bezos-donates-33-million-to-scholarship-fund-for-dreamers|title=Jeff Bezos donates $33 million to scholarship fund for 'dreamers'|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|last2=Anderson|first2=Nick|date=January 12, 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 12, 2018|archive-date=January 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171541/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/01/12/jeff-bezos-donates-33-million-to-scholarship-fund-for-dreamers/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Philanthropy News Digest 2018 scholarship fund for dreamers">{{cite web | title=Bezos Pledges $33 Million for Scholarships for DREAMers | website=Philanthropy News Digest (PND) | date=2024-01-16 | url=https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/bezos-pledges-33-million-for-scholarships-for-dreamers | access-date=2024-02-19}}</ref> In June 2018, Bezos donated to [[Breakthrough Energy Ventures]], a private philanthropic fund founded by [[Bill Gates]] aimed at promoting [[Sustainable energy|emissions-free energy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/backed-bill-gates-jeff-bezos-breakthrough-energy-ventures-places-first-bets-power-storage|title=Backed by Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos, Breakthrough Energy Ventures places first bets on power storage|last=Boyle|first=Alan|date=June 18, 2018|work=GeekWire|access-date=June 18, 2018|quote=We are committed to doing our part and filling this capital need by coming together in a new coalition. We will form a network of private capital committed to building a structure that will allow informed decisions to help accelerate the change to the advanced energy future our planet needs. Success requires a partnership of increased government research, with a transparent and workable structure to objectively evaluate those projects, and committed private-sector investors willing to support the innovative ideas that come out of the public research pipeline.|archive-date=June 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091108/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/backed-bill-gates-jeff-bezos-breakthrough-energy-ventures-places-first-bets-power-storage/|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2018, Bezos donated $10 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=10000000|start_year=2018|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to [[With Honor]], a nonpartisan organization that works to increase the number of veterans in political office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/09/05/technology/jeff-bezos-donation-with-honor/index.html|title=Jeff Bezos donates $10 million to organization that helps veterans run for office|last=Goldman|first=David|date=September 5, 2018|website=CNNMoney|access-date=December 17, 2018|archive-date=December 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218043103/https://money.cnn.com/2018/09/05/technology/jeff-bezos-donation-with-honor/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2020, Bezos pledged $10 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=10000000000|start_year=2020|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to [[climate change mitigation|combat climate change]] through the Bezos Earth Fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B8rWKFnnQ5c/|title=Instagram a new Bezos Earth Fund|date=February 17, 2020|via=[[Instagram]]|access-date=February 17, 2020|quote=Today, I'm thrilled to announce I am launching the Bezos Earth Fund.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217222952/https://www.instagram.com/p/B8rWKFnnQ5c/|archive-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/amazon-founder-bezos-commits-10bn-to-fight-climate-change-11936763|title=Amazon founder Jeff Bezos commits $10bn to fight climate change|publisher=Sky News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217210918/https://news.sky.com/story/amazon-founder-bezos-commits-10bn-to-fight-climate-change-11936763|archive-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51539321|title=Jeff Bezos: World's richest man pledges $10bn to fight climate change|work=BBC News|date=February 17, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217210919/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51539321|archive-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref> Later that year, in November, Bezos announced $791 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=791000000|start_year=2020|r=0|fmt=eq}}) of donations to established, well-known groups, with $100 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=100000000|start_year=2020|r=0|fmt=eq}}) each going to [[Environmental Defense Fund]], [[Natural Resources Defense Council]], [[The Nature Conservancy]], [[World Resources Institute]] and [[World Wildlife Fund]], and the remainder going to 11 other groups.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 16, 2020|title=Bezos Earth Fund announces first grants totaling $791M of his $10B pledge to help planet|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2020/bezos-earth-fund-announces-first-grants-totaling-791m-10b-pledge-help-planet/|access-date=March 10, 2021|website=GeekWire|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bezos Earth Fund gives nearly $800 million to climate groups in first round of grants|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-11-bezos-earth-fund-million-climate.html|access-date=March 10, 2021|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Palmer|first=Annie|date=November 16, 2020|title=Jeff Bezos names first recipients of his $10 billion Earth Fund for combating climate change|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/16/jeff-bezos-names-first-recipients-of-his-10-billion-earth-fund.html|access-date=March 10, 2021|publisher=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> In April 2020, early in the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Bezos donated $100 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=100000000|start_year=2020|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to food banks through [[Feeding America]].<ref name=Evelyn /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52209690|title=Twitter boss pledges $1bn for coronavirus relief|work=BBC News|date=April 7, 2020|access-date=April 15, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413111217/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52209690|archive-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/2/21206205/jeff-bezos-100-million-charity-food-banks-feeding-america|title=Why Jeff Bezos's $100 million donation to food banks won't satisfy his critics|website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|language=en|date=April 2, 2020|last=Schleifer|first=Theodore|access-date=April 15, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413021313/https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/2/21206205/jeff-bezos-100-million-charity-food-banks-feeding-america|archive-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> In November 2021, Bezos pledged to donate $2 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=2000000000|start_year=2021|r=0|fmt=eq}}) towards restructuring food systems and nature conservation at the [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeff Bezos Pledges $2B for Nature Conservation as World Leaders Address Deforestation, Emissions |date=November 2, 2021 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/jeff-bezos-pledges-2b-nature-211448103.html |access-date=November 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213193923/https://news.yahoo.com/jeff-bezos-pledges-2b-nature-211448103.html |archive-date=December 13, 2021 |url-status=live |work=[[Yahoo! News]] |first=Jason Duaine |last=Hahn}}</ref> The Earth Fund supported the [[Earth Rover Program]], which aims to develop high-yield low-environmental-impact farming by novel [[seismological]] study of soils, with $4m.<ref name=monbiot>{{cite news|last=Monbiot|first=George|title=Over a pint in Oxford, we may have stumbled upon the holy grail of agriculture|author-link=George Monbiot|newspaper=The Guardian|date=5 December 2025|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/dec/05/agriculture-revolution-soil-farming-earth-rover-program}}</ref>

In July 2021, Bezos announced the [[Courage and Civility Award]] and donated $100 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=100000000|start_year=2021|r=0|fmt=eq}}) each to lawyer [[Van Jones]] and chef [[José Andrés]].<ref name="CNN-20210720">{{cite news |last1=Darcy |first1=Oliver |title=Bezos donates $100 million each to CNN contributor Van Jones and chef Jose Andres |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/20/media/van-jones-bezos-100-million/index.html |access-date=March 15, 2024 |work=CNN |date=July 20, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The next year, he donated $100 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=100000000|start_year=2022|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to singer [[Dolly Parton]] in recognition of her charity work focused on improving children's literacy around the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Country star Dolly Parton gets $100m award from Amazon founder Jeff Bezos |date=November 14, 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63619512 |access-date=November 14, 2022 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> In March 2024, he donated $50 million each to actress [[Eva Longoria]] and retired admiral [[William H. McRaven|Bill McRaven]].<ref name="trr-20240315">{{cite news |title=Eva Longoria and Bill McRaven Receive $100 Million From Jeff Bezos |url=https://republicreporter.com/2024/03/eva-longoria-and-bill-mcraven-receive-100-million-from-jeff-bezos/ |access-date=March 15, 2024 |work=The Republic Reporter |date=March 15, 2024}}</ref>

Bezos Academy is a group of tuition-free [[preschool]]s for students from [[low-income]] families, which was created by Bezos, and which operate in a manner similar to the [[Montessori]] method (but are not accredited as Montessori schools).<ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-free-preschool-bezos-academy-locations-curriculum-eligibility-2022-1 Jeff Bezos's tuition-free preschool is expanding to new locations in Texas and Florida. Here's who's eligible to attend and why Bezos says 'the child will be the customer.'], Business Insider, January 31, 2022</ref> On November 22, 2022, Bezos awarded $123 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=123000000|start_year=2022|r=0|fmt=eq}}) to organizations that are engaged in relocating homeless families to permanent housing. Day 1 Families Fund grants, the amounts of which vary in monetary terms, will be sent to 40 organizations across the country.<ref>{{cite web | last=Melas | first=Chloe | title=Jeff Bezos announces 40 grants totaling $123 million to combat homelessness | website=CNN | date=2022-11-22 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/22/business/jeff-bezos-day-1-fund-grants | access-date=2025-06-28}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Princeton University people|List of Princeton University alumni]]
* [[List of richest Americans in history]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |title=Jeff Bezos: Amazon.com Architect |first=Tom |last=Robinson |year=2010 |publisher=ABDO Publishing |isbn=978-1-60453-759-8}}

== Further reading ==

{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=May 29, 2018 |title=Jeff Bezos: 'We will have to leave this planet ... and it's going to make this planet better' |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/jeff-bezos-isdc-space-vision |work=[[GeekWire]] |access-date=May 31, 2018 |archive-date=May 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529170353/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/jeff-bezos-isdc-space-vision/ |url-status=live |ref=none}}
* Davenport, Christian (2018). ''The Space Barons: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos''. PublicAffairs. {{ISBN|978-1610398299}}.
* {{cite news |last=Döpfner |first=Mathias S. |date=March 28, 2018 |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-interview-axel-springer-ceo-amazon-trump-blue-origin-family-regulation-washington-post-2018-4 |title=Jeff Bezos reveals what it's like to build an empire |work=Business Insider |access-date=April 29, 2018 |archive-date=April 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430233857/http://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-interview-axel-springer-ceo-amazon-trump-blue-origin-family-regulation-washington-post-2018-4 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
* Fernholz, Tim (2018). ''Rocket Billionaires: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the New Space Race''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. {{ISBN|978-1328662231}}.
* Leibovich, Mark. ''The New Imperialists'' (Prentice Hall, 2002) pp 55–104.[https://archive.org/details/newimperialists00mark online]
* {{cite news |last=Wingfield |first=Nick |date=January 12, 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/12/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon.html |title=Jeff Bezos, Mr. Amazon, Steps Out |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 29, 2018 |archive-date=April 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422111725/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/12/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon.html |url-status=live |ref=none}}
* {{cite news |last=Wofford |first=Ben |date=April 22, 2018 |title=Inside Jeff Bezos's Washington D.C. Life |url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2018/04/22/inside-jeff-bezos-dc-life |work=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]] |access-date=April 29, 2018 |archive-date=April 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429052713/https://www.washingtonian.com/2018/04/22/inside-jeff-bezos-dc-life/ |url-status=live |ref=none}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
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* {{TED speaker}}
* {{C-SPAN|53772}}
* {{Charlie Rose view|2495}}
* {{New York Times topic|people/b/jeffrey_p_bezos}}
* [https://www.forbes.com/profile/jeff-bezos/ ''Forbes'' Profile]

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Santosh Gangwar

2026-03-12T13:59:44Z

Leonwim:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1948)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Santosh Gangwar
| caption = Gangwar in 2015
| image = Santosh Kumar Gangwar (cropped).jpg
| office = [[List of Governors of Jharkhand|Governor of Jharkhand]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2024|07|31|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Hemant Soren]]
| predecessor = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Union Minister of State ''(Independent Charge)'' for Labour and Employment]]
| term_start2 = 3 September 2017
| term_end2 = 7 July 2021
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| successor2 = [[Bhupender Yadav]]
| office3 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of State for Finance]]
| term_start3 = 5 July 2016
| term_end3 = 3 September 2017
| predecessor3 = [[Jayant Sinha]]
| successor3 = [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]]
| minister3 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Textiles|Union Minister of State ''(Independent Charge)'' for Textiles]]
| term_start4 = 26 May 2014
| term_end4 = 7 July 2016
| predecessor4 = [[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
| successor4 = [[Smriti Irani]]
| primeminister4 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency6 = [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency5 = [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start5 = 16 May 2014
| term_end5 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor5 = [[Praveen Singh Aron]]
| successor5 = [[Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar]]
| term_start6 = 1989
| term_end6 = 2009
| predecessor6 = [[Abida Ahmed]]
| successor6 = [[Praveen Singh Aron]]
| office7 = [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Chairperson of Public Accounts Committee]]
| term_start7 = 2009
| term_end7 = 2010
| predecessor7 = [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| successor7 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|11|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[Dominion of India]] (present{{endash}}day Uttar Pradesh, India)
| residence = [[Raj Bhavan, Ranchi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Bareilly College]] (B.Sc.) [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]] (L.L.B.)
| spouse = {{marriage|Saubhagya Gangwar|1975}}
| children = 2
| father =
| mother =
| footnotes =
| date = 22 September|
| year = 2006|
| source = http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=131
}}

'''Santosh Kumar Gangwar''' (born 1 November 1948) is an Indian politician currently serving as the eleventh [[List of governors of Jharkhand|Governor of Jharkhand]] since 2024. He is a former [[Minister of State]] with independent charge in the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]] in the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/profile-meet-the-new-ministers-of-state-for-finance-116070600336_1.html|title = Meet Arjun Meghwal and Santosh Gangwar, the new ministers of state for Finance|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 6 July 2016|last1 = Roychoudhury|first1 = Arup}}</ref> He was a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] (16th Lok Sabha), former [[Minister of State|minister of state]] in [[Government of India]] and a leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He has been [[Member of Parliament]] for the city of [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Bareilly]] for almost three decades. He was also the chief whip of the party in 14th [[Lok Sabha]].

He faced defeat in the [[15th Lok Sabha|15th Lok Sabha Elections]], 2009 by a very narrow margin by [[Praveen Singh Aron]]. Gangwar was the chairman of the [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]] in 2009. He has been elected as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in [[16th Lok Sabha]]. He won by a margin of over 2.4 lakh votes over his rival candidate in [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]]. He resigned from the post of cabinet minister ahead of the cabinet reshuffle in July 2021. He is formerly the Chairperson of the [[Committee on Public Undertakings]].

Santosh Gangwar was appointed the [[Governor of Jharkhand]] by President [[Droupadi Murmu]] on 27 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mallick |first1=Ashesh |date=28 July 2024 |title=President appoints 6 new Governors including Om Prakash Mathur, Santosh Gangwar, reshuffles 3 others |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/president-murmu-appoints-new-governors-gangwar-goes-to-jharkhand-gulab-chand-kataria-to-punjab-manipur-telangana-maharashtra-latest-updates-2024-07-28-944002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728050455/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/president-murmu-appoints-new-governors-gangwar-goes-to-jharkhand-gulab-chand-kataria-to-punjab-manipur-telangana-maharashtra-latest-updates-2024-07-28-944002 |archive-date=28 July 2024 |work=India TV News |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born on 1 November 1948 in Bareilly, he studied in [[Bareilly College]], [[Bareilly]] and did his B.Sc. in 1967 and LLB in 1970. At that time Bareilly College was an affiliated college of [[Agra University]] and [[Gangwar (surname)|Gangwar]] was awarded both BSc and LLB degrees from [[Agra University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosh Kumar Gangwar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BAREILLY(UTTAR PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7410 |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Before joining politics, Gangwar was actively involved in the establishment of the Urban Cooperative Bank in Bareilly and held the position of its chairman since its beginning in the year 1996. In Bareilly, he has been given credit for getting several projects executed for public use such as Chaupla Railway over-bridge, a library, and a mini bypass. Married to Saubhagya Gangwar, they have two children.<ref name="elections cabinet-ministers" />
<ref name="elections 1UfzJ0iB.dpuf" /> He has [[vitiligo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/240619/drdo-team-eyes-improved-vitiligo-remedy.html | title=DRDO team eyes improved vitiligo remedy | work=Asian Age | date=24 June 2019 | access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
Gangwar was jailed during the Emergency for guiding a people's movement against the then Government. He served as a member of the Uttar Pradesh State BJP Working Committee and held the position of General Secretary of the Uttar Pradesh BJP Unit in 1996.

Gangwar was elected for the first time to the 9th [[Lok Sabha]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/briefbioprofiles.aspx?mpsno=131 |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 October 2015 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011022758/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/briefbioprofiles.aspx?mpsno=131 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 1989 from the [[Bareilly]] constituency. He represented that constituency continuously until 2009 as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], which involved six successive terms.

He has held ministerial posts in the Government of India.<ref name=" elections cabinet-ministers"/> He was Minister of State for Petroleum and Natural Gas with the additional charge of Parliament Affairs in 13th [[Lok Sabha]]. Prior to this, Gangwar was Minister of State of Science and Technology with the additional charge of Parliamentary Affairs during October and November 1999.

Santosh Gangwar is a Member of Parliament in the [[16th Lok Sabha]].

He served as Minister of State for [[Ministry of Textiles|Textiles]] from 26 May 2014 to 5 July 2016, after which he was sworn in as Minister of State for [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]].<ref>{{citation |title=Aadhaar law will ensure Direct Benefit Transfer reaches genuine beneficiaries: FM Jaitley |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-aadhaar-law-will-ensure-direct-benefit-transfer-reaches-genuine-beneficiaries-fm-jaitley-2234747 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=15 July 2016 }}</ref>

Gangwar forayed into national politics in the year 1989, when he got elected from Bareilly in the 9th Lok Sabha on a BJP ticket. In 1996, Gangwar became the General Secretary of the BJP's [[Uttar Pradesh]] unit. Later, he kept on winning from the same constituency and remained an MP in the next six successive terms till 2009. In the 14th Lok Sabha, he was the chief whip of his party, but in the year 2009 elections for 15th Lok Sabha, he had to face defeat by a narrow margin.<ref name="elections 1UfzJ0iB.dpuf"/>

In April 2018 Gangwar stirred controversy by saying that "one should not make a big deal" about rape in a country as large as India. The statements followed two incidents where BJP leaders were implicated in violent sexual assault of minors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-make-a-big-deal-union-ministers-message-on-child-rape-1841027|title = Sometimes Rapes Can't be Stopped, Why Make A "Big Deal", Says Union Minister}}</ref>

27 May 2014 onwards Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Ministry of Textiles; Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs; and Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/minister-of-state-independent-charge-santosh-gangwar-564063|title = Minister of State (Independent Charge): Santosh Gangwar}}</ref><ref>http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=131 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

In May 2019, Gangwar became the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Labour and Employment]].<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref>

==Governor of Jharkhand (2024–present)==
Gangwar was appointed as the Governor of Jharkhand by President Droupadi Murmu on 27 June 2024 and took oath on 31 July 2024.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite web
|title = Santosh Kumar Gangwar sworn in as Jharkhand Governor
|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/santosh-kumar-gangwar-sworn-in-as-jharkhand-governor/article68468128.ece
|work = The Hindu
|date = 2024-07-13
|access-date = 2024-08-22
|language = en
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="elections 1UfzJ0iB.dpuf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/santosh-kumar-gangwar.html#sthash.1UfzJ0iB.dpuf|title = Sarbananda Sonowal Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history}}</ref>
<ref name="elections cabinet-ministers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/government/cabinet-ministers.html|title=List of Cabinet Ministers of India and their Portfolios 2019 and 2014}}</ref>
}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Abida Ahmed]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly]] |years=1989 – 2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Praveen Singh Aron]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Praveen Singh Aron]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly]] |years=2014 – 2024}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Textiles|Minister of Textiles]]|years=26 May 2014 – 7 July 2016 '''Minister of State (Independent Charge)'''}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Smriti Irani]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Bandaru Dattatreya]] Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Employment]]|years=3 September 2017 – 7 May 2021 '''Minister of State (Independent Charge)'''}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bhupender Yadav]]}}
|-
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[C.P. Radhakrishnan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Jharkhand|Governor of Jharkhand]]|years=31 July 2024 – Present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040902105314/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=131 Official biography from Parliament of India records]
* [http://www.santoshgangwar.in/ Official Website]

{{Current Indian governors}}
{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangwar, Santosh}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bareilly]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India with independent charge]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:People with vitiligo]]
[[Category:Governors of Jharkhand]]

World Heritage Site

2026-03-09T06:04:18Z

Leonwim: clean up

{{Short description|Place of significance listed by UNESCO}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{for|the list of designated locations|lists of World Heritage Sites}}
{{Infobox organization
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'''World Heritage Sites''' are [[Landmark|landmarks]] and areas with legal protection under an [[treaty|international treaty]] administered by [[UNESCO]] for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "[[Cultural heritage|cultural]] and [[natural heritage]] around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity".<ref name="about" />

To be selected, a World Heritage Site is nominated by its host country and determined by the UNESCO's [[World Heritage Committee]] to be a unique landmark which is geographically and historically identifiable, having a special cultural or physical significance, and to be under a sufficient system of legal protection. World Heritage Sites might be [[ancient ruins]] or historical structures, [[Building|buildings]], [[City|cities]],{{efn|In 1978, two entire cities were declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites: first [[Quito]] in Ecuador, and later [[Kraków]] in Poland.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Katia |last1=Hetter |title=Exploring the world's first 12 heritage sites |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/unesco-first-12-world-heritage-sites/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526195934/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/unesco-first-12-world-heritage-sites/index.html |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&order=year |title=World Heritage List (ordered by year) |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200147/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/%26order%3Dyear |archive-date=26 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} [[Desert|deserts]], [[Forest|forests]], [[Island|islands]], [[Lake|lakes]], [[Monument|monuments]], [[Mountain|mountains]], [[Wilderness area|wilderness areas]], and others.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Ann Marie |last1=Sullivan |title=Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past |journal=[[John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law]] |url=https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl |via=UIC Law Open Access Repository |volume=15 |pages=604–46 |year=2016 |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405095657/https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/cobi.12976 |pmid=28664996 |title=Gaps and opportunities for the World Heritage Convention to contribute to global wilderness conservation |journal=[[Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=116–126 |year=2018 |last1=Allan |first1=James R. |last2=Kormos |first2=Cyril |last3=Jaeger |first3=Tilman |last4=Venter |first4=Oscar |last5=Bertzky |first5=Bastian |last6=Shi |first6=Yichuan |last7=MacKey |first7=Brendan |last8=Van Merm |first8=Remco |last9=Osipova |first9=Elena |last10=Watson |first10=James E.M.|bibcode=2018ConBi..32..116A |s2cid=28944427}}</ref>

A World Heritage Site may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humankind and serve as evidence of humanity's intellectual history on the planet, or it might be a place of great natural beauty.<ref name="SelectionCriteria" /> {{As of|2025|July}}, a total of 1,248 World Heritage Sites exist across [[World Heritage Sites by country|170 countries]].<ref name="WHList" />

The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity, which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing, unmonitored, uncontrolled or unrestricted access, or threat from local administrative negligence. Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones.<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=World Heritage |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131353/https://whc.unesco.org/en/about/ |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> The [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Sites list]] is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 "states parties" that are elected by the [[United Nations General Assembly]], and advised by reviews of international panels of experts in natural or cultural history, and education.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/comittee/ |title=The World Heritage Committee |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=14 October 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131510/https://whc.unesco.org/en/committee/ |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>

The Program catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humankind. The programme began with the [[Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf |title=Convention Concerning the Protection of World's Cultural and Natural Heritage |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131631/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. Since then, 196 states have ratified the convention,<ref name="unesco">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|title=States Parties – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=1 November 2024|archive-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|url-status=live}}</ref> making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world's most popular cultural programme.{{sfn|Edmondson|Jordan|Prodan|2020|p=144}}

==History==
===Origin===
[[File:تابلو میراث جهانی یونسکو تخت سلیمان.jpg|thumb|UNESCO World Heritage plaque at [[Takht-e Soleymān]] in [[Iran]]]]
In 1954, the government of [[Egypt]] decided to build the new [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]], whose resulting future reservoir would eventually [[Flood|inundate]] a large stretch of the [[Nile]] valley containing cultural treasures of [[ancient Egypt]] and ancient [[Nubia]]. In 1959, the governments of Egypt and [[Sudan]] requested the [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) to assist them to protect and rescue the endangered monuments and sites.

In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched the [[International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/ |title=Monuments of Nubia-International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131757/https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/ |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> This resulted in the excavation and recording of hundreds of sites, the recovery of thousands of objects, as well as the salvage and relocation to higher ground of several important temples. The most famous of these are the temple complexes of [[Abu Simbel temples|Abu Simbel]] and [[Philae]]. The campaign ended in 1980 and was considered a success. To thank countries which especially contributed to the campaign's success, Egypt donated four temples; the [[Temple of Dendur]] was moved to the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York City]], the [[Temple of Debod]] to the [[Parque del Oeste]] in [[Madrid]], the [[Temple of Taffeh]] to the [[Rijksmuseum van Oudheden]] in [[Leiden]], and the [[Temple of Ellesyia]] to [[Museo Egizio]] in [[Turin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/173/ |title=The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131914/https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/173/ |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>

The project cost US$80 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|80|1980|r=2}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}), about $40 million of which was collected from 50 countries.<ref name="WHC-history">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |title=The World Heritage Convention – Brief History / Section "Preserving cultural heritage" |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200434/https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> The project's success led to other safeguarding campaigns, such as saving [[Venice]] and [[Venetian Lagoon|its lagoon]] in Italy, the ruins of [[Mohenjo-daro]] in Pakistan, and the [[Borobodur]] Temple Compounds in Indonesia. Together with the [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]], UNESCO then initiated a draft convention to protect cultural heritage.<ref name="WHC-history"/>

===Convention and background===
{{main|World Heritage Convention}}
The convention (the signed document of [[treaty|international agreement]]) guiding the work of the [[World Heritage Committee]] was developed over a seven-year period (1965–1972).
The United States initiated the idea of safeguarding places of high cultural or natural importance. A [[White House]] conference in 1965 called for a "World Heritage Trust" to preserve "the world's superb natural and scenic areas and historic sites for the present and the future of the entire world citizenry". The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] developed similar proposals in 1968, which were presented in 1972 at the [[United Nations Conference on the Human Environment]] in Stockholm.<ref name="convention1"/> Under the World Heritage Committee, signatory countries are required to produce and submit periodic [[data reporting]] providing the committee with an overview of each participating nation's implementation of the World Heritage Convention and a "snapshot" of current conditions at World Heritage properties.{{Cn|date=August 2021}}

Based on the draft convention that UNESCO had initiated, a single text was eventually agreed upon by all parties, and the [[Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage]] was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972.<ref name="convention1">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |title=The World Heritage Convention – Brief History / Section "Linking the protection of cultural and natural heritage" |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200434/https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> The convention came into force on 17 December 1975. As of November 2024, it has been ratified by 196 states: 192 [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]], two [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Non-member observers|UN observer states]] (the [[Holy See]] and the [[State of Palestine]]), and two [[Associated state|states in free association]] with [[New Zealand]] (the [[Cook Islands]] and [[Niue]]). Only one UN member state, [[Liechtenstein]], has not ratified the convention.<ref name="unesco" />

==Objectives==
By assigning places as World Heritage Sites, UNESCO wants to help preserve them for future generations. Its motivation is that "heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today" and that both cultural and natural heritage are "irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration".<ref name="about" /> UNESCO's mission with respect to World Heritage consists of eight sub targets. These include encouraging the commitment of countries and local population to World Heritage conservation in various ways, providing emergency assistance for sites in danger, offering technical assistance and professional training, and supporting States Parties' public awareness-building activities.<ref name="about" />

Being listed as a World Heritage Site can positively affect the site, its environment, and interactions between them. A listed site gains international recognition and legal protection, and can obtain funds from, among others, the World Heritage Fund to facilitate its conservation under certain conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/funding/ |title=Funding |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530074900/https://whc.unesco.org/en/funding/ |archive-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> UNESCO reckons the restorations of the following four sites among its success stories: [[Angkor]] in Cambodia, the Old City of [[Dubrovnik]] in Croatia, the [[Wieliczka Salt Mine]] near Kraków in Poland, and the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]] in Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/107/#successful |title=Success stories – successful restorations |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530085037/https://whc.unesco.org/en/107/ |archive-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> Additionally, the local population around a site may benefit from significantly increased tourism revenue.<ref name="Maurel" /> When there are significant interactions between people and the natural environment, these can be recognised as "cultural landscapes".{{efn|This type of recognition exists since 1992.<ref name="SelectionCriteria"/>}}

==Nomination process==
A country must first identify its significant cultural and natural sites in a document known as the [[Tentative List of World Heritage Sites|Tentative List]]. Next, it can place sites selected from that list into a Nomination File, which is evaluated by the [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] and the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|World Conservation Union]]. A country may not nominate sites that have not been first included on its Tentative List. The two international bodies make recommendations to the World Heritage Committee for new designations. The Committee meets once a year to determine which nominated properties to add to the World Heritage List; sometimes it defers its decision or requests more information from the country that nominated the site. There are ten selection criteria – a site must meet at least one to be included on the list.<ref name="WHS Guidelines">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/ |title=The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714073431/https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/ |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref>

==Selection criteria==
Until 2004, there were six sets of criteria for cultural heritage and four for natural heritage. In 2005, UNESCO modified these and now has one set of ten criteria. Nominated sites must be of "outstanding universal value" and must meet at least one of the ten criteria.<ref name="SelectionCriteria">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/ |title=Criteria for Selection |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=14 October 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612152223/https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/ |archive-date=12 June 2016}}</ref>

===Cultural===
[[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, UP, India.jpg|thumb|Site No. 252: [[Taj Mahal]] in [[India]], an example of a cultural heritage site|alt=Site No. 252: The Taj Mahal, an example of a World Heritage Site]]
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>"To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius"</li>
<li>"To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design"</li>
<li>"To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living, or which has disappeared"</li>
<li>"To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history"</li>
<li>"To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change"</li>
<li>"To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance"{{efn|The World Heritage Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria.<ref name="SelectionCriteria"/>}}</li>
</ol>

===Natural===
[[File:Zerbras drinking.jpg|thumb|Site No. 156: [[Serengeti National Park]] in [[Tanzania]], a natural heritage site]]
[[File:80 - Machu Picchu - Juin 2009 - edit.2.jpg|thumb|Site No. 274: [[Machu Picchu|Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu]] in Peru, an example of a mixed (natural and cultural) heritage site]]
<ol type="i" start="7">
<li>"To contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance"</li>
<li>"To be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features"</li>
<li>"To be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals"</li>
<li>"To contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation"</li><ref name="SelectionCriteria"/>
</ol>

==Extensions and other modifications==
A country may request to extend or reduce the boundaries, modify the official name, or change the selection criteria of one of its already listed sites. Any proposal for a significant boundary change or to modify the site's selection criteria must be submitted as if it were a new nomination, including first placing it on the [[Tentative List of World Heritage Sites|Tentative List]] and then onto the Nomination File.<ref name="WHS Guidelines"/>

A request for a minor boundary change, one that does not have a significant impact on the extent of the property or affect its "outstanding universal value", is also evaluated by the advisory bodies before being sent to the committee. Such proposals can be rejected by either the advisory bodies or the Committee if they judge it to be a significant change instead of a minor one.<ref name="WHS Guidelines"/> Proposals to change a site's official name are sent directly to the committee.<ref name="WHS Guidelines"/>

==Endangerment==
{{main|List of World Heritage in Danger|Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites}}
[[File:Paisaje_en_Punta_Pitt,_isla_de_San_Cristóbal,_islas_Galápagos,_Ecuador,_2015-07-24,_DD_75.JPG|thumb|Site No. 1, the [[Galápagos Islands]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]] off the coast of [[South America]], had its boundaries extended in 2001 and 2003, and was included on the danger list from 2007 to 2010.]]
A site may be added to the [[List of World Heritage in Danger]] if conditions threaten the characteristics for which the landmark or area was inscribed on the World Heritage List. Such problems may involve armed conflict and war, natural disasters, pollution, poaching, or uncontrolled urbanisation or human development. This danger list is intended to increase international awareness of the threats and to encourage counteractive measures. Threats to a site can be either proven imminent threats or potential dangers that could have adverse effects on a site.<ref name="UNESCO-WHinDanger">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/158/ |title=World Heritage in Danger |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705132146/https://whc.unesco.org/en/158/ |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>

The state of conservation for each site on the danger list is reviewed yearly; after this, the Committee may request additional measures, delete the property from the danger list if the threats have ceased, or consider deletion from the World Heritage List entirely if the site's integrity no longer exists or has fallen out of local protection.<ref name="WHS Guidelines"/> Only three sites have ever been [[Former UNESCO World Heritage sites|delisted]]: the [[Arabian Oryx Sanctuary]] in Oman, the [[Dresden Elbe Valley]] in Germany, and the [[Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?components=1&order=country&delisted=1 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

The Arabian Oryx Sanctuary was directly delisted in 2007, instead of first being put on the danger list, after the Omani government decided to reduce the protected area's size by 90%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/362 |title=Oman's Arabian Oryx Sanctuary : first site ever to be deleted from UNESCO's World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=28 June 2007 |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705132243/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/362 |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> The Dresden Elbe Valley was first placed on the danger list in 2006 when the World Heritage Committee decided that plans to construct the [[Waldschlösschen Bridge]] would significantly alter the valley's landscape. In response, the Dresden City Council attempted to stop the bridge's construction. However, after several court decisions allowed the building of the bridge to proceed, the valley was removed from the World Heritage List in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/522 |title=Dresden is deleted from UNESCO's World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707003437/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/522/ |archive-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> [[Liverpool]]'s World Heritage status was revoked in July 2021, following developments ([[Liverpool Waters]] and [[Bramley-Moore Dock Stadium]]) on the northern docks of the World Heritage site leading to the "irreversible loss of (historical) attributes" on the site.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 July 2021|title=Liverpool stripped of Unesco World Heritage status|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-57879475|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724114406/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-57879475|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Josh Halliday |title=Unesco strips Liverpool of its world heritage status |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jul/21/unesco-strips-liverpool-waterfront-world-heritage-status |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=21 July 2021 |date=21 July 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721095624/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jul/21/unesco-strips-liverpool-waterfront-world-heritage-status |url-status=live}}</ref>

The first global assessment to quantitatively measure threats to Natural World Heritage Sites found that 63% of sites have been damaged by increasing human pressures including encroaching roads, agriculture infrastructure and settlements over the last two decades.<ref name=forestloss>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2016.12.011 |title=Recent increases in human pressure and forest loss threaten many Natural World Heritage Sites |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=206 |pages=47–55 |year=2017 |last1=Allan |first1=James R. |last2=Venter |first2=Oscar |last3=Maxwell |first3=Sean |last4=Bertzky |first4=Bastian |last5=Jones |first5=Kendall |last6=Shi |first6=Yichuan |last7=Watson |first7=James E.M. |bibcode=2017BCons.206...47A |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:417883/UQ417883_OA.pdf |access-date=25 September 2019 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708103548/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_417883/UQ417883_OA.pdf?Expires=1657276635&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=K3DKLyfyoRHC2vrhqCtu4JN8o559gQr8MaZLCii5BttnpyMK~c9OdnVK1IDaMtZHrVtOBC80XWg~di9KsY7NFXeV4~~tTNKRUNF4XcqLo1m1pH~7-cXM54A8snpJcuuSXQQYEULXBYVllUu6wbL80m8uL0VZT8TAnUZVyopKcn6qiqxMbIo4h0cfZNsCw2u64x6LeuIIHPnhAaQ9zg5xISrIQi~ZQXqiZsozaTQSIVRhIaWSZG0oKHB7WzKSYb5RU8OVkReMN5GWlymFCQ-rh8d2KxPrgtpHcyGENIPZrdbzkczWEa2QBoY~fwt4b6mHKiO~xMroh-056EU6zaUvYg__ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1038/ncomms12558 |pmid = 27552116 |pmc = 4996975 |title = Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation |journal = [[Nature Communications]] |volume = 7 |article-number = 12558 |year = 2016 |last1 = Venter |first1 = Oscar |last2 = Sanderson |first2 = Eric W. |last3 = Magrach |first3 = Ainhoa |last4 = Allan |first4 = James R. |last5 = Beher |first5 = Jutta |last6 = Jones |first6 = Kendall R. |last7 = Possingham |first7 = Hugh P. |last8 = Laurance |first8 = William F. |last9 = Wood |first9 = Peter |last10 = Fekete |first10 = Balázs M. |last11 = Levy |first11 = Marc A. |last12 = Watson |first12 = James E. M. |bibcode = 2016NatCo...712558V}}</ref> These activities endanger Natural World Heritage Sites and could compromise their unique values. Of the Natural World Heritage Sites that contain forest, 91% experienced some loss since 2000. Many of them are more threatened than previously thought and require immediate conservation action such as that undertaken by [[Kerala's rainforest gardeners]].<ref name=forestloss/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Kerala's 'rainforest gardeners' creating a Noah's ark for endangered plants |url=https://the-guardian.livejournal.com/231336354.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=the-guardian.livejournal.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

The destruction of cultural assets and identity-establishing sites is one of the primary goals of modern asymmetrical warfare. Terrorists, rebels, and mercenary armies deliberately smash archaeological sites, sacred and secular monuments and loot libraries, archives and museums. The UN, [[United Nations peacekeeping]] and [[UNESCO]] in cooperation with [[Blue Shield International]] are active in preventing such acts. "No strike lists" are also created to protect cultural assets from air strikes.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Peter |last1=Stone |title=Monuments Men: protecting cultural heritage in war zones |publisher=[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo – The International Art Magazine]] |date= 2 February 2015 |access-date=22 May 2020 |url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/inquiry-monuments-men/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526201349/https://www.apollo-magazine.com/inquiry-monuments-men/ |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Mehroz |last1=Baig |title=When War Destroys Identity |work=[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]] |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=22 May 2020 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/when-war-destroys-identity_b_5290161 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526201558/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/when-war-destroys-identity_b_5290161 |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly |publisher=UNESCO |date=13 September 2017 |access-date=22 May 2020 |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_director_general_calls_for_stronger_cooperation_for_h/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526201857/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_director_general_calls_for_stronger_cooperation_for_h/ |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|O'Keefe|Péron|Musayev|Ferrari|2016}}

The founding president of Blue Shield International [[Karl von Habsburg]] summed it up with the words: "Without the local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible."<ref>{{cite web |first1=Christoph |last1=Matz |title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon |trans-title=Karl von Habsburg on a mission in Lebanon |newspaper=[[Kronen Zeitung]] |url=https://www.krone.at/1911689 |access-date=22 May 2020 |date=28 April 2019 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689 |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/action-plan-to-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict |title=Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict |publisher=United Nations peacekeeping |date=12 April 2019 |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527103531/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/action-plan-to-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict |archive-date=27 May 2020}}</ref>

==Criticism==
The UNESCO-administered project has attracted criticism. This was caused by perceived under-representation of heritage sites outside Europe, disputed decisions on site selection and adverse impact of mass tourism on sites unable to manage rapid growth in visitor numbers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barron |first1=Laignee |title='Unesco-cide': does world heritage status do cities more harm than good? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/aug/30/unescocide-world-heritage-status-hurt-help-tourism |access-date=3 September 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527103655/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/aug/30/unescocide-world-heritage-status-hurt-help-tourism |archive-date=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vallely |first1=Paul |title=The Big Question: What is a World Heritage Site, and does the accolade make a difference? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/the-big-question-what-is-a-world-heritage-site-and-does-the-accolade-make-a-difference-997955.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=7 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027192333/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/the-big-question-what-is-a-world-heritage-site-and-does-the-accolade-make-a-difference-997955.html |archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> A large [[Lobbying|lobbying industry]] has grown around the awards, because World Heritage listing can significantly increase tourism returns. Site listing bids are often lengthy and costly, putting poorer countries at a disadvantage. [[Eritrea]]'s efforts to promote [[Asmara]] are one example.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modernist masterpieces in unlikely Asmara |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2016/07/architecture-eritrea?zid=317|author=T.G. |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=20 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715102559/https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2016/07/architecture-eritrea?zid=317 |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>

In 2016, the Australian government was reported to have successfully lobbied for the World Heritage Site [[Great Barrier Reef]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Great Barrier Reef|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/154/|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2021|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160546/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/154/}}</ref> conservation efforts to be removed from a UNESCO report titled "World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate". The Australian government's actions, involving considerable expense for lobbying and visits for [[diplomat]]s, were in response to their concern about the negative impact that an "at risk" label could have on tourism revenue at a previously designated UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Slezak |first1=Michael |title=Australia scrubbed from UN climate change report after government intervention |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/27/australia-scrubbed-from-un-climate-change-report-after-government-intervention |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027130133/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/27/australia-scrubbed-from-un-climate-change-report-after-government-intervention |archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasham |first1=Nicole |title=Government spent at least $400,000 lobbying against Great Barrier Reef 'danger' listing |url=https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/government-spent-at-least-400000-lobbying-against-great-barrier-reef-danger-listing-20150914-gjlwr2.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=17 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228235450/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/government-spent-at-least-400000-lobbying-against-great-barrier-reef-danger-listing-20150914-gjlwr2.html |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2021, international scientists recommended UNESCO to put the Great Barrier Reef on the endangered list,<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – List of World Heritage in Danger|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/danger/|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2021|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930173032/https://whc.unesco.org/en/danger/}}</ref> as global [[climate change]] had caused a further negative state of the corals and water quality.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Readfearn|first=Graham|date=22 June 2021|title=Political ploys and an ocean jewel: what's behind the UN's 'in danger' warning for the Great Barrier Reef|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/23/political-ploys-and-an-ocean-jewel-whats-behind-the-uns-in-danger-warning-for-the-great-barrier-reef|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027020234/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/23/political-ploys-and-an-ocean-jewel-whats-behind-the-uns-in-danger-warning-for-the-great-barrier-reef}}</ref> Again, the Australian government campaigned against this, and in July 2021, the [[World Heritage Committee]], made up of diplomatic representatives of 21 countries, ignored UNESCO's assessment, based on studies of scientists, "that the reef was clearly in danger from climate change and so should be placed on the list." According to environmental protection groups, this "decision was a victory for cynical lobbying and [...] Australia, as custodians of the world's biggest coral reef, was now on probation."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Readfearn|first=Graham|date=23 July 2021|title=World Heritage Committee agrees not to place Great Barrier Reef on 'in danger' list|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/23/world-heritage-committee-agrees-not-to-place-great-barrier-reef-on-in-danger-list|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025205001/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/23/world-heritage-committee-agrees-not-to-place-great-barrier-reef-on-in-danger-list}}</ref>

Several listed locations, such as [[Casco Viejo, Panama|Casco Viejo]] in [[Panama]] and [[Hội An (city)|Hội An]] in [[Vietnam]], have struggled to strike a balance between the [[Tourism economics|economic benefits]] of catering to greatly increased visitor numbers after the recognition and preserving the original culture and local communities.<ref name="Maurel">{{cite news |last1=Maurel |first1=Chloé |title=The unintended consequences of UNESCO World Heritage listing |url=https://theconversation.com/the-unintended-consequences-of-unesco-world-heritage-listing-71047 |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527103829/https://theconversation.com/the-unintended-consequences-of-unesco-world-heritage-listing-71047 |archive-date=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Caust |first1=Jo |title=Is UNESCO World Heritage status for cultural sites killing the things it loves? |url=https://theconversation.com/is-unesco-world-heritage-status-for-cultural-sites-killing-the-things-it-loves-98546 |date=10 July 2018 |access-date=30 May 2020 |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530083557/https://theconversation.com/is-unesco-world-heritage-status-for-cultural-sites-killing-the-things-it-loves-98546 |archive-date=30 May 2020}}</ref>

Another criticism is that there is a [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity#Sociology|homogeneity]] to these sites, which contain similar styles, [[Visitor center|visitor centres]], etc., meaning that a lot of the individuality of these sites has been removed to become more attractive to tourists.<ref>{{cite book |title=Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Heritage |chapter=Is world heritage politically sustainable? |date=9 June 2022 |isbn=9780367482749 |doi=10.4324/9781003038955-17 |page=183|publisher=Routledge |last1=Barrett-Casey |first1=Kristen |last2=Hisari |first2=Lorika |last3=Fouseki |first3=Kalliopi }}</ref>

Anthropologist Jasper Chalcraft said that World Heritage recognition often ignores contemporary local usage of certain sites. This leads to conflicts on the local level which can result in the site being damaged. [[Rock art]] under world heritage protection at the [[Acacus Mountains|Tadrart Acacus]] in [[Libya]] have occasionally been intentionally destroyed. Chalcraft links this destruction to Libyan national authorities prioritizing World Heritage status over local sensibilities by limiting access to the sites without consulting with the local population.<ref>{{Citation |last=Chalcraft |first=Jasper |title=World Heritage on the Ground |chapter=Chapter 9 Decolonizing the Site: The Problems and Pragmatics of World Heritage in Italy, Libya and Tanzania |date=1 April 2016 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781785330926-011/html |pages=219–247 |access-date=9 December 2023 |publisher=Berghahn Books |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781785330926-011 |isbn=978-1-78533-092-6 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209160013/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781785330926-011/html |url-status=live }}</ref>

UNESCO has also been criticized for alleged geographic bias, [[racism]], and [[Discrimination based on skin tone|colourism]] in world heritage inscription. A major chunk of all world heritage inscriptions are located in regions whose populations generally have lighter skin, including Europe, East Asia, and North America.<ref>Eliot, et al (2012). World heritage: Constructing a universal cultural order. Poetics Journal.</ref><ref>Djurberg, et al (2018). Reforming UNESCO's World Heritage. The Globalist.</ref><ref>Keough (2011). Heritage in Peril: A Critique of UNESCO's World Heritage Program. Global Studies Law Review.</ref><ref>Steiner, et al (2011). Imbalance of World Heritage List: "Did the UNESCO Strategy Work?". University of Zurich.</ref>

==Statistics==
{{Main|List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription}}
[[File:Number of UNESCO sites registered per year for each continent.svg|alt=The graph represents the amount of UNESCO sites inscribed on the World Heritage List each year for each continent. You can see that in 2000 there was a general increase in the enrollments in the list of UNESCO sites|thumb|A graph representing the number of UNESCO sites inscribed on the World Heritage List each year for each continent<ref name="WHList" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Countries - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ |access-date=13 October 2023|website=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730065051/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]

The World Heritage Committee has divided the world into five geographic regions: Africa, Arab states, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Russia and the [[Caucasus]] states are classified as European, while Mexico and the Caribbean are classified as belonging to the Latin America and the Caribbean region. The UNESCO geographic regions also give greater emphasis on administrative, rather than geographic associations. Hence, [[Gough Island]], located in the South Atlantic, is part of the Europe and North America region because the British government nominated the site.

The table below includes a breakdown of the sites according to these regions and their classification ({{as of|2025|07|lc=y}}):<ref name="WHList">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |title=World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date =13 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/stat |title=World Heritage List Statistics |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002820/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/stat |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Region
! Cultural
! Natural
! Mixed
! Total
! Percentage
! States parties with inscribed properties
|-
! style=text-align:left | [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|Africa]]
| 63
| 44
| 5
| 112
| 8.97%
| 38
|-
! style=text-align:left | [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states|Arab states]]
| 88
| 6
| 3
| 97
| 7.77%
| 18
|-
! style=text-align:left | [[Lists of World Heritage Sites#Asia|Asia]] and the [[List of World Heritage Sites in Oceania|Pacific]]
| 220
| 73{{efn|Includes the sites [[Uvs Lake Basin|Uvs Nuur Basin]] and [[Landscapes of Dauria]] located in Mongolia and Russia.}}
| 13
| 306
| 24.52%
| 36
|-
! style=text-align:left | [[Lists of World Heritage Sites#Europe|Europe]] and [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|North America]]
| 496{{efn|Includes the site [[The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier|The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement]] located in Argentina, Belgium, France, Germany, India, Japan, and Switzerland.}}
| 72
| 12
| 580
| 46.47%
| 50
|-
! style=text-align:left | [[Lists of World Heritage Sites#Americas|Latin America]] and the [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean|Caribbean]]
| 105
| 40
| 8
| 153
| 12.26%
| 28
|-
! Total
! 972
! 235
! 41
! 1,248
! 100%
! 170
|}

===Countries with 15 or more sites===
{{See also|World Heritage Sites by country}}
[[File:Unesco_world_heritage_sites.png|thumb|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]

This overview lists the 23 countries with 15 or more World Heritage Sites ({{asof|2025|7}}):

<timeline>
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from:0 till:61 color:purple text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Italy|Italy]]" (61)
from:0 till:60 color:purple text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in China|China]]" (60)

from:0 till:55 color:blue text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Germany|Germany]]" (55)
from:0 till:54 color:blue text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in France|France]]" (54)
from:0 till:50 color:blue text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Spain|Spain]]" (50)

from:0 till:44 color:green text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in India|India]]" (44)

from:0 till:36 color:yellow text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico|Mexico]]" (36)
from:0 till:35 color:yellow text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]" (35)
from:0 till:33 color:yellow text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Russia|Russia]]" (33)

from:0 till:29 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Iran|Iran]]" (29)
from:0 till:26 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Japan|Japan]]" (26)
from:0 till:26 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in the United States|United States]]" (26)
from:0 till:25 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil|Brazil]]" (25)
from:0 till:22 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Canada|Canada]]" (22)
from:0 till:22 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey|Turkey]]" (22)
from:0 till:21 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Australia|Australia]]" (21)
from:0 till:20 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Greece|Greece]]" (20)

from:0 till:17 color:red text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]" (17)
from:0 till:17 color:red text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Poland|Poland]]" (17)
from:0 till:17 color:red text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal|Portugal]]" (17)
from:0 till:17 color:red text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea|South Korea]]" (17)
from:0 till:16 color:red text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Belgium|Belgium]]" (16)
from:0 till:15 color:red text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden|Sweden]]" (15)

barset:skip
</timeline>

{{clear}}

== Global distribution ==

This interactive map shows the global distribution of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Selecting a marker opens the corresponding article.

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==See also==
{{portal|Environment|Society|World}}
* [[GoUNESCO]] – initiative to promote awareness and provide tools for laypersons to engage with heritage
* [[Index of conservation articles]]
* [[Lists of World Heritage Sites]]
* [[Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]
* [[Memory of the World Programme]]
* [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]] – international agreement on wetlands recognition

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first1=Ray |last1=Edmondson |first2=Lothar |last2=Jordan |first3=Anca Claudia |last3=Prodan |title=The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme: Key Aspects and Recent Developments |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer Nature Switzerland AG]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-18441-4 |isbn=978-3-030-18440-7 |s2cid=243052987}}
* {{cite book |first1=Roger |last1=O'Keefe |first2=Camille |last2=Péron |first3=Tofig |last3=Musayev |first4=Gianluca |last4=Ferrari |title=Protection of Cultural Property: Military Manual |publisher=UNESCO |location=Sanremo, Italy |year=2016 |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf |isbn=978-92-3-100184-0 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108011511/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|World Heritage Sites}}
{{Wikivoyage|UNESCO World Heritage List}}
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=World Heritage Site
|viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle=}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/ UNESCO World Heritage portal] – Official website {{in lang|en|fr}}
** [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list The World Heritage List] – Official searchable list of all Inscribed Properties
** [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/kml KML file of the World Heritage List] – Official [[Keyhole Markup Language|KML]] version of the list for [[Google Earth]] and [[NASA Worldwind]]
** [https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc UNESCO Information System on the State of Conservation of World Heritage properties] – Searchable online tool with over 3,400 reports on World Heritage Sites
** [https://whc.unesco.org/en/forests Official overview of the World Heritage Forest Program]
** [https://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage] – Official 1972 Convention Text in seven languages
*** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060207191942/http://law-ref.org/HERITAGE/index.html The 1972 Convention at Law-Ref.org] – Fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents
* [https://www.protectedplanet.net/ Protected Planet] – View all Natural World Heritage Sites in the World Database on Protected Areas
* [https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/world-heritage-goes-marine World Heritage Site – Smithsonian Ocean Portal]
* [https://www.unescochair.usi.ch/ UNESCO chair in ICT] to develop and promote [[sustainable tourism]] in World Heritage Sites
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/unesco UNESCO World Heritage Sites] showcased in [[Google Arts & Culture]]

{{Lists of World Heritage Sites}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:World Heritage Sites| ]]
[[Category:1972 in the environment]]
[[Category:1972 introductions]]
[[Category:Global culture]]
[[Category:Protected areas]]
[[Category:UNESCO]]

Oolkatal

2026-03-03T20:59:27Z

Leonwim: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oolkatal
| image = Oolkatal.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. G. George]]
| producer = K. J. Thomas Dr. George John
| writer = [[George Onakkoor]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Ulkadal''|George Onakkoor}}
| starring = [[Venu Nagavally]] [[Shobha|Sobha]] [[Ratheesh]] [[Jalaja]]
| music = [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
| cinematography = [[Balu Mahendra]]
| editing = [[MN Appu|M. N. Appu]]
| studio = Naveenachitra Movie Makers
| distributor = Vijaya Movies
| released = {{Film date|1979|10|26|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Oolkatal''''' or '''''Ulkadal''''' ({{Translation|Bay}}) is a 1979 [[Malayalam]]-language [[musical film|musical]]-[[romantic drama film]] directed by [[K. G. George]] and starring [[Venu Nagavally]] and [[Shobha|Sobha]]. The film, considered to be the first campus film in [[Malayalam cinema]], was adapted from the novel of the same name by [[George Onakkoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=12 June 2016 |title=Ulkadal: 1979 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Ulkadal-1979/article14418950.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919093428/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Ulkadal-1979/article14418950.ece |archive-date=19 September 2022}}</ref> It was shot mainly at [[Mar Ivanios College]], [[Trivandrum]].

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2022}}
The film's protagonist is Rahulan who loves three different women in different stages of his life. After his childhood love Thulasi commits suicide, Rahulan falls in love with his friend's sister Reena. She hails from an orthodox Christian family and Rahulan never has the courage to approach her father for a marriage proposal. After completing college, Rahulan gets a teacher job. He eventually falls in love with Meera, a rich student of his. Meera's family fixes her marriage with Rahulan. One night, Reena visits Rahulan in his house and at the same time Meera and her father also come and is shocked to see another woman with Rahulan. In the climax, Rahulan accepts Reena into his life. On the parallel, another romance story is also told, between Davis (Rahulan's friend and Reena's brother), and a nun.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Venu Nagavally]] as Rahulan
* [[Ratheesh]] as Davis
* [[Shobha]] as Reena
* [[Jalaja]] as Susanna
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Shanku
* [[Thilakan]] as Rahulan's father
* Suchitra as Meera
* [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Thulasi
* [[Sankaradi]] as Father Chenadan
* [[P. K. Venukuttan Nair]] as Reena's father
* Kumudam
* Azeez as Meera's father
* Dr. Namputhiri
* Konniyoor Vijayakumar
* William Dicruz
* Sreemathi George Varghese
* Thrissur Elsy as Meera's mother
* Omanammal
* Jessy
* Shanthi
* Nicemon as child rahulan
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] with lyrics by [[O. N. V. Kurup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഉൾക്കടൽ (1979) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517005137/https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1023 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Ente Kadinjool Pranaya" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Selma George]]
|-
| "Krishnathulasikkathirukal" || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| "Nashtavasanthathin" || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| "Puzhayil Mungi Thazhum" || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| "Sharadindu Malardeepa" || [[P. Jayachandran]], Selma George
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190302132453/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7516a9ed ''Oolkatal''] at the [[British Film Institute]]{{better source needed|reason=Help request: a live link can be searched for at https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/search/expert - if available, replace the archive URL with the live link. Or if none found, remove this 'better source needed' template. | date=October 2023}}
* {{IMDb title|0215276}}

[[Category:1979 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1979 romance films]]
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. G. George]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. B. Sreenivasan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1979 musical films]]

DJ Tillu

2026-03-03T09:16:16Z

Leonwim: Stub

{{Short description|2022 film by Vimal Krishna}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = DJ Tillu
| image = DJ Tillu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vimal Krishna
| writer = Vimal Krishna [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]]
| screenplay =
| producer =Naga Vamsi
| starring = Siddhu Jonnalagadda [[Neha Shetty]] [[Prince Cecil]]
| cinematography = Sai Prakash Ummadisingu
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sricharan Pakala]] [[Ram Miriyala]] (1 song) '''Score:''' [[Thaman S]]
| studio = [[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]] Fortune Four Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2022|2|12|df=yes}}
| runtime = 124 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.news18.com/news/movies/upcoming-telugu-film-dj-tillu-gets-ua-certificate-4739042.html|title = Upcoming Telugu Film DJ Tillu Gets UA Certificate|date = 5 February 2022|access-date = 8 February 2022|archive-date = 8 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220208082404/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/upcoming-telugu-film-dj-tillu-gets-ua-certificate-4739042.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{estimation}}
{{INR|5 crore}}
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|30.30 crore}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Year Ender 2022|url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/year-ender-2022-tollywood-box-office-hit-films-report-bangarraju-dj-tillu-rrr-kgf-2-major-dhamaka-hit-2-bimbisara-karthikeya2-movies-got-success-ta-1559562.html|website=[[News18 Telugu]]|date=30 December 2022|access-date=31 December 2022|archive-date=31 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231044903/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/year-ender-2022-tollywood-box-office-hit-films-report-bangarraju-dj-tillu-rrr-kgf-2-major-dhamaka-hit-2-bimbisara-karthikeya2-movies-got-success-ta-1559562.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''DJ Tillu''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime comedy film]] directed by debutant Vimal Krishna who co-wrote the film with [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]]. Produced by Naga Vamsi, the film stars Jonnalagadda as the titular character alongside [[Neha Shetty]], [[Prince Cecil]] and [[Brahmaji]].

The film was announced in October 2020 under the title ''Narudi Brathuku Natana.'' Principal photography began in February 2021 with filming taking place in [[Hyderabad]]. The background score was scored by [[S. Thaman]] while the soundtrack was composed by [[Sricharan Pakala]] and [[Ram Miriyala]]. Initially scheduled to be released on 14 January 2022, it was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].

''DJ Tillu'' was released theatrically on 12 February 2022 and received mixed to positive reviews from critics, becoming a blockbuster at the box office. A sequel titled ''[[Tillu Square]]'' was released on 29 March 2024 with most of the cast returning to reprise their roles.

== Plot ==
Bala Gangadhar Tilak alias DJ Tillu is an aspiring [[disk jockey]] who meets Radhika in a club and asks her for a drink to which she agrees. After the drinks, Tillu drops Radhika at her apartment. While walking towards her apartment, she then goes into her room to pack her luggage and an enraged Rohit tries to assault her. In self-defense, Radhika shoves Rohit, which causes him to hit his head on the wall and die from the injury.

Radhika asks Tillu to come to her apartment. Tillu arrives and sees all the photos in the room with Rohit and also Rohit's corpse. Tillu gets scared and tells Radhika to call the police, but Radhika does not want to call the police as she is afraid that she will be sentenced to prison for killing Rohit. She explains everything to Tillu and they decide to bury the body somewhere. As they are burying Rohit's body, a drunk man named Chandrakant sees them and films the act. He blackmails Tillu and Radhika for {{INR}}25 lakh in two days in order for the video not to be leaked. Radhika claims that she knows a club owner Shannon is involved in illegal business and can obtain the money from him. She then manages to seduce Shannon and steals {{INR}}2 crore. Frustrated on how Radhika obtains the money and seeing the way she seduces Shannon, Tillu gets into an argument with Radhika.

Seeing the fight, [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Rao stops Tillu and Radhika. To escape from the situation, Radhika pretends that she does not know Tillu and that she needs to be dropped off at her house. Shannon later finds Tillu at a tea stall and asks him about his money. Tillu tells Shannon that it was in his car and gets Shannon to drive to the earlier spot, but the car and the money are missing. He then finds the car and Radhika at the spot where they buried Rohit and Shannon finds his money. Radhika explains that Rao actually came into her apartment and found blood, threatened that he would get her arrested and attempted to assault her, but she managed to escape. Later, they are chased by Rao and Shannon is thrown out of the car. However, Tillu and Radhika escape and reach a hotel with the money. Radhika explains to Tillu that she tried to give the money to Chandrakant, but he also tried to assault her, which made her to leave the premises.

Tillu goes to the restroom, while Radhika leaves the hotel with the money. Shannon and Rao thrash Tillu, who goes into a coma and loses his memory. Tillu is then admitted to the hospital, where Shannon and Rao interrogate Tillu for the money and Rao's phone. With Tillu not remembering what happened, Rao files a case in court with Radhika and attempts to get them both arrested for the murder. During the case hearing in court, it is revealed that Tillu actually bribed Chandrakant and Rao's colleague Fish with a video and manages to get both Radhika and Rao arrested. A month later, Tillu visits Radhika in prison and explains that he never lost his memory and hatched a plan to find Radhika and obtain the money by bribing a music director, who behaved rudely with Radhika. He manages a bail order and gets Radhika released. Tillu explains that he helped her only because he felt bad for her. Later, Shannon calls Tillu and asks for his money, where Tillu tells him that the money is in [[Paris]] and that the plot would continue from there.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]] as Bala Gangadhar Tilak alias "DJ Tillu"
* [[Neha Shetty]] as M. Radhika
* [[Prince Cecil]] as Shannon Gonzales, club owner
* [[Brahmaji]] as Inspector Rao
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Head Constable Fish
* [[Pragathi]] as Judge I. Sharada Devi
* Narra Srinivas as Chandrakant
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Music Director
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Photographer Rohit, Radhika's boyfriend
* [[Muralidhar Goud]] as Tillu's father
* Praneeth Reddy Kallem as Marcus, Tillu's friend
}}

== Production ==
=== Development and casting ===
Vimal Krishna narrated the storyline of the film to actor Jonnalagadda in 2019, but production got delayed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-08|title='DJ Tillu' isn't an adult movie, says Director Vimal Krishna|url=https://telanganatoday.com/?p=770762|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208091053/https://telanganatoday.com/?p=770762|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was announced in October 2020 under the title ''Narudi Brathuku Natana.''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Siddhu Jonnalagadda and Shraddha Srinath's to star next in Narudi Brathuku Natana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siddhu-jonnalagadda-and-shraddha-srinaths-to-star-next-in-narudi-brtahuku-natana/articleshow/78585316.cms|access-date=2022-02-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206044404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siddhu-jonnalagadda-and-shraddha-srinaths-to-star-next-in-narudi-brtahuku-natana/articleshow/78585316.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Director [[Trivikram Srinivas]] also guided Krishna and the team in designing the story and screenplay of the film. In an interview with ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Vimal Krishna revealed about the Tillu's character that, "During my initial days in Hyderabad, I happened to meet and interact with a few DJs and was really bowled over by their conversations, attitude and body language. They carry a different persona and each one is his own boss. I have infused these characteristics and developed Tillu's character".<ref>{{Cite web|title=The story of DJ Tillu resonates with everyone|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/feb/08/the-story-of-dj-tillu-resonates-with-everyone-2416589.html|access-date=2022-02-08|website=The New Indian Express|date=8 February 2022 |archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208090721/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/feb/08/the-story-of-dj-tillu-resonates-with-everyone-2416589.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2021, the film was then officially launched under the same title.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Siddhu Jonnalagadda and Neha Shetty starrer Narudi Brathuku Natana launched today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siddhu-jonnalagadda-and-neha-shetty-starrer-narudi-brathuku-natana-launched-today/articleshow/80613978.cms|access-date=2022-02-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206044406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siddhu-jonnalagadda-and-neha-shetty-starrer-narudi-brathuku-natana-launched-today/articleshow/80613978.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film's title was then changed to ''DJ Tillu'' for a shorter name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwQTt6OxI64&t=936s|title=Siddhu Jonnalagadda Interview With Baradwaj Rangan | Conversations | Tillu Square|date=April 2024 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> About his character 'Tillu' in the film, Jonnalagadda told ''[[The Hindu]]'' that "I grew up in areas near Padmarao Nagar (in [[Hyderabad]]). Youngsters in [[Warasiguda]] and [[Chilkalguda]] talk like Tillu (the [[Telangana dialect|Hyderabadi Telangana dialect]]). We wanted Tillu to reflect on how these youngsters speak and how they handle things. Each one is his own boss and for no reason, there is the rivalry between gangs from each street. These boys are also more chilled out than those in, say, [[Banjara Hills]]."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2022-02-05|title=Siddhu: I want to be a star of a 100-crore film in the next three years|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dj-tillus-actor-screenwriter-siddhu-hopes-to-be-a-star-of-a-100-crore-film-in-the-next-three-years/article38383186.ece|access-date=2022-02-08|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208083911/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dj-tillus-actor-screenwriter-siddhu-hopes-to-be-a-star-of-a-100-crore-film-in-the-next-three-years/article38383186.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] for the film began in February 2021 but was then later stopped due to the second lockdown in India. Filming was then resumed in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-06-19|title=Lights, camera, action for Telugu film units|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-film-units-prioritise-vaccination-as-they-resume-work-after-second-wave-of-covid-19/article34855764.ece|access-date=2022-02-06|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206044404/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-film-units-prioritise-vaccination-as-they-resume-work-after-second-wave-of-covid-19/article34855764.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = DJ Tillu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sricharan Pakala]] and [[Ram Miriyala]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|02|09}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=10|s=22}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Sricharan Pakala]] [[Ram Miriyala]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| chronology =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|nXZCJdZX94A|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Thimmarusu]]
| prev_year = 2021
| title = DJ Tillu
| year = 2022
| next_title = [[Major (film)|Major]]
| next_year = 2022
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Pushpaka Vimanam]]
| prev_year = 2021
| title = DJ Tillu
| year = 2022
}}
{{Singles
| name = DJ Tillu
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Tillu Anna DJ Pedithe
| single1date = 6 January 2022
| single2 = Pataas Pilla
| single2date = 24 January 2022
| single3 = Nuvvala
| single3date = 7 February 2022
}}
}}

[[Sricharan Pakala]] and [[Ram Miriyala]] composed the film's soundtrack. The audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]]. In early-January 2022, [[S. Thaman]] joined the production to compose the [[film score]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Khiladi', 'Sehari', DJ Tillu; 5 Telugu movies hitting theatres this week|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/khiladi-sehari-dj-tillu-5-telugu-movies-hitting-theatres-this-week/photostory/89453322.cms|work=The Times of India|date=9 February 2022|access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210110414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/khiladi-sehari-dj-tillu-5-telugu-movies-hitting-theatres-this-week/photostory/89453322.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after, the first song "Tillu Anna DJ Pedithe" was released on 6 January 2022. Sung and composed by [[Ram Miriyala]], the song became an instant chartbuster. The second song "Pataas Pilla" sung by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], was released on 24 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title='DJ Tillu' new song 'Pataas Pilla...' by Anirudh Ravichander is out now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dj-tillu-new-song-pataas-pilla-by-anirudh-ravichander-is-out-now/articleshow/89090686.cms|access-date=2022-02-08|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208130825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dj-tillu-new-song-pataas-pilla-by-anirudh-ravichander-is-out-now/articleshow/89090686.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The third song "Nuvvala" sung by Jonnalagadda, was released on 7 February 2022. While the female version of the song later released through the album on 9 February 2022.{{Track listing
| title1 = Tillu Anna DJ Pedithe
| length1 = 3:03
| total_length = 10:22
| lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = Ram Miriyala
| music1 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| title2 = Pataas Pilla
| music2 = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| lyrics2 = Kittu Vissapragada
| length2 = 3:12
| extra2 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| title3 = Nuvvala
| lyrics3 = [[Ravikanth Perepu]]
| extra3 = [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]]
| length3 = 2:04
| music3 = Sricharan Pakala
| title4 = Nuvvala (Female version)
| lyrics4 = Ravikanth Perepu
| extra4 = [[Yamini Ghantasala]]
| length4 = 2:01
| music4 = Sricharan Pakala
}}

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on 14 January 2022 coinciding with the festival of [[Sankranthi]] due to the postponement of films such as ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' and ''[[Radhe Shyam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-11|title=DJ Tillu' stands officially postponed|url=https://ntvenglish.com/dj-tillu-stands-officially-postponed/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=English|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=telugu|first=10tv|date=2022-01-10|title=DJ Tillu: వైరస్ ఎఫెక్ట్.. డీజే టిల్లు విడుదల వాయిదా! Corona Virus Effect .. DJ Tillu movie Release Postponed!|url=https://10tv.in/movies/corona-virus-effect-dj-tillu-movie-release-postponed-350025.html|access-date=2022-02-08|publisher=10TV|language=telugu|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208082406/https://10tv.in/movies/corona-virus-effect-dj-tillu-movie-release-postponed-350025.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, due to the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|restrictions on cinema due to COVID-19 pandemic]] in India the film was postponed. It was later decided that the film was going to release on 11 February 2022 along with [[Khiladi (2022 film)|''Khiladi'']].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-04|title=Sidhu Jonnalagadda to Take Audience on Joyous Ride as DJ Tillu on February 11|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sidhu-jonnalagadda-to-take-audience-on-joyous-ride-as-dj-tillu-on-february-11-4734071.html|access-date=2022-02-08|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208092304/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sidhu-jonnalagadda-to-take-audience-on-joyous-ride-as-dj-tillu-on-february-11-4734071.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bheemla Nayak postponed? DJ Tillu and Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu line-up for release in February|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bheemla-nayak-postponed-dj-tillu-and-aadavallu-meeku-johaarlu-line-up-for-release-in-february/articleshow/89194450.cms|access-date=2022-02-08|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130070742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bheemla-nayak-postponed-dj-tillu-and-aadavallu-meeku-johaarlu-line-up-for-release-in-february/articleshow/89194450.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In order to avoid the clash with ''Khiladi'', ''DJ Tillu'' was then postponed to 12 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Siddhu Jonnalagadda and Neha Shetty starrer DJ Tillu to hit screens on February 12|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siddhu-jonnalagadda-and-neha-shetty-starrer-dj-tillu-to-hit-screens-on-february-12/articleshow/89368769.cms|access-date=2022-02-08|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208082404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siddhu-jonnalagadda-and-neha-shetty-starrer-dj-tillu-to-hit-screens-on-february-12/articleshow/89368769.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's theatrical distribution rights were sold for {{INR|8
crore|link=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weekend Preview: Khiladi and DJ Tillu to warm up the box office before the summer heats up |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/weekend-preview-khiladi-and-dj-tillu-warm-box-office-summer-heats-1019846 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=10 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212074740/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/weekend-preview-khiladi-and-dj-tillu-warm-box-office-summer-heats-1019846 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The satellite and digital rights were acquired by [[Star Maa]] and [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]], respectively. It premiered on Aha on 4 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DJ Tillu Streaming on Aha |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/dj-tillu |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=Aha Video |date=30 April 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428101848/https://www.aha.video/movie/dj-tillu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-14|title=Aha Video Acquires Digital Rights of Siddhu Jonnalagadda's DJ Tillu|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aha-video-acquires-digital-rights-of-siddhu-jonnalagaddas-dj-tillu-4770491.html|access-date=2022-02-15|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215040441/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aha-video-acquires-digital-rights-of-siddhu-jonnalagaddas-dj-tillu-4770491.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title=Siddhu Jonnalagadda, Neha Shetty's DJ Tillu Now Streaming on Aha Video |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/siddhu-jonnalagadda-neha-shettys-dj-tillu-now-streaming-on-aha-video-4834208.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306142510/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/siddhu-jonnalagadda-neha-shettys-dj-tillu-now-streaming-on-aha-video-4834208.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
''DJ TIllu'' received mixed reviews with some critics praising the "madcap fun moments", but criticising its narration.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=DJ Tillu Movie Review: Siddhu Jonnalagadda And Neha Shetty's Film Receives Mixed Response From Critics |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/dj-tillu-movie-review-siddhu-jonnalagadda-and-neha-shettys-film-receives-mixed-response-from-critics-3356907.html |website=Latestly |date=12 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213083126/https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/dj-tillu-movie-review-siddhu-jonnalagadda-and-neha-shettys-film-receives-mixed-response-from-critics-3356907.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Thadhagath Pathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave three out of five stars and wrote "DJ Tillu relies heavily on dialogue and less on the actual story at hand. Such films usually end up being the perfect weekend watch, so this one's for you if you enjoy humour".<ref>{{cite news |title=DJ Tillu Movie Review : Siddhu Jonnalagadda and Neha Shetty steal the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/dj-tillu/movie-review/89522615.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213031448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/dj-tillu/movie-review/89522615.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five and wrote "DJ Tillu has more 'mass' in it than the introductory songs for top stars in mass masala movies. And Thaman's background music hits the ball out of the park, designed to make the scenes look like they have been choreographed to enable the BGM composer have a blast in the studio. The editing is solid, making the shots look consummately etched".<ref>{{cite web |title=DJ Tillu Review: This crime comedy is absolutely enjoyable & non-conformist |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dj-tillu-review-crime-comedy-absolutely-enjoyable-non-conformist-1021299 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212084914/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dj-tillu-review-crime-comedy-absolutely-enjoyable-non-conformist-1021299 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five and wrote "DJ Tillu is a breezy entertainer that has elements of fun and quirkiness. The writing was cool, but goes overboard towards the end. Watch out for Siddu's characterisation and performance".<ref>{{cite web |title=DJ Tillu is a breezy entertainer that has elements of fun and quirkiness |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120222/dj-tillu-movie-review.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212155139/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120222/dj-tillu-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave the film a rating of {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote "Vimal tried to keep the audience to sit with his narration. Thaman's background score is an asset. He keeps the tempo with his techno sounding. The songs are neat. The cinematography is adequate. Dialogue writing is a huge plus for this romantic crime thriller".<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Review: DJ Tillu's speaker sounds well |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-dj-tillus-speaker-sounds-well-78662 |website=[[The Hans India|The Hans]] |date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213063546/https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-dj-tillus-speaker-sounds-well-78662 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[News18]]'' stated "Director Vimal Krishna did well, though he could’ve stretched his limits more, experts say. The movie is a one-time watch for a few laughs in the first half".<ref>{{cite web |title=Sidhu Jonnalagadda's DJ Tillu a One-time Watch at Best Because of Weak Second Half |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sidhu-jonnalagaddas-dj-tillu-a-one-time-watch-at-best-because-of-weak-second-half-4765481.html |website=[[News18 India]] |date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212155209/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sidhu-jonnalagaddas-dj-tillu-a-one-time-watch-at-best-because-of-weak-second-half-4765481.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Director Vimal Krishna helms a laughter riot populated with quirky, morally ambiguous characters".<ref>{{cite news |title='DJ Tillu' movie review: Siddhu steals the show in this outlandish comic caper |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/dj-tillu-movie-review-siddhu-steals-the-show/article65045233.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213190402/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/dj-tillu-movie-review-siddhu-steals-the-show/article65045233.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''DJ Tillu'' grossed {{INRConvert|8.1|c}} worldwide on its opening day, with {{INRConvert|5.93|c}} coming from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-13|title=వామ్మో.. ఏంటీ క‌లెక్ష‌న్స్.. డిజే టిల్లు మొద‌టి రోజు క‌లెక్ష‌న్స్|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/djtillu-1st-day-collections-449996|website=Namasthe Telangana|language=te|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220115210/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/djtillu-1st-day-collections-449996|url-status=live}}</ref> It collected a worldwide share of {{INRConvert|16.92|c|year=2022}} and grossed {{INRConvert|29.7|c|year=2022}} until 5 March 2022.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=DJ Tillu Closing Collections|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/dj-tillu-closing-collections-151857|website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]]|date=5 March 2022|access-date=5 March 2022|archive-date=5 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305095158/https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/dj-tillu-closing-collections-151857|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of its theatrical run, ''DJ Tillu'' collected a worldwide gross of {{INR|30.30}} crore with a distributor's share of {{INR|17.25}} crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=Year Ender 2022: RRR సహా 2022లో టాలీవుడ్ బాక్సాఫీస్ దగ్గర హిట్టైన చిత్రాలు ఇవే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/year-ender-2022-tollywood-box-office-hit-films-report-bangarraju-dj-tillu-rrr-kgf-2-major-dhamaka-hit-2-bimbisara-karthikeya2-movies-got-success-ta-1559562-page-13.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231054225/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/year-ender-2022-tollywood-box-office-hit-films-report-bangarraju-dj-tillu-rrr-kgf-2-major-dhamaka-hit-2-bimbisara-karthikeya2-movies-got-success-ta-1559562-page-13.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sequel ==
{{Main|Tillu Square}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt13245502|title=DJ Tillu}}

[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about DJs]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sricharan Pakala]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ram Miriyala]]
[[Category:2022 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about criminals]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:2022 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Romantic crime films]]

Puthiya Vaanam

2026-03-03T05:12:34Z

Leonwim: adding first post w/ infobox...

{{Short description|1988 film by R. V. Udayakumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Puthiya Vaanam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. V. Udayakumar]]
| screenplay = [[R. M. Veerappan]] R. V. Udayakumar (dialogues)
| story = [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
| producer = G. Thyagarajan V. Thamilazhagan
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Sivaji Ganesan]]|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Rupini]]|[[Gautami]]}}
| cinematography = [[Ravi Yadav]]
| editing = K. R. Krishnan
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = Sathya Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|12|10}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Puthiya Vaanam''''' ({{translation|New Sky}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[R. V. Udayakumar]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Rupini]], and [[Gautami]]. A remake of the 1987 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Hukumat]]'', it was released on 10 December 1988.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 1988 |title=Pudhiya Vaanam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19881211&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2023}}
In the past, the honest military officer Jeevadurai was killed by Govindan. Thereafter, Rajaratnam, Jeevadurai's son, was brought up by [[Deputy inspector general of police|D.I.G.]] Pandidurai. A few years later, Rajaratnam marries Devaki and they then have a son. Like his father, Rajaratnam becomes a police officer. In Shanthi Nagar, Govindan, who is now known as Kocha, controls the city and the people are afraid of him and his henchmen. His adopted father Pandidurai transfers Rajaratnam to Shanthi Nagar.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|D.I.G.]] Pandidurai
*[[Sathyaraj]] as M. G. Rajaratnam (MGR)
*[[Rupini]] as Devaki
*[[Gautami]] as Mary
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Kocha / Govindan
*[[Janagaraj]] as Pattabi
*Rajesh Kumar as Joni, Kocha's son
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
*[[Charle]]
*[[LIC Narasimhan]] as Samuel
*[[K. Natraj]]
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*[[Ennatha Kannaiya]]
*[[Sethu Vinayagam]]
*Gundu Kalyanam
*[[Sujitha|Baby Sujitha]]
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]]
*[[Disco Shanti]]
*Anuja
*[[Jai Ganesh]] as Jeevadurai (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
''Puthiya Vaanam'', a remake of the 1987 Hindi film ''[[Hukumat]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2014 |title='சத்யா மூவிஸ்' படத்தில் சிவாஜிகணேசனை டைரக்ட் செய்த உதயகுமார் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/02/24212012/Cinema-history-Sivaji-Ganesan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305210930/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/02/24212012/Cinema-history-Sivaji-Ganesan.html |archive-date=5 March 2014 |access-date=25 April 2015 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> is the 275th film of Ganesan.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18 December 1988 |title=புதிய வானம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1988/dec/18-12-1988/p13.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220730053732/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1988/dec/18-12-1988/p13.jpg |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=14 September 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=13 |language=ta}}</ref> Its title is derived from a song from ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' (1966).<ref>{{Cite news |last=NSK |date=20 August 1988 |title=How Roopini graduated to stardom |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KYNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1623%2C2318818 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430111734/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KYNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1623%2C2318818 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=18 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> The name of Sathyaraj's character, M. G. Rajaratnam or MGR, is an allusion to that film's lead actor [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=16 December 1988 |title=Puthiya Vaanam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19881216&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 December 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pudhia Vaanam Tamil film LP Vinyl Record by Hamsa Lekha |url=https://mossymart.com/product/pudhia-vaanam-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-hamsa-lekha/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124111959/https://mossymart.com/product/pudhia-vaanam-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-hamsa-lekha/ |archive-date=24 November 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pudhiya Vaanam (1988) |url=https://mio.to/album/Pudhiya+Vaanam+%281988%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918070106/http://mio.to/album/Pudhiya+Vaanam+(1988) |archive-date=18 September 2018 |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Music India Online}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Lyrics
! Duration
|-
| 'Manidha Innum' || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| Ilandevan|| 2:49
|-
| 'Mynaa Mynaa' || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]], Sunanda
| [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]|| 4:39
|-
| 'Oore Kedithavane' || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. P. Sailaja
| [[Gangai Amaran]]|| 4:08
|-
| 'Oru Paadal Solgiren' || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| [[R. V. Udayakumar]]|| 4:36
|-
| 'Raakuyile' || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| R. V. Udayakumar|| 4:58
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Under enterprising young filmmaker Udayakumar's direction, debutant cameraman Ravi Yadav imparts a glow and sheen to the frames [..]".<ref name="IE review" /> P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Ganesan, Sathyaraj, Rupini, the humour of Janagaraj and Charle, Hamsalekha's music and cinematography but felt Gauthami was underutilized and concluded that all the commercial ingredients have been made in equal proportions.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எஸ். |date=1 January 1989 |title=புதிய வானம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1989-01-01/page/n59/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230315053910/https://archive.org/details/kalki1989-01-01/page/n59/mode/2up |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=3 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=58–59 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{R. V. Udayakumar}}

[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. V. Udayakumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

V. Malsawmtluanga

2026-03-01T17:01:15Z

Leonwim:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Mizo name|Malsawmtluanga}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}{{Infobox Indian politician|office =Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''V. Malsawmtluanga''' (born 1989) is an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]]. He is an MLA from [[Lunglei North Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes community, in [[Lunglei district]]. He won the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Zoram People's Movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=V Malsawmtluanga , ZPM Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On V Malsawmtluanga , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/mizoram/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/v-malsawmtluanga-16030-3 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=v malsawmtluanga mizoram v-malsawmtluanga-lunglei-north candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/v-malsawmtluanga-mizoram-lunglei-north-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Malsawmtluanga is from [[Lunglei]], Mizoram. He is the son of V. Lalrinmawia. His wife is a teacher. He completed his Master of Arts in physical education in 2016 at the Global Open University, [[Dimapur]], Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=V. Malsawmtluanga(Zoram People's Movement):Constituency- LUNGLEI NORTH (ST)(LUNGLEI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=91 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Malsawmtluanga won from Lunglei North Assembly constituency representing the [[Zoram People's Movement]] in the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election. He polled 7,369 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Vanlaltanpuia of the Mizo National Front, by a margin of 1,975 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lunglei North assembly election results 2023: Lunglei North Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/mizoram/lunglei-north-assembly-result-16030 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lunglei North Constituency Election Results 2023: Lunglei North Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/mizoram/constituency-show/lunglei-north |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lunglei North Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Lunglei North Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-election/lunglei-north-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malsawmtluanga, V.}}

[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Lunglei district]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]

Cnemaspis anamudiensis

2026-02-25T06:51:51Z

Leonwim: Stub

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Cnemaspis anamudinesis David Raju.jpg
| genus = Cnemaspis
| species = anamudiensis
| authority = Cyria, Johny, Umesh, & Palot, 2018
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Cnemaspis anamudiensis''''' is a species of [[gecko]] found in [[India]].<ref name="The Reptile Database">{{cite web|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=anamudiensis&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Cnemaspis+anamudiensis%27%29%29|title=Cnemaspis anamudiensis|website=The Reptile Database|accessdate=2018-12-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q63375220}}

[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2018]]

{{gecko-stub}}

Saktigarh Vidyapith

2026-02-22T21:48:36Z

Leonwim: Created First Data More To Come

{{unreferenced|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Saktigarh Vidyapith (H.S.)
| latin_name =
| logo = File:Saktigarh Bidyapith - School Batch.jpg
| seal_image =
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| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| location = Saktigarh Ground
| address = [[Saktigarh, Siliguri|Saktigarh]]
| region = Saktigarh, [[Siliguri]]
| city = sipai para [[Siliguri]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| county = [[India]]
| postal_code = 734005
| zipcode =
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| coordinates = {{Coord|26.6941383|N|88.4134586|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype = Government Boys & Girls school
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| established = {{start date and age|1953}}
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| headmaster = Dip saha
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'''Saktigarh Vidyapith (H.S), Saktigarh''' is one of the first schools of [[Saktigarh, Siliguri|Saktigarh]], in the sub-Himalayan part of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The school was established in 1953. Its original and most popular name was '''Saktigarh School'''.

==History==
The school was started at a site not far from its present location. However, to accommodate the increasing number of students, a permanent building was built. It was established in 1953 as a primary [[school]]. Science, Commerce and Humanities could be studied.
{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

==Campus==
The school has five large classrooms and two small rooms. The southward double-storeyed main building, the laboratories, and a ground.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}
[[File:Saktigarh Vidyapith View.jpg|thumb|Saktigarh Vidyapith View]] [[File:Saktigarh Viyapith School View.jpg|thumb|Saktigarh Vidyapith School View]]

==Extracurricular activities==

===Sports===
Besides annual sports events, the school has a team that participates in the district level championships.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

===Ceremonies===
*The [[Saraswati]] Puja is an annual ceremony.
*An autumn cultural ceremony, including intra-institution award distribution.
*In January there is a prize ceremony for students and cultural events organized by the alumni association.

==Curriculum==
It is a higher secondary school (with primary sections). The curriculum is as per [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] (till class 10) and [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]] (Class 11 and 12). In class 11 and 12, there are three streams:
*Science
*Commerce
*Arts
{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

===Subjects offered: Grade VI to X===
*English
*Bengal
*Mathematics
*History
*Geography
*Physical sciences
*Life sciences
*Computer science
*Health and physical education
*Work education
{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

===Elective subjects===
*Mathematics
*Physics
*Chemistry
*Biology
*Mechanics
*Computer science
*Bookkeeping and accounting
*Additional Biology
*Pisciculture
*Political Science
*
*Arabic
*Sanskrit
*Geography
*History
*Statistics
*Business{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

==See also==
* [[Peary Charan Sarkar]]
* [[Barasat Kalikrishna Girls' High School]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141021220335/http://www.schoolspedia.com/website/saktigarh-vidyapith-darjeeling Article title]}}
* http://www.vidyasthi.in/Clients.aspx

== External links ==
{{Facebook | SaktigarhBidyapith }}

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1846]]
[[Category:1846 establishments in British India]]

Markhor

2026-02-16T22:18:19Z

Leonwim: further cleaned up structure for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{For|the village in Iran|Markhor, Iran}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Markhor
| image = Markhor Schraubenziege Capra falconeri Zoo Augsburg-02.jpg
| image_caption = Male markhor in captivity at the [[Augsburg Zoo]] in [[Bavaria]], Germany
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Capra falconeri'' |author1=Michel, S. |author2=Rosen Michel, T. |name-list-style=amp |article-number=e.T3787A97218336 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T3787A82028427.en |year=2015 |errata=2016 |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| taxon = Capra falconeri<ref name = MSW3>{{MSW3 Artiodactyla |id=14200772 |pages=701 |heading=Species ''Capra falconeri''}}</ref>
| authority = ([[Johann Andreas Wagner|Wagner]], 1839)
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = See text
| range_map = Capra falconeri map.gif
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the markhor
}}
The '''markhor''' ('''''Capra falconeri''''') {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑr|k|ɔr}} is a large wild [[Capra (genus)|''Capra'']] species native to the mountain regions at the crossroads of [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[South Asia]], including the [[Karakoram]] and [[Himalayas]]. It occurs in parts of [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], and [[India]]. It has been listed on the [[IUCN Red List]] as [[Near Threatened]] since 2015.<ref name=iucn/>

The markhor is the [[national animal]] of Pakistan, where it is also known as the '''screw-horn''' or '''screw-horned goat'''. The word "markhor" is derived from the Persian word ''markhar'', meaning "curly" because of its curly horns. The word, which comes from both [[Pashto language|Pashto]] and mainly classical [[Persian language]]s, is combined from "mar" and "khor" and more literally means "snake eater", referencing the ancient belief that the markhor would actively kill and consume snakes.<ref name=Sharma1990>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=S. D. |title=Semantics and Syntax: Indian Loan Words in English: a Linguistic, Cultural, Literary & Historical Study |date=1990 |publisher=Prakash Book Depot |page=83}}</ref>

==Description==
Markhor adults stand {{cvt|65|to|115|cm}} at the shoulder, are {{cvt|132|to|186|cm}} long and weigh from {{cvt|32|to|110|kg}}.<ref name="fact"/> They have the highest maximum shoulder height among the species in the genus ''[[Capra (genus)|Capra]]'', but is surpassed in length and weight by the [[Siberian ibex]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fedosenko, A. K. |author2=Blank, D. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=''Capra sibirica'' |journal=Mammalian Species |pages=1–13 |volume=675 |s2cid=198969400 |doi=10.1644/1545-1410(2001)675<0001:CS>2.0.CO;2 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/675_Capra_sibirica.pdf}}</ref> The coat is of a grizzled, light brown to black colour, and is smooth and short in [[summer]], while growing longer and thicker in [[winter]]. The fur of the lower legs is black and white. Markhor are [[sexually dimorphic]], with males having longer hair on the chin, throat, chest, and shanks.<ref name="fact"/> Females are redder in colour, with shorter hair and a short, black beard, and are maneless.<ref name=sterndale>{{cite book |author=Sterndale, R. A. |year=1884 |title=Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon |publisher=Thacker, Spink, and Co. |place=Calcutta |chapter=''Capra megaceros'' The Markhor |pages=441–444 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof00ster/page/441/mode/1up}}</ref> Both sexes have tightly curled, corkscrew-like horns, which close together at the head, but spread upwards toward the tips. The horns of males can grow up to {{cvt|160|cm}} long, and up to {{cvt|25|cm}} in females.<ref name=fact>{{cite web |url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Capra_falconeri.html |title=''Capra falconeri'' Markhor |date=2007 |work=Ultimate Ungulate |access-date=18 November 2009 |archive-date=20 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220140305/http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Capra_falconeri.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Shooting in the Himalayas: a journal of sporting adventures and travel in Chinese Tartary, Ladac, Thibet, Cashmere, &c |author=Markham, F. |publisher=R. Bentley |year=1854}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Capra falconeri at the Columbus Zoo-2011 07 11 IMG 0786.JPG|thumb|Female with young, at the [[Columbus Zoo and Aquarium]]]]
The markhor is adapted to mountainous terrain and lives at elevations of {{cvt|600|to|3600|m}}. It inhabits [[Shrubland|shrub]] forests made up primarily of [[oak]]s (''Quercus ilex''), [[pine]]s (''Pinus gerardiana''), and [[juniper]]s (''Juniperus macropoda'').<ref name=iucn/>

In Central Asia, the Bukharan markhor formerly lived in most of the mountains stretching along the north banks of the Upper [[Amu Darya]] and the [[Panj River]]s from [[Turkmenistan]] to Tajikistan; two to three scattered populations now occur in a greatly reduced distribution. It is limited to the region between lower Pyanj and the [[Vakhsh River]]s near [[Kulyab]] in Tajikistan, and in the Kugitangtau Range in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.<ref name=iucn/>

In Afghanistan, the markhor is limited to the east in the high and mountainous monsoon forests of [[Laghman Province|Laghman]] and [[Nuristan]]. Until 1978, it survived in the country only in the [[Kabul Gorge]] and the [[Kohe Safi]] area of [[Kapissa]], and in some isolated pockets in between. It now lives the most inaccessible regions of its once wider range in the mountains of Kapissa and [[Kabul Province]]s, after having been driven from its original habitat by intensive poaching.<ref name=iucn/>

In [[Pakistan]], it is restricted to the [[Indus River]] and [[Kunar River]] and their tributaries; its present range consists of many small, isolated areas in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Baluchistan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Dera Ghazi Khan District]]. Along the Indus, it inhabits both banks from Jalkot in [[Kohistan District, North West Frontier Province|Kohistan District]] upstream to near the Tungas village in [[Baltistan]], with Gakuch being its western limit up the [[Gilgit River]], Chalt up the [[Hunza River]], and the Parishing Valley up the [[Astore River]]. It occurs also around [[Chitral]] and the border areas with Afghanistan, where it inhabits a number of valleys along the Kunar River from Arandu on the west bank and [[Drosh]] on the east bank, up to Shoghor along the Lutkho River, and as far as Barenis along the [[Mastuj River]]. The largest population currently lives in [[Chitral National Park]] in Pakistan.<ref name=iucn/>

In India, the markhor is restricted to a portion of the [[Pir Panjal]] range in southwestern [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Throughout this range, markhor populations are scattered, starting east of the [[Banihal]] Pass about {{cvt|50|km}} from the [[Chenab River]] on the Jammu–Srinagar highway westward to the disputed border with Pakistan. It still occurs in catchments of the Limber and Lachipora Rivers in the Jhelum Valley Forest Division and around [[Shupiyan]] to the south of Srinagar.<ref name=iucn/>

==Behaviour and ecology==
The markhor is [[Diurnality|diurnal]] and mainly active in the early morning and late afternoon. Its diets shift seasonally; in the spring and summer, it [[Grazing (behaviour)|graze]]s, but turns to [[Browsing (predation)|browsing]] in winter, sometimes standing on its hind legs to reach high branches. The [[Rut (mammalian reproduction)|mating season]] is during winter, when males fight each other by lunging, locking of [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]], and attempting to push each other off balance. The [[gestation period]] lasts 135–170 days, and usually results in the birth of one or two kids, and occasionally three. Markhor live in herds, usually numbering nine animals, composed of adult females and their young. Adult males are largely solitary. Adult females and kids comprise most of the markhor population, with adult females making up 32% and kids making up 31%. Adult males comprise 19% of the population, while subadults (males aged 2–3 years) make up 12%, and yearlings (females aged 12–24 months) 9%.<ref name="panthera.org" /> Their alarm call closely resembles the bleating of domestic goats.<ref name="fact"/> Early in the season, the males and females may be found together on the open, grassy patches and clear slopes among the forest. During the summer, the males remain in the forest, while the females generally climb to the highest rocky ridges above.<ref name="sterndale"/>

In the spring, the females stay closer to cliffs in areas with more rock coverage to provide protection for their offspring. The males stay in higher elevated areas with more access to vegetation for foraging so as to improve their body condition.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=Security, size, or sociality: what makes markhor (''Capra falconeri'') sexually segregate? |author1=Ahmad, R. |author2=Sharma, N. |author3=Mishra, C. |author4=Singh, N. J. |author5=Rawat, G.S. |author6=Bhatnagar, Y.V. |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=55–63 |doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyx155 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Predators===
[[Eurasian lynx]] (''Lynx lynx''), [[snow leopard]] (''Panthera uncia''), [[Himalayan wolf]] (''Canis lupus chanco''), and [[brown bear]] (''Ursus arctos'') are the main predators of the markhor.<ref name="panthera.org">{{cite journal |last1=Michel |first1=S. |last2=Michel |first2=T. |last3=Saidov |first3=A. |last4=Karimov |first4=K. |last5=Alidodov|first5=M. |last6=Kholmatov|first6=I. |title=Population status of Heptner's markhor ''Capra falconeri heptneri'' in Tajikistan: challenges for conservation |journal=Oryx |volume=49|issue=3 |date=2014 |pages=506–513 |doi=10.1017/s0030605313000860 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dietary spectrum in Himalayan wolves: comparative analysis of prey choice in conspecifics across high-elevation rangelands of Asia |url= https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.69048700_1565775720_dietary-spectrum-in-himalayan-wolves.pdf |last1=Lyngdoh |first1=S. B. |last2=Habib |first2=B. |last3=Shrotriya |first3=S. |date=2019 |website=Down to Earth |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> The [[golden eagle]] (''Aquila chrysaetos'') has been reported to prey upon young markhor. The markhor possess keen eyesight and a strong sense of smell to detect nearby [[Predation|predators]]. Markhor are very aware of their surroundings and on high alert; in exposed areas, they are quick to spot and flee from predators.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sajjad |first1=A. |title=Conservation and status of Markhor (''Capra falconeri'') in the northern parts of North West Frontier Province, Pakistan |url=http://www.cfc.umt.edu/nwfp/docs/SajjadAli%20pp%20final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229214100/http://www.cfc.umt.edu/nwfp/docs/SajjadAli%20pp%20final.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-29}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
[[File:Capra falconeri Yumemigasaki Zoo P6269554.jpg|thumb|Captive markhor in a zoo in [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], Japan]]
[[File:Capra falconeri hepteneri.jpg|thumb|Captive Bukharan markhor in [[Los Angeles Zoo]]]]
''Aegoceros (Capra) Falconeri'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Johann Andreas Wagner]] in 1839 based on a female specimen from the Indian Himalayas.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wagner, J.A. |date=1839 |title=Beschreibung einiger neuer oder wenig bekannter Säugethiere, welche von Herrn Baron von Hügel in Indien gesammelt wurden |pages=429–432 |journal=Gelehrte Anzeigen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München |volume=9 |issue=183 |url=https://archive.org/details/gelehrteanzeig0910bayeuoft/page/214/mode/2up}}</ref>

Three subspecies have been recognised as [[valid name (zoology)|valid taxa]]:<ref name=MSW3/><ref name=iucn/>
* [[Astor markhor]] (''C. f. falconeri'', {{small|Wagner, 1839}}) has large, flat horns, branching widely and then going up nearly straight with only a half turn.<ref name="greatsmall">{{cite book |author=Lydekker, R. |year=1900 |title=The great and small game of India, Burma, and Tibet |place=London |publisher=R. Ward |chapter=The Astor Markhor |pages=109–113 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/greatsmallgameof1900lyde/page/108/mode/2up}}</ref> It is considered [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]] with the Kashmir markhor ''Capra falconeri cashmiriensis''.<ref name=iucn/>
* Kabul markhor (''C. f. megaceros'', {{small|Hutton, 1842}}) has horns with a slight corkscrew, as well as a twist.<ref name=sterndale/> A [[junior synonym]] is ''C. f. jerdoni''.<ref name=iucn/>
* Bukharan markhor (''C. f. heptneri'', {{small|Zalkin, 1945}})

===Relationship with the domestic goat===
Some authors have postulated that the markhor is the ancestor of some breeds of the [[domestic goat]]. The [[Angora goat]] has been regarded by some as a direct descendant of the Central Asian markhor.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hayes, J. L. |year=1868 |place=Boston |title=The Angora goat; its origin, culture and products |url=https://archive.org/details/angoragoatitsori00haye/page/12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Schreiner, O. |year=1898 |place=London |publisher=Longmans |title=Angora goat ...: and, A paper on the ostrich ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73omAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>
Evidence for markhors crossbreeding with domestic goats has been found. One study suggested that 35.7% of captive markhors in the analysis from three different zoos had mitochondrial DNA from domestic goats.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=S. |title=Evidence for introgressive hybridization of captive markhor (Capra falconeri) with domestic goat: cautions for reintroduction |journal=Biochemical Genetics |date=2008 |volume=46 |issue=3/4 |pages=216–226 |doi=10.1007/s10528-008-9145-y |pmid=18228130 |s2cid=7408515}}</ref> Other authors have suggested that markhor may have been the ancestor of some Egyptian goat breeds, based on their similar horns, though the lack of an anterior keel on the horns of the markhor belies any close relationship.<ref name=goat>{{cite book |author=Clutton-Brock, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&dq=markhor+falconeri&pg=PA77|title=A natural history of domesticated mammals |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-521-63495-4 |access-date= 2011-07-10}}</ref>
The [[Changthangi]] domestic goat of [[Ladakh]] and [[Tibet]] may derive from the markhor.<ref>{{cite journal|volume=43|issue=1|pages=3–14 |year=2002 |title=A study on the Changthangi pashmina and the Bakerwali goat breeds in Kashmir: I. Analysis of blood protein polymorphisms and genetic variability within and between the populations|author1=Menrad, M. |author2=Stier, C.-H. |author3=Geldermann, H. |author4=Gall, C.F. |journal=Small Ruminant Research |doi=10.1016/S0921-4488(01)00265-6}}</ref> The [[Girgentana goat]] of [[Sicily]] is thought to have been bred from markhor,<ref>[http://www.capragirgentana.it/La%20Girgentana.htm La Capra Girgentana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901055628/http://www.capragirgentana.it/La%20Girgentana.htm |date=1 September 2023 }}. Capragirgentana.it. Retrieved on 2011-07-10.</ref> as is the [[Bilberry goat]] of [[Ireland]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2009/0825/1224253192011.html |title=Between a rock and a goat's place in Waterford |work=[[Irish Times]] |date=August 2009}}</ref> The Kashmiri [[feral]] herd of about 200 individuals on the [[Great Orme]] [[limestone]] [[headland]] of [[Wales]] are derived from a herd maintained at [[Windsor Great Park]] belonging to [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]].<ref>[http://www.llandudno.com/goats.html The Great Orem in Llandudno North Wales] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908132338/http://www.llandudno.com/goats.html |date=2010-09-08 }}. Llandudno.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-10.</ref>

Fecal samples taken from markhor and domestic goats indicate that a serious level of competition exists for food between the two species. The competition for food between herbivores is believed to have significantly reduced the standing crop of forage in the Himalaya–Karkoram–Hindukush ranges. Domestic livestock have an advantage over wild herbivores, since the density of their herds often pushes their competitors out of the best grazing areas, and decreased forage availability has a negative effect on female fertility.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ashraf |first1=N. |title=Competition for food between the markhor and domestic goat in Chitral, Pakistan |journal=Turkish Journal of Zoology|date=2014|volume=38|issue=2|pages=191–198|doi=10.3906/zoo-1306-6|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Genetic studies suggest that the markhor diverged early from other ''Capra'' species, making it one of the most evolutionary distinct wild goats. ''Capra falconeri'' forms a well-supported clade, meaning it is genetically distinct and monophyletic descended from a common ancestor not shared with other species in the genus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jordan |first1=Steve |last2=Naderi |first2=Saeid |last3=Rezaei |first3=Hamid-Reza |last4=Luikart |first4=Gordon |date=2025-10-27 |title=A phylogeny for genus Capra based on extensive sampling of wild populations |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=20 |issue=10 |article-number=e0334624 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0334624 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203}}</ref>

==Threats==
Hunting for meat as a means of subsistence or trade in wildlife parts adds to the growing problem for wildlife managers in many countries. [[Poaching]], with its indirect impacts as disturbance, increasing fleeing distances and resulting reduction of effective habitat size, is by far the most important factor threatening the survival of the markhor populations.<ref name="secem.es">{{cite web|last1=Michel|first1=Stefan|title=CONSERVATION OF TAJIK MARKHOR (Capra falconeri heptneri) AND URIAL (Ovis vignei) IN TAJIKISTAN AND ADJACENT AFGHANISTAN|url=http://www.secem.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Galemys-22-NE-25-Michel-407-419.pdf|access-date=20 October 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100839/http://www.secem.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Galemys-22-NE-25-Michel-407-419.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The most important types of poachers seem to be local inhabitants, state border guards, the latter usually relying on local hunting guides, and Afghans, illegally crossing the border. Poaching causes fragmentation of the population into small islands, where the remaining subpopulations are prone to extinction.<ref name="secem.es"/> The markhor is a valued trophy hunting prize for its spiral horns. The Pakistani government issued several tags in an attempt to save the species, which since the introduction of hunting, the species has seen a remarkable rebound. The continuing declines of markhor populations finally caught the attention of the international community.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rosser, Naseer|author2=Nigel|name-list-style=amp|author3=Alison M., Tareen|author4=Leader-Williams|title=Chapter 4: The Precautionary Principle, Uncertainty And Trophy Hunting: A Review Of The Torghar Population Of Central Asian Markhor Capra Falconeri|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/34724994|publisher=Points of View Reference Center|access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref>

===Hunting===
[[File:Markhor Horns (5779055412).jpg|thumb|Markhor]]
In [[British India]], the markhor was considered to be among the most challenging game species, because of the danger involved in stalking and pursuing it in mountainous terrain.<ref>{{cite book |author=Macintyre, D. |title=Hindu-Koh: Wanderings and Wild Sport on and Beyond the Himalayas (1853–1854) |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1996 |isbn=81-206-0851-8}}</ref> According to Arthur Brinckman in his ''The Rifle in Cashmere'', "a man who is a good walker will never wish for any finer sport than [[Siberian ibex|ibex]] or markhoor shooting".<ref name="shooting">{{cite book|author=Brinckman, A. |title=The rifle in Cashmere: a narrative of shooting expeditions in Ladak, Cashmere, Punjaub, etc., with advice on travelling, shooting, and stalking: to which are added notes on army reform and Indian politics |url=https://archive.org/details/rifleincashmere00bringoog/page/n167|access-date=10 July 2011 |year=1862 |publisher=Smith, Elder |pages=148–}}</ref> [[Elliott Roosevelt I]] wrote of how he shot two markhor in 1881, his first on 8 July, his second on 1 August.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roosevelt, T. IV |title=Hunting in Many Lands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyB3zVfJdIkC |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=2008 |publisher=Clapham Press |isbn=978-1-4437-7183-2}}</ref>

Although hunting markhor in Afghanistan is illegal, it has been traditionally hunted in [[Nuristan]] and [[Laghman Province]]s, and this may have intensified during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]. In Pakistan, hunting markhor is legal as part of a conservation process; expensive hunting licenses are available from the Pakistani government that allow the hunting of old markhors, which are no longer good for breeding purposes.<ref>{{cite news |date=2006 |title=A $55,000 wild Markhor chase |work=Daily Times |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\03\31\story_31-3-2006_pg11_7 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In India, hunting markhor is illegal, but it is poached for food and for its horns, which are thought to have medicinal properties.<ref name=iucn/>

The markhor is listed as [[near threatened]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]; as of 2013, the population was estimated at 5,800 individuals that was projected to be stable in view of ongoing conservation efforts.<ref name=iucn/>

== Conservation ==
In India, the markhor is a fully protected Schedule I species under the Jammu and Kashmir's Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1978.<ref name=iucn/>
In 1973, two reserves were established in Tajikistan: Dashtijum Strict Reserve with {{cvt|20000|ha}} and Dashtijum Reserve with {{cvt|53000|ha}}. Though these reserves exist to protect and conserve the markhor population, the regulations are poorly enforced, making poaching common, as is [[habitat destruction]].<ref name=iucn/><ref name="panthera.org"/> Although markhors still face ongoing threats, recent studies have shown considerable success regarding the conservation approach that began in the 1900s, when a local hunter was persuaded by a hunting tourist to stop poaching markhors. The local hunter established a conservancy that inspired two other local organizations called Morkhur and Muhofiz. These organizations expect that their efforts will not only protect the markhor but also allow for the sustainable exploitation of the species. This approach has proven to be more effective than the protection of lands that lack enforcement and security.<ref name="panthera.org" />

On 2 May 2024, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] declared 24 May as the [[International Day of Markhor]], recognizing the importance of conservation of the species.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Day of the Markhor |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/markhor-day}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 May 2024 {{!}} 78/278. International Day of the Markhor |url=https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N2412809&t=pdf |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

==In culture==
{{multiple image
|total_width=400
|perrow=2
|image1=Stamp of India - 1996 - Colnect 163294 - Markhor Capra falconeri.jpeg
|image2=Stamp of Tajikistan - 1993 - Colnect 326708 - Bukharan Markhor Capra falconeri heptneri.jpeg
|footer=Markhor on [[postal stamp]]s of [[India]] (left) and [[Tajikistan]] (right)
}}
The markhor is the [[national animal]] of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Taus-Bolstad |first=Stacy |title=Pakistan in Pictures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9QbtVadL_gC&q=national+animal+Pakistan+Markhor&pg=PA15 |access-date=25 December 2012 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Lerner Publishing Group#Twenty-First Century Books|Twenty-First Century Books]] |isbn=978-0-8225-4682-5 |page=15}}</ref> It was one of the 72 animals featured on the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wide Fund for Nature Conservation Coin Collection]] in 1976. Markhor [[marionettes]] are used in the Afghan [[puppet]] shows known as ''[[buz-baz]]''. The markhor has also been mentioned in a [[Pakistani]] [[computer-animated film]] known as ''[[Allahyar and the Legend of Markhor]]''.<ref>IMDB(2018)https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7955106/</ref>

===Etymology===
The name is thought to be derived from [[Persian language]] — a conjunction of {{lang|fa-Latn|mâr}} ({{wikt-lang|fa|مار}}, "[[snake]], [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpent]]") and the suffix {{lang|fa-Latn|khor}} ({{wikt-lang|fa|خوردن|&rlm;خور&lrm;}}, "-eater"), interpreted to represent the animal's alleged ability to kill snakes, or as a reference to its corkscrew-like horns, which are somewhat reminiscent of coiling snakes.<ref name=fact/>

In folklore, the markhor is believed to kill and eat serpents. Thereafter, while chewing the [[cud]], a foam-like substance comes out of its mouth that drops on the ground and dries. This foam-like substance is sought after by the local people, who believe it is useful in extracting the poison from snakebites.<ref name=museo>{{cite web|title=Markhor|url=http://www.museodelacaza.org/markhor/?lang=en|website=Museo de la Caza Los Yebenes|access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Capra falconeri}}
*{{cite AV media |people=Mueenuddin, N. |date=2020 |title=Himalayan Lynx Filmed Hunting Markhor in Pakistan for First Time |medium=Motion picture |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bp7v7ERduuA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/bp7v7ERduuA |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|publisher=WWF Pakistan}}{{cbignore}}
* [https://readnational.com/markhor-national-animal-of-pakistan/ Markhor Pakistan National Animal]

{{Artiodactyla|R.3}}
{{National symbols of Pakistan}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q187927}}

[[Category:Capra (genus)]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Pakistan]]
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1839]]

Pokhran-II

2026-02-16T13:56:36Z

Leonwim: clean up

{{Short description|1998 series of Indian nuclear weapons tests}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox Nuclear weapons test
|name =Pokhran-II Operation Shakti
|picture =ShaktiBomb.jpg
|picture_description=''Shakti I'' prior to its detonation
|country =India
|test_site =[[Pokhran Test Range]], [[Rajasthan]]
|coordinates ={{Coord|27|04|44|N|71|43|20|E|type:event_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|period =11–13 May 1998
|number_of_tests =3 (5 devices fired)
|test_type =[[Underground nuclear testing|Underground]]
|device_type =[[Nuclear fission|fission]] and [[Nuclear fusion|fusion]]
|max_yield ={{convert|45|ktonTNT|lk=in}}
|previous_test =[[Smiling Buddha|Pokhran-I]]
}}
'''Pokhran-II''' (''Operation Shakti'') was a series of five [[Nuclear weapons testing|nuclear weapon tests]] conducted by India in May 1998. The bombs were detonated at the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Pokhran Test Range]] in [[Rajasthan]]. It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by India, after the first test, ''[[Smiling Buddha]]'', in May 1974.

The test consisted of five detonations, the first of which was claimed to be a [[Thermonuclear weapon|two-stage fusion bomb]] while the remaining four were [[fission bomb]]s. The first three tests were [[Nuclear weapons testing#Salvo tests|carried out simultaneously]] on 11 May 1998 and the last two were detonated two days later on 13 May 1998. The tests were collectively called ''Operation Shakti'', and the five nuclear bombs were designated as ''Shakti-I'' to ''Shakti-V''.

The chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]] described each of the explosions to be equivalent to several tests carried out over the years by various nations. While announcing the tests, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] declared India as a nuclear state and that the tests achieved the main objective of giving the capability to build fission bombs and thermonuclear weapons with yields up to 200 [[kilotons]]. While the Indian fission bombs have been documented, the design and development of thermonuclear weapons remains uncertain after the tests.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kristensen |first=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |last3=Johns |first3=Eliana |last4=Knight |first4=Mackenzie |date=2024-09-02 |title=Indian nuclear weapons, 2024 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2024.2388470 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=326–342 |doi=10.1080/00963402.2024.2388470 |issn=0096-3402 |access-date=2025-04-12|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

As a consequence of the tests, [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172]] was enacted and [[economic sanction]]s were imposed by countries including Japan and the United States.

== History ==
=== Early nuclear programme (1944–1965) ===
Efforts towards building a [[nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]], infrastructure, and research on related [[Nuclear technology|technologies]] have been undertaken by India since the end of [[Second World War]].<ref name="Print">{{cite web|title=Homi Bhabha and how World War II was responsible for creating India's nuclear future|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/homi-bhabha-and-how-world-war-ii-was-responsible-for-creating-indias-nuclear-future/312842/|work=[[The Print]]|date=30 October 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506125313/https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/homi-bhabha-and-how-world-war-ii-was-responsible-for-creating-indias-nuclear-future/312842/|url-status=live}}</ref> The origins of [[India and weapons of mass destruction|India's nuclear programme]] go back to 1945 when [[nuclear physics|nuclear physicist]] [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] established the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) with the aid of [[Tata Group]]. After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], the Atomic Energy Act was passed on 15 April 1948, that established the [[Indian Atomic Energy Commission]] (IAEC).<ref name="History">{{cite web|last=Sublette|first=Carey|title=Origins of Indian nuclear program|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaOrigin.html|publisher=Nuclear weapon Archive|access-date=13 November 2011}}</ref> In 1954, [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)]] was established which was responsible for the atomic development programme and was allocated a significant amount of the defence budget in the subsequent years. In 1956, the first [[nuclear reactor]] became operational at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC), becoming the first operating reactor in Asia.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1545653|title=Apsara – U Reactor Becomes Operational at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay|date=11 September 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> In 1961, India commissioned a reprocessing plant to produce [[Weapons-grade nuclear material|weapon grade plutonium]]. In 1962, India was engaged in a [[Sino-Indian War|war with China]], and with China conducting its own [[596 (nuclear test)|nuclear test in 1964]], India accelerated its development of nuclear weapons.<ref name="History"/><ref name="Print"/>

With two reactors operational in the early 1960s, research progressed into the manufacture of nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=P.|title=Homi J. Bhabha: A Complete Biography: Homi J. Bhabha: A Complete Biography: Architect of India's Nuclear Program|publisher=Prabhakar Prakashan|year=2024|isbn=978-93-5562-943-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXsEAAAQBAJ|page=1960|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520143446/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXsEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="History"/> With the unexpected deaths of then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] in 1964 and Bhabha in 1966, the programme slowed down.<ref name="Program">{{cite web|title=On to Weapons Development, 1960–67|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaWDevelop.html|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=14 January 2013|date=30 March 2001}}</ref> The incoming prime minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] appointed physicist [[Vikram Sarabhai]] as the head of the nuclear programme and the direction of the programme changed towards using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes rather than military development.<ref name="Kanavi">{{cite web|last=Kanavi|first=Shivanand|title=How Indian PMs reacted to nuclear bombs|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-an-interview-with-k-subrahmanyam/20110210.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115120835/https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-an-interview-with-k-subrahmanyam/20110210.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Development of nuclear bomb and first test (1966–1972) ===
[[File:Trombay.jpg|thumb|APSARA reactor and plutonium reprocessing facility at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] as photographed by a US satellite on 19 February 1966]]

After Shastri's death in 1966, [[Indira Gandhi]] became the prime minister and work on the nuclear programme resumed. The design work on the bomb proceeded under physicist [[Raja Ramanna]], who continued the nuclear weapons technology research after Bhabha's death in 1966.<ref name="Program"/> The project employed 75 scientists and progressed in secrecy.<ref name="Kanavi"/> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pakistani War]], the US government sent a [[carrier battle group]] into the [[Bay of Bengal]] in an attempt to intimidate India, who were aided by the [[Soviet Union]], who responded by sending a [[submarine]] armed with [[nuclear missile]]s. The Soviet response underlined the [[Deterrence theory|deterrent value]] and significance of nuclear weapons to India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/2010/02/arihant-the-annihilator.html|title=Arihant: the annihilator|publisher=Indian Defence Review|date=25 October 2010|access-date=8 January 2012|archive-date=13 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After India gained military and political initiative over Pakistan in the war, the work on building a nuclear device continued. The hardware began to be built in early 1972 and the Prime Minister authorised the development of a nuclear test device in September 1972.<ref>{{cite book|last=Perkovich|first=G.|title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation|publisher=University of California Press|series=ACLS Humanities E-Book|year=1999|isbn=978-0-520-23210-5|page=172}}</ref>

On 18 May 1974, India tested a [[Nuclear weapon design#Implosion-type weapon|implosion-type]] fission device at the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Pokhran Test Range]] under the code name ''[[Smiling Buddha]]''.<ref name="Smiling Buddha">{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html|work=India's Nuclear Weapons Program|title=Smiling Buddha, 1974|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive}}</ref> The test was described as a [[peaceful nuclear explosion]] (PNE) and the [[nuclear yield|yield]] was estimated to be between 6 and 10 [[kiloton]]s.<ref name="Smiling Buddha"/><ref name="Pahuja">{{cite book|first=Om Parkash|last=Pahuja|title=India: A Nuclear Weapon State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiI_Yt7SOA8C&pg=PT63|access-date=29 June 2012|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-87100-69-0|pages=63–|year=2001}}</ref><ref name="Nuclear files archives">{{cite web|url=http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1974|title=1974 Nuclear files|work=Nuclear Age Peace Foundation|publisher=Nuclear files archives|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-date=2 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702032049/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1974|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bates|first=Crispin|title=Subalterns and Raj: South Asia Since 1600|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-21484-1|page=343}}</ref>

{{Atal Bihari Vajpayee series}}

=== Aftermath of nuclear tests (1973–1988) ===
While India continued to state that the test was for peaceful purposes, it encountered opposition from many countries. The [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] (NSG) was formed in reaction to the Indian tests to check international [[nuclear proliferation]].<ref name="NSG">{{cite web|title=History of the NSG|url=https://www.nsg-online.org/en/about-nsg|work=Nuclear Suppliers Group|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203133606/https://www.nsg-online.org/en/about-nsg|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Technological apartheid|technological embargo]] and sanctions affected the development of India's nuclear programme.<ref>{{cite web|title=Smiling Buddha: All about Pokhran test that made India a nuclear power|url=https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/05/smiling-buddha-all-about-pokhran-test-that-made-india-nuclear-power.html|access-date=5 July 2020|work=The Indian Hawk|date=19 May 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707010619/https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/05/smiling-buddha-all-about-pokhran-test-that-made-india-nuclear-power.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was crippled by the lack of indigenous resources and dependence on imported technology on certain areas. Though India declared to the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) that India's nuclear program was intended only for peaceful purposes, preliminary work on a [[nuclear fusion|fusion]] bomb was initiated.<ref name="Pause">{{cite web|title=The Long Pause: 1974–1989|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaPause.html|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=14 November 2011}}</ref> In the aftermath of the [[The Emergency (India)|state emergency]] in 1975 that resulted in the collapse of the [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry]], the programme continued under [[M.R. Srinivasan]], but made slow progress. Though the nuclear programme did not receive much attention from incoming Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] at first, it gained impetus when Ramanna was appointed to the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chengappa|first=Raj|title=Weapons of peace : the secret story of India's quest to be a nuclear power|year=2000|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7223-330-2|pages=219–220}}</ref>

With the discovery of [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan's clandestine atomic bomb program]], India realised that it was very likely to succeed in its project in a few years. With the return of Indira Gandhi in [[1980 Indian general election|1980]], the nuclear programme gained momentum. Two new underground shafts were constructed at the Pokhran test range by 1982 and Gandhi approved further nuclear tests in 1982. But the decision was reversed owing to pressure from the United States as it might end up in [[nuclear brinksmanship]] with Pakistan and potential foreign policy implications. Work continued towards weaponizing the nuclear bomb under [[V. S. R. Arunachalam]] and the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|Indian missile programme]] was launched under [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name="Pause"/> Ramanna pushed forward with a [[Enriched uranium|uranium enrichment program]] and despite the sanctions, India imported [[heavy water]] required as a [[neutron moderator]] in the [[nuclear reactors]], from countries like China, Norway and Soviet Union through a middleman. Though [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who became the Prime Minister in 1984, supported technological development and research, he was sceptical about nuclear testing as he believed it would result in further technological alienation from the developed countries. ''Dhruva'', a new reactor with a capability to produce larger quantities of weapon grade material, was commissioned at BARC in 1985. Other components for a nuclear fusion bomb were developed during the time with capabilities to air drop nuclear weapons. In late 1985, a study group commissioned by the Prime Minister outlined a plan for the production of 70 to 100 nuclear warheads and a strict no [[First use of nuclear weapons|first use]] policy.<ref name="Pause"/>

=== Building towards second nuclear test (1989–1998) ===
In [[1989 Indian general election|1989]], [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V.P. Singh]] formed the [[V. P. Singh ministry|government]], which collapsed within two years and this period of instability caused a snag in the nuclear weapons programme. [[India-Pakistan Relations|Foreign relations]] between India and Pakistan severely worsened when India accused Pakistan of supporting the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]. During this time, the Indian Missile Program succeeded in the development of the [[Prithvi (missile)|''Prithvi'']] [[missile]]s. India decided to observe the temporary moratorium on the nuclear tests for fear of inviting international criticism.<ref name="Momentum">{{cite web|url=https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaMomentum.html|title=The Momentum Builds: 1989-1998|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The NSG decided in 1992 to require full-scope IAEA safeguards for any new nuclear export deals, which effectively ruled out nuclear exports to India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/official_docs/inventory/pdfs/nsg.pdf|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative|access-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030503120417/http://nti.org/e_research/official_docs/inventory/pdfs/nsg.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2003|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Though India had stock-piled material and components to be able to construct a dozen nuclear fission bombs, the deliverance mechanism was still under development. With the successful testing of [[Agni missile]] and successful trials involving dropping of similar bombs without fissionable material from [[bomber aircraft]] in 1994, the weaponization became successful. With the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] under discussion and global pressure pushing India to sign, then Indian Prime Minister [[P.V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] ordered preparations for further nuclear tests in 1995. Based on the direction of the director of DAE [[Rajagopala Chidambaram|R. Chidambaram]], [[S. K. Sikka]] was tasked with the development of a thermo-nuclear fusion device. In August, [[Krishnamurthy Santhanam|K. Santhanam]], the chief technical adviser of DRDO, was appointed the director for carrying out the tests. While water was being pumped out of the shafts constructed more than ten years earlier, American [[Evolved Enhanced CRYSTAL|spy satellites]] picked up the signs.<ref name="Momentum"/> With pressure from [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Bill Clinton]], the test never progressed.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=CNN|title=India wants to divert attention from N-test plan|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1996/04Jan96.html#indi|access-date=16 January 2013|newspaper=Dawn Archives|date=4 January 1996|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330231716/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1996/04Jan96.html#indi|url-status=dead}}</ref>

With Rao's term ending in 1996, the next two years saw multiple governments being formed. [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], who was a strong advocate of nuclear weaponization, came to power following the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general elections]]. Vajpayee had earlier declared that if re-voted to power, his government would induct nuclear weapons and declare India's might to gather respect.<ref name="Nuclear politics">{{cite web|title=The nuclear politics: The 1998 Election|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaShakti.html|work=Nuclear weapon archives|publisher=Nuclear politics|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Soon after assuming power in March 1998, Vajpayee organized a discussion with Abdul Kalam and Chidambaram to conduct nuclear tests. On 28 March 1998, he asked to make preparations for a test.<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|title=Pokhran II row: Sethna slams Kalam, Iyengar says tests were done in haste|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_pokhran-ii-row-sethna-slams-kalam-iyengar-says-tests-were-done-in-haste_1286978|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=15 November 2011|date=September 2009|archive-date=29 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329184008/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_pokhran-ii-row-sethna-slams-kalam-iyengar-says-tests-were-done-in-haste_1286978|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Nuclear test ==
[[File:Tracking Nuclear Proliferation, India.jpg|thumb|[[Marine Corps Intelligence Activity|US Marine Intelligence]] maps showing the Indian test site in 1997]]

=== Preparation ===
The [[Indian Intelligence Bureau]] had been aware of the capability of the United States [[Nuclear MASINT|spy satellites]] in detecting Indian test preparations. Therefore, the tests required complete secrecy and the [[List of regiments and corps of the Indian Army|58th Engineer Regiment]] of the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]] was tasked with preparing the test sites without being detected.<ref name="India Today">{{cite news|title=Books: Weapons of Peace—How the CIA was Fooled|work=[[India Today]]|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17051999/books.html|access-date=30 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112002020/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17051999/books.html|archive-date=12 January 2016|url-status=dead }}</ref> Work was mostly done during night, and equipment was returned to the original place during the day to give the impression that it was never moved. Bomb shafts were dug under camouflage netting and the dug-out sand was shaped like natural [[sand dune]]s. Cables and sensors were either covered with sand or concealed using native vegetation. A select group was involved in the detonation process with all personnel required to wear uniforms to preserve the secrecy of the tests. They were given pseudo-names and they traveled in smaller groups to avoid detection.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="Nuclear politics" />

Scientists and engineers of BARC, the [[Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research|Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMDER)]], and DRDO were involved in the development and assembly of the bombs. Three laboratories of the DRDO were involved in designing, testing and producing components for the bombs, including the [[detonator]]s, the implosion and high-voltage trigger systems. These were also responsible for systems engineering, aerodynamics and safety. The bombs were transported moved from BARC at 3 am on 1 May 1998 to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Bombay airport]], then flown in an [[Indian Air Force]]'s [[AN-32]] aircraft to [[Jaisalmer Airport]]. It was then transported to Pokhran in an army convoy of four trucks, and this required three trips. The devices were delivered to the device preparation building, which was designated as ''Prayer Hall''.<ref name="Shakti"/>

=== Personnel ===
[[File:A.P.J Abdul Kalam.jpg|thumb|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] was one of the co-ordinators for the test.]]
Following were the main personnel involved in the testing:<ref name="Shakti">{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaShakti.html|title=India's Nuclear Weapons Program—Operation Shakti: 1998|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref>

* Chief Coordinators :
** [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], scientific adviser to the [[Defence Minister of India|defence minister]] and head of the [[DRDO]]
** [[Rajagopala Chidambaram|R. Chidambaram]], chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] and the [[Department of Atomic Energy]]
* [[Defence Research & Development Organization]] (DRDO):
** [[Krishnamurthy Santhanam|K. Santhanam]], director of test site preparations
* [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) :
** [[Anil Kakodkar]], director
** [[S. K. Sikka|Satinder Kumar Sikka]], lead for thermonuclear weapon development
** [[M. S. Ramakumar]], Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group; lead for manufacture of nuclear components
** D.D. Sood, director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group; director of nuclear materials acquisition
** S.K. Gupta, Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group; director of device design and assessment
** G. Govindraj, associate director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group; director of field instrumentation

=== Testing ===
[[File:A sunset on the dunes of the Great Indian Thar Desert Rajasthan India.jpg|thumb|The [[Thar Desert]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]] where the nuclear site, the [[Pokhran Test Range]], is located]]
The test was organized into two groups to be fired separately, with all devices in a group fired at the same time. Five nuclear devices were tested during the operation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Forces gung-ho on N-arsenal|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA5LzA4LzI4I0FyMDE1MDA|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521000616/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA5LzA4LzI4I0FyMDE1MDA|archive-date=21 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Shakti"/><ref name="PR">{{Cite journal|date=24 September 2009|title=Press Statement by Dr. Anil Kakodkar and Dr. R. Chidambaram on Pokhran-II tests|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=52814|url-status=live|journal=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024045228/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=52814|archive-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>
 
Group-I:
* ''Shakti I'': Two stage [[thermonuclear weapon|thermonuclear device]] with [[nuclear fusion|fusion]] boosted primary, test design yield 45 kt, but designed for up to 200 kt deployed yield
* ''Shakti II'': A light-weight [[Implosion-type nuclear weapon|plutonium implosion]] [[nuclear fission|fission]] device yielding 12 kt and intended as a warhead that could be delivered by bomber or missile
* ''Shakti III'': An experimental [[Implosion nuclear weapon|linear implosion]] fission device that used [[reactor-grade]] plutonium, yielding 0.3 kt
Group-II:
* ''Shakti IV'': A 0.5 kt experimental fission device
* ''Shakti V'': A 0.2 kt [[Uranium-233|thorium/U-233]] experimental fission device

An additional, sixth device (''Shakti VI'') was developed but not detonated. The first test was planned on 11 May.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spectral defence|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30188509.ece|access-date=23 March 2024|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323093429/https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30188509.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The thermonuclear device was placed in a shaft code named ''White House'', which was approximately {{convert|230|m|ft|abbr=~}} deep, the fission bomb was placed in a {{convert|150|m}} deep shaft code named ''Taj Mahal'', and the first sub-kiloton device in shaft ''Kumbhkaran''. The first three devices were placed in their respective shafts on 10 May. The first device to be placed was the sub-kiloton device, which was sealed by the army engineers by 8:30 PM. The thermonuclear device was lowered and sealed by 4 AM on the next day with the fission device being placed by 7:30 AM. The shafts were L-shaped, with a horizontal chamber used for the test devices.<ref name="Shakti"/> The timing of the tests was pursuant to the local weather conditions, and the test sequence was initiated in the afternoon. Santhanam, in-charge of the test site, handed over the site to M. Vasudev, the range safety officer, who was responsible for verifying the test indicators. After the safety clearance, the countdown system was activated and at 3:45 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], the three devices were detonated simultaneously.<ref name="Shakti"/><ref name="Nuclear politics"/><ref>{{cite news|title=India releases pictures of nuclear tests|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/17/india.nuke.tests/|access-date=14 June 2015|work=[[CNN]]|date=17 May 1998|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330231713/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/17/india.nuke.tests/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 May, at 12.21 PM IST, two sub-kiloton devices (''Shakti IV'' and ''V'') were detonated. Due to their very low yield, these explosions were not detected by any seismic station.<ref name="Nuclear politics"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=India's Pathway to Pokhran II: The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi's Nuclear Weapons Program|author=Sumit Ganguly|journal=International Security|volume=23|issue=4|date=Spring 1999|pages=148–177|jstor=2539297|doi=10.1162/isec.23.4.148|s2cid=57565560}}</ref>

=== Announcement ===
Having tested weaponized nuclear warheads, India became the sixth country to join the [[nuclear club]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=Asia's nuclear challenge: Third World joins the nuclear club|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/asia_nuclear_crisis/analysis/92783.stm|access-date=17 January 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 May 1998|archive-date=20 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020185904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/asia_nuclear_crisis/analysis/92783.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly after the tests, Prime Minister Vajpayee appeared before the press corps and made the following short statement:

{{cquote|Today, at 15:45 hours, India conducted three underground nuclear tests in the Pokhran range. The tests conducted today were with a fission device, a low yield device and a thermonuclear device. The measured yields are in line with expected values. Measurements have also confirmed that there was no release of radioactivity into the atmosphere. These were contained explosions like the experiment conducted in May 1974. I warmly congratulate the scientists and engineers who have carried out these successful tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/news/india/1998/05/vajpayee1198.htm|title=Prime Minister's announcement of India's three underground nuclear tests|work=FAS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020314083350/https://fas.org/news/india/1998/05/vajpayee1198.htm|access-date=31 January 2013|archive-date=14 March 2002|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFuUKVxHOX0&t=28|title=Prime Minister's press briefing video|work=[[YouTube]]|date=13 May 2019 |access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224184549/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFuUKVxHOX0&t=28|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

On 13 May 1998, India declared the series of tests to be over after this.<ref name="GOI">{{cite press release|title=Planned Series of Nuclear Tests Completed|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/Indianofficial.txt|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=17 January 2013|date=13 May 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|date=1999|title=India's Pathway to Pokhran II: The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi's Nuclear Weapons Program|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539297|journal=International Security|volume=23|issue=4|pages=148–177|doi=10.1162/isec.23.4.148|jstor=2539297|s2cid=57565560|issn=0162-2889|access-date=25 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525030913/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539297|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Reactions to tests ==
=== Domestic ===
News of the tests were greeted with jubilation and large-scale approval by general public in India. The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] registered significant gains. The media praised the government for its decision and advocated the development of an operational nuclear arsenal for the country's armed forces. The opposition led by [[Indian National Congress]] criticized the [[Vajpayee Government|Vajpayee administration]] for carrying out the series of nuclear tests, accusing the government of trying to use the tests for political ends rather than to enhance the country's national security.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lyon|first=David|title=India detonates two more bombs|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/93111.stm|access-date=17 January 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|date=31 May 1998|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101141730/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/93111.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the time India had conducted tests, the country had a total of $44bn in loans in 1998, from the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] and the [[World Bank]]. The industrial sectors of the Indian economy were likely to be hurt by sanctions with the foreign companies, which had invested heavily in India, facing consequences of impending sanctions. The Indian government announced that it had factored the economic response and was willing to take the consequences.<ref>{{cite news|title=India—will sanctions bite?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/asia_nuclear_crisis/analysis/92942.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=1 June 1998|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630050933/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/asia_nuclear_crisis/analysis/92942.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== International ===
The United States issued a statement condemning India and threatened [[economic sanctions]]. The [[US intelligence community|intelligence community]] felt humiliated for its failure to detect the preparations for the test.<ref>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=T.|title=Nuclear anxiety: The Blunders; U.S. Blundered On Intelligence, Officials Admit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/13/world/nuclear-anxiety-the-blunders-us-blundered-on-intelligence-officials-admit.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 May 1998|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209070934/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/13/world/nuclear-anxiety-the-blunders-us-blundered-on-intelligence-officials-admit.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In keeping with its preferred approach to [[Foreign policy of the clinton administration|foreign policy]] in [[History of the United States (1991–present)|recent decades]], and in compliance with the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|1994 anti-proliferation law]], the United States imposed economic sanctions on India.<ref>{{cite news|title=US imposes sanctions on India|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/92797.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 May 1998|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/92797.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The sanctions on India consisted of cutting off all assistance to India except humanitarian aid, banning the export of certain defense material and technologies, ending American credit and credit guarantees to India, and requiring the US to oppose lending by international financial institutions to India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/13/india.us/|work=[[CNN]]|title=U.S. imposes sanctions on India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630050930/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/13/india.us/|url-status=live}}</ref> The United States held talks with India over the issue of India becoming a part of the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty|CTBT]] and [[Non-Proliferation Treaty|NPT]] and pressurized to [[rollback]] India's nuclear program.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clarifying India's Nascent Nuclear Doctrine|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/1999_12/jsde99|publisher=Arms control interview|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610130902/https://www.armscontrol.org/act/1999_12/jsde99|url-status=live}}</ref> India did not accede to the request stating that it was not consistent with her national security interest.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chandrasekharan|first=S.|title=CTBT : where does India stand?|url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper8#sthash.0vCRukPh.dpuf|work=South Asia Analysis|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610110216/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper8#sthash.0vCRukPh.dpuf|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

China stated that it was seriously concerned about the tests which are not favorable to the peace and stability in the region and called for the international community to pressure India to cease the development of nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/13/world/nuclear-anxiety-reaction-china-seriously-concerned-but-restrained-its-criticism.html|title=China is 'Seriously Concerned' But Restrained in Its Criticism|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 May 1998|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520162007/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/13/world/nuclear-anxiety-reaction-china-seriously-concerned-but-restrained-its-criticism.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It further rejected claims of India's stated rationale of needing nuclear capabilities to counter a Chinese threat as unfounded.<ref>{{cite web|last=Resources on India and Pakistan|title=China's Reaction to India's Nuclear Tests|url=http://cns.miis.edu/archive/country_india/china/nsacris.htm|access-date=15 May 2012|work=CNS Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies|date=1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103195522/http://cns.miis.edu/archive/country_india/china/nsacris.htm|archive-date=3 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, the other [[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council]]– the United Kingdom, France, and Russia refrained from making any statements condemning the tests.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Costs of Economic Sanctions: Aftermath of Pokhran II|author=Charan D. Wadhva|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=33|issue=26|date=27 June 1998|pages=1604–1607|jstor=4406922}}</ref>

Few other nations also imposed sanctions on India, primarily in the form of suspension of foreign aid and government-to-government credit lines. Canada criticized India's actions,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/east-meets-far-east/article6365598.ece|title=East meets Far East|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 August 2014|last1=Haidar|first1=Suhasini|access-date=14 January 2015|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128101012/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/east-meets-far-east/article6365598.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and Japan imposed [[economic sanctions]] which included freezing all new loans and grants except for humanitarian aid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2001-10-26/world/japan.sanctions_1_pakistan-sanctions-pakistan-and-india-nuclear-testing?_s=PM:asiapcf|work=[[CNN]]|title=U.S. lifts final sanctions on Pakistan|date=29 October 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403005307/http://articles.cnn.com/2001-10-26/world/japan.sanctions_1_pakistan-sanctions-pakistan-and-india-nuclear-testing?_s=PM:asiapcf|archive-date=3 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Pakistan issued a statement blaming India for instigating a [[nuclear arms race]] in the region with [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] stating that his country will take appropriate action.<ref>{{cite news|last=Special Report|title=Pakistan condemns India's nuclear tests|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/92841.stm|work=BBC|date=13 May 1998|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101142307/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/92841.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> It later carried out six [[Pakistan's nuclear testing series|nuclear tests]] under the code name ''[[Chagai-I]]'' on 28 May 1998 and ''[[Chagai-II]]'' on 30 May 1998.<ref name="Nuclear politics"/> Pakistan's leading [[nuclear physicist]], [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]], held India responsible for Pakistan's nuclear test experiments.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hoodbhoy|first=Pervez Amerali|author-link=Pervaiz Hoodbhoy|title=Nuclear Bayonet|newspaper=[[The Herald (Pakistan)|The Herald]]|date=23 January 2011|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218212415/http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan's tests invited similar condemnation and economic sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/wreactpk.htm|title=cns.miis.edu|access-date=8 January 2009|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011118130330/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/wreactpk.htm|archive-date=18 November 2001|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gertz|first1=Bill|title=Betrayal: How the Clinton Administration Undermined American Security.|date=2013|publisher=Regnery Publishing|location=[[Washington DC]]|isbn=978-1-62157-137-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/betrayal00bill}}</ref> On June 6, the [[UN Security Council]] adopted [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172|Resolution 1172]], condemning the Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests.<ref name="Sharpe">{{cite book|editor=Dittmer, L.|title=South Asia's nuclear ecurity dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China|year=2005|publisher=Sharpe|location=[[Armonk]]|isbn=978-0-7656-1419-3}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Though the test was carried out in an uninhabited area, the residents of the villages–Odhaniya, Chacha, Loharki, and Khetolai, which were within a five-kilometre radius, felt the effects of the test. The tremors resulted in damage to the houses, and water storage facilities in the villages. The government compensated the villagers whose houses were damaged. A later study found traces of [[radiation exposure|radiation]] in the water, soil, and vegetation. While the villagers complained of an increase in the rate of [[cancers]] and [[genetic disorders]] in the years following the explosion, it had not been established with certainty that these were due to radiation exposure.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shukla |first=Chinky |date= 1 May 2019 |title=Life at Ground Zero |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/photo-essay/documenting-effects-nuclear-testing-pokhran-residents |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=[[The Caravan]] }}</ref>

== Legacy and popular culture ==
The Government of India declared 11 May as ''National Technology Day'' in India to commemorate the first of the five successful nuclear weapon tests that were carried out on 11 May 1998.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why May 11 be celebrated as National Technology Day? Things you should know|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/current-affairs/why-may-11-be-celebrated-as-national-technology-day-things-you-should-know/articleshow/75669853.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 May 2020|access-date=11 May 2020|archive-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524165319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/current-affairs/why-may-11-be-celebrated-as-national-technology-day-things-you-should-know/articleshow/75669853.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The day is celebrated by giving awards to various individuals and industries in the field of science and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dst.gov.in/whats_new/press-release08/tech-day.htm|title=National technology day celebrated|agency=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=11 May 2008|publisher=[[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]|access-date=9 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215195518/http://dst.gov.in/whats_new/press-release08/tech-day.htm|archive-date=15 December 2010|df=dmy-all }}</ref>

''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]'' is a 2018 [[Bollywood]] movie was based on the nuclear tests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/john-abraham-parmanu-poster-pokhran-nuclear-tests-1029574-2017-08-14|title=John Abraham unveils Parmanu poster: All you need to know about the story of Pokhran|last=Ghosh|first=Samrudhi|work=[[India Today]]|date=14 August 2017|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224074855/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/john-abraham-parmanu-poster-pokhran-nuclear-tests/1/1025701.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[War and Peace (2002 film)|War and Peace]]'' is a documentary by [[Anand Patwardhan]], which details the events of the tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main13.asp?filename=In070205Short_is.asp|title=War and Peace hits the box office for the first time in India|work=[[Tehelka]]|date=25 June 2005|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-date=12 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912213520/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main13.asp?filename=In070205Short_is.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[India and weapons of mass destruction]]
* [[Pokhran-I]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pokhran-II}}

{{Pokhran-II (Operation Shakti)}}

[[Category:1998 in India]]
[[Category:1998 in military history]]
[[Category:1998 in science]]
[[Category:Code names]]
[[Category:Explosions in 1998]]
[[Category:Indian nuclear weapons testing]]
[[Category:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
[[Category:May 1998 in Asia]]
[[Category:Nuclear history of India]]
[[Category:Pokhran]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Underground nuclear weapons testing]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration initiatives]]

2016 Indian Super League playoffs

2026-02-12T15:01:06Z

Leonwim: fix references for clarity

{{main|2016 Indian Super League}}
{{morefootnotes|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{infobox football tournament season
| year = 2016
| country = India
| image =
| num_teams = 4
| champions = [[Atlético de Kolkata]] (2nd title)
| runner-up = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| matches = 5
| goals = 11
| top goal scorer = [[Iain Hume]] (2 goals)
| prevseason = [[2015 ISL Cup playoffs|2015]]
| nextseason = [[2018 ISL Cup playoffs|2018]]
}}
The '''2016 Indian Super League Cup playoffs''' was the third playoffs series in the [[2016 Indian Super League|2016 ISL season]], the 2016 edition of the men's professional [[association football|football]] league in India. The playoffs began on 10 December and concluded with the final on 18 December. The top four teams from the [[2016 Indian Super League|2016 ISL regular season]] qualified for the playoffs with the semi-finals taking place over two-legs before the final in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ISL Schedule & Results|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/isl-2016/schedules-fixtures|website=Indian Super League|access-date=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109234315/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/isl-2016/schedules-fixtures|archive-date=9 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The playoffs ended with [[Atlético de Kolkata]] defeating the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] in a penalty shootout, 4–3, in the [[2016 Indian Super League final|final]].<ref name="ATK Champions">{{cite news|title=Atletico de Kolkata crowned champions again in a final devoid of individual brilliance|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2016-atletico-de-kolkata-crowned-champions-again-in-a-final-devoid-of-individual-brilliance-3162864.html|access-date=19 December 2016|work=FirstPost|date=19 December 2016}}</ref> The match was a rematch of the [[2014 Indian Super League final|2014 ISL final]] which Atlético de Kolkata won as well 1–0.<ref name="ATK Champions"/>

==2016 ISL season table==
{{:2016 Indian Super League}}

==Bracket==
{{4TeamBracket|legs = 2/1|aggregate = score|nowrap = y
| RD1 = Semi-Finals
| RD2 = Final

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 2
| RD1-score1-2 = 0
| RD1-score1-agg = 2
| RD1-seed2 = 4
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Atlético de Kolkata]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = 3
| RD1-score2-2 = 0
| RD1-score2-agg = '''3'''

| RD1-seed3 = 2
| RD1-team3 = '''[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = 1
| RD1-score3-2 = 1
| RD1-score3-agg = '''2 (3)'''
| RD1-seed4 = 3
| RD1-team4 = [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 0
| RD1-score4-2 = 2
| RD1-score4-agg = 2 (0)

| RD2-seed1 = 4
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Atlético de Kolkata]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''1 (4)'''
| RD2-seed2 = 2
| RD2-team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| RD2-score2 = 1 (3)
}}

==Semi-finals==
{{TwoLegStart}}
{{TwoLegResult|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]|IND|2–3|[[Atlético de Kolkata]]|IND|3–2|0–0}}
{{TwoLegResult|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]|IND|2–2|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]|IND|1–0|1–2}}
|}

===Leg 1===
{{football box
|date = 10 December
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|score = 3–2
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5379-hume-s-brace-gives-atk-a-slender-first-leg-advantage-over-mumbai Report]
|team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|goals1 = [[Lalrindika Ralte|Ralte]] {{goal|3}} [[Iain Hume|Hume]] {{goal|39||45+4|pen.}}
|goals2 = [[Léo Costa (footballer, born 1986)|Costa]] {{goal|10}} [[Gerson Vieira|Vieria]] {{goal|19}}
|stadium = [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 12,500
|referee = Dilan Perera ([[Sri Lanka]])
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 11 December
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score = 1–0
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5396-belfort-s-solitary-goal-gives-kerala-first-leg-advantage-over-delhi Report]
|team2 = [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|goals1 = [[Kervens Belfort|Belfort]] {{goal|65}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance = 49,659
|referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]] ([[India]])
}}

===Leg 2===
{{football box
|date = 13 December
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|score = 0–0
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5425-ten-man-atk-hold-mumbai-city-to-enter-the-final Report]
|team2 = [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Mumbai Football Arena]], [[Andheri]]
|attendance = 7,690
|referee = Arumughan Rowan ([[India]])
}}
'' ATK won 3–2 on aggregate''

----
{{football box
|date = 14 December
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|score = 2–1
|aet = yes
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5440-kerala-enter-the-final-after-nerve-racking-shootout-against-delhi Report]
|team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 = [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]] {{goal|21}} [[Rubén González Rocha|Rocha]] {{goal|45+8}}
|goals2 = [[Duckens Nazon|Nazon]] {{goal|24}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
|attendance = 24,162
|referee = Dilan Perera ([[Sri Lanka]])
|penalties1 = [[Florent Malouda|Malouda]] {{penmiss}} [[Bruno Pelissari|Pelissari]] {{penmiss}} [[Memo (footballer)|Memo]] {{penmiss}}
|penaltyscore = 0–3
|penalties2 = {{pengoal}} [[Josué Currais Prieto|Josu]] {{penmiss}} [[Antonio German|German]] {{pengoal}} [[Kervens Belfort|Belfort]] {{pengoal}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Rafique]]
}}
'' On aggregate 2–2, Kerala won on penalties''

==Final==
{{main|2016 ISL Cup final}}
{{football box
|date = 18 December
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score = 1–1
|aet = yes
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5470-raja-scores-winning-penalty-to-make-atk-two-time-champions Report]
|team2 = [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|goals1 = [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Rafi]] {{goal|37}}
|goals2 = [[Henrique Sereno|Sereno]] {{goal|44}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance = 54,146
|referee = [[Alireza Faghani]] ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]])
|penalties1 = [[Antonio German|German]] {{pengoal}} [[Kervens Belfort|Belfort]] {{pengoal}} [[Elhadji Ndoye|Ndoye]] {{penmiss}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Rafique]] {{pengoal}} [[Cédric Hengbart|Hengbart]] {{penmiss}}
|penaltyscore = 3–4
|penalties2 = {{penmiss}} [[Iain Hume|Hume]] {{pengoal}} [[Sameehg Doutie|Doutie]] {{pengoal}} [[Borja Fernández (footballer, born 1981)|Fernández]] {{pengoal}} [[Javi Lara|Lara]] {{pengoal}} [[Jewel Raja|Raja]]
}}

==Goalscorers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1"|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
|align="left"|Atlético de Kolkata
|rowspan="1"|2
|-
|rowspan="9"|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|align="left"|Atlético de Kolkata
|rowspan="9"|1
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Léo Costa (footballer, born 1986)|Léo Costa]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gerson Vieira]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|HAI}} [[Kervens Belfort]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rubén González Rocha|Rubén Rocha]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|HAI}} [[Duckens Nazon]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Henrique Sereno]]
|align="left"|Atlético de Kolkata
|}

==See also==
* [[2016–17 in Indian football]]
* [[2016–17 I-League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Super League}}
{{2016–17 in Indian football}}
{{2016 in Asian Football (AFC)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2016 Indian Super League finals}}
[[Category:2016 Indian Super League season]]
[[Category:Indian Super League playoffs]]

Srinath Raghavan

2026-02-12T02:52:59Z

Leonwim: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian historian of contemporary history (born 1977)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox scholar
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Srinath Raghavan
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'''Srinath Raghavan''' is an Indian historian of [[contemporary history]]. He is a professor of [[history]] and [[international relations]] at [[Ashoka University]],<ref name="Ashoka" /> a senior [[Fellow#As an academic position|fellow]] at the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], and a visiting senior research fellow at the India Institute of [[King's College London]].<ref name="KCL">{{cite web|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/kii/people/sraghavan.aspx|title=Dr Srinath Raghavan|publisher=King's College London|accessdate=4 December 2017}}</ref> He was previously a senior fellow at the [[Centre for Policy Research]], specialising in contemporary and historical aspects of India's [[foreign policy|foreign]] and [[security policy|security policies]].<ref name=CPR>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cprindia.org/people/srinath-raghavan |title=Srinath Raghavan |publisher=Centre for Policy Research |access-date=2017-06-27}}</ref>

Raghavan has written and edited several books about India's strategic history, and has been a regular commentator on foreign and strategic affairs. He is a recipient of the K. Subrahmanyam Award for Strategic Studies (2011) and the [[Infosys Prize]] for Social Sciences (2015).<ref name=Ashoka>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ashoka.edu.in/faculty#!/srinath-raghavan-72|title=Srinath Raghavan (Faculty Profile) |publisher=Ashoka University |access-date=2017-06-27}}</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/punditry/a-conversation-with-historian-srinath-raghavan-115121000364_1.html A conversation with historian Srinath Raghavan], Business Standard, 10 December 2015.</ref>

== Life ==
Srinath Raghavan was born in 1977. He studied in [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]], graduating with a bachelor's degree in physics from the [[University of Madras]] in 1997.<ref name="Permanent Black">[http://permanent-black.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/infosys-laureate-2015-srinath-raghavan.html Infosys Laureate 2015: Srinath Raghavan], Permanent Black, 16 November 2015.</ref>

Raghavan joined the Indian Army in 1997 as a [[commissioned officer]] in the infantry. He served for six years in the [[Rajputana Rifles]], in [[Sikkim]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=BS/>

He entered academia in 2003, studying at [[King's College London]] on an Inlaks scholarship. He worked with [[Lawrence Freedman]], Professor of War Studies at King's College, receiving an MA and PhD in War Studies.<ref name=KCL/> His Ph.D. dissertation was the basis of his first book, ''War and Peace in Modern India''.<ref name="Permanent Black"/>

Afterwards, Raghavan taught as a lecturer in [[Defence studies]] at King's College for three years. {{As of|2015}} he worked at the Carnegie India, a policy think tank in New Delhi.<ref name=CPR/><ref name=BS>[https://www.pressreader.com/india/business-standard/20160917/281857233001862 Military intelligence], Business Standard, 17 September 2016.</ref>

Raghavan published three works on the strategic history of India between 2010 and 2016 and was working on further books.<ref name=BS/>
In 2015, Raghavan was chosen by India's Ministry of Defence to head a team of historians working on the official history of the [[Kargil War]]. The project was to last two years.<ref name=Kargil>[http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/the-fear-of-history-kargil-war-conflict-india-pakistan-china-sri-lanka-2937448/ The fear of history], The Indian Express, 27 July 2016.</ref> He has served as a member of the [[National Security Advisory Board]] formed by the Indian Prime Minister.<ref name=KCL/>

== Books ==

=== ''War and Peace in Modern India: A Strategic History of the Nehru Years'' ===
His first book, it covered the strategic history of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s premiership and was published as part of ''The Indian Century Series'' edited by scholars [[Ramachandra Guha]] and [[Sunil Khilnani]]. The editors stated in the book's preface that Raghavan has set a "benchmark" for the historical study of the strategic and foreign policy issues of India. He has covered the strategic crises faced by India in the first fifteen years of its independent existence, using a range of sources and analytical depth.<ref>{{citation |last1=Khilnani |first1=Sunil |last2=Guha |first2=Ramachandra |chapter=Series Editor's Preface |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7 |page=x}}</ref>

Scholar Kristina Roepstorff, in a book review, said that the book illuminated the rationale behind the strategic choices made by Nehru in facing major dilemmas during his tenure, and was a good and relevant account of the events that shaped Nehru's strategic thinking and his approach to crisis management. However, she found the book to be short on "theoretical reflection", and noted that the book covered a selection of case studies mainly dealing with India's princely states and crises with neighbours, but omitted general international issues such as the crises dealing with [[Indian annexation of Goa|Goa]] or [[Congo Crisis|Congo]]. She felt that further justification of the selection of cases was necessary to avert selection bias in drawing general conclusions.<ref>{{citation |first=Kristina |last=Roepstorff |chapter=Srinath Raghavan, ''War and Peace in Modern India'' (Book Review) |title=Südasien-Chronik - South Asia Chronicle |volume=2 |year=2012 |pages=441–448 |publisher=Südasien-Seminar der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin |isbn=978-3-86004-286-1 |chapter-url=https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/18452/18639/441.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref>

Shashank Joshi called the book a "commanding diplomatic history" of the Nehru years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Shashank |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/perspectives/paradigm-trap |title=A Paradigm Trap |newspaper=The Caravan |date=1 May 2012}}</ref> [[Odd Arne Westad]] called it "international history at its very best".<ref>{{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7 |at=Back cover}}</ref> Scholar Jivanta Schottli called it "polished historical study",<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schottli |first1=Jivanta |title=''War and Peace in Modern India'' by Srinath Raghavan (Review) |journal=Contemporary South Asia |date=September 2011 |volume=19 |issue=3 | pages=344–345 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2011.594286 |s2cid=218543142 |issn=0958-4935}}</ref> and Rudra Chaudhuri said it should be considered "the single most important text on Indian strategic history".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Rudra |title=''War and Peace in Modern India: A strategic history of the Nehru years'' by Srinath Raghavan (Review) |journal=Cold War History |date=October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=705–706 |doi=10.1080/14682745.2014.955690 |s2cid=154360723 |issn=1468-2745}}</ref> Priya Chacko noted that it is meticulously researched and draws on previously untapped archival sources, such as the private papers of British officials, allowing Raghavan to circumvent the usual limitations of diplomatic history.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chacko |first1=Priya |title=Srinath Raghavan, (Ranikhet: Permanent Black), 2010, pp. 359 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |date=July 2011 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=305–307 |doi=10.1177/001946461104800211|s2cid=144338163 }}</ref>

Historian [[Perry Anderson]] finds that Srinath Raghavan is a firm apologist for India and describes his book as a hymn to Nehru's strategism.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pboDnQEACAAJ|title=The Indian Ideology|author=Perry Anderson|publisher=Verso|year=2013|isbn=978-1-78168-259-3|page=85|quote=Footnote 46: Even such a staunch apologist for New Delhi as Srinath Raghavan, a former Indian Army officer, author of a book that is a prolonged hymn to Nehru's strategic sagacity}}</ref>

=== ''1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh'' ===
Published in 2013, this book locates the creation of Bangladesh within the wider geopolitical currents of the Cold War, moving beyond the traditional bilateral narrative of an India-Pakistan conflict. Raghavan argues that the breakup of Pakistan was not inevitable, but rather the result of a specific conjuncture of global events, utilizing archival material to demonstrate how the crisis was shaped by the strategic calculations of great powers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|date=2016-10-07|title=1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh by Srinath Raghavan (review)|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/632286|journal=Journal of Cold War Studies|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=194–195|issn=1531-3298|doi=10.1162/JCWS_r_00660|s2cid=57559829|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Iqbal|first=Iftekhar|date=2014-12-01|title=Srinath Raghavan. 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh.|url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/119/5/1661/44651|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=119|issue=5|pages=1661–1662|doi=10.1093/ahr/119.5.1661|issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In a review for the ''Literary Review'', David Gilmour praised the work for its prodigious research and for dismantling the retrospective determinism often applied to the conflict. He noted that Raghavan successfully argues that the emergence of Bangladesh was a product of "conjuncture and contingency," though he observed that the book concentrates more on the diplomatic dimension than the military one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://literaryreview.co.uk/the-unexpected-country|title=David Gilmour - The Unexpected Country|website=Literary Review|language=en|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref> David Carter, writing in ''Asian Affairs'', compared the work to Gary J. Bass's ''The Blood Telegram'', noting that both texts are essential for understanding the complex international matrix of the crisis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carter|first=David|date=2014-09-02|title=Srinath Raghavan. 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh; Gary J. Bass. The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger and a Forgotten Genocide|journal=Asian Affairs|language=en|volume=45|issue=3|pages=519–521|doi=10.1080/03068374.2014.954220|s2cid=161348197|issn=0306-8374}}</ref> Manoj Joshi, in ''The Hindu'', highlighted the book's focus on global politics,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/global-politics-and-the-birth-of-bangladesh/article5440861.ece|title=Global politics and the birth of Bangladesh|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|date=2013-12-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> while other scholars have debated the balance between the book's global focus and the local tragedy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/LYovXLite2v9KBBUjpSzmK/Book-Review--Bangladesh-1971-An-ambiguous-war.html|title=Book Review {{!}} Bangladesh 1971: An ambiguous war?|last=Chandrasekaran|first=Gayatri|date=2013-10-03|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>

=== ''India's War: The Making of Modern South Asia, 1939–1945'' ===
In this 2016 work, Raghavan argues that the Second World War was not merely a backdrop to the Indian freedom struggle but a constitutive event that fundamentally shaped modern South Asia. The book details how the war transformed the British Raj into a garrison state and posits that the strategic capabilities developed during the war laid the institutional foundations for independent India's emergence as a major Asian power.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Pavan|date=2018-01-01|title=India's war: the making of modern south Asia 1939–1945|journal=International Affairs|volume=94|issue=1|pages=218–219|doi=10.1093/ia/iix197|issn=0020-5850}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Making Modern South Asia: India's Role in World War II|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/making-modern-south-asia-indias-role-in-world-war-ii/|website=thediplomat.com|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>

John Keay, reviewing for the ''Literary Review'', called it a "minutely detailed study" of the conflict from the Indian perspective.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://literaryreview.co.uk/bose-arrows|title=John Keay - Bose & Arrows|website=Literary Review|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref> A review in ''The Independent'' noted the book's significance in showing that India was "more than a bastion of the British Empire,"<ref>{{Cite news|title=India's War by Srinath Ragh: More than a bastion of the British Empire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/indias-war-by-srinath-ragh-more-than-a-bastion-of-the-british-empire-a6949766.html|work=The Independent|date=2016-03-24|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref> while ''The Spectator'' praised the work for its detailed account of the making of modern India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The making of modern India|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/03/the-making-of-modern-india/|work=The Spectator|date=2016-03-26|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref> ''The Financial Times'' also reviewed the book, acknowledging its contribution to the history of the period.<ref>{{Cite news|title='India's War', by Srinath Raghavan|url=https://www.ft.com/content/d8a16a82-f1ef-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2|work=www.ft.com|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>

=== ''The Most Dangerous Place: A History of the United States in South Asia'' ===
Published in 2018, this book offers a long-durée history of American involvement in the Indian subcontinent. The title is derived from a comment by President Bill Clinton in 2000 regarding Kashmir. Raghavan challenges the notion that the United States has been a peripheral player in the region, arguing instead that it has been deeply enmeshed in South Asia's political and economic fabric for over two centuries.<ref name="Haidar">{{Cite news|last=Haidar|first=Suhasini|date=2018-06-30|title=The Most Dangerous Place: A History of the United States in South Asia review: Tangled up in knots|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-most-dangerous-place-a-history-of-the-united-states-in-south-asia-review-tangled-up-in-knots/article24288857.ece|work=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Anatomy of Power|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/the-anatomy-of-power|work=Open The Magazine|date=2018-06-20|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>

Suhasini Haidar, in ''The Hindu'', described the book as a "tangled" history of the relationship,<ref name="Haidar"/> while Jyoti Malhotra in ''ThePrint'' called it an "absorbing read" that goes beyond its title.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Malhotra|first=Jyoti|date=2018-06-10|title=Never mind the title, 'The Most Dangerous Place' is an absorbing read|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/never-mind-the-title-the-most-dangerous-place-is-an-absorbing-read/67534/|work=ThePrint|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref> Other reviews appeared in ''The Indian Express'' and ''The Telegraph'', discussing the book's fresh perspective on the American role in the region.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Terms of Engagement|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/terms-of-engagement-5219390/|work=The Indian Express|date=2018-06-16|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=A new way to look at the US in South Asia|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/a-new-way-to-look-at-the-us-in-south-asia/cid/1453485|work=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavan, Srinath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

Nina Chaubal

2026-02-09T04:56:16Z

Leonwim: adding new post added tags

{{Infobox person
| name = Nina Chaubal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1992}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Software engineer, activist
| known_for = Co-founder and former Director of Operations, [[Trans Lifeline]]
| spouse = Greta Martela (m. 2015)
| years_active =
| awards = Trans Justice Funding Project Community Grantmaking Fellow (2017)
| notable_works =
}}

'''Nina Chaubal''' (born 1992) is the co-founder and former Director of Operations at [[Trans Lifeline]],<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/nina-chaubal-helps-build-community-save-lives-trans-lifeline-n728411|title=Nina Chaubal helps build community, save lives with Trans Lifeline|website=NBC News|date=8 March 2017 |access-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629133800/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/nina-chaubal-helps-build-community-save-lives-trans-lifeline-n728411|archive-date=2019-06-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/blog/trans-lifeline-needs-help-continue-saving-lives|title=Trans Lifeline needs help to continue saving lives|date=February 24, 2015|website=GLAAD|access-date=January 27, 2020|archive-date=December 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201023912/https://www.glaad.org/blog/trans-lifeline-needs-help-continue-saving-lives|url-status=dead}}</ref> the first transgender suicide hotline to exist in the [[United States]]<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-first-transgender-suicide-hotline-is-now_b_5a3d253ee4b0df0de8b0648c|title=America's First Transgender Suicide Hotline Is Now Live|first1=Jesse|last1=Mechanic|date=December 22, 2017|website=HuffPost|access-date=2022-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007041225/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-first-transgender-suicide-hotline-is-now_b_5a3d253ee4b0df0de8b0648c|archive-date=October 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wweek.com/news/2018/10/30/a-volunteer-with-trans-lifeline-talks-about-why-people-are-scared-and-dialing/|title=A Volunteer With Trans Lifeline Talks About Why People Are Scared—and Dialing|website=Willamette Week|date=31 October 2018 |access-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010081826/https://www.wweek.com/news/2018/10/30/a-volunteer-with-trans-lifeline-talks-about-why-people-are-scared-and-dialing/|archive-date=2019-10-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.papermag.com/trans-lifeline-crisis-hotline-2639196886.html|title=The Only Crisis Hotline by Trans People, For Trans People|date=July 22, 2019|website=PAPER|access-date=January 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723150924/http://www.papermag.com/trans-lifeline-crisis-hotline-2639196886.html|archive-date=July 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Canada]].<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/transgender-crisis-line-launches-in-canada-1.2890039 |title=Transgender crisis line launches in Canada |access-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218134854/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/transgender-crisis-line-launches-in-canada-1.2890039 |archive-date=2019-12-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|url=https://o.canada.com/news/transgender-support-line-launches-for-canadians-as-creators-look-to-expand-trans-lifeline-577069|title=Transgender support line launches for Canadians as creators look to expand | canada.com|date=January 13, 2015|access-date=January 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607120328/http://o.canada.com/news/transgender-support-line-launches-for-canadians-as-creators-look-to-expand-trans-lifeline-577069|archive-date=June 7, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> As a leading LGBTQ+ activist and trans woman,<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://chicagoist.com/2016/12/30/ice_is_detaining_a_leading_local_tr.php|title=ICE Is Detaining A Leading Local Trans Activist & Supporters Are Urging Help|website=The Chicagoist|access-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407024757/https://chicagoist.com/2016/12/30/ice_is_detaining_a_leading_local_tr.php|archive-date=2019-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> when Chaubal was held in immigration detention, the story made national headlines in publications such as ''The New York Times''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/us/transgender-women-fear-abuse-in-immigration-detention.html|title=Transgender Women Fear Abuse in Immigration Detention|first=Fernanda|last=Santos|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 10, 2017|access-date=January 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207092038/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/us/transgender-women-fear-abuse-in-immigration-detention.html|archive-date=February 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Chicagoist]].<ref name="auto10"/> In 2019, Chaubal was the subject of the first episode of ''America in Transition'', a documentary about transgender people of color.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.delmarvalife.com/delmarvalife/the-m-report/tv-review-america-transition/|title=TV Review - America in Transition - DelmarvaLife|access-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327064436/http://www.delmarvalife.com/delmarvalife/the-m-report/tv-review-america-transition/|archive-date=2019-03-27|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chaubal grew up in [[Mumbai, India]].<ref name="auto"/> At 13 years old, she discovered the word 'transgender' and realized it described her. She found connection with other trans people through the internet.<ref name="auto"/>

==Education and career==
In 2009, Chaubal immigrated alone to the [[United States]] on a student visa to attend college<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/being-denied-what-is-integral-to-you-the-struggle-for-transgender-rights/story-n8CTmRqUbFoRIaCEIQwokJ.html|title='Being denied what is integral to you': The struggle for transgender rights|date=July 2, 2016|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=January 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701083038/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/being-denied-what-is-integral-to-you-the-struggle-for-transgender-rights/story-n8CTmRqUbFoRIaCEIQwokJ.html|archive-date=July 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> at the [[University of Illinois]] [[Champaign-Urbana]].<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web|url=https://ssa.ncsa.illinois.edu/isda/about-us/alumn/|title=Alumn – Innovative Software and Data Analysis}}</ref> She undertook an internship at Riverbed Technology in 2011 as a quality assurance software engineer. In 2012, she interned at Google in a similar capacity. Also in 2012, she worked as a programmer at the [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications]] at the [[University of Illinois]].<ref name="auto8"/> In 2013, she came out as trans. As her family was not supportive of her transness, the familial relationship was fractured.<ref name="auto"/>

Chaubal earned her H1B, a visa for foreign workers employed in the U.S. in order to work at [[Google]] as a [[software engineer]], a position she accepted in January 2013.<ref name="auto9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebar.com/news///246924|title=Trans Lifeline co-founder released from ICE detention|website=The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc.}}</ref> In 2014, Chaubal co-founded the [[501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3)]] [[Trans Lifeline]] with Greta Martela.<ref name="auto"/> The organization was the first transgender suicide hotline to exist in the [[United States]]<ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto5"/> and [[Canada]].<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto7"/> The cause was close to the pair, as Chaubal had struggled with suicidal thoughts and Martela had been hospitalized for being suicidal.<ref name="auto"/>

Chaubal remained in her post as a [[Google]] engineer through April 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfweekly.com/news/trans-suicide-hotline-founder-heeds-the-call/|title=Trans Suicide Hotline Founder Heeds the Call|date=December 3, 2015|website=SF Weekly}}</ref> The same month, she took the post of Director of Operations at Trans Lifeline. In February 2015, Chaubal attended the National Conference on LGBT Equality, overseeing a Trans Lifeline booth there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2015/02/06/lgbtq-denver-conference-draws-thousands-rallies-activists/|title=LGBTQ Denver conference draws thousands, rallies activists|date=February 6, 2015}}</ref> In June of the same year, Chaubal was the subject of one of [[Miley Cyrus]]'s [[Happy Hippie Foundation|Happy Hippie]] Presents #InstaPride Portraits Campaign.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3918308/miley-cyrus-transgender-rights-instapride/|title=Miley Cyrus: 'You Can Just Be Whatever You Want to Be'|magazine=Time|access-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022040120/https://time.com/3918308/miley-cyrus-transgender-rights-instapride/|archive-date=2019-10-22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mic.com/articles/123122/nearly-3-months-in-here-s-the-impact-miley-cyrus-is-having-on-lgbt-and-homeless-youth|title=Nearly 3 Months In, Here's the Impact Miley Cyrus Is Having on LGBT and Homeless Youth|website=Mic|date=30 July 2015 |access-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312204113/https://mic.com/articles/123122/nearly-3-months-in-here-s-the-impact-miley-cyrus-is-having-on-lgbt-and-homeless-youth|archive-date=2017-03-12|url-status=live}}</ref> In the photos, Chaubal appears with her wife and Trans Lifeline co-founder Greta Martela, as well as Cyrus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/miley-cyrus-instapride_n_7656390|title=Miley Cyrus And Instagram Launch #InstaPride|first=James Michael|last=Nichols|date=June 25, 2015|website=HuffPost|access-date=January 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423175258/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/miley-cyrus-instapride_n_7656390|archive-date=April 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 30, 2015, Chaubal was among the [[Happy Hippie Foundation]] representatives to speak onstage and introduce [[Miley Cyrus]] at the [[MTV Video Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2256106/happy-hippie-vmas/|title=Here Are All The Beautiful People In Miley's Happy Hippie Squad|first=Rae|last=Paoletta|website=MTV News|access-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610093105/http://www.mtv.com/news/2256106/happy-hippie-vmas/|archive-date=2019-06-10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/gigi-loren-lazzarato-tyler-ford-nina-chaubal-greta-gustava-news-photo/486023574|title=Gigi Loren Lazzarato, Tyler Ford, Nina Chaubal, Greta Gustava...|website=Getty Images|date=31 August 2015 }}</ref>

On Nov. 20, 2015, Chaubal and [[Trans Lifeline]] launched the Canadian branch of their operations.<ref name="auto7"/>

On Feb. 22, 2016, Chaubal appeared on [[KGNU]] 88.5 FM to discuss the continued need for trans crisis support.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.kgnu.org/2016/02/outsources-trans-suicide/|title=Outsources: Trans Suicide|date=February 23, 2016}}</ref> In April 2016, Chaubal appeared on the panel "Suicidality Among Transgender Populations: New Directions in Understanding and Treatment" at the [[American Association of Suicidology]] Conference.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spsmchat.com/2016/04/08/aas16-summary-of-conference-proceedings-as-curated-from-social-media/|title=#AAS16 – Summary of Conference Proceedings as Curated from Social Media|date=April 8, 2016}}</ref>

In January 2018, Trans Lifeline's Board of Directors dismissed Chaubal and Martela, after an internal audit discovered that they had [[#Embezzlement|misdirected over $350,000 of the organization's funds]]. Chaubal subsequently took a post at Hustle as a software engineer, then transitioned to work at [[Even.com]] in the same capacity.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

In 2019, Chaubal was the subject of "Where Is My Refuge?", the first episode of ''America in Transition'', a documentary about transgender people of color.<ref name="auto1"/> Also in 2019, Chaubal began organizing an intentional living community, art space, and small [[business incubator]] in the [[Mojave Desert]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pittsburghcurrent.com/reelq-america-in-transition/|title=ReelQ: America in Transition|date=March 31, 2019}}</ref>

===ICE detention and release===
On Dec. 28, 2016, while driving from [[California]] to her home in [[Chicago]] through a checkpoint in [[Wellton, Arizona]], Chaubal was stopped and detained by ICE agents, who asked for her passport. She produced a photo of it, which is when they saw that she was designated as male on it, contrasting with her gender expression in-person. They also noted that she was in the country on an expired work visa, although she was legally married to a U.S. citizen, Martela. She was then transported to a holding facility in Arizona, eventuating in her admission to [[Eloy Detention Center]],<ref name="auto10"/> which has a reputation for violence against [[LGBTQ+]] detainees.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Warner|first1=Tim|title=LGBT detainees describe harrowing life inside Eloy|newspaper=Washington Blade|url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2016/12/08/lgbt-detainees-describe-harrowing-life-inside-eloy/|date=December 8, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810133726/https://www.washingtonblade.com/2016/12/08/lgbt-detainees-describe-harrowing-life-inside-eloy/|archive-date=August 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/immigration/2016/04/30/transgender-women-ice-detention-eloy/83685642/|title=Transgender women describe journey of fear in ICE detention in Arizona|first=Laura|last=Gómez|website=azcentral}}</ref> She was released Jan. 2, 2017 after posting $4,500 bond, which she was able to do with the help of an online [[crowdfunding]] campaign.<ref name="auto9"/>

=== Embezzlement ===
In January 2018, a Trans Lifeline internal review involving independent legal and financial professionals revealed that Chaubal and Martela had made $353,703 of unauthorized purchases for personal benefit and side projects. The Board of Directors immediately removed the co-founders from the organization and began seeking mediation.<ref name=TransLifeline-LeadershipTransition>{{Cite web |author=Trans Lifeline Executive Team & Board of Directors |date=2019-02-21 |title=The Leadership Transition, 2017 Taxes, and How We're Moving Forward |url=https://translifeline.org/the-leadership-transition-2017-taxes-and-how-were-moving-forward/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=Trans Lifeline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Trans Lifeline |title=An Update on the Trans Lifeline Leadership Transition |url=https://us12.campaign-archive.com/?u=45c137600e210e5bdb6b92227&id=9f1ca3aba4 |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=us12.campaign-archive.com}}</ref><ref name=TransLifeline-990-2018>{{Cite web |author1=Ken Schwencke |author2=Mike Tigas |author3=Sisi Wei |author4=Alec Glassford |author5=Andrea Suozzo |author6=Brandon Roberts |date=2013-05-09 |title=Nonprofit Explorer — TransLifeline — Full Filing |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/472097494/201940289349300939/full |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}</ref> Chaubal and Martela were able to repay $8,585, and in June 2018, agreed to repay the remaining amount over the next ten years, in lieu of lawsuit or other recovery attempts.<ref name=TransLifeline-990-2018 />

==Awards and honors==
*In 2017, Chaubal was designated a Trans Justice Funding Project Community Grantmaking Fellow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transjusticefundingproject.org/introducing-2017-tjfp-community-grantmaking-fellow-nina-chaubal/|title=Introducing 2017 TJFP Community Grantmaking Fellow, Nina Chaubal!|date=April 26, 2017|access-date=January 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427122716/https://www.transjusticefundingproject.org/introducing-2017-tjfp-community-grantmaking-fellow-nina-chaubal/|archive-date=April 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chaubal married Greta Martela in 2015.<ref name="auto4"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaubal, Nina}}
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian transgender women]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women founders]]
[[Category:Indian founders]]

Mahatma Gandhi Road (Mangaluru)

2025-12-20T00:41:30Z

Leonwim:

{{Short description|Road in Mangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{ref improve|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Mangalore City Corporation.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[Mangaluru City Corporation]], located at MG Road, Mangaluru]]
[[File:PVS 1.jpg|thumb|PVS Junction, MG Road, Mangaluru]]
[[File:Saibeen Complex at night, Lalbagh Junction, MG Road, Mangaluru.jpg|thumb|Saibeen Complex at night, Lalbagh Junction, MG Road, Mangaluru]]

'''Mahatma Gandhi Road''', ('''M. G. Road''' for short), is a road situated in [[Kodialbail]] in the city of [[Mangaluru]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=21 December 2024|title=Month-long Karavali Utsav kicks off in Mangaluru|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/month-long-karavali-utsav-begins-kicks-off-in-mangaluru/article69013275.ece|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref> Like most of its [[List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi|similarly-named counterparts]] in other [[List of cities in India by population|Indian cities]], this road is in the heart of the city and is one of the busiest roads in [[Mangalore]], consisting of [[shopping mall]]s, educational institutions, media houses, government offices. M. G. Road starts at P. V. S. Circle and joins the Kulur Ferry Road near Lady Hill.

M. G. Road was named after the [[Father of the Nation|father of the nation]] [[Mahatma Gandhi]].

== Educational Institutions ==
* [[S. D. M. Law College]]
* [[Canara College]]
* Shree Devi Education Trust

== Shopping malls and commercial buildings ==
* [[T. M. A. Pai International Convention Centre]]

== Government offices ==
* [[Mangaluru City Corporation]]

== Other Notable places ==
* [[Pabbas|Pabbas Ice Cream Parlour]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths=205>
Image:MG Road in Mangalore city.jpg|M.G. Road in Mangalore city
Image:MG Road traffic signal in Mangalore.jpg|M.G. Road traffic signal in Mangalore
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Localities in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Roads in Mangalore]]

Abanindranath Tagore

2025-12-17T07:18:08Z

Leonwim: Creating a details

{{Short description|Indian painter and writer (1871–1951)}}
{{distinguish|Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Abanindranath Tagore
| image = Abanindranath Tagore photo.jpg
| caption = Abanindranath Tagore
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1871|08|07}}
| birth_place = Jorasanko, [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]] (now in [[West Bengal]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1951|12|05|1871|08|07}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| movement = [[Bengal school of art]], [[Contextual Modernism]]
| field = Drawing, painting, writing
| notable_works = [[Bharat Mata (painting)|Bharat Mata]]; [[The Passing of Shah Jahan]]; Bageshwari shilpa-prabandhabali; Bharatshilpe Murti; Buro Angla; Jorasankor Dhare; Khirer Putul; Shakuntala
| awards = Honorary doctor of the University of Calcutta
}}
'''Abanindranath Tagore''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: অবনীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর; 7 August 1871 – 5 December 1951) was an Indian painter who was the principal artist and creator of the [[Indian Society of Oriental Art]] in 1907. He was also the first major exponent of [[Swadeshi]] values in [[Indian art]]. He founded the influential [[Bengal school of art]], which led to the development of [[modern Indian painting]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Atlas of World Art|author=John Onians |author-link=John Onians |chapter=Bengal School|publisher=Laurence King Publishing |year=2004|isbn= 1856693775|page=304 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3h2KfXoOPYC&pg=PA304 |ref=On }}</ref><ref name = "Abanidra">[http://www.chitralekha.org/abanindranath.htm Abanindranath Tagore, A Survey of the Master’s Life and Work by Mukul Dey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304221119/http://www.chitralekha.org/abanindranath.htm |date=4 March 2010 }}, reprinted from "Abanindra Number," ''The Visva-Bharati Quarterly,'' May – Oct. 1942.</ref> He was also a noted writer, particularly for children. Popularly known as 'Aban Thakur', his books ''Rajkahini, Buro Angla, Nalak,'' and ''[[Khirer Putul]]'' were landmarks in [[Bengali language]] children's literature and art.

Tagore sought to modernise [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Rajput]] styles to counter the influence of [[Western culture|Western]] models of art, as taught in art schools under the [[British Raj]]. Along with other artists from the Bengal school of art, Tagore advocated in favour of a nationalistic Indian art derived from Indian art history, drawing inspiration from the [[Ajanta Caves]]. Tagore's work was so successful that it was eventually accepted and promoted as a national Indian style within British art institutions.<ref>{{cite book |title=The International Studio, Vol. 35: An Illustrated Magazine of Fine and Applied Art: Jul-Oct 1908 |date=21 November 2016 |publisher=Forgotten Books |isbn=9781334345050 |pages=107–116, E.B. Havell}}</ref>

==Personal life and background==

Abanindranath Tagore was born in [[Jorasanko]], [[Calcutta]], [[British Raj|British India]], to Gunendranath Tagore and Saudamini Devi. His grandfather was Girindranath Tagore, the second son of "Prince" Dwarkanath Tagore. He was a member of the distinguished [[Tagore family]] and a nephew of the poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. His grandfather and his elder brother, [[Gaganendranath Tagore]], were also artists.

Tagore learned art while studying at [[Sanskrit College]], Kolkata in the 1880s.

In 1890, Tagore attended the [[Calcutta School of Art]] where he learnt to use pastels from O. Ghilardi, and oil painting from C. Palmer, European painters who taught in that institution.<ref name="Chaitanya1994">{{cite book|last=Chaitanya|first=Krishna|title=A history of Indian painting: the modern period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC|year=1994|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-310-6|page=145}}</ref>

In 1888, he married Suhasini Devi, daughter of Bhujagendra Bhusan Chatterjee, a descendant of Prasanna Coomar Tagore. He left Sanskrit College after nine years of study and studied English as a special student at [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta|St. Xavier's College]], which he attended for about a year and a half.

He had a sister, [[Sunayani Devi]], who was also a painter.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Express India |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=40949 |title=All Those Good Years |access-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129204733/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=40949 |archive-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her paintings depicted both mythological and domestic scenes, some of which were inspired by Patachitra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Dattatraya |date=2024-01-22 |title=Chokher Bali: Tagore's literary women and his kinswomen |url=https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/chokher-bali-tagores-literary-women-and-his-kinswomen/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Celebrating Tagore - The Man, The Poet and The Musician |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Painting career==

[[File:Ganesh Janani.jpg|thumb|right|"Ganesh-janani" by Abanindranath Tagore]]

===Early life===
In the early 1890s several of his illustrations were published in ''Sadhana'' magazine, and in Chitrangada, and other works by Rabindranath Tagore. He also illustrated his own books. Around 1897 he took lessons from the vice-principal of the [[Government College of Art & Craft, Kolkata|Government School of Art]], studying in the traditional European [[academic art|academic]] manner, learning the full range of techniques, but with a particular interest in watercolour. It was during this period that he developed his interest in Mughal art, producing a number of works based on the life of [[Krishna]] in a Mughal-influenced style. After meeting [[Ernest Binfield Havell|E. B. Havell]], Tagore worked with him to revitalise and redefine teaching of art at the Calcutta School of Art, a project also supported by his brother Gaganendranath, who set up the Indian Society of Oriental Art.

Tagore believed in the traditional Indian techniques of painting. His philosophy rejected the "materialistic" art of the West and came back to Indian traditional art forms. He was influenced by the Mughal school of painting as well as Whistler's Aestheticism. In his later works, Tagore started integrating Chinese and Japanese calligraphic traditions into his style.
[[File:Abanindranath_Tagore's_Konnagar_Baganbari_in_2014_(Before_Restoration).jpg|thumb|Abanindranath Tagore's Konnagar Baganbari in 2014 (before restoration)]]

===Later career===
He believed that Western art was "materialistic" in character, and that India needed to return to its own traditions to recover its spiritual values. Despite its Indo-centric nationalism, this view was already commonplace within British art of the time, stemming from the ideas of the [[Pre-Raphaelites]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guha-Thakurta |first1=Tapati |title=The making of a new "Indian" art : artists, aesthetics, and nationalism in Bengal, c. 1850-1920 |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [England] |isbn=9780521392471 |pages=147–179}}</ref> Tagore's work also shows the influence of [[James McNeill Whistler|Whistler]]'s Aestheticism. Partly for this reason many British arts administrators were sympathetic to such ideas, especially as [[Hindu]] philosophy was becoming increasingly influential in the West following the spread of the [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]] movement. Tagore believed that Indian traditions could be adapted to express these new values, and to promote a progressive Indian national culture.

His finest achievement was the Arabian Nights series which was painted in 1930. In these paintings he uses the Arabian Nights stories as a means of looking at colonial Calcutta and picturing its emergent cosmopolitanism.<ref>{{cite book|last=Siva Kumar|first=R.|title=Paintings of Abanindranath Tagore|url=http://www.pratikshanbooks.com/booksonart/index.html|year=2008|publisher=Pratikshan Books|isbn=978-81-89323-09-7|page=384|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302123621/http://www.pratikshanbooks.com/booksonart/index.html|archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Banerji |first1=Debashish |title=The Alternate Nation of Abanindranath Tagore |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788132102397 |pages=85–108 |url=http://caareviews.org/reviews/1661 |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref>

With the success of Tagore's ideas, he came into contact with other [[Asian people|Asian]] cultural figures, such as the Japanese art historian [[Okakura Kakuzō]] and the Japanese painter [[Yokoyama Taikan]], whose work was comparable to his own. In his later work, he began to incorporate elements of [[Chinese calligraphy|Chinese]] and [[Japanese calligraphy|Japanese]] [[calligraphy|calligraphic]] traditions into his art, seeking to construct a model for a modern [[pan-Asianism|pan-Asian]] artistic tradition which would merge the common aspects of Eastern spiritual and artistic cultures.<ref>[http://vimeo.com/arrowsmith/cosmopolitanism-and-modernism Video of a London University Lecture detailing Abanindranath's Importance to Global Modernism], ''[[London University School of Advanced Study]]'', March 2012.</ref>
[[File:Rabindranath Tagore-Uccelli migranti-Carabba-1918.png|thumb|Rabindranath Tagore, ''Uccelli migranti'', Carabba, 1918]]
His close students included [[Nandalal Bose]], Samarendranath Gupta, [[Kshitindranath Mazumdar|Kshitindranath Majumdar]], Surendranath Ganguly, [[Asit Kumar Haldar]], [[Sarada Ukil]], [[Kalipada Ghoshal]], [[Manishi Dey]], [[Mukul Dey]], [[K. Venkatappa]] and Ranada Ukil.

For Tagore, the house he grew up in (5 Dwarakanath Tagore Lane) and its companion house (6 Dwarakanath Tagore Lane) connected two cultural worlds – 'white town' (where the British colonisers lived) and 'black town' (where the natives lived). According to architectural historian Swati Chattopadhay, Tagore used the Bengali meaning of the word, Jorasanko ('double bridge') to develop this idea in the form of a mythical map of the city. The map was, indeed, not of Calcutta, but an imaginary city, Halisahar, and was the central guide in a children's story Putur Boi (Putu's Book). The nineteenth-century place names of Calcutta, however, appear on this map, thus suggesting that this imaginary city be read with the colonial city as a frame of reference. The map used the structure of a board game (golokdham) and showed a city divided along a main artery; on one side a lion-gate leads to the Lal-Dighi in the middle of which is the 'white island.'<ref>Swati Chattopadhyay, Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism, and the Colonial Uncanny. Routledge 2006.</ref>

Tagore maintained throughout his life a long friendship with the London-based artist, author and eventual president of London's [[Royal College of Art]], [[William Rothenstein]]. Arriving in the autumn of 1910, Rothenstein spent almost a year surveying India's cultural and religious sites, including [[Ajanta Caves|the ancient Buddhist caves of Ajanta]]; [[Gwalior Fort|the Jain carvings of Gwalior]]; and the Hindu panoply of [[Varanasi|Benares]]. He ended up in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], where he drew and painted with Tagore and his students, attempting to absorb elements of [[Bengal school of art|Bengal School]] style into his own practice.<ref>[http://www.burlington.org.uk/magazine/back-issues/2010/201004/ Rupert Richard Arrowsmith, "An Indian Renascence and the rise of global modernism: William Rothenstein in India, 1910–11"], ''[[The Burlington Magazine]]'', vol.152 no.1285 (April 2010), pp.228–235.</ref>

[[File:Abanindra_Nath_Tagore.jpg|thumb|left|Abanindranath Tagore, c. 1907]]
However limited Rothenstein's experiments with the styles of early Modernist Indian painting were, the friendship between him and Abanindranath Tagore ushered in a crucial cultural event. This was [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s time living at Rothenstein's London home, which led to the publication of the English-language version of [[Gitanjali]] and the subsequent award to Rabindranath in 1913 of the [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel Prize for Literature]].

The publication of Rabindranath Tagore's [[Gitanjali]] in English brought the Tagore family international renown, which helped to make Abanindranath Tagore's artistic projects better known in the West.

Abanindranath Tagore became chancellor of Visva Bharati in 1942.<ref name="charitabhidhan">Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Biographical Dictionary), Chief Editor: Subodh Chandra Sengupta, Editor: Anjali Bose, 4th edition 1998, {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, page 23, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}, Sishu Sahitya Samsad Pvt. Ltd., 32A Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata.</ref>

===Rediscovery===
Within a few years of the artist's death in 1951, his eldest son, Alokendranath, bequeathed almost the entire family collection of Abanindranath Tagore's paintings to the newly founded Rabindra Bharati Society Trust that took up residence on the site of their famous house on No. 5, Dwarakanath Tagore lane. As only a small number of the artist's paintings had been collected or given away in his lifetime, the Rabindra Bharati Society became the main repository of Tagore's works throughout his life. Banished into trunks inside the dark offices of the society, these paintings have remained in permanent storage ever since. As a result, the full range and brilliance of Tagore's works has never be effectively projected into the public domain. They remained intimately known only to a tiny circle of art connoisseurs and scholars in Bengal, some of whom like [[K. G. Subramanyan]] and [[R. Siva Kumar]] have long argued that the true measure of Tagore's talent is to be found in his works of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s but could do little to offer up a comprehensive profile of the master for the contemporary art world.

[[R. Siva Kumar]]'s [[Paintings of Abanindranath Tagore]] (2008) is a path-breaking book redefining Tagore's art. Another book that constitutes a serious reconsideration of Tagore's art, contextualising it as a critique of modernity and the nation-state is Debashish Banerji's The Alternate Nation of Abanindranath Tagore (2010).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Romain |first1=Julie |title=Book Review for The Alternate Nation of Abanindranath Tagore |url=http://caareviews.org/reviews/1661 |website=caa.reviews |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref>

Indian film director [[Purnendu Pattrea]] made a documentary film on the artist, titled ''Abanindranath'', in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=ABANINDRANATH - Film / Movie |url=https://www.citwf.com/film3008.htm |website=[[Complete Index To World Film]]}}</ref>
{{clearleft}}

==Family tree==
{{main|Tagore family#Family tree}}

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="150" heights="220">
File:Bharat Mata by Abanindranath Tagore.jpg|''[[Bharat Mata (painting)|Bharat Mata]]'' (c. 1905)
File:Abanindranath Tagore - The Passing of Shah Jahan, 1902.jpg|''[[The Passing of Shah Jahan]]'' (1902)
File:The Banished Yaksha - Abanindranath Tagore.jpg|''The Banished Yaksha'' (1907)
File:Siddhas of the Upper Air - Abanindranath Tagore.jpg|''Siddhas of the Upper Air'' (1907)
File:Sita in captivity in Lanka - Abanindranath Tagore.jpg|''Sita in captivity in Lanka'' (1908)
File:Abanindranath Tagore - My Mother - Google Art Project.jpg|''My Mother'' (1912–13)
File:Fairyland Illustration.jpg|''Fairyland illustration'' (1913)
File:Abanindranath Tagore - Journey's End - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Journey's End (painting)|Journey's End]]'' (c. 1913)
File:Portrait of Rabindranath Tagore - Abanindranath Tagore.jpg|''Portrait of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'' (1913)
File:Buddha and the gospel of Buddhism (1916) (14779469804).jpg|''The Final Release'', from the book ''Buddha and the gospel of Buddhism'' (1916), by [[Ananda Coomaraswamy]]
</gallery>

==List of paintings==
A list of paintings by Abanindranath Tagore:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/abanindranath-tagore.html |title=Abanindranath Tagore Biography |author=Unattributed |publisher=iloveindia.net |access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref>

* Ashoka's Queen (1910)
* [[Bharat Mata (painting)|Bharat Mata]] (1905)
* Fairyland Illustration (1913)
* Ganesh Janani (1908)
* Aurangzeb examining the head of Dara Shikoh (1911)
* Avisarika (1892)
* Baba Ganesh (1937)
* Banished Yaksha (1904)
* Yay and Yay (1915)
* Buddha and Sujata (1901)
* Chaitanya with his followers on the sea beach of Puri (1915)
* End of Dalliance (1939)
* Illustrations of Omar Khayyam (1909)
* Kacha and Devajani (1908)
* Krishna Lal series (1901 to 1903)
* Moonlight Music Party (1906)
* Moonrise at Mussouri Hills (1916)
* [[The Passing of Shah Jahan|Passing of Shah Jahan]] (1900)
* Poet's Baul-dance in Falgurni (1916)
* Pushpa-Radha (1912)
* Radhika gazing at the portrait of Sri Krishna (1913)
* Shah Jahan Dreaming of Taj (1909)
* Sri Radha by the River Jamuna (1913)
* Summer, from Ritu Sanghar of Kalidasa (1905)
* Tales of Arabian Nights (1928)
* Temple Dancer (1912)
* The Call of the Flute (1910)
* The Feast of Lamps (1907)
* [[Journey's End (painting)|Journey's End]] (1913)
* Veena Player (1911)
* Jatugriha Daha (1912)

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Abanindranath Tagore}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Abanindranath Tagore}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071212170645/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/antagore.shtml Biography (Calcuttaweb.com)]
*[http://www.chitralekha.org Mukul Dey Archives, Santiniketan, India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080104223727/http://www.chitralekha.org/dolls.htm Dolls by Abanindranath Tagore]
*[http://www.saffronart.com/artists/abanindranath-tagore Abanindranath Tagore's Profile]
*[https://www.astaguru.com/artists/abanindranath-tagore Abanindranath Tagore's Artist Profile]
*[http://www.abanindranath.org Abanindranath's complete literary works in Bengali.]
*[https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2686756 Govt of India official website on paintings of Abanindranath Tagore]
*[https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/ Celebrating Tagore]
{{Authority control}}
{{Tagore family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tagore, Abanindranath}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:The Sanskrit College and University alumni]]
[[Category:Government College of Art & Craft alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Tagore family|Abanindranath]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian arts administrators]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Painters from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Buddhist artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Painters from British India]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]

St. Joseph's Cathedral, Prayagraj

2025-11-29T08:34:28Z

Leonwim: Created A Page First Draft

{{distinguish|text=other [[St. Joseph's Cathedral (disambiguation)|St. Joseph's Cathedral]]s}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
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32, Thornhill Road, [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] 211 002|country = [[India]]
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'''St. Joseph's Cathedral''' is the [[cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Prayagraj]], in [[Prayagraj]] (formerly Allahabad), in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India|North India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easternuptourism.com/St.-Joseph-Cathedral.jsp|title=St. Joseph's Cathedral|website=easternuptourism.com|accessdate=11 September 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315142043/http://www.easternuptourism.com/St.-Joseph-Cathedral.jsp|archivedate=15 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dioceseofallahabad.org/Default.aspx|title=Diocese of Allahabad|date=|website=dioceseofallahabad.org|publisher=|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref> Built in 1879, the cathedral represents a fine example of [[Architecture of Italy|Italian architecture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allahabadinfo.com/church.html|title=Churches in Allahabad|date=|website=allahabadinfo.com|publisher=|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1538.htm|title=St. Joseph's Cathedral|date=|website=gcatholic.org|publisher=|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref> It is said that the craftsmen and materials were brought from Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dentotourism.net/ot14.htm|title=St. Joseph Cathedral|date=|website=dentotourism.net|publisher=|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
=== Exterior views ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:St Francis Statue Right St Joseph Cathedral Allahabad Dec23 A7C 08435.jpg|St. Francis of Assisi statue in front
File:Rear Facade Josephs Cathedral Allahabad Dec23 A7C 08447.jpg|Rear of the Cathedral with bell tower
File:Front Parish House Josephs Cathedral Allahabad Dec23 A7C 08450.jpg|Parish house
File:Christmas Manger St Joseph Cathedral Allahabad Dec23 A7C 08432.jpg|Christmas manger, ca. Dec 2023
</gallery>

=== Interior views ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Nave Altar St Joseph Cathedral Allahabad Dec23 A7C 08423.jpg|Nave and main altar, ca. Dec 2023
File:Altar Wide Christmas St Joseph Cathedral Allahabad Dec23 A7C 08426.jpg|Main altar with Christmas decoration, ca. Dec 2023
File:Right Side Altar St Joseph Cathedral Allahabad Dec23 A7C 08429.jpg|Right side altar
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[All Saints Cathedral, Prayagraj|All Saints Cathedral]]
* [[List of churches in Prayagraj]]

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Prayagraj landmarks}}
{{Christianity in Prayagraj}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's Cathedral, Prayagraj}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Churches in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Cathedrals in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1879 establishments in India]]

{{India-RC-cathedral-stub}}

Vemula (surname)

2025-11-19T11:07:52Z

Leonwim: Created New Entry V1

'''Vemula''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: వేముల) is a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* [[Radhika Vemula]], Indian activist 
* [[Rohith Vemula]] (1989–2016), Indian PhD scholar 
* [[Vemula Prashanth Reddy]] (born 1966), Indian politician 
* [[Vemula Veeresham]] (born 1982), Indian politician 
{{surname}}
[[Category:Telugu-language surnames]]

Ammaku Teliyani Koilamma

2025-11-07T11:40:00Z

Leonwim: Creating a post...

{{Short description|Indian Telugu television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = Drama Crime Thriller
| image = Ammaku Teliyani Koilamma.jpg
| based_on = [[Ammayariyathe]]
| writer = '''Dialogues:''' Gangotri Vishwanadha Sastry
| screenplay = Srikanth Reddy
| story = Pradeep Panicker
| director = Meer JN Raju
| starring = Kavya Shree Nikhil Maliyakkal [[Manju Bhargavi]] Ashwini Gowda
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 100
| producer = Srikanth Poluru Praja Prabhakar
| cinematography = SD Jhon
| editor = Shekar Pasupuleti
| camera = Multi-camera
| company = PP Film Factory
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|07|19}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2021|11|27}}
}}
'''''Ammaku Teliyani Koilamma'''''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telanganatoday |title=Kavya Shree making her own identity |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kavya-shree-making-her-own-identity |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=telanganatoday.com |language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language [[Crime fiction|crime drama]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] series aired on [[Star Maa]] from 19 July 2021 to 27 November 2021. It stars Kavya Shree, Nikhil Maliyakkal, Ashwini Gowda and [[Manju Bhargavi]] in lead roles. It is an official remake of [[Malayalam]] television series [[Ammayariyathe]] airing on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. It is also available on digital streaming platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]].

== Synopsis ==
Shakuntala finds her mother, Neeraja, and misunderstanding her and seeks revenge on her. Later she learns the violent circumstances of her birth from her grandmother Sulekha. Then she decides to exact vengeance on all who harmed Neeraja. Meanwhile, she falls in love with Prem and marries him.

== Cast ==

=== Main ===

* Kavya Shree<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gorintaku fame Kavyashri's 'Ammaku Teliyani Koilamma' to premiere soon; watch promo - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/gorintaku-fame-kavyashris-ammaku-teliyani-koilamma-to-premiere-soon-watch-promo/articleshow/83914759.cms |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> as Shakuntala; Neeraja's daughter; Sulekha's grand daughter; Prem's wife; Aaradhya's sister
* Nikhil Maliyakkal as Prem; Shakuntala's husband; Shyamala's son
* [[Manju Bhargavi]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-19 |title="అమ్మకు తెలియని కోయిలమ్మ" స్టార్‌ మాలో |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/ammakuteliyani-koilamma-serial-telecast-starmaa-1380040 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> as Sulekha; Shakuntala and Aaradhya's grand mother; [[Sreedhar]]'s mother in law
* Ashwini Gowda<ref name=":0" /> as Neeraja; Shakuntala and Aaradhya's mother; Sreedhar's wife; Sulekha's daughter

=== Recurring ===

* Rachana Gowda as Aaradhya; Neeraja and Sreedhar's daughter; Virat's ex-lover
* Vinod Bala<ref name=":0" /> as Peter; Shakuntala's foster father
* Raja Sridhar as Sreedhar; Neeraja's husband; Aaradhya's father; Sulekha's son in law; Shakuntala's step father
* [[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]]<ref name=":0" /> as Ramaswamy; Press owner
* Srilatha as Shyamala; Prem's mother; Shakuntala's mother in law; Murthy's sister
* Srinivas as Prem's father
* Surya as [[Ramesh Babu]]; Sulekha's friend; Commissioner of police
* Akhilraj Uddemari as Virat; Aaradhya's ex-lover; Shoban's son; Film actor
* Hari Krishna as Murthy; Prem's uncle; Shyamala's brother; Shoban's friend; Music director
* Vijay Reddy as Shoban; Virat's father; Murthy's friend; Film actor
* Madhuri as Ramaswamy's wife
* Chandu as Prem's friend
* Sai Kumar as Prem's friend
* Chinnu Srilatha as Shakuntala's friend
* Niranjan as Sachitandha; Murthy's friend; Police officer
* Jabardasth Dorababu as Shakuntala's bridegroom
* Lakshmi Prasanna as Shakuntala's foster grand mother; Peter's mother
* Bharani Shankar as Bhaskar; Sulekha's husband; Neeraja's father

=== Cameo appearances ===

* Mukesh Gowda as Rishi
* Raksha Gowda as Vasudhara
* Priyanka Jain as Janaki
* Nalini Bandi as Professor
* [[Shobha Raju]] as herself

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| title1 = Ammaku Teliyani Koilamma title song
| length1 = 5:35
| lyrics1 = Chakravarthula
| music1 = Josyabhatla
| total_length = 5:35
}}

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Language
!style=background:LightSteelBlue;"| Title
!style=background:LightSteelBlue;"| Release date
!style=background:LightSteelBlue;"| Network(s)
!style=background:LightSteelBlue;"| Last aired
!style=background:LightSteelBlue;"| Notes
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Ammayariyathe]]'' അമ്മയറിയാതെ
| 22 June 2020
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 6 May 2023
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Ammaku Teliyani Koilamma'' అమ్మకు తెలియని కోయిలమ్మ
| 19 July 2021
| [[Star Maa]]
| 27 November 2021
| Remake
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/ammaku-teliyani-koilamma/1260065321 Ammaku Teliyani Koilamma] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]

Ghagh

2025-10-01T08:20:07Z

Leonwim: Done

{{Short description|17th-century Indian poet and philosopher}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Ghagh
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Chaudhary Sarai near [[Kannauj]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation =
| nationality =
| period = 17th century
| genre = [[Poetry]], [[Proverb]]s
| subject = Farmers, Agriculture, Human life, Natural methodology, Environment
| movement =
| notable_works = ''Ghagh ki kahavatein'', ''Ghagh ki kavitayen''
| spouse = Bhaddari or Ghaghini
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Ghagh''' was a 17th-century poet, philosopher and [[Brahmin]] astrologer from [[North India|Northern India]]. He is known for writing poetry and proverbs on farmers and agriculture.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dubey |first1=Sanjay |title=महाकवि घाघ: विज्ञान से आगे की सोचने वाला अद्भुत मौसम विज्ञानी, अंग्रेजी सत्ता भी उनकी सटीक जानकारी से थी हैरान |url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/mahakavi-ghagh-used-to-think-ahead-of-meteorology-british-rule-and-scientists-surprised-by-his-accurate-information/1531994/ |publisher=[[Jansatta]] |date=30 September 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=किसान कवि घाघ की कहावतें आज भी सटीक |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/rohtak/story-about-poet-ghagh-hindi-news?pageId=1 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=16 October 2016 |language=Hindi}}</ref> His proverbs are popular among folks in the Hindi-speaking regions like [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] to the eastern boundaries of [[Bihari culture|Bihar]].<ref name=scroll>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Mrinal |title=Centuries before weather satellites and crop science, farmers turned to a poet for sowing advice |url=https://scroll.in/bulletins/317/stand-for-safety-making-the-internet-safer-kinder-and-respectful-for-everyone |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=16 May 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
According to a legend, Ghagh was born in the village called Chaudhary Sarai near [[Kannauj]], which is located in central [[Uttar Pradesh]], during [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]]'s reign in the 16th century. It is also believed that Ghagh settled in a village called Ghagh Sarai, a few kilometers away from Kannauj, on a piece of land that Akbar gifted. He had received an honorary title, Chowdhary by [[Akbar]]. Ghagh's father was a [[Brahmin]] scholar and astrologer.<ref name=scroll/><ref>{{cite news |title=घाघ और भड्डरी कौन थे, जानिए |url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/astrology-articles/ghagh-and-bhaddari-115071700051_1.html |publisher=Webdunia |language=Hindi}}</ref>

According to some sources, his birth name was Bhaddar or Bhaddari and some say it was his wife's name. Some of his poems hint that he lovingly addresses his wife as Ghaghini.<ref name=scroll/>

His poetry suggests that he had a great knowledge of agriculture, farming and all things related to human life. His poetry and speeches are scattered in the form of proverbs, which many people have collected and published. Among these, Ghagh and Bhaddri, compiled by Ramnaresh Tripathi (published by Hindustani Academy, 1931 AD), is a critical compilation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Story of Barkha Ghagh Bhaddri's speech TOU |url=https://www.timesofupdate.com/story-of-barkha-ghagh-bhaddris-speech-tou/ |publisher=Timesofupdate |date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

== Works ==
There is no extant book published under the authorship of Ghagh himself but there are many that compile Ghagh's poetry and proverbs. His poetry books can be found selling at rural fairs, railway station book kiosks and roadside booksellers in the vast Hindi belt. Common titles of these books are ''{{Transliteration|hi|Ghagh ki kahavatein}}'' (Sayings of Ghagh) and ''{{Transliteration|hi|Ghagh ki kavitayen}}'' (Poetry of Ghagh).<ref name=scroll/><ref>{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Lathika |title=The rhythms of the field: Exploring the poetry of India's farmlands |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/867998/the-rhythms-of-the-field-exploring-the-poetry-of-indias-farmlands |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=9 February 2018}}</ref>

Some of the books which compile Ghagh's work or talks about Ghagh are as follows:
* {{cite book |title=Ghagh aur Bhaddari ki lokoktiya |date=2011 |publisher=Chaukhamba |isbn=978-8190188791}} (authored by Dr. Kiran Tripathi)
* {{cite book |title=Sayings of Ghagh Bhaddari (Agricultural and Natural Meteorology)}} {{ASIN |B09BZPVJS1}} (published by Rupesh)
* {{cite book |title=Lokpriya Kavi Giridhar Kavirai Ghagh Vemanna |publisher=Gautam Book Centre |isbn=978-9380292366}} (edited by Dr. R.M.S. Vijayi, S.S. Gautam)
* {{cite book |title=Ghagh Aur Bhaddari Ki Kahawatein |isbn=978-8128813689 |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Devnarayan |date=2006 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) }} (compiled by Devnarayan Diwedi)
* {{cite book |title=Ghagh Aur Bhaddari |isbn=978-8194959908 |last1=Cakravartī |first1=Dīpana Kumāra |date=2020 |publisher=Luminas Buksa }} (authored by Dipan Kumar Chakarvarti)
* {{cite book |title=Mahakavi Ghagh Aur Bhaddari Ki Kahavaten |date=2016 |publisher=Raj Shree Prakashan |isbn=978-8184251630}} (compiled by Ganga Prasad Sharma)
* {{cite book |title=Ghagh Aur Bhaddari Ki Kahavatein |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]]n, [[Lucknow]] |isbn=978-9382175773}} (edited by Ramesh Pratap Singh)
*{{cite book |title=Ghagh Bhdduri Ki Khawtein Krishi And Prakrtik Mausam Vigyan |date=2011 |publisher=Jyotish Prakashan}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://hi.wikiquote.org/wiki/घाघ_की_कहावतें Ghagh Ki Kahavatein] on [[Wikiquote]]

[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Kannauj]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Sundaresvara Siva Temple

2025-09-22T17:58:02Z

Leonwim: cleaned up references per standard format and updated info as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Cleanup|date=September 2011}}
{{no footnotes|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sundaresvara Siva temple
| image =
| map_type = India Orissa
| map_caption = Location in Orissa
| coordinates = {{coord|20|14|27|N|85|50|12|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
| district =
| locale = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| elevation_m = 22
| deity = lord [[lingaraja]]
| festivals=
| architecture = Kalingan Style ([[Kalinga Architecture]])
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =

}}
'''Sinduresvara Siva temple''' is located in village Sundarpada, Old Town, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India. It is on the right side of the road leading from [[Lingaraj temple]] to Sundarpada. The enshrined deity is a circular yonipitha facing towards the north. The Siva lingam decayed in course of time. In April 2013 the villagers raised funds and reestablished new Shiv Linga. There are two entrances on the south-west and northwest corners provided with seven flights of steps leading down to the temple.

== Location ==
Siva temples is located in village Sundarpada, Old Town, [[Bhubaneswar]]. It is on the right side of the road
leading from Lingaraja temple to Sundarpada. The enshrined deity, a circular yonipitha, faces towards the south with a drain to release [[Sacred waters|sacred water]] of Lord Sunduresvara to a pond named 'Sunduresvar' on the south of the temple. The drain is beneath the road. The Siva lingam replaced in April 2013 by villagers. The temple precinct is 1.15 metres below the present road level.

There are two entrances on the south-west and northwest corners provided with seven flights of steps leading down to the temple. The temple face is towards west and the 'snan mandap' of Lord Patitapaban. Lord Patitapaban temple is on south-west direction of the entrance of Sunduresvara temple. Each year on Deva Snana Purnami i.e. Jyestha Purnami Lord Patitapabana is physically pulled to this mandap for 'snan' - i.e. annual bath ceremony. Pandit Anam Nanda who was a great devotee used to take care of the puja archana. He died on Snan Purnima day. His two younger brothers Pandit Achyutananda Nanda and Pandit Lingaraj Nanda are also great devotees of Sunduresvar, Lord Patitapaban.

Facing the idol 'nrusimha avatar' on the hind wall of 'lord Patitapaban' is Gokhibaba temple which is the samadhi pitha of Gokhi Das. Makar Sankranti ( mostly fall on 14 January each year) is the day of great function of Gokhi baba. People from far and near come here to celebrate the week-long function. Presently Kuma Kaka, Shri Prafulla Kumar Nayak, Shri Krushna Parida and Shri Bipin Bihari Mohapatra take lead to manage the function.

== Ownership ==
The temple is under the Endowment Department and looked after by Sri Sri Dadhivamana Sundaresvara Mahadeva Trust Board having eleven members.

== Age ==
Based on architectural features and building materials it dates from approximately the 13th Century CE.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

== Property Type ==
The temple is constructed in the [[Rekha Deula|Rekha deul]] [[Typology (urban planning and architecture)|typology]].

== Significance ==
# Historic significance: Local people ascribe the temple to the [[Kesari dynasty|Kesaris]] (Somavamsis) in general and Yajati-I the builder of the Lingaraja temple in particular.
# Cultural significance: Rituals like Sivaratri, Sankranti Kartika Purnima, Dola Purnima and Jalabhiseka are observed.
# Social significance: Marriage and thread ceremony, etc. are observed.
# Associational significance: Sri Dadhivamana Sundaresvara Mahadeva Trustee Board.

== Physical description ==
The temple is surrounded by the temple compound walls in east, west, south and the kitchen in north. And beyond the compound wall it is surrounded by the road in east, adhivamana and Gokhi Baba temples in west, residential buildings in north and Sundaresvara tank in the south across the road.

It is oriented facing towards West.

The temple stands on a low and rectangular platform measuring 8.45 metres in length x 4.85 metres in width, with a height of 0.15 metres. On plan, the temple has a vimana, ganthiala and a jagamohana. The vimana measures 3.10 square metres and jagamohana measures 5.15 metres in length and 4.65 metres in breadth. The ganthiala measures 0.50 metres in length. On elevation, the temple has a rekha vimana and pidha jagamohana measuring 5.26 metres and 4.33 metres in height respectively from pabhaga to kalasa. With the threefold divisions of bada the Vimana has a trianga bada measuring 1.81 metres in height (pabhaga 0.49 metres, jangha 1.00 metres, and baranda 0.32 metres). The gandi measures 2.25 metres and mastaka 1.20 metres in height respectively. With threefold division of bada, the jagamohana measures 1.53 metres in height (pabhaga-0.29 metres, jangha-0.69 metres, and baranda-0.55 metres). The gandi of jagamohana with five receding tiers measures 1.30 metres. The mastaka measures 1.50 metres has components like beki, [[amalaka]], khapuri and kalasa.

== Raha niche and parsva devatas ==
Raha niches located in the jangha of north and south and east measures 0.45 metres in height x 030 metres in width and with a depth of 0.12 metres. The eastern raha niche houses a four armed Kartikeya standing over a lotus pedestal. The deity holds a cock in lower left hand whose legs are resting over the right uplifted hand of a female attendant. The lower right hand is touching the beak of his mount peacock. The deity holds a cattle drum (dambaru) in his upper left and a trident in upper right hand.

His head is crowned with jatamukuta. The northern raha niche houses a four armed Parvati holding ankusa in her upper left, nagapasa in upper right, mace in lower left and a rosary in lower right hand. The southern raha niche houses a four armed Ganesa holding a modakapatra in lower left, nagapasa in upper left, broken tooth in lower right and a rosary in upper right hand. The deity is seated over a lotus pedestal.

== Decorative features ==
The doorjambs are decorated with three plain vertical bands and measures 1.40 metres in height and 0.87 metres in width. In the lalatabimba [[Gajalaxmi]] is seated over a lotus pedestal and holding lotus in her both hands. Lintel: In the architrave above the doorjambs, nine grahas are carved into the navagraha panel.

It is built of [[sandstone]] in [[vimana]] and [[laterite]] in [[jagamohana]], using dry masonry, cement plaster and [[whitewash]].
The style is Kalingan.

[[Jaga mohan]] is a later addition.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

==Condition==
It is graded{{by whom|date=January 2017}} A for associational and B for architecture, historic and social/cultural.
It is in a good state of preservation.{{by whom|date=January 2017}} Recently temple was [[plaster]]ed and [[white wash]]ed.
It was repaired by the Endowment Department and presently is maintained by Sri Sri Dadhivamana Sundaresvara Trustee Board.

== Threats to the Property ==
The temple is enclosed within a compound wall made of dressed laterite blocks that measures 11.50 metres in length x 13.17 in width and with a height of 2.52 metres. There are two entrances in the south-west and north-west corner of the temple.

Ten detached sculptures are there inside the Jagamohana in the northern and southern walls. These sculptures include [[Kartikeya]], [[Gaṇeśa|Ganesa]], [[Parvati]], miniature circular yoni pithas with [[Siva lingam]].

There is an ancient well made of laterite in the northern side of the jagamohana at a distance of 1.52 metres. It measures 0.84 square metres with a depth of 7.00 metres.

== References ==
* http://www.eodissa.com
* Book: Lesser Known Monuments of Bhubaneswar by Dr. Sadasiba Pradhan ({{ISBN|81-7375-164-1}})
* http://www.ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda173.pdf

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bhubaneswar]]

Diocese of Daltonganj

2025-09-02T08:43:57Z

Leonwim: Details

{{Short description|Roman catholic diocese in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{no footnotes|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Daltonganj
|latin = Dioecesis Daltonganiensis
|country = {{flag|India}}
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]]
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Shanti ki Maharani church, Medininagar
|cocathedral =
|established = 5 June 1971
|area_km2 = 2,750
|population = 3,358,000
|population_as_of = 2022
|catholics = 69,200
|catholics_percent= 2.1
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Theodore Mascarenhas]]
|metro_archbishop = [[Vincent Aind]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|image=|coat=|flag=|territory=|headquarters=|denomination=|parishes=23|churches=|sui_iuris_church=|founded=|dissolved=|patron=Shanti Ki Maharani|language=|priests=43|emeritus_bishops=Gabriel Kujur}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Daltonganj''' ({{langx|la| Daltonganien(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Daltonganj]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]] in India.

==History==
* 5 June 1971: Established as Diocese of Daltonganj from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ranchi

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Daltonganj ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop Theodore Mascarenhas SFX (January 2024)
** Bishop Gabriel Kujur, S.J. (3 March 1997 – 7 July 2016)
** Bishop [[Charles Soreng]], S.J. (23 October 1989 – 1 April 1995)
** Bishop [[George Victor Saupin]], S.J. (5 June 1971 – 30 November 1987)

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/dalt0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddalt.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|24.0367|N|84.0742|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daltonganj}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1971]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Christianity in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Medininagar]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Supriti Ghosh

2025-07-17T23:10:04Z

Leonwim: Created A Info Initial Version

{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Supriti Ghosh
| image =
| img_alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background =
| birth_name = Supriti Majumdar
| alias = Paansi
| birth_date = {{birth_date|1922|8|28|df=y}}|
| death_date = {{death_date and age|2009|4|22|1922|8|28|df=y}}|
|death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| origin = Mirzapur Street, [[North Kolkata]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] (currently [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| genre = [[Rabindra Sangeet]]
| occupation = Musician
| years_active = 1933-1970
}}

'''Supriti Ghosh''' (28 August 1922 – 22 April 2009) was an Indian Bengali female singer. [[Mahisasuramardini (radio programme)|Mahishasuramardini]]'s 'Bajlo Tomar Alor Benu' is still in the minds of most [[Bengalis]] through this song with her tunes. Besides, she has given voice to many modern songs and [[Rabindra Sangeet]].

==Early life==
She was born to Rabindranath Majumdar and Kamala Devi at Mirzapur Street in North [[Kolkata|Kolkata, British India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=বাঙালির শরৎ-এ জেগে আছেন সুপ্রীতি |url=https://janatarkatha.com/index.php/entertainment/supreeti-ghosh-birth-anniversary-007441 |url-status= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate=2023-12-28 |publisher=www.janatarkatha.com}}</ref> She starts singing along with her sister Bharti. She entered the musical life at a very young age and did not deprive the audience of her tunes till late age. During her childhood, she got the opportunity to listen to legendary singers like as [[Hemant Kumar]], [[Pankaj Mullick]], [[Birendra Krishna Bhadra]], [[Hiren Bose]] and [[Raichand Boral]] at the house of her uncle, popular musician and [[All India Radio]] magnate Nripendranath Majumdar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/music/remembering-supriti-ghosh-singer/cid/1884292|title=Remembering Supriti Ghosh |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=3 September 2022}}</ref> They fascinated by Supriti Ghosh's music every time and inspired her to take a walk into recording studio. As a child, she trained music at Vasanti Vidyavithi under the guidance of Manoranjan Sen. Her music teachers there were Anadi Ghosh Dastidar, Nitai Ghatak, Jagat Ghatak, Shailesh Dutt etc.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-10-26 |title="মহিষাসুরমর্দিনী" ও সুপ্রীতি ঘোষ |url=https://www.jiyobangla.com/bn/news/mahisusharmardini-and-supriti-ghosh |url-status= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate=2023-12-28 |publisher=www.jiyobangla.com}}</ref>

==Career==
After childhood, she became more and more attached to [[music]]. After that, she started getting offers to perform songs in films along with public functions. She had given playback in many films. In 1933, at the age of 11, she performed Rabindra Sangeet for the first time on [[radio]]. In 1936, after the establishment of Senalo Record Company, her first record was released by that company. One side of the record had poetic music and the other side had [[kirtan]].

She had special interests in all kinds of music. Apart from Rabindra Sangeet, she sang [[Nazrul Geeti]], [[Atul Prasad Sen|Atul Prasadi]] song, [[Dwijendralal Ray|Dijendra Geeti]], Modern Bengali songs etc. Film director [[Bimal Roy]] made her to singing 'Ogo Saathi Mom Saathi' in the film of 'Tathaapi'. However, after participating in Mahisasuramardini, which was broadcast live at the studios of All India Radio, her voice became a household name.

Her voice was quite synonymous with Goddess [[Durga|Durga's]] well-known bandana song 'Bajlo Tomar Alor Benu'. Through this song, her musical recognition has been greatly developed. Hymns with songs attracted a lot of attention in the Bengalis mainstream.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://banglalive.com/tribute-to-legendary-bengali-vocalist-supriti-ghosh-on-her-death-anniversary/ |title=দিও গান, দিও প্রাণ, দিও সুর (প্রবন্ধ) |publisher=www.banglalive.com |date=2020-04-22 |accessdate=2023-12-28 |url-status= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mahisasuramardini (radio programme)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1389500}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Supriti}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet exponents]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]

Tirukkural translations into Dutch

2025-07-12T14:29:26Z

Leonwim: Created A Page Initial Version

{{Translation sidebar}}As of 2015, [[Tirukkural]] has been translated into [[Dutch language|Dutch]] only once.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pallu | first1 = Nelza Mara | last2 = Mohanty | first2 = Panchanan | last3 = Durga | first3 = Shiva | author-link = | title = Thirukkural Translations: A Sacred Text From the Town of Peacocks—Mayilâpûr India | journal = International Journal of Development Research | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 62551–62553 | date = May 2023 | url = https://www.journalijdr.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/26323.pdf | jstor = | issn = 2230-9926 | doi = 10.37118/ijdr.26323.05.2023 | doi-broken-date = 12 July 2025 | access-date = 18 November 2023}}</ref>

==History of translations==
Selections of Tirukkural couplets were translated into the Dutch language by D. Kat in 1964.<ref name="Polilan2019">{{cite book |editor1= Polilan|editor2=K. Gunathogai|editor3=Lena Kumar|editor4=Tagadur Sampath|editor5=Mutthamizh|editor6=G. Picchai Vallinayagam|editor7=D. Anbunidhi|editor8=K. V. Neduncheraladhan|title=Tiruvalluvar 2050 |url= |year=2019 |edition=1|publisher=Periyar Enthusiasts Group |location=Chennai|access-date= |language=Tamil|isbn= |page=685}}</ref><ref name="ValaiTamilPub">{{cite book|last1=Parthasarathy|first1=Sa.|last2=Ashraf|first2=N.V.K.|last3=Rajendiran|first3=C.|last4=Thangavelu|first4=Elangovan|last5=Duraisamy|first5=Senthilselvan|last6=Selvan|first6=Ajey Kumar|title=Thirukkural Translations in World Languages|year=2023|url=https://www.eStore.ValaiTamil.com |publisher=ValaiTamil Publications|location= Chennai}}</ref>{{Rp|p=48}} This is the only Dutch translation of the Kural text known thus far.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sanjeevi
| first = N.
| author-link =
| title = ''Bibliography on Tirukkural''. ''In'' First All India Tirukkural Seminar Papers
| publisher = University of Madras
| series =
| volume =
| edition =
| date = 1973
| location = Chennai
| pages = 139
| language =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn =
| mr =
| zbl =
| jfm = }}</ref> As of 2024, the work is said to be out of print.<ref name="ValaiTamilPub"/>{{Rp|p=48}}

==Translations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:25%;"|Translation
!''Kural'', couplet or verse, No. 315 (Chapter 32, Niet kwaad doen)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''D. Kat, 1964''||Wat heb je aan kennis als het je er niet toe brengt de pijn van anderen te voorkomen, als was het je eigen pijn?
|}

==See also==
* [[Tirukkural translations]]

== References ==
{{Portal box|Tamils|India|Netherlands|Literature|Poetry}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url = http://www.oocities.org/nvkashraf/kur-trans/Euro-Int.htm | title = Thirukkural in other European languages (Czech, Dutch, Finnish and Swedish) | last = | first = | date = n.d. | website = OOCities | publisher = | access-date = 30 April 2017 | quote = }}

{{Tirukkural|state=collapsed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Tirukkural translations by language|Dutch]]
[[Category:Translations into Dutch]]

Dionysius I of Malankara

2025-06-23T16:36:06Z

Leonwim: Stub

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| name = Mar Dionysius I
| honorific-suffix = Mar Thoma VI, Malankara Metropolitan
| bishop_of = [[Malankara Syrian Church]]
| image =
| caption =
| diocese =
| ordination =
| consecration =
| enthroned = 8 May 1765
| ended = 7 April 1808
| predecessor = [[Thoma V|Mar Thoma V]]
| successor = [[Thoma VII|Mar Thoma VII]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 7 April 1808
| death_place = [[Niranam]]
| buried = [[St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Puthencavu]]
| nationality =
| signature =
}}
'''Mar Thoma VI, also known as Mar Dionysius I,''' was the 6th [[Malankara Metropolitan|Metropolitan]] of the [[Malankara Church|Malankara Syrian Church]], serving from 1765 until his demise on 7 April 1808.<ref name=":0" /> His original name was Iype, and he was born as the only son of Mathew (Mathan) Tharakan, the elder brother of [[Mar Thoma V]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishops |url=http://pakalomattamfamily.org/bishops/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Pakalomattom Family}}</ref> in the Pallippuram branch of the [[Pakalomattam family|Pakalomattom Family]](Andoor, Marangattupilly).<ref>{{Citation |title=Mar Thoma VI the Great |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCuhPxIM92s |access-date=2024-02-14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=KT |url=https://erakonnykudumbayogam.com/_assets/pdf/Kizhakkekara%20family.pdf |title=Kizhakekkara Kudumba Charitram |last2=Mani |first2=KC |pages=19, 46}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Podimattam |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/kerala-suriyani-sabhacharithasamgraham.-john-podimattam/mode/2up |title=Kerala Suriyani Sabhacharithasamgraham. |pages=1–23}}</ref>

Thoma VI succeeded [[Mar Thoma V]] as Malankara Metropolitan in 1765, and unlike his predecessors, who were said by their opponents not to have been properly [[ordination|ordained]] as bishop, he received orders from [[Syriac Orthodox]] bishops in 1772, thus ending any controversy. Other events of his reign include the separation of the [[Thozhiyoor]] church (now the [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]), the arrival of English [[Protestant]] missionaries, and the first translation of the Bible from [[Syriac language|Syriac]] to [[Malayalam]].

==Life==
The man who would be Dionysius was the nephew of his predecessor as Malankara Metropolitan, [[Mar Thoma V]], and a member of the [[Pakalomattom]] family. In 1757, as part of a play to assert his authority and autonomy in the Malankara Syrian Church, Thoma V consecrated his nephew as [[coadjutor bishop]] and named him his successor, in contradiction to the wishes of the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy. Upon Thoma V's death in 1765, the younger Pakalomattom was ordained as Metropolitan on 8 May, taking the name Thoma VI.<ref name=":0">Neill, p. 67.</ref><ref>Vadakkekara, p. 91.</ref>

As with his predecessors as Metropolitan going back to the first, [[Mar Thoma I]], Thoma VI's critics charged that his succession, and therefore his position, was invalid. To overcome this criticism, in 1772 Thoma VI underwent a second ordination at the hands of the Syriac Orthodox bishop Gregorios in the church in [[Niranam]]. He received all the [[Holy Orders]], from the [[tonsure]] to the episcopal consecration, and thereafter took the name Mar Dionysius.<ref>Neill, pp. 67–68.</ref> Syriac Orthodox and other critics of Thoma VI saw this as his only ordination, while his supporters saw it as a "re-ordination", but either way, it ended the controversy over the validity of his position.<ref>Vadakkekara, pp. 91–92.</ref>

This done, Dionysius focused on his second primary aim of securing his place as the sole head of the Malankara Church, a measure opposed by some in the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy. To this end, Dionysius appealed to both the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] colonial government in India. Several times he contacted the Catholic hierarchy, both locally and in Rome, seeking to have his church, with him as its designated head, brought into full communion. This would have the double aim of solidifying his authority and re-uniting all the [[Saint Thomas Christians]], who had been split into ''[[Malankara Church (Paḻayakūṟ)|Pazhayakoor]]'' (Catholic) and Puthenkoor (independent) factions since the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] of 1653. His appeals were considered in Rome, where the Church was willing to grant him temporal but not spiritual authority over the Saint Thomas Christians. In the end, however, no satisfactory deal was ever made and the factions remained separate.<ref>Neill, pp. 68–69.</ref>

In 1771, Gregorios consecrated a second bishop, Kattumangatt, who took the name [[Abraham Koorilos I|Cyril (Koorilose)]]. Dionysius saw Cyril as a threat to his authority and appealed to the colonial authorities to suppress the rival bishop. Cyril left for [[Thozhiyur]], outside of the colonial jurisdiction, and established what would become an independent church. This body is now known as the [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]].<ref>Vadakkekara, p. 92.</ref> Subsequently, however, Gregorios and the other Syrian bishops died and were not replaced, leaving no further internal challengers to Dionysius.<ref>Neill, p. 69.</ref>

==Invasion by Mysore==
Mysore was a landlocked kingdom. [[Hyder Ali]], ruler of this kingdom decided to invade [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] to get access to the Arabian Sea. He entered Malabar in 1781 and crushed the Nair soldiers. After his death [[Tippu Sultan]] came to the throne. During that period Christians were persecuted.<ref>Sankunny Menon, P. (1878) ''A History of [[Travancore]] from the Earliest Times'' (Thiruvithancore Charitram), p. 199.</ref><ref>Mathew, Adv.P.C., Aarthattu pallipattum charitra rekhakalum, pp. 24–26.</ref>

[[Balarama Varma|Bala Rama Varma]] was the ruler of [[Travancore]] at this time. He was one of the least popular sovereigns whose reign was marked by unrest and various internal and external problems for the state.<ref>Travancore State Manual by Nagam Aiya</ref> He became King at the young age of sixteen and came under the influence of a corrupt nobleman known as [[Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri]] from [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. One of the first acts of atrocities during his reign was the murder of [[Raja Kesavadas]],<ref>History of Travancore by P. Shungunny Menon, p. 245.</ref> the existing [[Dewan]] of Travancore. Sankaran Nampoothiri was then appointed as Dewan (Prime minister) with two other ministers.<ref>History of Travancore by P. Shungunny Menon, p. 245</ref> Using his influence, Mar Thoma VI was put in jail at Alleppy and was forced to conduct a service according to Catholic rites, but escaped during a rebellion in [[Travancore]] under [[Velu Thampi]] in 1799.<ref>History of Travancore by P. Shungunny Menon, p. 246.</ref><ref>Puthenkavu Cathedral Smaranika, pp. 175, 183.</ref>

==Relations with the Church of England==
Toward the end of Dionysius' reign, [[Claudius Buchanan]] (1766–1815) visited [[Kerala]] in 1806, and arranged for the translation of the Bible into [[Malayalam]]. Dionysius gave him the manuscript of the Bible written in the [[Syriac language]]. This manuscript was later deposited in the public library of the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>Buchanan, Rev. Claudius, ''Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India'', p. 76.</ref>

During the visit, Buchanan suggested the Malankara Church seek a close relationship with the [[Church of England]]. Soon after his visit, Dionysius convened a meeting of church elders at Aarthattu, where he declared the Malankara Church would not accept the Anglican doctrine, nor those of any other foreign church.<ref>Mathew, P.C. Aarthattu Padiola, Nazrani Christians of Kerala, p. 114.</ref>

==Death and succession==
Dionysius consecrated Pakalomattom Mathen Kathanar as his successor in 1796 at [[Chengannur]] church. Dionysius died on 8 April 1808 at [[Niranam]], and he was interred [[St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Puthencavu]], with Mathen conducting the funeral service. Mathen subsequently received his orders, taking the name [[Mar Thoma VII]].

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|Malankara Church Titles}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mar Thoma V]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Metropolitan of the [[Malankara Church]]|years=1765–1808}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mar Thoma VII]]}}
{{s-end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Cite book |title= A History of Christianity in India: 1707–1858, Volume 2|last= Neill|first= Stephen|author-link= Stephen Neill|year= 2002 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 0-521-89332-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC |access-date=24 October 2011}}
*Vadakkekara, Benedict (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=pAncGlpGW8wC&dq=Malankara&pg=PA91 ''Origin of Christianity in India: a Historiographical Critique'']. Media House Delhi.

==Further reading==
*#Juhanon Marthoma Metropolitan, The Most Rev. Dr. (1952). ''Christianity in India and a Brief History of the Marthoma Syrian Church.''. Pub: K.M. Cherian.
*#Daniel, K. N. (1952). Canons of the Synod of Diamper, CSS. Tiruvalla.
*#Zac Varghese Dr. & Mathew A. Kallumpram. (2003). ''Glimpses of Mar Thoma Church History''. London, England. {{ISBN|8190085441}}
*#Chacko, T. C. (1936). ''Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charithra Samgraham'' (Concise History of Marthoma Church), Pub: E.J. Institute, Kompady, Tiruvalla.
*#Eapen, Prof. Dr. K.V. (2001). ''Malankara Marthoma Suryani Sabha Charitram'' (History of Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church). Pub: Kallettu, Muttambalam, [[Kottayam]].
*#Ittoop Writer, (1906). ''Malayalathulla Suryani Chistianikauleday Charitram'' (History of Syrian Christians in the land of Malayalam)
*#Mathew, N. M. ''Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram'' (History of the Marthoma Church), Volume 1 (2006), Volume II (2007), Volume III (2008). Pub. E.J.Institute, Thiruvalla
*#Mathew, Adv. P. C. (1994). ''Aarthattu pallipattum charitra rekhakalum'' (Aarathattu church history and records).
*#Sankunny Menon, P. (1878). ''A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times'' (Thiruvithancore Charitram).
*#Varghese Kassessa, K. C. (1972). Malabar Swathantra Suryani Sabha Charitram (History of Malabar Independent Syrian Church).
*#Niranam Granthavari. (Record of History written in Malayalam during 1770–1830). Ed. Paul Manalil, Catholicate Aramana, Devalokam. Kottayam, Kerala.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dionysius 01}}
[[Category:18th-century births]]
[[Category:1808 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:18th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]
[[Category:19th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Indian bishops]]
[[Category:Pakalomattam family]]
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church bishops]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Christian clergy]]

Sheikh Ahsan Ahmed

2025-02-05T21:43:59Z

Leonwim: Created First Page W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Lal Chowk Assembly constituency|Lal Chowk]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}
'''Sheikh Ahsan Ahmed''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Lal Chowk Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Lal Chowk, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Sheikh Ahsan Ahmed wins Lal Chowk with 15121 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/lal-chowk-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612888-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Lal Chowk Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/lal-chowk-election-result-2024-live-update-9077407.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is the son of former MLC Sheikh Ghulam Qadir Pardesi.<ref name="At Least 13 New MLAs In Jammu And Kashmir Are From Political Families">{{cite news |last1=NDTV |date=13 October 2024 |title=At Least 13 New MLAs In Jammu And Kashmir Are From Political Families |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/at-least-13-new-mlas-in-jammu-and-kashmir-are-from-political-families-6779727 |accessdate=13 October 2024}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Lal Chowk Assembly constituency|Lal Chowk]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||45.45%||Mohammad Ashraf Mir||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party}}||14.64%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Sheikh Ahsan}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Aniya

2024-12-24T09:31:16Z

Leonwim: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aniya
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.718945|N|88.1461499|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
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| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,281
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jangipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jangipara]]
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Aniya''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] in [[Chanditala I]] community development block of [[Srirampore subdivision]] in [[Hooghly district]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(34prhyngb4rxzrx25wan0tst))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |title= banglarbhumi.gov.in |work = WEST BENGAL ->HUGLI(হুগলী) ->CHANDITALA-I (চণ্ডীতলা-১) Mouza Information|publisher= Government of West Bengal |access-date= 6 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222011900/http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(o5nvju0slgdmw3352gvdrcuo))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |archive-date= 22 December 2016 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

==Geography==
Aniya is located at {{coord|22.718945|N|88.1461499|E|}}.

===Gram panchayat===
Villages in Ainya [[gram panchayat]] are: [[Akuni]], Aniya, [[Bandpur, Chanditala-I|Bandpur]], [[Banipur, Chanditala-I|Banipur]], [[Bara Choughara]], [[Dudhkanra]], [[Ganeshpur, Chanditala-I|Ganeshpur]], [[Gopalpur, Chanditala-I|Goplapur]], [[Jiara]], [[Kalyanbati]], [[Mukundapur, Chanditala-I|Mukundapur]], [[Sadpur, Chanditala-I|Sadpur]] and [[Shyamsundarpur, Chanditala-I|Shyamsundarpur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-i/aniya.html| title = Aniya| publisher = Indian Village Directory |access-date = 12 October 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Aniya GP.png|thumb|Map of Aniya GP]]

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Aniya had a total population of 3,281 of which 1,588 (48%) were males and 1693 (52%) were females. Population below 6 years was 322. The total number of literates in Aniya was 2,477 (83.71% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 October 2018}}</ref>

== Population ==
As of the 2011 census, Aniya has a population of approximately 3281 peoples where male population is 1588 and female population is 1,693. (ref: [https://indianvillageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-i/aniya-village-325607 Aniya])

==Healthcare==
Akuni Ichhapasar Rural Hospital at Aniya functions with 30 beds.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 4 October 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Bargachia railway station]] and [[Baruipara railway station]] are the nearest railway stations.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}
{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Villages in Chanditala I CD Block]]

{{Hooghly-geo-stub}}

Racial century

2024-03-31T21:39:21Z

Leonwim: adding a post initial version

'''Racial century''' is a term that has been used by historians to refer to the century between 1850 and 1950, especially in the context of [[Postcolonialism|postcolonial studies]]. The term employs [[Race (human categorization)|race]] and [[racism]] as the primary category of analysis of global, national, and local affairs.<ref name="Miller">{{cite book |editor1-last= Miller |editor1-first= Alisa |editor2-last= Rowe |editor2-first= Laura |editor3-last= Kitchen |editor3-first= James | year= 2011 | title= Other Combatants, Other Fronts: Competing Histories of the First World War | chapter =Introduction |publisher= Cambridge Scholars Publishing |pages=xxxviii |isbn= 9781443828123}}</ref>

The term was originally proposed by [[Dirk Moses]],<ref>[[Anne Fuchs]], Jonathan James Long, ''W.G. Sebald and the Writing of History'', p. 110, Königshausen & Neumann, 2007</ref> who describes the "racial century" as "a single modernization process of accelerating violence related to [[nation-building]] that commenced in the [[New Imperialism|European colonial periphery]] and culminated in [[the Holocaust]]."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moses |first= A. Dirk |author-link1= Dirk Moses |year= 2002 |title= Conceptual blockages and definitional dilemmas in the 'racial century': Genocides of indigenous peoples and the Holocaust |journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] |volume= 36 |issue=4 |pages=7–36 |doi= 10.1080/003132202128811538 |s2cid= 145222840 |doi-access= free }}</ref> Moses argues that colonial genocides and mass exterminations of the 20th century should be seen as a unified process.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moses |first= A. Dirk |author-link1= Dirk Moses |editor1-last=Moses |editor1-first=A. Dirk |editor1-link=Dirk Moses |editor2-last= Stone |editor2-first=Dan | year= 2013 | title= Colonialism and Genocide | chapter =The racial century, c. 1850–1950 |publisher= [[Routledge]] |pages=174–180 |isbn=9781317997535}}</ref> The term has gained increasing acceptance in postcolonial studies since the early 2000s.<ref name="Miller" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:19th century]]
[[Category:20th century]]
[[Category:Postcolonialism]]
[[Category:Politics and race]]
[[Category:Historical eras]]

{{postcolonialism-stub}}
{{vocab-stub}}

Naurangabad, Mainpuri

2024-02-27T22:04:11Z

Leonwim: new new page

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{other uses|Naurangabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Naurangabad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.24702|N|79.21643|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.965
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 663
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Naurangabad''' ({{IAST|Nauraṅgābād}}) is a village in [[Bewar, Mainpuri|Bewar]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 663, in 93 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Naurangabad had a population of 663, in 93 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|186}} This population was 51.6% male (342) and 48.4% female (321). The 0-6 age group numbered 94 (51 male and 43 female), or 14.2% of the total population. 2 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 0.03% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|136–7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Naurangabad as having a population of 379 people, in 59 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|180–1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Naurangabad as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 239 people (116 male and 123 female), in 40 households and 33 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 189 acres; it was then counted as part of [[Allau]] block.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|cii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Naurangabad had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|186–91}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Steel Authority of India

2023-11-10T22:09:29Z

Leonwim: basic adjusted formatting to improve readability also for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Steel Authority of India Limited]]

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Inspector Dhanush

2023-07-22T08:05:33Z

Leonwim: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Police Matthu Dada]] {{R from merge}}

Badi Ekkhelli

2023-07-20T15:27:52Z

Leonwim: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Zaheerabad]] {{R from merge}}

Raja Dina Nath

2023-07-07T16:53:47Z

Leonwim: fixed issues

#REDIRECT [[Diwan Dina Nath]]

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Vedic Literature

2013-11-26T19:21:14Z

Leonwim: Creating A Stub

#REDIRECT [[Vedas]]

Tamil Congress

2005-12-28T12:19:11Z

Leonwim:

#REDIRECT [[All Ceylon Tamil Congress]]