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Lucky Ali discography

2026-05-14T02:30:14Z

Leonuqs: created the bio basic info

{{short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox artist discography
|Artist = [[Lucky Ali]]
|Image = LuckyAli01.jpg
|Caption = Ali in 2013
|Alt =
|Studio = 6
|Compilation = 7
|Video =
|EP =
|Singles = 7
|Music videos =
| 1Option = 18
| 1Option name = Soundtrack
| 2Option = 2
| 2Option name = Concert Tour
| 3Option = 2
| 3Option name = Other Albums
}}

[[Lucky Ali]] is an Indian singer-songwriter, musician, composer, record producer, actor and philanthropist. He is best known for his soulful but strikingly simple ballad-style singing and melodious voice.

His [[discography]] contains 6 studio albums, 7 [[compilation album|compilations]], 7 [[single (music)|singles]], 18 soundtracks, 2 [[concert tour]] and 2 other albums (as a composer).

== Studio albums ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Album details
! Track list
|-
| 1996
| style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Sunoh]]'''''
* Label: BMG Crescendo, [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]]
* Format: CD, Cassette, digital download
|
* Oh Sanam
* Sunoh
* Pyaar ka Musafir
* Aap Par Arz
* Milegi Milegi
* Tum Hi Se
* Yeh Zameen
* Jab Hum Chhote
* Kya Mausam
* Yeh Mumbai Nagariya
|-
| 1998
| style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Sifar]]'''''
* Label: [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]]
* Format: CD, Cassette, digital download
|
* Teri Yaadein
* Mil Jaan Se Kabhi
* Dekha Hai Aise Bhi
* Dil Aise Na Samajhna
* Nahin Rakhta Dil Main Kuch
* Tum Ho Wohi
* Jheel Pe Jaise
* Mausam
* Baadalon Ki Gehraee
* Suntey Hi Rehtey Hain
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Aks (album)|Aks]]'''''
* Label: [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony BMG Music]]
* Format: CD, Cassette, digital download
|
* Tere Mere Saath
* Kaisi Tanhai
* Kitni Haseen Zindagi
* Behti Nadi
* Mehboob
* Aks
* Pyaar Ki Duniya
* Tu Kaun Hai
* Ek Na Ek Din
* Sandesh
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Gori Teri Aankhen...]]'''''
* Label: [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Records]]
* Format: CD, Cassette, digital download
|
* Gori Teri Aankhen...
* Duniya Choomegi Tere Kadam
* Chali Chali Man Chali
* Dum Dum Diga Diga
* Aaye Jabse (performed by Hariharan and Alka Yagnik : Music by Lucky Ali & Sajjad Ali)
* Dekho Ye Jo (performed by Remo Fernandes : Music by Lucky Ali & Sajjad Ali)
* Kuch Aisa Ho Who (performed by Kavita Krishnamurthy : Music by Lucky Ali & Sajjad Ali)
* Aji Zara Baat (performed by Kavita Krishnamurthy and Udit Narayan : Music by Lucky Ali & Sajjad Ali)

|-
| 2004
| style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Kabhi Aisa Lagta Hai]]'''''
* Label: [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Music]]
* Format: CD, Cassette, digital download
|
* Kabhi Aisa Lagta Hai
* Teri Yaad Jab Aati Hai
* Jabse Mili Tumse
* Tanhaai Mein Basi
* Ek Pal Mein Hai
* Ye Dil Deewana Hai
* Kabhi Aisa Lagta Hai(Instrumental)
* Thappa Thappi Chhuppa Chhuppi
|-
| 2009
| style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Xsuie]]'''''
* Label: [[Open music|Open]]
* Format: digital download
|
* Dil Gaye Jaa
* Sea of Life
* Yeh Zindagi
* O Raahi
* Khudahafiz
* Rehne De
* With You
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Raasta Man]]'''''
* Label: [[Lucky Ali Entertainment]]
* Format: digital download
|
* Yeh Zindagi
* Tauba Tauba
* Dil Gaaye Jaa
* Rehne De
* With You
* Duniya Ka Samundar
* Sayyaah
* Main Kya Karoon
* O Raahi
* Main Tumhara Hi Rahoon
* Khudahafiz
|}

== Compilations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Album details
! Label
|-
|2002
| style="text-align:left;"|Hitz Unlimited <ref>{{cite web|title=Hitz Unlimited (2002) - Hindi Album, Tracklist, Full Album Details and more|url=http://www.zubeendiscography.com/2021/09/3370633522256848326.html|website=ZG Discography|archive-date=2021-09-20|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920184428/http://www.zubeendiscography.com/2021/09/3370633522256848326.html|access-date=2026-05-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hitz Unlimited (2002) - Hindi Album, Tracklist, Full Album Details and more (Archived)|url=http://www.zubeendiscography.com/2021/09/3370633522256848326.html|language=en|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref>
| [[Zee Music Company|Zee Records]]
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align:left;"| [[The Best of Lucky Ali]]
| [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]]
|-
| 2007
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lucky Ali: His Greatest Hits]]
| [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony BMG Music]]
|-
| 2009
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Get Lucky: Lucky Ali Greatest Hits]]
| [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony BMG Music]]
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bekarar]]
| [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Music]]
|-
| Unknown
| style="text-align:left;"| [[I Love Lucky Ali]]
| [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]]
|-
| Unknown
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lucky Ali: A Journey Through Music]]
| [[Sony|Sony Music]]
|-
|}

== Soundtracks ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! Year !! Song title !! Film title !! Music !! Language
|-
| 1978 || "Walking And I Am Walking All Alone" || ''[[Ek Baap Chhe Bete]]'' || [[Rajesh Roshan]]
|rowspan=15|Hindi
|-
| 1996 || "Nasha Nasha" || ''[[Dushman Duniya Ka]]'' || [[Anu Malik]]
|-
| 1998 || "Sunoh" || ''[[Bombay Boys]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Lucky Ali]]
|-
| 1999 || "Tu Kaun Hai" || ''[[Bhopal Express (film)|Bhopal Express]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|2000|| "Na Tum Jaano Na Hum"
|rowspan=2|''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Rajesh Roshan]]
|-
|| "Ek Pal Ka Jeena"
|-
|rowspan=9|2002|| "Maut" || ''[[Kaante]]'' || [[Lucky Ali]]
|-
|| "Aa Bhi Ja Aa Bhi Ja"
|rowspan=5|''[[Sur-The Melody of Life]]''
|rowspan=6|[[M.M. Keeravani]]
|-
|| "Jaane Kya Dhoondta Hai"
|-
|| "Tu Dil Ki Khushi"
|-
|| "Khoya Hai Tune Jo Ae Dil"
|-
||"Aao Tumhen Ek Nayi Baat Bataon"
|-
|| "Aa Bhi Ja Aa Bhi Ja" || ''[[My Brother…Nikhil]]''
|-
|| "Sote Sote"
|rowspan=2|''[[Love at Times Square]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Lucky Ali]]
|-
|| "Ye Raste Ye"
|-
|rowspan=2|2003|| "Secret of Success" || ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' || [[A. R. Rahman]] || Tamil
|-
|| "Kehte Kehte" || ''Chupke Se'' || [[Ranjit Barot]] || Hindi
|-
|rowspan=4|2004|| "Appudappudu" || ''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]'' || [[M.M. Keeravani]] || Telugu
|-
|| "Hey Goodbye Nanba" || ''[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]'' || [[A. R. Rahman]] || Tamil
|-
|| "Charumati I Love You" || ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]'' || [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]] || Telugu
|-
|| "Khuda Hafiz" || ''[[Yuva]]'' || [[A. R. Rahman]]
|rowspan=5|Hindi
|-
|rowspan=4|2005|| "Hum Bade Hue" || ''The Film'' || Samidha-Khalid
|-
|| "Jaana Hai Jaana Hai"
|rowspan=3|''[[Kasak (2005 film)|Kasak]]''
|rowspan=3|[[M.M. Keeravani]]
|-
||"Chandni Hai Khoyee Khoyee"
|-
||"Yeh Zindagi"
|-
|rowspan=5|2008|| "Sooriyane" || ''[[Velli Thirai]]''
|rowspan=2|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|rowspan=2|Tamil
|-
|| "Guththa Lakkadi" || ''[[Kaalai]]''
|-
| "Aahista Aahista" || ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' || [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|rowspan=8|Hindi
|-
||"Nazar Mein Hai Chehra"
|rowspan=2|''[[Good Luck!]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Anu Malik]]
|-
|| "Nazar Mein Hai Chehra (Hip-Hop Mix)"
|-
|rowspan=2|2009|| "Kaisi Tanhai"
|rowspan=2|''[[Road, Movie]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Lucky Ali]]
|-
||"Dekha Hai Aise Bhi"
|-
|rowspan=3|2010|| "Bekarar"
|rowspan=2|''[[Paathshaala]]''
|rowspan=2|Hanif Sheikh
|-
||'Bekarar-Remix"
|-
|| "Hairat" || ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' || [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|-
| 2011 || "Hosa Hosa Kanasu" || ''[[Dev Son of Mudde Gowda|Dev S/O Mudde Gowda]]'' || [[Jassie Gift]] || Kannada
|-
| 2013 || "Vattoli" || ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]'' || [[Prashant Pillai]] || Malayalam
|-
| 2015 || "Safarnama" || ''[[Tamasha (soundtrack)|Tamasha]]'' || [[A. R. Rahman]]
|rowspan=3|Hindi
|-
| 2024 || "Tu Hai Kahaan" || ''[[Do Aur Do Pyaar]]'' || [[The Local Train]]
|-
| 2025 || "Dil Musafir" || ''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]''|| [[Vishal-Shekhar]]
|}

== Singles ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Single
! Album
! Featuring artists
! Label
|-
| 1997
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Anjaani Raahon Mein]]
| [[Meri Jaan Hindustan]]
|
| [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Gori Teri Aankhen...]]
| [[Gori Teri Aankhen...]]
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Records]]
|-
| 2002
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Duniya Choomegi Tere Kadam]]
| [[Gori Teri Aankhen...]]
|
| [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Records]]
|-
| 2002
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Chali Chali Man Chali]]
| [[Gori Teri Aankhen...]]
| Binjo
| [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Records]]
|-
| 2009
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Hey Goodbye Nanba]]
| [[A. R. Rahman discography#DVDs|A.R. Rahman Hits Vol 1]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]]
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai#Soundtrack|Ek Pal Ka Jeena Recreated]]
| [[DJ Aqeel#Albums|DJ Aqeel Forever]]
|
| [[Saregama]]
|-
|2026
| style="text-align:left;"| "Tu Jaane Hai Kahaan"
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| [[Tips Music]]
|}

== Concerts and tours ==

* Seher:Lucky Ali Concert (2006)
* Road Show Tour (for his album [[Raasta Man]]) (2011)
* The Carnival of Music (2012)
* Lucky Ali Band - Harley Davidson Biker Fest, Goa 2018
* Lucky Ali Band - 30 years of Lucky Ali - Safarnama Tour (2019 - 2020)
* Lucky Ali Band - Zomaland 2019
* Lucky Ali Band - Riders festival 2019
* Lucky Ali Band - Dubai Expo 2020
* Lucky Ali Band - India tour (2021 - 2022)
* Lucky Ali Band - Live at The Agenda, Dubai (2022)
* Lucky Ali Band - Live at Majuli Music Festival (2022)
* The Decades Tour (Journey through the decades) - New York, Denver, Dallas, Houston, San Jose, Los Angeles (USA 2026)

== Other albums ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Album details
! Label
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Gori Teri Aankhen...]] (as a composer)
| [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Records]]
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Karaoke: Sing Along]] ([[instrumental]])
| Vale Music
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Lucky Ali videography]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lucky Ali}}

[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists|Ali, Lucky]]

Karunakara Tondaiman

2026-05-04T05:26:22Z

Leonuqs: new some entry more to come - done

{{Short description|11th century Chola Empire general}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Karunakara Tondaiman
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Karunakara_Tondaiman_Draksharama.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sculpture of Karunakara Tondaiman at [[Draksharama]].
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_place = [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Jayankondam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| burial_place =
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name = Thiruvarangan
| allegiance = [[Chola Empire]]
| branch = [[Chola military|Chola army]]
| service_years =
| rank = [[Field marshal|Senathipathi]]
| service_number = 
| unit =
| commands = [[Chola military|Chola Army]] in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]
| battles = *[[Sinhalese Revolt (1055 - 1070)|Sinhalese Revolts]] (1070)
*[[Chola invasion of Kalinga (1097)|Invasion of Kalinga, 1097]]
*[[Chola invasion of Kalinga (1110)|Invasion of Kalinga, 1110]]
*[[Chalukya–Chola wars]] (1070–1120)
| battles_label =
| awards =
| spouse = Alagiyamanavalini Mangai Ālvār
| relations =
| other_work =
| signature =
| website = 
| memorials =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| module =
}}
'''Karunakara Tondaiman''' was a general of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] Emperor [[Kulottunga Chola I|Kulottunga I]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India|author=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1911 - India - 451 pages|page=333}}</ref> He is renowned for leading the [[Chola]] invasion of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] during the reign of Kulottunga I<ref>C.Sivaratnam: ''The Tamils in early Ceylon'', p. 116</ref><ref>''History of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, 610-1210 A.D.'', p. 455.</ref> and is the hero of [[Jayamkondar]]'s poem ''[[Kalinkkattuparani]]''<ref>''History of medieval Andhradesa'', p. 25</ref><ref>''History of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, 610-1210 A.D.''</ref> In the ''Parani'' poem he is referred to as the lord of Vandai.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Indian History, Volume 4, Issue 3|author=University of Allahabad. Department of Modern Indian History, University of Travancore, University of Kerala, University of Kerala. Department of History|page=23}}</ref> while in the [[Draksharamam]] inscription of Kulottunga I, he is called as Vanduvaraja and Pallavaraja.<ref>{{cite book|title=History And Culture Of Tamil Nadu: Vol. 1 (Upto C. Ad 1310)|author=Chitra Madhavan|publisher=D. K. Print World (P) Limited, 2005 - History - 305 pages|page=75}}</ref> He also served as a minister under Kulothunga Chola's son and successor, [[Vikrama Chola]].<ref>''The Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology'', p. 171</ref>

==Personal life==

According to the [[Draksharamam]] inscription, his personal name was Thiruvarangan and he was the son of Sirilango of Vandalanjeri in Tirunaraiyur-nadu near [[Kumbakonam]]. He is described as a sadu(good)-vaishnava and is said to have built a [[Vishnu]] temple made of black stone in Alavely.<ref name="latercholatemples">{{cite book|title=Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280), Parts 1070-1280|author1=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|author2=B. Natarajan|author3=Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran|publisher=Mudgala Trust, 1979 - Architecture - 470 pages|page=154}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Cōḷas, Volume 2, Issue 2|author=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|publisher=University of Madras, 1937 - Chola (Indic people)|page=582}}</ref> Sir-ilan-kō is not a proper name but rather means the illustrious ''Yuvaraja''(crown-prince) and is quite often used to refer to Lakshmana in Vaishnavite works.<ref>{{cite book|title=Copper Plate Inscriptions of the State Museum, Issue 29|author=N. Ramesan|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh - Deccan (India)|page=116}}</ref> A queen of his called Alagiyamanavalini Mangai Ālvār is known to us from an epigraph in the Varadarajaswami temple in [[Kanchi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture|author=K.V. Raman|publisher=Abhinav Publications, 2003 - 206 pages|page=13}}</ref>

==Lankan War==

The [[Sri Lanka]]n vassal of the Chola kingdom during the reign of Kulottunga Chola I had betrayed the Chola sovereign and had pledged allegiance to the Sinhala king in order to become the sole ruler of the Chola province in [[Ceylon]]. When this was brought to the attention of Kulottunga Chola I, the furious king had termed the traitor, "''Siva Drohi''", figuratively meaning ''traitor of the ([[Shaivite]]) Cholas''.<ref>''The Tyāgarāja cult in Tamilnāḍu: a study in conflict and accommodation'', p. 322: '''The close link between Saivism and politics can be seen when the Ceylonese general is described as a Sivadrohin'''</ref> Karunakara Tondaiman took this opportunity to show his loyalty and went on to plunder Lanka. The Karunakara Pillaiyar temple in the Jaffna peninsula was built after him. The village, [[Thondaimanaru]], in [[Ceylon]] was also named after him.<ref>''Tamil culture, Volume 4'', p. 242.</ref><ref>''The Tamils in early Ceylon'', p. 116.</ref>

==Kalinga War==

The Kalinga kingdom was then ruled by Eastern Ganga king Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva. When Kulottunga Chola held his court at [[Kanchi]], it was brought to his attention that Anantavarman had failed to pay tribute on two occasions to the Chola sovereign. This was taken as a sign of slight for not recognising the Chola superiority and the King dispatched Karunakara Tondaiman to bring the Chalukya to his knees. Kulottunga Chola dispatched Karunakara Tondaiman to capture Anantavarman alive. [[Vikrama Chola]], then a young prince then, was a part of the force under Karunakara Tondaiman.<ref>''A comprehensive history of India, Volume 4, Part 1'', By Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri, Indian History Congress.</ref>

According to tradition and the [[Vaishnava]] point of view, the Lord on ([[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]) had parted with his conch and the [[Sudarshana chakra]] to Karunākara Perumāl, the conqueror of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] and the hero of [[Jayamkondar]]'s [[Kalinkkattuparani]].<ref name="Ancient India: collected essays on the literary and political history of Southern India, p. 215">''Ancient India: collected essays on the literary and political history of Southern India, p. 215''</ref> Karunakara Tondaiman defeated the Kalinga armies of Anantavarman and planted a pillar of victory in Kalinga (modern day [[Odisha]]). Anantavarman fled, never to be found again.<ref>''Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture'', p. 13.</ref> From the ''Kalinkkattuparani'',<blockquote>''Having thus laid waste the whole of the sea-coast kingdom of Kalinga, and planting there a pillar of victory, Karunakara Tondaiman, the lord of Vandaiyar, returns and lies at the feet of his master all the spoils of war''<ref>''Studies in Tamil Literature and History'', p. 258</ref></blockquote>[[Nilakanta Sastri]] and [[M. Raghava Iyengar]] identify Vandainagar with Vanduvangarai near Kumbakonam while Dr. K.V Raman identifies it with Vandalur, an area in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Nadu state: Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur districts (erstwhile Chengalpattu district),Gazetteers of India,Volume 1 of Tamil Nadu State: Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur Districts|author=M. Gopalakrishnan|publisher=Director of Stationery and Printing, 2000|page=106}}</ref><ref>''Ancient India: collected essays on the literary and political history of Southern India'', p. 146</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==

*''The Imperial and Asiatic quarterly review and oriental and colonial record'' By Oriental Institute (Woking, England), East India Association (London, England)
*''History of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, 610-1210 A.D.'', By Bhavaraju Venkatakrishna Rao, Bhāvarāju Vēṅkaṭakr̥ṣṇarāvu
*''The Tamils in early Ceylon'', By C. Sivaratnam
*''History of medieval Andhradesa'', By M. Krishna Kumari
*''The Cōḷas'', By Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri
*''The Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology'', By N. Sethuraman
*''Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture'', By K.V. Raman
*''Ancient India: collected essays on the literary and political history of Southern India'', By Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar
*''Studies in Tamil Literature and History'', By Ramachandra Dikshitar
*''Tamil culture, Volume 4'', By Tamil Literature Society, Academy of Tamil Culture

[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chola generals]]

Pratapgarh Estate

2026-05-03T14:52:41Z

Leonuqs: starting entry

{{Short description|Taluqdari estate in Oudh (1628–1947)}}
{{about|the estate|its eponymous state in [[Rajasthan]]|Pratapgarh State}}
{{use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
'''Pratapgarh''' was an estate ([[taluqdari]]) of [[Oudh]], [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Uttar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxJDAAAAYAAJ&q=pratapgarh+estate |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Pratapgarh |date=1980 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |pages=37–42 |language=en}}</ref> The Taluqdari was controlled by the Somvanshi clan of [[Rajput]]s. Now it is part of [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Pratapgarh Estate
| common_name = Pratapgarh
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| status = [[Taluqdari|Taluqdari estate]]
| event_start =
| date_start =
| event_end = Acceded to India
| p1 =
| s1 = Dominion of India
| year_start = 1628
| year_end = 1947
| flag_border = no
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| capital = [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| common_languages = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Hindi]]
| currency =
| title_leader = [[Raja]]
| year_leader1 = 1628–1682
| leader1 = Babu Pratap Singh ''(first)''
| year_leader2 = 1921–1947
| leader2 = [[Ajit Pratap Singh|Raja Ajit Pratap Singh]] ''(last)''
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| today = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Republic of India]]
| era = Early modern period
}}

==History==
The rulers of the estate were originally ruling from a place known as Taroul or Tiroul near [[Allahabad]]. The ancestor of the family was Babu Sujan Shah, son of Raja Sangram Shah of Tiroul.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ&dq=Part%C3%A1bgarh+estate&pg=PA233 |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |date=1900 |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |language=en}}</ref> Later a descendant, Babu Pratap Singh (1628–1682) came to the region known as Rampur and built a fort, and gave the city its current name, Pratapgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture & Heritage {{!}} District Pratapgarh, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://pratapgarh.nic.in/culture-heritage/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==List of rulers==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/pratapgarh_up.html |title=Genealogy of Pratapgarh |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031014806/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/pratapgarh_up.html |archive-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Babu Pratap Singh (1628–1682)
*Babu Jai Singh (1682–1728)
*Babu Chhataradari Singh
*Babu Prithvipat Singh
*Babu Duniapat Singh
*Raja Bahadur Singh
*Raja Abhiman Singh
*Raja Gulab Singh
*Raja Ajit Singh (1857–1889)
*[[Raja Pratap Bahadur Singh]] (1889–1921)
*Raja [[Ajit Pratap Singh]] (1921–2000), crowned at the age of four, [[Member of Parliament]] of 3rd & 4th Lok Sabha.
*Raja [[Abhay Pratap Singh]] (2000–2013), [[Member of Parliament]] of 10th Lok Sabha.
*Raja Anil Pratap Singh (2013–Present)

== See also ==
*[[Kalakankar]]
*[[Bhadri (estate)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratapgarh (State)}}
[[Category:Princely states of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput estates]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]

Bhupinder Singh Thakur

2026-04-24T14:28:43Z

Leonuqs: put up some bio w/ refs.

{{Short description|Retired Indian military general}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhupinder Singh Thakur
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1946|03|20}}
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years = 1965–2005
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| unit = Central India Horse
| commands = * [[II Corps (India)]]
*Director General, Assam Rifles
*Military Attaché to East and Southern Africa
| office1 = Vice Chief of the Army Staff
| term_start1 = 15 January 2005
| term_end1 = 30 September 2005
| predecessor1 = Lt Gen [[Shantanu Choudhry]]
| successor1 = Lt Gen [[S. Pattabhiraman (officer)|S. Pattabhiraman]]
| office2 = [[List of lieutenant governors of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| term_start2 = 29 December 2006
| term_end2 = 30 June 2013
| appointer2 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| predecessor2 = [[Madan Mohan Lakhera]]
| successor2 = [[A. K. Singh]]
| office3 = [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]]
| term_start3 = 15 March 2008
| term_end3 = 22 July 2008
| appointer3 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| status3 = Additional charge
| predecessor3 = [[Mukut Mithi]]
| successor3 = [[Govind Singh Gurjar]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[N. Rangaswamy]]
| battles =
| awards = *[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
*[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]''' Bhupinder Singh Thakur''' [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]] (born 20 March 1946), or '''Bhopinder Singh''', is a retired officer of the [[Indian Army]] who served as the 26th [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]] from January to September 2005. He also served as General Officer Commanding of [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]], Director General of the [[Assam Rifles]] and Lieutenant Governor of The [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. He was the former military secretary to president [[K. R. Narayanan]] and to President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]. He was the former military, naval and air attaché for [[East]] and [[Southern Africa]] headquartered at [[Addis Ababa]]. He currently resides in [[Chandigarh]] in India.

== Early life and education ==
Thakur was born on 20 March 1946. He is an alumnus of the [[National Defence Academy]] and was commissioned into the Central India Horse regiment of the Armoured Corps on 27 June 1965.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Bhupender Singh Thakur Vice Chief of Army Staff retires |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=12392 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=30 September 2005 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

== Military career ==
Throughout his career, Thakur held various prestigious appointments:
Early in his career, he served as the Brigade Major, a key operational staff officer role.<ref name="PIB" />
He was responsible for planning and coordinating operations in a desert terrain.<ref name="PIB" />
He served as the Chief of Staff at the Army Training Command, overseeing training doctrines and policies.<ref name="PIB" />
As the head of the Assam Rifles, he initiated programs addressing health issues like HIV/AIDS among troops and local populations, collaborating with organizations such as UNAIDS and the Assam AIDS Prevention Society.<ref name="Maitri">{{cite web |title=Bhopinder Singh |date=28 August 2018 |url=https://www.maitriindia.org/board-of-members/bhopinder-singh/ |publisher=Maitri India |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
He served as the military, naval, and air attaché for East and Southern Africa, headquartered in Addis Ababa.<ref name="PartnersPopdev">{{cite web |title=Biography - Mr. Bhopinder Singh |url=https://partners-popdev.org/ageing/tag_bio/BhopinderSingh.htm |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
He was awarded the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal in 2000 and the Param Vishisht Seva Medal in 2004 for distinguished service.<ref name="PIB" />

== Vice Chief of the Army Staff ==
Thakur served as the [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]] from 15 January 2005 to 30 September 2005. In this capacity, he was responsible for fine-tuning strategic and operational concepts of the Army and providing impetus to [[Modernization theory|modernization]] plans.<ref name="PIB" />

==Andaman and Nicobar Islands==
He was the former Lieutenant Governor of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. Following the resignation of [[Mukut Mithi]] as [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]], Singh was appointed to replace him on 13 March 2008 and sworn in on 15 March.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200803151424.htm "Bhopinder Singh sworn as Lt Governor of Puducherry"], PTI (''The Hindu''), 15 March 2008.</ref>

== Post-retirement ==
After retiring in 2005, Thakur remained active in veteran affairs and participated in various events. Notably, in June 2022, he addressed [[veteran]]s during the conclusion of an Indian Army motorcycle expedition in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], commemorating the 60th anniversary of the 21 Sub Area.<ref name="Tribune2022">{{cite news |title=Army expedition concludes in Manali |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/army-expedition-concludes-in-manali-404865/ |work=The Tribune |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

In the year 2017, he published his book ''Bayoneting with Opinions'' and in 2019 published another book ''Continuing Opinions in Difficult Times''. {{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

== Awards and decorations ==
* [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (PVSM)
* [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (AVSM)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024050/http://www.and.nic.in/bhopinder-profile.htm Profile on Andaman ad Nicobar website]

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef| before=[[Madan Mohan Lakhera]], ''acting''}}
{{s-ttl| title=[[Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] | years=2006—2013}}
{{s-aft| after=[[A. K. Singh]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Bhupinder Singh}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian military personnel]]

Gurjant Singh (politician)

2026-04-19T10:35:39Z

Leonuqs: new a bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2024)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Gurjant Singh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date|2024|11|3|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 =
| country = Indian
| constituency1 = [[Sadulshahar Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| occupation = Politician
| education =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Gurjant Singh''' (died 3 November 2024) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[14th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sadulshahar Assembly constituency|Sadulshahar]]. He was a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="r513">{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results in 2013 |website=Elections in India |date=4 May 2019 |url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="k105">{{cite web |last=Pareek |first=Nirmal |title=राजस्थान के पूर्व मंत्री गुरजंट सिंह बराड़ का निधन, लंबे समय से चल रहे थे बीमार; केन्द्रीय मंत्री ने जताई संवेदनाएं |website=Patrika News |date=3 November 2024 |url=https://www.patrika.com/sri-ganganagar-news/former-rajasthan-minister-gurjant-singh-barar-passed-away-was-ill-for-a-long-time-19118722 |language=hi |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

==Political career==
Gurjant Singh began his political career as the [[Director (business)|director]] of the Purchase-Sale Cooperative Society. He held multiple roles, including membership on the Agricultural Marketing Board in Jaipur and chairmanship of the Krishi Upaj Mandi Samiti in [[Sri Ganganagar]]. He also served as Pradhan of the [[Panchayat Samiti]] in [[Sadulshahar]] and director of the Central Cooperative Bank Limited in Sri Ganganagar.<ref name="b028"/>

He was affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He served in multiple capacities, including as a director of the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED). He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) three times: from the [[Sangaria Assembly constituency]] in 1993 and 2003, and from [[Sadulshahar Assembly constituency]] in 2013. During his tenure, he also held the position of Minister of State for Irrigation in the [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref name="b028">{{cite web |last=Bharat |first=ETV |title=Farmer Leader And Former Minister Gurjant Singh Barar Passes Away at 91 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=3 November 2024 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/farmer-leader-and-former-minister-gurjant-singh-barar-passes-away-at-91-enn24110304666 |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

==Death==
Gurjant Singh died on 3 November 2024, at the age of 91, following a prolonged illness.<ref name="w741">{{cite web |title=पूर्व मंत्री गुरजंटसिंह बराड़ का निधन: संगरिया से 2 बार और सादुलशहर से एक बार विधायक बने, 1993 में सिंचाई मंत्री रहे |website=Dainik Bhaskar |date=3 November 2024 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/sriganganagar/news/former-minister-gurjant-singh-brar-passed-away-133903075.html |language=hi |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="d773">{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Krishan Kumar |title=Rajasthan News : ਰਾਜਸਥਾਨ ਦੇ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਗੁਰਜੰਟ ਸਿੰਘ ਬਰਾੜ ਦਾ ਦਿਹਾਂਤ, ਸੁਖਬੀਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਬਾਦਲ ਨੇ ਪ੍ਰਗਟਾਇਆ ਦੁੱਖ |website=PTC News |date=3 November 2024 |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/news-in-punjabi/former-rajasthan-minister-gurjant-singh-brar-passed-away-at-age-91-4401064 |language=pa |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurjant}}
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Pa. Pandi

2026-04-09T02:53:39Z

Leonuqs: starting a page

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pa. Pandi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dhanush]]
| producer = Dhanush
| writer = Dhanush
| starring = [[Rajkiran]] [[Revathi]] [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] Dhanush [[Madonna Sebastian]]
| music = [[Sean Roldan]]
| cinematography = [[Velraj]]
| editing = [[Prasanna GK]]
| studio = [[Wunderbar Films]]
| distributor = K Productions
| released = {{Film date|2017|4|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Pa. Pandi''''' (also known as '''''Power Paandi''''') is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written, directed and produced by [[Dhanush]], in his directorial debut. It stars [[Rajkiran]] in the titular role, alongside [[Revathi]], [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Chaya Singh]], while Dhanush, [[Madonna Sebastian]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and [[Dhivyadharshini]] made cameo appearances. It follows a retired stuntman who travels to [[Hyderabad]] to seek out freedom, and also to reunite with his old village lover.

The film was officially announced in September 2016 under the title ''Power Paandi''. [[Principal photography]] commenced the same month in [[Chennai]], which was followed by another schedules held at Hyderabad and [[Madurai]], and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by February 2017. That April, the title was shortened to ''Pa Paandi'' because of the makers seeking entertainment tax exemption. The music was composed by [[Sean Roldan]], cinematography was handled by [[R. Velraj]] and editing by [[Prasanna GK]].

''Pa Paandi'' was released on 14 April 2017, coinciding with the [[Puthandu|Tamil New Year's Day]]. It received positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2017 |title=Dhanush's VIP 2 rocks the box-office despite bad reviews |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-s-vip-2-rocks-the-box-office-despite-bad-reviews/story-UkKjYpokEG8CInfvrvAMXI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225191409/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-s-vip-2-rocks-the-box-office-despite-bad-reviews/story-UkKjYpokEG8CInfvrvAMXI.html |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Ambi Ning Vayassaytho]]'' (2018).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2017 |title=Ambareesh to play Raj Kiran's role in 'Pa Paandi' Kannada remake |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ambareesh-play-raj-kirans-role-pa-paandi-kannada-remake-70056 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152255/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ambareesh-play-raj-kirans-role-pa-paandi-kannada-remake-70056 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Power Pandi, a former stuntman in [[Tamil cinema]], is now leading a retired life with his son Raghavan and family. Pandi is very close to his grandchildren Dhruv and Shaksha. He can not sit idle at home and gets involved in other issues outside his house, which brings trouble to Raghavan. He also tries to keep him occupied by going for some part-time jobs like a gym instructor, sidekick, and even returning to being a cinema stuntman, but nothing fulfils him. This brings friction between Pandi and Raghavan.

Pandi, seeking his freedom, goes out of his house with his old [[Royal Enfield Bullet]] and old-age savings. On his way, he sees a bunch of old people riding their bikes like him, and narrates his first love experience with them. He shares about how he, at his young age, met Poonthendral for the first time, how they fell in love, and how they were separated. He tells them that he is on a journey to find Poonthendral again. An old man in that group helps Pandi locate Poonthendral. Pandi messages Poonthendral, who has now settled in [[Hyderabad]], as he was in her place and was eager to meet her again.

Finally, Poonthendral agrees to meet him in a restaurant, and both of them meet, remembering all the by-gone days. They post their meetups on social media and express happiness for each other's lives. Pandi proposes to Poonthendral that they live the rest of their lives together. Poonthendral, who was initially reluctant at his decision, later convinces herself about his companionship and asks him to come to her house the next day for lunch and to meet her family (her daughter and granddaughter).

Back in [[Chennai]], Raghavan realises his mistake and starts searching for his father everywhere. Dhruv locates Pandi using social media and finally comes to Poonthendral's house in Hyderabad to take Pandi back with them. When Pandi comes to Poonthendral's house for lunch, he gets reunited with Raghavan's family. Poonthendral and Pandi realise that their lives have to go this way and decide to be in touch with each other for the rest of their lives. With many emotional bursts, Pandi leaves Poonthendral's house with Raghavan, waving his hands in the air without seeing her, to which she responds.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rajkiran]] as Pandian Pazhanisami (Power Pandi)
**[[Dhanush]] as younger Pandi
* [[Revathi]] as Poonthendral
**[[Madonna Sebastian]] as younger Poonthendral
* [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] as Raghavan "Rambo"
* [[Raaghavan|Master Raghavan]] as Dhruv
* [[Neeli (TV series)|Baby Chaavi Sharma]] as Shaksha
* [[Chaya Singh]] as Premalatha
* [[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Poongodi
* Bhawana Aneja as Power Pandi's wife
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Chandrasekhar, Poonthendral's father
* Meena Vemuri as Mrs. Chandrasekhar, Poonthendral's mother
* [[Bharathi Kannan]] as Poongodi's father
* [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]] as Mani, Pandi's friend
* [[Sendrayan]] as Drug Seller
* Rinson Simon as Varun
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as a police officer
* [[Robo Shankar]] as hero in Gautham's film
* [[Divyadarshini|Dhivyadharshini]] as Poonthendral's daughter
* [[Stunt Silva]] as Bullet Raja
* [[Baba Bhaskar]] as a villager
* [[Balaji Mohan]] as Raghavan, Pandi's neighbour
* [[Velraj]] as Police Inspector
* Som Shekar as Letter Boy in song "Vaanam"
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Director Gautham (Guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
On 7 September 2016, [[Dhanush]] announced his directorial debut titled ''Power Paandi'', with a first look poster being released to the media, and also producing the film under his production house, Wunderbar Films.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2016 |title='Power Paandi'-Dhanush turns director! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/power-paandi-dhanush-turns-director-news-tamil-qjhjxefggchhg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912224121/http://www.sify.com/movies/power-paandi-dhanush-turns-director-news-tamil-qjhjxefggchhg.html |archive-date=12 September 2016 |access-date=8 September 2016 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The film has [[Rajkiran]] playing the title role as "Power Paandi" and [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] playing a prominent role, as Rajkiran's son, while [[Sean Roldan]], [[Velraj]] and [[Prasanna GK|Prasanna G. K.]] became a part of the film's technical crew as its music composer, cinematographer and editor respectively.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |title=Dhanush turns director; first look of his Power Paandi released |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Dhanush-turns-director-first-look-of-his-Power-Paandi-released/2016/09/07/article3615250.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908171645/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Dhanush-turns-director-first-look-of-his-Power-Paandi-released/2016/09/07/article3615250.ece |archive-date=8 September 2016 |access-date=8 September 2016 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film began production on the day of its public announcement,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2016 |title=Dhanush set for his directorial debut with Power Paandi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-set-for-his-directorial-debut-with-power-pandi/story-MqSzcaSJwIIeQEhJfvXmWI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027174247/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-set-for-his-directorial-debut-with-power-pandi/story-MqSzcaSJwIIeQEhJfvXmWI.html |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="intoday">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2016 |title=Power Paandi: Dhanush turns director, unveils the first look poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/power-paandi-dhanush-direction-raj-kiran-prasanna-wunderbar-film-339620-2016-09-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908163006/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/power-paandi-dhanush-direction-raj-kiran-prasanna-wunderbar-film/1/758410.html |archive-date=8 September 2016 |access-date=8 September 2016 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in late February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Its a wrap for Power Paandi |url=https://screen4screen.com/news/news-movies-1608 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722081505/https://screen4screen.com/news/news-movies-1608 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2017 |title=Dhanush wraps up shoot for 'Power Pandi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanush-wraps-up-shoot-for-power-pandi/articleshow/57387663.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418100051/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanush-wraps-up-shoot-for-power-pandi/articleshow/57387663.cms |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=9 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In April 2017, the title was shortened to ''Pa. Pandi'' to seek tax exemption.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2017 |title=Power Paandi: Dhanush's film loses its powerful title. Here's why |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/power-paandi-dhanush-film-loses-its-powerful-title-here-why-4597299/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406021617/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/power-paandi-dhanush-film-loses-its-powerful-title-here-why-4597299/ |archive-date=6 April 2017 |access-date=5 April 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music and score of the film were composed by Sean Roldan. The song "Venpani Malare" written by Dhanush, features both male and female versions sung by Roldan and [[Shweta Mohan]], and an additional version sung by Dhanush was released later. The track list was released on 25 February 2017, and the audio launch was held on 9 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cq1jpkOmGcg |title=Power Paandi — Official Jukebox — Rajkiran — Dhanush — Sean Roldan |date=9 March 2017 |language=en |publisher=[[Wunderbar Films|Wunderbar Studios]] |access-date=9 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309231115/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cq1jpkOmGcg&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=live |format=video |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=835315285691269121 |user=dhanushkraja |title=Here is the track list of #powerpaandi .. a Sean Roldan musical. |author=Dhanush |author-link=Dhanush |access-date=7 January 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/mR0Xj |archive-date=April 9, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2017 |title=Dhanush's Power Paandi jukebox is out, receives glowing reviews from celebs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhanush-power-paandi-jukebox-is-out-receives-glowing-reviews-from-celebs-4562084/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312015855/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhanush-power-paandi-jukebox-is-out-receives-glowing-reviews-from-celebs-4562084/ |archive-date=12 March 2017 |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> An additional version of "Venpani Malare" which was sung by Dhanush was released separately on 6 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=849962151150211073 |user=dhanushkraja |title=Here we go .. #VenpaniMalare my version. Power paandi. From April 14th. |author=Dhanush |author-link=Dhanush |access-date=7 January 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/lqVzs?wr=false |archive-date=April 9, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Siddharth K of ''[[Sify]]'' rated the album 3 out of 5, with a verdict "Sean Roldan's big ticket to the top league."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Siddharth |date=9 March 2017 |title=Power Paandi Music Review — Sean Roldan's big ticket to the top league. |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/power-paandi-sean-roldan-s-big-ticket-to-the-top-league-news-tamil-rdjlUbjedjcdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310124935/http://www.sify.com/movies/power-paandi-sean-roldan-s-big-ticket-to-the-top-league-news-tamil-rdjlUbjedjcdc.html |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=18 October 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Surendhar MK of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the album 4 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MK |first=Surendhar |date=10 March 2017 |title=Power Paandi audio review: Composer Sean Roldan is in sublime form here |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/power-paandi-audio-review-composer-sean-roldan-is-in-sublime-form-here/story-l7zOlTmMWKM92KPkvJL4KL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018065656/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/power-paandi-audio-review-composer-sean-roldan-is-in-sublime-form-here/story-l7zOlTmMWKM92KPkvJL4KL.html |archive-date=18 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:01
| title1 = Vaanam
| lyrics1 = [[Selvaraghavan]]
| extra1 = Ananthu
| note1 = The Life of Power Paandi
| length1 = 4:27
| title2 = Soorakaathu
| lyrics2 = [[Dhanush]]
| extra2 = Dhanush
| note2 = The Mass of Power Paandi
| length2 = 2:53
| title3 = Paarthen
| lyrics3 = Selvaraghavan
| extra3 = [[Sean Roldan]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| note3 = The Youth of Power Paandi
| length3 = 3:03
| title4 = Veesum Kaathodadhaan
| lyrics4 = [[Raju Murugan]]
| extra4 = Sean Roldan, [[Anthony Daasan]]
| note4 = Power Paandi: The Nomad
| length4 = 2:58
| title5 = Venpani Malare
| lyrics5 = Dhanush
| extra5 = Sean Roldan
| note5 = The Romance of Power Paandi — Male Version
| length5 = 3:53
| title6 = Venpani Malare
| lyrics6 = Dhanush
| extra6 = Shweta Mohan
| note6 = The Romance of Power Paandi — Female Version
| length6 = 3:53
| title7 = Venpani Malare
| lyrics7 = Dhanush
| extra7 = Dhanush
| note7 = Additional Version
| length7 = 3:53
}}

== Critical reception ==
''Pa. Pandi'' received critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=16 July 2024 |title='Raayan' trailer: Dhanush is unstoppable in this violent film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/raayan-trailer-dhanush-kalidas-jayaram-sundeep-kishan-2567498-2024-07-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722081609/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/raayan-trailer-dhanush-kalidas-jayaram-sundeep-kishan-2567498-2024-07-16 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=6|average=7.5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=17 April 2024}}

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', "Here's why ''Pa Paandi'' works. Rajkiran. He exudes such grandfatherly warmth, it's impossible not to care for him. And as the second half unfolds, the story picks up too".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=14 April 2017 |title=Pa Paandi Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/pa-paandi-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919232415/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/pa-paandi-movie-review |archive-date=19 September 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "In his directorial debut, Dhanush gives us a heartwarming film that, despite its conventional storytelling, packs in a huge emotional wallop".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=14 April 2017 |title=Pa. Paandi Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pa-paandi/movie-review/58164300.cms |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212043607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pa-paandi/movie-review/58164300.cms |archive-date=12 December 2017 |access-date=9 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] wrote for ''[[The News Minute]]'', "At times, you do feel certain scenes could have been shot with a little more subtlety, but ''Pa Paandi'' has enough going for it to make you ignore these gripes and enjoy this unusual little film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=14 April 2017 |title=Review: 'Pa Paandi' is an unusual must watch film about an old man's quest |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/review-pa-paandi-unusual-must-watch-film-about-old-man-s-quest-60350 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250309120347/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/review-pa-paandi-unusual-must-watch-film-about-old-man-s-quest-60350 |archive-date=9 March 2025 |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> Srivatsan of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote, "Barring its flaws, ''Pa Paandi'' is full of positivity. This better not be Dhanush's best work, as a director".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivatsan |date=15 April 2017 |title=Pa Paandi movie review: Dhanush's directorial debut is high on emotions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/pa-paandi-movie-review-dhanush-rajkiran-revathi-prasanna-971561-2017-04-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417114145/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pa-paandi-movie-review-dhanush-rajkiran-revathi-prasanna/1/929615.html |archive-date=17 April 2017 |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Wunderbar Films}}
{{Dhanush}}

[[Category:2017 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about old age]]
[[Category:Films about stunt performers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dhanush]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dhanush]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sean Roldan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Dhanush]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Lockdown (2025 film)

2026-04-04T18:22:24Z

Leonuqs:

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by AR Jeeva}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Lockdown (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = AR Jeeva
| writer = AR Jeeva
| producer = [[Allirajah Subaskaran|Subaskaran]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Anupama Parameswaran]]
*[[Charle]]
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]]
*[[Nirosha]]
* Priya Venkat
}}
| cinematography = K. A. Sakthivel
| editing = [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]
| music = {{ubl
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|[[Siddharth Vipin]]
}}
| studio = [[Lyca Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|23|[[56th International Film Festival of India|IFFI]]|2026|1|30|India|df=yes}}
| runtime = 119 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2026 |title=''Lockdown'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/lockdown-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmta5mjq5 |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Lockdown''''' is a 2025{{efn|The film premiered at the [[56th International Film Festival of India]] on 23 November 2025 and later released in theatres on 30 January 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Anupama Parameswaran's Lockdown to premiere at IFFI 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/22/anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-to-premiere-at-iffi-2025 |access-date=26 November 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Anupama Parameswaran-starrer 'Lockdown' to hit screens on Jan 30 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/anupama-parameswaran-starrer-lockdown-to-hit-screens-on-jan-30 |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}</ref>}} Indian [[Tamil-language|Tamil]]-language [[drama thriller film|drama thriller]] film directed by AR Jeeva in his debut starring [[Anupama Parameswaran]] in the lead role, alongside [[Charle]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Nirosha]], Priya Venkat and others in important roles. The film is produced by [[Allirajah Subaskaran|Subaskaran]] under his [[Lyca Productions]] banner and the technical team consists of music composers [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] and [[Siddharth Vipin]], cinematographer K. A. Sakthivel and editor [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]].

''Lockdown'' was premiered at the [[56th International Film Festival of India]] at [[Goa]] on 23 November 2025,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lockdown trailer: Anupama Parameswaran fights through a world filled with distress|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/27/lockdown-trailer-anupama-parameswaran-fights-through-a-world-filled-with-distress|website=Cinema Express|date=2025-11-27|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref> later released in theatres on 30 January 2026 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-01-23 |title=அனுபமாவின் “லாக் டவுன்” படத்தின் புதிய ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/anupamas-lockdown-new-release-date-announced-1201662 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta |archive-date=23 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123173710/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/anupamas-lockdown-new-release-date-announced-1201662 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Anupama Parameswaran]] as Anitha<ref>{{Cite news|title='Lockdown' trailer: Anupama Parameswaran starrer unveils chilling fear, a dark survival tale set for December 5 release|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lockdown-trailer-anupama-parameswaran-starrer-unveils-chilling-fear-a-dark-survival-tale-set-for-december-5-release/articleshow/125614560.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-11-27|access-date=2025-11-27|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Charle]] as Suresh
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]]
* [[Nirosha]] as Sudha, Anitha's mother
* Priya Venkat as Swapna
* [[George Maryan]]
* Indhumathi
* Rajkumar
* Shamji
* [[Lollu Sabha Maaran|Lollu Saba Maaran]]
* [[Redin Kingsley]]
* Vinayak Raj
* Vidhu
* Abhirami
* Revathi
* Sanjivie
* Priya Ganesh
* Asha

== Production ==
After [[Siren (2024 film)|''Siren'']] (2024), [[Anupama Parameswaran]] was announced to star in her next film titled ''Lockdown'' in the lead role,<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2024 |title=Anupama Parameswaran's next titled Lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anupama-parameswarans-next-titled-lockdown/articleshow/109910467.cms |access-date=19 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530074758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anupama-parameswarans-next-titled-lockdown/articleshow/109910467.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> directed by AR Jeeva and produced by [[Lyca Productions]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2024 |title=Anupama Parameswaran's next titled 'Lockdown' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anupama-parameswarans-next-titled-lockdown/article68153150.ece |access-date=19 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426150413/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anupama-parameswarans-next-titled-lockdown/article68153150.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The announcement was made through a first-look poster that was released by the production house on 6 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=6 May 2024 |title=Anupama Parameswaran to star in AR Jeeva's Lockdown |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/06/anupama-parameswaran-to-star-in-ar-jeevas-lockdown |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309232430/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/06/anupama-parameswaran-to-star-in-ar-jeevas-lockdown |url-status=live }}</ref> The technical team consists of music composers [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] and [[Siddharth Vipin]], cinematographer K. A. Sakthivel, editor [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]], and art director A Jayakumar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=9 June 2024 |title=Lockdown teaser: A distressed Anupama Parameswaran tries to get help |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/09/lockdown-teaser-a-distressed-anupama-parameswaran-tries-to-get-help |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328170303/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/09/lockdown-teaser-a-distressed-anupama-parameswaran-tries-to-get-help |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from Anupama, the film stars [[Charle]], [[Nirosha]], Priya Venkat, [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], Indhumathi, Rajkumar and others in important roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2024 |title=Anupama Parameswaran's 'Lockdown' teaser promises a heart-touching film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-teaser-promises-a-heart-touching-film/articleshow/110837737.cms |access-date=19 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609130749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-teaser-promises-a-heart-touching-film/articleshow/110837737.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lockdown
| type = soundtrack
| artist = {{ubl
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|[[Siddharth Vipin]]
}}
| genre = Feature film soundtrack
| language = Tamil
| label = Lyca Music
| producer = {{ubl
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|[[Siddharth Vipin]]
}}
| prev_title = [[Marutham (film)|Marutham]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2026
| next_title = Idimuzhakkam
| next_year = TBA
| chronology = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Siddharth Vipin]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Kooran (film)|Kooran]]
| prev_year = 2024
| title = Lockdown
| year = 2026
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Singles
|name = Lockdown
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Lava Lava
|single1date = 12 June 2024
|single2 = Kanaa
|single2date = 25 November 2025
}}
}}
The first single titled "Lava Lava" composed by [[Siddharth Vipin]] was released on 12 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=12 June 2024 |title=First single 'Lava Lava' from Anupama Parameswaran's Lockdown out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/12/first-single-lava-lava-from-anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-out |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520161419/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/12/first-single-lava-lava-from-anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-out |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single titled "Kanaa" composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] was released on 25 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2025 |title='Kanaa' song from Anupama Parameswaran's Lockdown is a melancholic melody |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/26/kanaa-song-from-anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-is-a-melancholic-melody |access-date=26 November 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Lava Lava
| lyrics1 = [[Snehan]]
| music1 = [[Siddharth Vipin]]
| extra1 = Priya Jerson
| title2 = Kanaa
| lyrics2 = Sarathi
| music2 = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| extra2 = Aparna Harikumar
}}

== Release ==
=== Premiere ===
''Lockdown'' was premiered at the [[56th International Film Festival of India]] at [[Goa]] on 23 November 2025, before its theatrical release.<ref name=":0"/>

=== Theatrical ===
''Lockdown'' was released in theatres on 30 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-24 |title=Anupama Parameswaran's Lockdown sets new release date after multiple delays |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/24/anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-sets-new-release-date-after-multiple-delays |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Initially the makers planned to release the film in June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=31 May 2024 |title=Anupama Parameswaran's Lockdown gets a release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/31/anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-gets-a-release-window |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715110226/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/31/anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-gets-a-release-window |url-status=live }}</ref> It was then scheduled to release on 5 December 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Anupama Parameswaran's Lockdown gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/19/anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-gets-new-release-date |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> but was postponed due to heavy rains caused by [[Cyclone Ditwah]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=Anupama Parameswaran-starrer Lockdown's release postponed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/03/anupama-parameswaran-starrer-lockdowns-release-postponed |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Later it was rescheduled to release in theatres on 12 December 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-06 |title=Anupama Parameswaran's Lockdown sets new release date after postponement |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/06/anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-sets-new-release-date-after-postponement |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> but it was postponed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anupama Parameswaran's ‘Lockdown’ PUSHED AGAIN; second delay in two weeks, will the film have a release in 2025? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-pushed-again-second-delay-in-two-weeks-will-the-film-have-a-release-in-2025/articleshow/125907481.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 December 2025 |archive-date=11 December 2025 |access-date=12 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211094124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anupama-parameswarans-lockdown-pushed-again-second-delay-in-two-weeks-will-the-film-have-a-release-in-2025/articleshow/125907481.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Anusha Sundar of ''[[HT Media|OTT Play]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Lockdown places its messaging above the core story it tells. A film that had scope to explore the body rights of a woman and the modus operandi that thrives in the underbelly of Indian medical fraternity, Lockdown, despite its honest Anupama at the forefront, misses the mark to imprint anything worthwhile."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lockdown movie review: Anupama Parameswaran film on survivor's choice is marred by moral messaging|url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/lockdown-movie-review-anupama-parameswaran-film-on-survivors-choice-is-marred-by-moral-messaging/73adc2b893787|website=www.ottplay.com|access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref> Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Lockdown is a confusing film. The film isn't entirely sloppy without any heart. The sensitivity and the cautiousness with which the camera captures certain disturbing scenes isn't reflected in the screenplay."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lockdown Movie Review: A sensitive subject let down by weak script and thin character arcs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/lockdown/movie-review/127760551.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref>

The film was also reviewed by [[Asianet News|''Asianet News Tamil'']],<ref>{{Cite web|title=பதை பதைக்க வைத்ததா அனுபமாவின் லாக்டவுன்? முழு விமர்சனம் இதோ|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/review/anupama-parameswaran-starrer-lock-down-movie-review-x9nasv0|website=Asianet News Tamil|access-date=2026-02-01|language=ta|last=Fb|last2=Tw|last3=Linkdin|last4=Whatsapp|first5=GNFollow|last5=Us}}</ref> [[Ananda Vikatan|''Cinema Vikatan'']],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lock Down Review: 'பாலியல் வன்கொடுமையை இப்படியா அணுகுவது?' - எப்படி இருக்கு இந்த த்ரில்லர்?|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/anupama-parameshwaran-charle-starrer-lock-down-movie-review|website=www.vikatan.com/|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-02-01|language=ta|archive-date=30 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130175146/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/anupama-parameshwaran-charle-starrer-lock-down-movie-review|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Dinamani]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=இப்படியொரு சம்பவம் நடந்தால்... லாக்டவுன் - திரை விமர்சனம்!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2026/Jan/30/lockdown-movie-review|website=Dinamani|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-02-01|language=ta|last=சிவசங்கர்|archive-date=30 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130043426/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2026/Jan/30/lockdown-movie-review|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title="லாக்டவுன்" சினிமா விமர்சனம்|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/lockdown-movie-review-in-tamil|website=Dailythanthi|date=2026-01-01|access-date=2026-02-01|language=ta|last=தினத்தந்தி|archive-date=30 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130103642/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/lockdown-movie-review-in-tamil|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hindu Tamil Thisai|''Hindu Tamil'']]<ref>{{Cite web|title='லாக்டவுன்' திரைப் பார்வை: அனுபமா பரமேஸ்வரனுக்கு என்னதான் ஆச்சு?|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/lockdown-tamil-movie-review|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-02-01|language=ta|last=ஆர்.சி.ஜெயந்தன்}}</ref> and ''[[Zee News]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anupama Parameswaran Starring Lockdown Movie Review In Tamil {{!}} அனுபமா பரமேஸ்வரன் நடித்துள்ள லாக்டவுன் படத்தின் திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Movies News in Tamil|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/anupama-parameswaran-starring-lockdown-movie-review-in-tamil-636897|website=zeenews.india.com|access-date=2026-02-01|language=ta}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|32278140}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by N. R. Raghunanthan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Siddharth Vipin]]
[[Category:Indian films about the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hey Sarasu

2026-04-02T17:57:52Z

Leonuqs:

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hey Sarasu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = B Ramamurthy
| writer = B Ramamurthy (dialogue)
| screenplay = B Ramamurthy
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on| ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (1997)|[[Priyadarshan]]}}
| producer = A Ganesh Umesh Banakar
| starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]] Saritha Jain Ashwini
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ramu
| editing = Narahalli Jnanesh
| music = G R Shankar
| studio = Om Sri Chamundeshwari Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2016|8|7|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Hey Sarasu''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by B Ramamurthy and starring [[Ramesh Aravind]], Saritha Jain and Ashwini. The film is a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (1997) by [[Priyadarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-chandralekha-the-twisted-triangle-love-story-featuring-mohanlal/articleshow/88333311.cms|title=#FilmyFriday: Chandralekha: The twisted triangle love story featuring Mohanlal|date=17 December 2021|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-to-make-her-kannada-debut-opposite-yuva-rajkumar/articleshow/96512905.cms|title=Kalyani Priyadarshan to make her Kannada debut opposite Yuva Rajkumar|date=26 December 2022|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref> The film was released after a seven year delay.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]] as Seetharama Rao
*Saritha Jain
*Ashwini
*[[Shivaram]]
*[[Jai Jagadish]] as Varma
*Chidanand
*Shivadhwaj
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Rajesh
*[[Joe Simon (director)|Joe Simon]]
*Aravind
*Priyanka
*Ashalatha
*Sharanya as Seetharama Rao's sister
}}

== Production ==
The film was director B Ramamurthy's 50th film.<ref name="D"/> Shooting for the film was finished by July 2009.<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/stop-music-piracy-17713.html|title='Stop music piracy'|website=Deccan Herald|date=13 August 2009|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/didnt-ask-didnt-tell/articleshow/22040426.cms|title=Didn't ask, didn't tell|website=Bangalore Mirror|date=22 September 2009|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hey Sarasu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = G R Shankar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:50
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title = [[Mr. Painter]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
The music was composed by G R Shankar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/hey-sarasu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1031169007|title=Hey Sarasu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|work=Apple Music|date=2009|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref> The audio rights were purchased by [[Anand Audio]].<ref name="D"/> KCN Chandrashekar, the former president of the Kannada Film Producers Association, attended the audio launch in 2009 as the chief guest alongside Anand Chabria of Anand Audio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/winners-and-losers/articleshow/22073131.cms|title=Winners and losers|website=Bangalore Mirror|date=10 August 2009|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="D"/>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Laka Laka Laka Laka
| lyrics1 = [[V. Manohar]]
| extra1 = [[Anuradha Bhat]], Akanksha Badami
| length1 = 4:43
| title2 = Preethi Maade Nannanne
| lyrics2 = Hemanth Das
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| length2 = 5:03
| title3 = Notige Notu
| lyrics3 = Hrudaya Shiva
| extra3 = Ajay Warier
| length3 = 4:33
| title4 = Preethiyiondu Bharavase
| lyrics4 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra4 = Rajesh Krishnan
| length4 = 5:31
| total_length = 19:50
}}

==Release==
The film remained unreleased in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/11/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-ramesh-arvind.htm|title=Watch out for this Crazy Kutumba!|website=Rediff|date=10 February 2011|access-date=29 April 2025|first=Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana|location=Bengaluru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.chitratara.com/show-content.php?key=Kannada%20Cinemas/Movies%20Latest%20News,%20Kannada%20New%20Cinemas/Movies,%20Latest%20Kannada%20Cinema/Movies&title=NIRMANA%20NAMAGALLA,%20NIRDHESHANA%20SAKALLA!%20B%20RAMMURTHY%20SPEAKS&id=1195&ptype=News|title=NIRMANA NAMAGALLA, NIRDHESHANA SAKALLA! B RAMMURTHY SPEAKS|website=chitratara.com|date=29 September 2009|first=Manohar|last=R.|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref> The film did not have a theatrical release and opted for a direct television premiere on [[Udaya Movies]] on 7 August 2016 at 9:30 a.m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/astrology/weekly/weekly-horoscope/articleshow/53566268.cms|title=ವಾರ ಭವಿಷ್ಯ: ಆ.7, 2016ರಿಂದ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 13, 2016ರವರೆಗೆ|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn|date=7 August 2016|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt10409746}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|hey_sarasu}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]

S. G. Thakur Singh

2026-03-28T07:56:46Z

Leonuqs: further adjust content based on references and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian artist (1899–1976)}}
{{Redirect|Thakur Singh|the Indian journalist and Braille editor|Thakur Vishva Narain Singh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. G. Thakur Singh
| image = S G Thakur Singh.jpg
| alt = S.G. Thakur Singh
| caption = S.G. Thakur Singh
| other_names =
| occupation = Indian artist
| birth_date = 1899
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1976|||1899||}}
| birth_place =
| death_place =
}}

'''S. G. Thakur Singh''' (1899–1976) was an Indian artist who painted in [[oil paint|oils]], [[pastels]] and [[Watercolor painting|water colour]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} He is mostly remembered for his works depicting landscapes, portraiture, and still-lifestyle.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=S. G. THAKAR SINGH (1899 - 1976)|url=https://dagworld.com/s.g.thakarsingh.html|access-date=19 February 2026|website=Delhi Art Gallery (dagworld.com)}}</ref> He worked in the Indian film industries located in [[Hindi cinema|Bombay]] and Calcutta.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} He was acquainted with members of the [[Bengal Renaissance|Bengal renaissance movement]] of art, such as [[Nandalal Bose|Nand Lal Bose]] and the [[Tagore family|Tagore brothers]].{{Efn|The Tagore brothers referred to are Abanindranath Tagore and Gaganendranath Tagore.|group=note}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} Although he had been familiar with traditional Sikh methods of art created by his predecessors, he preferred modern methods and was not influenced by the indigenous methods.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} He was permanently patronized and paid a commission by many Indian royal houses, such as Kota, Udaipur, Bhopal, Kashmir, Dongarpur, Travancore, Nawan Nagar, Bikaner, Patiala, Kapurthala, and several other Indian princely states.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} Ordhendra Coomar Gangoly was his appreciative critic.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} He was the founder of the Indian Academy of Fine Arts and the Thakar Singh School of Arts.<ref name=":33" />

==Childhood==
He was born in 1890 into a [[Ramgarhia]] family in the tiny farming village of [[Verka Town|Verka]], located near [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}}<ref name=":33" /> He received some art training from Mohammed Alam at V. D. J. Technical Institute in Lahore.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} After this training, he would find success as an artist.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}}

Interviewed at the age of 74, Singh said that when he was seventeen, "I was forced by my guardians to join the [[Victoria Diamond Hindu Technical Institute]], [[Lahore]], to take up an engineering course. I wasted there two years and left it in disgust."When he returned to his village his former teacher, Mohammed Alam, persuaded him to come to [[Mumbai]], where Alam had secured a job as a [[Scenic design|scene-painter]] in a Mumbai theatre.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} While in Mumbai, Singh worked both at odd jobs in the studio and on his own, with Alam guiding him.

"One fine morning" Singh recalls, "I was busy painting a landscape at Chowpati Beach, Mumbai, when a couple suddenly stopped beside me and began admiring my painting which was, by that time, almost complete. The gentlemen, an influential Parsi editor of a Bombay Magazine, goaded me into sending the painting to an exhibition of the Simla Fine Arts Society." There his painting won the first prize of Rs. 500, among the landscapes. I was then only eighteen, and you can well imagine my joy and pride at getting the prize. {{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

Throughout his life he had many patrons. [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindra Nath Tagore]], [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] and artists and critics have paid tribute to his work.<ref name="artistsgthakursingh">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/11011953.jpg|date=26 July 2009|title=Image: 11011953.jpg, (1163 × 892 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh2">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/The%20Statesman%2009021953.jpg|date=26 July 2009|title=Image: The Statesman 09021953.jpg, (775 × 1283 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh3">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/11021953.jpg|date=26 July 2009|title=Image: 11021953.jpg, (463 × 576 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh4">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/image046.jpg|date=26 July 2009|title=Image: image046.jpg, (1199 × 1231 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh5">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/67.jpg|date=5 July 2009|title=Image: 67.jpg, (598 × 813 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh6">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/11121961.jpg|date=24 July 2009|title=Image: 11121961.jpg, (370 × 358 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

==Later career==
[[File:AFTER THE BATH.jpg|thumb|''After the Bath'', by S. G. Thakur Singh, 1924. Kept in the collection of the former Patiala royal state.]]
From Mumbai he moved to [[Kolkata]] where he lived and worked for several theatrical companies,<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Ranjit|title=Sikh Achievers|year=2008|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103653|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfuDnpVlmlcC&q=%22S.+G.+Thakur+Singh%22}}</ref> working initially at [[Madan Theatre]] as a scene painter.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} The Tagores became his patrons, and the public too got to appreciate his work through reproductions in Bengali journals. His seductive paintings of women, such as ''After the Bath'' were especially popular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitter|first=Partha|title=The triumph of modernism: India's artists and the avant-garde, 1922–1947|year=2007|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=9781861893185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krdWkzVLSbkC&q=%22S.+G.+Thakur+Singh%22}}</ref> According to [[Partha Mitter]], author of ''The triumph of modernism: India's artists and the avant-garde, 1922–1947'' and the art critic [[Krishna Chaitanya (art critic)|Krishna Chaitanya]], Thakur Singh followed the style of the Bengali artist [[Hemendranath Mazumdar]] in painting such themes.

With friends, Thakur Singh organised the [[Punjab Fine Art Society]] in Kolkata, and the Society's first Exhibition was held in 1926. The Society promoted Thakur Singh's own works, publishing his paintings in ''The Art of S. G. Thakur Singh'' and ''Glimpses of India'', the latter book had introductions by Rabindranath and [[Abanindranath Tagore]]. Thakur Singh worked specially for the rulers of Indian princely states on commissions, the rulers of Kotah, Udaipur, Bhopal, Kashmir and others being his patrons.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Srivastava|first=R. P.|title=Punjab Painting|year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170171744|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoPu1scXkXYC&q=%22S.+G.+Thakur+Singh%22}}</ref>

Thakur Singh moved back to Amritsar in 1931, where he founded the [[Thakur Singh School of Art]].<ref name="indianacademyoffinearts">{{cite web|url=http://indianacademyoffinearts.com/ |title=Indian Academy of Fine Arts, Amritsar: Homes |publisher=indianacademyoffinearts.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> Several of its past students are now achieving recognition as artists or as art-teachers and it has been lately recognised by the Industrial Training Department of the Punjab Government to award a diploma of Art & Craft, teacher's course.

He painted in oils, pastels and water colour. He painted nearly ten thousand paintings, and has won many awards. His paintings hang in museums, public buildings and in private collections around the world.

India honoured him in other ways too. He was nominated to the First Punjab Legislative Council in 1952. He was on the Executive Board of the National Academy of Art (Lalit Kala Akademy) and was Chairman of the Decoration Sub Committee at the 61st Session of the [[Indian National Congress]] held at Amritsar in 1956. He was invited to the former [[USSR]] and [[Hungary]] for solo shows in Moscow, [[Leningrad]] and [[Budapest]].

He was commissioned to do many portraits, but it is his landscapes which have won for him popular acclaim.

He received award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1973.
==Auction Results==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ S G Thakur Singh's works in auction world is rare. Most of it is found in museums and hotels which were palaces at one time.
|-
! Auction House !! Result Link
|-
| Bonhams|| https://www.bonhams.com/auction/26636/lot/194/s-g-thakur-singh-india-189099-1976-indian-street-scene/
|-
| Sothebys|| https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2021/modern-contemporary-south-asian-art/untitled-woman-in-courtyard
|-
| Bid and Hammer|| https://auctions.bidandhammer.com/sg-thakur-singh?productId=2717&catId=58#.YwOwsXbMKUk
|-
| Bonhams|| https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/25434/lot/216/
|-
| Bonhams|| https://www.bonhams.com/auction/25545/lot/86/s-g-thakur-singh-india-189099-1976-fishermen-at-dawn-on-madras-beach/
|-
| Bonhams|| https://www.bonhams.com/auction/27372/lot/104/rajasthan-bedla-prince-of-bedla-by-sg-thakar-singh-1935/
|-
| Osians|| http://assets.osianama.com/ecatalogue/2008-01-19-Indian-Modern-Contemporary-Art/35/
|}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sgthakursingh.com/ S G Thakur Singh website]
* [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AThakur+Singh%2C+S.+G.&dblist=638&fq=ap%3A%22thakur+singh%2C+s+g%22&qt=facet_ap%3A S.G.Thakur Singh's books at WorldCat]
* [http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/arts/thakursingh/thakursingh.htm S.G.Thakur Singh]
* [http://chdmuseum.gov.in/home/artwork S G Thakur Singh at Government Museum, Chandigarh]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, S G Thakur}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar district]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian watercolourists]]
[[Category:Painters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Zeuxippus (spider)

2026-03-27T11:24:22Z

Leonuqs: Started New Page

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Zeuxippus
| authority = [[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]], 1891<ref name=NMBE />
| type_species = ''[[Zeuxippus histrio|Z. histrio]]''
| type_species_authority = Thorell, 1891
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 4, [[#Species|see text]]
}}

'''''Zeuxippus''''' was a [[genus]] of Asian [[Salticidae|jumping spiders]] that was first described by [[Tamerlan Thorell]] in 1891.<ref name=Thor1891>{{cite journal| last=Thorell| first=T.| year=1891| title=Spindlar från Nikobarerna och andra delar af södra Asien| journal=Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar| pages=1–149| volume=24| issue=2| author-link=Tamerlan Thorell}}</ref> The genus was synonymized with ''[[Rhene]]'' in 2022.<ref name=NMBE2>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Rhene Thorell, 1869| website=World Spider Catalog| access-date=2025-10-03| year=2025| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/2926}}</ref>

==Species==
{{as of|2019|09}} it contained four species, found in Asia:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Zeuxippus Thorell, 1891| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| access-date=2019-10-12| year=2019| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/3064| doi=10.24436/2}}</ref>
*''[[Zeuxippus atellanus]]'' Thorell, 1895 – [[Myanmar]]
*''[[Zeuxippus histrio]]'' Thorell, 1891 ([[Type species|type]]) – [[India]]
*''[[Zeuxippus pallidus]]'' Thorell, 1895 – [[Bangladesh]], Myanmar, [[China]], [[Vietnam]]
*''[[Zeuxippus yunnanensis]]'' Peng & Xie, 1995 – China

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q506471}}

[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Salticidae genera]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Tamerlan Thorell]]

{{Salticoida-stub}}

List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kannada

2026-03-25T15:46:41Z

Leonuqs: enhanced article and added references for consistency

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Sahitya Akademi Award for Kannada
| image = Sahitya Akademi Award - Surjit Patar.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Award
| subheader = Award for contributions to Kannada literature
| awarded_for = Literary award in India
| sponsor = [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of India]]
| firstawarded = 1955
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward = {{INRConvert|1|l}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 69
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[Kuvempu]]
| award3_type = Recent winner
| award3_winner = [[K. V. Narayana]]
| website = [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#ENGLISH sahitya-akademi.gov.in]
| previous =
| next =
}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]''' is given each year, since 1955, by [[Sahitya Akademi]] (India's National Academy of Letters), to writers and their works, for their outstanding contribution to the upliftment of [[Indian literature]] and [[Kannada literature]] in particular.<ref name=sahitya>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10307.htm#kannada Kannada Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955-2007] [[Sahitya Akademi]] Official website. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826214805/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10307.htm#kannada |date=26 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#KANNADA|title=Kannada Sahitya Academy Award Winners list from the official website|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#KANNADA|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> No Awards were conferred in 1957 and 1963.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akademi Awards (1955-2015)|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|accessdate=4 March 2016}}</ref>

== Sahitya Akademi Award Recipients ==

=== Key ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:350px" | Meaning
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |{{dagger}}
|Indicates posthumous award
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Image
! scope="col" | Recipients
! scope="col" | Works
! scope="col" | Genre
! scope="col" | Ref(s)
|-
| 1955
| [[File:Kuvempu.jpg|60px]]
! [[Kuvempu]]
| ''[[Sri Ramayana Darshanam]]''
| Epic
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#KANNADA|title=Sahitya Akademi Awardees – Kannada|accessdate=3 Dec 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 1956
| {{dash}}
! [[R. S. Mugali]]
| ''Kannada Sahitya Charitre''
| History of Literature
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1957
! scope="row" colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | No award
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1958
| [[File:ದ. ರಾ. ಬೇಂದ್ರೆ - 2.jpg|60px]]
! [[D. R. Bendre]]
| ''Aralu-Maralu''
| Poetry
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1959
| [[File:K. Shivaram Karanth 2003 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
! [[K. Shivaram Karanth]]
| ''Yakshagana Bayalata''
| A treatise on folk-drama
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1960
| [[File:Vkgokak.jpg|60px]]
! [[V. K. Gokak]]
| ''Dyava-Prithivi''
| Poetry
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1961
| {{dash}}
! [[A. R. Krishnashastry]]
| ''Bengali Kadambarikara Bankim Chandra''
| A critical study
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1962 {{dagger}}
| {{dash}}
! [[Devudu Narasimha Sastri]]
| ''Mahakshatriya''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1963
! scope="row" colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | No award
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1964
| {{dash}}
! [[B. Puttaswamayya]]
| ''Kranti-Kalyana''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1965
| {{dash}}
! [[S. V. Ranganna]]
| ''Ranga Binnapa''
| Philosophical reflections
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1966
| {{dash}}
! [[P. T. Narasimhachar]]
| ''Hamsa Damayanti Mattu Itara Rupakagalu''
| Musical plays
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1967
| [[File:DV Gundappa 1988 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
! [[D. V. Gundappa]]
| ''Shrimad Bhagavadgita Athava Jivanadharmayoga''
| Philosophical expositions
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1968
| [[File:Masthi_Venkatesha.jpg|60px]]
! [[Masti Venkatesha Iyengar]]
| ''Sannakathegalu'' (12-13)
| Short stories
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1969
| [[File:H Thpperudraswamy.jpg|60px]]
! [[H. Tipperudraswamy]]
| ''Karnataka Samskriti Sameekshe''
| Cultural Study
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1970
| {{dash}}
! [[Shamba Joshi|S. B. Joshi]]
| ''Karnataka Samskritiya Poorva Peethike''
| Cultural Study
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1971
| {{dash}}
! [[Adya Rangacharya]]
| ''Kalidasa''
| Literary criticism
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1972
| {{dash}}
! S. S. Bhoosnurmath
| ''Shoonyasampadaneya Paramarshe''
| Commentary
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1973
| [[File:Portrait Photograph of V. Seetharamaiah (1978).jpg|60px]]
! [[V. Seetharamaiah]]
| ''Aralu Baralu''
| Poetry
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1974
| {{dash}}
! [[Gopalakrishna Adiga]]
| ''Vardhamaana''
| Poetry
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1975
| [[File:S.L.Bhyrappa.jpg|60px]]
! [[S. L. Bhyrappa]]
| ''[[Daatu]]''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1976
| {{dash}}
! M. Shivaram
| ''Mana Manthana''
| Psychiatric studies
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1977
| [[File:K S Narasimha Swamy photo of portrait from his home .jpeg|60px]]
! [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]]
| ''Tereda Baagilu''
| Poetry
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1978
| {{dash}}
! [[B. G. L. Swamy]]
| ''Hasuru Honnu''
| Travelogue
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1979
| {{dash}}
! [[A. N. Murthy Rao]]
| ''Chitragalu Patragalu''
| Reminiscences
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1980
| {{dash}}
! [[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar]]
| ''Americadalli Goruru''
| Travelogue
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1981
| [[File:Dr Chennaveera Kanavi.jpg|60px]]
! [[Chennaveera Kanavi]]
| ''Jeewa Dhwani''
| Poetry
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1982
| {{dash}}
! [[Chaduranga]]
| ''Vaishakha''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1983
| [[File:Yashwantchittal.jpg|60px]]
! [[Yashwant Chittal]]
| ''Katheyaadalu Hudugi''
| Short stories
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1984
| {{dash}}
! [[G. S. Shivarudrappa]]
| ''Kavyartha Chintana''
| Literary criticism
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1985 {{dagger}}
| {{dash}}
! [[T. R. Subba Rao]]
| ''[[Durgaastamana]]''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1986
| {{dash}}
! [[Vyasaraya Ballal]]
| ''Bandaya''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1987
|
! [[Poornachandra Tejaswi|K. P. Poornachandra Tejaswi]]
| ''[[Chidambara Rahasya]]''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1988
| {{dash}}
! [[Shankar Mokashi Punekar]]
| ''Avadheshwari''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1989
| [[File:H._M._Nayak_(1956).jpg|60px]]
! [[H. M. Nayak]]
| ''Samprati''
| Belles-Lettres
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1990
| [[File:Devanuru Mahadeva.jpg|60px]]
! [[Devanur Mahadeva]]
| ''Kusuma Baale''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1991
| [[File:Chandrashekhara Kambara.jpg|60px]]
! [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]
| ''Sirisampige''
| Play
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1992
| {{dash}}
! [[S. R. Ekkundi]]
| ''Bakulada Hoovugalu''
| Poetry
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1993
| {{dash}}
! [[P. Lankesh]]
| ''Kallu Karaguva Samaya''
| Short stories
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1994
| [[File:Girish Karnad Screening Cornell (cropped).JPG|60px]]
! [[Girish Karnad]]
|''[[Taledanda]]''
| Play
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1995
| {{dash}}
! [[Kirtinath Kurtakoti]]
| ''Uriya Nalage''
| Criticism
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1996
| {{dash}}
! [[G. S. Amur]]
| ''Bhuvanada Bhagya''
| Literary Criticism
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1997
| {{dash}}
! [[M. Chidananda Murthy]]
| ''Hosatu Hosatu''
| Criticism
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1998
| {{dash}}
! [[B. C. Ramchandra Sharma]]
| ''Sapthapadi''
| Poetry
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 1999 {{dagger}}
| {{dash}}
! [[D. R. Nagaraj]]
| ''Sahitya Kathana''
| Essays
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2000 {{dagger}}
| [[File:Dr. Shantinath Desai.jpg|60px]]
! [[Shantinath Desai]]
| ''[[Om Namo (Book)|Om Namo]]''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2001
| [[File:L._S._Sheshagiri_Rao.jpg|60px]]
! [[L. S. Seshagiri Rao]]
| ''English Sahitya Charitre''
| History of Literature
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2002
| {{dash}}
! S. Narayana Setty
| ''Yugasandhya''
| Epic
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2003
| {{dash}}
! [[K. V. Subbanna]]
| ''Kaviraja Marga Mattu Kannada Jagattu''
| Essays
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2004
| {{dash}}
! [[Geetha Nagabhushan]]
| ''Baduku''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2005
| {{dash}}
! Raghavendra Patil
| ''Teru''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2006
| {{dash}}
! [[M. M. Kalburgi]]
| ''Marga 4''
| Essays
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2007
| [[File:KumVeerabhadrappa.jpg|60px]]
! [[Kum. Veerabhadrappa]]
| ''Aramane''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Srinivas Vaidya.jpg|60px]]
! Shrinivas B. Vaidya
| ''Halla Bantu Halla''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2009
| [[File:Vaidehi.jpg|60px]]
! [[Vaidehi (Kannada writer)|Vaidehi]]
| ''Krouncha Pakshigalu''
| Short Stories
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Rahamath Tarikere.jpg|60px]]
! [[Rahamat Tarikere]]
| ''Katthiyanchina Daari''
| Literary Criticism
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2011
| {{dash}}
! [[Gopalakrishna Pai]]
| ''[[Swapna Saraswata]]''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards"/>
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Prof Shivaprakash.JPG|60px]]
! [[H. S. Shivaprakash]]
| ''Mabbina Haage Kaniveyasi''
| Poetry
| <ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sa-award2012.pdf "Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928231833/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sa-award2012.pdf |date=28 September 2013 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref>
|-
| 2013
| [[File:C.N.Ramachandran.JPG|60px]]
! C. N. Ramachandran
| ''Akhyana-Vyakhyana''
| Essays
| <ref>[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf "Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2013"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219002741/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf |date=19 December 2013 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref>
|-
|2014
| [[File:G. H. Nayak.jpg|60px]]
! [[Govindray H. Nayak]]
| ''Uttaraardha''
| Essays
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi Awards 2014">{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2014-e.pdf | title=Sahitya Akademi Awards 2014 | accessdate=27 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054113/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2014-e.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| [[File:ತಿರುಮಲೇಶ್ ಕೆ ವಿ.jpg|60px]]
! [[K. V. Tirumalesh]]
| ''Akshaya Kavya''
| Poetry
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi awards 2015">{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2015-e.pdf | title=Sahitya Akademi Awards 2015 | accessdate=27 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222130920/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2015-e.pdf | archive-date=22 December 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Bolwar Mahammad Kunhi.JPG|60px]]
! [[Bolwar Mahammad Kunhi]]
| ''Swatantryada Ota''
| Novel
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi awards 2016">{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2016.pdf | title=Sahitya Akademi Awards 2016 | accessdate=21 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908094404/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2016.pdf | archive-date=8 September 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| {{dash}}
! T. P. Ashoka
| ''Kathana Bharati''
| Literary criticism
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi awards 2017">{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2017.pdf | title=Sahitya Akademi Awards 2017 | accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| {{dash}}
! K. G. Nagarajappa
| ''Anushreni-Yajamanike''
| Literary criticism
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi awards 2018">{{cite web | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/sahitya-akademi-awards-2018-announced-in-24-languages-1544091726-1 | title=Sahitya Akademi Awards 2018 | date=30 January 2019 | accessdate=21 Feb 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| {{dash}}
! Vijaya
| ''Kudi Esaru''
| Autobiography
| <ref name="Sahitya Akademi awards 2019">{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/kannada-writers-autobiography-wins-akademi-award-786825.html| title=Kannada writer's autobiography wins Akademi Award| accessdate=19 Dec 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| [[File:M._Veerappa_Moily_addressing_a_Press_Conference_on_Electoral_Reforms_(cropped).jpg|60px]]
! [[Veerappa Moily]]
| ''Sri Bahubali Ahimsadigvijayam''
| Epic
| <ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.prajavani.net/news/karnataka-news/veerappa-moily-and-arundhathi-subramania-among-others-to-receive-sahitya-akademi-award-2020-812698.html|title=ವೀರಪ್ಪ ಮೊಯಿಲಿಗೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ|trans-title=Sahitya akademi award for Veerappa Moily|language=Kannada|work=Prajavani|date=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/veerappa-moily-arundhathi-subramania-among-others-to-receive-sahitya-akademi-award-2020-7225734/lite/|title=Veerappa Moily, Arundhathi Subramania among others to receive Sahitya Akademi Award-2020|work=Indian Express|date=12 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2021
| {{dash}}
! D. S. Nagabhushana
|''Gandhi Kathana''
|Biography
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=K. Sreenivasarao|date=30 December 2021|title=List of Winners 2021|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards21.pdf|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=SAYEED|first=VIKHAR AHMED|title=Kannada writer D.S. Nagabhushan wins Sahitya Akademi Award for his biography of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/kannada-writer-ds-nagabhushan-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-for-his-biography-of-mahatma-gandhi/article38080734.ece|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Frontline|date=31 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
| [[File:Mudnakudu Chinnaswamy.jpg|60px]]
! [[Mudnakudu Chinnaswamy]]
|''Bahutvada Bhaarata mattu Bouddha Taatvikate''
|Collection of Articles
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2022 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2022.pdf |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| [[File:Lakshmisha Tolpadi.jpg|60px]]
! Lakshmisha Tolpadi
|''Mahabharatha Anusandhanada Bharathayatre''
|Essays
|
|-
|2024
| [[File:K V Narayana.jpg|60px]]
![[K. V. Narayana]]
|''Nudigala Alivu''
|Literary Criticism
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2024 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2024 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2024.pdf|access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|-
|2025
| {{dash}}
! Amaresha Nugadoni
|''Dada Serisu Thande''
| Short stories
|<ref>{{cite news|date=16 March 2026|title=Amaresha Nugadoni wins Sahitya akademi award|url=https://www.prajavani.net/news/karnataka-news/sahitya-akademi-award-amaresh-nugadoni-kannada-literature-3838108|work=Kannada|language=Kannada}}</ref>
|}

== Bhasha Samman awardees ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Image
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Work(s)
! scope="col" | Genre
! scope="col" | Ref(s)
|-
| 1996
| {{dash}}
! Mandara Keshava Bhat & Jattappa Rai
| Total Contribution to Tulu Literature (Jointly received)
|
|
|-
| 2001
|[[File:T. V. Venkatachala Sastry.jpg|60px]]
! [[T. V. Venkatachala Sastry]]
| Classical and Medieval Literature
|{{dash}}
|
|-
| 2005
|
! [[L. Basavaraju]]
| Classical and Medieval Literature
|{{dash}}
|
|-
| 2006
|
! [[Hampa Nagarajaiah]]
| Classical and Medieval Literature
|{{dash}}
|
|-
| 2007
|
! S. Shettar
| Classical and Medieval Literature & Kannada Literature
|{{dash}}
|
|-
| 2010
|
! Addanda Cariappa & Mandira Java Appanna
| Kodava (Jointly received)
|{{dash}}
|
|-
|}

== Akademi Translation Prize winners ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Image
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Translated Work(s)
! scope="col" | Genre
! scope="col" | Ref(s)
|-
| 1990
|{{dash}}
! S. V. Parameshwara Bhat
| ''Kannada Kalidasa Mahasamputa''
| Poetry & drama
|
|-
| 1991
|{{dash}}
! [[H. S. Venkateshamurthy]]
| ''Rithu Vilasa''
| Poetry
|
|-
| 1992
|{{dash}}
! Saraswati Gajanan Risbud
| ''Valmiki Ramayana Shapa Mattu Vara''
| Epic
|
|-
| 1993
|{{dash}}
! Kirthinath Kurtakoti
| ''Marathi Samkriti: Kelavu Samasyegalu''
| Criticism
|
|-
| 1994
|{{dash}}
! Pradhan Gurudatta
| ''Jaya Yaudheya''
| Novel
|
|-
| 1995
|{{dash}}
! Thippeswamy
| ''Nirmala''
| Novel
|
|-
| 1996
|{{dash}}
! Shesha Narayana
| ''Hadinentaneya Aksharekhe''
| Novel
|
|-
| 1997
|{{dash}}
! Neerpaje Bheema Bhatta
| ''Kalhanana Rajatarangini Vol I & II''
| Poetry
|
|-
| 1998
|{{dash}}
! C. Raghavan
| ''Indulekha''
| Novel
|
|-
| 1999
|{{dash}}
! Vamana D. Bendre
| ''Kosala''
| Novel
|
|-
| 2000
|{{dash}}
! [[L. Basavaraju]]
| ''Buddha Charite''
| Epic
|
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Bannanje.JPG|60px]]
! [[Bannanje Govindacharya]]
| ''Aveya Mannina Atada Bandi''
| Play
|
|-
| 2002
|
! Veena Shanteshwara
| ''Nadi Dweepagalu''
| Novel
|
|-
| 2003
|
! Snehalata Rohidkar
| ''Vichitra Varna''
| -
|
|-
| 2004
|
! Chandrakant M. Pokale
| ''Mahanayaka''
| Novel
|
|-
| 2005
|
! [[Panchakshari Hiremath]]
| ''Hemantha Ruthuvina Swaragalu''
| Short stories
|
|-
| 2006
|
! R. S. Lokapura
| ''Kannada Jnaneshwari''
| Poetry
|
|-
| 2007
|
! R. Lakshminarayana
| ''Kannada Vakrokti''
| Poetics
|
|-
| 2008
|
! Hasan Nayeem Surakoda
| ''Raseethi Tikeetu''
| Autobiography
|
|-
| 2009
|
! D. N. Srinath
| ''Bheeshma Sahaniyavara Prathinidhika Kathegalu''
| Short stories
|
|-
| 2010
|
! A. Janaki
| ''Godana''
| Novel
|
|-
| 2011
|
! Tamil Selvi
| ''Nanu Avanalla...Avalu...!''
| Autobiography
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/honour-for-two-writertranslators/article2900979.ece|title=Honour for two writer-translators|work=The Hindu|date=17 February 2012|access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
|
! K. K. Nair & Ashok Kumar
| ''Hagga (Part 1, 2, 3)''
| Novel
|
|-
| 2013
|
! J. P. Doddamani
| ''Mahatma Jyotirao Phule''
| Biography
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sahitya-akademi-award-for-kannada-translation/article5774375.ece|title=Sahitya Akademi Award for Kannada translation|work=The Hindu|date=14 March 2014|access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|
! G. N. Ranganatha Rao
| ''Mohan Das: Ondu Sathya Kathe''
| Biography
|
|-
| 2015
|
! N. Damodara Shetty
| ''Kochereti''
| Novel
|
|-
| 2016
|
! O. L. Nagabhushanaswamy
| ''A. K. Ramanujan: Ayda Kathegalu''
| Essays
|
|-
| 2017
|
! H. S. Srimathi
| ''Mahashewtadevi Avara Katha Sahitya-1 & 2''
| Short stories
|
|-
| 2018
|
! Giraddi Govindaraj
| ''Jaya: Mahabharatha Sachitra Marukatha''
| Epic
|
|-
| 2019
|
! Vittalrao T. Gaikwad
| ''Dalita Sahityada Soundarya Prajne''
| Literary Criticism
|
|-
|}

== Yuva Puraskara winners ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Image
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Work(s)
! scope="col" | Genre
! scope="col" | Ref(s)
|-
| 2011
|–
! Veeranna Madiwalara
| ''Nelada Karuneya Dani''
| Poetry
|
|-
| 2012
|–
! Arif Raja
| ''Jangama Fakeerana Jolige''
| Poetry
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kannada-lit-fest-writers-can-do-better-without-being-biased/articleshow/55787634.cms|title=KANNADA LIT FEST - 'Writers can do better without being biased'|work=Times of I dia|date=4 December 2016|access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
|–
! Lakkur Ananda
| ''Batavaadeyagada Raseethi''
| Poetry
|
|-
| 2014
|–
! Kavya Kadame
| ''Dhyanakke Thareekhina Hangilla''
| Poetry
|
|-
| 2015
|–
! Mounesh Badiger
| ''Mayakolahala''
| Short stories
|
|-
| 2016
|–
! Vikrama Hatwara
| ''Zero Mattu Ondu''
| Short stories
|
|-
| 2017
|–
! Shanti K. Appanna
| ''Manasu Abhisaarike''
| Short stories
|
|-
| 2018
|–
! Padmanabha Bhat
| ''Kepina Dabbi''
| Short stories
|<ref name="KAVI"/>
|-
| 2019
|–
! Fakeer {{small|(Shridhar Banvasi G. C.)}}
| ''Beru''
| Novel
|
|-
| 2020
|[[File:Swamy Ponnachi.jpg|100px]]
! K. S. Mahadevaswamy {{small|(Swamy Ponnachi)}}
| ''Dhoopada Makkalu''
| Short
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prajavani.net/district/chamarajanagara/kendra-sahitya-academy-yuva-puraskara-to-ponnachi-swamy-813018.html|title=ಸ್ವಾಮಿ ಪೊನ್ನಾಚಿಗೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಯುವ ಪುರಸ್ಕಾರ|trans-title= Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskara for Swamy Ponnachi|language=Kannada|work=Prajavani|date= 13 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
|–
! Basu Bevinagida
| ''Odi Hoda Huduga''
| Short
|
|-
|2024
|
!Shruthi B R
|''Zero Balance''
|Poetry
|}

== Bala Sahitya Puraskara winners ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Image
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Work(s)
! scope="col" | Genre
! scope="col" | Ref(s)
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Bolwar Mahammad Kunhi.JPG|60px]]
! [[Bolwar Mahammad Kunhi]]
| ''Paapu Gandhi: Gandhi Baapu Aada Kathe''
| Novellette
|
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Na D'Souza, Kannada writer.jpg|60px]]
! [[Na D'Souza]]
| ''Mulugade Oorige Bandavaru''
| Novellette
|
|-
| 2012
|–
! [[Palakala Seetharam Bhat]]
| Total Contribution to Children's Literature
| -
|
|-
| 2013
| [[File:H S Venkatesha Murthy.jpg|60px]]
! [[H. S. Venkateshamurthy]]
| Total Contribution to Children's Literature
| -
|
|-
| 2014
|
! Anand V. Patil
| Total Contribution to Children's Literature
| -
|
|-
| 2015
|
! T. S. Nagaraja Shetty
| Total Contribution to Children's Literature
| -
|
|-
| 2016
| [[File:SumathendraNadig.jpg|60px]]
! [[Sumatheendra R. Nadig]]
| Total Contribution to Children's Literature
| -
|
|-
| 2017
|
! [[N. S. Lakshminarayan Bhat]]
| Total Contribution to Children's Literature
| -
|
|-
| 2018
|
! Kanchyani Sharanappa Shivasangappa
| Total Contribution to Children's Literature
| -
|<ref name="KAVI">{{cite news|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/karnataka/2018/jun/22/kanchyani-sharanappa-selected-for-2018-sahitya-akademi-bal-sahitya-puraskar-317621.html|title=2018 ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಅಕಾಡಮಿ ಬಾಲ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪುರಸ್ಕಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಖ್ಯಾತ ಸಾಹಿತಿ ಕಂಚ್ಯಾಣಿ ಶರಣಪ್ಪ ಆಯ್ಕೆ|trans-title=Sahitya Akademi Award for famous poet Kanchyani Sharanappa|work=Kannada Prabha|date=22 June 2018}}</ref>

|-
| 2019
|
! Chandrakant Karadalli
| ''Kadu Kanasina Beedige''
| Novel
|
|-
| 2020
|
! H. S. Byakoda
| ''Nanoo Ambedkar''
| Novel
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kannada.oneindia.com/amphtml/news/karnataka/veerappa-moily-arundhathi-subramaniam-among-others-to-receive-sahitya-academy-award-217798.html|title=ಮೊಯ್ಲಿ, HS ಬ್ಯಾಕೋಡ್ ಸೇರಿ ಮೂವರು ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರಿಗೆ ಸಂದ ಮಹತ್ವದ ಗೌರವ|trans-title= Honour for three Kannadigas including Moily and Bykod|work=One India|author=Amith|date=13 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
|
! L. Lakshmi Narayana Swamy
| ''thogala cheelada karna(ತೊಗಲ ಚೀಲದ ಕರ್ಣ)''
| Poetry
|-
|2024
|
!Krishnamurthy Biligere
|ಛೂಮಂತ್ರಯ್ಯನ ಕಥೆಗಳು (''Choomantrayyana Kathegalu'' )
|Short Stories
|}

==References==
<references/>
{{Sahitya}}

[[Category:Kannada-language writers|Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Sahitya Akademi Award winners|Kannada]]

Geography (Ptolemy)

2026-03-24T19:18:12Z

Leonuqs: cleaned up lead also and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{short description|Treatise on cartography by Claudius Ptolemaeus}}
{{italic title}}

{{Infobox book
| author = [[Ptolemy]]
| pub_date = c. 150s A.D.
| name = Geography
| language = [[Ancient Greek]]
| genre = [[Geography]]
| preceded_by = [[Almagest]]
| image = Burney MS 111 f105v-f106r Ptolemy's World Map 1420 crop 01.jpg
| caption = The world map after Ptolemy's first projection from a Greek manuscript edition of the Geography (Burney MS 111, f.105v-106r)
| media_type = [[Manuscript]]
| followed_by = [[Table of Noteworthy Cities (Ptolemy)| Table of Noteworthy Cities]]
| title_orig = {{lang|grc|Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις}}
}}

The '''''Geography''''' ({{langx|grc|Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις}}, {{transliteration|grc|Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis}}, {{abbr|lit.|Literally}} "Geographical Guidance"), also known by its [[Latin]] names as the '''''{{lang|la|Geographia}}''''' and the '''''{{lang|la|Cosmographia}}''''', is a [[gazetteer]], an [[atlas (book)|atlas]], and a treatise on [[cartography]], compiling the geographical knowledge of the 2nd-century [[Roman Empire]]. Originally written by [[Claudius Ptolemy]] in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] in [[Alexandria]] around 150 AD, the work was a revision of a now-lost atlas by [[Marinus of Tyre]] using additional Roman and [[Parthian Empire|Persian]] gazetteers and new principles.{{sfnp|Berggren|2000}}

Its translation into [[Classical Arabic|Arabic]] by [[Al-Khwarizmi|al-Khwarismi]] in the 9th century was highly influential on the [[Geography and cartography in medieval Islam|geographical knowledge and cartographic traditions of the Islamic world]]. Alongside the works of Islamic scholars—and the commentary containing revised and more accurate data by [[Alfraganus]]—Ptolemy's work was subsequently highly influential on [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] and [[Renaissance]] Europe.

==Manuscripts==
Versions of Ptolemy's work in antiquity were probably proper [[atlas (book)|atlas]]es with attached maps, although some scholars believe that the references to maps in the text were later additions.

No [[Greek language|Greek]] manuscript of the ''Geography'' survives from earlier than the 13th century.{{sfnp|Dilke|1987b|pp=267–268}} However fragmentary [[Papyrus|papyri]] of later somewhat derivative works such as the [[Table of Noteworthy Cities (Ptolemy)|Table of Noteworthy Cities]] have been found with the earliest, [[John Rylands Research Institute and Library|Rylands Library]] [https://luna.manchester.ac.uk/luna/servlet/detail/ManchesterDev~93~3~55169~189080 GP 522], dating to the early 3rd century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Defaux |first=Olivier |date=2020-01-01 |title=Le Papyrus Rylands 522/523 et les tables de Ptolémée |url=https://www.academia.edu/43212361 |journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Defaux |first=Olivier |url=https://topoi.org/publication/43578/ |title=The Iberian Peninsula in Ptolemy's Geography. Origins of the Coordinates and Textual History |publisher=Edition Topoi |year=2017 |location=Berlin |publication-date=2017 |pages=124}}</ref> A letter written by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[monk]] [[Maximus Planudes]] records that he searched for one for [[Chora Monastery]] in the summer of 1295;{{sfnp|Dilke|1987b|p=268}} one of the earliest surviving texts may have been one of those he then assembled.<ref>Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana [The Apostolic Vatican Library]. Vat. Gr. 177. Late 13th century</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baigent |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Burri |first2=Renate |date=2009 |title=The Rediscovery of Ptolemy's Geography (End of the Thirteenth to End of the Fifteenth Century) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40234225 |journal=Imago Mundi |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=124–125 |doi=10.1080/03085690802456335 |jstor=40234225 |issn=0308-5694}}</ref> In Europe, maps were sometimes redrawn using the coordinates provided by the text,{{sfnp|Milanesi|1996}} as Planudes was forced to do.{{sfnp|Dilke|1987b|p=268}} Later scribes and publishers could then copy these new maps, as [[Athanasius I of Constantinople|Athanasius]] did for the [[list of Byzantine emperors|emperor]] [[Andronicus II Palaeologus]].{{sfnp|Dilke|1987b|p=268}} The three earliest surviving texts with maps are those from [[Constantinople]] ([[Istanbul]]) based on Planudes's work.{{efn|They are the Urbanas Graecus 82,<ref>Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana [The Apostolic Vatican Library]. Urbinas Graecus 82. Late 13th century</ref> the Fragmentum Fabricianum Graecum 23,<ref>Universitetsbiblioteket [The University Library of Copenhagen]. Fragmentum Fabricianum Graecum 23. Late 13th century</ref> and the Seragliensis 57.<ref>The Sultan's Library in Istanbul. Codex Seragliensis GI 57. Late 13th century</ref> The Urbanas Graecus is usually considered the oldest,{{sfnp|Dilke|1987b|p=269}}{{sfnp|Diller|1940}} although some argue for the precedence of the Turkish manuscript.{{sfnp|Stückelberger|2006}}}}
[[File:Rylands Library Greek Papyrus 522.jpg|thumb|A 3rd century [[papyrus]] fragment of Ptolemy's [[Table of Noteworthy Cities (Ptolemy)|Table of Noteworthy Cities]]]]
The first [[Latin]] translation of these texts was made in 1406 or 1407 by [[Jacopo d'Angelo|Jacobus Angelus]] in [[Republic of Florence|Florence]], [[Italy]], under the name ''{{lang|la|Geographia Claudii Ptolemaei}}''.{{sfnp|Angelus|c. 1406}} It is not thought that his edition had maps,{{sfnp|Clemens|2008|p=244}} although [[Manuel Chrysoloras]] had given [[Palla Strozzi]] a Greek copy of Planudes's maps in Florence in 1397.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhgYlhXJy_QC&q=although%20Manuel%20Chrysoloras%20had%20given%20Palla%20Strozzi%20a%20Greek%20copy%20of%20Planudes's%20maps%20in%20Florence%20in%201397&pg=PA114|title=The World Map, 1300-1492: The Persistence of Tradition and Transformation|last=Edson|first=Evelyn|date=2007-05-30|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8589-1|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of manuscripts
|-
! Repository and Collection Number
!Siglum<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Ptolemy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hug9DwAAQBAJ |title=Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters |last2=Berggren |first2=J. Lennart |last3=Jones |first3=Alexander |date=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-09259-1 |pages=41–5 |language=en}}</ref>!! Date !! Maps !! Image
|-
| [[Vatican Library]], [https://digi.vatlib.it/mss/detail/214945 Vat. Gr. 191]<ref name=Dilke>[[Oswald A. W. Dilke]], "The Culmination of Greek Cartography in Ptolemy," in J. B. Harley and David Woodward, The History of Cartography, volume one. Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 177-200.</ref> (f.128v-169v)
|X
| 12th-13th century
| No extant maps
|
|-
| [[Copenhagen University Library]], Fragmentum Fabricianum Graecum 23<ref name=Dilke/>
|F
| 13th century
| Fragmentary; originally world and 26 regional
|
|-
| [[Vatican Library]], Urbinas Graecus 82<ref name=Dilke/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinakes {{!}} Πίνακες - Notice : Vaticano, Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana (BAV), Urb. gr., 082 |url=https://pinakes.irht.cnrs.fr/notices/cote/66549/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=pinakes.irht.cnrs.fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DigiVatLib |url=https://digi.vatlib.it/mss/detail/Urb.gr.82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117192542/https://digi.vatlib.it/mss/detail/Urb.gr.82 |archive-date=2023-11-17 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=digi.vatlib.it |url-status=live }}</ref>
|U
| 13th century
| World and 26 regional
| [[File:Ptolemy-World Vat Urb 82.jpg|frameless]]
|-
| [[Dolmabahçe Palace|Istanbul Sultan's Library]], Seragliensis 57<ref name=Dilke/>
|K
| 13th century
| World and 26 regional (poorly preserved)
| [[File:Seragliensis 57.png|frameless]]
|-
| [[Vatican Library]], Vat. Gr. 177<ref name=Dilke/>
|V
| 13th century
| No extant maps
|
|-
| [[Laurentian Library]], Plut. 28.49<ref name=Dilke/>
|O<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Mittenhuber |first=Florian |title=The Tradition of Texts and Maps in Ptolemy's Geography |date=2010 |work=Ptolemy in Perspective: Use and Criticism of his Work from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century |series=Archimedes |volume=23 |pages=95–119 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Alexander |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2788-7_4 |access-date=2024-07-25 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2788-7_4 |isbn=978-90-481-2788-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| 14th century
| Originally world, 1 Europe, 2 Asia, 1 Africa, 63 regional (65 maps extant)
|
|-
| [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]], Gr. Supp. 119<ref name=Dilke/>
|C
| 14th century
| No extant maps
|
|-
| [[Vatican Library]], Vat. Gr. 178<ref name=Dilke/>
|W
| 14th century
| No extant maps
|
|-
| [[British Library]], Burney Gr. 111<ref name=Dilke/>
|T
| 14th-15th century
| Maps derived from Florence, Pluto 28.49
|
|-
| [[Bodleian Library]], 3376 (46)-Qu. Catal. i (Greek), Cod. Seld. 41<ref name=Dilke/>
|N
| 15th century
| No extant maps
|
|-
| [[Vatican Library]], Pal. Gr. 388<ref name=Dilke/>
|
| 15th century
| World and 63 regional No extant maps
|
|-
| [[Laurentian Library]], Pluto 28.9 (and related manuscript 28.38)<ref name=Dilke/>
|
| 15th century
| No extant maps
|
|-
| [[Biblioteca Marciana]], Gr. 516<ref name=Dilke/>
|R
| 15th century
| Originally world and 26 regional (world map, 2 maps, and 2 half maps missing)
|
|-
| [[Vatican Library]], Pal. Gr. 314<ref name=Dilke/>
|Z
| 15th century
| No extant maps; written by Michael Apostolios in Crete
|
|-
| [[British Library, Harley MS 3686]]
|
| 15th century
|
| [[File:British Isles as depicted in Harley Codex Minuscule 3686.jpg|frameless]]
|-
| [[Huntington Library]], Wilton Codex<ref>{{cite web |url=https://catalog.huntington.org/record=b1862021 |title=Ptolemy, Geographia : cartographic material : manuscript |website=The Huntington Library |year=1475 |accessdate=2022-09-07}}</ref>
|
| 15th century
| One world, ten of Europe, four of Africa, and twelve of Asia, elegantly coloured and illuminated with burnished gold.
|
|}

=== Stemma ===
[[File:Ptolemy Geography Hyphegesis Stemma Codicum.jpg|thumb|[[Textual criticism|Stemma codicum]] of the ''Geography''. ]]
Berggren & Jones (2000) place these manuscripts into a [[Textual criticism#Stemmatics|stemma]] whereby U, K, F and N are connected with the activities of [[Maximus Planudes|Maximos Planudes]] (c.1255-1305). From a sister manuscript to UKFN descends R, V, W & C, however the maps were either copied defectively or not at all. "Of the greatest importance for the text of the Geography" they state is manuscript X ([https://digi.vatlib.it/mss/detail/Vat.gr.191 Vat.Gr.191]); "because it is the only copy that is uninfluenced by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] revision." e.g. the 13th-14th century corrections of Planudes, possibly associated with recreating the maps.<ref name=":0" />

Regarding the maps, they conclude that it was unlikely that extant maps survived from which the above stemma descends, even if maps existed in antiquity: <blockquote>"The transmission of [[Ptolemy|Ptolemy's]] text certainly passed through a stage when the manuscripts were too small to contain the maps. Planudes and his assistants therefore probably had no pictorial models, and the success of their enterprise is proof that Ptolemy succeeded in his attempt to encode the map in words and numbers. The copies of the maps in later manuscripts and printed editions of the Geography were reproduced from Planudes' reconstructions."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ptolemy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hug9DwAAQBAJ |title=Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters |last2=Berggren |first2=J. Lennart |last3=Jones |first3=Alexander |date=2002-01-15 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-09259-1 |pages=49–50 |language=en}}</ref> </blockquote>Mittenhuber (2010) further divides the stemma into two recensions of the original c.AD 150 lost work: [[Xi (letter)|Ξ]] and [[Omega|Ω]] (c.3rd/4th cent., lost).<ref name=":1" /> Recension Ω contains most of the extant manuscripts and is subdivided into a further two groups: [[Delta (letter)|Δ]] and [[Pi (letter)|Π]]. Group Δ contains parchment manuscripts from the end of the thirteenth century, which are the earliest extant manuscripts of the Geography; these are U, K & F. Recension, Ξ, is represented by one codex only, X. Mittenhuber agrees with Berggren & Jones, stating that "The so-called Codex X is of particular significance, because it contains many local names and coordinates that differ from the other manuscripts ... which cannot be explained by mere errors in the tradition.".

Although no manuscripts survive from earlier than the late 13th century; there are references to the existence of ancient [[Codex|codicies]] in late antiquity. One such example is in an epistle by [[Cassiodorus]] (c.560 A.D.): <blockquote>“Tum, si vos notitiae nobilis cura inflammaverit, habetis [[Ptolemy|Ptolemaei]] codicem, qui sic omnia loca evidenter expressit, ut eum cunctarum regionum paene incolam fuisse iudicetis. Eoque fit, ut uno loco positi, sicut monachos decet, animo percurratis, quod aliquorum peregrinatio plurimo labore collegit.”([[Cassiodorus#Works|Institutiones]] 1, 25)<ref name=":1" />.</blockquote>The existence of ancient recensions that differ fundamentally to the surviving manuscript tradition can be seen in the epitomes of [[Marcian of Heraclea|Markianos]] by [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Stephanus]]:<blockquote>"Καὶ ἄλλοι οὕτως διὰ του π [[Britain (place name)|Πρετανίδες]] νῆσοι, ὡς [[Marcian of Heraclea|Μαρκιανὸς]] καὶ [[Ptolemy|Πτολεμαῖος]]."<ref>{{Cite book |first=Margarethe |last=Billerbeck |url=https://archive.org/details/STEPHANUSBYZANTIUSETHNICAvol.AALPHAGAMMA2006ByMargaretheBillerbeck/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Stephanus Byzantius Ethnica [vol. A] [Alpha Gamma] [2006] By Margarethe Billerbeck |date=2006 |pages=378–9 |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Byzantium.) |first=Stephanus (of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMZiAAAAMAAJ |title=Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorvm quae svpersvnt |date=1849 |publisher=G. Reimeri |page=186 |language=el}}</ref></blockquote>The tradition preserved within the stemma of surviving (13th-14th century) manuscripts by Stückelberger & Grasshoff only preserves "[[Beta|Β]]" and not "[[Pi (letter)|Π]]" recentions of "[[Britain (place name)|Βρεττανικήσ]]".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Stückelberger |first1=Alfred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RivEAAAQBAJ |title=Klaudios Ptolemaios. Handbuch der Geographie: 1. Teilband: Einleitung und Buch 1-4 & 2. Teilband: Buch 5-8 und Indices |last2=Grasshoff |first2=Gerd |last3=Mittenhuber |first3=Florian |last4=Burri |first4=Renate |last5=Geus |first5=Klaus |last6=Winkler |first6=Gerhard |last7=Ziegler |first7=Susanne |last8=Hindermann |first8=Judith |last9=Koch |first9=Lutz |date=2017-07-21 |publisher=Schwabe Verlag (Basel) |isbn=978-3-7965-3703-5 |pages=146–7 |language=el}}</ref>

==Contents==
The ''Geography'' consists of three sections, divided among 8 books. Book I is a treatise on [[cartography]] and [[chorography]], describing the methods used to assemble and arrange Ptolemy's data. From Book II through the beginning of Book VII, a gazetteer provides longitude and latitude values for the [[Ecumene|world known]] to the [[ancient Romans]] (the "[[ecumene]]"). The rest of Book VII provides details on three projections to be used for the construction of a map of the world, varying in complexity and fidelity. Book VIII constitutes an [[atlas (book)|atlas]] of regional maps. The maps include a recapitulation of some of the values given earlier in the work, which were intended to be used as captions to clarify the map's contents and maintain their accuracy during copying. Book 8 formed the basis for the [[Table of Noteworthy Cities (Ptolemy)|Table of Noteworthy Cities]].

===Cartographical treatise===
Maps based on [[cartography|scientific principles]] had been made in Europe since the time of [[Eratosthenes]] in the 3rd century BC. Ptolemy improved the treatment of [[map projection]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=John |title=Flattening the Earth |publisher= University of Chicago Press |page=6 |isbn=9780226767475|date=1997-12-05 }}</ref> He provided instructions on how to create his maps in the first section of the work.

===Gazetteer===
The gazetteer section of Ptolemy's work provided [[latitude]] and [[longitude]] [[coordinate]]s for all the places and geographical features in the work. Latitude was expressed in [[degree (angle)|degrees of arc]] from the [[equator]], the same system that is used now, though Ptolemy used fractions of a degree rather than minutes of arc.<ref>{{cite book | last = Talbert | first = Richard | title = Roman Portable Sundials: The Empire in Your Hand | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2017 | pages = 119–123}}</ref> His [[Prime Meridian]], of [[0]] [[longitude]], ran through the [[Fortunate Isles]], the westernmost land recorded,{{sfnp|Wright|1923}} at around the position of [[El Hierro]] in the [[Canary Islands]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-0-7503-1194-6|title=Time and Time Again Determination of longitude at sea in the 17th Century|last=de Grijs|first=Richard|date=2017|publisher=IOP Publishing|isbn=978-0-7503-1194-6|doi=10.1088/978-0-7503-1194-6ch7}}</ref> The maps spanned 180 degrees of longitude from the Fortunate Isles in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] to [[China]].

Ptolemy was aware that Europe knew only about a quarter of the globe.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

===Atlas===
Ptolemy's work included a single large and less detailed world map and then separate and more detailed regional maps. The first Greek manuscripts compiled after [[Maximus Planudes]]'s rediscovery of the text had as many as 64 regional maps.{{efn|For example, the illustrations for British Library, Burney MS 111,<ref>[[:c:Category:Burney MS 111|Images from Burney MS 111]] at [[:c:Main Page|Wikicommons]].</ref> most of which were inserted into an earlier copy of the ''Geography'' during the early 15th century.}} The standard set in Western Europe came to be 26: 10 European maps, 4 African maps, and 12 Asian maps. As early as the 1420s, these canonical maps were complemented by extra-Ptolemaic regional maps depicting, e.g., [[Scandinavia]].

==Chapters==
The Geography is spread over 8 books with the main body of the work (books 2-7) is a list of some 8000 [[Toponymy|toponyms]] comprising the [[Ecumene|Oikumene]] of the [[2nd century|second century AD]]. Book 1 is written in prose and is Ptolemy's explanation of the project, his method and his sources (mainly [[Marinus of Tyre|Marinos of Tyre]]). Book 8 offers descriptions for each of the maps created in books 2-7 and forms the basis of the [[Table of Noteworthy Cities (Ptolemy)|Table of Noteworthy Cities]]. The [[Textual criticism|critical edition]] was published by Stückelberger, Mittenhuber and Klöti (2006).<ref name=":2" />

=== Book 1 ===
Book 1 is a theoretical treatise by Ptolemy outlining the subject matter, previous work and instructing the reader how to draw a world map using his projection systems. The sections are, to use Ptolemy's original titles:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ptolemaeus |first1=Claudius |title=Ptolemy's geography: an annotated translation of the theoretical chapters |last2=Berggren |first2=J. L. |last3=Jones |first3=Alexander |date=2002 |publisher=Princeton Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-691-09259-1 |location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref>

# On the difference between [[Geodesy|world cartography]] and regional [[cartography]]
# On the prerequisites for world cartography
# How the number of [[Stadion (unit)|stades]] in the [[earth's circumference]] can be [[Eratosthenes|obtained]] from the number of stades in an arbitrary rectilinear interval, and vice versa, even if [the interval] is not on a single [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]]
# That it is necessary to give priority to the [<nowiki/>[[Celestial cartography|astronomical]]] phenomena over [data] from records of travel
# That it is necessary to follow the most recent researches because of changes in the world over time
# On [[Marinus of Tyre|Marinos]]' guide to world cartography
# Revision of Marinos' [[Latitude|latitudinal]] dimension of the known world on the basis of the [astronomical] phenomena
# The same revision [of the latitudinal dimension], on the basis of land journeys
# The same revision [of the latitudinal dimension], on the basis of sea journeys
# That one should not put the [[Aethiopian Sea|Aithiopians]] south of the parallel situated opposite to that through [[Meroë|Meroe]]
# On the computations that Marinos improperly made for the [[Longitude|longitudinal]] dimension of the [[Ecumene|oikoumene]]
# The revision of the longitudinal dimension of the known world on the basis of journeys by land
# The same revision [of the longitudinal dimension] on the basis of journeys by sea
# On the crossing from the [[Golden Chersonese|Golden Peninsula]] to [[Cattigara|Kattigara]]
# On the inconsistencies in details of Marinos' exposition
# That certain matters escaped [Marinos'] notice in the boundaries of the provinces
# On the inconsistencies between [Marinos] and the reports ofour time
# On the inconvenience of Marinos' compilations for drawing a map of the oikoumene
# On the convenience of our catalogue for making a map
# On the disproportional nature of Marinos' geographical map
# On the things that should be preserved in a [[Planar graph|planar map]]
# On how one should make a map of the oikoumene on a [[globe]]
# List of the [[Meridians of longitude|meridians]] and [[Circle of latitude|parallels]] to be included in the map
# Method of making a map of the oikoumene in the plane in proper proportionality with its configuration on the globe (In this section Ptolemy explains two methods for projecting his map)

=== Book 2 ===
Western [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] fringes, [[Gaul]], [[Central Europe]] and the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last1=Thayer |first1=Bill |title=Ptolemy: the Geography |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/home.html |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=Lacus Curtius |publisher=University of Chicago}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chapter !! Region
|-
| Prologue||
|-
| 1 || [[Roman Britain|Britannia]]: [[Ptolemy's map of Ireland|Hibernia]]
|-
| 2 || Britannia: [[Albion]]
|-
| 3 || [[Hispania Baetica|Hispanic Baetica]]
|-
| 4 || [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispanic Tarraconensis]]
|-
| 5 || [[Hispania Lusitania|Hispanic Lusitania]]
|-
| 6|| [[Gallia Aquitania|Aquitanian Gaul]]
|-
| 7 || [[Gallia Lugdunensis|Lugdunensian Gaul]]
|-
| 8 || [[Belgic Gaul]]
|-
| 9 || [[Narbonensian Gaul]]
|-
| 10 || [[Germania|Greater Germania]]
|-
| 11 || [[Raetia]] and [[Vindelici|Vindelica]]
|-
| 12 || [[Noricum]]
|-
| 13 || [[Pannonia Superior|Upper Pannonia]]
|-
| 14 || [[Pannonia Inferior|Lower Pannonia]]
|-
| 15 || [[Illyria]] or [[Liburnia]] and [[Dalmatia]]
|}

=== Book 3 ===
[[Italy]], [[Greece]] and the major [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|Mediterranean Islands]].<ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chapter !! Region
|-
| 1 || Italy
|-
| 2 || [[Corsica]]
|-
| 3 || [[Sardinia]]
|-
| 4 || [[Sicily]]
|-
| 5 || [[Sarmatia]]
|-
| 6 || [[Crimea in the Roman era|Tauric Peninsula]]
|-
| 7 || [[Iazyges Metanastae]]
|-
| 8 || [[Roman Dacia|Dacia]]
|-
| 9 || Upper [[Moesia]]
|-
| 10 || Lower Moesia
|-
| 11 || [[Thracia]] and the [[Peloponnesian Peninsula]]
|-
| 12 || [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]
|-
| 13 || [[Epirus (Roman province)|Epirus]]
|-
| 14 || [[Achaia (Roman province)|Achaia]]
|-
| 15|| [[Crete]]
|}

=== Book 4 ===
[[North Africa]] from [[Morocco]] to [[Egypt]] and [[Ethiopia]].<ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chapter !! Region
|-
| 1 || [[Mauritania Tingitana]]
|-
| 2 || [[Mauritania Caesariensis]]
|-
| 3 || [[Numidia]] and Africa proper
|-
| 4 || [[Crete and Cyrenaica|Cyrenaica]]
|-
| 5 || [[Marmarica]], which is properly called [[Libya]], All of [[Egypt]], both Lower and Upper
|-
| 6 || Libya Interior
|-
| 7 || [[Aethiopia|Ethiopia]] below Egypt
|-
| 8 || Ethiopia in the interior below this
|}

=== Book 5 ===
Covering [[Anatolia]], [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Near East]] as well as [[Cyprus]].<ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chapter !! Region
|-
| 1 || [[Bithynia and Pontus]]
|-
| 2 || [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]]
|-
| 3 || [[Lycia]]
|-
| 4 || [[Pamphylia]]
|-
| 5 || [[Galatia (Roman province)|Galatia]]
|-
| 6 || [[Cappadocia (Roman province)|Cappadocia]]
|-
| 7 || [[Cilicia]]
|-
| 8 || Asiatic [[Sarmatia]]
|-
| 9 || [[Colchis]]
|-
| 10 || [[Kingdom of Iberia|Iberia]]
|-
| 11 || [[Caucasian Albania|Albania]]
|-
| 12 || [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Greater Armenia]]
|-
| 13 || [[Cyprus]]
|-
| 14 || [[Roman Syria|Syria]]
|-
| 15 || [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]
|-
| 16 || [[Arabia Petraea]]
|-
| 17 || [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]]
|-
| 18 || [[Arabia Deserta]]
|-
| 19 || [[Babylonia]]
|}

=== Book 6 ===
In book 6, Ptolemy covers the [[Near East]], [[Caucasus|Caucuses]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=href= |last2=href= |date=160 |title=Ptolemaeus, Geography (II-VI) |url=https://topostext.org/work.php?work_id=209#6.1.1 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=original translation |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Chapter
!Region
|-
|1
|[[Assyria]]
|-
|2
|[[Median kingdom|Media]]
|-
|3
|[[Susa|Susiane]]
|-
|4
|[[Persis]]
|-
|5
|[[Parthia]]
|-
|6
|[[Carmania (region)|Karmania]]
|-
|7
|[[Arabia Felix|Eudaimon]]
[[Arabia Felix|Arabia]]
|-
|8
|[[Carmania (region)|Karmianien]]
|-
|9
|[[Hyrcania|Hyrkanien]]
|-
|10
|[[Margiana|Margiane]]
|-
|11
|[[Bactria|Bactriane]]
|-
|12
|[[Sogdia|Sogdianer]]
|-
|13
|[[Pamir Mountains|Saken]]
|-
|14
|[[Scythia|Skythia]]
|-
|15
|Skythia
|-
|16
|[[Xinjiang|Serike]]
|-
|17
|[[Herat|Areia]]
|-
|18
|[[Hindu Kush|Paropanisaden]]
|-
|19
|[[Drangiana]]
|-
|20
|[[Kandahar|Archosien]]
|-
|21
|[[Gedrosia|Gedrosien]]
|}

=== Book 7 ===
[[India]], [[China]], and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Chapter
!Description
|-
|1
|[[India]] before the [[Ganges]]
|-
|2
|India beyond the Ganges
|-
|3
|Land of [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Sinen]]
|-
|4
|[[Taprobana|Taprobane]]
|-
|5
|Summary caption of the map of the [[Ecumene|oikoumene]]
|-
|6
|The mapping of a ringed globe with the oikoumene
|-
|7
|Caption for the flattening [of the oikoumene]
|}

=== Book 8 ===
Descriptions of the maps created by the previous sections with details of day length at [[solstice]], etc. The gazetter of [[Toponymy|toponyms]] is thought to have formed the basis for the [[Table of Noteworthy Cities (Ptolemy)|Table of Noteworthy Cities]].<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Chapter
!Description
|-
|1
|On the basis for dividing the oikoumene into the [regional] maps
|-
|2
|Which things are appropriate to include in the caption for each map
|-
|3
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_1st_European_Map|Europe Map 1]]
|-
|4
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_2nd_European_Map|Europe Map 2]]
|-
|5
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_3rd_European_Map|Europe Map 3]]
|-
|6
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_4th_European_Map|Europe Map 4]]
|-
|7
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_5th_European_Map|Europe Map 5]]
|-
|8
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_6th_European_Map|Europe Map 6]]
|-
|9
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_7th_European_Map|Europe Map 7]]
|-
|10
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_8th_European_Map|Europe Map 8]]
|-
|11
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_9th_European_Map|Europe Map 9]]
|-
|12
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_10th_European_Map|Europe Map 10]]
|-
|13
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_1st_African_Map|Africa Map 1]]
|-
|14
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_2nd_African_Map|Africa Map 2]]
|-
|15
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_3rd_African_Map|Africa Map 3]]
|-
|16
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_4th_African_Map|Africa Map 4]]
|-
|17
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_1st_Asian_Map|Asia Map 1]]
|-
|18
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_2nd_Asian_Map|Asia Map 2]]
|-
|19
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_3rd_Asian_Map|Asia Map 3]]
|-
|20
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_4th_Asian_Map|Asia Map 4]]
|-
|21
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_5th_Asian_Map|Asia Map 5]]
|-
|22
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_6th_Asian_Map|Asia Map 6]]
|-
|23
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_7th_Asian_Map|Asia Map 7]]
|-
|24
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_8th_Asian_Map|Asia Map 8]]
|-
|25
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_9th_Asian_Map|Asia Map 9]]
|-
|26
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_10th_Asian_Map|Asia Map 10]]
|-
|27
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_11th_Asian_Map|Asia Map 11]]
|-
|28
|[[commons:Category:Ptolemy's_12th_Asian_Map|Asia Map 12]]
|-
|29
|Directory of the lands of the oikoumene
|-
|30
|List of length and width of individual maps
|}

=== Image Gallery ===
<gallery class="center" widths="390px" heights="270px">

File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg|The [[Ptolemy world map]], including the countries of "[[Serica]]" and "Sinae" ([[Kattigara|Cattigara]]) at the extreme right beyond the island of "Taprobane" {{nowrap|([[Sri Lanka]])}} and the "[[Golden Chersonese|Aurea Chersonesus]]" {{nowrap|([[Malay Peninsula]])}}.
</gallery>
<gallery class="center" widths="180" perrow="5">

File:Descriptio Prime Tabulae Europae.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 1st European Map|1st Map of Europe]] The islands of [[Roman Britain|Albion]] and [[Hibernia]]
File:Cosmographia Claudii Ptolomaei ante 1467 (7455967) (cropped).jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 2nd European Map|2nd Map of Europe]] [[Hispania Tarraconensis]], [[Baetica]], and [[Lusitania]]
File:Gauleptolemee1541.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 3rd European Map|3rd Map of Europe]] [[Gallia Lugdunensis]], [[Narbonensis]], and [[Belgica]]
File:Map after Ptolemy's Geographia (Burney MS 111, f.28r).jpeg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 4th European Map|4th Map of Europe]] [[Germania Major|Greater Germany]] and the [[Cimbric Peninsula]]
File:Quinta Europa Tabula 1520.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 5th European Map|5th Map of Europe]] [[Rhaetia]], [[Vindelicia]], [[Noricum]], [[Pannonia]], [[Illyria]], [[Liburnia]], and [[Dalmatia]]
File:Ptolemy Cosmographia 1467 - Italy a.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 6th European Map|6th Map of Europe]] [[Italia|Italy]] and [[Corsica and Sardinia|Corsica]]
File:Septima Europe Tabula.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 7th European Map|7th Map of Europe]] The islands of [[Corsica and Sardinia|Sardinia]] and [[Sicilia (Roman province)|Sicily]]
File:Sebastian Munster - Tabvla europae VIII (Sarmatia).jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 8th European Map|8th Map of Europe]] [[Sarmatia|Sarmatia in Europe]]
File:Dacia, 1620 (Münster).jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 9th European Map|9th Map of Europe]] [[Dacia]], [[Moesia]], and [[Thracia|Thrace]]
File:Stefano Bonsignori - Hellenic peninsula- Greece, Albania, Bosnia and Bulgaria - Google Art Project.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 10th European Map|10th Map of Europe]] [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]], [[Achaea]], the [[Peloponnesus]], and [[Crete and Cyrenaica|Crete]]
</gallery>
<gallery class="center" widths="180">

File:Tabula Prima Aphricae.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 1st African Map|1st Map of Africa]] [[Tangerine Mauritania|Tangerine]] and [[Caesarian Mauritania]]
File:Cosmographia Claudii Ptolomaei ante 1467 (7456132) (cropped).jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 2nd African Map|2nd Map of Africa]] [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]]
File:Tertia Africae Tabula of 1478 after Ptolemy.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 3rd African Map|3rd Map of Africa]] [[Cyrenaica]], [[Marmarica]], [[Roman Libya|Libya]], [[Egypt (Roman province)|Lower Egypt]], and the [[Thebaid]]
File:Quarta Africae tabula (7537883120).jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 4th African Map|4th Map of Africa]] [[North Africa|North]], [[West Africa|West]], [[East Africa|East]], and [[Central Africa]]
</gallery>
<gallery class="center" widths="180" perrow="6">

File:Tabula Prima de Asia.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 1st Asian Map|1st Map of Asia]] [[Bithynia and Pontus]], [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], [[Lycia]], [[Pamphylia]], [[Roman Galatia|Galatia]], [[Roman Cappadocia|Cappadocia]], [[Cilicia (Roman province)|Cilicia]], and [[Lesser Armenia]]
File:Map after Ptolemy's Geographia (Burney MS 111, f.68v).jpeg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 2nd Asian Map|2nd Map of Asia]] [[Sarmatia|Asiatic Sarmatia]]
File:Gerard Mercator. Tabula Asiae III (Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, etc.). 1579.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 3rd Asian Map|3rd Map of Asia]] [[Colchis]], [[Caucasian Iberia|Iberia]], [[Caucasian Albania|Albania]], and [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Greater Armenia]]
File:NLI Quarta Asie tabula.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 4th Asian Map|4th Map of Asia]] [[Roman Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Roman Syria|Syria]], [[Syria Palaestina|Palestine]]/[[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]], [[Arabia Petrea]] and [[Arabia Deserta|Deserta]], [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]], and [[Babylonia]]
File:Ptolemys Fifth Map.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 5th Asian Map|5th Map of Asia]] [[Assyria (Roman province)|Assyria]], [[Susiana]], [[Media (region)|Media]], [[Persis|Persia]], [[Hyrcania]], [[Parthia]], and [[Carmania Deserta]]
File:Tabula Sexta de Asia.png|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 6th Asian Map|6th Map of Asia]] [[Arabia Felix]] and [[Carmania Deserta]]
File:Thomas Porcacchi. Tavola Settima Dell'Asia Tabula Asiae VII. Padua 1620.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 7th Asian Map|7th Map of Asia]] [[Scythia|Scythia within Imaus]], [[Sogdiana]], [[Bactriana]], [[Margiana]], and the [[Sakastan|Sacae]]
File:Octava Asiae Tabula.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 8th Asian Map|8th Map of Asia]] [[Scythia|Scythia beyond Imaus]] and [[Serica]]
File:Tabula Nona dAsia.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 9th Asian Map|9th Map of Asia]] [[Ariana]], [[Drangiana]], [[Gedrosia]], [[Arachosia]], and [[Paropanisus]]
File:NLI Decima Asiae Tabula.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 10th Asian Map|10th Map of Asia]] [[Middle kingdoms of India|India within the Ganges]]
File:Ptolemy Asia detail.jpg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 11th Asian Map|11th Map of Asia]] [[Greater India|India beyond the Ganges]], the [[Golden Chersonese]], the [[Magnus Sinus]], and the [[Sinae]]
File:Map after Ptolemy's Geographia (Burney MS 111, f.1v).jpeg|[[:c:Category:Ptolemy's 12th Asian Map|12th Map of Asia]] [[Taprobana]]
</gallery>

==History==

===Antiquity===
The original treatise by [[Marinus of Tyre]] that formed the basis of Ptolemy's ''Geography'' has been completely lost. A world map based on Ptolemy was displayed in [[Augustodunum]] ([[Autun]], [[France]]) in late Roman times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item126360.html|title=Ptolemy's World Map|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-date=2019-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428022008/http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item126360.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Pappus of Alexandria|Pappus]], writing at [[Alexandria]] in the 4th century, produced a [[scholia|commentary]] on Ptolemy's ''Geography'' and used it as the basis of his (now lost) ''Chorography of the Ecumene''.{{sfnp|Dilke|1987a|p=234}} Later imperial writers and mathematicians, however, seem to have restricted themselves to commenting on Ptolemy's text, rather than improving upon it; surviving records actually show decreasing fidelity to real position.{{sfnp|Dilke|1987a|p=234}} Nevertheless, Byzantine scholars continued these geographical traditions throughout the Medieval period.<ref>Codex Athous Vatopedinus 655: Add MS 19391, f 19v-20 (British Library, London)</ref>

Whereas previous Greco-Roman geographers such as [[Strabo]] and [[Pliny the Elder]] demonstrated a reluctance to rely on the contemporary accounts of sailors and merchants who plied distant areas of the [[Indian Ocean]], Marinus and Ptolemy betray a much greater receptiveness to incorporating information received from them.{{sfnp|Parker|2008|p=118}} For instance, Grant Parker argues that it would be highly implausible for them to have constructed the [[Bay of Bengal]] as precisely as they did without the accounts of sailors.{{sfnp|Parker|2008|p=118}} When it comes to the account of the [[Golden Chersonese]] (i.e. [[Malay Peninsula]]) and the ''[[Magnus Sinus]]'' (i.e. [[Gulf of Thailand]] and [[South China Sea]]), Marinus and Ptolemy relied on the testimony of a Greek sailor named Alexandros, who claimed to have visited a far eastern site called "[[Cattigara]]" (most likely [[Oc Eo]], [[Vietnam]], the site of unearthed [[Antonine]]-era Roman goods and not far from the region of [[Jiaozhi]] in northern Vietnam where [[Twenty-Four Histories|ancient Chinese sources]] claim several [[Sino-Roman relations|Roman embassies]] first landed in the 2nd and 3rd centuries).{{sfnp|Young|2001|p=29}}{{sfnp|Mawer|2013|p=38}}{{sfnp|Suárez|1999|p=90-92}}{{sfnp|Yule|1915|p=52}}

=== Medieval Islam ===
{{See also|Geography and cartography in medieval Islam}}
[[File:Amirbliulaie.png|thumb|The Amir of Bani Bu Ali tribe, the likely ''Bliulaie'' of Ptolemy's map.]]
[[Geography and cartography in medieval Islam|Muslim cartographers]] were using copies of Ptolemy's ''[[Almagest]]'' and ''Geography'' by the 9th century.{{sfnp|Edson|2004|pp=61–62}} At that time, in the court of the [[list of caliphs|caliph]] [[al-Maʾmūm]], [[al-Khwārazmī]] compiled his ''[[Book of the Depiction of the Earth]]'' (''Kitab Surat al-Ard'') which mimicked the ''Geography''{{sfnp|Rapoport|2008|p=128}} in providing the coordinates for 545 cities and regional maps of the [[Nile River|Nile]], the [[Island of the Jewel]], the Sea of Darkness, and the [[Sea of Azov]].{{sfnp|Rapoport|2008|p=128}} A 1037 copy of these are the earliest extant maps from Islamic lands.{{sfnp|Rapoport|2008|p=127}} The text clearly states that al-Khwārazmī was working from an earlier map, although this could not have been an exact copy of Ptolemy's work: his [[Prime Meridian]] was 10° east of Ptolemy's, he adds some places, and his latitudes differ.{{sfnp|Rapoport|2008|p=128}} [[C.A. Nallino]] suggests that the work was not based on Ptolemy but on a derivative world map,{{sfnp|Nallino|1939}} presumably in [[Syriac language|Syriac]] or [[Arabic]].{{sfnp|Rapoport|2008|p=128}} The coloured map of al-Maʾmūm constructed by a team including al-Khwārazmī was described by the [[Persian people|Persian]] encyclopædist [[al-Masʿūdī]] around 956 as superior to the maps of [[Marinus of Tyre|Marinus]] and Ptolemy,{{sfn|al-Masʿūdī|1894|loc=33}} probably indicating that it was built along similar mathematical principles.{{sfnp|Rapoport|2008|p=130}} It included 4530 cities and over 200 mountains.

Despite beginning to compile numerous gazetteers of places and coordinates indebted to Ptolemy,{{sfnp|Rapoport|2008|p=129}} Muslim scholars made almost no direct use of Ptolemy's principles in the maps which have survived.{{sfnp|Edson|2004|pp=61–62}} Instead, they followed al-Khwārazmī's modifications and the [[Orthographic map projection|orthogonal projection]] advocated by Suhrāb's early 10th-century treatise on the ''Marvels of the Seven Climes to the End of Habitation''. Surviving maps from the medieval period were not done according to mathematical principles. The world map from the 11th-century ''Book of Curiosities'' is the earliest surviving map of the [[Caliphate|Muslim]] or [[Christendom|Christian]] worlds to include a [[geographic coordinate system]] but the copyist seems to have not understood its purpose, starting it from the left using twice the intended scale and then (apparently realizing his mistake) giving up halfway through.{{sfnp|Rapoport|2008|p=126–127}} Its presence does strongly suggest the existence of earlier, now-lost maps which had been mathematically derived in the manner of Ptolemy,{{sfnp|Rapoport|2008|p=127}} al-Khwārazmi, or Suhrāb. There are surviving reports of such maps.{{sfnp|Rapoport|2008|p=129}}

Ptolemy's ''Geography'' was translated from [[Arabic]] into [[Latin]] at the court of King [[Roger II of Sicily]] in the 12th century AD.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Amari |first1=Michele |title=Il Libro di Re Ruggiero ossia la Geografia di Edrisis |journal=Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana |date=1872 |issue=7 |pages=1–24}}. Cited in {{cite book |last1=Kahlaoui |first1=Tarek |title=Creating the Mediterranean : Maps and the Islamic imagination |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004347380 |page=148}}</ref> However, no copy of that translation has survived.

===Renaissance===
{{further|Waldseemüller map|Sino-Roman relations|Indo-Roman relations|Europeans in Medieval China|Chronology of European exploration of Asia}}
The Greek text of the ''Geography'' reached [[Florence]] from [[Constantinople]] in about 1400 and was translated into Latin by [[Jacopo d'Angelo|Jacobus Angelus]] of [[Scarperia]] around 1406.{{sfnp|Angelus|c. 1406}} The reception of the ''Geography'' in Latin Europe was diverse. In the first half of the 15th century, [[Florence|Florentine]] [[Renaissance humanism|humanists]] used it mainly as a [[Philology|philological]] resource to understand the geography of ancient texts; [[Venice|Venetian]] cartographers attempted to reconcile Ptolemaic maps with [[Portolan chart|portolan charts]] and medieval [[Mappa mundi|mappaemundi]], and French and German scholars with an interest in [[astrology]] focused on Ptolemy's [[Cosmography|cosmographical]] concepts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gautier-Dalché |first=Patrick |title=La géographie de Ptolémée en occident, IV-XVIe siècle |date=2009 |publisher=Brépols |isbn=978-2-503-53164-9 |series=Terrarum orbis |location=Turnhout |pages=189–214}}</ref> Over the second half of the century, the prestige of the ''Geography'' grew to become the necessary framework of any reflection on geographical space.<ref>Gautier-Dalché 2009, 267-268.</ref>

The first printed edition with maps, published in 1477 in [[Bologna]], was also the first printed book with engraved illustrations.<ref name="Landau1996">{{cite book |author1=Landau, David |author2=Parshall, Peter |title=The Renaissance Print |publisher=Yale |date=1996 |pages=241–242 |isbn=978-0-300-06883-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Crone, G.R. |title=review of ''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. A Series of Atlases in Facsimile'' |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=130 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |pages=577–578 |doi=10.2307/1792324 |jstor=1792324}}</ref> Many editions followed (more often using [[woodcut]] in the early days), some following traditional versions of the maps, and others updating them.<ref name="Landau1996" /> An edition published at [[Ulm]] in 1482 was the first one printed north of the [[Alps]]. It became a commercial success and was reprinted in 1486.<ref>Gautier-Dalché 2009, 306-308</ref> Also in 1482, [[Francesco Berlinghieri]] printed the first edition in vernacular [[Italian language|Italian]]. The edition published in [[Strasbourg]] in 1513 was a major step in the modernization of the ''Geography''. It preserved the corpus of Ptolemy's text and maps as faithfully as possible to the original while it provided a separate set of 20 more accurate and up-to-date modern maps.<ref>Gautier-Dalché 2009, 308-310.</ref> A much improved Latin translation of the Greek original was produced by [[Willibald Pirckheimer]] for the 1525 Strasbourg edition, and the first printed edition directly in Greek was authored by [[Erasmus|Erasmus of Rotterdam]] in [[Basel]] in 1533.
[[File:Cosmographia, 1482.djvu|page=7|thumb|Edition printed in [[Ulm]] in 1482]]

Ptolemy had mapped the whole world from the ''Fortunatae Insulae'' ([[Cape Verde]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dennis Rawlins |title=The Ptolemy GEOGRAPHY's Secrets |journal=DIO - the International Journal of Scientific History |volume=14 |date=March 2008 |page=33 |bibcode=2008DIO....14...33R |url=http://www.dioi.org/bk/de0.pdf |issn=1041-5440}}</ref> or [[Canary Islands]]) eastward to the eastern shore of the ''Magnus Sinus''. This known portion of the world was comprised within 180 degrees. In his extreme east Ptolemy placed ''Serica'' (the Land of Silk), the ''Sinarum Situs'' (the Port of the [[Sinae]]), and the [[emporium (antiquity)|emporium]] of ''[[Kattigara|Cattigara]]''. On the 1489 map of the world by Henricus Martellus, which was based on Ptolemy's work, Asia terminated in its southeastern point in a cape, the Cape of Cattigara. Cattigara was understood by Ptolemy to be a port on the ''Sinus Magnus,'' or Great Gulf, the actual Gulf of Thailand, at eight and a half degrees north of the Equator, on the coast of Cambodia, which is where he located it in his ''Canon of Famous Cities''. It was the easternmost port reached by shipping trading from the Graeco-Roman world to the lands of the Far East.<ref>J.W. McCrindle, ''Ancient India as described by Ptolemy,'' London, Trubner, 1885, revised edition by Ramachandra Jain, New Delhi, Today & Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers, 1974, p.204: “By the Great Gulf is meant the Gulf of Siam, together with the sea that stretches beyond it toward China”; Albert Herrmann, “Der Magnus Sinus und Cattigara nach Ptolemaeus”, ''Comptes Rendus du 15me Congrès International de Géographie,'' Amsterdam, 1938, Leiden, Brill, 1938, tome II, sect. IV, Géographie Historique et Histoire de la Géographie, pp.123-8.[https://books.google.com/books?id=WNEUAAAAIAAJ&dq=%E2%80%9CDer+Magnus+Sinus+und+Cattigara+nach+Ptolemaeus%E2%80%9D%2C&pg=PA123]</ref>
In Ptolemy's later and better-known ''Geography'', a scribal error was made and Cattigara was located at eight and a half degrees South of the Equator. On Ptolemaic maps, such as that of Martellus, ''Catigara'' was located on the easternmost shore of the ''Mare Indicum,'' 180 degrees East of the Cape St Vincent at, due to the scribal error, eight and a half degrees South of the Equator.<ref>Paul Schnabel, „Die Entstehungsgeschichte des kartographischen Erdbildes des Klaudios Ptolemaios“, ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften,'' Bd.XIV, 1930, S.214-250, n.b. 239-243; cited in Albert Herrmann, “South-Eastern Asia on Ptolemy’s Map”, ''Research and Progress: Quarterly Review of German Science,'' vol.V, no.2, March–April 1939, pp.121-127, p.123.</ref>

''Catigara'' is also shown at this location on Martin Waldseemüller's 1507 world map, which avowedly followed the tradition of Ptolemy. Ptolemy's information was thereby misinterpreted so that the coast of China, which should have been represented as part of the coast of eastern Asia, was falsely made to represent an eastern shore of the Indian Ocean. As a result, Ptolemy implied more land east of the 180th meridian and an ocean beyond. [[Marco Polo]]’s account of his travels in eastern Asia described lands and seaports on an eastern ocean apparently unknown to Ptolemy. Marco Polo’s narrative authorized the extensive additions to the Ptolemaic map shown on the 1492 globe of [[Martin Behaim]]. The fact that Ptolemy did not represent an eastern coast of Asia made it admissible for Behaim to extend that continent far to the east. Behaim’s globe placed Marco Polo’s Mangi and [[Cathay]] east of Ptolemy’s 180th meridian, and [[Kublai Khan|the Great Khan’s]] capital, [[Khanbaliq|''Cambaluc'']] ([[Beijing]]), on the 41st parallel of latitude at approximately 233 degrees East. Behaim allowed 60 degrees beyond Ptolemy’s 180 degrees for the mainland of Asia and 30 degrees more to the east coast of ''[[Cipangu]]'' (Japan). Cipangu and the mainland of Asia were thus placed only 90 and 120 degrees, respectively, west of the Canary Islands.

The Codex Seragliensis was used as the base of a new edition of the work in 2006.{{sfnp|Stückelberger|2006}} This new edition was used to "decode" Ptolemy's coordinates of Books 2 and 3 by an interdisciplinary team of [[TU Berlin]], presented in publications in 2010<ref>Andreas Kleineberg, Christian Marx, Eberhard Knobloch, Dieter Lelgemann, ''Germania und die Insel Thule. Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios´ „Atlas der Oikumene“''. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-534-23757-9}}.</ref> and 2012.<ref>Andreas Kleineberg, Christian Marx, Dieter Lelgemann, ''Europa in der Geographie des Ptolemaios. Die Entschlüsselung des „Atlas Oikumene“: Zwischen Orkney, Gibraltar und den Dinariden''. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-534-24835-3}}.</ref><ref>Christian Marx, Andreas Kleineberg, ''Die Geographie des Ptolemaios. Geographike Hyphegesis Buch 3: Europa zwischen Newa, Don und Mittelmeer''. epubli, Berlin, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-8442-2809-0}}.</ref>

==== Influence on Christopher Columbus ====
[[Christopher Columbus]] modified this geography further by using {{frac|53|2|3}} Italian nautical miles as the length of a degree instead of the longer degree of Ptolemy, and by adopting [[Marinus of Tyre]]’s longitude of 225 degrees for the east coast of the ''[[Magnus Sinus]]''. This resulted in a considerable eastward advancement of the longitudes given by [[Martin Behaim]] and other contemporaries of Columbus. By some process Columbus reasoned that the longitudes of [[eastern Asia]] and [[Cipangu]] respectively were about 270 and 300 degrees east, or 90 and 60 degrees west of the [[Canary Islands]]. He said that he had sailed 1100 leagues from the Canaries when he found [[Cuba]] in 1492. This was approximately where he thought the coast of eastern Asia would be found. On this basis of calculation he identified [[Hispaniola]] with Cipangu, which he had expected to find on the outward voyage at a distance of about 700 leagues from the Canaries. His later voyages resulted in further exploration of Cuba and in the discovery of [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]]. At first South America, the ''Mundus Novus'' ([[New World]]) was considered to be a great island of continental proportions; but as a result of his [[Fourth voyage of Christopher Columbus|fourth voyage]], it was apparently considered to be identical with the great Upper India peninsula ([[India Superior]]) represented by Behaim – the Cape of Cattigara. This seems to be the best interpretation of the sketch map made by Alessandro Zorzi on the advice of [[Bartholomew Columbus]] (Christopher's brother) around 1506, which bears an inscription saying that according to the ancient geographer Marinus of Tyre and Christopher Columbus the distance from [[Cape St Vincent]] on the coast of Portugal to Cattigara on the peninsula of India Superior was 225 degrees, while according to Ptolemy the same distance was 180 degrees.<ref>“Alberico”, vol.IV, c. 169, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Banco Rari 234; Sebastian Crino, "Schizzi cartografici inediti dei primi anni della scoperta dell' America", ''Rivista marittima'', vol. LXIV, no.9, Supplemento, Novembre 1930, p.48, fig.18. Downloadable at: https://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ren/Ren1/304.1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032400/http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ren/Ren1/304.1.html |date=2018-06-15 }}</ref>

===Early modern Ottoman Empire===
Prior to the 16th century, knowledge of geography in the [[Ottoman Empire]] was limited in scope, with almost no access to the works of earlier Islamic scholars that superseded Ptolemy. His ''Geography'' would again be translated and updated with commentary into Arabic under [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Mehmed II]], who commissioned works from Byzantine scholar [[George Amiroutzes]] in 1465 and the Florentine humanist [[Francesco Berlinghieri]] in 1481.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Ottoman 'Discovery' of the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century: The Age of Exploration from an Islamic Perspective |first=Giancarlo |last=Casale |date=2003 |url=http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/p/2005/history_cooperative/www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/casale.html#_ftnref25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World |author-link1=Jerry Brotton|first=Jerry |last=Brotton |page=101 |url=http://librarun.org/book/53582/101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406165044/http://librarun.org/book/53582/101 |archive-date=2016-04-06 }}</ref>

==Longitudes error and Earth size==

There are two related errors:<ref name="russo">{{cite journal |author=Lucio Russo |title=Ptolemy's Longitudes and Eratosthenes' Measurement of the Earth's Circumference |journal=Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems |volume=1 |pages=67–79 |date=2012 |doi=10.2140/memocs.2013.1.67 |url=http://msp.org/memocs/2013/1-1/memocs-v1-n1-p04-s.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref>

* Considering a sample of 80 cities amongst the 6345 listed by Ptolemy, those that are both identifiable and for which we can expect a better distance measurement since they were well known, there is a systematic overestimation of the longitude by a factor 1.428 with a high confidence (coefficient of determination r² = 0.9935). This error produces evident deformations in Ptolemy's world map most apparent for example in the profile of [[Italy]], which is markedly stretched horizontally.
* Ptolemy accepted that the known [[Ecumene]] spanned 180° of longitude, but instead of accepting [[Eratosthenes]]'s estimate for the circumference of the [[Earth]] of 252,000 [[Stadion (unit)|stadia]], he shrinks it to 180,000 stadia, with a factor of 1.4 between the two figures.

This suggests Ptolemy rescaled his longitude data to fit with a figure of 180,000 stadia for the circumference of the Earth, which he described as a "general consensus".<ref name="russo" /> Ptolemy rescaled experimentally obtained data in many of his works on geography, astrology, music, and optics.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Codex Seragliensis GI 57, fol. 33v.jpg|Codex Seragliensis GI 57, fol. 33v
File:Cosmographia Claudii Ptolomaei ante 1467 (7456016) Scandinavia.jpg|Scandinavia in the [[Zamoyski Codex]] ({{circa|lk=no|1467}})
File:Servet Ptolomei geographicae enarrationis.jpg|1535 printed edition, title page
File:Claudii Ptolemaei geographia, 1843, vol1.djvu|page=7|19th-century print in Latin (3 volumes)
File:Prima Europe tabula.jpg|''Prima Europe tabula'' One of the earliest surviving copies of Ptolemy's 2nd-century map of Great Britain and Ireland. 2nd edition, 1482.
File:Sebastian Munster, Tabula Sarmatiae.jpg|Sebastian Munster, Tabula Sarmatiae, 1571
File:Eastern Europe. Sebastian Munster, Tabula Sarmatiae, from Strabonis Rerum Geographicarum, 1571 REVERCE.jpg|Sebastian Munster, Tabula Sarmatiae, 1571 (reverse)
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Almagest]], Ptolemy's astronomical work
* [[Description of Greece]]
* ''[[Geographia Generalis]]''
* [[Diodorus Siculus]]
* [[Geography and cartography in medieval Islam]]
* [[Strabo]]
* [[List of most expensive books and manuscripts]]
* [[Al-Khwarizmi#Geography|Kitab Surat al-Ard]]
* [[Table of Noteworthy Cities (Ptolemy)|Table of Noteworthy Cities]]
* [[Chryse and Argyre]]

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation
| last = Angelus
| first = Jacobus |author-mask=Ptolemy. Translated by [[Jacopo d'Angelo|Jacobus Angelus]]
| title = Geographia
| url = https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/inquire/p/37766b34-6a69-46a9-831a-29a19757f790
| date = c. 1406
}}. {{in lang|la}}
* {{Citation
| last = Berggren
| first = J. Lennart |author-mask=Berggren, J. Lennart & Alexander Jones
| title = Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters
| publisher = Princeton University Press
| location = Princeton
| year = 2000
| isbn = 978-0-691-09259-1
}}.
* {{Citation
| last = Clemens
| first = Raymond
| contribution = Medieval Maps in a Renaissance Context: Gregorio Dati|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6XPcfjA1pIC&pg=PA244
| title = Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Fresh Perspectives, New Methods |editor1-last=Talbert |editor1-first=Richard J.A. |editor2-last=Unger |editor2-first=Richard Watson
| pages = 237–256
| year = 2008
| location = Leiden
| publisher = Koninklijke Brill NV
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Dilke
| first = Oswald Ashton Wentworth |author-link=Oswald A.W. Dilke
| contribution = 14 · Itineraries and Geographical Maps in the Early and Late Roman Empires |pages=234–257 |contribution-url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V1/HOC_VOLUME1_chapter14.pdf |title=History of Cartography |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=1987a |location=Chicago |volume=I }}.
* {{Citation
| last = Dilke
| first = Oswald Ashton Wentworth |author-link=Oswald A.W. Dilke
| contribution = 15 · Cartography in the Byzantine Empire |pages=258–275 |contribution-url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V1/HOC_VOLUME1_chapter15.pdf |title=History of Cartography |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=1987b |location=Chicago |volume=I}}.
* {{Citation
| last = Diller
| first = Aubrey
| contribution = The Oldest Manuscripts of Ptolemaic Maps
| title = Transactions of the American Philological Association
| number = 71
| year = 1940
| pages = 62–67
}}.
* {{Citation
| last = Edson
| first = Evelyn |author-mask=Edson, Evelyn & al.
| title = Medieval Views of the Cosmos
| year = 2004
| publisher = Bodleian Library
| location = Oxford
| isbn = 978-1-85124-184-2
}}.
* {{Citation
| last = al-Masʿūdī |author-link=al-Masʿūdī
| contribution = Kitāb al-Tanbīh wa-al-ishrāf
| title = Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum
| volume = 8
| location = Leiden
| publisher = Brill
| year = 1894
}}.
* {{cite book
| last = Mawer
| first = Granville Allen
| editor = Nichols, Robert and Martin Woods
| chapter = The Riddle of Cattigara
| pages = 38–39
| title = Mapping Our World: Terra Incognita to Australia
| publisher = National Library of Australia
| year = 2013
| isbn = 9780642278098}}
* {{Citation
| last = Milanesi
| first = Marica
| year = 1996
| title = A Forgotten Ptolemy: Harley Codex 3686 in the British Library
| journal = [[Imago Mundi]]
| volume = 48
| pages = 43–64
| doi = 10.1080/03085699608592832
}}.
* {{Citation
| last = Nallino
| first = C.A. |author-link=C.A. Nallino
| contribution = Al-Ḥuwārismī e il suo rifacimento della Geografia di Tolomeo
| pages = 458–532
| title = Raccolta di scritti editi e inediti
| volume = V
| location = Rome
| publisher = Istituto per l'Oriente
| year = 1939
}}. {{in lang|it}}
* {{cite book
| last = Parker
| first = Grant
| title = The Making of Roman India
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 2008
| isbn = 978-0-521-85834-2}}
* {{Citation
| last = Peerlings
| first = Robert |author2-last=Laurentius |author2-first=Frans |author3-last=van den Bovenkamp |author3-first=Jaap
| title = The watermarks in the Rome editions of Ptolemy's Cosmography and more
| journal = [[Quaerendo]]
| volume = 47
| pages = 307–327
| location = Leiden
| year = 2017
| issue = 3–4 | publisher = Koninklijke Brill NV
| doi = 10.1163/15700690-12341392 }}.
* {{Citation
| last = Peerlings
| first = Robert |author2-last=Laurentius |author2-first=Frans |author3-last=van den Bovenkamp |author3-first=Jaap
| title = New findings and discoveries in the 1507/8 Rome edition of Ptolemy's Cosmography
| journal = [[Quaerendo]]
| volume = 48
| pages = 139–162
| location = Leiden
| year = 2018
| issue = 2 | publisher = Koninklijke Brill NV
| doi = 10.1163/15700690-12341408 | s2cid = 165379448 }}.
* {{citation
| last = Rapoport
| first = Yossef |author2-last=Savage-Smith |author2-first=Emily
| display-authors = 1
| contribution = The ''Book of Curiosities'' and a Unique Map of the World |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6XPcfjA1pIC&pg=PA121
| pages = 121–138
| title = Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Fresh Perspectives, New Methods |editor-last=Talbert |editor-first=Richard J.A. |editor2-last=Unger |editor2-first=Richard Watson |display-editors=0
| location = Leiden
| year = 2008
| publisher = Koninklijke Brill NV |ref={{harvid|Rapoport|2008}}
}}.

* {{Citation
| last = Stückelberger
| first = Alfred |author-mask=Stückelberger, Alfred & al., eds.
| title = Ptolemaios Handbuch der Geographie (Griechisch-Deutsch) |trans-title=Ptolemy's Manual on Geography (Greek/German)
| year = 2006
| publisher = Schwabe | isbn = 978-3-7965-2148-5
}}. {{in lang|de|el}}
* {{Citation
| last = Suárez
| first = Thomas
| title = Early Mapping of Southeast Asia
| publisher = Periplus Editions
| year = 1999
| isbn = 978-962-593-470-9
}}.
* {{Citation
| last = Wright
| first = John Kirtland
| year = 1923
| title = Notes on the Knowledge of Latitudes and Longitudes in the Middle Ages
| journal = Isis
| volume = V
| pages = 75–98
| number = 1
| doi = 10.1086/358121
| jstor = 223599
| s2cid = 143159033
| url = https://archive.org/stream/isisacad05acaduoft#page/74/mode/2up
}}.
* {{cite book
| last = Young
| first = Gary Keith
| title = Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2001
| isbn = 978-0-415-24219-6}}
* {{cite book
| last = Yule
| first = Henry
| title = Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route
| editor = Henri Cordier
| publisher = Hakluyt Society
| year = 1915
| volume = 1}}

==Further reading==
* Blažek, Václav. "Etymological Analysis of Toponyms from Ptolemy's Description of Central Europe". In: ''Studia Celto-Slavica'' 3 (2010): 21–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54586/GTQF3679.
* Blažek, Václav. "The North-Eastern Border of the Celtic World". In: ''Studia Celto-Slavica'' 8 (2018): 7–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54586/ZMEE3109.
*Cosgrove, Dennis. 2003. ''Apollo's Eye: A Cartographic Genealogy of the Earth in the Western Imagination''. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London.
*Gautier Dalché, Patrick. 2009. ''La Géographie de Ptolémée en Occident (IVe-XVIe siècle)''. Terratum Orbis. Turnhout. Brepols, .
*Shalev, Zur, and Charles Burnett, eds. 2011. ''Ptolemy's'' Geography ''in the Renaissance''. London; Turin. Warburg Institute; Nino Aragno. (In Appendix: Latin text of [[Jacopo d'Angelo|Jacopo Angeli]]'s introduction to his translation of the ''Geography'', with English translation by C. Burnett.)
*Stevenson, Edward Luther. Trans. and ed. 1932. ''[https://dokumen.pub/the-geography-9810631049-9789810631048.html Claudius Ptolemy: The Geography]''. New York Public Library. Reprint: Dover, 1991. This is the only complete English translation of Ptolemy's most famous work, but based on the Latin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bill Thayer |title=Ptolemy: the Geography |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/home.html}}</ref> Unfortunately, it is marred by numerous mistakes (see Diller) and the place names are given in Latinised forms, rather than in the original Greek.
*{{cite journal
| last = Diller
| first = Aubrey
| date = February 1935
| title = Review of Stevenson's translation
| journal = Isis
| volume = 22
| issue = 2
| pages = 533–539
| url = https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/journals/ISIS/22/2/reviews/Stevensons_Ptolemy*.html
| access-date = 2007-07-15
| doi = 10.1086/346925
| url-access= subscription
}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Geography (Ptolemy)}}

===Primary sources===
;Greek
* [https://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/ptolemy/claudii_ptolemaei_geographiavol_i.pdf Books 1-4] and [https://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/ptolemy/claudii_ptolemaei_geographiavol_ii.pdf Books 5-8]
* [https://www.kps.unibe.ch/forschung/ptolemaios_forschungsstelle/publikationen/textband/index_ger.html Klaudios Ptolemaios: Handbuch der Geographie], hrsg. von Alfred Stückelberger und Gerd Grasshoff (Basel: Schwabe, 2006)
* {{in lang|el}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=4ksBAAAAMAAJ Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia, ed. Karl Friedrich August Nobbe, Sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii, 1843, tom. I] (books 1–4, missing p. 126); [https://books.google.com/books?id=vHMCAAAAQAAJ 1845, tom. II] (books 5–8); [https://books.google.com/books?id=wHMCAAAAQAAJ 1845, tom. III] (indices).
* [https://luna.manchester.ac.uk/luna/servlet/detail/ManchesterDev~93~3~55169~189080 Rylands Library GP 522], the earliest papyrus fragment of the ''[[Table of Noteworthy Cities (Ptolemy)|Table of Noteworthy Cities]].'' Catalogue list entry [https://www.librarysearch.manchester.ac.uk/permalink/44MAN_INST/1lr7mpn/alma992986479474601631 here].
* [[Vatican Library|Vatican]] [https://digi.vatlib.it/mss/detail/Urb.gr.82 Urb.gr.82], the earliest surviving [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] manuscript maps of the Geography.

;Latin
* [https://weblioteca.uv.es/cgi/view.pl?source=uv_ms_0693 Claudii Ptolomei Cosmographie]
* {{in lang|la}} [http://bmn-renaissance.nancy.fr/items/show/1236 La Cosmographie de Claude Ptolemée], Latin manuscript copied around 1411
* {{in lang|la}} [http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0693 ''Geography''], digitized codex made in Italy between 1460 and 1477, translated to Latin by [[Jacopo d'Angelo|Jacobus Angelus]] at [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43 Somni]. Also known as ''codex valentinus'', it is the oldest manuscript of the codices with maps of Ptolemy with the donis projections.
* {{in lang|la}} [https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/92462 "Cosmographia"] / Claudius Ptolemaeus. Translated into Latin by [[Jacopo d'Angelo|Jacobus Angelus]], and edited by Nicolaus Germanus. – Ulm : Lienhart Holle. – 1482. (In the National Library of Finland.)
* {{in lang|la}} [http://amshistorica.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=187 ''Geographia Universalis''], Basileae apud Henricum Petrum mense Martio anno M. D. XL. [of Basel, printed by Henricus Petrus in the month of March in the year 1540].
* {{in lang|la}} [http://amshistorica.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=184 ''Geographia Cl. Ptolemaei Alexandrini''], Venetiis : apud Vincentium Valgrisium, Venezia, 1562.

;Portuguese
* Pedro Nunes, ''Tratado da Sphera com a Theorica do Sol e da Lua e ho Primeiro Liuro da Geographia de Claudio Ptolomeo Alexãndrino'', Oficina de Germão Galharde, Lisboa, 1537 (Republished in: ''Pedro Nunes. Obras'', vol. I, Ed. Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, pp. 1-159).

;Italian
* {{in lang|it}} [http://amshistorica.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=182 ''Geografia cioè descrittione vniuersale della terra partita in due volumi...''], In Venetia : appresso Gio. Battista et Giorgio Galignani fratelli, 1598.
* {{in lang|it}} [http://amshistorica.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=186 ''Geografia di Claudio Tolomeo alessandrino''], In Venetia : appresso gli heredi di Melchior Sessa, 1599.

;English
* [https://dokumen.pub/the-geography-9810631049-9789810631048.html Claudius Ptolemy The Geography], 1932 translation of the Latin by Edward Luther Stevenson. Downloadable scan with optical character recognition. (See note above.)
* [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-b-2/V-1/page/0162.html.ja Extracts of Ptolemy on the country of the Seres (China)] (English translation)
* [http://www.dioi.org/diller8/diller8.htm 1st critical edition of ''Geography'' Book 8, by Aubrey Diller]
* [http://topostext.org/work.php?work_id=209 ''Geography'' Books 2.10-6.11 in English], with most Greece-related places geolocated, by [[John Brady Kiesling]] at [http://topostext.org ToposText]
* [https://ancientmiddleeast.com AncientMiddleEast.com], geo-located [[Keyhole Markup Language|.KMZ]] plots of nearly all points in Non-European regions, Books 4-7, for use in [[Google Earth|GoogleEarth]].
'''German'''

* {{Cite web |title=Heaven and Earth : Ptolemy, the astronomer and geographer |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/59390/2/Ausstellung_Ptolemaios.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606071205/https://boris.unibe.ch/59390/2/Ausstellung_Ptolemaios.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2024 |access-date=24 April 2025}} 2006 Exhibition by Alfred Stückelberger, Florian Mittenhuber and Thomas Klöti

===Secondary material===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060712084525/http://www.abila.org/html/ptolemy.html Ptolemy the Geographer]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080918003658/http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~fhasele/ptolemaeus/index.html Ptolemy's Geography of Asia] – Selected problems of Ptolemy's Geography of Asia {{in lang|de}}
*[http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss08.html History of Cartography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927055557/http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss08.html |date=2011-09-27 }} including a discussion of the ''Geographia''
*[http://www.e-perimetron.org/Vol_18_4/Gusev_Stafeyev.pdf Claudius Ptolemy’s East Africa Georeferenced and Visualized ]
*[https://www.kps.unibe.ch/forschung/ptolemaios_forschungsstelle/index_ger.html Ptolemaios-Forschungsstelle] (Ptolemy Research Institute, [[University of Bern]])

{{Ancient seafaring}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Works by Ptolemy]]
[[Category:2nd-century books]]
[[Category:Atlases]]
[[Category:Geographic information systems]]
[[Category:Map projections]]
[[Category:Geographic coordinate systems]]
[[Category:Land surveying systems]]
[[Category:History of geography]]
[[Category:Geography books]]
[[Category:Historic maps of the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Maps]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek geographical works]]

Kallada River

2026-03-23T23:13:45Z

Leonuqs: further adjusted references per sources further and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|River in South Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
[[File:Kallada river near Uppood.jpg|alt=|thumb|Kallada River/Kulathupuzha]]
The '''Kallada River''' is the longest river in [[Kollam District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The river originates in [[Madathara]], in the [[Western Ghats]], and flows west, reaching the [[Ashtamudi Lake|Arabian Sea]] after traveling a distance of {{convert|120|km|abbr=on}}.

==River Course==
The Kallada originates from the southeastern part of the [[Kollam district]] as multiple streams arising from the [[Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary|Shendurney wildlife sanctuary]]. The most prominent among these streams are the Kazhuthuruttiyaaru, which arises from Rosemala and [[Ambanad Hills]] and flows southward, the [[Kulathupuzha]] river that flows northward from near the [[Ponmudi]] hills and the [[Windward and leeward|windward]] side of [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]], and west-flowing streams that arise from the [[Windward and leeward|windward]] side of the [[Courtallam|Courtallam Hills]]. These major streams that form the river meet at [[Thenmala Dam]].

The river flows through the towns of [[Kulathupuzha]], [[Thenmala]], [[Kulathupuzha|Ottackal]], [[Ayiranalloor]], [[Edamon]], [[Punalur]], [[Karulai|Nedumkayam]], [[Kamukumchery]] and [[Pathanapuram]]. It then enters the plains where it flows alongside [[Pattazhy]], [[Enathu]], [[Mannadi]], [[Kunnathur, Kerala|Kunnathur]], [[Iverkala]] [[Puthoor]], [[Pavithreswaram]], [[East Kallada]], [[Munroe Island]] and [[West Kallada]]. The river's estuary is situated near [[West Kallada]], where it empties into [[Ashtamudi Lake|Ashthamudi]] lake and thence into the [[Arabian Sea]].

At [[Punalur]], the [[Punalur Suspension Bridge]] was constructed in 1877 across the river by the [[Travancore Kingdom]] in the British Style. [[Kallada Boat Race]] (''Kallada Jalotsavam'') is one of the most famous boat races held in the state. The boat race is an annual event which takes place at the 28th day after [[Onam]]. It is held on the "''Muthira Parambu - Karuvathra Kadavu''" in the course of the river. [[Sasthamcotta Lake]] is the largest fresh water lake in Kerala and provides drinking water for most regions in the Kollam district. Except for an earthen embankment that is {{convert|1.5|km|abbr=on}} in length which separates the lake from the paddy fields on its southern side, bordering the alluvial plains of the Kallada River, all other sides of the lake are surrounded by steep hills.

==Industries along the river==
There were many industries flourishing on the banks of the Kallada during the British Period. [[Punalur Paper Mills]], established in 1875, is one such major company. The effluents discharged from the mill into the river were found to alter the physiochemical factors leading to production of plankton in the mid-1900s. The mill was embroiled in a labour dispute, and was closed in 1987. It was reopened in 2015, after legal resolutions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/punalur-paper-mills-reopened/article7647502.ece|title = Punalur Paper Mills reopened|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 13 September 2015}}</ref>

Sand mining along the banks of the river is a cause of concern, because it makes them more vulnerable to erosion and floods.

==Kallada Irrigation Project==
'''Kallada Irrigation project (KIP)''' is the largest [[Irrigation in India|irrigation]] project in [[Kerala]]. The command area of this project is distributed over [[Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta district]] and [[Alappuzha district]]s and covers Punalur, Pathanapuram, Kottarakkara, Kollam, Kunnathur, Karunagappally, Adoor, Mavelikkara and Karthikappally [[Taluks of Kerala]].

The project was planned to irrigate a net cultivable command area of {{convert|61630|ha|abbr=on}}. During the course of execution some canals including the Kayamkulam Branch canal were dropped, and now this project is benefiting a net cultivable area of only {{convert|53514|ha|abbr=on}} in 92 villages. Head work was completed during 1986. Now fully operational, the right bank main canal was partially commissioned during 1986 and the left bank main canal during 1992.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kallada-River-38931.htm | title = Kallada River | publisher = india9 | access-date = 2010-06-26 }}</ref>

The Left Bank Main canal is {{convert|56.016|km|abbr=on}} in length and the Right Bank Main canal is {{convert|69.752|km|abbr=on}} in length. The Branch Canal of the left bank canal is {{convert|61.692|km|abbr=on}} long and that of the Right Branch canal is {{convert|47.573|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kallada Irrigation Project {{!}} Irrigation-kerala|url=https://irrigation.kerala.gov.in/kallada-irrigation-project|access-date=2021-10-30|website=irrigation.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> The canals begin from Ottakkal Lookout near [[Thenmala]].

==See also==
*[[Ithikkara River]]
*[[Thenmala]]
*[[Munroe Island]]
*[[Punalur]]
*[[East Kallada]]
*[[Madathara]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Waters of Kerala}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040315134925/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/26/stories/2004012602460300.htm Story from ''The Hindu'' on sand damage on the Kallada]

{{coord|8|59|N|76|38|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Kallada River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Kollam district]]

Tori (Rampur)

2026-03-21T18:08:03Z

Leonuqs: Started A Stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{About|the village in Gujarat|other uses|Tori (disambiguation)}}
{{one source|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tori
| settlement_type = village
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21|37|12.5|N|70|52|53.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amreli]]
| subdivision_type3 = Taluka
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kunkavav Vadia Taluka|Kunkavav Vadia]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 148
| population_total = 3540
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 365480<ref>{{cite web |title=Tori Pin Code - 365480, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search amreli Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/gujarat/amreli/tori-pincode-365480.html |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02796
| registration_plate = GJ-14
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest town
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bagasara]] (20 km)
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
}}
'''Tori''' is a village located near the Taluka headquarters of [[Kunkavav Vadia Taluka|Kunkavav Vadia]], in the [[Amreli district]] of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=TV |first1=India |title=Tori Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Tori, Amreli, Gujarat, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/gujarat/amreli/tori |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> The village is situated in the southern part of [[Saurashtra region]],(also known as [[Kathiawar]]), which became part of the [[Western Kathiawar Agency]],from 1926 onwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government of Gujarat |url=https://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaGujarat1.htm |website=www.hubert-herald.nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saurashtra State – World Statesmen |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html |website=WorldStatesmen.org |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tori BO Pin Code of Tori locality of Gujarat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/gujarat/amreli/tori-bo |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=web.archive |first1=org |title=NAME OF HABITATIONS IN YEARLY STATUS REPORT RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMME |url=http://ddws.gov.in/ddwsimis/RuralWaterSupply/Reports/ReportYSRHabitationDistrict.aspx?districtId=0120&districtname=AMRELI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724195529/http://ddws.gov.in/ddwsimis/RuralWaterSupply/Reports/ReportYSRHabitationDistrict.aspx?districtId=0120&districtname=AMRELI |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Geography==
It is in a hilly and semi arid region of southern [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtra]].The village is surrounded by small hills and dry plains. It lies near the Survo River and [[Shetrunji River]], an important source of irrigation. However, seasonal flooding may occur during [[monsoon]] in low-lying areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tori Population - Amreli, Gujarat |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/515424-tori-gujarat.html}}</ref>

== Climate ==

<div style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; font-size:110%;">Climate data for Tori (near Amreli), 1991–2020, extremes 1973–present</div>

{{weather box
|location = Tori (near Amreli, Gujarat)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan record high C = 36.6
|Feb record high C = 39.4
|Mar record high C = 43.6
|Apr record high C = 45.6
|May record high C = 46.2
|Jun record high C = 39.1
|Jul record high C = 39.1
|Aug record high C = 38.6
|Sep record high C = 40.1
|Oct record high C = 42.1
|Nov record high C = 38.2
|Dec record high C = 36.6
|Jan high C = 29.6
|Feb high C = 32.4
|Mar high C = 36.8
|Apr high C = 40.4
|May high C = 41.0
|Jun high C = 35.2
|Jul high C = 32.7
|Aug high C = 31.4
|Sep high C = 32.5
|Oct high C = 35.3
|Nov high C = 33.7
|Dec high C = 30.8
|Jan low C = 11.7
|Feb low C = 14.7
|Mar low C = 19.1
|Apr low C = 23.2
|May low C = 28.5
|Jun low C = 27.6
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 25.4
|Sep low C = 24.5
|Oct low C = 23.5
|Nov low C = 17.2
|Dec low C = 13.1
|Jan record low C = 1.6
|Feb record low C = 3.5
|Mar record low C = 9.1
|Apr record low C = 12.1
|May record low C = 16.4
|Jun record low C = 21.4
|Jul record low C = 23.6
|Aug record low C = 23.3
|Sep record low C = 18.4
|Oct record low C = 14.4
|Nov record low C = 9.1
|Dec record low C = 1.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 0.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 0.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 0.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 0.0
|May precipitation mm = 3.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 113.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 213.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 139.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 109.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 25.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 4.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 0.3
|Jan humidity = 28
|Feb humidity = 22
|Mar humidity = 19
|Apr humidity = 19
|May humidity = 29
|Jun humidity = 54
|Jul humidity = 69
|Aug humidity = 72
|Sep humidity = 64
|Oct humidity = 42
|Nov humidity = 33
|Dec humidity = 30
|unit rain days = 0.1 in
|Jan rain days = 0.0
|Feb rain days = 0.0
|Mar rain days = 0.1
|Apr rain days = 0.2
|May rain days = 0.5
|Jun rain days = 5.2
|Jul rain days = 9.0
|Aug rain days = 7.1
|Sep rain days = 5.5
|Oct rain days = 1.2
|Nov rain days = 0.4
|Dec rain days = 0.0
|source 1 = Based on data from Amreli (India Meteorological Department)<ref>"Station: Amreli Climatological Table 1991–2020" (PDF). ''Climatological Normals 1991–2020''. India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2025.</ref><ref>"Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2025.</ref>
}}

'''Tori village''' experiences a [[semi-arid climate]], typical of inland [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. Summers (March to mid-June) are extremely hot and dry, with maximum temperatures frequently exceeding 40°C. The [[monsoon season]] spans from mid-June to September and delivers the majority of the yearly rainfall, averaging around 600 mm. Winters (November to February) are mild and dry, with temperatures ranging between 13°C and 31°C and relatively low humidity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home {{!}} India Meteorological Department |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/ |website=mausam.imd.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of districts of Gujarat]]
* [[Leva Patel|Leuva Patel]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://egramswaraj.gov.in/knowYourPanchayat.do|e‑GramSwaraj – Know Your Panchayat}} at Village of Tori
* [https://panchayat.gujarat.gov.in/gu/egram-project Gujarat eGram Project – List of Panchayats] at Tori Village, Amreli
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/8020021557#map=12/21.6857/70.8879 Location on OpenStreetMap] at Village of Tori

[[Category:Villages in Amreli district]]

Metacritic

2026-03-21T05:15:43Z

Leonuqs: small changes

{{Short description|American review aggregation website}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Metacritic
| logo = Metacritic logo.svg
| logo_size = 260px
| commercial = Yes
| type = [[Review aggregator]]
| registration = Free/subscription
| owner =
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2001|January}}
| current_status = Active
| oclc = 911795326
| parent = {{ubl|[[CNET]] (2005–2008)|[[CBS Interactive]] (2008–2020)|[[Red Ventures]] (2020–2022)|[[Fandom (website)#Fandom, Inc.|Fandom, Inc.]] (2022–present)}}<ref name="fandom">{{cite web |last=Weprin |first=Alex |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/tv-guide-metacritic-gamespot-acquisition-fandom-1235231819/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=October 3, 2022 |access-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207000619/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/tv-guide-metacritic-gamespot-acquisition-fandom-1235231819/ |url-status=live |title=TV Guide, Metacritic, GameSpot Acquired by Fandom in $55M Deal With Red Ventures }}</ref>
| url = {{URL|metacritic.com}}
}}

'''Metacritic''' is an American [[website]] that [[review aggregator|aggregates reviews]] of [[film]]s, [[television show]]s, [[music albums]], [[video game]]s, and formerly [[book]]s. For each product, the scores from each review are averaged (a [[weighted average]]). Metacritic was created by Jason Dietz, Marc Doyle, and Julie Doyle Roberts in 1999, and was acquired by [[Fandom (website)#Fandom, Inc.|Fandom, Inc.]] in 2022.

Metacritic turns each critic and user review into a respective percentage score. This can be done either by calculating the score from the rating given or by making a subjective decision based on the review's quality. Before averaging the scores, they are adjusted based on the critic's popularity, reputation, and the number of reviews they have written. The site also includes a summary from each review and links to the original source, using colors like green, yellow, or red to indicate the overall sentiment of the critics.

Metacritic won two [[Webby Award]]s for excellence as an aggregation website. It is regarded as the foremost online review aggregation site for the video game industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leack |first=Jonathan |date=September 25, 2015 |title=OpenCritic's Gamer-Centric Style Is Everything Metacritic Should Have Been |url=http://www.gamerevolution.com/features/opencritics-gamercentric-style-is-everything-metacritic-should-have-been |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927012222/http://www.gamerevolution.com/features/opencritics-gamercentric-style-is-everything-metacritic-should-have-been |archive-date=September 27, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2019 |website=[[Game Revolution]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Mike |date=July 10, 2012 |title=Metacritic is here to stay, but can we fix it? |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/metacritic-is-here-to-stay-but-can-we-fix-it- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915161414/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/173879/Metacritic_is_here_to_stay_but_can_we_fix_it.php |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |access-date=September 12, 2019 |website=[[Gamasutra]]}}</ref> Criticism of the site has focused on the assessment system, the assignment of scores to reviews that do not include ratings, third-party attempts to influence the scores, and the reported lack of staff oversight for user reviews. It has been noted that users can create multiple [[Sock puppet account|sock puppet accounts]] to [[review bomb]] games.

== History ==
[[File:Metacritic logo original.svg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Original Metacritic logo]]
Metacritic was launched in January 2001 by Marc Doyle, his sister Julie Doyle Roberts, and his [[University of Southern California]] law classmate Jason Dietz, after two years of developing the site.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metacritic: The History |url=https://www.metacritic.com/about-metacritic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905084507/http://www.metacritic.com/about-metacritic |archive-date=September 5, 2018 |access-date=September 5, 2018 |website=Metacritic |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> [[Rotten Tomatoes]] was already compiling movie reviews, but Doyle, Roberts, and Dietz saw an opportunity to cover a broader range of media.

Metacritic was sold to [[CNET]] in 2005.<ref name="wsj" /> CNET and Metacritic were later acquired by the [[CBS Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Columbia Journalism Review – CJR's guide to what the major media companies own |url=https://www.cjr.org/resources/?c=cbs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417001749/https://www.cjr.org/resources/?c=cbs%2F |archive-date=April 17, 2016 |access-date=November 28, 2011 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref> In 2020, Metacritic and other CNET titles were bought by [[Red Ventures]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |title=ViacomCBS Reaches Deal to Sell CNET for $500 Million to Marketing Firm Red Ventures |url=https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/cnet-viacomcbs-sells-red-ventures-1234768810/ |website=Variety |date=September 14, 2020 |access-date=November 13, 2020 |archive-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201219232151/https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/cnet-viacomcbs-sells-red-ventures-1234768810/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, Red Ventures sold Metacritic and other entertainment websites to [[Fandom, Inc.]]<ref name="fandom" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Fandom Acquires Leading Entertainment & Gaming Brands Including GameSpot, TV Guide and Metacritic |url=https://about.fandom.com/news/fandom-acquires-leading-entertainment-gaming-brands-including-gamespot-tv-guide-and-metacritic |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Fandom |language=en |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004000107/https://about.fandom.com/news/fandom-acquires-leading-entertainment-gaming-brands-including-gamespot-tv-guide-and-metacritic |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Influence ===
Metacritic has been used by businesses to predict future sales. In 2007, Nick Wingfield of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' wrote that Metacritic "influence[s] the sales of games and the stocks of video game publishers". He explains its influence as coming from the higher cost of buying video games than music or movie tickets. Many executives say that low scores "can hurt the long-term sales potential". Wingfield wrote that [[Wall Street]] pays attention to Metacritic and [[GameRankings]] because the sites typically post scores before sales data are publicly available, citing the respective rapid rise and fall in company values after ''[[BioShock]]'' and ''[[Spider-Man 3 (video game)|Spider-Man 3]]'' were released.<ref name=wsj/> In an interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'', Marc Doyle cited two major publishers that "conducted comprehensive statistical surveys through which they've been able to draw a correlation between high metascores and stronger sales" in certain genres. He claimed that an increasing number of businesses and financial analysts use Metacritic as "an early indicator of a game's potential sales and, by extension, the publisher's stock price".<ref name="guardian">{{Cite interview |first=Marc |last=Doyle |interviewer-last=Stuart |interviewer-first=Keith |date=January 17, 2008 |title=Interview: the science and art of Metacritic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2008/jan/17/interviewtheartofmetacriti |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006170012/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2008/jan/17/interviewtheartofmetacriti |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |access-date=February 15, 2008 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> However, a 2015 study analyzing over 88 [[Xbox 360]] and 80 [[PS3]] games from 2012 found that Metacritic scores did not impact actual sales.<ref name="study-2015">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Imad |date=December 11, 2015 |title=Do Metacritic scores affect game sales? |url=https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/metacritic-scores-game-sales-gdc-2015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412125048/https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/metacritic-scores-game-sales-gdc-2015/ |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref>

Controversially, the website has been used by game publishers as a means of determining whether a game's developer receives additional royalties. One notable example is the 2010 game ''[[Fallout: New Vegas]],'' which received an average Metascore of 84, one short of the 85 points required by [[Bethesda Softworks]], the game's publisher. As a result, its developer, [[Obsidian Entertainment]], received no additional bonus. Outlets took issue with the company's use of Metacritic, with one suggesting that this makes game critics ultimately accountable for deciding the developer's profits and another pointing out that a Metascore of 84 is not significantly lower than 85. The latter also pointed out the impressive sales of five million sold units and US$300 million in revenue, and also noted a series of Obsidian's layoffs in 2011 and 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Keza |date=July 16, 2012 |title=Is Metacritic Ruining The Games Industry? |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/07/16/is-metacritic-ruining-the-games-industry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211222552/https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/07/16/is-metacritic-ruining-the-games-industry |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |access-date=September 8, 2019 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Orland |first=Kyle |date=March 15, 2012 |title=Why linking developer bonuses to Metacritic scores should come to an end |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2012/03/why-linking-developer-bonuses-to-metacritic-scores-should-come-to-an-end/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217104009/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2012/03/why-linking-developer-bonuses-to-metacritic-scores-should-come-to-an-end/ |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2019 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref>

The website has also been used by outlets and commentators as a general reference for critical reception,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Ben |date=May 9, 2019 |title=The 10 best Pokémon games of all time, according to critics |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-pokemon-games-of-all-time-2019-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927084744/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-pokemon-games-of-all-time-2019-5 |archive-date=September 27, 2019 |access-date=September 8, 2019 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> and by publishers as a tool of improving their products. Along with other executives, in 2008, [[John Riccitiello]], then CEO of Electronic Arts, showed Wall Street analysts a chart illustrating a downward trend in the average critical ratings of the company's games. He took the ratings seriously and stressed the need for the company to bounce back.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hillis |first=Scott |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Game scoring site wields industry clout |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-videogames-metacritic-life/game-scoring-site-wields-industry-clout-idUSN1930453120080221?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207175554/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-videogames-metacritic-life/game-scoring-site-wields-industry-clout-idUSN1930453120080221?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 |archive-date=February 7, 2020 |access-date=September 8, 2019 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Also in 2008, Microsoft used Metacritic averages to delist underperforming [[Xbox Live Arcade]] games.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Remo |first=Chris |date=May 22, 2008 |title=Microsoft To Delist Low-Ranking XBLA Titles, Raise Size Limit |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/microsoft-to-delist-low-ranking-xbla-titles-raise-size-limit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525200501/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=18759 |archive-date=May 25, 2008 |access-date=May 22, 2008 |website=[[Gamasutra]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keiser |first=Joe |date=May 22, 2008 |title=EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: MS to Delist XBLA Titles |url=http://www.next-gen.biz/features/exclusive-interview-ms-delist-xbla-titles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820031319/http://www.edge-online.com/features/exclusive-interview-ms-delist-xbla-titles |page=1 |archive-date=August 20, 2012 |access-date=May 29, 2008 |website=Next Generation}}</ref>

== Metascores ==
Scores are [[weighted average]]s. Certain publications are given more significance "because of their stature".<ref name=wsj/> Metacritic has said that it will not reveal the relative weight assigned to each reviewer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://metacritichelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/sections/14481008191383-FAQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813223711/http://www.metacritic.com/faq#item19 |archive-date=August 13, 2015 |access-date=July 29, 2015 |website=Metacritic |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref>

Games Editor Marc Doyle was interviewed in 2008 by Keith Stuart of ''[[The Guardian]]'' to "get a look behind the metascoring process". Stuart wrote: "The Metascore phenomenon, namely Metacritic and [[GameRankings]], have become an enormously important element of online games journalism over the past few years".<ref name=guardian/> Doyle said that because video games lead to a greater investment of time and money, gamers are more informed about reviews than are fans of film or music; they want to know "whether that hotly anticipated title is going to deliver".<ref name=guardian/>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Score index<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.metacritic.com/about-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928225241/http://www.metacritic.com/about-metascores |archive-date=September 28, 2015 |access-date=May 13, 2012 |website=Metacritic |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Indication
! Video games
! Films/television/music
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00CE7A;" |
| Universal acclaim
| 90–100
| 81–100
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Generally favorable
| 75–89
| 61–80
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background-color:#FFBD3F;" |
|Mixed or average
| 50–74
| 40–60
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF6874;" |
| Generally unfavorable
| 20–49
| 20–39
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Overwhelming dislike
| colspan="2" | 0–19
|}

In June 2018, Metacritic established the "Must-See" label for a movie that "achieves a Metascore of 81 or higher and has been reviewed by a minimum of 15 professional critics".<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2018 |title=New on Metacritic: Must-See Movies |url=https://www.metacritic.com/feature/metacritic-must-see-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018030135/https://www.metacritic.com/feature/metacritic-must-see-movies |archive-date=October 18, 2018 |access-date=October 16, 2018 |website=Metacritic |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> In September 2018, it added the "Must-Play" certification for video games attaining a score of 90% or more, and a minimum number of 15 reviews from industry professionals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Matt |date=September 12, 2018 |title=Metacritic Adds 'Must-Play' Label to Highly Reviewed Games |url=https://www.gamerevolution.com/news/431169-review-aggregator-metacritic-adds-must-play-label-to-games |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227110719/https://www.gamerevolution.com/news/431169-review-aggregator-metacritic-adds-must-play-label-to-games |archive-date=February 27, 2020 |access-date=September 9, 2019 |website=[[Game Revolution]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2018 |title=New on Metacritic: Must-Play Games |url=https://www.metacritic.com/feature/metacritic-must-play-games |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914182901/https://www.metacritic.com/feature/metacritic-must-play-games |archive-date=September 14, 2018 |access-date=April 24, 2020 |website=Metacritic |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Metacritic's efficacy has been analyzed by critics, outlets, and commentators, finding it to be generally useful<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grubb |first=Jeff |date=August 7, 2013 |title=Metacritic works: Why the review-aggregation site is important for the average consumer |url=https://venturebeat.com/2013/08/07/metacritic-works-why-the-review-aggregation-site-is-important-for-the-average-consumer/view-all/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226055444/https://venturebeat.com/2013/08/07/metacritic-works-why-the-review-aggregation-site-is-important-for-the-average-consumer/view-all/ |archive-date=February 26, 2020 |access-date=September 7, 2019 |website=[[VentureBeat]]}}</ref> or unreliable and biased.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spector |first=Warren |date=May 13, 2013 |title=Defining Success: Why Metacritic Should Be Irrelevant |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2013-05-13-defining-success-why-metacritic-should-be-irrelevant |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130004127/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2013-05-13-defining-success-why-metacritic-should-be-irrelevant |archive-date=January 30, 2020 |access-date=September 7, 2019 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]]}}</ref> The website won two annual Webby Awards for excellence in the "Guides/Ratings/Reviews" category, in 2010 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=2010 Webby Award Winner |url=https://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2010/web/general-website-categories/guidesratingsreviews/metacritic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226073946/https://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2010/web/general-website-categories/guidesratingsreviews/metacritic/ |archive-date=February 26, 2020 |access-date=September 6, 2019 |publisher=[[International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=2015 Webby Award Winner |url=https://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2015/websites/general-website/guidesratingsreviews/metacritic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101220616/https://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2015/websites/general-website/guidesratingsreviews/metacritic/ |archive-date=January 1, 2020 |access-date=September 6, 2019 |publisher=[[International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref>

=== Criticism ===
Metacritic has been criticized for converting all scoring systems into a single quantitative percentage-based scale. For example, an "A" score equates to the value of 100, an "F" the value of zero, and a "B−" the value of 67.<ref name=guardian /> Joe Dodson, former editor at ''[[GameRevolution]]'', criticized Metacritic and similar sites for turning reviews into scores that he found to be too low.<ref name=wsj /> Doyle defended the grading system, believing that every scale should be converted directly to that of the website, with its lowest possible score being 0 and the highest 100.<ref name=guardian /> Further criticism was directed to the website's refusal to publicize how it aggregates scores.<ref name=study-2015/>

According to Doyle, publishers often try to persuade him to exclude reviews they feel are unfair, but he said that once a publication is included, he refuses to omit any of its reviews.<ref name="wsj">{{Cite web |last=Wingfield |first=Nick |date=September 20, 2007 |title=High Scores Matter To Game Makers, Too |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119024844874433247 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215151615/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119024844874433247 |archive-date=February 15, 2015 |access-date=February 15, 2008 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> A ''[[Washington Post]]'' review of ''[[Uncharted 4]]'' was assigned with a rating of 40/100 by Metacritic; this was the only negative review of the game.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uncharted 4: A Thief's End for Playstation 4 Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/uncharted-4-a-thiefs-end/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005123/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/uncharted-4-a-thiefs-end |archive-date=August 13, 2018 |access-date=August 6, 2018 |website=Metacritic |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> Readers who disapproved of the review petitioned Metacritic to remove the ''Post'' as a trusted source.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schreier |first=Jason |date=May 16, 2016 |title=Reviewer Targeted For Giving Uncharted 4 Negative Review |url=https://kotaku.com/reviewer-targeted-for-giving-uncharted-4-negative-revie-1776854933 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516170758/http://kotaku.com/reviewer-targeted-for-giving-uncharted-4-negative-revie-1776854933 |archive-date=May 16, 2016 |access-date=May 16, 2016 |publisher=[[Kotaku]]}}</ref> Similarly, Metacritic does not publish updated review scores, stating that they found "many publications had been pressured to raise review scores (or de-publish reviews) to satisfy outside influences."<ref name="GR Safe boring games">{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Catherine |title=As bugs weigh down review scores for Stalker 2, Dishonored and Prey creative director says the "Metacritic ecosystem encourages devs to make safe boring games" |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/fps/as-bugs-weigh-down-review-scores-for-stalker-2-dishonored-and-prey-creative-director-says-the-metacritic-ecosystem-encourages-devs-to-make-safe-boring-games/ |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |access-date=20 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125155216/https://www.gamesradar.com/games/fps/as-bugs-weigh-down-review-scores-for-stalker-2-dishonored-and-prey-creative-director-says-the-metacritic-ecosystem-encourages-devs-to-make-safe-boring-games/ |archive-date=November 25, 2024 |date=November 25, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PGN Safe boring games">{{cite web |last1=Nelson |first1=Will |title=Dishonored director says Metacritic lifts up "boring games" as Stalker 2 suffers |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/stalker-2/dishonored-metacritic |website=PCGamesN |access-date=20 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123175155/https://www.pcgamesn.com/stalker-2/dishonored-metacritic |archive-date=November 23, 2024 |date=November 23, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Video game designer [[Raphaël Colantonio]] criticized this policy on the basis that a game's technical issues that affected reviews could be [[Patch (computing)|patched]] and review scores updated accordingly by publications, while its Metacritic score would not change; he felt this was misleading and encouraged developers to make "safe boring games".<ref name="GR Safe boring games"/><ref name="PGN Safe boring games"/>

As a result of its perceived negative influence on the industry, several reviewing sites, including ''[[Kotaku]]'' and ''[[Eurogamer]]'', have dropped numerical reviews that would appear in Metacritic, instead favoring a qualitative assessment of a game.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolito |first=Stephan |date=January 30, 2012 |title=How We Will Review Games |url=https://kotaku.com/how-we-will-review-games-5880486 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210214030/http://kotaku.com/5880486/how-we-will-review-games |archive-date=February 10, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2015 |publisher=[[Kotaku]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Welsh |first=Oli |date=February 10, 2015 |title=Eurogamer has dropped review scores |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-02-10-eurogamer-has-dropped-review-scores |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210180517/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-02-10-eurogamer-has-dropped-review-scores |archive-date=February 10, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2015 |publisher=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref> ''Kotaku'' also highlighted the aforementioned practice used by some publishers who use Metacritic scores as a way to leverage more favorable terms for the publisher, or deny developers bonuses should they not reach a certain score. Doyle countered this by saying "Metacritic has absolutely nothing to do with how the industry uses our numbers. Metacritic has always been about educating the gamer. We're using product reviews as a tool to help them make the most of their time and money."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schreier |first=Jason |date=August 8, 2015 |title=Metacritic Matters: How Review Scores Hurt Video Games |url=https://kotaku.com/metacritic-matters-how-review-scores-hurt-video-games-472462218 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118031546/https://kotaku.com/metacritic-matters-how-review-scores-hurt-video-games-472462218 |archive-date=November 18, 2019 |access-date=November 27, 2019 |publisher=[[Kotaku]]}}</ref>

Critics and developers have pointed out that a product can suffer from rating manipulation by users through [[review bomb]]ing, sometimes by [[Disposable email address|throwaway accounts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glennon |first=Jen |date=June 24, 2020 |title=Metacritic has a review bombing problem. Here are 6 ways to fix it. |url=https://www.inverse.com/gaming/last-of-us-2-review-bombing-metacritic-open |access-date=June 28, 2020 |website=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |archive-date=June 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628171446/https://www.inverse.com/gaming/last-of-us-2-review-bombing-metacritic-open |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Valentine |first=Rebekah |date=February 21, 2020 |title=Kunai becomes the latest title review bombed on Metacritic by a single person |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-02-20-kunai-becomes-the-latest-title-review-bombed-on-metacritic-by-a-single-person |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629224908/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-02-20-kunai-becomes-the-latest-title-review-bombed-on-metacritic-by-a-single-person |archive-date=June 29, 2020 |access-date=June 28, 2020 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2011 |title=Metacritic bans 'bombing' user reviewers |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/319976/metacritic-bans-bombing-user-reviewers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924034200/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/319976/metacritic-bans-bombing-user-reviewers/ |archive-date=September 24, 2011 |access-date=September 23, 2011 |website=ComputerAndVideoGames.com}}</ref><ref name="GB Review bombing">{{Cite web |last=Klepek |first=Patrick |date=September 22, 2011 |title=Metacritic Finds, Bans Group of Users Unfairly Scoring Games |url=http://www.giantbomb.com/articles/metacritic-finds-bans-group-of-users-unfairly-scor/1100-3688/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308012934/https://www.giantbomb.com/articles/metacritic-finds-bans-group-of-users-unfairly-scor/1100-3688/ |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |access-date=September 22, 2011 |website=[[Giant Bomb]]}}</ref> Signal Studios president and creative director Douglas Albright described the website as having no standards, following a review bombing of one of their games.<ref name="GB Review bombing"/> In July 2020, Metacritic added a 36-hour waiting period for user reviews to be posted for video games at launch in an effort to reduce review-bombing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyles |first=Taylor |date=2020-07-17 |title=Metacritic stops letting you review games on the day they're released |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/17/21328597/metacritic-user-reviews-delayed-review-bombing |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405172218/https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/17/21328597/metacritic-user-reviews-delayed-review-bombing |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other of the problems that Metacritic has is that the scores assigned to video games do not reflect their current state. Examples of this are the disastrous launches of ''[[Cyberpunk 2077]]'' and ''[[Pokémon Scarlet and Violet]]'', both of which were fixed through updates, but their score on Metacritic has not changed in the slightest.

== See also ==
* [[IMDb|Internet Movie Database]] (IMDb)
* [[Rating site]]
* [[OpenCritic]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikidata property|1=P1712}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Fandom, Inc.}}
{{Red Ventures}}
{{Paramount Global}}
{{Video Game Critics}}

[[Category:American entertainment news websites]]
[[Category:Online film databases]]
[[Category:Recommender systems]]
[[Category:Former CBS Interactive websites]]
[[Category:Fandom (website)]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2001]]
[[Category:Video game review aggregators]]
[[Category:Music review websites]]
[[Category:American film review websites]]
[[Category:2020 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:2022 mergers and acquisitions]]

Grand Hyatt Goa

2026-03-21T02:54:47Z

Leonuqs: expanded content

{{Short description|Hotel in Goa, India}}
{{multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=January 2014}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=March 2020}}}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = Grand Hyatt Goa

| logo_size = 200px
| image = India Grand Hyatt Hotel Goa.jpg
| caption = Grand Hyatt Goa
| location = [[India]]
| address = Near Bambolim Beach, Post Goa University, [[Bambolim]], [[North Goa]], [[Goa]], 403206
| coordinates = {{coord|15.451|73.852|display=title,inline}}
| hotel_chain = [[Global Hyatt Corporation]]
| opening_date = 1 August 2011
| architect = Chandrasekhar Kanetkar
Conceptual Architect Clive Randolph Gray
| operator = [[Hyatt|Hyatt Hotels Corporation]]
| owner = Dynamix Group
| number_of_rooms = 313
| website = http://goa.grand.hyatt.com
}}

'''Grand Hyatt Goa''' is a five-star deluxe hotel located by [[Bambolim]] Bay in [[Goa]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.booking.com/hotel/in/grand-hyatt-goa.html|title=★★★★★ Grand Hyatt Goa, Bambolim, India}}</ref> Designed in 1990, the construction of the hotel was started initially in 1995 by the Dynamix Group and thereafter on the formation of DB Group. Work was suspended in between for a few years due to a crisis in the [[real estate]] sector all over the country. During end 2005, the work was recommenced to complete the Project. On December 22, 2009, DB Hospitality signed an agreement with Hyatt International for 5 [[Hyatt]] hotels in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hyatt.com/en-US/hotel/india/grand-hyatt-goa/goagh|title = Best 5 Star Resort and Spa in North Goa | Grand Hyatt Goa}}</ref>

The [[hotel]] was built at a cost of Rs. 5,500 million on 28 acres of landed property at [[Bambolim]], [[North Goa]]. It is the largest Hyatt hotel in [[Goa]], [[India]].

==History==
The property was purchased by the Dynamix Group under their [[holding company]] Goan Real Estate and Construction Ltd (later changed to Private Limited Company) during 1992 and 1993.

The plan for a grand [[hotel]] was conceptualized during mid 1995 and construction was accordingly commenced after receipt of requisite permissions. The [[hotel]] architecture was done by Chandrasekhar Kanetkar.

Occupation of the hotel was obtained on 11 July 2010, and all licenses, permissions etc. were put in place thereafter for commencing operations. The hotel was opened on 1 August 2011.

==Facilities==
The Grand Hyatt Goa is a 5-star luxury [[resort]] offering extensive [[Amenity|amenities]] including multiple pools, a full-service spa, diverse dining options, and an on-site [[adventure park]] and [[casino]].

Check-in Time: From 3:00 PM

Check-out Time: Until 12:00 PM

Pet Policy: Pets are allowed.

The resort features a free-form outdoor pool, a kids' pool, and a 25-meter indoor lap pool. The full-service Spa offers various treatments, a [[sauna]], [[Steam bath|steam room]], and a [[Health club|fitness center]] with certified trainers.On-site activities include a sailing center, an [[adventure park]] with zip-lining and wall climbing, a [[casino]], and [[Indoor games and sports|indoor games]].The hotel is well-suited for families, with a dedicated kids' club and [[babysitting]] services is available .The hotel offers free Wi-Fi, a 24-hour front desk and [[concierge]], laundry service, currency exchange, and business facilities including [[Conference hall|meeting rooms]] and a [[ballroom]]. It is a wheelchair-accessible property. The resort provides a wide range of [[Culinary arts|culinary]] experiences across several [[restaurant]]s and bars .An all-day dining restaurant with five live kitchens, serving a range of cuisines including Indian, Asian, Italian, and Middle Eastern. An [[Indian cuisine|authentic Indian specialty restaurant]] featuring an open kitchen and [[North Indian cuisine]] like [[kebab]]s and [[Curry|curries]].The Verandah offers Italian home-style recipes. A [[pastry]] shop with freshly baked goods, sandwiches, and light meals.
Capiz Bar & Pool: Bars offering cocktails, wines, spirits, and light snacks with views of the bay or poolside.

==Geography==

The Grand Hyatt Goa is set on 28 acres of tropical gardens and lawns rolling down to Bambolim Bay. It is approximately 7 km from the capital city of Panaji and about 25 km from Dabolim Airport.The New [[Manohar International Airport|Manohar International Airport, Mopa]] (GOX) is further north, about 38 km away.

==References==
<ref>2014 [http://timescity.com/timesfoodawards-2014/goa-winners/casual-dine Best Indian in Goa - Casual Dine ], Times City</ref>
<ref>2012 [http://www.cntraveler.com/hot-list/2012/spas/shamana-spa-goa-india Grand Hyatt Goa & Shamana Spa ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201222417/http://www.cntraveler.com/hot-list/2012/spas/shamana-spa-goa-india |date=2014-02-01 }}, Conde Nast Traveller’s Hotlist</ref>
<ref>2019 [https://www.ixigo.com/hotels-in-goa-india-lp-503b2a87e4b032e338f124ab List of Goa Hotels ], For Goa Lover</ref>

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:DB Group]]
[[Category:Hotels in Goa]]
[[Category:Hyatt Hotels and Resorts]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 2011]]

List of Malayalam films of 1987

2026-03-16T21:02:25Z

Leonuqs: brief fix citations for accuracy for clarity

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2012}}
{{Malayalam films}}

The following is a list of [[Malayalam film]]s released in the year 1987.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! colspan='2' | Opening !!Film !! Cast !! Director !! Music director !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''J A N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 2
| ''[[Janangalude Shradhakku]]'' || [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Nilambur Balan]] || Beypore Mani || Beypore Mani ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 3
| ''[[Ezhuthapurangal]]'' || [[Suhasini Mani Ratnam]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] || [[Sibi Malayil]] || [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 9
| ''[[Amme Bhagavathi]]'' || [[Shankar Panicker|Shankar]], [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Neela Kurinji Poothappol]]'' || Karthika, [[Sreenivasan]] || [[Bharathan]] || [[Jerry Amaldev]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 16
| ''[[Kathakku Pinnil]]'' || [[Mammootty]], Devi Lalitha || [[K. G. George]] || [[Ouseppachan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kurukkan Rajavayi]]'' || [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] || [[P. Chandrakumar]] || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 23
| ''[[January Oru Orma]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], Karthika || [[Joshiy]] || [[Ouseppachan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Amrutham Gamaya]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Thilakan]] || [[T. Hariharan]] || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 24
| ''[[Kottum Kuravayum]]'' || [[Sukumari]], [[Mammootty]] || [[Alleppey Ashraf]] || [[Raghu Kumar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''F E B'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 7
| ''[[Swargam]]'' || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] || Unni Aranmula || Gopan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Sindoora Pottinte Ormaykku]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] || [[Cochin Haneefa]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 12
| ''[[Sreedharante Onnam Thirumurivu]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Neena Kurup]] || [[Sathyan Anthikad]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ithrayum Kaalam]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Mammootty]] || [[I. V. Sasi]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Theertham (film)|Theertham]]'' || [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Pallavi Joshi]] || [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]] || [[Bombay Ravi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vilambaram (1987 film)|Vilambaram]]'' || [[Sukumari]], [[Thilakan]] || [[Balachandra Menon]] || [[S. P. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 18
| ''[[Yaagagni]]'' || [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] || [[P. Chandrakumar]] || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ivide Ellavarkkum Sukham]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] || [[Jeassy]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Jaithra Yaathra]]'' || [[Kakka Ravi]], [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 20
| ''[[Aalippazhangal]]'' || [[Sukumari]], [[Thilakan]] || Ramachandran Pillai || Darsan Raman ||
|-
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''M A R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 2
| ''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]'' || [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[Bharathan]] || [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 10
| ''[[Kaalathinte Sabhdam]]'' || [[Ratheesh]], [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] || Asha Khan || [[S. P. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 13
| ''[[Manja Manthrangal]]'' || [[Jayabharathi]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] || A. Chandrasekharan || [[Jerry Amaldev]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 17
| ''[[Sruthi (film)|Sruthi]]'' || [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Thilakan]] || [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]] || [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 19
| ''[[Penn Simham]]'' || [[Ratheesh]], [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] || [[Crossbelt Mani]] || Guna Singh ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 20
| ''[[Verukal Thedi]]'' || Madhavi, Vishnuvardhan || Somasekharan || Sathyam ||
|-
| ''[[Neeyethra Dhanya]]'' || Karthika, [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] || [[Jeassy]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ithente Neethi]]'' || [[Shankar Panicker|Shankar]], [[Jose (actor)|Jose]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] ||
|-
| ''[[Neeyallengil Njan]]'' || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]] || [[Radhakrishnan (actor)|Radhakrishnan]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 21
| ''[[Thoranam (film)|Thoranam]]'' || [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]] || Joseph Madappally || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 27
| ''[[Dheeran]]'' || [[Ratheesh]], [[Unnimary]] || [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''A P R'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 9
| ''[[Kaala Rathri]]'' || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Sathaar]] || [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| ''[[Rithubhedam]]'' || [[Balachandra Menon]], [[Thilakan]] || [[Prathap Pothen]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Nombarathi Poovu]]'' || [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] || [[P. Padmarajan]] || [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 10
| ''[[Adimakal Udamakal]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Mammootty]] || [[I. V. Sasi]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 14
| ''[[Kanikanum Neram]]'' || [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Ratheesh]], Vineeth, Saritha || [[Rajasenan]] || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 16
| ''[[Idanazhiyil Oru Kaalocha]]'' || Karthika, [[Vineeth]] || [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 21
| ''[[Sarvakalashala]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Jagathi Sreekumar]] || [[Venu Nagavalli]] || [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 2
| ''[[Manasa Maine Varu]]'' ||[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]][[saritha]] [[Innocent (actor)|innocent]] || p ramu||[[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 6
| ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Sreenivasan]] || [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 8
| ''[[Athinumappuram]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] || [[Thevalakkara Chellappan]] || [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 15
| ''[[Itha Samayamayi]]'' || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Ratheesh]] || [[P. G. Vishwambharan]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Irupatham Noottandu]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Suresh Gopi]] || [[K. Madhu]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 22
| ''[[Vrutham]]'' || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] || [[I. V. Sasi]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| ''[[P.C. 369]]'' || [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] || [[P. Chandrakumar]] || K. P. N. Pillai ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 29
| ''[[Ajantha (1987 film)|Ajantha]]'' || [[Shankar Panicker|Shankar]], [[Jagannatha Varma]] || Manoj Babu || Joy Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Oridathu]]'' || [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Sreenivasan]] || [[G. Aravindan]] || [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kaalam Maari Kadha Maari]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Shobhana]] || M. Krishnan Nair || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''J U N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 5
| ''[[Ponnu]]'' || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] || [[P. G. Vishwambharan]] || [[Ouseppachan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 7
| ''[[Jungle Boy (1987 film)|Jungle Boy]]'' || [[Pattom Sadan]], [[Irfan]] || [[P. Chandrakumar]] || [[S. P. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 8
| ''[[Cheppu]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Cochin Haneefa]] || [[Priyadarshan]] || [[Reghu Kumar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 11
| ''[[Varshangal Poyathariyathe]]'' || [[Sukumari]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] || Mohan Roop || [[Mohan Sithara]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 19
| ''[[Bhoomiyile Rajakkanmar]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || [[Thampi Kannanthanam]] || [[S. P. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vamban]]'' || [[Ratheesh]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] || Hassan || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 25
| ''[[Kilippattu (film)|Kilippattu]]'' || [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Nedumudi Venu]] || [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''J U L'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 4
| ''[[Four Plus Four]]'' || || Jacob Breeze || Guna Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Thilakan]] || [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] || [[Ouseppachan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aids (film)|Aids]]'' || [[Prathapachandran]], [[M. G. Soman]] || V. P. Mohammed || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 7
| ''[[ankakkaLari]]''<ref>https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?5116</ref> || || muralidharan|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 8
| ''[[Aadyarathrikku Munbu]]'' ||devan ||vijayan karott || [[G. Devarajan]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 12
| ''[[Aattakatha (1987 film)|Aattakatha]]'' || [[Sukumari]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] || [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]] || [[Raghu Kumar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Jaalakam]]'' || [[Sukumari]], [[Srividya]] || [[Hari Kumar (director)|Harikumar]] || [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 24
| ''[[Nirabhedhangal]]'' || [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]], [[Prathap Pothen]], [[Sankaradi]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] || [[Sajan (director)|Sajan]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Sumalatha]] || [[Joshi (director)|Joshiy]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 31
| ''[[Thoovanathumbikal]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Sumalatha]] || [[P. Padmarajan]] || [[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath]] ||
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''A U G'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 4
| ''[[Ivare Sookshikkuka]]'' || [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Ratheesh]] || Mohan Roop || Guna Singh ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 5
| ''[[Uppu]]'' || [[P. T. Kunju Muhammed]], [[Jayalalita]] || [[V. K. Pavithran]] || Saratchandra Marathe ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 6
| ''[[Agni Muhurtham]]'' || [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Ratheesh]] || Soman || [[S. P. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 14
| ''[[Thaniyavarthanam]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Saritha]] || [[Sibi Malayil]] || [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kaiyethum Doorathu]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Nedumudi Venu]] || [[K. Ramachandran (actor)|K. Ramachandran]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 21
| ''[[Theekattu]]'' || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Ratheesh]] || Joseph Vattoli || Murali Sithara ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 28
| ''[[Naradhan Keralathil]]'' || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] || [[Crossbelt Mani]] || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vaiki Odunna Vandi]]'' || Nalini || P. K. Radhakrishnan || [[Raveendran]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vazhiyorakazchakal]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Ratheesh]] || [[Thampi Kannanthanam]] || [[S. P. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''S E P'''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 4
| ''[[Avalude Katha]]'' || [[Sathaar]], [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] || Jayadevan || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| ''[[Swathi Thirunal (film)|Swathi Thirunal]]'' || [[Anant Nag]], [[Srividya]] || [[Lenin Rajendran]] || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] || [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Achuvettante Veedu]]'' || [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Rohini Hattangadi]] || [[Balachandra Menon]] || Vidyadharan ||
|-
| ''[[Veendum Lisa]]'' || [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Babu Antony]] || [[Baby (director)|Baby]] || [[Raghu Kumar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aankiliyude Tharattu]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Revathi]] || [[Cochin Haneefa]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 6
| ''[[Ee Nootandile Maha Rogam]]'' || [[Captain Raju]], [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] || [[N. Sankaran Nair]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 1
| ''[[Anantaram|Anantharam]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] || [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''N O V'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 2
| ''[[Samarappanam]]'' || [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] || Vijay Anand || Vijay Anand ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 27
| ''[[Oru Maymasa Pulariyil]]'' || [[Balachandra Menon]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] || V. R. Gopinath || [[Raveendran]] ||
|-
| ''[[Naalkavala]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Shobhana]] || [[I. V. Sasi]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''D E C'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 5
| ''[[Ellaavarkkum Nanmakal]]'' ||[[Innocent (actor)|innocent]], [[M. G. Soman|soman]] ||[[T. K. Balachandran]] ||[[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 9
| ''[[Chanthayil Choodi Vilkkunna Pennu]]'' ||[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]],[[Mala Aravindan]] ||vijayan karott ||vidyadharan ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 25
| ''[[Onnaam Maanam Poomaanam]]'' || [[Venu Nagavally]], [[Shankar Panicker|Shankar]] || Sandhya Mohan || [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] ||

|-
|unknown || unknown|| ''[[Mangalya Charthu]]'' ||[[M. G. Soman|soman]], [[Vani Viswanath]] ||gauthaman ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|}

==Dubbed films==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="25%" | film
! width="18%" | Direction
! width="18%" | Story
! width="18%" | Screenplay
! width="18%" | Main actors
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
| ''[[Aadhyate Anubhavam]]'' || Kashinath || || ||
|-
| ''Anga Kalari''

| Muralidharan
|  
|  
|  
|- valign="top"
| ''Ladies Tailor''

| Vamshi
|  
|  
|  
|- valign="top"
| ''Pushpaka Vimanam''

| [[Singitham Srinivasa Rao]]
|  
|  
|  
|- valign="top"
| ''Swaralayam''

| [[K. Viswanath]]
|  
|  
|  
|- valign="top"
| ''[[Onde Guri|Criminals]]''

|  
|  
|  
|  
|- valign="top"
| ''Njanum Neeyum''

| [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]
|  
|  
|  
|- valign="top"
| ''Mrugashaalayil''

| [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|  
|  
|  
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{More footnotes|date=May 2010}}
*{{cite web|title=Kerala Government Public Relations Department |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |access-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828202957/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |archive-date=28 August 2005 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web | title=Cinema of Malayalam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426081118/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/ | archive-date=26 April 2005 | url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net | access-date=18 September 2019 }}
*{{cite web | title=Official Site of Association of Malayalam Movie Artists | url=http://malayalamcinema.com | access-date=24 February 2011 }}

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1987 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 1987}}
[[Category:1987 Malayalam-language films| 1987]]
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|1987]]
[[Category:Lists of 1987 films by language]]
[[Category:1987 in Indian cinema|Fil]]

Ila (Hinduism)

2026-03-16T16:27:54Z

Leonuqs:

{{short description|Hindu deity known for sex changes}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Budhadeva.jpg
| caption = Budha (Mercury) with consort Ilā
| mother = Shradha
| name = Ila/Ilā
| Devanagari = इल/इला
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Ila/Ilā
| affiliation = [[Devi]]
| god_of =
| abode = Budhaloka
| mantra = Om Illaya Namah
| weapon =
| consort = [[Budha]] (as a woman)
| children = [[Pururavas]] (son as a woman) Utkala, Gaya and Vinatashva (sons as a man)
| father = [[Vaivasvata Manu]]
| siblings = [[Ikshvaku]] and 9 others
}}

'''Ila''' ({{langx|sa|इल}}) or '''Ilā''' ({{langx|sa|इला}}) is a deity in [[Hindu mythology|Hindu legends]], known for their sex changes. As a man, he is known as Ila or '''Sudyumna''' and as a woman, is called Ilā. Ilā is considered the chief progenitor of the [[Lunar dynasty]] of Indian kings – also known as the Aillas ("descendants of Ilā").

While many versions of the tale exist, Ila is usually described as a daughter or son of [[Shraddhadeva Manu|Vaivasvata Manu]] and thus the sibling of [[Ikshvaku (Hinduism)|Ikshvaku]], the founder of the [[Solar Dynasty]]. In versions in which Ila is born female, she changes into a male form by divine grace soon after her birth. After mistakenly entering a sacred grove as an adult, Ila is either cursed to change his/her gender every month or cursed to become a woman. As a woman, Ilā married [[Budha]], the god of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] and the son of the lunar deity [[Chandra]] (Soma), and bore him a son called [[Pururavas]], the father of the Lunar dynasty. After the birth of Pururavas, Ilā has transformed into a man again and fathered three sons.

In the [[Vedas]], Ilā is praised as '''Idā''' ({{langx|sa|इडा}}), goddess of speech, and described as the mother of Pururavas.

The tale of Ila's transformations is told in the [[Puranas]] as well as the [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epic poems]], the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.

==Birth==
According to the ''[[Linga Purana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Ilā was born as the eldest daughter of Vaivasvata Manu, the progenitor of mankind, and his wife Shraddha. However, the parents desired a son and so prayed and performed austerities to propitiate the deities [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]] and [[Varuna]], who changed Ilā's gender. The boy was named Sudyumma.<ref name="LP_MBH"/><ref name="williams">{{cite book|last= Williams|first=George Mason|title=Handbook of Hindu mythology|publisher=ABC-CLIO Inc.|location=Saint Barbara|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068/page/156 156]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068 |url-access= registration| isbn=978-1-57607-106-9}}</ref> The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', the ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'',<ref name="bhagavat">For translation, see {{cite book|last=Swami Vijnanananda|title=The S'Rimad Devi Bhagawatam|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2008|volume=1|pages=62–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt02ZSt2Q8AC&q=Ila+Budha&pg=PA62|orig-year = 1921 | isbn=978-1-4375-3059-9}}</ref> the ''[[Kurma Purana]]'', the ''[[Harivamsa]]'', the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'' and the ''[[Padma Purana]]'' (referred to as "''Bhagavata Purana'' et al. texts" further) narrate a variant: Ila's parents could not have any children for a long time and approached the sage [[Agastya]] for a solution. The sage performed a [[yajna]] (fire sacrifice) dedicated to Mitra and Varuna to attain a son for the couple. Due to either an error in the ritual or a failure to offer the appropriate sacrifice, Mitra and Varuna instead sent a daughter to the couple. In one version, the couple supplicated the deities, who transformed Ilā's gender. In another version, this transformation happens after the erroneous hymns are rectified and the son is called Ila.<ref name = "williams"/><ref name="BP_KP">O'Flaherty pp. 303-4</ref><ref name = "Pattanaik46"/><ref name=connerila/> According to a variant, Shraddha wished for a daughter; [[Vashistha]] heeded her wish while performing the sacrifice and thus, a daughter was born. However, Manu desired a son so Vashistha appealed to Vishnu to change the gender of his daughter. Ilā was renamed Sudyumna.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hudson|first=D. Dennis|title=The body of God: an emperor's palace for Krishna in eighth-century Kanchipuram|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year= 2008|pages=413–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C | isbn=978-0-19-536922-9}}</ref> The accounts describe Ila as either the eldest or the youngest child of Manu. As the child of Manu, Ila had nine brothers, the most notable was [[Ikshvaku (Hinduism)|Ikshvaku]], the founder of the [[Solar dynasty]].<ref name="samuel">{{cite book|last=Samuel|first=Geoffrey|title=The origins of yoga and tantra: Indic religions to the thirteenth century|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|pages=67–8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAvrTGrbpf4C&q=Ila&pg=PA67 | isbn=978-0-521-69534-3}}</ref><ref name="Shashi" /><ref name="p1">{{cite book|last=Pargiter, F.E.|title=Ancient Indian Historical Tradition|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|year=1972|pages=253–4}}</ref> As the son of Manu, Ila is the grandson of [[Surya]].<ref name="Shulman">Shulman p.59</ref> According to another account found in the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' and the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', Ilā was born female and eventually changed back to female.<ref name=p1/>

In the ''[[Ramayana]]'', Ila is born as a son of Kardama, the [[Prajapati]] born of the god [[Brahma]]'s shadow. Ila's tale is told in the ''Uttara Kanda'' chapter of the Ramayana, while describing the greatness of the [[Ashvamedha]] – the horse sacrifice.<ref name = "Pattanaik46"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Swami Venkatesananda |title=The concise Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1988|pages=397–9}}</ref>

==Curse and marriage to Budha==
[[File: King Ila argument with Bhuda son of Chandra.jpg|thumb|The male Ila with Budha.]]
In the ''Ramayana'', the ''[[Linga Purana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Ila grows to become the king of [[Bactria|Bahlika]]. While hunting in a forest, Ila accidentally trespassed Sharavana ("Forest of Reeds"), the sacred grove of the goddess [[Parvati]]. Upon entering Sharavana, all-male beings except for her husband [[Shiva]], including trees and animals, are transformed into females.<ref group = "Notes">Sharavaṇa ("Forest of Reeds") is described as the place where [[Murugan|Skanda]], the son of Shiva, was born. The ''Devi-Bhagavata Purana'' narrates that once the sages intruded on the love-making of Shiva and Parvati so Shiva cursed the forest that all-male beings entering it would be transformed into females.</ref> One legend tells that a female ''[[yakshini]]'' disguised herself as a deer and purposefully led Ila to the grove in order to save her husband from the king.<ref name="Shulman" /> The ''Linga Purana'' and the ''Mahabharata'' emphasize the sex change of Ila to be a deliberate act of Shiva to start the Lunar dynasty.<ref name="LP_MBH">For Linga Purana and Mahabharata, O'Flaherty p. 303</ref> The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' et al. texts tell that Ila's entire entourage, as well as his horse, also changed their genders.<ref name="BP_KP"/>

According to the ''[[Ramayana]]'', when Ila approached [[Shiva]] for help, Shiva laughed with scorn but the compassionate Parvati reduced the curse and allowed Ila to switch genders every month. However, as a male, he would not remember his life as a female and vice versa. While Ilā roamed the forest in her new form with her female attendants, [[Budha]], the god of the [[planet Mercury]] and the son of the moon-god [[Chandra]], noticed her. Although he had been practising [[asceticism]], Ilā's beauty caused him to fall in love with her at first sight. Budha turned Ilā's attendants into ''[[Kimpurusha Kingdom|Kimpurusha]]s'' ([[hermaphrodite]], lit. "is it a man?")<ref name=p1/><ref>Vanita, Kidwai p.18</ref> and ordered them to run away, promising that they would find mates as Ilā had.<ref name="rama">For Ramayana, Meyer pp. 374-5 or Shulman pp. 58-9</ref>

Ilā married Budha and spent an entire month with him and consummated the marriage. However, Ilā woke one morning as Sudyumna and remembered nothing about the past month. [[Budha]] told Ila that his retinue had been killed in a rain of stones and convinced Ila to stay with him for a year. During each month she spent as a woman, Ilā had a good time with Budha. During each month as a man, Ila turned to pious ways and performed austerities under the guidance of Budha. In the ninth month, Ilā gave birth to [[Pururavas]], who grew to become the first king of the Lunar dynasty. Then, as per the advice of Budha and Ila's father Kardama, Ila pleased Shiva and Shiva restored Ila's masculinity permanently.<ref name = "Pattanaik46"/><ref name = "rama"/>

Another legend from the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' credits Vishnu of restoring Ilā's manhood as Sudyumma.<ref name = "williams"/><ref>O'Flaherty p. 320</ref> The ''Bhagavata Purana'' et al. texts tell that after Pururavas's birth, the nine brothers of Ila – by horse-sacrifice – or the sage Vasistha – the family priest of Ila – pleased Shiva to compel him to give the boon of alternate month manhood to Ila, turning him into a ''Kimpurusha''.<ref name = bhagavat/><ref name="BP_KP"/><ref name = "Shashi"/> The ''Linga Purana'' and the ''Mahabharata'' record the birth of Pururavas, but do not narrate the end of Ila's alternating gender condition. In fact, the ''Mahabharata'' describes Ilā to be the mother as well as the father of Pururavas.<ref>Meyer p. 374</ref> According to another account found in the ''Vayu Purana'' and the ''Brahmanda Purana'', Ilā was born female, married Budha, then was transformed into a male called Sudyumna. Sudyumna was then cursed by Parvati and transformed once again into a female, but became a man once again through Shiva's boon.<ref name=p1/>

In almost all versions of the tale, Ila wants to live as a man, but in the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', Ila desires to be a woman. The king Ela (Ila) entered Parvati's grove at [[Sahya Mountains|Sahya]] mountain and became the woman Ilā. Ilā wished to remain a woman and serve Parvati (Gauri) and [[Ganges in Hinduism|Ganga]], the goddess of the [[Ganges]] river. However, the goddesses dissuaded him. Ilā bathed in a sacred pool and returned as Ela, bearded and deep-voiced.<ref name = "Pattanaik46"/><ref>Shulman pp. 61-2</ref>

==Later life and descendants==
The descendants of Ilā through [[Pururavas]] are known as Ailas after Ilā or as the [[Lunar Dynasty|Lunar dynasty]] (Chandravamsha) due to their descent from Budha, the son of the moon-god Chandra.{{sfn|Thapar|2013|p=308}}<ref name = "Pattanaik46">Pattanaik p.46</ref> Most versions of the tale call Ilā the father as well as the mother of the Ailas.<ref name = "Pattanaik47"/> The ''[[Linga Purana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', in which Sudyumma's curse does not end, state that as a male, Sudyumma also bore three sons named Utkala, Gaya and [[Vinatashva]] (also known as Haritashva and Vinata).<ref name=p1/> The three sons ruled the kingdom for their father as Sudyumma was unable to do so himself due to his alternating gender. The sons and their principalities are called the ''Saudyumna''s. Utkala, Gaya, and Vinatashva ruled [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] country, [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], and eastern regions including northern [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kurus]] respectively.<ref name=p2>Pargiter, F.E. (1972). ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.255.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Garg|first=Ganga Ram|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world |publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1992 |volume=1|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&q=Ila&pg=PA17 | isbn=978-81-7022-374-0}}</ref> With the assistance of the family priest Vasistha, Sudyumma regained control of the entire kingdom. He was succeeded by Pururavas.<ref name="LP_MBH"/>

In the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', Ila was disinherited after becoming a female or ''kimpurusha''. Ila's father passed his inheritance directly to Pururavas, ignoring the three sons Ila-Sudyumma bore as a male. Pururavas ruled from Pratishtanapura (present-day [[Allahabad]]), where Ila stayed with him.<ref name = "Shashi">{{cite book| title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh| editor=Shashi, Shyam Singh| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| year=1998| edition=1| volume=20| pages=517–8| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzyDQ215nfgC&q=ila+budha&pg=PA588| isbn=978-81-7041-859-7}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>O'Flaherty p.305</ref> The ''Ramayana'' says that having returned to manhood, Ila ruled Pratishtana while his son Shashabindu ruled over [[Bahlikas|Bahlika]].<ref name = "rama"/> The ''Devi-Bhagavata Purana'' tells that as a man Sudyumma governed the kingdom and as a woman remained indoors. His subjects were disturbed by his sex changes and did not respect him as they once had. When Pururavas attained adulthood, Sudyumma left his kingdom to Pururavas and went to the forest for penance. The sage [[Narada]] told Sudyumma a nine-syllable [[mantra]], ''Navakshara'', which would please the [[Mahadevi|Supreme Goddess]]. Pleased with his austerities, the Goddess emerged before Sudyumma, who was in his female form Ilā. Sudyumma praised the Goddess, who merged the king's soul with herself and thus, Ilā gained salvation.<ref name = bhagavat/>

The ''Bhagavata Purana'', the ''Devi-Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''Linga Purana'' declare that Ila ascended to heaven with both male and female anatomy.<ref name = "Pattanaik47">Pattanaik p.47</ref> Ila is considered the chief progenitor of the Lunar Dynasty through Pururavas and of the Solar Dynasty through his brother Iksavaku and sons Utkala, Gaya, and Vinatashva.<ref name = "Shashi"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Jainism|editor=Singh, Narendra|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|year=2001|page=1724}}</ref> The marriage of Ilā, a descendant of the Sun, and Budha, the son of the Moon, is the first union of the solar and lunar races recorded in the scriptures.<ref name="Shulman" />

==In Vedic literature==
In [[Vedic Literature|Vedic literature]], Ilā is also known as Idā. Idā, in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', signifies food and refreshment, personified as the goddess of speech.<ref name = "dowson"/> Ilā-Idā is also associated with [[Sarasvati]], the goddess of knowledge.<ref name=connerila>Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 183, "Ila/Sudyumna"</ref> Ilā-Idā is mentioned a number of times in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', mostly in the hymns known as [[Āprīsūktas|''Āprīsūkta''s]]. She is often mentioned along with Sarasvati and Bharati (or Mahi) and Pururavas is described as her son.<ref>Misra, V.S. (2007). ''Ancient Indian Dynasties'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{ISBN|81-7276-413-8}}, p.57
* For hymns, see ''Ṛgveda'' I.13.9, I.142.9, I.188.8, II.3.8, III.4.8, VII.2.8, X.70.8 and X.110.8
* For mother of Pururavas, ''Ṛgveda'' X.95,18</ref> Idā is the instructor of Manu, in performing ritual sacrifices. According to [[Sayana]] – a commentator on the [[Vedas]] – she presides over the Earth.<ref name = "dowson"/>
Rig Veda 3.123.4 mentions that "land of Ila" was situated nearby banks of Sarasvati river.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/hymnsrigveda00grifgoog/page/n28/mode/2up|title = The hymns of the Rigveda|year = 1920|publisher = Benares, E.J. Lazarus and Co.}}</ref>
Rigveda 3.29.3 describes Agni as the son of Ila.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/hymnsrigveda00grifgoog/page/n34/mode/2up|title = The hymns of the Rigveda|year = 1920|publisher = Benares, E.J. Lazarus and Co.}}</ref>

In the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] performed a fire-sacrifice in order to have children. Idā emerged from the sacrifice. She was claimed by [[Mitra–Varuna|Mitra-Varuna]], but she lived with Manu and together they initiated the race of Manu.<ref name="dowson">{{cite book|last=Dowson|first=John|title=A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology, and religion, geography, history|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2004|pages= 122–23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejh82j8G_CYC&q=Ila+Budha&pg=PA123 | isbn=978-81-206-1786-5|orig-year = 1820-1881}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1234.htm|title=''Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa'' I.8.1|last=Eggeling|first=Julius (tr.)|year=1882|work=Satapatha Brahmana Part 1 (SBE12)|publisher=at sacred-texts.com|access-date=2009-11-12}}</ref> In this text, Idā is the goddess of the sacrificial meal. She is described as the ''Mānavi'' (daughter of Manu) and ''Ghṛtapadī'' (with the [[ghee]]-dripping foot) and she is represented by a cow, also known as Idā during a sacrifice.<ref>Upadhyaya, G.P. (1967) ''Śatapatha Brāhmaṇam'' (Sanskrit text with Hindi translation), Vol.I, New Delhi: The Research Institute of Ancient Scientific Studies, pp.158-67- ''Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa'' I.8.1</ref><ref name="Heesterman">{{cite book|last=Heesterman|first=J. C.|title=The Broken World of Sacrifice: An Essay in Ancient Indian Ritual |publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=1993|page=127|isbn=0-226-32300-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HotCD9GJQDkC&q=Ida+Ghrtapadi&pg=PA127}}</ref> Pururavas is mentioned as the son of Ilā in the text.<ref>Misra, V.S. (2007). ''Ancient Indian Dynasties'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{ISBN|81-7276-413-8}}, p.59 – ''Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa'' XI.5.1</ref>

==Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism==

She is known as '''Mondia Devi''' ({{langx|km|មណ្ឌាទេវី}}) in Cambodia as the wife of Lord [[Budha]] From the hinduism culture passed down from the [[Khmer Empire]] and is the protective goddess of Wednesday, worshipped during the [[Cambodian New Year|Cambodian New Year festival]] if the first day of the year falls on a Wednesday according to the Cambodian calendar ({{langx|km|ពិធីផ្ទេរតំណែងទេវតាឆ្នាំថ្មី}}), as she is believed to descend from heaven to care for the people of this land for one year until the following New Year. In her journey there are some special details that are local and mixed with have cambodia folk culture Unique, such as the vehicle is a [[Donkey]]. It appears with only two hands and has the following symbol as [[Royal Staff|Staff]] and [[Sewing needle]], The color of her clothes is Olive Drab and Her story and details have been adapted and blended with influences [[Buddhism in Cambodia|cambodia buddhism]] and has its own unique identity.<ref>Min Saes (Braḥ Mahā.) (1942) [https://www.worldcat.org/title/Brahmacariyakatha/oclc/23580153 Brahma Chariyakathā], Bibliothèque Royale, Publisher: Royal Library of Cambodia p.185</ref><ref>Astrologer Nhim Pen (1947) [https://books.google.com/books/about/Prakratidin_kambuj%C4%81.html?id=yODnAAAAMAAJ Cambodia Calendar], Contributor: William J. Gedney, Publisher: Association Sutharot, Original from the University of Michigan p.118</ref>

==Notes==
<references group = "Notes"/>

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book|last=Doniger|first=Wendy|title=Self and self-transformation in the history of religions|editor=Shulman, David Dean|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|chapter=Transformation of Subjectivity and Memory in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana|isbn=0-19-514450-3}}
*{{cite book|last=O'Flaherty|first=Wendy Doniger |title=Women, androgynes, and other mythical beasts|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=182|orig-year = 1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBvHzornoMwC&q=Ila+Budha&pg=PA303 | isbn=978-0-226-61850-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Johann Jakob |title=Sexual life in ancient India|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|year=1989|orig-year = 1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izFNswlJ9LMC&q=Ila+Budha&pg=PA374 | isbn=978-81-208-0638-2}}
*{{cite book |title= The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore|last= Pattanaik|first= Devdutt |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Odsk9xfOp6oC&q=Ila+Budha&pg=PA45|year= 2001|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-1-56023-181-3}}
*{{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
*{{cite book |title= Same-sex love in India: readings from literature and history|last= Vanita|first= Ruth |author2=Kidwai, Saleem |year= 2001|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-29324-6}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Hindu deities and texts}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Earth goddesses]]
[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Lunar dynasty]]
[[Category:Androgynous characters in Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Androgynous and hermaphroditic deities]]

Wankhede Stadium

2026-03-11T10:27:24Z

Leonuqs:

{{short description|Cricket stadium in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Wankhede Stadium
| image = Wankhede ICC WCF.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption =
| address = Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Rd, Churchgate, Mumbai ([[South Mumbai|South]]), Maharashtra, India
| location = [[Churchgate]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| seating_type = [[Stadium seating]]
| seating_capacity = 33,100 (2011–present)<ref name="BCCI23cap">{{cite web |title=Cricket Venues and Grounds |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{cite web |title=ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2023 – Media Guide |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2023/11/03/278e3b3a-d6cb-4511-b7df-75fc1428f096/ICC-Men-s-Cricket-World-Cup-2023-Media-Guide-v7.pdf |publisher=ICC |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="2013 capacity" /> 39,000 (1974–2010)<ref name="2013 capacity" />
| public_transit = {{rint|Bus}}
{{rint|mumbai|metro}} {{rint|mumbai|suburban}} at the [[Churchgate railway station|Churchgate]]
| owner = [[Mumbai Cricket Association]]
| architect = [[Shashi Prabhu]] and Associates (1974), Shashi Prabhu and Associates and P.K. Das and Associates (2017)
| operator = [[Mumbai Cricket Association]]
| embedded = {{Infobox cricket ground
| embed = yes
| ground_name = Wankhede Stadium
| tenants = [[India national cricket team]] [[India women's national cricket team]] [[Mumbai cricket team]] [[Mumbai Indians]] [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)]]
| end1 = {{pad|2em}} Tata End {{pad|2em}} [[Image:WankhedeStadiumCricketGroundPitchDimensions.svg|250px]]
| end2 = Garware Pavilion End
| international = true
| firsttestdate = 23–29 January
| firsttestyear = 1975
| firsttesthome = India
| firsttestaway = West Indies
| lasttestdate = 1–5 November
| lasttestyear = 2024
| lasttesthome = India
| lasttestaway = New Zealand
| firstodidate = 17 January
| firstodiyear = 1987
| firstodihome = India
| firstodiaway = Sri Lanka
| lastodidate = 15 November
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodihome = India
| lastodiaway = New Zealand
| firstt20idate = 22 December
| firstt20iyear = 2012
| firstt20ihome = India
| firstt20iaway = England
| lastt20idate = 23 February
| lastt20iyear = 2026
| lastt20ihome = West Indies
| lastt20iaway = Zimbabwe
| firstwtestdate = 10–13 February
| firstwtestyear = 1984
| firstwtesthome = India
| firstwtestaway = Australia
| lastwtestdate = 21–24 December
| lastwtestyear = 2023
| lastwtesthome = India
| lastwtestaway = Australia
| firstwodidate = 23 December
| firstwodiyear = 1997
| firstwodihome = Ireland
| firstwodiaway = New Zealand
| lastwodidate = 2 January
| lastwodiyear = 2024
| lastwodihome = India
| lastwodiaway = Australia
| firstwt20idate = 31 March
| firstwt20iyear = 2016
| firstwt20ihome = West Indies
| firstwt20iaway = New Zealand
| lastwt20idate = 10 December
| lastwt20iyear = 2023
| lastwt20ihome = India
| lastwt20iaway = England
| date = 1 November
| year = 2024
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58324.html Cricinfo
}}
| surface = Grass
| opened = 1974
}}

'''Wankhede Stadium''' (pronounced [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ʋaːnkʰeɖe]]]) is an international [[cricket stadium]] in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/ja/article/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade-3/|title=クリケットの街から眺めるインドサッカー界の未来|trans-title=The future of Indian football seen from the city of cricket|language=ja|website=vice.com|publisher=Vice Japan|first=Kit|last=Caless|date=19 February 2017|access-date=28 February 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128164820/https://www.vice.com/ja/article/ywqwyj/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade|archive-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> It is owned and operated by the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] and is the home ground of the [[Mumbai Indians]]. It houses the headquarters of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]], the MCA and
the [[Indian Premier League]].It is named after by former [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] President [[S. K. Wankhede]]

The stadium is situated near [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] in the [[Churchgate]] neighbourhood. Several old cricket clubs are near the stadium, including [[Hindu Gymkhana, Mumbai|Hindu Gymkhana]], [[Parsi Gymkhana, Marine Drive|Parsi Gymkhana]] and [[Cricket Club of India]] (CCI).

The stadium has been host to numerous high-profile cricket matches in the past, most notably the [[2011 Cricket World Cup Final]], in which India defeated Sri Lanka and became the first country to win the Cricket World Cup on home soil. It hosted the last match of [[Sachin Tendulkar]]'s international career.

==History ==

=== Previous stadiums ===
Mumbai has seen Test matches played at three different grounds. The [[Bombay Gymkhana|Mumbai Gymkhana]] ground hosted the first-ever Test in India, in 1933–34 against [[England cricket team|England]]. After [[World War II]], the [[Cricket Club of India]]'s (CCI) [[Brabourne Stadium]] – the second ground of the city – was used for 17 Tests.

=== Construction ===
Wankhede Stadium was built after disputes between the CCI, which owns Brabourne Stadium,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketersbiography.com/largest-cricket-stadiums-in-the-world/|title=Top 10 Largest Cricket Stadiums In The World By Capacity|first=Muhammad Ali|last=Afzal|date=26 January 2024}}</ref> and the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] (MCA) over the allocation of tickets for cricket matches.<ref name="ci">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58317.html | title=Cricinfo: Brabourne Stadium | access-date=5 March 2011 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> This became severe after the Test between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[England cricket team|England]] in 1973. At the initiative of [[S. K. Wankhede]], a politician and the secretary of the Mumbai Cricket Association, BCA built the new stadium in [[South Mumbai]] near the [[Churchgate]] station by appointing [[Shashi Prabhu|Shashi Prabhu & Associates]] as their architects and B.E. Billimoria & Co as the contractors. It was named after Wankhede in 1974.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} It was built in approximately 13 months and opened in time for the final Test between India and the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in 1975.<ref name="Inglis2000">{{cite book|last=Inglis|first=Simon|title=Sightlines: a stadium odyssey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrwzAQAAIAAJ|access-date=20 May 2012|date=25 May 2000|publisher=Yellow Jersey|isbn=978-0-224-05968-8}}</ref> Since then, Wankhede Stadium has been the main cricketing venue in the city.

Wankhede Stadium staged its first Test in the 1974–75 season when the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] toured India; India lost by 201 runs. The Test also featured a crowd disturbance after a fan who rushed onto the ground to greet West Indies player [[Clive Lloyd]] was treated roughly by the police. India's first victory at the stadium was against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] two seasons later. The stadium has been a witness to great innings like [[Sunil Gavaskar]]'s 205 against the West Indies and [[Alvin Kallicharan]]'s 187 in the same game in the 1978–79 series and all-round heroics like [[Ian Botham]]'s century and thirteen wickets in the Jubilee Test in 1979–80, which England won by ten wickets. The highest score by an Indian at the Wankhede Stadium is [[Virat Kohli]]'s 235 against England in 2016–17. Incidentally [[Ravi Shastri]]'s six sixes in an over off Baroda's Tilak Raj in [[Ranji Trophy]], en route to the fastest double-hundred in first-class cricket were recorded on this ground in 1984–85. His unbeaten 200 in 113 minutes off 123 balls with 13 fours and 13 sixes at this ground is the fastest double century in first-class cricket since the 2017–18 season when Shafiqullah Shafaq scored a double century in 89 balls.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricblogg.com/wankhede-stadium/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230055306/https://www.cricblogg.com/wankhede-stadium/ |archive-date=30 December 2019 |title=Wankhede Stadium – CricBlogg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.t20wclive.com/wankhede-stadium/|title = Every T20 record at the Wankhede Stadium | Highest total to highest run-scorer|date = 13 October 2021}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Reconstruction ===
Since ICC World Cup Cricket 2011 was to be hosted by India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, and Mumbai was selected to host the final, it was decided to redevelop the Wankhede Stadium to suit the modern facilities and comfort of spectators.

The Managing Committee invited presentations from reputed Architects and shortlisted M/s. P.K. Das & Associates and M/s. Shashi Prabhu & Associates to jointly draw up a project for the redevelopment of the Wankhede Stadium. While redeveloping the Stadium, major changes were at the North end and the South end with better facilities for the spectators in terms of bucket seating, a large number of toilets, and food courts.

While MCA undertook the redevelopment of Wankhede Stadium, the ground was not available for domestic and international cricket until February 2011. To ensure that MCA did not miss out on the turn of Test and ODI matches and also to develop a healthy working relationship with the Cricket Club of India.

One of the highlights of the stadium is the suspended cantilever roofs. The Teflon fabric roof is lighter in weight and heat resistant. There is no beam support for the roof to ensure that the spectators will have a better view. On the roof, there are exhaust fans that suck the hot air from the stands and allow the breeze from the West to flow in. The stadium has 20 elevators for North and South stands.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/Wankhede_Stadium.asp | title=MCA: Wankhede Stadium | access-date=21 February 2012 | publisher=mumbaicricket.com | archive-date=31 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105312/http://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/Wankhede_Stadium.asp | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The stadium has a capacity of 33,108,<ref name=":23" /> following renovations for the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]]. Before the upgrade, the capacity was approximately 39,000.<ref name="2013 capacity">{{cite web |last=Janardhan |first=Arun |date=17 October 2013 |title=Sachin's last Test: Wankhede braces for ticket rush |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/PQR8O1AvaKtOF424UZSqRO/Tendulkars-last-Test-Wankhede-braces-up-for-ticket-rush.html |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=livemint.com}}</ref>

=== World Cup 2023 ===

Wankhede Stadium was proposed to be used as one of the venues for World Cup 2023. The up-gradation of the stadium is currently in works where [[Shashi Prabhu|Shashi Prabhu & Associates]] have once again been appointed to oversee the restoration of entire outfield. The matches were played in October and November 2023.

===Pitch===
The entire square is made of local red soil which gives extra bounce thus making batting slightly easier. The pitch over the years has generally favoured the batters more than the bowlers. However, the pitch came into serious criticism during the 4th test of [[Australian cricket team in India in 2004-05|Border Gavaskar Trophy 2004]] where the test match ended in just around two-and-a half days apparently resulting in India's win and was declared a "Minefield" by then Aussies skipper Ricky Ponting as the ball started turning very sharply right from the 1st session of the game. Generally, the pace bowlers get some help off the pitch here with the new ball due to sea-breeze flow along the stadium.

—==Recent tournament results==
===[[Cricket World Cup]]===
{{clear}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|-
!Year
!Date
!Team #1
!Team #2
!Round
!Result
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]]
|17 October 1987
|{{cr|India}}
|{{cr|Zimbabwe}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|India}} won by 8 wickets
|-
|5 November 1987
|{{cr|India}}
|{{cr|England}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|England}} won by 35 runs
|-
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|27 February 1996
|{{cr|Australia}}
|{{cr|India}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|Australia}} won by 16 runs
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]]
|13 March 2011
|{{cr|New Zealand}}
|{{cr|Canada}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|New Zealand}} won by 97 runs
|-
|18 March 2011
|{{cr|Sri Lanka}}
|{{cr|New Zealand}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|Sri Lanka}} won by 112 runs
|-bgcolor=gold
|2 April 2011
|{{cr|Sri Lanka}}
|{{cr|India}}
|[[2011 Cricket World Cup Final|Final]]
|{{cr|India}} won by 6 wickets
|-
|rowspan=5|[[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]]
|21 October 2023
|{{cr|South Africa}}
|{{cr|England}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|South Africa}} won by 229 runs
|-
|24 October 2023
|{{cr|South Africa}}
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|South Africa}} won by 149 runs
|-
|2 November 2023
|{{cr|India}}
|{{cr|Sri Lanka}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|India}} won by 302 runs
|-
|7 November 2023
|{{cr|Afghanistan}}
|{{cr|Australia}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|Australia}} won by 3 wickets
|-bgcolor=silver
|15 November 2023
|{{cr|India}}
|{{cr|New Zealand}}
|Semi-final
|{{cr|India}} won by 70 runs
|}

===[[ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]===
{{clear}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|-
!Year
!Date
!Team #1
!Team #2
!Round
!Result
|-
|rowspan=4|[[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]]
|16 March 2016
|{{cr|England}}
|{{cr|West Indies}}
|Super 10
|{{cr|West Indies}} won by 6 wickets
|-
|18 March 2016
|{{cr|South Africa}}
|{{cr|England}}
|Super 10
|{{cr|England}} won by 2 wickets
|-
|20 March 2016
|{{cr|South Africa}}
|{{cr|Afghanistan}}
|Super 10
|{{cr|South Africa}} won by 37 runs
|-bgcolor=silver
|31 March 2016
|{{cr|India}}
|{{cr|West Indies}}
|Semi-final
|{{cr|West Indies}} won by 7 wickets
|-
|rowspan=8|[[2026 Men's T20 World Cup|2026]]
|7 February 2026
|{{cr|India}}
|{{cr|United States}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|India}} won by 29 runs
|-
|8 February 2026
|{{cr|England}}
|{{cr|Nepal}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|England}} won by 4 runs
|-
|11 February 2026
|{{cr|West Indies}}
|{{cr|England}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|West Indies}} won by 30 runs
|-
|12 February 2026
|{{cr|Nepal}}
|{{cr|Italy}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|Italy}} won by 10 wickets
|-
|15 February 2026
|{{cr|Nepal}}
|{{cr|West Indies}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|West Indies}} won by 9 wickets
|-
|17 February 2026
|{{cr|Scotland}}
|{{cr|Nepal}}
|Group Stage
|{{cr|Nepal}} won by 7 wickets
|-
|23 February 2026
|{{cr|West Indies}}
|{{cr|Zimbabwe}}
|Super 8
|{{cr|West Indies}} won by 107 runs
|-bgcolor=silver
|5 March 2026
|{{cr|India}}
|{{cr|England}}
|Semi-final
|{{cr|India}} won by 7 runs
|}

== Cricket World Cup ==

This stadium has hosted 20 One Day International (ODI) matches every time that India has hosted the Cricket World Cup:

===1987 Cricket World Cup===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 17 October 1987
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 136/2 (27.5 overs)
| score2 = 135 (44.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| runs1 = [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 46*(37)
| wickets1 = [[John Traicos]] 2/27 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andrew Pycroft]] 61 (102)
| wickets2 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 4/19 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65101.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Mahboob Shah]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm = [[Manoj Prabhakar]]
}}
{{Limited overs international
| date = 5 November 1987
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 219 (45.3 overs)
| score2 = 254/6 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 64 (74)
| wickets1 = [[Eddie Hemmings (cricketer)|Eddie Hemmings]] 4/52 (9.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graham Gooch]] 115 (136)
| wickets2 = [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] 3/54 (10 overs)
| result = England won by 35 runs
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65116.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Tony Crafter]] and [[Steve Woodward]]
| motm = [[Graham Gooch]]
}}
----

===1996 Cricket World Cup===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 27 February 1996
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 258 (50 overs)
| score2 = 242 (48 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Mark Waugh]] 126 (135)
| wickets1 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 2/48 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 90(84)
| wickets2 = [[Damien Fleming]] 5/36 (9 overs)
| result = Australia won by 16 runs
| report = [http://content.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65174.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Steve Dunne (cricket umpire)|Steve Dunne]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm = [[Mark Waugh]]
| rain =
}}
----

===2011 Cricket World Cup===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 13 March 2011
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| score1 = 358/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 261/9 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|CAN}}
| runs1 = [[Brendon McCullum]] 101(109)
| wickets1 = [[Jacob Oram]] 3/47 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ashish Bagai]] 84(87)
| wickets2 = [[Harvir Baidwan]] 3/84 (9.1 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 97 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/match/433587.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] and [[Shavir Tarapore]]
| motm = [[Brendon McCullum]]
}}
{{Limited overs international
| date = 18 March 2011
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 265/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 153/10 (35 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| runs1 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 111(128)
| wickets1 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 4/25 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ross Taylor]] 33(55)
| wickets2 = [[Tim Southee]] 3/63 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 112 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/match/433594.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] and [[Richard Kettleborough]]
| motm = [[Kumar Sangakkara]]
}}

====Finals====
{{Main|2011 Cricket World Cup Final}}
{{Limited overs international
| date = 2 April 2011
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 274/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 277/4 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 103 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 2/49 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 97 (122)
| wickets2 = [[Lasith Malinga]] 2/42 (9 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/match/433606.html Scorecard]
| venue =[[2011 Cricket World Cup Final]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] and [[Simon Taufel]]
| motm = [[MS Dhoni]]
| round =
| rain =
India became the first country to win the Cricket World Cup on home soil at Wankhede stadium.
}}
----

===2023 Cricket World Cup===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 October 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 399/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] 109 (67)
| wickets1 = [[Reece Topley]] 3/88 (8.5 overs)
| score2 = 170 (22 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]] 43 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Gerald Coetzee]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| result = [[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#England vs South Africa|South Africa won by 229 runs]]
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384411.html Scorecard]
| venue = Attendance: 28,033
| motm= [[Heinrich Klaasen]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 October 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 382/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 174 (140)
| wickets1 = [[Hasan Mahmud (cricketer)|Hasan Mahmud]] 2/67 (6 overs)
| score2 = 233/10 (46.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mahmudullah]] 111 (111)
| wickets2 = [[Gerald Coetzee]] 3/62 (10 overs)
| result = [[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#England vs South Africa|South Africa won by 149 runs]]
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384414.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| motm= [[Quinton de Kock]]
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 November 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 357/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 92 (92)
| wickets1 = [[Dilshan Madushanka]] 5/80 (10)
| score2 = 55/10 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kasun Rajitha]] 14 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 5/18 (5)
| result = [[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#India vs Sri Lanka|India won by 302 runs]]
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384424.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| motm= [[Mohammed Shami]]
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes =[[Dilshan Madushanka]] (SL) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in ODI.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 November 2023 |title=India vs Sri Lanka: Dilshan Madushanka becomes 4th Sri Lanka bowler to pick a 5-wicket haul in ODI World Cups |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-sri-lanka-dilshan-madushanka-becomes-4th-sri-lanka-bowler-to-pick-a-5-wicket-haul-in-odi-world-cups-2457254-2023-11-02 |work=India Today}}</ref>
*''[[Mohammad Shami]] became the highest wicket-taker for India [[India at the Cricket World Cup#Most wickets|at the Cricket World Cup]], surpassing [[Zaheer Khan]] (44 wickets).''<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohammed Shami becomes India’s leading wicket taker in World Cup history with fifer vs Sri Lanka |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket-world-cup/mohammed-shami-becomes-indias-leading-wicket-taker-in-world-cup-with-fifer-vs-sri-lanka-9010973/#:~:text=Mohammed%20Shami%20became%20the%20leading,at%20the%20Wankhede%20on%20Thursday. |access-date=3 November 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*''This was India's largest win, in terms of runs, at the Cricket World Cup.''<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 November 2023 |title=Kohli, Siraj shine as India break record for largest win margin by runs, beat Sri Lanka by 317 in 3rd ODI|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/virat-kohli-mohammed-siraj-shine-as-india-break-record-for-largest-win-margin-by-runs-beat-sri-lanka-by-317-in-3rd-odi-101673789823671.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 November 2023 |title=Stats from India's record win: Shami makes history as Kohli climbs all-time list|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3764390|work=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 November 2023 |title=Records for ODI Matches|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/largest-margin-of-victory-by-runs-283902|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
*''India qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match.''<ref>{{cite news |title=India become first team to qualify for 2023 World Cup semi-finals with unbeaten 7/7 record |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-become-first-team-to-qualify-for-2023-world-cup-semi-finals-with-unbeaten-7-7-record-101698934227925.html |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 November 2023}}</ref>
}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 November 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 291/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ibrahim Zadran]] 129[[not out|*]] (143)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/39 (9 overs)
| score2 = 293/7 (46.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Glenn Maxwell]] 201[[not out|*]] (128)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/44 (10 overs)
| result =[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Afghanistan vs Australia|Australia won by 3 wickets]]
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384430.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Glenn Maxwell]] (Aus)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Ibrahim Zadran]] (Afg) became the first Afghan batter to score a century at the Cricket World Cup.<ref>{{cite news |title=AUS vs AFG: Ibrahim Zadran becomes first Afghanistan batter to hit World Cup hundred |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ibrahim-zadran-becomes-first-afghanistan-batter-to-hit-hundred-in-world-cup-2459342-2023-11-07 |access-date=7 November 2023 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Glenn Maxwell]] (Aus) scored the [[List of One Day International cricket records#Highest individual score at each position|highest score]] (201) at the number 6 position in ODI cricket.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 November 2023 |title= Most runs in an innings (by batting position) |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284242.html |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
*''202-run stand between [[Glenn Maxwell]] and [[Pat Cummins]] (Aus) is the [[List of One Day International cricket records#Partnership records|highest 8th wicket partnership]] in ODIs.''
*''[[Glenn Maxwell]] (Aus) became the [[List of Australia One Day International cricket records#Individual records|first Australian cricketer]] to score a double century in ODIs.''<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 November 2023 |title=Glenn Maxwell hits iconic double century, pulls off a Kapil Dev to deny Afghanistan the greatest World Cup upset ever |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/glenn-maxwell-hits-iconic-double-century-pulls-off-a-kapil-dev-to-deny-afghanistan-the-greatest-world-cup-upset-ever-101699365219621.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
*''[[Glenn Maxwell]] (Aus) also made the highest individual score batting second in ODIs.''<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 November 2023 |title=Maxwell records highest individual score in a run chase, slams double century during AUS vs AFG, World Cup 2023 match |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup/glenn-maxwell-highest-individual-score-in-run-chase-double-century-record-australia-vs-afghanistan-world-cup-2023/article67510092.ece |work=SportStar}}</ref>
*''Australia qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match.''<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 November 2023 |title=Australia vs Afghanistan: Glenn Maxwell's ‘Superhuman’ innings helps Australia beat Afghanistan by three wickets|url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/glenn-maxwell-australia-win-against-afghanistan/11699368712331.html|work=Mint}}</ref>
}}

====Semi-final====
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 November 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 397/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 117 (113)
| wickets1 =[[Tim Southee]] 3/100 (10 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| score2 = 327 (48.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] 134 (119)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 7/57 (9.5 overs)
| result = [[2023 Cricket World Cup knockout stage#Semi final 1|India won by 70 runs]]
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384437.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mohammed Shami]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and chose to bat
| notes = [[Mohammed Shami]] and [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Ind) both played their 100th ODI.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Cup 2023: Mohammed Shami plays 100th ODI in high-voltage semi-final against New Zealand|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/world-cup-2023-mohammed-shami-plays-100th-odi-in-high-voltage-semi-final-against-new-zealand-2463122-2023-11-15 |website=India Today|access-date=15 November 2023 |date=15 November 2023}}</ref>
* Mohammed Shami's 7/57 were the best bowling figures for India in ODIs, surpassing [[Stuart Binny]]'s 6/4; in World Cups, surpassing [[Ashish Nehra]]'s 6/23 [[2003 Cricket World Cup|in 2003]];<ref>{{cite web |title=ODI World Cup 2023: India pacer Mohammed Shami reveals why he felt TERRIBLE despite seven wickets vs NZ |url=https://www.wionews.com/cricket/odi-world-cup-2023-india-pacer-mohammed-shami-reveals-why-he-felt-terrible-despite-seven-wickets-vs-nz-659162 |website=WION |access-date=16 November 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref> and in ODIs vs New Zealand, surpassing [[Amit Mishra]]'s 5/18. He also surpassed [[Mitchell Starc]] to become the quickest to reach 50 wickets in World Cups, in terms of innings (17).<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammed Shami becomes fastest to 50 wickets in ODI World Cup history|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-world-cup/news/mohammed-shami-becomes-fastest-to-50-wickets-in-odi-world-cup-history/articleshow/105241179.cms|website=Times of India|access-date=15 November 2023 |date=15 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) broke [[Sachin Tendulkar]]'s records of 49 and 673 for the most centuries in ODIs (50) and [[List of Cricket World Cup records#Most tournaments|most runs in a single edition of the World Cup]] respectively (711).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sensational Virat Kohli Surpasses Sachin Tendulkar With Record-Breaking 50th ODI Ton |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-world-cup/news/sensational-virat-kohli-surpasses-sachin-tendulkar-with-record-breaking-50th-odi-ton/articleshow/105236074.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=15 November 2023 |date=15 November 2023}}</ref>
* India overtook [[2015 Cricket World Cup knockout stage#Quarter-finals|New Zealand's 393 in 2015]] for the highest total in a World Cup knockout stage match (397).<ref>{{cite web |title=Stats – Shami, Kohli and Rohit on a record-breaking spree |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-ind-vs-nz-semi-final-stats-virat-kohli-and-rohit-sharma-record-breaking-spree-1408912 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* As a result of this match, India qualified for the finals of the World Cup for the fourth time, after 1983, 2003 and 2011.
}}

== Other events ==

* In 2014, the swearing-in ceremony of current Maharashtra [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|chief minister]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]] was held inside this arena.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2015 |title=BJP govt's swearing-in at Wankhede costed Rs 98.33 lakh: RTI |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/bjp-govt-s-swearing-in-at-wankhede-costed-rs-98-33-lakh-rti/story-aQLuflgAuSwddH6TcA3O9J.html |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Records and statistics==
{{see also|List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at Wankhede Stadium}}

=== Test records ===
* Highest total: 631-all out by India against England in the 2016/17 season.
* Lowest total: 62 by New Zealand against India in the 2021/22 season.
* The highest partnership at the Wankhede Stadium is 298 by DB Vengsarkar and RJ Shastri for India against Australia in the 1986/87 season.
*[[Sunil Gavaskar]] (1122 runs) has scored the most Test runs, followed by [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (921) and [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] (631).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=1;id=713;type=ground | title=Records: Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai: Test matches: Most runs | work=ESPN Cricinfo | access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref>
*[[R Ashwin]] (41 wickets), [[Anil Kumble]] (38 wickets),  and [[Kapil Dev]] (28)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=1;id=713;type=ground | title=Records: Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai: Test matches: Most wickets | work=ESPN Cricinfo | access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref>

=== ODI records ===
* Highest total: 438/4 by South Africa against India in the [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16|2015 One Day International Series]], then 397/4 by India in 2023 ODI World cup Semi-finals, 358/6 by New Zealand, 357/8 by India against Sri Lanka in 2023 ODI World Cup, 327/10 New Zealand vs India, 299/4 by India and Sri Lanka 289/7.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=713;type=ground | title=Records: Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai: One-Day Internationals: Highest totals | work=ESPN Cricinfo | access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref>
* Lowest total: 55 all out by Sri Lanka against India in the 2023 season.
* [[Virat Kohli]] (474 runs) has scored the most ODI runs, followed by Sachin Tendulkar (455) and [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] (302).
* [[Mohammed Shami]], [[Venkatesh Prasad]] (15 wickets each) and [[Anil Kumble]] (12).

=== T20I records ===
* Highest total: 253/7 by India against England on 5 March 2026.
* Lowest total: 135/7 by Sri Lanka against India on 24 December 2017(3rd match in 3 match t20 series).
*Virat Kohli of India (197) has scored the most runs, followed by [[Rohit Sharma|RG Sharma]] of India (165), and by [[Abhishek Sharma]] of India (135).

=== Stands ===
*[[Mumbai Cricket Association|MCA]] Stand
*[[Mumbai Cricket Association|MCA]] Stand
*[[Rohit Sharma]] Stand<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivam |date=2025-05-17 |title=Rohit Sharma Stand Inaugurated At Wankhede Stadium |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/rohit-sharma-stand-inaugurated-at-wankhede-stadium/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*North Stand
*[[Mumbai Cricket Association|MCA]] Stand
*[[Mumbai Cricket Association|MCA]] Stand
*[[Sachin Tendulkar]] Stand
*Garware Stand
*Grand Stand
{{Panorama
|image = File:Wankhede Panoramic ICC WCF.jpg
|alt = Wankhede Stadium during the first innings of the 2011 Cricket World Cup Final between Sri Lanka and India.
|caption = Panoramic shot of Wankhede Stadium during the [[2011 Cricket World Cup Final]] between Sri Lanka and India.
|height = 280
}}

==Gallery==
===Before renovation===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Chennai Super Kings.jpg|Chennai Super Kings Wins Vs Kings XI Punjab at Wankhede in old structure
File:Wankhede-1.JPG|The stadium in 2006 during Test match in old structure.
File:Wankhede-1.jpg|Before renovation - stands, floodlight tower from a spectator view from one of the stands.
File:Wankhede-main-entrance.jpg|Old entrance of the stadium
File:Wankhede.jpg|Before renovation, from the railway lines next to the stadium
</gallery>

===After renovation===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130">
File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi arrives at Wankhede Stadium for the swearing-in ceremony of the new Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Devendra Fadnavis, in Mumbai on October 31, 2014.jpg|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in the arena in October 2014 during [[Maharashtra government|Maharashtra gov]] swearing-in.
File:Wankhede Stadium (86312941).jpeg| Panoramic view of the stadium after renovation.
File:Wankhede ICC WCF.jpg|Stadium during the first innings of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup final]] between [[Sri Lanka]] and India.
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Lists of stadiums]]
*[[List of international cricket grounds in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Wankhede Stadium}}
* [https://cricfacts.com/ipl-wankhede-stadium-schedule-pitch-report-and-tickets/ IPL records at the wankhede Stadium]
* [https://cricgrid.com/ T20 records at the wankhede Stadium]
* [http://content.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58324.html Cricinfo – Wankhede Stadium]
* [https://dailysportsupdates.com/wankhede-stadium Wankhede Stadium Notable Events]
* [http://www.cricketweb.net/country/venue.php?CategoryIDAuto=12&VenueIDAuto=20 Cricketweb – Wankhede Stadium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223234000/http://www.cricketweb.net/country/venue.php?CategoryIDAuto=12&VenueIDAuto=20 |date=23 February 2012 }}
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1146.html Players, Teams statistics at Wankhede Stadium ]
* [http://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/Wankhede_Stadium.asp MCA – Wankhede Stadium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105312/http://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/Wankhede_Stadium.asp |date=31 May 2014}}
{{coord|18|56|20|N|72|49|33|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{S-start-collapsible|header={{S-sta|et}}}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Cricket World Cup]] [[List of Cricket World Cup finals|Final Venue]]
| before = [[Kensington Oval]] 
| after = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]] 
| years = [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]]
}}
{{End}}
{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{Test cricket grounds in India}}
{{Indian Premier League}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}

[[Category:Cricket in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Test cricket grounds in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Nautan Assembly constituency

2026-03-10T17:21:27Z

Leonuqs: corrected details additionally for accuracy

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Nautan
|type= SLA
| map_image = 6-Nautan constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Narayan Prasad]]
|incumbent_image =
|party = {{Party index link|Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP}}
|alliance = {{party index link|National Democratic Alliance|NDA}} 
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[West Champaran district|Paschim Champaran]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Paschim Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|2. Paschim Champaran]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|6]]
|established = 1967
| electors = 286,639
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Nautan Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[West Champaran district|Paschim Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 6. Nautan Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Bairiya and Nautan [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Nautan Assembly constituency is part of 2. [[Paschim Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Paschim Champaran]].<ref name=commission/> It was earlier part of [[Bettiah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bettiah]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|title=Nautan Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/nautan.html|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kedar Pandey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Kamla Pandey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Rawakant Diwedi
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Satan Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|2009^
|[[Narayan Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Manorma Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Narayan Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS046.htm
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nautan<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Nautan">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Nautan |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S046.htm |accessdate=15 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115171741/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S046.htm |archivedate=15 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Narayan Prasad]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:101952}}
|percentage = 49.05
|change = +2.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amit Kumar (Giri)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:79880}}
|percentage = 38.43
|change = +6.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Santosh Chaudhari
|votes = {{formatnum:12082}}
|percentage = 5.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Virendra Rao
|votes = {{formatnum:2714}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bipin Bihari Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:1990}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sikandar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1943}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3220}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change = +0.47
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22072}}
|percentage = 10.62
|change = -4.84
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:207833}}
|percentage = 72.51
|change = +12.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nautan<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narayan Prasad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:78657}}
|percentage = 46.97
|change = {{increase}}2.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sheikh Kamran
|votes = {{formatnum:52761}}
|percentage = 31.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manorama Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:15421}}
|percentage = 9.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Nandkishor Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:4587}}
|percentage = 2.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vikash Kumar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:3967}}
|percentage = 2.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shubham Kumar Dubey
|votes = {{formatnum:1824}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1813}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change = {{decrease}}0.54
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25896}}
|percentage = 15.46
|change = {{increase}}5.93
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:167451}}
|percentage = 60.29
|change = {{decrease}}1.49
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nautan<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narayan Prasad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66697}}
|percentage = 44.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]
|votes = {{formatnum:52362}}
|percentage = 34.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raj Kumar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:4287}}
|percentage = 2.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Gallu Chaudhari
|votes = {{formatnum:4242}}
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3995}}
|percentage = 2.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shailesh Kushawaha
|votes = {{formatnum:3873}}
|percentage = 2.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Punyadev Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:2949}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Nawal Kishor Pathak
|votes = {{formatnum:2231}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ratan Kumar Sarkar
|votes = {{formatnum:1452}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:1384}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2438}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14335}}
|percentage = 9.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:150379}}
|percentage = 61.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nautan}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Manorma Prasad
|votes = 40,894
|percentage = 36.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Narayan Prasad]]
|votes = 18,130
|percentage = 16.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Gallu Chaudhari
|votes = 15,764
|percentage = 14.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amar Yadav
|votes = 8,521
|percentage = 7.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rameshwar Prasad
|votes = 6,484
|percentage = 5.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Kamran Sheikh
|votes = 4,288
|percentage = 3.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 22,764
|percentage = 20.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,12,107
|percentage = 55.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|43|N|84|28|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of West Champaran district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Scroll.in

2026-03-09T19:41:32Z

Leonuqs: added formatting as per guidelines and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian English-language news website}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Scroll.in
| logo = Scroll India Logo.svg
| url = {{URL|scroll.in}}
| commercial = Yes
| type = {{plainlist|
* News
* analysis
}}
| language = {{plainlist|
* [[English language|English]]
}}
| num_users =
| content_license =
| programming_language = English
| area_served = India
| owner = SCSN Pvt Ltd.
| author =
| founder = {{plainlist|
* Samir Patil
* Naresh Fernandes
* Jennifer O'Brien
}}
| editor = {{plainlist|
* Naresh Fernandes (Scroll.in, English)
* Sanjay Dubey (Satyagrah, Hindi)
}}
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2014|01|26|df=y}}
| revenue =
| logocaption =
| CEO =
| current_status =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Scroll.in''', simply referred to as '''Scroll''',<ref name=":4" /> is an Indian [[digital news]] and [[entertainment]] website. Founded in 2014, it is owned by SCSN Pvt Ltd.<ref name=":5" />

==History==
===Background===
Samir Patil, a [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] alumnus and [[McKinsey & Company]] associate was the founder of ACK Media which published [[Amar Chitra Katha]] and [[Tinkle]] in [[India]].<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news |last=Panchal |first=Salil |last2=Chaudhary |first2=Deepti |date=31 August 2016 |title=The New Digital Newsroom |work=[[Forbes India]] |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/the-new-digital-newsroom/44139/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012920/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/the-new-digital-newsroom/44139/1 |archive-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> In 2011, he sold the venture to the [[Future Group]] and founded the Scroll Media Inc in the following year.<ref name=":5" /> The company was incorporated in [[Delaware]], United States.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Scroll Media Inc. |url=http://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/scroll-media-inc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606214445/http://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/scroll-media-inc/ |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=7 June 2020 |website=Media Ownership Monitor |publisher=[[Reporters without Borders]]}}</ref>

===Launch===
Scroll.in was launched in January 2014<ref name=":3" /> as an Indian news website through the holding company of Scroll Media Incorporation.<ref name=":8" /> It was founded by Samir Patil and senior journalist Naresh Fernandes, along with Jennifer O'Brien, the former head of [[business development]] at the travel startup Trabblr.<ref name="Forbes" /> Naresh Fernandes who was previously the editor-in-chief of [[Time Out (magazine)|''Time Out India'']] and a journalist associated with ''[[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naresh Fernandes – JNAF |url=http://jnaf.org/artist/naresh-fernandes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202082053/http://jnaf.org/artist/naresh-fernandes/ |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation}}</ref> became the editor-in-chief of Scroll.in.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Chaudhary |first=Laxmi |title=Can the digital revolution save Indian journalism? |work=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |url=https://www.cjr.org/special_report/india_digital_revolution_startups_scoopwhoop_wire_times.php |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607124936/https://www.cjr.org/special_report/india_digital_revolution_startups_scoopwhoop_wire_times.php |archive-date=7 June 2020}}</ref> The publication had received early stage investments from the [[Independent and Public Spirited Media Foundation|IPS Media Foundation]],<ref name=":22" /> the [[Media Development Investment Fund]] and the investment firm of [[Omidyar Network]], following an endorsement from the law firm [[Khaitan & Co]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=24 July 2014 |title=Digital daily Scroll.in gets funding from Omidyar, Media Development Investment Fund |work=[[VCCircle]] |url=https://www.vccircle.com/digital-daily-scrollin-gets-funding-omidyar-media-development-investment/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713035417/https://www.vccircle.com/digital-daily-scrollin-gets-funding-omidyar-media-development-investment/ |archive-date=13 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhingra |first=Sanya |date=7 November 2017 |title=The Omidyar Network: 'Committed to a free media', via two Indian companies too |work=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/report/omidyar-network-two-indian-companies/14889/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716224139/https://theprint.in/report/omidyar-network-two-indian-companies/14889/ |archive-date=16 July 2018}}</ref>

===Partnerships===
In June 2014, [[Atlantic Media]] partnered with the Scroll Media Inc to launch the Indian edition of the business news brand ''[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2014 |title=Atlantic to launch Quartz India |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/media/story/2014/03/atlantic-to-launch-quartz-india-001914/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716223826/https://www.politico.com/media/story/2014/03/atlantic-to-launch-quartz-india-001914 |archive-date=16 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Vidhi |date=21 March 2014 |title=Quartz to join battle of foreign brands for India's online news traffic |work=[[Livemint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bG3BDWn5LTGsRAAOU13WUN/Online-news-Foreign-media-firms-make-beeline-for-India.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716223827/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bG3BDWn5LTGsRAAOU13WUN/Online-news-Foreign-media-firms-make-beeline-for-India.html?utm_source=scroll&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=scroll |archive-date=16 July 2018}}</ref> In the following year, the Hindi media publishing company Satyagrah was merged with Scroll Media and became the Hindi edition of Scroll.in which continues to operate under the name of Satyagrah.<ref name="Forbes" /> Sanjay Dubey who was the founder and editor of Satyagrah and previously the editor of ''[[Tehelka]]''{{'}}s Hindi edition, remained as the editor of Satyagrah.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Scroll.in |url=http://india.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/outlet/scrollin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606214413/http://india.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/outlet/scrollin/ |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Media Ownership Monitor |publisher=[[Reporters without Borders]]}}</ref> In March 2018, the publication partially shifted towards a [[subscription business model]] providing ad free delivery of news service and access to archives for subscribers. Naresh Fernandes, the editor-in-chief however stated that the publication will not implement any [[paywall]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Naresh |date=15 March 2018 |title=Editor's note: Pay for Scroll.in and help support the free press |url=https://scroll.in/article/871951/editors-note-pay-for-scroll-in-and-help-support-the-free-press |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713215315/https://scroll.in/article/871951/editors-note-pay-for-scroll-in-and-help-support-the-free-press |archive-date=13 July 2020 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name=":9" />

In December 2018, [[Deutsche Welle]] partnered with Scroll.in to launch its Indian weekly programme, Eco India as part of DW's venture into the South Asian media industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2019 |title=DW & Scroll.in celebrate first anniversary of flagship weekly series- Eco India – Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/dw-scrollin-celebrate-first-anniversary-of-flagship-weekly-series-eco-india-101376.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607124937/https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/dw-scrollin-celebrate-first-anniversary-of-flagship-weekly-series-eco-india-101376.html |archive-date=7 June 2020 |access-date=7 June 2020 |website=exchange4media}}</ref> Between May–June 2019, ''Scroll.in'' laid off a number of editorial staff citing a restructure of their business model.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Cherry |date=5 June 2019 |title=Layoffs at Scroll: at least 16 employees have been let go from the editorial side |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/06/05/layoffs-scroll-media-business |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811092549/https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/06/05/layoffs-scroll-media-business |archive-date=11 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref>

==Organisation==
Scroll's staff are segregated into two divisions; the editorial team and the distribution team.<ref name=":4" /> In an article of the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'', the segregation was explained as the result of caution associated with the "credibility of [[digital media]]" prevalent among the former [[Printing|print medium]] journalists who constituted the editorial team of the new publication. The editorial team in addition consists of an appointed [[ombudsman]] for additional editorial oversight. Naresh Fernandes is the current editor-in-chief of the website.<ref name=":22" /> The Hindi edition of the publication, Satyagrah, has a separate editorial team with Sanjay Dubey as the editor-in-chief.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Distribution (marketing)|distribution]] team of the publication is staffed with analysts of social media and search result [[algorithm]] who manage the distribution assets of the publication.<ref name=":4" />

==Content==
According to a report from the [[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]], the content delivery of the Scroll.in resembles "almost the pace of a [[news agency|newswire]] with the depth and sophistication of a quality news magazine," while the presentation of the site was described to be targeted toward an "up-market" audience and compared favorably with ''[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]''. The publication's business strategy aims to generate income through premium [[native advertising]] and [[sponsored content]], resembling that of traditional magazine advertising rather than obtrusive ads that distract or annoy the reader. The report also described the publication to have developed a simple and responsive design for its website for the purpose of easy [[accessibility]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Arijit |last2=Nielsen |first2=Rasmus Kleis |author-link2=Rasmus Kleis Nielsen |date=May 2016 |title=Digital Journalism Start-Ups in India |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-04/Digital%20Journalism%20Start-ups%20in%20India_0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806093856/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-04/Digital%20Journalism%20Start-ups%20in%20India_0.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2018 |website=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]}}</ref>

In addition to the primary website, the distribution of Scroll's content is provided through an [[Android app]], two email [[newsletter]]s and an array of [[social media]] channels across [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[Instagram]], and [[YouTube]]. Scroll also operates an online shop for books and literary accessories based on recommendations from the editorial team.<ref name=":4" />

==Awards==
*Scroll.in's journalist Supriya Sharma won the [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards]] for 2015. She was noted to be the first journalist from a digital news organisation to receive the award.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2015 |title=Scroll.in's Supriya Sharma wins Ramnath Goenka award for political reporting |url=http://scroll.in/article/771103/scroll-ins-supriya-sharma-wins-ramnath-goenka-award-for-political-reporting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616122453/https://scroll.in/article/771103/scroll-ins-supriya-sharma-wins-ramnath-goenka-award-for-political-reporting |archive-date=16 June 2017 |access-date=7 June 2020 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Pande |first=Manisha |date=27 November 2015 |title=Conversations with Ramnath Goenka awardees: 'Talk to people not just politicians' |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2015/11/27/conversations-with-ramnath-goenka-awardees-talk-to-people-not-just-politicians |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607124937/https://www.newslaundry.com/2015/11/27/conversations-with-ramnath-goenka-awardees-talk-to-people-not-just-politicians |archive-date=7 June 2020 |access-date=7 June 2020 |website=[[Newslaundry]] |language=en}}</ref>
*Scroll.in's journalist Priyanka Vora was one of the winners of the 2016 [[Early Childhood Development]] Reporting Contest conducted by the [[International Center for Journalists]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International award for reporting on early childhood development |url=https://scroll.in/latest/826255/scroll-in-writer-priyanka-vora-wins-2016-early-childhood-development-reporting-contest |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721013305/https://scroll.in/latest/826255/scroll-in-writer-priyanka-vora-wins-2016-early-childhood-development-reporting-contest |archive-date=21 July 2017 |access-date=30 May 2018 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ICFJ Awards 2016 |url=https://www.icfj.org/childhealth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028134219/http://www.icfj.org/childhealth |archive-date=28 October 2017}}</ref>
*Scroll.in Hindi website Satyagrah journalist Rahul Kotiyal won the [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards]] for 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Kotiyal of Satyagrah wins Ramnath Goenka Journalism Award |url=https://scroll.in/latest/862196/scroll-ins-hindi-website-satyagrahs-rahul-kotiyal-wins-ramnath-goenka-journalism-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806093859/https://scroll.in/latest/862196/scroll-ins-hindi-website-satyagrahs-rahul-kotiyal-wins-ramnath-goenka-journalism-award |archive-date=6 August 2018 |access-date=30 May 2018 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> for reporting on a campaign by RSS and Bajrang Dal named "[[Beti Bachao Bahu Lao]]". The campaign attempted to stop Hindu girls from marrying non-Hindus. If RSS members get information of a Hindu girl planning to marry a Muslim man, then the RSS members would track the girl and would inform the parents of the girl accusing this to be a case of [[Love Jihad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 2018 |title=Ramnath Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism: Winners all |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ramnath-goenka-award-rng-2017-for-excellence-in-journalism-all-winners-venkaiah-naidu-4996389/ |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>
*Scroll.in's journalist [[Malini Subramaniam]] won the [[CPJ International Press Freedom Awards]] for 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2016 |title=Scroll.in contributor Malini Subramaniam wins CPJ's 2016 International Press Freedom award |url=http://scroll.in/latest/822260/scroll-in-contributor-malini-subramaniam-wins-cpjs-2016-international-press-freedom-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125104616/http://scroll.in/latest/822260/scroll-in-contributor-malini-subramaniam-wins-cpjs-2016-international-press-freedom-award |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Malini Subramaniam, India |url=https://cpj.org/awards/malini-subramaniam-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124055729/https://cpj.org/awards/malini-subramaniam-india/ |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref>
*Scroll.in's journalists won four Red Ink Awards for 2017 for Excellence in Journalism<ref>{{Cite web |title='Excellence in Journalism' RedInk awards 2017 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/879489/scroll-ins-menaka-rao-shone-satheesh-smitha-nair-and-sruthisagar-yamunan-win-redink-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806093859/https://scroll.in/latest/879489/scroll-ins-menaka-rao-shone-satheesh-smitha-nair-and-sruthisagar-yamunan-win-redink-awards |archive-date=6 August 2018 |access-date=30 May 2018 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=RedInk Awards 2017 |url=https://thewire.in/media/the-wire-kabir-agarwal-wins-redink-award-business-economy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715211023/https://thewire.in/media/the-wire-kabir-agarwal-wins-redink-award-business-economy |archive-date=15 July 2018 |access-date=30 May 2018 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
*Scroll.in's journalist Mridula Chari was one of the winners of the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards for 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2019 |title=Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ramnath-goenka-excellence-in-journalism-awards-winners-5524092/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125301/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ramnath-goenka-excellence-in-journalism-awards-winners-5524092/ |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=30 June 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2019 |title=Scroll.in's Mridula Chari wins Ramnath Goenka award for on-the-spot reporting |url=https://scroll.in/latest/908231/scroll-ins-mridula-chari-wins-ramnath-goenka-award-for-on-the-spot-reporting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402172407/https://scroll.in/latest/908231/scroll-ins-mridula-chari-wins-ramnath-goenka-award-for-on-the-spot-reporting |archive-date=2 April 2020 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
*TScroll.in won two Gold Awards in the [[WAN-IFRA]] South Asian Digital Media Awards 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2018 |title=The Quint, The Scroll and ABP among WAN-IFRA's South Asian Digital Media Awards 2018 winners |url=https://www.wan-ifra.org/press-releases/2018/09/27/the-quint-the-scroll-and-abp-among-wan-ifras-south-asian-digital-media-awa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604065902/https://www.wan-ifra.org/press-releases/2018/09/27/the-quint-the-scroll-and-abp-among-wan-ifras-south-asian-digital-media-awa |archive-date=4 June 2020 |website=[[World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2018 |title=Scroll.in wins two golds at WAN-IFRA's South Asian Digital Media Awards |url=https://scroll.in/latest/895995/scroll-in-wins-two-gold-at-wan-ifras-digital-media-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604065850/https://scroll.in/latest/895995/scroll-in-wins-two-gold-at-wan-ifras-digital-media-awards |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>
*Scroll.in's journalists Mridula Chari and Vinita Govindarajan again won the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards for 2019 for their investigation into the use of toxic pesticides enabled by tax regulations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Scroll.in's Mridula Chari, Vinita Govindarajan win Ramnath Goenka award for environment series |url=https://scroll.in/latest/950507/scroll-in-series-by-mridula-chari-vinita-govindarajan-wins-ramnath-goenka-journalism-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701192244/https://scroll.in/latest/950507/scroll-in-series-by-mridula-chari-vinita-govindarajan-wins-ramnath-goenka-journalism-award |archive-date=1 July 2020 |access-date=30 June 2020 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=RNG awards: Here's the full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ramnath-goenka-journalism-awards-rng-full-list-6226734/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702095059/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ramnath-goenka-journalism-awards-rng-full-list-6226734/ |archive-date=2 July 2020 |access-date=30 June 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Readership==
According to ''[[Forbes India]]'', the monthly unique readership of the website was four million as of August 2016.<ref name="Forbes" />
== See also ==
* [[Imphal Free Press]]
* [[Indian Ruminations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://scroll.in/|name=Official English website}}
*{{Official website|https://satyagrah.scroll.in/|name=Official Hindi website}}

{{Media of India}}

[[Category:2014 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian journalism organisations]]
[[Category:Indian news websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2014]]

Ubuntu (film)

2026-03-04T09:43:03Z

Leonuqs: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|2017 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Ubuntu
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|director = [[Pushkar Shrotri]]<ref name="esakal">{{cite web|url=http://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-ubuntu-live-review-soumitra-pote-esakal-72219|title=Marathi movie Ubuntu live review soumitra pote esakal ई सकाळ Live Review उबुंटू : मुलांनी मोठ्यांची घेतलेली शाळा|website=eSakal|accessdate=2017-09-19}}</ref>
|producer = Pushkar Shrotri
|screenplay = Pratima Kulkarni
|story = Bhalchandra Kubal
|starring = {{plainlist|
* Sarang Sathye
* Shashank Shende
* Bhagyashri Sankpal
* Umesh Jagtap
* Kanha Bhave
* Atharva Padhye
}}
|music = [[Kaushal Inamdar]]
|cinematography = Suman Sahu
|editing = {{ubl|Ashish Mhatre|Apurva Motivale-Sahai}}
|studio = Anjaneya Sathe Entertainment
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|2017|9|15|df=yes}}
|country = India
|language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ubuntu''''' ({{Translation|'Compassion and humanity'}}) is a 2017 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film which is produced and directed by [[Pushkar Shrotri]]<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-ubuntu/articleshow/60516875.cms|title=FILM: UBUNTU|website=Pune Mirror|accessdate=2017-09-19}}</ref><ref name="imdb">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni61518058/|publisher=IMDb|title=Ubuntu Movie Review|accessdate=2017-09-19}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/ubuntu/movie-review/60709142.cms|website=The Times of India|title=Ubuntu Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|accessdate=2017-09-19}}</ref><ref name="eenaduindia">{{cite web|url=http://marathi.eenaduindia.com/Entertainment/MarathiEntertainment/2017/09/16113034/Movie-review--UMBATU.vpf|website=marathi.eenaduindia.com|title=मी आहे कारण आम्ही आहोत' = 'उबुंटू'|accessdate=2017-09-19|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925041616/http://marathi.eenaduindia.com/Entertainment/MarathiEntertainment/2017/09/16113034/Movie-review--UMBATU.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes3">{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ubuntu-movie-review/moviereview/60523025.cms|title=ubuntu movie review – Movie Review in Marathi – उबुंटू सिनेरिव्ह्यू|website=Maharashtra Times|accessdate=2017-09-19|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919030442/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ubuntu-movie-review/moviereview/60523025.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Shashank Shende]] as Sarpanch
* Sarang Sathaye as Mastar
* Umesh Jagtap as Razzak
* Bhagyashree Shankpal as Gauri
* Kanha Bhave as Sanket
* Atharva Padhye as Abdul
* Arati More as Salma
* Shubham Pawar as Vikas
* Arya Hadkar as Chandu
* Purvesh Kotian as Madhav
* Chaitrali Gadkari as Ankita
* Arya Saudagar as Manju
* Balkrushna Raul as Balkrushna
* Yogini Pophale as Gauri's Mother
* Smruti Patkar as Sarpanch's Wife
* Kalpana Jagtap as Abdul's Mother
* Satish Joshi as Villager
{{div col end}}

==Release==
''Ubuntu'' released on 15 September 2017 with English subtitles in [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], Delhi, [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/buytickets/ubuntu-pune/movie-pune-ET00061400-MT/20170918|title=Ubuntu|last=BookMyShow}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film started with a low occupancy but the evening shows picked up and went higher in terms of occupancy and collection. As per reports, the 1st day box office collection for Ubuntu tolled to around 1.2 crores on the box office.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ubuntu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Ajit Parab, Mugdha Vaishampayan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2017|09|15|df=yes}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

==Music==
The songs for the film are composed by [[Kaushal Inamdar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/ubuntu/movie-review/60709142.cms|title=Ubuntu Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|date=16 September 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|10034168}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ubuntu}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]

Rakhi Aur Rifle

2026-03-03T23:42:15Z

Leonuqs: reworked content further for consistency

{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rakhi Aur Rifle
| director = Radhakant
| starring = [[Dara Singh]] [[Leela Mishra]]
| music = Sapan-Jagmohan
| released= {{Film date|1976}}
| language=Hindi
}}

'''''Rakhi Aur Rifle''''' is a 1976 Hindi action film.

==Reception==


==Songs==
# "Ek Musibat Khadi Ho Gayi" – [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
# "Hansi Meri Le Lo Khushi Meri Le Lo" – [[Aziz Nazan]]
# "'Kabhi Kabhi Saiyya Sharab Pike Aaye" – [[Asha Bhosle]]
# "Tum Pyare Ho Balam Mohe Praan Se" – Asha Bhosle
# "Ye Rakhi Bhi Pyari Hai" – Asha Bhosle

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0430508}}

[[Category:Films scored by Sapan-Jagmohan]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1994 film)

2026-03-03T23:24:08Z

Leonuqs: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aa Gale Lag Jaa
| image = Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1994).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Hamid Ali Khan
| producer = Salim Akhtar
| writer = Salim Akhtar Santosh Saroj (Dialogue)
| starring = [[Jugal Hansraj]] [[Urmila Matondkar]] [[Paresh Rawal]] [[Ashok Saraf]] [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] [[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Arjun]]
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
| cinematography = Anwar Siraj
| editing = Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shirali
| studio = Aftab Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1994|05|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Aa Gale Lag Jaa''''' ({{Translation|Come, embrace me}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Hindi]] language [[romantic thriller]] film directed by Hamid Ali Khan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1994) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aa-gale-lag-jaa-7699 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919120252/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aa-gale-lag-jaa-7699 |url-status=live |archive-date=19 September 2021 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> and starring [[Jugal Hansraj]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Ashok Saraf]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Reema Lagoo]], [[Raza Murad]], [[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Arjun]] and [[Gulshan Grover]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aa Gale Lag Jaa - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3135 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

The film marked the first leading role for Jugal Hansraj, who previously was a child artist in several films in the 1980s. Coincidentally, he was paired with Urmila Matondkar who had played his sister in his debut film ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'' (1983).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madan |first=D. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=Aa+Gale+Lag+Jaa+1994&pg=PA275 |title=Movies, Cricket & Politics |date=2020 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers }}</ref>

==Plot==
Suraj ([[Jugal Hansraj]]) is a poor boy raised by his father Mamtaram ([[Paresh Rawal]]). Roshni ([[Urmila Matondkar]]) is a rich girl raised by her widowed mother Shakuntala Devi ([[Reema Lagoo]]). Roshni and Suraj fall in love, but Shakuntala opposes the marriage upon learning Suraj is the son of the driver who murdered Roshni's father. Mamtaram confirms Suraj's father was in prison and was killed by a speeding truck upon his release.

Suraj's dreams are shattered. Then, Roshni's father's business partners begin to be murdered. Suspicion points towards Suraj. The murder cases are assigned to a weird Police Inspector Ram Bhajan Singh ([[Gulshan Grover]]). After realizing that killer is some third person nobody knows about, the Inspector arranges a trap for him.

It is found that the killer is Suraj's supposedly dead father. He tells everybody that the real killers were Roshni's father's business partners who were afraid that her father would expose their frauds. They framed Suraj's father who tried to remove the knife out of his masters body. Before the Inspector can arrest him, Suraj's father finds the last partner in the hospital and kills him. Suraj's father surrenders to the police and the film ends.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MX Player |url=https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-aa-gale-lag-jaa-1994-movie-online-d73abea436c6d08768a792ea4807705f |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=www.mxplayer.in}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Jugal Hansraj]] as Suraj
* [[Urmila Matondkar]] as Roshni
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Mamtaram, Suraj's father
* [[Ashok Saraf]] as Dhaniram
* [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Kalka Singh
* [[Reema Lagoo]] as Shakuntala Devi, Roshni Mother
* [[Arun Bali]] as Seth Mohanlal
* [[Raza Murad]] as Advocate Jagatpal Sharma
* [[Ranjeet]] as Dr. Avinash Mathur
* [[Roopesh Kumar]] as Satish Khanna
* [[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Arjun]] as Sikander Khanna
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Police Inspector Ram Bhajan Singh
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Police Constable Baakelal
* [[Ishrat Ali]] as Rakabh Singh
* [[Kunika]] as Mrs. Jagatpal Sharma

==Soundtrack==
The film is remembered for its melodious songs by [[Anu Malik]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vbyDwAAQBAJ&dq=Aa+Gale+Lag+Jaa+1994&pg=PA433 |title=BollySwar: 1991 - 2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |isbn=978-81-938482-1-0 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aa Gale Lag Jaa"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| Nawab Arzoo
|-
| 2
| "Aaj Humein Malum Hua"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], Kavita Krishnamurthy
| Anwar Sagar
|-
| 3
| "Hum Na Honge Juda"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| Anwar Sagar
|-
| 4
| "Jis Jeevan Mein"
| Udit Narayan, Sujatha Goswami
| Zameer Kazmi
|-
| 5
| "Tere Baghair"
| Kumar Sanu, Sadhana Sargam
| Gauhar Kanpuri
|-
| 6
| "Yaad Teri Aati Hai"
| Kumar Sanu
| Anwar Sagar
|-
|7
|"Main Aashiq Hoon"
| Kumar Sanu, Sujatha Goswami
|Rani Malik
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0225013|Aa Gale Lag Jaa}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic thriller films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Kotigobba

2026-03-03T21:43:36Z

Leonuqs: brief improved details to improve readability further and improved wording for clarity

{{short description|2001 film directed by Naganna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kotigobba
| image = Kotigobba poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Naganna]]
| writer = [[Suresh Krissna]]
| based_on = ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995)
| producer =D.Kamalakar M. B. Babu
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]
*[[Priyanka Upendra]]
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = Ramesh Babu
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Superhit Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2001|11|16}}
| runtime = 167 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Kotigobba''''' ({{translation|One in a [[crore]]}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] starring [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Priyanka Upendra]] and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]. The film was a remake of [[Rajinikanth]]'s 1995 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Baashha]]'' which itself was inspired from the 1991 Hindi movie ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/hum-turns-30-4-reasons-why-the-amitabh-bachchan-rajinikanth-starrer-is-worth-its-weight-in-gold-945682.html|title='Hum' turns 30: 4 reasons why the Amitabh Bachchan-Rajinikanth starrer is worth its weight in gold|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=9 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216180723/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/hum-turns-30-4-reasons-why-the-amitabh-bachchan-rajinikanth-starrer-is-worth-its-weight-in-gold-945682.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This movie was directed by [[Naganna]] and features soundtrack from [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] who also composed the music for the Tamil version. Vishnuvardhan was nominated for Filmfare Best Actor category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/kann_nom.html#bf|title=The 49th Annual Filmfare Awards — South Nominees|publisher=downloads.movies.indiatimes.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116125129/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/kann_nom.html#bf|archivedate=16 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A [[spiritual successor]], ''[[Kotigobba 2]]'', starring [[Sudeep]] and directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]] was released in 2016.

==Plot==
Nanjunda (Vishnuvardhan), an auto driver, known for his peace loving nature and calm nature. It takes a turn when we discover that the peace loving auto driver actually has a violent past which led to the death of his father.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Nanjunda / Jai Simha
* [[Priyanka Upendra]] as Bharathi
* [[Sathyapriya]] as Sumithra, Nanjunda's stepmother
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Anna Seth / Rajappa, Nanjunda's friend
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Keshava
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Mark Antony, main antogonist
* [[Abhijith (actor)|Abhijith]] as Shiva / Anwar, Mark Antony's son
* Kaushiki as Vani, Nanjunda's half-sister
* [[Vinodhini]] as Lakshmi (credited as Shwetha), Nanjunda's half-sister
* Girish Shetty as Yogesh
* [[Rajesh (Kannada actor)|Rajesh]] as Khandelkar
* [[Devaraj]] as Amar, Nanjunda's close friend
* Lakshman as [[Director general of police|DGP]] S. G. Naik
* [[Chi. Guru Dutt]] as Balarama, a local rowdy
* [[Tennis Krishna]] as Krishna, Nanjunda's friend
* M. S. Karanth
* Ravi Chethan as Charan
* [[Lohithaswa]] as Lakshmi's father-in-law
* Pushpa Swamy as Susheela
* Krishne Gowda as auto rickshaw driver
* [[Shani Mahadevappa]]
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] as [[marriage officiant]]
* M. N. Suresh
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kotigobba
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cover = Kotigobba audio cover.jpeg
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 5 October 2001
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Jhankar Music
| language = [[Kannada]]
| producer = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| prev_title = [[Dost (2001 Tamil film)|Dost]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Pammal K. Sambandam]]
| next_year = 2002
}}

All the songs are composed and scored by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]. The song "Annayya Thammayya" is a direct reused song of composer's own "Athaanda Ithaanda" from the Tamil film ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]''.<ref name="m">{{Cite web|url=http://mio.to/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22029-Kotigobba__2001_/#/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22029-Kotigobba__2001_/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328112753/http://mio.to/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22029-Kotigobba__2001_/#/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22029-Kotigobba__2001_/|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2014|title=Kotigobba (2001) songs}}</ref> The album has six soundtracks and an instrumental number.<ref name="m"/> The songs "Sahasa Simha" and "Are Tai Tandana" were retained from the original Tamil film also composed by Deva. The audio launch was held at Capitol Hotel on 3 August 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chitraloka.com/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011208184614/http://chitraloka.com/index.html|title=It Was Vishnupuran|access-date=16 October 2023|date=3 August 2001|archive-date=8 December 2001}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Annayya Tammayya
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 6:00
| title2 = Are Tai Tai Tandana
| lyrics2 = K. Kalyan
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 6:38
| title3 = Kaverige Kalungara
| lyrics3 = K. Kalyan
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 6:04
| title4 = Sahasa Simha
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 5:15
| title5 = Tingala Belakina Angaladalli
| lyrics5 = K. Kalyan
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chitra
| length5 = 4:06
| title6 = Vardhana Vishnuvardhana
| lyrics6 = K. Kalyan
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chitra
| length6 = 3:40
| title7 = Annayya Tammayya
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = Instrumental
| length7 =
}}

== Release ==
=== Reception ===
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "On the whole Kotigobba is a great entertainer and a must see film for Vishnuvardhan fans".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050118012550/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=8801295&ctid=5&cid=2427 ''Sify'' review]</ref> A critic from ''[[Chitraloka]]'' wrote that "‘KOTIGOBBA’ is not only for fans. It is also for the family and friends. A well made action extravaganza".<ref name="C"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/kotigobba.htm|title=Diwali Bonus For Vishnu Fans|website=www.vishnuvardhan.com|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122052442/http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/kotigobba.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film was declared as a blockbuster on successfully completing 30 weeks at the box office and the success function was held at Chowdaiah Memorial Hall in Bengaluru on Saturday, 16 March 2002.<ref name="C">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140420073908/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2806-kotigobba-review.html ''Chitraloka'' review]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/archives/koti100.htm|title=Kotigobba Completes 100 Days Of Screening|website=www.vishnuvardhan.com|access-date=27 July 2014|archive-date=8 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108083411/http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/archives/koti100.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/no-age-bar-in-bollywood/articleshow/2548436.cms|title=No age bar in Bollywood|website=The Times of India|date=18 November 2007 |access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=8 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908055535/https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/no-age-bar-in-bollywood/articleshow/2548436.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Future ===
In 2012, director [[Suresh Krissna]] who made the original version announced that he would be making a sequel to this film in Kannada language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivas |date=23 February 2012 |title=Baasha 2 in Kannada |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Baasha-2-in-Kannada/articleshow/12001774.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216092611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Baasha-2-in-Kannada/articleshow/12001774.cms |archive-date=16 December 2017 |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, two unrelated films titled ''[[Kotigobba 2]]'' and ''[[Kotigobba 3]]'' were made by different directors both starring Sudeep.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14728480}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kotigobba}}
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Naganna]]
[[Category:2001 action films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]

Ezhu Muthal Onpathu Vare

2026-03-03T20:58:24Z

Leonuqs: correct formatting after review and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{short description|1985 film by J. Sasikumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ezhu Muthal Onpathu Vare
| image = Ezhu Muthal Onpathu Vare.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[J. Sasikumar]]
| producer = [[P. K. R. Pillai]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Ratheesh]] [[Captain Raju]] [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
| music = [[K. J. Joy]]
| cinematography = [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]]
| editing = [[K. Sankunni]]
| studio = [[Shirdi Sai Creations]]
| distributor = [[Shirdi Sai Release]]
| released = {{Film date|1985|7|26|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Ezhu Muthal Onpathu Vare''''' ({{Translation|From seven to nine}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[J. Sasikumar]] and produced by [[P. K. R. Pillai]]. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Ratheesh]], [[Captain Raju]], and [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]. The film features musical score by [[K. J. Joy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1698|title=Ezhumuthal Onpathuvare|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1146|title=Ezhumuthal Onpathuvare|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/ezhu-muthal-onpathu-vare-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016220126/http://spicyonion.com/title/ezhu-muthal-onpathu-vare-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Ezhumuthal Onpathuvare|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Mohanlal]]
*[[Ratheesh]]
*[[M. G. Soman]]
*[[K. P. Ummer]]
*[[Captain Raju]]
*[[T. G. Ravi]]
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
*[[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]]
*[[Chithra]]
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. J. Joy]] and the lyrics were written by Cheramangalam and [[Poovachal Khader]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Hey Butterfly Njanoru" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Cheramangalam ||
|-
| 2 || "Maathala Mottu" || [[C. O. Anto]], [[Krishnachandran]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Madanan Thirayum" || [[Vani Jairam]] || Cheramangalam ||
|-
| 4 || "Premageethikal" || Vani Jairam, Chorus || Cheramangalam ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0275341}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Monali Thakur discography

2026-03-02T14:07:25Z

Leonuqs: Put up new bio...

{{Short description|List of songs recorded by Monali Thakur (Indian singer)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox artist discography
| Artist = Monali Thakur
| Image = Monali Thakur at the Kelvinator Stree Shakti Women Awards 2014.jpg
| Caption = Monali Thakur at the Kelvinator Stree Shakti Women Awards 2014
| Option name = Hindi songs
| Option = [[#Hindi film songs|71]]
| 1Option name = Non-film songs
| 1Option = [[#Non-film songs|26]]
| 2Option name = Non-Hindi film songs
| 2Option = [[#Hindi film songs|50]]
| 3Option name = Total
| 3Option = 147
}}

[[Monali Thakur]] is an Indian [[playback singer]] in different languages including [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. This article lists songs recorded by Monali Thakur.

== Hindi film songs ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width:10%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:19%;" |Film
! scope="col" style="width:19%;" |Song
! scope="col" style="width:26%;" |Music
!Lyrics
!Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" style="width:10%;" |Note
|-
|2006
| scope="row" |''[[Jaan-E-Mann]]''
|"Kubool Kar Le"
|[[Anu Malik]]
|[[Gulzar]]
|[[Udit Narayan]], [[Rahul Vaidya]], [[Amit Sana]], [[Prajakta Shukre]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|Debut
|-
| rowspan="6" |2008
|''[[Dil Kabaddi]]''
|"Goodnight"
|[[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
|[[Virag Mishra]]
|Poroma Banerji, [[Jaspreet Singh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]''
|"Zara Zara Touch Me"
| rowspan="7" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
| rowspan="3" |Earl Edgar, [[Pritam]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=When Singer Monali Thakur Marked Her Debut As A Child Actress |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-singer-monali-thakur-marked-her-debut-as-a-child-actress-8900031.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Zara Zara Touch Me" (Asian RnB Remix)
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|"Zara Zara Touch Me" (Remix)
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|"Khwaab Dekhe (Sexy Lady)"
|[[Pritam Chakraborty|Pritam]], [[Neeraj Shridhar]],
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |title=7 Most-Played Songs of Monali Thakur on Spotify |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/ampstories/web-stories/7-most-played-songs-of-monali-thakur-on-spotify |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Golmaal Returns]]''
|"Meow"
|Suzanne D'Mello
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|[[New York (2009 film)|''New York'']]
|"Hai Junoon" (Remix)
|Sandeep Shrivastava
|[[KK (singer)|KK]]
|
|-
|''[[Billu Barber|Billu]]''
|"Khudaya Khair"
|[[Gulzar]]
|[[Soham Chakrabarty|Soham Chakraborty]], [[Akriti Kakar]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Bolo Raam]]''
|"Do Dil Hain Janwa"
|[[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
|Ajay Jhingran
|[[Soham Chakrabarty]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2010
|''[[Dulha Mil Gaya]]''
|"Dilrubaon Ke Jalwe"
|[[Lalit Pandit]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|[[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|
|-
|''[[Prince (2010 film)|Prince]]''
|"Ishq Mein"
|[[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
|[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Badmaash Company]]''
|"Jingle Jingle"
| rowspan="3" |[[Pritam]]
|[[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]
|[[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Master Saleem]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-03-09 |title=Monali Thakur has been my anchor & support: Chang |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/monali-thakur-has-been-my-anchor-support-chang/articleshow/7663755.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Golmaal 3]]''
|"Golmaal"
| rowspan="2" |[[Kumaar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[KK (singer)|K.K.]], [[Anushka Manchanda]]
|
|-
|"Golmaal (Remix)"
|
|-
|''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]''
|"Anjaana Anjaani Ki Kahani"
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|[[Neelesh Misra]]
|[[Nikhil D'Souza]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="6" |2011
|''[[Kucch Luv Jaisaa]]''
|"Naina"
|[[Pritam]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|[[Mohit Chauhan]]
|
|-
|''Tum Hi To Ho''
|"Aao Manaye Jashn"
|[[Anand–Milind]]
|Ravi Chopra
|[[Rahul Seth]]
|
|-
|''[[Rascals (2011 film)|Rascals]]''
|"Tik Tuk"
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|[[Daler Mehndi]], [[Vishal Dadlani]]
|
|-
|''[[Hostel (2011 film)|Hostel]]''
|"Rishta Banao"
| colspan="2" |[[Virag Mishra]]
|Raaj
|
|-
|''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]]''
|"Haal-E-Dil
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|[[Swanand Kirkire]], Anvita Dutt Guptan
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|
|-
|''[[United Six]]''
|"Give It Up"
|[[Pritam]]
|Ashish Pandit
|[[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2012
|''[[Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya]]''
|"Tu Mohabbat Hai"
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|[[Priya Saraiya|Priya Panchal]]
|Atif Aslam, Priya Saraiya
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |title=5 Songs By Monali Thakur That Will Make You Feel Calm |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/ampstories/web-stories/5-songs-by-monali-thakur-that-will-make-you-feel-calm |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[From Sydney with Love]]''
|"Ho Jaayega"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sohail Sen]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohit Chauhan]]
|
|-
|"Ho Jaayega" (Remix)
|
|-
|''[[Mr. Bhatti on Chutti]]''
|
|[[Channi Singh]]
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Aiyyaa]]''
|"Aga Bai"
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|[[Shalmali Kholgade]]
|
|-
|''[[Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal]]''
|"Dariya Ho"
|[[Sajid–Wajid]]
|[[Jalees Sherwani]]
|[[Shadaab Faridi]]
|
|-
|''[[Jo Hum Chahein]]''
|"Peepni"
|[[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|Jaspreet Singh
|
|-
|''Qasam Se Qasam Se''
|"Mumkin Nahi"
|Sayanthi–Shailendra
|Mouazzam Azam
|Kunal Ganjawala
|
|-
|''[[Will You Marry Me? (film)|Will You Marry Me?]]''
|"Tu Ru Tu Ru Tu"
| colspan="3" |[[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2013
|''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]''
|"Inkaar" (Theme)
| rowspan="2" |[[Shantanu Moitra]]
|[[Swanand Kirkire]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Madras Cafe]]''
|"Conspiracy"
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Anwar Ka Ajab Kissa]]''
|"Muskurah"
|Alokananda Dasgupta
|Rajeshwari Dasgupta Ghose
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[I, Me Aur Main]]''
|"Darbadar"
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|[[Mayur Puri]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |title=5 Songs By Monali Thakur That Will Make You Feel Calm |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/ampstories/web-stories/5-songs-by-monali-thakur-that-will-make-you-feel-calm |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Meri Jaaniye"
|Gourov Dasgupta
|Manthan
| rowspan="2" |Shaan
|
|-
|''[[Hum Hai Raahi Car Ke]]''
|"Nachlay Nachlay"
|[[Sangeet-Siddharth]]
|Sreekant Agneeaswaran
|
|-
|''[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]''
|"Hip Hop Pammi"
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|[[Priya Saraiya]]
|[[Mika Singh]]
|
|-
|''[[Lootera]]''
|"Sawar Loon"
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Rabba Main Kya Karoon]]''
|"Muh Meetha Kara De"
|[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|
|-
|''[[I Don't Luv U]]''
|"I Don't Luv U"
|Aman Benson & Amit Kasaria
|Pallavi Mishra
|Neuman Pinto
|
|-
|''[[Nasha (film)|Nasha]]''
|"Laila"
|[[Sangeet-Siddharth]]
|Radhika Anand
|
|
|-
|''[[Krrish 3]]''
|"Raghupati Raghav"
|[[Rajesh Roshan]]
|[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|Neeraj Shridhar, Bob
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet singing sensation, who wanted to be actress, left acting after flop debut; one song made her star, is now... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-singing-sensation-wanted-to-be-actress-left-acting-after-flop-debut-one-song-made-her-star-monali-thakur-3090240 |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2014
|''[[Gunday]]''
|"Tune Maari Entriyaan" (Bangla Version)
|[[Sohail Sen]]
|Bappi Lahiri, Gautam Susmit
|[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]''
|"Love Me Thoda Aur"
|[[Pritam]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|[[Arijit Singh]], [[Nikhil D'Souza]]
|
|-
|''[[Bobby Jasoos]]''
|"Sweety"
|[[Shantanu Moitra]]
|[[Swanand Kirkire]]
|[[Aishwarya Nigam]]
|
|-
|''[[Lakshmi (2014 film)|Lakshmi]]''
|"Aa Ghar Chalein Hum"
|[[Tapas Relia]]
|Manoj Yadav
|
|
|-
|''[[Karle Pyaar Karle]]''
|"Karle Pyaar Karle"
|[[Meet Bros Anjjan]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|Benny Dayal, [[Palak Muchhal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Hawaizaada]]''
|"Turram Khan"
|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|[[Vibhu Puri]]
|[[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
|
|-
|''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|"Moh Moh Ke Dhaage"
|[[Anu Malik]]
|[[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Ek Paheli Leela]]''
|"Dhol Baaje"
|[[Meet Bros Anjjan]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|Meet Bros Anjjan
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016
|''[[Saala Khadoos]]''
|"Dil Ye Ladaku"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|[[Swanand Kirkire]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Baaghi (2016 film)|Baaghi]]''
|"Cham Cham"
|[[Meet Bros]]
|Kumaar
|Meet Bros
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Yea Toh Two Much Ho Gayaa]]''
|"Chappan Taal"
|Abhishekh Majumder
|Jairaj Selvan, Vishal V. Patil
|Nakash Aziz
|
|-
|''[[Dhanak]]''
|"Dhanak" (Title song)
|[[Tapas Relia]]
|Ali Mir Hussain
|
|
|-
|''[[Awesome Mausam]]''
|"Laila Majnu"
|[[Javed Ali]]
|Yogesh Bhardwaj
|[[Javed Ali]]
|
|-
|''[[Mumbai 125 KM]]''
|"Saazish"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|Kumaar
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]''
|"Badri Ki Dulhania"
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|
|[[Dev Negi]], [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=Happy Birthday Monali Thakur: 5 Best Songs of the Singer {{!}} WATCH |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/happy-birthday-monali-thakur-5-best-songs-of-the-singer-watch-8643023.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]''
|"Khol De Baahein"
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Monsoon Shootout]]''
|"Miliyo Re"
|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|Deepak Ramola
|Rochak Kohli
|
|-
|''[[Indu Sarkar]]''
|"Yeh Awaaz Hai"
|[[Anu Malik]]
|Puneet Sharma
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''[[Phir Se...]]''
|"Yeh Dil Jo Hai Badmaash Hai"
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|[[Rashmi Virag]]
|[[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|-
|''[[October (2018 film)|October]]''
|"Chal"
|[[Shantanu Moitra]]
|[[Swanand Kirkire]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Fanney Khan]]''
|"Tere Jaisa Tu Hai"
| rowspan="2" |[[Amit Trivedi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Irshad Kamil]]
|
|
|-
|"Fu Bai Fu"
|
|
|-
|''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''
|"Monobina"
| rowspan="2" |[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|Vayu
|Yasser Desai, [[Shashaa Tirupati]], Farhad Bhiwandiwala
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|''[[Jabariya Jodi]]''
|"Zilla Hilela"
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], Tanishk Bagchi
|[[Dev Negi]], [[Raja Hassan]], Pravesh Mallick
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Aladdin (2019 film)|''Aladdin'']]
|"Naya Jahan" (A Whole New World)
| rowspan="3" |[[Alan Menken]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|[[Armaan Malik]]
| rowspan="3" |Hindi Dub Version
|-
|"Speechless (Part 1)"
|
|
|-
|"Speechless (Part 2)"
|
|
|-
|''[[Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas]]''
|"Ho Jaa Awara"
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|Siddharth-Garima
|[[Ash King]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Shakuntala Devi (film)|Shakuntala Devi]]''
|"Jhilmil Piya"
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|[[Priya Saraiya]]
|[[Benny Dayal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amazon Prime Video]] film
|-
|''[[Coolie No. 1 (2020 film)|Coolie No. 1]]''
|"Mummy Kasam"
|Tanishk Bagchi
|Shabbir Ahmed, [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]
|[[Udit Narayan]], Ikka
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''Chakki''
|"Aankhein Judi"
|[[Rahul Ram]]
|[[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]
|[[Papon (singer)|Papon]]
|
|-
|''[[Shabaash Mithu]]''
|"Woh Galliyan"
|Amit Trivedi
|[[Kausar Munir]]
|Shashwat Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Tiku Weds Sheru]]''
|"Tera Intezar (Female)"
|[[Gaurav Chatterji]], Sai Kabir
|Sai Kabir
|
|[[Amazon Prime Video]] film
|-
|''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]''
|"Raat Baki"
|[[Meet Bros]]
|Kumaar
|Meet Bros, Piyush Mehroliyaa
|-
|2024
|''[[Maharaj (2024 film)|Maharaj]]''
|"Haan Ke Haan"
|[[Sohail Sen]]
|Kausar Munir
|
|[[Netflix]] Film
|}

== Bengali film songs ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" |†
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Music
!Lyrics
!Co-singer(s)
!Note
|-
|1999
|''[[Chena Achena (1999 film)|Cheka Achena]]''
|"Choi Choi Choi Tipi Tipi"
| rowspan="2" |[[Anupam Dutta]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]]
|
|Debut<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2000
|''[[Sajoni Aamar Sohag]]''
|"Sundar Kato Sundar"
|[[Kavita Krishnamurti]], Goutam Ghose and Pratik Choudhary
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2008
| rowspan="3" |''[[Dujone]]''
|"Bodhua"
| rowspan="5" |[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|Priyo Chatterjee
| rowspan="2" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|"Kar Chokhe"
| rowspan="4" |Gautam Sushmit
|-
|"Sonali Rodudure"
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Love (2008 Bengali film)|Love]]''
|"Prithibi Onek Boro"
|Dibyendu Mukherjee
|
|-
|"Kalke Chilam Jajabar"
|Saptak Bhattacharjee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
| rowspan="2" |''[[Lakshyabhed]]''
|"Elore Elo Holi Elo"
| rowspan="2" |Kalyan Sen Barat
|Raj Mukherjee
|[[Rupankar Bagchi]], Kuntal
|
|-
|"Habibi India"
|Gautam Sushmit
|Shubhankar Bhaskar, [[Babul Supriyo]], Jiniya Roy
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2010
| rowspan="3" |''[[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|Dui Prithibi]]''
|"It's Only Pyar"
|[[Samidh Mukerjee|Samidh]]-[[Rishi Chanda|Rishi]]
|[[Samidh Mukerjee]]
|[[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|
|-
|"O Yaara Ve"
| rowspan="9" |[[Jeet Gannguli]]
| rowspan="2" |Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
|[[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Bonnie Chakraborty]], [[June Banerjee]],
|
|-
|"Bol Na Aar"
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|
|-
|''Mon Je Kore Uru Uru''
|"My Heart"
|Chandrani Gannguli
| rowspan="2" |[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kellafate]]''
|"Jibon Jr Mela Re Bhai"
| rowspan="2" |Priyo Chattopadhyay
|
|-
|"Lal Gaanda Phool"
|
|
|-
|"Premer Gale Chuma De"
|Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bolo Na Tumi Aamar]]''
|"Bolo Na Tumi Aamar"
|Gautam Sushmit
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|
|-
|"Hate You"
|Priyo Chattopadhyay
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
|
|-
|''[[Josh (2010 film)|Josh]]''
|"Keu Mone Mone"
|Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Pamela Jain
|
|-
|''[[Le Chakka]]''
|"Shabba Rabba Reeba Ru"
|[[Indradip Dasgupta]]
|Priyo Chattopadhyay, Prasenjit Mukherjee, [[Srijato]]
|[[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2011
|''[[Jaani Dyakha Hawbe]]''
|"Thik Thakish"
| rowspan="4" |[[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
|[[Srijato]]
|[[Anupam Roy]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Fighter (2012 film)|Fighter]]''
|"Ke Se"
| rowspan="3" |Goutam Susmit, Priyo Chatterjee, Prasen
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|
|-
|"Oh Sona Eshona"
| rowspan="2" |[[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|
|-
|"Mon Banjara"
|
|-
|''[[Romeo (2011 film)|Romeo]]''
|"Eta Ki Bhul"
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Faande Poriya Boga Kaande Re]]''
|"Jani Na"
| colspan="2" |[[Samidh Mukerjee]]
|[[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|
|-
|"Akasher Nile"
| rowspan="2" |[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
| rowspan="2" |[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|
|-
|''Bhorer Alo''
|"Give Me Freedom"
|Priyo Chattopadhyay
|
|-
|''Tomay Bhalobashye''
|"Happy Birthday "
|[[Anand–Milind]]
|Goutom
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2012
|''[[Aparajita Tumi]]''
|"Shadow Tales "
|[[Shantanu Moitra]]
|[[Anindya Chatterjee]], [[Chandril Bhattacharya]], Neha Rungta
|[[Suraj Jagan]]
|
|-
|''[[Le Halua Le]]''
|"Darlling Oh My Darling"
| rowspan="2" |[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|[[Raja Chanda]]
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|
|-
|''[[Bapi Bari Ja]]''
|"Chaap Nish Na"
|[[Anindya Chatterjee]]
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|
|-
|''[[Macho Mastana]]''
|"Rukega Badal"
|[[Samidh Mukerjee]]
|[[Samidh Mukerjee]], Gautam Sushmit
|[[Samidh Mukerjee]]
|
|-
|''[[3 Kanya]]''
|"Golemale Pirit Koro Na"
|[[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
|[[Srijato]]
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|
|-
|''[[100% Love (2012 film)|100% Love]]''
|"It's 100% Love"
| rowspan="3" |[[Jeet Gannguli]]
| rowspan="2" |Raja Chanda
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2013
| rowspan="2" |''[[Rangbaaz (2013 film)|Rangbaaz]]''
|"Oh Madhu"
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|
|-
|"Love You Soniyo"
|Prosen
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|-
|''[[Loveria]]''
|"O Shona "
| colspan="3" |[[Samidh Mukerjee]]
|
|-
|''[[Boss: Born to Rule]]''
|"Ichhe Joto Uriye Debo"
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|Chandrani Gannguli
|[[Arijit Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|''[[Hanuman.com]]''
|"Joto Dur Jabe Chhokh "
|[[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
|[[Srijato]]
|[[Anupam Roy]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Gunday]]'' (Bengali)
|"Tune Maari Entriyaan" (Bangla Version)
|[[Sohail Sen]]
|[[Bappi Lahiri]], Gautam Sushmit
|[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
|''[[Arundhati (2014 film)|Arundhati]]''
|"He Naropishach"
|[[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|Chandrani Gannguli
|
|
|-
|''[[Golpo Holeo Shotti]]''
|"Ei Bhalo Ei Kharap"
|[[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
| rowspan="3" |Prasen
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enjoy The New Bengali Lyrical Music Video For Ure Geche By Ash King And Monali Thakur {{!}} Bengali Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bengali/enjoy-the-new-bengali-lyrical-music-video-for-ure-geche-by-ash-king-and-monali-thakur/videoshow/108056171.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
| rowspan="2" |''[[Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey]]''
|"Ure Geche"
| rowspan="2" |[[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
|[[Ash King]]
|
|-
|"Tumi Ashe Paashe"
|[[Nakash Aziz]]
|
|-
|''Black''
|"Kono Ek Nilchee Pari"
|Rajputra
|Raj Chanda
|[[Hridoy Khan]]
|
|-
|''Love in Rajasthan''
|"Love In Rajasthan"
|Babul Bose
|Shyamal Sengupta
|[[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Power (2016 film)|Power]]''
|"Chakum Chukum"
| rowspan="4" |[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|Raj Chanda
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jio Pagla]]''
|"Jio Pagla" (Title Track)
| rowspan="2" |Prasenjit Malick
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|
|-
|"Hawai Hawai"
|[[Dev Negi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Jole Jongole]]''
|"Ei Mon"
|Priyo Chattopadhyay
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|
|-
|''[[Ghare & Baire]]''
|"Tara Khoshe Pore"
| colspan="3" |[[Anupam Roy]]
|
|-
|''[[Ami Neta Hobo]]''
|"I'm in Love"
|Ahamed Humaun
|Sudeep Kumar Deep
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Shahjahan Regency]]''
|"Bolo Na Radhika"
|Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
|Ritam Sen
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Jahan Regency {{!}} Song - Bolo Na Radhika {{!}} Bengali Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bengali/shah-jahan-regency-song-bolo-na-radhika/videoshow/67523587.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Ei Ami Renu]]''
|"Chup Kore Tui"
| colspan="2" |[[Rana Mazumdar]]
|[[Ash King]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-15 |title=Joy Filmfare Awards Bangla 2021 full nomination list out now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/joy-filmfare-awards-bangla-2021-full-nomination-list-out-now/articleshow/90217134.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Paka Dekha''
|"Tumi Daak Naam Dile"
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|[[Srijato]]
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|
|}

== Film songs in other regional languages ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" |†
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Music
!Lyrics
!Co-singer(s)
!Language
|-
|2013
|''[[Madha Yaanai Koottam]]''
|"Yaro Yaro"
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|Yegathasi
|[[Haricharan]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2017
|''Vardhana''
|"Soojiga Nanava"
| colspan="2" |Methews Manu
|Santish Venky
|[[Kannada]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| rowspan="2" |''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]''
|"Naalum Naalum I"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|-
|"Naalum Naalum II"
|Benny Dayal
|}

== Non-film songs ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Album/Single
!Song
!Composer
!Co-singer(s)
!Note
|-
|2006
|''[[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|Indian Idol 2]]''
|Woh Pehli Bar
|
|[[Antara Mitra]], Amey Date, [[N.C. Karunya]], [[Meenal Jain]], [[Neha Kakkar]], Sagar Sawarkar, [[Sandeep Acharya]], [[Panna Gill]], [[Ravi Tripathi]]
|Season 2 theme song
|-
|2008
|''[[Ekhane Aakash Neel (2008 TV series)|Ekhane Aakash Neel]]''
|"Ekhane Aakash Neel - Title Track"
| rowspan="3" |[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|
|Bangla Serial
|-
|2010
|''Ek Poloke Ektu Dekha''
|"Ek Poloke Ektu - Title Track"
|
|Bangla Serial
|-
|2011-12
|''Star Jalsha Parivaar Awards''
|"Star Jalsha Parivaar Awards - Title Track"
|[[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Madhuraa Bhattacharya
|Award Show
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
| rowspan="2" |''[[Coke Studio (India)|Coke Studio]]'' Season 2
|"Shedding Skin"
|[[Karsh Kale]]
|Karsh Kale, [[Shilpa Rao]], [[Shruti Pathak]], Apeksha Dandekar
|[[MTV]]
|-
|"Dil Cheez"
|[[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]] (recreated by Karsh Kale) 
|
|MTV; remake of "Dil Cheez Kya Hai" from the film ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'', originally performed by [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|2013
| rowspan="2" |''[[Animal Planet India]]''
| rowspan="2" |"Ye Mera India Anthem"
|[[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]]
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|[[Neeti Mohan]], [[Salim Merchant]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ponds Cream|''Pond's Cream'']] advertisements
|"Googly Woogly Wooksh"
| rowspan="2" |Jeet Gannguli
|Jeet Gannguli
| rowspan="2" |Commercial Ad
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|"Googly Woogly Wooksh Reloaded"
|[[Armaan Malik]]
|-
|''[[Naamkarann]]''
|"[[Naamkarann]]" Title Track
|[[Anu Malik]]
|
|Hindi Serial
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''Sakhya Re''
|"Sakhya Re" Title Track
|Pankaj Padghan
|
|Marathi Serial
|-
|[[Shell plc|''Shell'']] #makethefuture campaign
|"On Top of the World"
|[[Jennifer Hudson]], [[Pixie Lott]], [[Luan Santana]], [[Yemi Alade]], Monali Thakur
|Jennifer Hudson, Pixie Lott, Luan Santana, Yemi Alade
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Donovan |first1=John |date=1 December 2017 |title=Shell Unveils New Music Video Featuring Oscar-Winner Jennifer Hudson and Chart-Topper Pixie Lott |work=Royal Dutch Shell Group .com |url=https://royaldutchshellgroup.com/2017/12/01/shell-unveils-new-music-video-featuring-oscar-winner-jennifer-hudson-and-chart-topper-pixie-lott/ |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''PC Chandra Jewellery''
|"P.C Chandra Jewellery Theme Song"
|[[Anupam Roy]]
|Solo
|Commercial Ad
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''Tamanna - Single''
|"Tamanna"
|Herself
|
|YouTube; Producer-Bert Eliot, Written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|-
|''Shy Mora Saiyaan - Single''
|"Shy Mora Saiyaan"
|[[Meet Bros]]
|Piyush Mehroliyaa
|Mb Music
|-
| rowspan="2" |''"[[Zee5]]" Lockdown''
|"Jiya Jale"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Mickey Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|"Gur Nalon Ishq Meetha"
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019
|''O Re Naseeba - Single''
|"O Re Naseeba"
|Sanjeev-Ajay
|
|[[Eros Now]]
|-
|''[[Star Jalsha]]''
|"Jalsa 10e 10"
|Jeet Gannguli
|
|
|-
|''[[Sufiyana Pyaar Mera]]''
|"Ishq Sufiyana"
|[[Sajid–Wajid|Wajid Khan]]
|[[Javed Ali]], [[Shabab Sabri]]
|
|-
|''House of IshQ''
|"Kare Naina"
| colspan="2" |[[Ishq Bector]]
|POP
|-
|''Pani Pani Re (Rewind Version) - Single''
|"Pani Pani Re (Rewind Version)"
|[[Vishal Bharadwaj]]
|
|[[Sony Music]]; remake of "Pani Pani Re" from the film ''[[Maachis]]'', originally performed by [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|''Swachh Bharat Anthem''
|"Swachhta Adhikar Hai"
|Saach Bharat Mission
|Kailash Kher
|
|-
|''Dugga Elo - Single''
|"Dugga Elo"
|Guddu
|
|[[Zee Music Company]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020
|''Jana Mana Gana''
|"[[Jana Gana Mana]]" (Cover)
|
|
|YouTube, cover of the Indian national anthem
|-
|''Guzar Jayega''
|"Guzar Jayega"
|Varun Prabhudayal Gupta
|[[Anup Jalota|Anoop Jalota]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Jaspinder Narula|Dr. Jaspinder Narula]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]], [[Hans Raj Hans]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Javed Ali]], [[Babul Supriyo|Bapul Supriyo]], [[Malini Awasthi]], [[Jeet Gannguli|Jeet Ganguly]], [[Jasbir Jassi]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]], Osman Mir, [[Shilpa Rao]], [[Jyoti Nooran]], [[Raghu Dixit]], [[Dhvani Bhanushali]], [[Asees Kaur]], [[Shruti Pathak]], [[Akriti Kakar]], [[Anusha Mani]], [[Bhoomi Trivedi]], [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], [[Nikhita Gandhi|Nikita Gandhi]], [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], [[Sukriti Kakar]], [[Prakriti Kakar]], [[Meghna Mishra]], [[Himani Kapoor]], [[Pratibha Singh Baghel]], [[Sayani Gupta]], [[Akhil Sachdeva]], [[Jazim Sharma]], [[Vipin Aneja]], Bhavya Pandit, Devendra Pal Singh, [[Gayatri Asokan]], Kumar Sharma, Priya Mallik, Rahul Mukherjee, Ragini Tandan, Rashmeet Kaur, Romi, Shreya Sharma, Simran Chaudhry, [[Sumedha Karmahe]]
|An Initiative by Indian Artists - Project of Hope
|-
|''Dil Ka Fitoor - Single''
|"Dil Ka Fitoor"
|Kaushik-Guddu
|
|YouTube
|-
|''Doublemint Freshtake Season 1''
|"Aaina"
| colspan="2" |Ranajoy Bhattacharya
|
|-
|''Elo Maa Dugga Thakur''
|"Elo Maa Dugga Thakur"
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]], [[Jeet Gannguli]]
|
|-
|2023
|''Star Jalsha Parivaar Awards 2023''
|"Star Jalsha Parivaar Awards 2023 Theme Song"
|TBA
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4232545}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|monali-thakur}}

{{morecat|date=October 2025}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Monali}}
[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

2026-02-20T18:03:24Z

Leonuqs:

{{Short description|Recent shrinking of glaciers due to global warming}}
{{Redirect|Glacier retreat|3=Glacier retreat (disambiguation)}}
[[File:McCarty Glacier.jpg |thumb |upright=1.75 |Alaska's [[McCarty Glacier]] retreated about {{convert|15|km|mi}} in less than a century, and dense, diverse vegetation has become established on the slopes.<ref name=CBSnews_20150901>{{cite news |title=Vanishing glaciers of Alaska |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/repeat-photography-of-alaskan-glaciers/16/ |publisher=CBS News |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419201946/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/repeat-photography-of-alaskan-glaciers/16/ |archive-date=19 April 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The '''retreat of glaciers since 1850''' is a well-documented [[effects of climate change|effect of climate change]]. The retreat of [[Mountain glacier|mountain glaciers]] provides evidence for the [[Instrumental temperature record|rise in global temperatures]] since the late 19th century. Examples include mountain glaciers in western North America, Asia, [[Alps|the Alps]] in central Europe, and [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] regions of South America and Africa. Since glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes, e.g. [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], [[Temperature|mean temperature]], and [[cloud cover]], glacial mass changes are one of the most sensitive indicators of [[climate change]]. The retreat of glaciers is also a major reason for [[sea level rise]]. Excluding peripheral glaciers of [[Ice sheet|ice sheets]], the total cumulated global glacial losses over the 26 years from 1993 to 2018 were likely 5500 gigatons, or 210 gigatons per year.<ref name=":0">Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011.</ref>{{rp|1275}}

On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast [[Ice sheet|ice sheets]] (also known as "continental glaciers") in the [[Polar region|polar regions]]. Glaciers also exist in [[Mountain range|mountain ranges]] on every continent other than the Australian mainland, including Oceania's high-latitude [[oceanic island]] countries such as [[New Zealand]]. Glacial bodies larger than {{convert|50,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} are called ''ice sheets''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glossary of Meteorology |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=ice-sheet1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623093132/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=ice-sheet1 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |access-date=2013-01-04 |publisher=American Meteorological Society}}</ref> They are several kilometers deep and obscure the underlying topography.

[[Deglaciation]] occurs naturally at the end of [[Ice age|ice ages]]. But the current [[glacier]] retreat is accelerated by [[global warming]] due to human-caused [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. Human activities since the start of the [[industrial era]] have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping [[Greenhouse gas|greenhouse gases]] in the air, causing current global warming.<ref name="NASAcauses_2019">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=The Causes of Climate Change |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221010331/https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/ |archive-date=2019-12-21 |website=climate.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA}}</ref> Human influence is the principal driver of [[Effects of climate change|changes]] to the [[cryosphere]], of which glaciers are a part.<ref name="NASAcauses_2019" />

The [[glacier mass balance]] is the key determinant of the health of a glacier. If the amount of frozen precipitation in the [[accumulation zone]] exceeds the quantity of glacial ice the [[ablation zone]] lost due to melting, a glacier will advance. If the accumulation is less than the ablation, the glacier will retreat. Glaciers in retreat will have negative mass balances. They will eventually disappear if they do not reach an equilibrium between accumulation and ablation.

Mid-latitude mountain ranges show some of the largest proportionate glacial losses. Examples of such mountain ranges are the [[Himalayas]] in Asia, the [[Rocky Mountains]] and the [[Cascade Range]] in North America, the [[Alps]] in Europe, the [[Southern Alps]] in New Zealand, the southern [[Andes]] in South America, as well as isolated tropical summits such as [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] in Africa.

Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of [[fresh water]] on Earth, holding with ice sheets about 69 percent of the world's freshwater.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ice, Snow, and Glaciers and the Water Cycle |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/ice-snow-and-glaciers-and-water-cycle?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |access-date=2021-05-25 |website=www.usgs.gov| date=8 September 2019 }}</ref><ref name="IMS">{{cite journal |author1=Brown, Molly Elizabeth |author2=Ouyang, Hua |author3=Habib, Shahid |author4=Shrestha, Basanta |author5=Shrestha, Mandira |author6=Panday, Prajjwal |author7=Tzortziou, Maria |author8=Policelli, Frederick |author9=Artan, Guleid |author10=Giriraj, Amarnath |author11=Bajracharya, Sagar R. |author12=Racoviteanu,, Adina |date=November 2010 |title=HIMALA: Climate Impacts on Glaciers, Snow, and Hydrology in the Himalayan Region |journal=Mountain Research and Development |publisher=International Mountain Society |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=401–404 |doi=10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00071.1 |s2cid=129545865 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010MRDev..30..401B |hdl-access=free |hdl=2060/20110015312}}</ref> The retreat of glaciers has near term impacts on the availability of fresh water for [[drinking water]] and [[irrigation]]. For example, in the Andes and Himalayas the demise of glaciers will affect [[Water supply|water supplies]] for people in that region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Ethan |last2=Carrivick |first2=Jonathan L. |last3=Quincey |first3=Duncan J. |last4=Cook |first4=Simon J. |last5=James |first5=William H. M. |last6=Brown |first6=Lee E. |date=2021-12-20 |title=Accelerated mass loss of Himalayan glaciers since the Little Ice Age |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=24284 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1124284L |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-03805-8 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=8688493 |pmid=34931039}}</ref> Melting glaciers also leads to sea level rise.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Scale at the global level ==
{{ multiple image | total_width=450
| image1 = 1994- Earth's ice imbalance - ice loss - Climate change - Global warming.svg |caption1= Melting of mountain glaciers from 1994 to 2017 (6.1 trillion tonnes) constituted about 22% of Earth's ice loss during that period.<ref name="Cryosphere_20210125" />
| image2= 2000- Glacier mass change - global.svg |caption2= Globally, the mass of glaciers has persistently declined 9 (blue line), with the rate of decline increasing in recent years (red bars).<ref name=Nature_20250219>{{cite journal |author1=The GlaMBIE Team |title=Community estimate of global glacier mass changes from 2000 to 2023 |journal=Nature |date=19 February 2025 |volume=639 |issue=8054 |pages=382–388 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-08545-z|pmid=39972143 |pmc=11903323 }} Fig. 2.</ref>
}}
The [[Little Ice Age]] was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when certain regions experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after. Subsequently, until about 1940, glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed substantially. Glacial retreat slowed and even reversed temporarily, in many cases, between 1950 and 1980 as global temperatures [[:File:Global monthly temperature record.png|cooled slightly]].<ref name="pelto1">{{cite web |last=Pelto |first=Mauri |title=Recent Global Glacier Retreat Overview |url=http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/glacier_retreat.htm |access-date=February 14, 2015 |work=North Cascade Glacier Climate Project}}</ref>

Since 1980, [[climate change]] has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existence of many of the remaining glaciers is threatened.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hugonnet |first1=Romain |last2=McNabb |first2=Robert |last3=Berthier |first3=Etienne |last4=Menounos |first4=Brian |last5=Nuth |first5=Christopher |last6=Girod |first6=Luc |last7=Farinotti |first7=Daniel |last8=Huss |first8=Matthias |last9=Dussaillant |first9=Ines |last10=Brun |first10=Fanny |last11=Kääb |first11=Andreas |date=2021 |title=Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03436-z |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=592 |issue=7856 |pages=726–731 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z |pmid=33911269 |bibcode=2021Natur.592..726H |hdl=10852/91528 |s2cid=233446479 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Excluding peripheral glaciers of [[Ice sheet|ice sheets]], the total cumulated global glacial losses over the 26 years from 1993 to 2018 were likely 5500 gigatons, or 210 gigatons per yr.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|1275}}

==Causes==
{{Main|Glacier mass balance|Effects of climate change}}

{{Multiple image
| total_width = 450
| image1 = Glacier Mass Balance Map.png
| caption1 = From 1970 to 2004, mountain glaciers thinned (yellow and red) in some regions and thickened (blue) in others.
| image2 = 1950- Glacier annual mass change - World Glacier Monitoring Service.svg
| caption2 = Seasonal melt contributes to runoff; the annual balance (net change of glacier mass) contributes to sea level rise.<ref name=WGMS_thru2023>{{cite web |title=Global Glacier State |url=https://wgms.ch/global-glacier-state/ |publisher=World Glacier Monitoring Service ("under the auspices of: ISC (WDS), IUGG (IACS), UN environment, UNESCO, WMO") |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303052332/https://wgms.ch/global-glacier-state/ |archive-date=3 March 2025 |date=2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

[[File:2015-2100 Impacts of global warming on glaciers and sea level rise.svg |thumb |upright=1.25 |Projections: Melting of glacial mass is approximately linearly related to temperature increase.<ref name=Science_20230105/> Based on current pledges, global mean temperature is projected to increase by +2.7 °C, which would cause loss of about half of Earth's glaciers by 2100 with a sea level rise of 115±40 millimeters.<ref name=Science_20230105>{{cite journal |last1=Rounce |first1=David R. |last2=Hock |first2=Regine |last3=Maussion |first3=Fabien |last4=Hugonnet |first4=Romain |last5=Kochtitzky |first5=William |last6=Huss |first6=Matthias |last7=Berthier |first7=Etienne |last8=Brinkerhoff |first8=Douglas |last9=Compagno |first9=Loris |last10=Copland |first10=Luke |last11=Farinotti |first11=Daniel |last12=Menounos |first12=Brian |last13=McNabb |first13=Robert W. |display-authors=4 |title=Global glacier change in the 21st century: Every increase in temperature matters |journal=Science |date=5 January 2023 |volume=379 |issue=6627 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1126/science.abo1324 |pmid=36603094 |bibcode=2023Sci...379...78R |hdl=10852/108771 |s2cid=255441012 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo1324}}</ref>]]
The mass balance, or difference between [[glacier ice accumulation|accumulation]] and [[Ablation zone|ablation]] (melting and [[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]]), of a glacier is crucial to its survival.<ref name=mote-kaser>{{cite journal|first1=Philip W.|last1=Mote|first2=Georg|last2=Kaser|journal=American Scientist|volume=95|issue=4|year=2007|title=The Shrinking Glaciers of Kilimanjaro: Can Global Warming Be Blamed?|url=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-shrinking-glaciers-of-kilimanjaro-can-global-warming-be-blamed|pages=318–325|doi=10.1511/2007.66.318|access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> [[Climate change]] may cause variations in both temperature and snowfall, resulting in changes in mass balance. A [[glacier]] with a sustained negative balance loses equilibrium and retreats. A sustained positive balance is also out of equilibrium and will advance to reestablish equilibrium. Currently, nearly all glaciers have a negative mass balance and are retreating.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Alex S. Gardner|author2=Geir Moholdt|author3=J. Graham Cogley|author4=Bert Wouters|author5=Anthony A. Arendt|author6=John Wahr|author7=Etienne Berthier|author8=Regine Hock|author9=W. Tad Pfeffer|author10=Georg Kaser|author11=Stefan R. M. Ligtenberg|author12=Tobias Bolch|author13=Martin J. Sharp|author14=Jon Ove Hagen|author15=Michiel R. van den Broeke|author16=Frank Paul|title=A Reconciled Estimate of Glacier Contributions to Sea Level Rise: 2003 to 2009|journal=Science|date=May 17, 2013|volume=340|issue=6134|pages=852–857|doi=10.1126/science.1234532|pmid=23687045|bibcode=2013Sci...340..852G|s2cid=206547524|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/83966/6/2013_PaulF_Gardner_et_al_accepted_ms130227.pdf|access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref>

Glacier retreat results in the loss of the low-elevation region of the glacier. Since higher elevations are cooler, the disappearance of the lowest portion decreases overall ablation, thereby increasing mass balance and potentially reestablishing equilibrium. If the mass balance of a significant portion of the accumulation zone of the glacier is negative, it is in disequilibrium with the climate and will melt away without a colder climate and/or an increase in frozen precipitation.<ref name=hubbard>{{cite book|last1=Hubbard|first1=Bryn|author2=Neil F. Glasser|title=Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology|date=May 20, 2005|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-84427-4|pages=179–198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9MWQT0gdBMC&pg=PA179|access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref><ref name=pelto2>{{cite journal|author=Pelto, M.S.|title=Forecasting temperate alpine glacier survival from accumulation zone observations|journal=The Cryosphere|year=2010|volume=4|issue=1|pages=67–75|doi=10.5194/tc-4-67-2010|bibcode=2010TCry....4...67P|url=https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/4/67/2010/|doi-access=free|access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref>

For example, [[Easton Glacier]] in Washington state, U.S. will likely shrink to half its size but at a slowing rate of reduction and stabilize at that size despite the warmer temperature over a few decades. However, the [[Grinnell Glacier]] in Montana, U.S. will shrink at an increasing rate until it disappears. The difference is that the upper section of Easton Glacier remains healthy and snow-covered, while even the upper section of the Grinnell Glacier is bare, is melting and has thinned. Small glaciers with minimal altitude range are most likely to fall into disequilibrium with the climate.<ref name="pelto2" />

== Measurement techniques ==
Methods for measuring retreat include staking [[Glacier terminus|terminus location]], [[global positioning]] mapping, [[aerial mapping]] and laser [[altimetry]].<ref name="hubbard" /><ref name="clark">{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=Peter U.|title=Abrupt Climate Change: Final Report, Synthesis and Assessment Product|date=September 28, 2009|publisher=DIANE Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-4379-1569-3|pages=39–45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92T2d-0NBkQC&pg=PA39}}</ref> The key symptom of [[Disequilibrium (thermodynamics)|disequilibrium]] is thinning along the entire length of the glacier. This indicates a diminishment of the accumulation zone. The result is marginal recession of the accumulation zone margin, not just of the terminus. In effect, the glacier no longer has a consistent accumulation zone and without an accumulation zone cannot survive.<ref name="pelto2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=2013 State of the climate: Mountain glaciers |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/2013-state-climate-mountain-glaciers-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721041735/http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/2013-state-climate-mountain-glaciers-0 |archive-date=July 21, 2014 |publisher=NOAA |access-date=November 23, 2020 |date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> On [[Mount Stanley]], an exhibition team sent out by [[Project Pressure]] created the first ever 3D model of the glacier using drone photography and [[Satellite navigation|GNSS]] technology showing a surface area decline of 29.5% between 2020 and 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dieckman |first=Emily |date=2025-04-03 |title=A New 3D Map Shows Precipitous Decline of Ugandan Glaciers |url=https://eos.org/articles/a-new-3d-map-shows-precipitous-decline-of-ugandan-glaciers |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Eos |language=en-US}}</ref>.

== Impacts ==
{{See also|Deglaciation}}

=== Sea level rise ===
Water runoff from melting glaciers causes global sea level to [[Sea level rise|rise]], a phenomenon the [[ IPCC]] terms a "slow onset" event.<ref name="IPCC AR6 WGII Summary for Policymakers 20">{{cite web |date=2022 |title=IPCC AR6 WGII Summary for Policymakers |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122220619/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2023 |website=ipcc.ch |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)}}</ref>

The potential for major [[sea level rise]] depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located. If all the ice on the polar ice caps were to melt away, the oceans of the world would rise an estimated {{convert|70|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How would sea level change if all glaciers melted? {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-would-sea-level-change-if-all-glaciers-melted |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=www.usgs.gov|date=23 September 2021 }}</ref> Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing {{convert|0.5|mm|in}} a year each to global sea level rise.<ref name="pmid17272686">{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |vauthors=Rahmstorf S, [[Anny Cazenave|Cazenave A]], Church JA, Hansen JE, Keeling RF, Parker DE, Somerville RC |date=May 2007 |title=Recent climate observations compared to projections |journal=Science |volume=316 |issue=5825 |page=709 |bibcode=2007Sci...316..709R |doi=10.1126/science.1136843 |pmid=17272686 |s2cid=34008905 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Velicogna |first1=I. |year=2009 |title=Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=19 |pages=L19503 |article-number=2009GL040222 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3619503V |citeseerx=10.1.1.170.8753 |doi=10.1029/2009GL040222 |s2cid=14374232}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cazenave |first1=A. |last2=Dominh |first2=K. |last3=Guinehut |first3=S. |last4=Berthier |first4=E. |last5=Llovel |first5=W. |last6=Ramillien |first6=G. |last7=Ablain |first7=M. |last8=Larnicol |first8=G. |year=2009 |title=Sea level budget over 2003–2008: A reevaluation from GRACE space gravimetry, satellite altimetry and Argo |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00401223/document |journal=Global and Planetary Change |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=83–88 |bibcode=2009GPC....65...83C |doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.10.004 |s2cid=6054006}}</ref> The [[Thwaites Glacier]] alone, in Western Antarctica is "currently responsible for approximately 4 percent of global sea level rise. It holds enough ice to raise the world ocean a little over 2 feet (65 centimeters) and backstops neighboring glaciers that would raise sea levels an additional 8 feet (2.4 meters) if all the ice were lost."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=By Carol Rasmussen, NASA's Earth Science News |title=Huge cavity in Antarctic glacier signals rapid decay |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2838/huge-cavity-in-antarctic-glacier-signals-rapid-decay |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet|date=30 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Prats-Iraola eaau3433" /> The fact that the IPCC estimates did not include rapid ice sheet decay into their sea level predictions makes it difficult to ascertain a plausible estimate for sea level rise but a 2008 study found that the minimum sea level rise will be around {{convert|0.8|m|ft}} by 2100.<ref name="pmid18772435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pfeffer WT, Harper JT, O'Neel S |date=September 2008 |title=Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-century sea-level rise |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=321 |issue=5894 |pages=1340–3 |bibcode=2008Sci...321.1340P |doi=10.1126/science.1159099 |pmid=18772435 |s2cid=15284296}}</ref>

=== Water supply ===
[[File:Everest is melting. What does it tell us about climate change? - Context News.webm|thumb|236x236px|A video describing the impacts of global warming and melting on Everest and the surrounding Himalayas, and the downstream impacts on communities that use that water. ]]
The continued retreat of glaciers will have a number of different quantitative effects. In areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months, a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce or eliminate runoff. A reduction in runoff will affect the ability to [[irrigation|irrigate]] crops and will reduce summer stream flows necessary to keep dams and reservoirs replenished. This situation is particularly acute for irrigation in South America, where numerous artificial lakes are filled almost exclusively by glacial melt.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 9, 2003|title=Melting glaciers threaten Peru|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3172572.stm|access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> [[Central Asian]] countries have also been historically dependent on the seasonal glacier melt water for irrigation and drinking supplies. In Norway, the Alps, and the [[Pacific Northwest]] of North America, glacier runoff is important for [[hydropower]].

In the [[Himalayas]], retreating glaciers could reduce summer water flows by up to two thirds. In the [[Ganges]] area, this would cause a water shortage for 500 million people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water crisis looms as Himalayan glaciers retreat |url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?unewsid=19111 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311042056/https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?unewsid=19111 |archive-date=11 March 2021 |access-date=2020-11-07 |website=wwf.panda.org}}</ref> In the [[Hindu Kush]] Himalaya area, around 1.4 billion people are dependent on the five main rivers of the Himalaya mountains.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Immerzeel |first1=Walter W. |last2=Beek |first2=Ludovicus P. H. van |last3=Bierkens |first3=Marc F. P. |date=2010-06-11 |title=Climate Change Will Affect the Asian Water Towers |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1183188 |url-status=live |journal=Science |language=en |volume=328 |issue=5984 |pages=1382–1385 |bibcode=2010Sci...328.1382I |doi=10.1126/science.1183188 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=20538947 |s2cid=128597220 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320205527/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5984/1382 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> Although the impact will vary from place to place, the amount of [[meltwater]] is likely to increase at first as glaciers retreat. Then it will gradually decrease because of the fall in glacier mass.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=James D. |last2=Immerzeel |first2=Walter W. |last3=Rees |first3=Gwyn |date=November 2012 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Glacier Hydrology and River Discharge in the Hindu Kush–Himalayas |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=461–467 |doi=10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00027.1 |issn=0276-4741 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1 |title=The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-92287-4 |editor-last=Wester |editor-first=Philippus |language=en-gb |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1 |hdl=10023/17268 |access-date=25 March 2021 |editor2-last=Mishra |editor2-first=Arabinda |editor3-last=Mukherji |editor3-first=Aditi |editor4-last=Shrestha |editor4-first=Arun Bhakta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309125337/http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free |s2cid=199491088}}</ref>

=== Ecosystems ===
[[File:Receding_glacier-en.svg|thumb|300x300px|Landscape produced by a receding glacier]]
Many species of freshwater and saltwater plants and animals are dependent on glacier-fed waters to ensure the cold water habitat to which they have adapted. Some species of freshwater fish need cold water to survive and to reproduce, and this is especially true with [[salmon]] and [[cutthroat trout]]. Reduced glacial runoff can lead to insufficient stream flow to allow these species to thrive. Alterations to the [[ocean currents]], due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to [[thermohaline circulation]] of the [[oceans]], may affect existing [[fisheries]] upon which humans depend as well.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FboCKhLSfysC&q=increased+glacier+melt+impact+fisheries&pg=PA47|title=The Economics of Adapting Fisheries to Climate Change|publisher=OECD Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-92-64-09036-1|pages=47–55|access-date=2011-10-15}}</ref>

[[File:20210125 The Cryosphere - Floating and grounded ice - imbalance - climate change.png|thumb|upright=1.5| Earth lost 28 trillion tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017, with melting grounded ice (ice sheets and glaciers) raising the global sea level by 34.6 ±3.1 mm.<ref name="Cryosphere_20210125">{{cite journal|last1=Slater|first1=Thomas|last2=Lawrence|first2=Isobel R.|last3=Otosaka|first3=Inès N.|last4=Shepherd|first4=Andrew|last5=Gourmelen|first5=Noel|last6=Jakob|first6=Livia|last7=Tepes|first7=Paul|last8=Gilbert|first8=Lin|last9=Nienow|first9=Peter|display-authors=4|date=25 January 2021|title=Review article: Earth's ice imbalance|url=https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/233/2021/|journal=The Cryosphere|language=English|volume=15|issue=1|pages=233–246|doi=10.5194/tc-15-233-2021|bibcode=2021TCry...15..233S|issn=1994-0416|doi-access=free}} Abstract; Fig. 4.</ref> The rate of ice loss has risen by 57% since the 1990s−from 0.8 to 1.2 trillion tonnes per year.<ref name="Cryosphere_20210125" />]]

=== Glacial lake outburst floods ===
One major concern is the increased risk of [[Glacial Lake Outburst Flood]]s (GLOF), which have in the past had great effect on lives and property.<ref name="unep2">{{cite press release|date=16 April 2002|title=Global Warming Triggers Glacial Lakes Flood Threat|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|access-date=14 November 2015|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=245&ArticleID=3042|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050526075346/http%3A//www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID%3D245%26ArticleID%3D3042|archive-date=26 May 2005}}</ref> Glacier meltwater left behind by the retreating glacier is often held back by [[moraine]]s that can be unstable and have been known to collapse if breached or displaced by earthquakes, landslides or avalanches.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://assets.panda.org/downloads/himalayaglaciersreport2005.pdf|title=An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat, and Subsequent Impacts in Nepal, India and China|date=March 2005|publisher=WWF Nepal Program|page=3}}</ref> If the terminal moraine is not strong enough to hold the rising water behind it, it can burst, leading to a massive localized flood. The likelihood of such events is rising due to the creation and expansion of glacial lakes resulting from glacier retreat.<ref name="unep2" /> Past floods have been deadly and have resulted in enormous property damage. Towns and villages in steep, narrow valleys that are downstream from glacial lakes are at the greatest risk. In 1892 a GLOF released some {{convert|200000|m3|yd3|abbr=on}} of water from the lake of the [[Tête Rousse Glacier]], resulting in the deaths of 200 people in the French town of [[Saint-Gervais-les-Bains]].<ref name="pelto5">{{cite web|author=Mauri S. Pelto|title=Recent Global Glacier Retreat Overview|url=http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/glacier_retreat.htm|access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref> GLOFs have been known to occur in every region of the world where glaciers are located. Continued glacier retreat is expected to create and expand glacial lakes, increasing the danger of future GLOFs.

==Middle latitude==
[[Middle latitudes|Middle latitude]] glaciers are located either between the [[Tropic of Cancer]] and the [[Arctic Circle]], or between the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] and the [[Antarctic Circle]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schultz|first1=Jürgen|title=The Ecozones of the World: The Ecological Divisions of the Geosphere|date=September 7, 2005|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-20014-7|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twKm1qzrnyUC&pg=PA103}}</ref> Both areas support glacier ice from mountain glaciers, valley glaciers and even smaller icecaps, which are usually located in higher mountainous regions.<ref name=clark/> All are located in mountain ranges, notably the [[Himalayas]]; the [[Alps]]; the [[Pyrenees]]; [[Rocky Mountains]]; the [[Caucasus]] and [[Pacific Coast Range]]s of North America; the [[Patagonia]]n Andes in South America; and mountain ranges in New Zealand.<ref name=hensen>{{cite book|last1=Hensen|first1=Robert|title=The Rough Guide to Climate Change|date=October 30, 2006|publisher=DK|isbn=978-1-84353-711-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IL4dZLYZjRwC&pg=PT152}}</ref> Glaciers in these latitudes are more widespread and tend to be greater in mass the closer they are to the polar regions. They are the most widely studied over the past 150 years. As with examples located in the tropical zone, virtually all the glaciers in the mid-latitudes are in a state of negative mass balance and are retreating.<ref name=clark/>

===Northern hemisphere – Eurasia===
====Europe====
All the glaciers in the French alps are retreating. On [[Mont Blanc]], the highest peak in the Alps, the [[Argentière Glacier]] has receded {{convert|1150|m|ft|abbr=on}} since 1870.<ref>{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Christopher|title=The Melting World: A Journey Across America's Vanishing Glaciers|date=September 3, 2013|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-54628-1|page=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Xs3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133}}</ref> Other Mont Blanc glaciers have also been in retreat, including the [[Mer de Glace]], which is the largest glacier in France at {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} in length but retreated {{convert|500|m|abbr=on}} between 1994 and 2008.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fort|first1=Monique|title=Landscapes and Landforms in France|date=2014|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-007-7021-8|page=172|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERt_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172}}</ref> The Argentière and Mer de Glace glaciers are expected to disappear completely by end of the 21st century if current climate trends persist.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vaughn |first1=Adam |title=Special report: How climate change is melting France's largest glacier |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24332483-600-special-report-how-climate-change-is-melting-frances-largest-glacier/ |publisher=New Scientist |access-date=February 3, 2021 |date=September 18, 2019}}</ref> The [[Bossons Glacier]] once extended from the summit of Mont Blanc at {{convert|4807|m|abbr=on}} to an elevation of {{convert|1050|m|abbr=on}} in 1900. By 2008 Bossons Glacier had retreated to a point that was {{convert|1400|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref>{{cite web|title=Glacier des Bossons and Glacier de Taconnaz|url=http://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/alps/bossons/index-en.html|website=Glaciers Online|publisher=Swiss Education|access-date=March 1, 2015|date=March 7, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Length changes of six Swiss Glaciers since 1860s.jpg|thumb|Six Swiss glaciers' length change from 1986 to 2022.<ref>Data: [https://doi.glamos.ch/data/volumechange/volumechange_2023_r2023.html Glacier Monitoring in Switzerland (GLAMOS)], File: "Glacier length changes".</ref>]]
Other researchers have found that glaciers across the Alps appear to be retreating at a faster rate than a few decades ago. In a paper published in 2009 by the University of Zurich, the Swiss glacier survey of 89 glaciers found 76 retreating, 5 stationary and 8 advancing from where they had been in 1973.<ref name=zurich>{{cite web|title=The Swiss Glaciers Glaciological Report (Glacier) No. 125/126|url=http://glaciology.ethz.ch/swiss-glaciers/downloadPubs/glrep_125-126.pdf|publisher=University of Zurich|access-date=April 11, 2015|pages=14–17|date=2009}}</ref> The [[Trift Glacier]] had the greatest recorded retreat, losing {{convert|350|m|ft|abbr=on}} of its length between 2003 and 2005.<ref name=zurich/> The Grosser [[Aletsch Glacier]] is the largest glacier in Switzerland and has been studied since the late 19th century. Aletsch Glacier retreated {{convert|2.8|km|abbr=on}} from 1880 to 2009.<ref name=jouvet>{{cite journal|last1=Jouvet|first1=Guillaume|author2=Matthias Huss|author3=Martin Funk|author4=Heinz Blatter|title=Modelling the retreat of Grosser Aletschgletscher, Switzerland, in a changing climate|journal=Journal of Glaciology|date=2011|volume=57|issue=206|pages=1033–1045|url=http://www.iac.ethz.ch/doc/publications/jouvet4.pdf|access-date=April 11, 2015|doi=10.3189/002214311798843359|bibcode=2011JGlac..57.1033J|s2cid=55879630|doi-access=free}}</ref> This rate of retreat has also increased since 1980, with 30%, or {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=on}}, of the total retreat occurring in the last 20% of the time period.<ref name=jouvet/>

The [[Morteratsch Glacier]] in Switzerland has had one of the longest periods of scientific study with yearly measurements of the glacier's length commencing in 1878. The overall retreat from 1878 to 1998 has been {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} with a mean annual retreat rate of approximately {{convert|17|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year. This long-term average was markedly surpassed in recent years with the glacier receding {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year during the period between 1999 and 2005. Similarly, of the glaciers in the Italian Alps, only about a third were in retreat in 1980, while by 1999, 89% of these glaciers were retreating. In 2005, the Italian Glacier Commission found that 123 glaciers in Lombardy were retreating.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Malinverni|first1=Eva|first2=Claudia|last2=Croci|first3=Fabrizio|last3=Sgroi|title=Glacier Monitoring by Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Open Source Environment|url=http://www.eproceedings.org/static/vol07_2/07_2_malinverni1.pdf|publisher=EARSeL eProceedings|access-date=April 18, 2015|date=February 2008|archive-date=February 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214193655/http://www.eproceedings.org/static/vol07_2/07_2_malinverni1.pdf}}</ref> A random study of the [[Sforzellina Glacier]] in the Italian Alps indicated that the rate of retreat from 2002 to 2006 was much higher than in the preceding 35 years.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cannone|first1=Nicoletta|last2=Diolaiuti|first2=G|last3=Guglielmin|first3=M|last4=Smiraglia|first4=C|title=Accelerating Climate Change Impacts on Alpine Glacier Forefield Ecosystems in the European Alps|journal=Ecological Applications|date=2008|volume=18|issue=3|pages=637–648|url=http://se-server.ethz.ch/staff/af/fi159/C/Ca187.pdf|access-date=April 18, 2015|pmid=18488623|doi=10.1890/07-1188.1|bibcode=2008EcoAp..18..637C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418222111/http://se-server.ethz.ch/staff/af/fi159/C/Ca187.pdf|archive-date=April 18, 2015|hdl=11383/16260|hdl-access=free}}</ref> To study glaciers located in the alpine regions of Lombardy, researchers compared a series of aerial and ground images taken from the 1950s through the early 21st century and deduced that between 1954–2003 the mostly smaller glaciers found there lost more than half of their area.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Diolaiuti|first1=Guglielmina|last2=Maragno|first2=D.|last3=d'Agata|first3=C.|last4=Smiraglia|first4=C.|last5=Bocchiola|first5=D.|title=Glacier retreat and climate change: Documenting the last 50 years of Alpine glacier history from area and geometry changes of Dosdè Piazzi glaciers (Lombardy Alps, Italy)|journal=Progress in Physical Geography|date=April 2011|volume=35|issue=2|pages=161–182|doi=10.1177/0309133311399494|bibcode=2011PrPG...35..161D |s2cid=129844246}}</ref> Repeat photography of glaciers in the Alps indicates that there has been significant retreat since studies commenced.<ref name=swiss1>{{cite web|title=Glaciers Online|url=http://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/big_melt/index-en.html|publisher=Swiss Education|access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref>

Research, published in 2019 by [[ETH Zurich]], says that two-thirds of the ice in the glaciers of the Alps is doomed to melt by the end of the century due to climate change.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/09/two-thirds-glaciers-alps-alpine-doomed-climate-change-ice Two-thirds of glacier ice in the Alps 'will melt by 2100']</ref><ref>[https://www.the-cryosphere.net/13/1125/2019/ Modelling the future evolution of glaciers in the European Alps under the EURO-CORDEX RCM ensemble]</ref> In the most pessimistic scenario, the Alps will be almost completely ice-free by 2100, with only isolated ice patches remaining at high elevation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Almost all glaciers in the Alps could disappear by 2100: study |url=https://www.dw.com/en/almost-all-glaciers-in-the-alps-could-disappear-by-2100-study/a-48266333 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Morteratsch- und Persgletscher.jpg|thumb|left|Morteratsch (right) and Pers (left) glaciers in 2005]]

Though the glaciers of the Alps have received more attention from glaciologists than in other areas of Europe, research indicates that glaciers in northern Europe are also retreating. Since the end of World War II, [[Storglaciären]] in Sweden has undergone the longest continuous mass balance study in the world conducted from the [[Tarfala research station]]. In the [[Kebnekaise]] Mountains of northern [[Sweden]], a study of 16 glaciers between 1990 and 2001 found that 14 glaciers were retreating, one was advancing and one was stable.<ref name=wikland>{{cite web|last1=Wikland|first1=Maria|last2=Holmlund|first2=Per|title=Swedish Glacier front monitoring program – compilation of data from 1990 to 2001|url=http://www.natgeo.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.53832.1321256483!/trs_annual_report_1999_2001.pdf|publisher=Tarfala Research Station, University of Stockholm|access-date=June 28, 2015|location=Stockholm|pages=37–40|date=2002}}</ref> In Norway, glacier studies have been performed since the early 19th century, with systematic surveys undertaken regularly since the 1990s. Inland glaciers have had a generally negative mass balance, whereas during the 1990s, maritime glaciers showed a positive mass balance and advanced.<ref name=nesje>{{cite journal|last1=Nesje|first1=Atle|last2=Bakke|first2=Jostein|last3=Dahl|first3=Svein Olaf|last4=Lie|first4=Øyvind|last5=Matthews|first5=John A.|title=Norwegian mountain glaciers in the past, present and future|journal=Global and Planetary Change|date=2008|volume=60|issue=1|pages=10–27|url=http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/geofag/GEG2130/h09/Reading%20list/Norwegian%20mountain%20glaciers%20in%20the%20past,%20present%20and%20future.pdf|bibcode=2008GPC....60...10N|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.08.004|access-date=2015-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107052354/http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/geofag/GEG2130/h09/Reading%20list/Norwegian%20mountain%20glaciers%20in%20the%20past,%20present%20and%20future.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> The maritime advances have been attributed to heavy snowfall in the period 1989–1995.<ref name=nesje/> However, reduced snowfall since has caused most Norwegian glaciers to retreat significantly.<ref name=nesje/> A survey of 31 Norwegian glaciers in 2010 indicated that 27 were in retreat, one had no change and three advanced.<ref name=norway>{{cite web|title=Glacier length change observations|url=http://www.nve.no/en/Water/Hydrology/Glaciers/Glacier-monitoring/Glacier-length-change-observations/|publisher=Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate|access-date=May 25, 2015|date=September 16, 2014|archive-date=May 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526010327/http://www.nve.no/en/Water/Hydrology/Glaciers/Glacier-monitoring/Glacier-length-change-observations/}}</ref> Similarly, in 2013, of 33 Norwegian glaciers surveyed, 26 were retreating, four showed no change and three advanced.<ref name=norway/>

Engabreen Glacier in Norway, an outlet glacier of the [[Svartisen|Svartisen ice cap]], had several advances in the 20th century, though it retreated {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} between 1999 and 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Engabreen|url=http://www.nve.no/en/Water/Hydrology/Glaciers/Glacier-monitoring/Mass-balance-measurements/Engabreen---/|publisher=Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate|access-date=May 25, 2015|date=September 16, 2014|archive-date=May 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526010815/http://www.nve.no/en/Water/Hydrology/Glaciers/Glacier-monitoring/Mass-balance-measurements/Engabreen---/}}</ref> Brenndalsbreen glacier retreated {{convert|56|m|ft|abbr=on}} between 2000 and 2014, while the Rembesdalsskåka glacier, which has retreated {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} since the end of the Little Ice Age, retreated {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} between 1997 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hardangerjøkulen|url=http://www.nve.no/en/Water/Hydrology/Glaciers/Glacier-monitoring/Mass-balance-measurements/Hardangerjokulen/|publisher=Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate|access-date=May 25, 2015|date=September 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526030104/http://www.nve.no/en/Water/Hydrology/Glaciers/Glacier-monitoring/Mass-balance-measurements/Hardangerjokulen/|archive-date=May 26, 2015}}</ref> The Briksdalsbreen glacier retreated {{convert|230|m|ft|abbr=on}} between 1996 and 2004 with {{convert|130|m|ft|abbr=on}} of that in the last year of that study; the greatest annual retreat recorded on that glacier since studies began there in 1900.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nesje|first1=Atle|title=Briksdalsbreen in western Norway: AD 1900–2004 frontal fluctuations as a combined effect of variations in winter precipitation and summer temperature|journal=The Holocene|date=December 2005|volume=15|issue=8|pages=1245–1252|doi=10.1191/0959683605hl897rr|bibcode=2005Holoc..15.1245N|s2cid=129921361}}</ref> This figure was exceeded in 2006 with five glaciers retreating over {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} from the fall of 2005 to the fall of 2006. Four outlets from the [[Jostedalsbreen]] ice cap, the largest body of ice in continental Europe, [[Kjenndalsbreen]], Brenndalsbreen, [[Briksdalsbreen]] and Bergsetbreen had a frontal retreat of more than {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=nussbaumer>{{cite journal|last1=Nussbaumer|first1=Samuel U.|last2=Nesje|first2=Atle|last3=Zumbühl|first3=Heinz J.|title=Historical glacier fluctuations of Jostedalsbreen and Folgefonna (southern Norway) reassessed by new pictorial and written evidence|journal=The Holocene|date=May 2011|volume=21|issue=3|pages=455–471|doi=10.1177/0959683610385728|bibcode=2011Holoc..21..455N|s2cid=128490189}}</ref> Overall, from 1999 to 2005, Briksdalsbreen retreated {{convert|336|m|ft}}.<ref name=nussbaumer/> Gråfjellsbrea, an outlet glacier of the [[Folgefonna|Folgefonna ice cap]], had a retreat of almost {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=nussbaumer/>

[[File:Svartisen glacier.JPG|thumb|right|Engabreen Glacier in Norway extended to within {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level in 2014, the lowest altitude of any glacier in Europe outside Svalbard. During the 20th century it reached the water.]]

In the Spanish [[Pyrenees]], recent studies have shown important losses in extent and volume of the glaciers of the [[Maladeta]] massif during the period 1981–2005. These include a reduction in area of 35.7%, from {{convert|2.41|km2|acre|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1.55|km2|acre|abbr=on}}, a loss in total ice volume of {{convert|0.0137|km3|mi3|abbr=on}} and an increase in the mean altitude of the glacial termini of {{convert|43.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal|author=J. Chuecaia|title=Recent evolution (1981–2005) of the Maladeta glaciers, Pyrenees, Spain: extent and volume losses and their relation with climatic and topographic factors|journal=Journal of Glaciology|year=2007|volume=53|issue=183|pages=547–557|doi=10.3189/002214307784409342|bibcode= 2007JGlac..53..547C |last2=López-Moreno|doi-access=free}}</ref> For the Pyrenees as a whole 50–60% of the glaciated area has been lost since 1991. The Balaitus, Perdigurero and La Munia glaciers have disappeared in this period. Monte Perdido Glacier has shrunk from 90 hectares to 40 hectares.<ref>{{cite web| author=Serrano, E.| author2=E. Martinez| author3=F. Lampre| title=Desaparición de Glaciares Pirenaicos Españoles| year=2004| url=http://www.iberianature.com/material/glaciers.htm| access-date=July 1, 2015| archive-date=February 18, 2005| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050218010634/http://www.iberianature.com/material/glaciers.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref>

As initial cause for glacier retreat in the alps since 1850, a decrease of the glaciers' [[albedo]], caused by industrial [[black carbon]] can be identified. According to a report, this may have accelerated the retreat of glaciers in Europe which otherwise might have continued to expand until approximately the year 1910.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Painter|first1=Thomas|last2=Flanner|first2=Mark|last3=Kaser|first3=Georg|last4=Marzeion|first4=Ben|last5=VanCuren|first5=Richard|last6=Abdalati|first6=Waleed|title=End of the Little Ice Age in the Alps forced by industrial black carbon|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=September 17, 2013|volume=110|issue=88|pages=15216–15221|doi=10.1073/pnas.1302570110|pmid=24003138|pmc=3780880|bibcode=2013PNAS..11015216P|doi-access=free}}</ref>

====West Asia====
All the [[List of glaciers in Turkey|glaciers in Turkey]] are in retreat and glaciers have been developing proglacial lakes at their terminal ends as the glaciers thin and retreat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/environment/glacier-loss-may-cost-political-instability-expert/1636836|title=Glacier loss may cost political instability|access-date=2020-04-15|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/environment/2019/07/30/glaciers-melting-faster-in-southeast-turkey-sparking-concerns|title=Glaciers melting faster in southeast Turkey, sparking concerns|date=2019-07-30|website=[[Daily Sabah]]|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref> Between the 1970s and 2013, the glaciers in Turkey lost half their area, going from {{convert|25|sqkm|abbr=on}} in the 1970s to {{convert|10.85|sqkm|abbr=on}} in 2013. Of the 14 glaciers studied, five had disappeared altogether.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rocchio |first1=Laura |title=Turkish glaciers shrink by half |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2304/turkish-glaciers-shrink-by-half/ |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=November 23, 2020 |date=July 1, 2015}}</ref> [[Mount Ararat]] has the largest glacier in Turkey, and that is forecast to be completely gone by 2065.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Model for Determining Glacier Vulnerability|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/3/180/pdf|first=Mustafa|last=Yalcin|journal=ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information |date=2020 |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=180 |doi=10.3390/ijgi9030180 |bibcode=2020IJGI....9..180Y |doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Siberia and the Russian Far East====
[[Siberia]] is typically classified as a polar region, owing to the dryness of the winter climate and has glaciers only in the high [[Altai Mountains]], [[Verkhoyansk Range]], [[Cherskiy Range]] and [[Suntar-Khayata Range]], plus possibly a few very small glaciers in the ranges near [[Lake Baikal]], which have never been monitored and may have completely disappeared since 1989.<ref name=surazakov>{{cite journal|last1=Surazakov|first1=A.B.|last2=Aizem|first2=V.B.|last3=Aizem|first3=E.M.|last4=Nikitin|first4=S.A.|title=Glacier Changes in the Siberian Altai Mountains, Ob river basin, (1952–2006) estimated with high resolution imagery|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=2|issue=4|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045017|article-number=045017|bibcode = 2007ERL.....2d5017S |year=2007|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=dyurgerov>{{cite web|author1-link=Mark Dyurgerov|last1=Dyurgerov|first1=Mark B.|last2=Meier|first2=Mark F.|title=Glaciers and the Changing Earth System: A 2004 Snapshot|url=http://instaar.colorado.edu/other/download/OP58_dyurgerov_meier.pdf|publisher=University of Colorado|access-date=July 6, 2015|date=2005|archive-date=September 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930131615/http://instaar.colorado.edu/other/download/OP58_dyurgerov_meier.pdf}}</ref><ref name=ananicheva>{{cite journal|last1=Ananicheva|first1=M.D.|last2=Krenke|first2=A.N.|last3=Barry|first3=R.G.|title=The Northeast Asia mountain glaciers in the near future by AOGCM scenarios|journal=The Cryosphere|date=October 6, 2010|volume=4|issue=4|pages=435–445|doi=10.5194/tc-4-435-2010|bibcode = 2010TCry....4..435A |doi-access=free}}</ref> Between 1952 and 2006, the glaciers found in the Aktru Basin region shrank by 7.2 percent.<ref name=surazakov/> This shrinkage has been primarily in the ablation zone of the glaciers, with recession of several hundred meters being observed for some glaciers. The Altai region has also experienced an overall temperature increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in the last 120 years according to a report from 2006, with most of that increase occurring since the late 20th century.<ref name=surazakov/>

In the more maritime and generally wetter [[Russian Far East]], [[Kamchatka]], exposed during winter to moisture from the [[Aleutian Low]], has much more extensive glaciation totaling around {{convert|906|km2|abbr=on}} with 448 known glaciers as of 2010.<ref name=ananicheva/><ref name=jones>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Vivienne|last2=Solomina|first2=Olga|title=The geography of Kamchatka|journal=Global and Planetary Change|date=June 6, 2015|issue=132|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.06.003|volume=134|pages=3–9|bibcode = 2015GPC...134....3J |doi-access=free}}</ref> Despite generally heavy winter snowfall and cool summer temperatures, the high summer rainfall of the more southerly [[Kuril Islands]] and [[Sakhalin]] in historic times melt rates have been too high for a positive mass balance even on the highest peaks. In the [[Chukotskiy Peninsula]] small alpine glaciers are numerous, but the extent of glaciation, though larger than further west, is much smaller than in Kamchatka, totaling around {{convert|300|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=dyurgerov/>

Details on the retreat of Siberian and Russian Far East glaciers have been less adequate than in most other glaciated areas of the world. There are several reasons for this, the principal one being that since the collapse of [[Communism]] there has been a large reduction in the number of monitoring stations.<ref name=unep>{{cite web|title=Global Glacier Changes: facts and figures Northern Asia|url=http://www.grid.unep.ch/glaciers/pdfs/6_7.pdf|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|access-date=July 17, 2015|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023815/http://www.grid.unep.ch/glaciers/pdfs/6_7.pdf}}</ref> Another factor is that in the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges it was thought glaciers were absent before they were discovered during the 1940s, whilst in ultra-remote Kamchatka and Chukotka, although the existence of glaciers was known earlier, monitoring of their size dates back no earlier than the end of World War II.<ref name=ananicheva/> Nonetheless, available records do indicate a general retreat of all glaciers in the Altai Mountains with the exception of volcanic glaciers in Kamchatka. [[Sakha Republic|Sakha's]] glaciers, totaling seventy square kilometers, have shrunk by around 28 percent since 1945 reaching several percent annually in some places, whilst in the Altai and Chukotkan mountains and non-volcanic areas of Kamchatka, the shrinkage is considerably larger.<ref name=unep/>

====Himalayas and Central Asia====
[[File:Glacial lakes, Bhutan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|This [[NASA]] image shows the formation of numerous glacial lakes at the termini of receding glaciers in [[Bhutan]]-[[Himalaya]].]]
The Himalayas and other mountain chains of central Asia support large glaciated regions. An estimated 15,000 glaciers can be found in the greater Himalayas, with double that number in the Hindu Kush and Karakoram and Tien Shan ranges, and comprise the largest glaciated region outside the poles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Himalayas Facts|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/the-himalayas-himalayas-facts/6341/|publisher=Nature|access-date=August 26, 2015|date=February 11, 2011}}</ref> These glaciers provide critical water supplies to arid countries such as [[Mongolia]], western China, [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[India]]. As with glaciers worldwide, those of the greater Himalayan region are experiencing a decline in mass, and researchers claim that between the early 1970s and early 2000s, there had been a 9 percent reduction in ice mass,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Laghari|first1=Javaid|title=Climate change: Melting glaciers bring energy uncertainty|journal=Nature|volume=502|issue=7473|pages=617–618|date=November 11, 2013|doi=10.1038/502617a|pmid=24180016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013Natur.502..617L }}</ref> while there has been a significant increase in mass loss since the [[Little Ice Age]] with a 10-fold increase when compared to rates seen currently.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Ethan|last2=Carrivick|first2=Jonathan L.|last3=Quincey|first3=Duncan J.|last4=Cook|first4=Simon J.|last5=James|first5=William H. M.|last6=Brown|first6=Lee E.|date=2021-12-20|title=Accelerated mass loss of Himalayan glaciers since the Little Ice Age|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|page=24284|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-03805-8|issn=2045-2322|pmc=8688493|pmid=34931039|bibcode=2021NatSR..1124284L}}</ref> Change in temperature has led to melting and the formation and expansion of glacial lakes which could cause an increase in the number of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). If the present trends persist the ice mass will gradually be reduced, and will affect the availability of water resources, though water loss is not expected to cause problems for many decades.<ref>{{cite web|title=Narrowing the Knowledge Gap on Glaciers in High Mountain Asia|url=http://www.icimod.org/?q=17276|website=International Symposium on Glaciology in High Mountain Asia|publisher=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development|access-date=August 26, 2015|date=March 9, 2015}}</ref>

In the [[Wakhan Corridor]] of Afghanistan 28 of 30 glaciers examined retreated significantly between 1976 and 2003, with an average retreat of {{convert|11|m|abbr=on}} per year.<ref name=haritashya>{{cite journal|last2=Bishop|last3=Shroder|last4=Bush|last5=Bulley|title=Space-based assessment of glacier fluctuations in the Wakhan Pamir, Afghanistan|year=2009|volume=94|issue=1–2|journal=Climate Change|pages=5–18|url=http://www.glims.org/glacierdata/data/lit_ref_files/haritashya2009.pdf|doi=10.1007/s10584-009-9555-9|last1=Haritashya|first1=Umesh K.|first2=Michael P.|first3=John F.|first4=Andrew B. G.|first5=Henry N. N.|bibcode=2009ClCh...94....5H|s2cid=155024036|archive-date=2023-07-11|access-date=2010-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711092422/http://www.glims.org/glacierdata/data/lit_ref_files/haritashya2009.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> One of these glaciers, the [[Zemestan Glacier]], retreated {{convert|460|m|ft|abbr=on}} during this period, not quite 10% of its {{convert|5.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} length.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pelto|first1=Mauri|title=Zemestan Glacier, Afghanistan Retreats|url=http://blogs.agu.org/fromaglaciersperspective/2009/12/23/zemestan-glacier-afghanistan-retreats/|publisher=American Geophysical Union|access-date=November 15, 2015|date=December 23, 2009}}</ref> In examining 612 glaciers in China between 1950 and 1970, 53% of the glaciers studied were retreating. After 1990, 95% of these glaciers were measured to be retreating, indicating that retreat of these glaciers was becoming more widespread.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Sandeep Chamling Rai |author2=Trishna Gurung ia |display-authors=etal|title=An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat and Subsequent Impacts in Nepal, India and China|work=WWF Nepal Program|url=http://assets.panda.org/downloads/himalayaglaciersreport2005.pdf|access-date=November 15, 2015}}</ref> Glaciers in the [[Mount Everest]] region of the Himalayas are all in a state of retreat. The [[Rongbuk Glacier]], draining the north side of Mount Everest into [[Tibet]], has been retreating {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year. In the Khumbu region of Nepal along the front of the main Himalaya of 15 glaciers examined from 1976 to 2007 all retreated significantly and the average retreat was {{convert|28|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year.<ref name=bajracharya>{{cite web|author=Bajracharya, Mool|title=Glaciers, glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst floods in the Mount Everest region, Nepal|work=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development|url=http://www.icimod.org/dvds/201104_GLOF/reports/final_report.pdf|access-date=January 10, 2010|archive-date=January 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124041219/http://www.icimod.org/dvds/201104_GLOF/reports/final_report.pdf}}</ref> The most famous of these, the Khumbu Glacier, retreated at a rate of {{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year from 1976 to 2007.<ref name=bajracharya/> In India, the [[Gangotri Glacier]] retreated {{convert|1147|m|ft|abbr=on}} between 1936 and 1996 with {{convert|850|m|ft|abbr=on}} of that retreat occurring in the last 25 years of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Naithani|first1=Ajay K.|last2=Nainwal|first2=H. C.|last3=Sati|first3=K. K.|last4=Prasad|first4=C.|title=Geomorphological evidences of retreat of the Gangotri Glacier and its characteristics|journal=Current Science|year=2001|volume=80|issue=1|pages=87–94|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jan102001/87.pdf|access-date=November 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name=gangotri>{{cite web|title=Retreat of the Gangotri Glacier|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4594|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|access-date=November 15, 2015|date=June 23, 2004}}</ref> However, the glacier is still over {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=gangotri/> In [[Sikkim]], 26 glaciers examined between 1976 and 2005 were retreating at an average rate of {{convert|13.02|m|abbr=on}} per year.<ref name=raina>{{cite web|last1=Raina|first1=V. K.|title=Himalayan Glaciers A State-of-Art Review of Glacial Studies, Glacial Retreat and Climate Change|url=http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/MoEF%20Discussion%20Paper%20_him.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests|access-date=November 15, 2015|date=2010}}</ref>
Overall, glaciers in the Greater Himalayan region that have been studied are retreating an average of between {{convert|18|and|20|m|abbr=on}} annually.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Anthwal|first1=Ashish|last2=Joshi|first2=Varun|last3=Sharma|first3=Archana|last4=Anthwal|first4=Smriti|title=Retreat of Himalayan Glaciers – Indicator of Climate Change|journal=Nature and Science|date=2006|volume=4|issue=4|pages=53–59|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237397392|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> The only region in the Greater Himalaya that has seen glacial advances is in the [[Karakoram Range]] and only in the highest elevation glaciers, but this has been attributed possibly increased precipitation as well as to the correlating glacial surges, where the glacier tongue advances due to pressure build up from snow and ice accumulation further up the glacier. Between 1997 and 2001, {{convert|68|km|abbr=on}} long [[Biafo Glacier]] thickened {{convert|10|to|25|m|abbr=on}} mid-glacier, however it did not advance.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hewitt|first1=Kenneth|title=The Karakoram Anomaly? Glacier Expansion and the 'Elevation Effect,' Karakoram Himalaya|journal=Mountain Research and Development|date=2006|volume=25|issue=4|pages=332–340|doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0332:tkagea]2.0.co;2|s2cid=55060060 }}</ref>
[[File:Receding Nature.jpg|thumb|Glacial retreat in [[Nanga Parbat]], [[Climate change in Pakistan|Pakistan]]]]
With the retreat of glaciers in the Himalayas, a number of glacial lakes have been created. A growing concern is the potential for [[GLOF]]s researchers estimate 21 glacial lakes in [[Nepal]] and 24 in [[Glaciers of Bhutan|Bhutan]] pose hazards to human populations should their terminal moraines fail.<ref>{{cite web|title=Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal|url=http://www.icimod.org/dvds/201104_GLOF/reports/final_report.pdf|publisher=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development|access-date=November 22, 2015|page=31|year=2011|archive-date=January 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124041219/http://www.icimod.org/dvds/201104_GLOF/reports/final_report.pdf}}</ref> One glacial lake identified as potentially hazardous is Bhutan's [[Raphstreng Tsho]], which measured {{convert|1.6|km|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|0.96|km|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|80|m|abbr=on}} deep in 1986. By 1995 the lake had swollen to a length of {{convert|1.94|km|abbr=on}}, {{convert|1.13|km|abbr=on}} in width and a depth of {{convert|107|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Qader Mirza|first1=M. Monirul|title=Climate Change and Water Resources in South Asia|date=July 13, 2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis Ltd|isbn=978-0-203-02077-7|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpi_S6Q6FnUC&q=Raphstreng+Tsho+expanding+Ageta&pg=PA142|access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> In 1994 a GLOF from Luggye Tsho, a glacial lake adjacent to Raphstreng Tsho, killed 23 people downstream.<ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations Environment Programme|title=Global Warming Triggers Glacial Lakes Flood Threat – April 16, 2002|work=UNEP News Release 2002/20|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=245&ArticleID=3042&l=en|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603114849/http://www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=245&ArticleID=3042&l=en}}</ref>

Glaciers in the [[Ak-shirak Range]] in [[Kyrgyzstan]] experienced a slight loss between 1943 and 1977 and an accelerated loss of 20% of their remaining mass between 1977 and 2001.<ref>{{cite journal| author=T. E. Khromova, M. B. Dyurgerov and R. G. Barry| title=Late-twentieth century changes in glacier extent in the Ak-shirak Range, Central Asia, determined from historical data and ASTER imagery| journal=Geophysical Research Letters| year=2003| volume=30| issue=16| page=1863| doi=10.1029/2003gl017233| bibcode=2003GeoRL..30.1863K| osti=813623| doi-access=free}}</ref> In the [[Tien Shan]] mountains, which Kyrgyzstan shares with China and [[Kazakhstan]], studies in the northern areas of that mountain range show that the glaciers that help supply water to this arid region, lost nearly {{convert|2|km3|mi3|abbr=on}} of ice per year between 1955 and 2000. The [[University of Oxford]] study also reported that an average of 1.28% of the volume of these glaciers had been lost per year between 1974 and 1990.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alex|last=Kirby|title=Kazakhstan's glaciers 'melting fast'|date=September 4, 2003|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3077422.stm}}</ref>

The [[Pamirs]] mountain range located primarily in [[Tajikistan]], has approximately eight thousand glaciers, many of which are in a general state of retreat.<ref name=kayumov>{{cite web|last=Kayumov|first=A.|title=Glaciers Resources of Tajikistan in Condition of the Climate Change|publisher=State Agency for Hydrometeorology of Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan|url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/OSY/Meetings/GCW-IM1/glaciers.pdf|access-date=January 31, 2016}}</ref> During the 20th century, the glaciers of Tajikistan lost {{convert|20|km3|mi3|abbr=on}} of ice.<ref name=kayumov/> The {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} long [[Fedchenko Glacier]], which is the largest in Tajikistan and the largest non-polar glacier on Earth, retreated {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} between 1933 and 2006, and lost {{convert|44|sqkm|abbr=on}} of its surface area due to shrinkage between 1966 and 2000.<ref name=kayumov/> Tajikistan and neighboring countries of the Pamir Range are highly dependent upon glacial runoff to ensure river flow during droughts and the dry seasons experienced every year. The continued demise of glacier ice will result in a short-term increase, followed by a long-term decrease in glacial melt water flowing into rivers and streams.<ref>{{cite web|last=Novikov|first=V.|title=Tajikistan 2002, State of the Environment Report|work=Climate Change|publisher=Research Laboratory for Nature Protection (Tajikistan)|url=http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/tadjik/soe2001/eng/htmls/climate/state.htm|access-date=January 31, 2016|archive-date=September 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928002808/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/tadjik/soe2001/eng/htmls/climate/state.htm}}</ref>

===Northern hemisphere – North America===
[[File:Lewist.jpg|thumb|The Lewis Glacier, [[North Cascades National Park]] after melting away in 1990]]
North American glaciers are primarily located along the spine of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada, and the Pacific Coast Ranges extending from northern [[California]] to [[Alaska]]. While [[Greenland]] is geologically associated with North America, it is also a part of the Arctic region. Apart from the few tidewater glaciers such as [[Taku Glacier]], in the advance stage of their [[tidewater glacier cycle]] prevalent along the coast of Alaska, virtually all of those in North America are in a state of retreat. This rate has increased rapidly since around 1980, and overall each decade since has seen greater rates of retreat than the preceding one. There are also small remnant glaciers scattered throughout the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] mountains of California and [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Huegel|first=Tony|title=Sierra Nevada Byways: 51 of the Sierra Nevada's Best Backcountry Drives (Backcountry Byways)|year=2008|publisher=Wilderness Press|isbn=978-0-89997-473-6|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqF-mz0HMkYC&q=remnant+glaciers+in+california&pg=PA2|access-date=2011-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Price|first=Jonathan G.|contribution=Geology of Nevada |editor=Stephen B. Castor |editor2=Keith G. Papke |editor3=Richard O. Meeuwig |title=Proceedings of the 39th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, Nevada |year=2004 |publisher=Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology|page=192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxZpWTnRXpEC&q=glaciers+in+the+state+of+nevada&pg=PA192 |access-date=2011-10-15}}</ref>

====Cascade Range====
The [[Cascade Range]] of western North America extends from southern [[British Columbia]] in Canada to northern California. Excepting Alaska, about half of the glacial area in the U.S. is contained within the over 700 glaciers of the [[North Cascades National Park|North Cascades]], a portion of those located between the Canada–US border and [[I-90]] in central [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]. These contain as much water as is found in all the lakes and reservoirs in the rest of the state, and provide much of the stream and river flow in the dry summer months, approximating some {{convert|870000|m3|yd3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pelto|first=Mauri S.|title=Recent Global Glacier Retreat Overview|url=http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/glacier_retreat.htm|access-date=2011-10-15}}</ref>

[[File:Bouldert.jpg|thumb|The [[Boulder Glacier (Washington)|Boulder Glacier]] retreated {{convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on}} from 1987 to 2003.]]
[[File:Eastonterm.jpg|thumb|The Easton Glacier retreated {{convert|255|m|ft|abbr=on}} from 1990 to 2005.]]
As recently as 1975 many North Cascade glaciers were advancing due to cooler weather and increased precipitation that occurred from 1944 to 1976. By 1987 the North Cascade glaciers were retreating and the pace had increased each decade since the mid-1970s. Between 1984 and 2005 the North Cascade glaciers lost an average of more than {{convert|12.5|m}} in thickness and 20–40 percent of their volume.<ref name=pelto2/>

Glaciologists researching the North Cascades found that all 47 monitored glaciers are receding while four glaciers—[[Spider Glacier (Phelps Ridge, Washington)|Spider Glacier]], [[Lewis Glacier (Oregon)|Lewis Glacier]], [[Milk Lake Glacier]] and Mt. David Glacier—are almost completely gone. The [[White Chuck Glacier]] (near [[Glacier Peak]]) is a particularly dramatic example. The glacier area shrank from {{convert|3.1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in 1958 to {{convert|0.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} by 2002. Between 1850 and 1950, the [[Boulder Glacier (Washington)|Boulder Glacier]] on the southeast flank of [[Mount Baker]] retreated {{convert|8700|ft}}. William Long of the United States Forest Service observed the glacier beginning to advance due to cooler/wetter weather in 1953. This was followed by a {{convert|743|m}} advance by 1979.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mauri S. Pelto |author2=Cliff Hedlund | title= Terminus behavior and response time of North Cascade glaciers, Washington, U.S.A | journal= Journal of Glaciology| year= 2001| volume= 47| issue= 158| pages= 497–506| url= http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/terminus_behavior_and_response_t.htm| doi= 10.3189/172756501781832098|bibcode = 2001JGlac..47..497P | doi-access= free}}</ref> The glacier again retreated {{convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on}} from 1987 to 2005, leaving barren terrain behind. This retreat has occurred during a period of reduced winter snowfall and higher summer temperatures. In this region of the Cascades, winter [[snowpack]] has declined 25% since 1946, and summer temperatures have risen 0.7 [[Celsius|°C]] (1.2 [[Fahrenheit|°F]]) during the same period. The reduced snowpack has occurred despite a small increase in winter precipitation—thus, it reflects warmer winter temperatures leading to rainfall and melting on glaciers even during the winter. As of 2005, 67% of the North Cascade glaciers observed are in disequilibrium and will not survive the continuation of the present climate. These glaciers will eventually disappear unless temperatures fall and frozen precipitation increases. The remaining glaciers are expected to stabilize, unless the climate continues to warm, but will be much reduced in size.<ref>{{cite web | author=Mauri S. Pelto |publisher=[[Nichols College]] | title=North Cascade Glacier Terminus Behavior | url=http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/north%20cascade%20glacier%20retreat.htm | access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref>

====U.S. Rocky Mountains====
On the sheltered slopes of the highest peaks of [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]] in [[Montana]], the [[eponymous]] glaciers are diminishing rapidly. The area of each glacier has been mapped for decades by the [[National Park Service]] and the U.S. Geological Survey. Comparing photographs from the mid-19th century with contemporary images provides ample evidence that they have retreated notably since 1850. Repeat photography since clearly show that glaciers such as [[Grinnell Glacier]] are all retreating. The larger glaciers are now approximately a third of their former size when first studied in 1850, and numerous smaller glaciers have disappeared completely. Only 27% of the {{convert|99|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} area of Glacier National Park covered by glaciers in 1850 remained covered by 1993.<ref>{{cite web|author=U.S. Geological Survey |title=Glacier Monitoring in Glacier National Park |url=https://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glaciers.htm |access-date=April 25, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218164617/http://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glaciers.htm |archive-date=February 18, 2013 }}</ref> Researchers believe that between the year 2030 and 2080, that some glacial ice in Glacier National Park will be gone unless current climate patterns reverse their course.<ref>{{cite web | author=U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior | title=Glacier Retreat in Glacier National Park, Montana| date=6 April 2016| url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/norock/science/retreat-glaciers-glacier-national-park?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects| access-date=January 21, 2020 }}</ref> Grinnell Glacier is just one of many glaciers in Glacier National Park that have been well documented by photographs for many decades. The photographs below clearly demonstrate the retreat of this glacier since 1938.

<gallery heights="200" widths="150">
File:Grinnell Glacier 1938.jpg|1938 ''[[T.J. Hileman]] GNP''
File:Grinnell Glacier 1981.jpg|1981 ''Carl Key (USGS)''
File:Grinnell Glacier 1998.jpg|1998 ''Dan Fagre (USGS)''
File:Grinnell Glacier 2009.jpg|2009 ''Lindsey Bengtson (USGS)''
</gallery>

The semiarid climate of [[Wyoming]] still manages to support about a dozen small glaciers within [[Grand Teton National Park]], which all show evidence of retreat over the past 50 years. [[Schoolroom Glacier]] is located slightly southwest of [[Grand Teton]] is one of the more easily reached glaciers in the park and it is expected to disappear by 2025. Research between 1950 and 1999 demonstrated that the glaciers in [[Bridger-Teton National Forest]] and [[Shoshone National Forest]] in the [[Wind River Range]] shrank by over a third of their size during that period. Photographs indicate that the glaciers today are only half the size as when first photographed in the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=DeVisser |first1=Mark H. |last2=Fountain |first2=Andrew G. |date=24 October 2014 |title=A century of glacier change in the Wind River Range, WY |url=http://glaciers.pdx.edu/fountain/MyPapers/DeVisser&Fountain2015_WindRiverGlaciers.pdf |journal=Geomorphology |volume=232 |pages=103–116|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.10.017 }}</ref> Research also indicates that the glacial retreat was proportionately greater in the 1990s than in any other decade over the last 100 years. [[Gannett Glacier]] on the northeast slope of [[Gannett Peak]] is the largest single glacier in the [[Rocky Mountains]] south of Canada. It has reportedly lost over 50% of its volume since 1920, with almost half of that loss occurring since 1980. Glaciologists believe the remaining glaciers in Wyoming will disappear by the middle of the 21st century if the current climate patterns continue.<ref>{{cite web | author=Wyoming Water Resources Data System Library | title=Glacial Icemelt in the Wind River Range, Wyoming | url=http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wrp/90-16/90-16.html | date=July 11, 1990}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Storrow |first=Benjamin |date=2017-09-13 |title=The Rocky Mountains' Largest Glaciers Are Melting with Little Fanfare |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rocky-mountains-largest-glaciers-are-melting-with-little-fanfare/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref>

====Canadian Rockies and Coast and Columbia Mountains====

[[File:Valdez Glacier.jpg|thumb|Valdez Glacier has thinned {{convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on}} over the last century, exposing barren ground near the glacial margins.<ref name=pelto5/>]]

In the [[Canadian Rockies]], glaciers are generally larger and more widespread than to the south in the Rocky Mountains. One of the more accessible in the Canadian Rockies is the [[Mount Athabasca|Athabasca Glacier]], which is an outlet glacier of the {{convert|325|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} [[Columbia Icefield]]. The Athabasca Glacier has retreated {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} since the late 19th century. Its rate of retreat has increased since 1980, following a period of slow retreat from 1950 to 1980. The [[Peyto Glacier]] in [[Alberta]] covers an area of about {{convert|12|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and retreated rapidly during the first half of the 20th century, stabilized by 1966, and resumed shrinking in 1976.<ref>{{cite web | author=Canadian Cryospheric Information Network | title=Past Variability of Canadian Glaciers | url=http://www.socc.ca/cms/en/socc/glaciers/pastGlaciers.aspx | access-date=February 14, 2006 }}</ref>
The [[Illecillewaet Glacier]] in British Columbia's [[Glacier National Park (Canada)]], part of the [[Selkirk Mountains]] (west of the Rockies) has retreated {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} since first photographed in 1887.

In [[Garibaldi Provincial Park]] in Southwestern [[British Columbia]] over {{convert|505|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, or 26%, of the park, was covered by glacier ice at the beginning of the 18th century. Ice cover decreased to {{convert|297|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} by 1987–1988 and to {{convert|245|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} by 2005, 50% of the 1850 area. The {{convert|50|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} loss in the last 20 years coincides with negative mass balance in the region. During this period all nine glaciers examined have retreated significantly.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=J. Koch, B. Menounos |author2=J. Clague |name-list-style=amp |title=Glacier change in Garibaldi Provincial Park, southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia, since the Little Ice Age|journal=Global and Planetary Change|volume=(3–4) 161–178|series= 66|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.11.006|issue= 3–4 |year= 2009|pages= 161–178|bibcode = 2009GPC....66..161K }}</ref>

====Alaska====
[[File:Glacierbaymap.gif|thumb|left|Map of Glacier Bay. Red lines show glacial terminus positions and dates during retreat of the Little Ice Age glacier.]]
There are thousands of glaciers in Alaska but only few have been named. The [[Columbia Glacier (Alaska)|Columbia Glacier]] near [[Valdez, Alaska|Valdez]] in [[Prince William Sound]] retreated {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} in the 25 years from 1980 to 2005. Its calved icebergs partially caused the [[Exxon Valdez]] oil spill, when the tanker changed course to avoid the ice tips. The [[Valdez Glacier]] is in the same area, and though it does not calve, has also retreated significantly. "A 2005 aerial survey of Alaskan coastal glaciers identified more than a dozen glaciers, many former tidewater and [[Ice calving|calving]] glaciers, including Grand Plateau, [[Alsek Glacier|Alsek]], Bear, and Excelsior Glaciers that are rapidly retreating. Of 2,000 glaciers observed, 99% are retreating."<ref name=pelto5/> [[Icy Bay (Alaska)|Icy Bay]] in Alaska is fed by three large glaciers—[[Guyot Glacier|Guyot]], [[Yahtse Glacier|Yahtse]], and [[Tyndall Glacier (Alaska)|Tyndall Glaciers]]—all of which have experienced a loss in length and thickness and, consequently, a loss in area. Tyndall Glacier became separated from the retreating Guyot Glacier in the 1960s and has retreated {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} since, averaging more than {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bruce F. Molnia |title=Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888–2003 |url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_65710.htm |access-date=September 6, 2003 |archive-date=November 25, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031125120715/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_65710.htm }}</ref>

The [[Juneau Icefield Research Program]] has monitored outlet glaciers of the [[Juneau Icefield]] since 1946. On the west side of the ice field, the terminus of the [[Mendenhall Glacier]], which flows into suburban [[Juneau, Alaska]], has retreated {{convert|580|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Of the nineteen glaciers of the Juneau Icefield, eighteen are retreating, and one, the Taku Glacier, is advancing. Eleven of the glaciers have retreated more than {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} since 1948 – Antler Glacier, {{convert|5.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}; Gilkey Glacier, {{convert|3.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}; Norris Glacier, {{convert|1.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} and Lemon Creek Glacier, {{convert|1.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mauri S. Pelto |author2=Maynard M. Miller |name-list-style=amp | title=Terminus Behavior of Juneau Icefield Glaciers 1948–2005| work=North Cascade Glacier Climate Project| url=http://www.nichols.edu/departments/Glacier/juneau%20icefield.htm| access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref> Taku Glacier has been advancing since at least 1890, when naturalist [[John Muir]] observed a large iceberg calving front. By 1948 the adjacent [[fjord]] had filled in, and the glacier no longer calved and was able to continue its advance. By 2005 the glacier was only {{convert|1.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} from reaching Taku Point and blocking [[Taku Inlet]]. The advance of Taku Glacier averaged {{convert|17|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year between 1988 and 2005. The mass balance was very positive for the 1946–88 period fueling the advance; however, since 1988 the mass balance has been slightly negative, which should in the future slow the advance of this mighty glacier.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Mauri S. Pelto|display-authors=etal| title=The equilibrium flow and mass balance of the Taku Glacier, Alaska 1950–2006 | journal=The Cryosphere|volume=2|issue=2|pages=147–157|year=2008|doi=10.5194/tc-2-147-2008|bibcode=2008TCry....2..147P|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Muir Glacier retreat.png|thumb|right|Maps showing retreat of [[Muir Glacier]] from 1941 to 1982]]

Long-term mass balance records from [[Lemon Creek Glacier]] in Alaska show slightly declining mass balance with time.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Maynard M. Miller |author2=Mauri S. Pelto |title=Mass Balance Measurements of the Lemon Creek Glacier, Juneau Icefield, Alaska, 1953–2005 |url=http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/Lemon.html |access-date=August 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813013636/http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/Lemon.html |archive-date=August 13, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The mean annual balance for this glacier was −{{convert|0.23|m|ft|abbr=on}} each year during the period of 1957 to 1976. Mean annual balance has been increasingly negatively averaging −{{convert|1.04|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year from 1990 to 2005. Repeat glacier altimetry, or altitude measuring, for 67 Alaska glaciers find rates of thinning have increased by more than a factor of two when comparing the periods from 1950 to 1995 ({{convert|0.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year) and 1995 to 2001 ({{convert|1.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year).<ref>{{cite journal | author=Anthony A. Arendt | title=Rapid Wastage of Alaska Glaciers and Their Contribution to Rising Sea Level | journal=Science| date= July 19, 2002| volume=297| issue=5580| pages=382–386| pmid=12130781 | doi=10.1126/science.1072497|bibcode = 2002Sci...297..382A | display-authors=1 | last2=Harrison | last3=Lingle | last4=Valentine | s2cid=16796327 }}</ref> This is a systemic trend with loss in mass equating to loss in thickness, which leads to increasing retreat—the glaciers are not only retreating, but they are also becoming much thinner. In [[Denali National Park]], all glaciers monitored are retreating, with an average retreat of {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year. The terminus of the Toklat Glacier has been retreating {{convert|26|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year and the Muldrow Glacier has thinned {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} since 1979.<ref>{{cite web | author=Guy W. Adema| title=Melting Denali: Effects of Climate Change on the Glaciers of Denali National Park and Preserve|url=https://www.nps.gov/akso/AKParkScience/ClimateChange/adema.pdf| access-date=September 9, 2007 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Well documented in Alaska are [[surge (glacier)|surging]] glaciers that have been known to rapidly advance, even as much as {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} per day. [[Variegated Glacier|Variegated]], Black Rapids, [[Muldrow Glacier|Muldrow]], [[Susitna Glacier|Susitna]] and Yanert are examples of surging glaciers in Alaska that have made rapid advances in the past. These glaciers are all retreating overall, punctuated by short periods of advance.

===Southern hemisphere===
[[File:Goodbye, Glaciers.ogv|thumb|300px|In all, about 25 percent of the ice that melted between 2003 and 2010 occurred in the [[Americas]] (excluding Greenland) (data from 2012).]]

==== Andes and Tierra del Fuego ====
{{See also|Dry Andes|Wet Andes}}
[[File:73.85851W 46.74169S.gif|thumb|Retreat of [[San Rafael Glacier]] from 1990 to 2000. [[San Quintín Glacier]] is shown in the background.]]
A large region of population surrounding the central and southern Andes of [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]] reside in arid areas that are dependent on water supplies from melting glaciers. The water from the glaciers also supplies rivers that have in some cases been dammed for [[hydroelectric]] power. Some researchers believe that by 2030, many of the large ice caps on the highest Andes will be gone if current climate trends continue. In Patagonia on the southern tip of the continent, the large ice caps have retreated a {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} since the early 1990s and {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} since the late 19th century. It has also been observed that Patagonian glaciers are receding at a faster rate than in any other world region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Patagonian ice in rapid retreat |date=April 27, 2004 |work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3662975.stm|access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> The [[Northern Patagonian Ice Field]] lost {{convert|93|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of glacier area during the years between 1945 and 1975, and {{convert|174|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} from 1975 to 1996, which indicates that the rate of retreat is increasing. This represents a loss of 8% of the ice field, with all glaciers experiencing significant retreat. The [[Southern Patagonian Ice Field]] has exhibited a general trend of retreat on 42 glaciers, while four glaciers were in equilibrium and two advanced during the years between 1944 and 1986. The largest retreat was on [[O'Higgins Glacier]], which during the period 1896–1995 retreated {{convert|14.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The [[Perito Moreno Glacier]] is {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and is a major outflow glacier of the Patagonian ice sheet, as well as the most visited glacier in Patagonia. Perito Moreno Glacier is in equilibrium, but has undergone frequent oscillations in the period 1947–96, with a net gain of {{convert|4.1|km|mi|abbr=on}}. This glacier has advanced since 1947, and has been essentially stable since 1992. Perito Moreno Glacier is one of three glaciers in Patagonia known to have advanced, compared to several hundred others in retreat.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Skvarca, P. |author2=R. Naruse |name-list-style=amp | title=Dynamic behavior of glaciar Perito Moreno, Southern Patagonia| journal=Annals of Glaciology| year=1997| volume=24| issue= 1| pages=268–271 | bibcode=1997AnGla..24..268S|doi=10.1017/S0260305500012283 | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author1= Casassa, G.|author2= H. Brecher|author3=A. Rivera |author4= M. Aniya| title=A century-long record of glacier O'Higgins, Patagonia| journal=Annals of Glaciology| year=1997| volume=24| issue= 1| pages=106–110 | doi=10.1017/S0260305500012015| doi-access=free}}</ref> The two major glaciers of the Southern Patagonia Icefield to the north of Moreno, Upsala and Viedma Glacier have retreated {{convert|4.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} in 21 years and {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} in 13 years respectively.<ref>{{cite news|author=EORC|title=Huge glaciers retreat on a large scale in Patagonia, South America|date=July 15, 2005|publisher=Earth Observation research Center|url=http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/imgdata/topics/2008/tp080903.html| access-date=June 13, 2009}}</ref> In the [[Aconcagua River]] Basin, glacier retreat has resulted in a 20% loss in glacier area, declining from {{convert|151|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} to {{convert|121|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Francisca Bown F, Rivera A, Acuña C| title= Recent glaciers variations at the Aconcagua Basin, central Chilean Andes| journal=Annals of Glaciology| year=2008 | volume=48| issue=2| pages=43–48 | doi=10.3189/172756408784700572|bibcode = 2008AnGla..48...43B | s2cid= 6319942| doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Marinelli Glacier]] in [[Tierra del Fuego]] has been in retreat since at least 1960 through 2008.

====Oceania====
[[File:Tasman Glacier.gif|thumb|These glaciers in New Zealand have continued to retreat rapidly in recent years. Notice the larger terminal lakes, the retreat of the white ice (ice free of moraine cover), and the higher moraine walls due to ice thinning. [[:File:DSCN5238-muller-moraine b.jpg|Photo.]] ]]
In New Zealand, mountain glaciers have been in general retreat since 1890, with an acceleration since 1920. Most have measurably thinned and reduced in size, and the snow accumulation zones have risen in elevation as the 20th century progressed. Between 1971 and 1975 Ivory Glacier receded {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} from the glacial terminus, and about 26% of its surface area was lost. Since 1980 numerous small glacial lakes formed behind the new terminal moraines of several of these glaciers. Glaciers such as Classen, Godley and Douglas now all have new glacial lakes below their terminal locations due to the glacial retreat over the past 20 years. Satellite imagery indicates that these lakes are continuing to expand. There has been significant and ongoing ice volume losses on the largest New Zealand glaciers, including the [[Tasman Glacier|Tasman]], Ivory, Classen, [[Mueller Glacier|Mueller]], Maud, [[Hooker Glacier (New Zealand)|Hooker]], Grey, Godley, Ramsay, [[Murchison Glacier|Murchison]], Therma, [[Volta Glacier|Volta]] and Douglas Glaciers. The retreat of these glaciers has been marked by expanding proglacial lakes and terminus region thinning. The loss in Southern Alps total ice volume from 1976 to 2014 is 34 percent of the total.<ref>{{citation | last1=Salinger| first1=Jim| last2= Fitzharris |first2= Blair | last3= Chinn |first3= Trevor| author-link = Jim Salinger| title=New Zealand's Southern Alps have lost a third of their ice| journal= [[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] | url=http://theconversation.com/new-zealands-southern-alps-have-lost-a-third-of-their-ice-28916| date=July 29, 2014| access-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref>

Several glaciers, notably the much-visited [[Fox Glacier|Fox]] and [[Franz Josef Glacier]]s on New Zealand's [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]], have periodically advanced, especially during the 1990s, but the scale of these advances is small when compared to 20th-century retreat. Both are more than {{convert|2.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} shorter than a century ago. These large, rapidly flowing glaciers situated on steep slopes have been very reactive to small mass-balance changes. A few years of conditions favorable to glacier advance, such as more westerly winds and a resulting increase in snowfall, are rapidly echoed in a corresponding advance, followed by equally rapid retreat when those favorable conditions end.<ref>{{cite web | title=Glaciers of New Zealand | url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386h/nzealand/nzealand2.html | date=May 4, 2000 | author1=United States Department of the Interior | author-link1=United States Department of the Interior | access-date=January 16, 2006 | archive-date=June 3, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603031420/http://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386h/nzealand/nzealand2.html }}</ref>

==Polar regions==
[[File:Geikie_Plateau_Glacier.JPG|thumb|325x325px|Glacier of the Geikie Plateau in [[Greenland]].]]
Despite their proximity and importance to human populations, the mountain and valley glaciers of tropical and mid-latitude glaciers amount to only a small fraction of glacial ice on the Earth. About 99 percent of all freshwater ice is in the great ice sheets of polar and subpolar [[Antarctica]] and [[Greenland]]. These continuous continental-scale ice sheets, {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} or more in thickness, cap much of the polar and subpolar land masses. Like rivers flowing from an enormous lake, numerous outlet glaciers transport ice from the margins of the ice sheet to the ocean.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kusky|first=Timothy|title=Encyclopedia of Earth and Space Science|year=2010|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=978-0-8160-7005-3|page=343|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMk4t21fOvoC&q=most+of+the+world's+ice+is+locked+up+in+antarctica+and+greenland&pg=PA343|access-date=2011-10-15}}</ref>

=== North America ===

==== Greenland ====
[[File:Retreat of the Helheim Glacier, Greenland.jpg|thumb|300px|Retreat of the Helheim Glacier, Greenland]]
In [[Greenland]], glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source. The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from {{convert|90|km3|mi3|abbr=on}} per year in 1996 to {{convert|220|km3|mi3|abbr=on}} per year in 2005.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rignot, E. |author2=Kanagaratnam, P. |name-list-style=amp |date=February 17, 2006 |title=Changes in the Velocity Structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7f48j474 |journal=Science |volume=311 |issue=5763 |pages=986–990 |bibcode=2006Sci...311..986R |doi=10.1126/science.1121381 |pmid=16484490 |s2cid=22389368}}</ref> Researchers also noted that the acceleration was widespread affecting almost all glaciers south of 70 N by 2005. The period since 2000 has brought retreat to several very large glaciers that had long been stable. Three glaciers that have been researched—[[Helheim Glacier]], [[Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier]], and [[Jakobshavn Isbræ]]—jointly drain more than 16% of the [[Greenland Ice Sheet]]. In the case of Helheim Glacier, researchers used satellite images to determine the movement and retreat of the glacier. Satellite images and aerial photographs from the 1950s and 1970s show that the front of the glacier had remained in the same place for decades. In 2001 the glacier began retreating rapidly, and by 2005 the glacier had retreated a total of {{convert|7.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, accelerating from {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} per day to {{convert|35|m|ft|abbr=on}} per day during that period.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ian Howat |title=Rapidly accelerating glaciers may increase how fast the sea level rises |url=http://currents.ucsc.edu/05-06/11-14/glacier.asp |access-date=November 27, 2007 |work=UC Santa Cruz, November 14–27, 2005 Vol. 10, No. 14}}</ref>

Jakobshavn Isbræ in west Greenland, a major outlet glacier of the Greenland Ice Sheet, was the fastest moving glacier in the world over the past half century. It had been moving continuously at speeds of over {{convert|24|m|ft|abbr=on}} per day with a stable terminus since at least 1950. In 2002 the {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} per day. No longer. The glacier has "slammed the brakes" and is now getting thicker (growing in height) 20 meters each year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jonathan Amos |date=14 May 2019 |title=Jakobshavn Isbrae: Mighty Greenland glacier slams on brakes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48265217 |access-date=1 July 2019 |work=BBC |language=en |quote=Where previously this was dropping in height by 20m a year, it's now thickening by 20m a year.}}</ref>

On a shorter timescale, portions of the main trunk of Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier that were flowing at {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} per day from 1988 to 2001 were measured to be flowing at {{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} per day in the summer of 2005. Not only has Kangerdlugssuaq retreated, it has also thinned by more than {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |author1=M Truffer |author2=M Fahnestock |title=The Dynamics of Glacier System Response: Tidewater Glaciers and the Ice Streams and Outlet Glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica I |url=http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm05/fm05-sessions/fm05_C41A.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422071200/http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm05/fm05-sessions/fm05_C41A.html |archive-date=April 22, 2006}}</ref>

The rapid thinning, acceleration and retreat of Helheim, Jakobshavns and Kangerdlugssuaq glaciers in Greenland, all in close association with one another, suggests a common triggering mechanism, such as enhanced surface melting due to regional climate warming or a change in forces at the glacier front. The enhanced melting leading to lubrication of the glacier base has been observed to cause a small seasonal velocity increase and the release of meltwater lakes has also led to only small short term accelerations.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Das SB, Joughin I, Behn MD, Howat IM, King MA, Lizarralde D, Bhatia MP |date=9 May 2008 |title=Fracture Propagation to the Base of the Greenland Ice Sheet During Supraglacial Lake Drainage |journal=Science |volume=320 |issue=5877 |pages=778–781 |bibcode=2008Sci...320..778D |doi=10.1126/science.1153360 |pmid=18420900 |s2cid=41582882 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1912/2506}}</ref> The significant accelerations noted on the three largest glaciers began at the calving front and propagated inland and are not seasonal in nature.<ref name="greenland-pelto">{{cite web |author=M. Pelto |date=18 April 2008 |title=Moulins, Calving Fronts and Greenland Outlet Glacier Acceleration |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2008/04/moulins-calving-fronts-and-greenland-outlet-glacier-acceleration/#more-550 |access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref> Thus, the primary source of outlet glacier acceleration widely observed on small and large calving glaciers in Greenland is driven by changes in dynamic forces at the glacier front, not enhanced meltwater lubrication.<ref name="greenland-pelto" /> This was termed the ''Jakobshavns Effect'' by Terence Hughes at the [[University of Maine]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite journal |author=T. Hughes |year=1986 |title=The Jakobshanvs effect |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=46–48 |bibcode=1986GeoRL..13...46H |doi=10.1029/GL013i001p00046 |url=https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/ers_facpub/102 }}</ref> Indeed, a study published in 2015 on glacial underwater topography at 3 sites found cavities, due to warm subglacial water intrusion, which has been identified as a possible dominant force for ablation (surface erosion). Thus, suggests ocean temperature controls ice sheet [[surface runoff]] at specific sites. These findings also show that models underestimate the sensitivity of Greenland glaciers to [[ocean warming]] and resulting ice sheet runoff. Hence, without better modelling, new observations suggest that past projections of sea level rise attribution from the Greenland Ice Sheet require upward revision.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Eric Rignot |author2=Ian Fenty |author3=Yun Xu |author4=Cilan Cai |author5=Chris Kemp |year=2015 |title=Undercutting of marine-terminating glaciers in West Greenland |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/28j711jc |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=42 |issue=14 |pages=5909–5917 |bibcode=2015GeoRL..42.5909R |doi=10.1002/2015GL064236 |pmc=6473555 |pmid=31031446}}</ref>

According to one study, in the years 2002–2019 Greenland lost 4,550 gigaton of ice, 268 gigaton per year, on average. In 2019 Greenland lost 600 gigaton of ice in two months contributing 2.2 mm to global sea level rise<ref>{{cite web |date=20 April 2020 |title=Greenland Lost 600 Billion Tons of Ice In 2 Months, Enough to Raise Global Sea Levels 2.2mm |url=https://scitechdaily.com/greenland-lost-600-billion-tons-of-ice-in-2-months-enough-to-raise-global-sea-levels-2-2mm/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=SciTechDaily |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA – IRVINE}}</ref>

A benefit of glacier melting is resulting deposit of one billion tons of [[rock flour]] annually, which has great potential as [[soil conditioner]] and for [[direct air capture]] of carbon.<ref name="dyer20250116">{{Cite news |last=Dyer |first=Evan |date=2025-01-16 |title=Why acquiring Greenland is more than just a whim of Trump |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trump-greenland-security-resources-1.7431319 |access-date=2025-01-16 |via=CBC}}</ref>

==== Canada ====
{{See also|Ward Hunt Island}}
[[File:Bylot Islandedit.png|thumb|280px|Bylot Ice Cap on Bylot Island, one of the [[Canadian Arctic islands]], August 14, 1975 (USGS)]]
The [[Canadian Arctic islands]] contain the largest area and volume of land ice on Earth outside of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Radić | first1 = V. | last2 = Hock | first2 = R. | year = 2010 | title = Regional and global volumes of glaciers derived from statistical upscaling ofglacier inventory data | journal = J. Geophys. Res. | volume = 115 | issue = F1| page = F01010 | doi=10.1029/2009jf001373 | bibcode=2010JGRF..115.1010R| s2cid = 39219770 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sharp | first1 = M. | last2 = Burgess | first2 = D. O. | last3 = Cogley | first3 = J. G. | last4 = Ecclestone | first4 = M. | last5 = Labine | first5 = C. | last6 = Wolken | first6 = G. J. | year = 2011 | title = Extreme melt onCanada's Arctic ice caps in the 21st century | journal = Geophys. Res. Lett. | volume = 38 | issue = 11| page = L11501 | doi=10.1029/2011gl047381 | bibcode=2011GeoRL..3811501S| s2cid = 130713775 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and is home to a number of substantial ice caps, including [[Penny Ice Cap|Penny]] and [[Barnes Ice Cap|Barnes]] ice caps on [[Baffin Island]], Bylot Ice Cap on [[Bylot Island]], and [[Devon Ice Cap]] on [[Devon Island]]. Glaciers in the Canadian Arctic were near equilibrium between 1960 and 2000, losing 23 Gt of ice per year between 1995 and 2000.<ref>{{cite journal| author=W. Abdalatiia| title=Elevation changes of ice caps in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago| journal=Journal of Geophysical Research| date=2004| volume=109| issue=F4| pages=F04007| doi=10.1029/2003JF000045| url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/121645main_2003JF000045-1_pub_1.pdf| display-authors=etal| article-number=2003JF000045| hdl=2060/20040171503| bibcode=2004JGRF..109.4007A| hdl-access=free| access-date=2019-10-19| archive-date=2023-07-11| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711092426/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/121645main_2003JF000045-1_pub_1.pdf}}</ref> Since this time, Canadian Arctic glaciers have experienced a sharp increase in mass loss in response to warmer summer temperature, losing 92 Gt per year between 2007 and 2009 .<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gardner | first1 = A. S. | last2 = Moholdt | first2 = G. | last3 = Wouters | first3 = B. | last4 = Wolken | first4 = G. J. | last5 = Burgess | first5 = D. O. | last6 = Sharp | first6 = M. J. | last7 = Cogley | first7 = J. G. | last8 = Braun | first8 = C. | year = 2011 | title = Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago | url = https://zenodo.org/record/3425640 | journal = Nature | volume = 473 | issue = 7347 | pages = 357–360 | doi = 10.1038/nature10089 | bibcode = 2011Natur.473..357G | pmid = 21508960 | s2cid = 205224896 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Other studies show that between 1960 and 1999, the Devon Ice Cap lost {{convert|67|km3|mi3|abbr=on}} of ice, mainly through thinning. All major outlet glaciers along the eastern Devon Ice Cap margin have retreated from {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} to {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} since 1960.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=David O. Burgess |author2=Martin J. Sharpa |name-list-style=amp | title=Recent Changes in Areal Extent of the Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada| journal= Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research| volume=36| issue=2| pages=261–271| url=http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-abstract&issn=1523-0430&volume=036&issue=02&page=0261| doi=10.1657/1523-0430(2004)036[0261:RCIAEO]2.0.CO;2 | issn=1523-0430| year=2004|s2cid=130350311 }}</ref> On the Hazen Plateau of [[Ellesmere Island]], the Simmon Ice Cap has lost 47% of its area since 1959.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Braun, Carsten |author2=Hardy, D.R. |author3=Bradley, R.S. |name-list-style=amp | title= Mass balance and area changes of four High Arctic plateau ice caps, 1959–2002 | journal= Geografiska Annaler| year= 2004| volume= 86| issue= A| pages= 43–52| url=http://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/bradley/braun2004.pdf| doi= 10.1111/j.0435-3676.2004.00212.x|bibcode=2004GeAnA..86...43B |s2cid=7512251 }}</ref> If the current climatic conditions continue, the remaining glacial ice on the Hazen Plateau will be gone around 2050. On August 13, 2005, the [[Ayles Ice Shelf]] broke free from the north coast of Ellesmere Island. The {{convert|66|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web | author=National Geographic| title=Giant Ice Shelf Breaks Off in Canadian Arctic | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061229-arctic-ice.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101184550/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061229-arctic-ice.html| archive-date=January 1, 2007| access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref> This followed the splitting of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf in 2002. The Ward Hunt has lost 90% of its area in the last century.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mueller DR, Vincent WF, Jeffries MO | title=Break-up of the largest Arctic ice shelf and associated loss of an epishelf lake|doi=10.1029/2003GL017931|date=October 2003|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=30|issue=20|page=2031| article-number=2003GL017931| bibcode=2003GeoRL..30.2031M| s2cid=16548879|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Northern Europe===
Arctic islands north of Norway, [[Finland]] and Russia have all shown evidence of glacier retreat. In the [[Svalbard]] [[archipelago]], the island of [[Spitsbergen]] has numerous glaciers. Research indicates that Hansbreen (Hans Glacier) on Spitsbergen retreated {{convert|1.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} from 1936 to 1982 and another {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}} during the 16-year period from 1982 to 1998.<ref>{{cite web | author=Glowacki, Piotr | title=Glaciology and environmental monitoring | work=Research in Hornsund | url=http://hornsund.igf.edu.pl/srodowisko_en.html | access-date=February 14, 2006 | archive-date=September 4, 2005 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050904142604/http://hornsund.igf.edu.pl/srodowisko_en.html }}</ref> Blomstrandbreen, a glacier in the King's Bay area of Spitsbergen, has retreated approximately {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} in the past 80 years. Since 1960 the average retreat of Blomstrandbreen has been about {{convert|35|m|ft|abbr=on}} a year, and this average was enhanced due to an accelerated rate of retreat since 1995.<ref>{{cite web | author=GreenPeace | year=2002 | title=Arctic environment melts before our eyes | work=Global Warming—Greenpeace Pictures in Spitsbergen | url=http://www.svalbard-images.com/spitsbergen/global-warming-e.php | access-date=February 14, 2006 | archive-date=June 3, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603114457/http://www.svalbard-images.com/spitsbergen/global-warming-e.php }}</ref> Similarly, Midre Lovenbreen retreated {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} between 1977 and 1995.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rippin D, Willis I, Arnold N, Hodson A, Moore J, Kohler J, Bjornsson H | title= Changes in Geometry and Subglacial Drainage of Midre Lovenbreen, Svalbard, Determined from Digital Elevation Models | journal= [[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]]| year= 2003| volume= 28| issue=3| pages= 273–298| url= http://arcticcentre.ulapland.fi/docs/jmoore/Rippin_et_al_2003.pdf | doi= 10.1002/esp.485 |bibcode = 2003ESPL...28..273R | s2cid= 140630489 }}</ref> In the [[Novaya Zemlya]] archipelago north of Russia, research indicates that in 1952 there was {{convert|208|km|mi|abbr=on}} of glacier ice along the coast. By 1993 this had been reduced by 8% to {{convert|198|km|mi|abbr=on}} of glacier coastline.<ref>{{cite journal| author= Aleksey I. Sharov| title= Studying changes of ice coasts in the European Arctic| journal= Geo-Marine Letters| year= 2005| volume= 25| issue= 2–3| pages= 153–166| url= http://dib.joanneum.at/integral/publications%5CGML_Sharov.pdf| doi= 10.1007/s00367-004-0197-7| bibcode= 2005GML....25..153S| s2cid= 131523457| access-date= 2006-02-08| archive-date= 2012-03-05| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120305203612/http://dib.joanneum.at/integral/publications%5CGML_Sharov.pdf}}</ref>

==== Iceland ====
[[File:Vatnajökull_glacier.jpg|thumb|350x350px|[[Jökulsárlón|Ice lagoon Jökulsárlón]] at the foot of the [[Vatnajökull|Vatnajökull Glacier]], [[Iceland]], 2023]]
The northern Atlantic island nation of [[Iceland]] is home to [[Vatnajökull]], which is the largest ice cap in Europe. The [[Breiðamerkurjökull]] glacier is one of Vatnajökull's outlet glaciers, and receded by as much as {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} between 1973 and 2004. In the early 20th century, Breiðamerkurjökull extended to within {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}} of the ocean, but by 2004 its terminus had retreated {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} further inland. This glacier retreat exposed a rapidly expanding lagoon, [[Jökulsárlón]], which is filled with icebergs calved from its front. Jökulsárlón is {{convert|110|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep and nearly doubled its size between 1994 and 2004. Mass-balance measurements of Iceland's glaciers show alternating positive and negative mass balance of glaciers during the period 1987–1995, but the mass balance has been predominantly negative since. On Hofsjökull ice cap, mass balance has been negative each year from 1995 to 2005.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sveinsson |first=Óli Gretar Blondal |date=August 11–13, 2008 |title=XXV Nordic Hydrological Conference |url=http://www.vedur.is/media/vatnafar/saga/NHC2008_volume2_web.pdf |access-date=2011-10-15 |publisher=Nordic Association for Hydrology}}</ref>

Most of the Icelandic glaciers retreated rapidly during the warm decades from 1930 to 1960, slowing down as the climate cooled during the following decade, and started to advance after 1970. The rate of advance peaked in the 1980s, after which it slowed down until about 1990. As a consequence of rapid warming of the climate that has taken place since the mid-1980s, most glaciers in Iceland began to retreat after 1990, and by 2000 all monitored non-surge type glaciers in Iceland were retreating. An average of 45 non-surging termini were monitored each year by the Icelandic Glaciological Society from 2000 to 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Relation between glacier-termini variations and summer temperature in Iceland since 1930 |url=http://www.igsoc.org/annals/46/a46A210.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025003/http://www.igsoc.org/annals/46/a46A210.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-28 |access-date=September 7, 2007 |publisher=Hydrological Service, National Energy Authority |vauthors=Sigurdsson O, Jonsson T, Johannesson T}}</ref>

===Antarctica===
{{See also|List of glaciers in the Antarctic|List of Antarctic ice shelves|Thwaites Glacier}}
[[File:Lake_Vostok_drill_2011.jpg|thumb|Location and diagram of [[Lake Vostok]], a prominent subglacial lake beneath the [[East Antarctic Ice Sheet]].]]
The [[Antarctic ice sheet]] is the largest known single mass of ice. It covers almost 14 million km2 and some 30 million km3 of ice. Around 90% of the fresh water on the planet's surface is held in this area and if melted would raise sea levels by 58 metres.<ref name="IPCC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/412.htm#tab113 |title=''Physical characteristics of ice on Earth'', Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |access-date=2015-05-22 |archive-date=2007-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235037/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/412.htm#tab113 }}</ref> The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at >0.05 °C/decade since 1957.<ref name="SteigSchneider2009">{{cite journal|journal=Nature|year=2009|doi=10.1038/nature07669|title=Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957|vauthors=Steig EJ, Schneider DP, Rutherford SD, Mann ME, Comiso JC, Shindell DT |pmid=19158794|volume=457|issue=7228|pages=459–62|bibcode = 2009Natur.457..459S |s2cid=4410477|url=https://docs.rwu.edu/fcas_fp/313}}</ref>

The Antarctic sheet is divided by the [[Transantarctic Mountains]] into two unequal sections known as the [[East Antarctic ice sheet]] (EAIS) and the smaller [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]] (WAIS). The EAIS rests on a major land mass but the bed of the WAIS is, in places, more than 2,500 metres below [[sea level]]. It would be [[seabed]] if the ice sheet were not there. The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves. The WAIS is bounded by the [[Ross Ice Shelf]], the [[Ronne Ice Shelf]], and outlet glaciers that drain into the [[Amundsen Sea]].

[[Dakshin Gangotri Glacier]], a small outlet glacier of the Antarctic ice sheet, receded at an average rate of {{convert|0.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year from 1983 to 2002. On the Antarctic Peninsula, which is the only section of Antarctica that extends well north of the Antarctic Circle, there are hundreds of retreating glaciers. In one study of 244 glaciers on the peninsula, 212 have retreated an average of {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}} from where they were when first measured in 1953.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Study in Science Finds Glaciers in Retreat on Antarctic Peninsula |date=April 21, 2005 |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |url=http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2005/0421glaciers.shtml |access-date=March 10, 2006 |archive-date=October 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021221820/http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2005/0421glaciers.shtml }}</ref>

[[Pine Island Glacier]] is an Antarctic outflow glacier that flows into the [[Amundsen Sea]]. A study from 1998 concluded that the glacier thinned {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}± {{convert|0.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year and retreated a total of {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} in 3.8 years. The terminus of the Pine Island Glacier is a floating ice shelf, and the point at which it starts to float retreated {{convert|1.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} per year from 1992 to 1996. This glacier drains a substantial portion of the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]].<ref name="Rignot1998">{{cite journal | author=Rignot, E. J.| title=Fast Recession of a West Antarctic Glacier | journal=Science| date=July 24, 1998| volume=281| issue=5376| pages=549–551| doi=10.1126/science.281.5376.549 | pmid=9677195|bibcode = 1998Sci...281..549R | s2cid=35745570 | url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2kp8m2q6 }}</ref>

A study published in 2014 found, rapid grounding line retreat in the years 1992–2011.<ref name="Rignot2014">{{cite journal|title=Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=41|issue=10|pages=3502–3509|year=2014|doi=10.1002/2014GL060140|last1=Rignot|first1=E.|last2=Mouginot|first2=J.|last3=Morlighem|first3=M.|last4=Seroussi|first4=H.|last5=Scheuchl|first5=B.|bibcode=2014GeoRL..41.3502R|s2cid=55646040|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0wz826xt}}</ref> Based on a study from 2005, the greatest retreat was seen in Sjogren Glacier, which is now {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} further inland than where it was in 1953. There are 32 glaciers that were measured to have advanced; however, these glaciers showed only a modest advance averaging {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} per glacier, which is significantly smaller than the massive retreat observed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Antarctic glaciers show retreat |date=April 21, 2005|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4471135.stm}}</ref>

[[Thwaites Glacier]], which has also shown evidence of thinning, has been referred to as the weak underbelly of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.<ref name="Rignot1998" /> A study published in 2014 found rapid grounding line retreat in the years 1992–2011.<ref name="Rignot2014" /> More recently, new satellite imaging data led to calculations of Thwaites Glacier "ice shelf melt rate of 207 m/year in 2014–2017, which is the highest ice shelf melt rate on record in Antarctica."<ref name="Prats-Iraola eaau3433">{{Cite journal|last1=Prats-Iraola|first1=P.|last2=Bueso-Bello|first2=J.|last3=Mouginot|first3=J.|last4=Scheuchl|first4=B.|last5=Rizzoli|first5=P.|last6=Rignot|first6=E.|last7=Milillo|first7=P.|date=2019-01-01|title=Heterogeneous retreat and ice melt of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|article-number=eaau3433|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aau3433|pmid=30729155|issn=2375-2548|pmc=6353628|bibcode=2019SciA....5.3433M}}</ref>

[[Totten Glacier]] is a large glacier draining a major portion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. A study in 2008 concluded that Totten Glacier is currently losing mass.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rignot|first1=Eric|title=Recent {Antarctic} ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling|journal=Nature Geoscience|date=2008|volume=1|issue=2|pages=106–110|doi=10.1038/ngeo102 |display-authors=1|last2=Van Den Broeke|first2=Michiel R.|last3=Davis|first3=Curt|last4=Li|first4=Yonghong|last5=Van De Berg|first5=Willem Jan|last6=Van Meijgaard|first6=Erik|bibcode=2008NatGe...1..106R|s2cid=784105 |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/26f4j9vv}}</ref> A study published in 2015 concluded that Totten Glacier, has the largest contribution of ice thinning rate on the East Antarctic continent, and that the thinning is driven by enhanced basal melting, because of ocean processes, and affected by [[polynya]] activity. Additionally, warm Circumpolar Deep Water, has been observed during summer and winter months at the nearby continental shelf below 400 to 500 meters of cool Antarctic Surface Water.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ocean access to a cavity beneath Totten Glacier in East Antarctica|journal=Nature Geoscience|volume=8|issue=4|pages=294–298|year=2012|doi=10.1038/ngeo2388|last1=Greenbaum|first1=J. S.|last2=Blankenship|first2=D. D.|last3=Young|first3=D. A.|last4=Richter|first4=T. G.|last5=Roberts|first5=J. L.|last6=Aitken|first6=A. R. A.|last7=Legresy|first7=B.|last8=Schroeder|first8=D. M.|last9=Warner|first9=R. C.|last10=Van Ommen|first10=T. D.|last11=Siegert|first11=M. J.|bibcode=2015NatGe...8..294G}}</ref>

A 2019 study showed that Antarctica is losing ice six times faster than it was 40 years ago. Another study showed that two glaciers, Pine Island and Thwaites, are melting five times faster than "in the early 1990s".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosane |first1=Olivia |title=Antarctica's Ice Is Melting 5 Times Faster Than in the 90s |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/antarctica-melting-rapid-2637302310.html |access-date=19 May 2019 |agency=Ecowatch |date=May 16, 2019}}</ref>

In February 2020, it was reported from [[Esperanza Base]], the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] reached a temperature of {{convert|18.3|C|F}}, the [[List of weather records#Antarctica|hottest on record to date]] for continental Antarctica. In the past 50 years, temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula have surged 5 degrees and about 87% of the glaciers along the peninsula's west coast have retreated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/07/antarctica-logs-hottest-temperature-on-record-with-a-reading-of-183c|title=Antarctica logs hottest temperature on record with a reading of 18.3C|work=The Guardian|access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/02/07/antarctica-just-hit-65-degrees-its-warmest-temperature-ever-recorded|title=Antarctica just hit 65 degrees, its warmest temperature ever recorded|newspaper=Washington Post|date=February 7, 2020|access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/base-antarctica-recorded-temperature-64-9-degrees-if-confirmed-it-n1132541|title=An Antarctic base recorded a temperature of 64.9 degrees F. If confirmed, it's a record high.|work=NBC News|date=February 7, 2020|access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>

==== Ice shelves ====
{{Further|Ice shelf#Disruption due to climate change}}
[[Ice shelves]] are not stable when surface melting occurs. In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, [[Ice calving|calving]], and complete disintegration of some shelves. Well studied examples include disruptions of the [[Thwaites Ice Shelf]], [[Larsen Ice Shelf]], [[Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf]] (all three in the Antarctic) and the disruption of the [[Ellesmere Ice Shelf]] in the Arctic.

==Tropics==
[[Tropical]] glaciers are located between the [[Tropic of Cancer]] and the [[Tropic of Capricorn]], in the region that lies [[latitude|23° 26′ 22″]] north or south of the [[equator]]. Strictly, a tropical glacier is located within the astronomical [[tropics]]; the area where the annual temperature variation is less than the daily variation, and is within the oscillation area of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kaser and Osmaton |title=Tropical Glaciers |publisher=Cambridge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-63333-8 |pages=17–18}}</ref>

Tropical glaciers are the most uncommon of all glaciers for a variety of reasons. Firstly, the regions are the warmest part of the planet. Secondly, the seasonal change is minimal with temperatures warm year round, resulting in a lack of a colder winter season in which snow and ice can accumulate. Thirdly, few taller mountains exist in these regions upon which enough cold air exists for the establishment of glaciers. Overall, tropical glaciers are smaller than those found elsewhere and are the most likely glaciers to show rapid response to changing climate patterns. A small temperature increase of only a few degrees can have almost immediate and adverse effect on tropical glaciers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pierrehumbert |first=Raymond |author-link=Raymond Pierrehumbert |date=May 23, 2005 |title=Tropical Glacier Retreat |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=157 |access-date=March 8, 2010 |work=RealClimate}}</ref>

Near the Equator, ice is still found in East Africa, the Andes of South America and New Guinea. The retreat of equatorial glaciers has been documented via maps and photographs covering the period from the late 1800s to nearly the present.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hastenrath |first=Stefan |url=http://www.sundogpublishing.com/shop/recession-of-equatorial-glaciers-a-photo-documenation-s-hastenrath/ |title=Recession of equatorial glaciers: a photo documentation |publisher=Sundog Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9729033-3-2 |location=Madison, Wis. |page=142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515081904/http://www.sundogpublishing.com/shop/recession-of-equatorial-glaciers-a-photo-documenation-s-hastenrath/ |archive-date=2013-05-15 }}</ref> 99.64% of tropical glaciers are in Andean mountains of South America, 0.25% on the African glaciers of Rwenzori, Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro, and 0.11% in the Irian Jaya region in New Guinea.<ref>{{cite book |last=Osmaton and Kaser |title=Tropical Glaciers |publisher=Cambridge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-63333-8 |location=New York |page=19}}</ref>

===Africa===
[[File:Glacier at summit of Mt Kilimanjaro 001.JPG|left|250px|thumb|[[Furtwängler Glacier]] atop [[Kilimanjaro]] in the foreground and snowfields and the Northern Icefields beyond]]
Almost all Africa is in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] climate zones. Its glaciers are found only in two isolated ranges and the [[Ruwenzori Range]]. Kilimanjaro, at {{convert|5895|m|ft|abbr=on}}, is the highest peak on the continent. From 1912 to 2006 the glacier cover on the summit of Kilimanjaro apparently retreated 75%, and the volume of glacial ice decreased 80% from its 1912 value due to both retreat and thinning.<ref name="kilimanjaro4">{{cite web |title=Snows of Kilimanjaro Disappearing, Glacial Ice Loss Increasing |url=http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/news_detail.php?newsId=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901111936/http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/news_detail.php?newsId=1 |archive-date=September 1, 2006 |access-date=August 31, 2006 |publisher=Ohio State University}}</ref> In the 14-year period from 1984 to 1998, one section of the glacier atop the mountain receded {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew Wielochowski |date=October 6, 1998 |title=Glacial recession on Kilimanjaro |url=http://www.kilimanjaro.cc/glacial-recession.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215100701/http://www.kilimanjaro.cc/glacial-recession.htm |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=January 7, 2006}}</ref> A 2002 study determined that were conditions to continue, the glaciers atop Kilimanjaro would disappear sometime between 2015 and 2020.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lonnie G. Thompson |author-link=Lonnie Thompson |last2=Davis |last3=Henderson |last4=Brecher |last5=Zagorodnov |last6=Mashiotta |last7=Lin |last8=Mikhalenko |last9=Hardy |last10=Beer |display-authors=1 |date=October 18, 2002 |title=Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue=5593 |pages=589–593 |bibcode=2002Sci...298..589T |doi=10.1126/science.1073198 |pmid=12386332 |s2cid=32880316}} {{cite web |author=Ohio State University |title=African Ice Core Analysis reveals catastrophic droughts, shrinking ice fields and civilization shifts |url=http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/kilicores.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040313081211/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/kilicores.htm |archive-date=March 13, 2004 |access-date=October 3, 2002 |work=Ohio State Research News}}</ref> Al Gore predicted in 2006 that within the decade there would be no more snows of Kilimanjaro.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Town |first1=Jane Flanagan |title=Staying power of Kilimanjaro snow defies al Gore's gloomy forecast |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/science/article/staying-power-of-kilimanjaro-snow-defies-al-gores-gloomy-forecast-8x8l7s0v3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Has the number of glaciers changed in Al Gore's lifetime? Experts say their mass is more important |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-glaciers-al-gore-number-mass-climate-change-884647195118 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> A March 2005 report indicated that almost no glacial ice remained on the mountain, and the paper noted this as the first time in 11,000 years that barren ground had been exposed on portions of the summit.<ref>{{cite news |last=Unlimited |first=Guardian |date=March 14, 2005 |title=The peak of Mt Kilimanjaro as it has not been seen for 11,000 years |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/climatechange/story/0,,1437901,00.html}} {{cite web |last=Tyson |first=Peter |title=Vanishing into Thin Air |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/kilimanjaro/vanishing.html |access-date=August 7, 2016 |work=Volcano Above the Clouds |publisher=NOVA}}</ref> Researchers reported Kilimanjaro's glacier retreat was due to a combination of increased [[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]] and decreased snow fall.<ref name="mote-kaser" />

The [[Furtwängler Glacier]] is located near the summit of Kilimanjaro. Between 1976 and 2000, the area of Furtwängler Glacier was cut almost in half, from {{convert|113000|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} to {{convert|60000|m2|ft2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Lonnie G. |display-authors=etal |year=2002 |title=Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa |url=http://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/doug/pubs/thompson_etal_sci02.pdf |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue=5593 |pages=589–93 |bibcode=2002Sci...298..589T |doi=10.1126/science.1073198 |pmid=12386332 |s2cid=32880316 |access-date=August 31, 2006}}</ref> During fieldwork conducted early in 2006, scientists discovered a large hole near the center of the glacier. This hole, extending through the {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} remaining thickness of the glacier to the underlying rock, was expected to grow and split the glacier in two by 2007.<ref name="kilimanjaro4" />

To the north of Kilimanjaro lies [[Mount Kenya]], which at {{convert|5199|m|ft|abbr=on}} is the second tallest mountain on the continent. Mount Kenya has a number of small glaciers that have lost at least 45% of their mass since the middle of the 20th century. According to research compiled by the [[U.S. Geological Survey]] (USGS), there were eighteen glaciers atop Mount Kenya in 1900, and by 1986 only eleven remained. The total area covered by glaciers was {{convert|1.6|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in 1900, however by the year 2000 only about 25%, or {{convert|0.4|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} remained.<ref>{{cite web |author=U.S. Geological Survey |title=Glaciers of Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386g/africa.pdf#search='USGS%20Mount%20Kilimanjaro%20glacier' |work=U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-G-3 |format=PDF |access-date=2006-01-30 |archive-date=2012-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018072228/http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386g/africa.pdf#search='USGS%20Mount%20Kilimanjaro%20glacier' }}</ref> To the west of Mounts Kilimanjaro and Kenya, the Ruwenzori Range rises to {{convert|5109|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Photographic evidence indicates a marked reduction in glacially covered areas over the past century. In the 35-year period between 1955 and 1990, glaciers on the [[Rwenzori Mountains]] receded about 40%. It is expected that due to their proximity to the heavy moisture of the [[Congo River|Congo]] region, the glaciers in the Ruwenzori Range may recede at a slower rate than those on Kilimanjaro or in Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew Wielochowski |title=Glacial recession in the Rwenzori |url=http://www.kilimanjaro.cc/rwenzoriglaciers.htm |access-date=July 20, 2007}}</ref>

===South America===
A study by glaciologists of two small glaciers in South America reveals another retreat. More than 80% of all glacial ice in the northern Andes is concentrated on the highest peaks in small plains of approximately {{convert|1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in size. A 1992 to 1998 observation of the [[Chacaltaya]] Glacier in [[Bolivia]] and Antizana Glacier in [[Ecuador]] indicate that between {{convert|0.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} of ice was lost per year on each glacier. Figures for Chacaltaya show a loss of 67% of its volume and 40% of its thickness over the same period. Chacaltaya Glacier has lost 90% of its mass since 1940 and was expected to disappear altogether sometime between 2010 and 2015. Antizana is also reported to have lost 40% of its surface area between 1979 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tegel |first=Simeon |date=2012-07-17 |title=Antisana's Glaciers: Victims of Climate Change |url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/equador-antisana-melting-glaciers-climate-change |access-date=13 August 2012 |publisher=GlobalPost}}</ref> Research also indicates that since the mid-1980s, the rate of retreat for both of these glaciers has been increasing.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bernard Francou |title=Small Glaciers Of The Andes May Vanish In 10–15 Years |url=http://unisci.com/stories/20011/0117013.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309094254/http://unisci.com/stories/20011/0117013.htm |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |access-date=January 22, 2001 |work=UniSci, International Science News}}</ref> In [[Colombia]], the glaciers atop [[Nevado del Ruiz]] have lost more than half their area in the last 40 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Huggel |first=Cristian |author2=Ceballos, Jorge Luis |author3=Pulgarín, Bernardo |author4=Ramírez, Jair |author5=Thouret, Jean-Claude |year=2007 |title=Review and reassessment of hazards owing to volcano–glacier interactions in Colombia |journal=Annals of Glaciology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=128–136 |bibcode=2007AnGla..45..128H |doi=10.3189/172756407782282408 |s2cid=18144817 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Further south in [[Peru]], the Andes are at a higher altitude overall, and host around 70% of all tropical glaciers. A 1988 glacier inventory based upon data from 1970 estimated, that at that time glaciers covered an area of {{convert|2600|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior |title=Glaciers of South America – Glaciers of Peru |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386i/peru/intro.html#OCCUR |access-date=October 15, 2019}}</ref><ref name="seehausEtAl2019">{{cite journal |last1=Seehaus |first1=Thorsten |last2=Malz |first2=Phillip |last3=Lipp |first3=Stefan |last4=Cochachin |first4=Alejo |last5=Braun |first5=Matthias |date=September 2019 |title=Changes of the tropical glaciers throughout Peru between 2000 and 2016 – mass balance and area fluctuations |journal=The Cryosphere |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=2537–2556 |bibcode=2019TCry...13.2537S |doi=10.5194/tc-13-2537-2019 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Between 2000 and 2016, 29% of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around {{convert|1300|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="seehausEtAl2019" /> The [[Quelccaya Ice Cap]] is the second largest tropical icecap in the world after the [[Coropuna]] ice cap,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kochtitzky |first1=William H. |last2=Edwards |first2=Benjamin R. |last3=Enderlin |first3=Ellyn M. |last4=Marino |first4=Jersy |last5=Marinque |first5=Nelida |date=2018 |title=Improved estimates of glacier change rates at Nevado Coropuna Ice Cap, Peru |journal=Journal of Glaciology |language=en |volume=64 |issue=244 |pages=175–184 |bibcode=2018JGlac..64..175K |doi=10.1017/jog.2018.2 |issn=0022-1430 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and all of the outlet glaciers from the icecap are retreating.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/05/world/americas/1600-years-of-ice-in-perus-andes-melted-in-25-years-scientists-say.html ''In Sign of Warming, 1,600 Years of Ice in Andes Melted in 25 Years''] April 4, 2013 New York Times</ref> In the case of [[Qori Kalis Glacier]], which is one of Quelccayas' outlet glaciers, the rate of retreat had reached {{convert|155|m|ft|abbr=on}} per year during the three-year period of 1995 to 1998. The melting ice has formed a large lake at the front of the glacier since 1983, and bare ground has been exposed for the first time in thousands of years.<ref>{{cite web |author=Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University |title=Peru – Quelccaya (1974–1983) |url=http://www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/Icecore/Quelccaya.html |access-date=February 10, 2006 |work=Ice Core Paleoclimatology Research Group}}</ref> [[Rock glacier]]s show, at various size scales, the preservation of glacier ice below surface-accumulated rock debris that largely prevents the ice from melting.

===Oceania===
[[File:Puncak Jaya glaciers 1850-2003 evolution map-fr.gif|thumb|right|Animated map of the extent of the glaciers of the [[Puncak Jaya|Carstensz Range]] from 1850 to 2003]]
[[File:Puncak Jaya icecap 1936.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Mount Carstensz]] icecap 1936 USGS]][[File:Puncak Jaya icecap 1972.jpg|250px|thumb|Puncak Jaya glaciers 1972. Left to right: Northwall Firn, Meren Glacier, and Carstensz Glacier. USGS. [[:File:137.13987E 4.06651S 06 2005.jpg|Also mid-2005 image]] and [[:File:137.13211E 4.05959S.gif|animation.]] ]]
[[Jan Carstensz]]'s 1623 report of glaciers covering the [[List of highest mountains of New Guinea|equatorial mountains]] of [[New Guinea]] was originally met with ridicule, but in the early 20th century at least five subranges of the [[Maoke Mountains]] (meaning "Snowy Mountains") were indeed still found to be covered with large ice caps. Due to the location of the island within the tropical zone, there is little to no seasonal variation in temperature. The tropical location has a predictably steady level of rain and snowfall, as well as cloud cover year round, and there has been no noticeable change in the amount of moisture which has fallen during the 20th century.

In 1913, {{convert|4550|m|ft|abbr=on}} high Prins Hendrik peaks (now [[Puncak Yamin]]) was named and reported to have "eternal" snow, but this observation was never repeated.<ref>E.J. Brill, Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1913, p. 180.</ref> The ice cap of {{convert|4720|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Puncak Trikora|Wilhelmina Peaks]], which reached below {{convert|4400|m|ft|abbr=on}} in 1909, vanished between 1939 and 1963.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ian Allison |author2=James A. Peterson |name-list-style=amp |title=Glaciers of Irian Jaya, Indonesia and New Zealand |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386h/indonesia/indonesia.html |access-date=April 28, 2009 |work=U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512011301/http://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386h/indonesia/indonesia.html }}</ref> The [[Puncak Mandala|Mandala / Juliana]] ice cap disappeared in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=A.G. |last2=Kincaid |first2=J.L. |year=2008 |title=On the disappearance of the Puncak Mandala ice cap, Papua |journal=Journal of Glaciology |volume=54 |issue=184 |pages=195–198 |bibcode=2008JGlac..54..195K |doi=10.3189/S0022143000209994 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and the Idenburg glacier on [[Ngga Pilimsit]] dried up in 2003. This leaves only the remnants of the once continuous icecap on New Guinea's highest mountain, [[Mount Carstensz]] with the {{convert|4884|m|ft|abbr=on}} high [[Puncak Jaya]] summit, which is estimated to have had an area of {{convert|20|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in 1850.

For this mountain there is photographic evidence of massive glacial retreat since the region was first extensively explored by airplane in 1936 in preparation for the [[Carstensz Expedition|peak's first ascent]]. Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice—two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news |last=McDowell |first=Robin |date=July 1, 2010 |title=Indonesia's Last Glacier Will Melt 'Within Years' |newspaper=Jakarta Globe |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/indonesias-last-glacier-will-melt-within-years/383607 |access-date=2011-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816134134/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/indonesias-last-glacier-will-melt-within-years/383607 |archive-date=August 16, 2011}}</ref> That research between 1973 and 1976 showed glacier retreat for the Meren Glacier of {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} while the [[Carstensz Glacier]] lost {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The Northwall Firn, the largest remnant of the icecap that once was atop [[Puncak Jaya]], has itself split into two separate glaciers after 1942. [[IKONOS]] [[satellite imagery]] of the New Guinean glaciers indicated that by 2002 only {{convert|2.1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} glacial area remained, that in the two years from 2000 to 2002, the [[East Northwall Firn]] had lost 4.5%, the [[West Northwall Firn]] 19.4% and the Carstensz 6.8% of their glacial mass, and that sometime between 1994 and 2000, the Meren Glacier had disappeared altogether.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Joni L. Kincaid |author2=Andrew G. Klein |name-list-style=amp |title=Retreat of the Irian Jaya Glaciers from 2000 to 2002 as Measured from IKONOS Satellite Images |url=https://www.easternsnow.org/s/16-Kincaid-Klein.pdf |access-date=August 7, 2016 |work=61st Eastern Snow Conference Portland, Maine, USA 2004 |pages=153–155}}</ref> An expedition to the remaining glaciers on Puncak Jaya in 2010 discovered that the ice on the glaciers there is about {{convert|32|m|ft}} thick and thinning at a rate of {{convert|7|m|ft}} annually. At that rate, the remaining glaciers were expected to last only to the year 2015.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jakarta Globe |date=July 2, 2010 |title=Papua Glacier's Secrets Dripping Away: Scientists |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/papua-glaciers-secrets-dripping-away-scientists/383881 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811204935/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/papua-glaciers-secrets-dripping-away-scientists/383881 |archive-date=August 11, 2011 |access-date=2010-09-14}}</ref> A 2019 study predicted their disappearance within a decade.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Permana, D. S. |display-authors=etal |date=2019 |title=Disappearance of the last tropical glaciers in the Western Pacific Warm Pool (Papua, Indonesia) appears imminent |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA |volume=116 |issue=52 |pages=26382–26388 |bibcode=2019PNAS..11626382P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1822037116 |pmc=6936586 |pmid=31818944 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Management approaches ==
Reducing [[greenhouse gas emissions]] (i.e. [[climate change mitigation]] measures) is the only solution that addresses the root cause of glacier retreat since [[Industrialisation|industrialization]].

To retard melting of the glaciers some Austrian ski resorts partially covered portions of the [[Stubai Alps|Stubai]] and Pitztal Glaciers with plastic.<ref>{{cite web |author1=M. Olefs |author2=A. Fischer |name-list-style=amp |title=Comparative study of technical measures to reduce snow and ice ablation in Alpine glacier ski resorts |url=http://imgi.uibk.ac.at/sekretariat/Publikationen/pub_pdf/Olefs_Comparative_austauschen_in%20press.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818111951/http://imgi.uibk.ac.at/sekretariat/Publikationen/pub_pdf/Olefs_Comparative_austauschen_in%20press.pdf |archive-date=August 18, 2011 |access-date=September 6, 2009 |work=in "Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2007"}}</ref> In Switzerland plastic sheeting is also used to reduce the melt of glacial ice used as ski slopes.<ref>{{cite news |last=ENN |date=July 15, 2005 |title=Glacial Cover-Up Won't Stop Global Warming, But It Keeps Skiers Happy |publisher=Environmental News Network |url=http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=8245 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217125821/http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=8245 |archive-date=February 17, 2006}}</ref> While covering glaciers with plastic sheeting may prove advantageous to ski resorts on a small scale, this practice is not expected to be economically practical on a much larger scale.

==See also==
{{portal|border=no|Climate change|Ecology|Environment|World}}
*{{annotated link|Cryosphere}}
*{{annotated link|List of glaciers}}
*{{annotated link|Permafrost}}
*{{annotated link|Post-glacial rebound}}
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Global warming}}
{{Glaciers}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Glaciology]]
[[Category:Climate by mountain range]]
[[Category:History of climate variability and change]]
[[Category:Montane ecology]]
[[Category:Effects of climate change]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:19th century]]
[[Category:20th century]]
[[Category:21st century]]

Prabhu Solomon

2026-02-19T02:00:29Z

Leonuqs: page edit

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Prabhu Solomon At ‘Kadugu’ Movie Premiere.jpg
| caption = Prabhu At ‘Kadugu’ Movie Premiere
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|05|07}}
| birth_place = [[Neyveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[film director|Director]], [[Film producer|Producer]]
| yearsactive = 1991–present
| spouse = Punitha<ref name="family">{{cite av media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7EnG-y1aT-k |title=ADDRESS – MEET THE FAMILY OF FILMMAKER PRABHU SOLOMON |date=17 January 2015 |last=Friday Cinemaa WebTV |time=7:17 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/7EnG-y1aT-k |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| children = 2<ref name="family" />
}}

'''Prabhu Solomon''' (born 7 May 1969) is an Indian film director and screenwriter who has primarily worked on [[Tamil film]]s. After making his directorial debut in 1999 with ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]'', he had a middling career before rising to prominence with the success of ''[[Mynaa]]'' (2010).

==Career==
===Early career: 1991-2009===
Solomon hails from [[Neyveli]] in [[Cuddalore district]] [[Tamil Nadu]], He was a regular at the town's only cinema hall, which fostered his passion for films. He attended [[St. Paul's Matriculation Higher Secondary School]], after which he completed a master's degree in English literature, before relocating to Chennai. His career in the film industry started in 1991 and for three years, he looked for opportunities to become in involved in ongoing film projects.<ref name="ss">{{cite web|url=http://silverscreen.in/features/prabhu-solomon-interview-the-perfect-wave/|title=Prabhu Solomon Interview: The Perfect Wave|work=Silverscreen|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223170359/http://silverscreen.in/features/prabhu-solomon-interview-the-perfect-wave/|archive-date=December 23, 2014}}</ref> He first worked as a stunt double for [[Sarathkumar]] in ''[[Namma Annachi]]'' (1994), where he also met director [[Sundar C]], who was working as the associate director of the film. He consequently joined Sundar's film ''[[Murai Maman]]'' (1995) as an assistant director, before subsequently working with [[Agathiyan]] on the award-winning ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' (1996).<ref name="ss"/>

Anbalaya Films offered him an opportunity to direct a film for their production house, after he had helped them complete post-production ''[[Murai Mappillai]]'' (1995) when director [[Sundar C]] walked out. Solomon chose to feature [[Raghuvaran]] and [[Bhanupriya]] in the leading roles, though the producers Anabalaya Films were reluctant to cast a character artiste in the lead role for the film, ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]'' (1999). Prabhu revealed he met [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] in Thenkasi during the making of ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999), at the insistence of his producer and actively tried to make a poor impression. Arjun, nonetheless, was keen and worked on the film.<ref name="ss"/> Co-starring [[Sonali Bendre]] and [[Suchindra Bali|Suchindra]], the film was released to positive reviews. A romantic thriller featuring Arjun in a different role to his usual action ventures, the film however did well at the box office and became successful at the box office. Similarly his second venture, the Kannada film ''[[Usire (film)|Usire]]'' (2001), a remake of [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]'s ''[[Bharathi Kannamma]]'', did not perform as expected commercially.<ref name="ss"/> Solomon had wanted [[Shiva Rajkumar]] to play the lead role, and he lamented that miscasting [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] in the leading role instead, worked against the viability of the film. Solomon had signed on [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] to play the lead role in a project shortly after the success of ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' (1999) and wanted to work on a different script, but the actor insisted that the pair a film from the director's script titled ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' (2002). Solomon revealed that he was unconvinced about Vikram portraying the lead role, feeling that he was too old to play [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]'s son, but the actor insisted the project went ahead. Delays in the production in the film meant that Vikram's star image had risen and reviewers labelled the film as a disappointment upon release. The director noted that the story was written with the expectation of a small-time actor in the lead role, and hence Vikram's sudden popularity worked against his film. He revealed that his early career in film involved making significant compromises and was strictly against the type of cinema he had actually ventured to make.<ref name="ss"/> He made the films ''[[Kokki (film)|Kokki]]'' (2006), ''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]'' (2007), and ''[[Laadam]]'' (2009). ''Kokki'' had a successful run, but ''Lee'' and ''Laadam'' received mixed reviews.

===''Mynaa'' and resulting success: 2010-2017===
It was with ''[[Mynaa]]'' that Solomon achieved his first breakthrough, a romance film set against the backdrop of [[Kurangani]] Theni district, Tamil Nadu. ''Mynaa'' opened to be a critically and commercially successful venture in the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-prabhu-solomon/20110701.htm|title=I never thought I was making Mynaa any differently|publisher=Rediff|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>

After ''Mynaa'', Solomon assigned his next film ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' to director [[N. Lingusamy]], which also marks the debut of [[Vikram Prabhu]], the son of actor [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and the grandson of actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]]. Like his previous film, ''Kumki'' was also a huge success in box office. [[D. Imman]]'s music and [[M. Sukumar]]'s cinematography contributed to the film's success.

Following the success of ''Kumki'', Solomon took a break and went on a [[Recce (filmmaking)|recce]] to the coastal South Indian town of [[Nagapattinam]] to get inspired for a story set on the backdrop of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]]. He gathered real-life stories of survival and intertwined them into his script.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-prabhu-solomon/article6602904.ece|title=The travelling showman|first=Vishal|last=Menon|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 November 2014|access-date=12 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Subsequently, he launched his next production ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]'' with newcomers [[Chandran]] and [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] in the title roles, and shot for the film for a year. Scenes were shot for several days underwater, with the team often doing up to ten hours a day in knee-length depths of water.<ref name="hindu"/> The film completed shoot after 85 days in May 2014, with the director announcing that post-production would be extensive as a result of impending VFX works.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/kayal-post-production/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306232441/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/kayal-post-production/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|title=Kayal in Post-production|date=31 July 2014|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/celluloid-tribute-to-tsunami-victims/article6421448.ece|title=Celluloid tribute to tsunami victims|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 September 2014|access-date=12 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> During the music release of the film in November 2014, Solomon revealed more details about the production of the film, noting that the climax was shot first to ensure graphic works depicting the tsunami could have as much time spent on it as possible. He went on to add that it was his costliest production till date and the film was made at a cost of {{INR}}15 crore, with the special effects, notably the use of 7.1 Atmos mix for the climax, which was particularly expensive.<ref name="Kayal Budget">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhu-solomon-opens-up-on-kayal-news-tamil-olnlHViggdhae.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113132025/http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhu-solomon-opens-up-on-kayal-news-tamil-olnlHViggdhae.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2014|title=Prabhu Solomon opens up on 'Kayal'|work=Sify|date= 13 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/movies/hindi/prabhu-solomon-s-kayal-to-release-in-dolby-atmos-launches-its-music-in-chennai-141113|title=Prabhu Solomon's 'Kayal' to release in Dolby Atmos, launches its music in Chennai|date=13 November 2014|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> ''Kayal'', like ''Mynaa'' and ''Kumki'', released to critical acclaim and positive reviews.

In 2016, Solomon released ''[[Thodari]]'', starring [[Dhanush]]. Good performances and an interesting screenplay with plenty of fun moments made Solomon's a decent attempt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-thodari-is-a-decent-attempt/20160922.htm|title=Review: Thodari is a decent attempt}}</ref> Solomon produced the film ''[[Rupai (film)|Rubaai]]'' (2017) under the banner God Pictures. The film was titled as ''Faisal''. After they had wrapped up the first schedule, the film had the title change.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.2daycinema.com/moviereview-id-rubaai---movie--review298.htm|title = Rubaai - Movie Review}}</ref>

===2021-present===

In 2021, Solomon directed ''[[Kaadan]]'', a film set in a territory familiar to him - revolving around elephants and protecting forests. According to Indiaglitz, ''Kaadan'', for a Tamil film, presents North Indian police officers and has a lot of North sensibilities which make audience feel an instant disconnect as well. All said, Prabhu Solomon's ''Kaadan'' has set its intention right and is a noteworthy venture for its important social message, but the film received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kaadan-review-tamil-movie-23101|title = Kaadan review. Kaadan Tamil movie review, story, rating}}</ref> His 2022 film ''[[Sembi]]'', produced by [[Trident Arts]] productions,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kovai-sarala-turns-serious-for-prabu-solomons-road-movie/articleshow/91677752.cms|title= Kovai Sarala turns serious for Prabu Solomon's road movie|website=The Timesofindia.com|date=19 May 2022}}</ref> on the other hand, received highly positive reviews. Touted to be an intense social drama, set against the backdrop for [[Kodaikanal]], [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] plays the lead in the film alongside actors [[Kovai Sarala]] and [[Thambi Ramaiah]].<ref name="PS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ashwin-kumar-teams-up-with-prabu-solomon-for-an-intense-social-drama/articleshow/86292983.cms|title= Ashwin Kumar teams up with Prabu Solomon for an intense social drama|website= Timesofindia.com|date=18 September 2021}}</ref> Solomon directed ''[[Kumki 2]]'' (2025), the sequel to his 2012 film ''Kumki''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=When Prabhu Solomon's Kumki 2 clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/14/prabhu-solomons-kumki-2-clears-censorship-formalities |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> His direction was criticized by a Times of India review as lacking flow at times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumki 2 Movie Review: Well-meaning tale hampered by weak craft |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kumki-2/movie-review/125342463.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:80px;"| Language
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || credited as Prabhu<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=20 August 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Kannodu Kaanbathellam/Amarkallam |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/20/stories/09200225.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604215940/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/20/stories/09200225.htm |archive-date=4 June 2001 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Usire (film)|Usire]]'' || [[Kannada]] || credited as A. X. Prabhu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=6007909&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Review: Usire|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225145323/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=6007909&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=25 December 2004}}</ref>
|-
| 2002 || ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' || rowspan="8" | Tamil || credited as A. X. Solomon<ref>{{cite web |title=King |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=11901608 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031117141426/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=11901608 |archive-date=17 November 2003 |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kokki (film)|Kokki]]'' ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Laadam]]'' ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mynaa]]''|| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director]] [[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer]] Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Tamil]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' ||SIIMA Award for Best Director<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/kumki-tamil/profile-50012269.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142530/http://www.in.com/kumki-tamil/profile-50012269.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2014|title=Kumki (Tamil) Photos, Pics, Kumki (Tamil) Wallpapers, Videos, News, Movies, Songs, Images|website=In.com|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Thodari]]'' ||
|-
| 2021 ||''[[Kaadan]]'' ''Aranya'' ''Haathi Mere Saathi''||Tamil [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Hindi]]||Trilingual film
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Sembi]]'' || rowspan="3"|Tamil ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Kumki 2]]'' ||
|-
| TBA || ''Mambo'' || Filming
|-
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:80px;"| Language
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-

|-
| 2012 || ''[[Saattai]]'' || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Rupai (film)|Rubaai]]'' ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Eleven (film)|Eleven]]'' || Tamil Telugu || Creative producer
|}

===Actor===
*''[[Gokulathil Seethai (film)|Gokulathil Seethai]]'' (1996)
*''[[Murai Mappillai]]'' (1996)
*''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]'' (1999)
*''[[Chidambarathil Oru Appasamy]]'' (2005)
*''[[Azhagiya Kanne (2023 film)|Azhagiya Kanne]]'' (2023)
*''[[Yellow (2025 film)|Yellow]]'' (2025)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3454743}}

{{Prabhu Solomon}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestDirector}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solomon, Prabu}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]

Makhajan Assembly constituency

2026-02-15T09:57:02Z

Leonuqs: Put up new article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Makhajan
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1961 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1961 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1964 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Delimitation Commission (1964) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

| electors = 59,698
| mla = Vithal Laxman Reelkar
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}

'''Makhajan Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1964 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]], [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]] and [[Sangameshwar Assembly constituency|Sangameshwar]] constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Vithal Laxman Reelkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Makhajan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vithal Laxman Reelkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,682 |percentage = 42.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Devram Kenavadekar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,094 |percentage = 22.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishram Shivram Kadam |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,353 |percentage = 14.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangaram Bhikaji Kambale |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,134 |percentage = 9.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,588 |percentage = 20.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,792 |percentage = 33.94% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,698 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

2026 India Open

2026-02-12T13:04:15Z

Leonuqs: created post.

{{short description|Badminton tournament in India}}
{{Infobox badminton event
|name = BWF India Open 2026
|image =
|caption =
|dates = 13–18 January
|number_edition = 24th
|level = G2L3
|prize_money = 950000
|other =
|venue = [[Indira Gandhi Arena]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|MS = [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin Chun-yi]]
|country_MS = TPE
|WS = [[An Se-young]]
|country_WS = KOR
|MD1 = [[Liang Weikeng]]
|country_MD1 = CHN
|MD2 = [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang Chang]]
|country_MD2 = CHN
|WD1 = [[Liu Shengshu]]
|country_WD1 = CHN
|WD2 = [[Tan Ning (badminton)|Tan Ning]]
|country_WD2 = CHN
|XD1 = [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh]]
|country_XD1 = THA
|XD2 = [[Supissara Paewsampran]]
|country_XD2 = THA
|previous = [[2025 India Open|2025]]
|next = [[2027 India Open|2027]]
}}
The '''2026 India Open''', officially known as the '''Yonex Sunrise India Open 2026''' for sponsorship reasons, was a [[badminton]] tournament that took place at the [[Indira Gandhi Arena]], [[New Delhi]], India, from 13 through 18 January 2026, with a total prize of US$950,000.

== Tournament ==
The 2026 India Open was the second tournament of the [[2026 BWF World Tour]] and a part of the [[India Open]], which has been held since 1973. It was organized by the [[Badminton Association of India]] with sanction from the [[Badminton World Federation|BWF]].<ref name="pros">{{cite web |title=Prospectus India Open 2026|url=https://extranet.bwf.sport/docs/events/5247/docs/YONEX-SUNRISE%20India%20Open%202026_Prospectus_UPDATED%203Nov.pdf|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=27 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Venue ===
This tournament was held at the [[Indira Gandhi Arena]] in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref name="pros"/>

=== Point distribution ===
Below is the point distribution table for each phase of the tournament based on the [[BWF World Ranking|BWF points system]] for the [[BWF World Tour Super 750]] event.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking System |url=https://system.bwfbadminton.com/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |publisher=Badminton World Federation|accessdate=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510005434/https://system.bwfbadminton.com/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="75" | Winner
! width="75" | Runner-up
! width="75" | 3/4
! width="75" | 5/8
! width="75" | 9/16
! width="75" | 17/32
|-
| 11,000 || 9,350 || 7,700 || 6,050 || 4,320 || 2,660
|}

=== Prize pool ===
The total prize money was US$950,000 with the distribution of the prize money in accordance with BWF regulations.<ref name="pros"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
| width="104px" | '''Event'''
| width="68px" | '''Winner'''
| width="68px" | '''Finalist'''
| width="68px" | '''Semi-finals'''
| width="80px" | '''Quarter-finals'''
| width="68px" | '''Last 16'''
| width="68px" | '''Last 32'''
|-
| bgcolor="#dfe2e9" | '''Singles'''
| $66,500 || $32,300 || $13,300 || $5,225 || $2,850 || $950
|-
| bgcolor="#dfe2e9" | '''Doubles'''
| $70,300 || $33,250 || $13,300 || $5,937.50 || $3,087.50 || $950
|}

== Issues with air quality, cleanliness and lighting ==
Danish men's singles player and world no. 3 [[Anders Antonsen]] withdrew from the India Open for the third straight time, citing [[Air pollution in India|pollution and air quality]] in New Delhi as hindrances in his participation in the tournament and even went on to say "I don't think it’s a place to host a badminton tournament". Consequently, he was fined [[US$]]5,000 as top players are required by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF) to participate in all tournaments of Super 750 and Super 1000 levels.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sudarsanan|last=Mani|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/extreme-pollution-in-delhi-not-a-place-to-host-badminton-anders-antonsen-on-pulling-out-of-indian-open-2026-ws-l-19820864.htm/amp|title='Extreme pollution in Delhi... not a place to host badminton': Anders Antonsen on pulling out of Indian Open 2026|website=[[CNBC TV18]]|date=14 January 2026|access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

Another Danish player [[Mia Blichfeldt]] described the venue as "dirty and unhealthy" and said that players had to wear layers even in warm-up sessions due to inadequate heating inside the venue to which [[Badminton Association of India]] (BAI) chief Sanjay Mishra replied, Blichfeldt's comments were "not about the playing arena specifically" and that "it is important to note that she was referring to the KD Jadhav Stadium, which is the training venue, and not the main playing arena. The playing arena has been kept clean, dirt-free and pigeon-free, and several players have expressed satisfaction with the conditions".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/sports/other-sports/really-poor-india-open-under-fire-as-denmark-badminton-player-criticises-playing-conditions/videoshow/126507183.cms|title='Really poor': India Open under fire as Denmark badminton player criticises playing conditions|website=[[Times of India]]|date=13 January 2026|access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/danish-shuttler-mia-blichfeldt-alleges-unsanitary-conditions-at-india-open-badminton-federation-responds-10744721|title=Danish Shuttler Alleges Unsanitary Conditions At India Open, Badminton Federation Responds|website=[[NDTV]]|date=14 January 2026|access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Akshay |date=2026-01-13 |title=India Open arena pigeon-free: Badminton body refutes Denmark shuttler's hygiene claims |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/india-open-mia-blichfeldt-pigeon-badminton-new-delhi-cleanliness-hygiene-2851433-2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> However, the second round match in the men's singles between Singapore's [[Loh Kean Yew]] and India's [[Prannoy H. S.]] was interrupted twice due to bird droppings landing on the court of the Indira Gandhi Arena.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Laura Chia |title=Bird poo fails to take shine off Loh Kean Yew’s win at India Open |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/bird-poo-fails-to-take-shine-off-loh-kean-yews-win-at-india-open |website=straitstimes.com |publisher=[[The Straits Times]] |access-date=22 January 2026 |language=en |date=16 January 2026}}</ref> After the game, Loh also agreed with the Danish players that the air quality was affecting the players.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramesh |first1=Akshay |title=I breathe less: Ex-world champ Loh says Delhi air hurting players at India Open |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/loh-kean-yew-air-quality-concerns-india-open-pollution-players-stamina-2852545-2026-01-15 |website=indiatoday.in |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=22 January 2026 |language=en |date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

Additionally, some courts at the Indira Gandhi Stadium were lit unevenly, appearing as if illuminated by spotlights, with areas in between partly shaded and players seemingly loosing sight of [[Shuttlecock|shuttles]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=Jonathan |date=2026-01-19 |title=Miscalibration of lights casts dreary shadow on India Open Badminton 2026 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/india-open-badminton-2026-lighting-issues-patchy-spotlight-shadow-hawkeye-setup-news/article70525734.ece |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> This was in contrast to every other [[BWF World Tour]] event, where lighting is evenly distributed across the court.<ref name=":0" /> Delays in installing the lights had a domino effect, pushing back the Hawk-Eye setup required for line-call challenges.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-20 |title=Champions crowned at the India Open 2026, But the Real Test Lies Beyond the Podium |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/opinion/story/champions-crowned-at-the-india-open-2026-but-the-real-test-lies-beyond-1334101-2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> The issue appears to have been a case of poor calibration rather than a structural flaw.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Men's singles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|INA}} [[Jonatan Christie]] ''(final)''
#{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alex Lanier]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kodai Naraoka]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew]] ''(semi-finals)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 =  
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Victor Lai]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 9
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 = 20
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin Chun-yi]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = 6
| RD1-score2-3 = '''22'''

| RD1-seed3 = 3
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|INA}} '''[[Jonatan Christie]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''22'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 8
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 18
| RD1-score4-2 = 20
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =  
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin Chun-yi]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 3
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|INA}} [[Jonatan Christie]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 10
| RD2-score2-2 = 18
| RD2-score2-3 =
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 4
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen|Chou T-c]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 19
| RD1-score1-2 = 11
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Brian Yang (badminton)|B Yang]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toma Junior Popov|T J Popov]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 12
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 = 8
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Victor Lai|V Lai]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 16
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed5 = 6
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alex Lanier|A Lanier]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 17
| RD1-score5-2 = 19
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chi Yu-jen|Chi Y-j]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Rasmus Gemke|R Gemke]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 18
| RD1-score7-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Zii Jia|Lee Z J]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 13
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 = 18

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Brian Yang (badminton)|B Yang]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 15
| RD2-score1-2 = 12
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Victor Lai|V Lai]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chi Yu-jen|Chi Y-j]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Rasmus Gemke|R Gemke]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 17
| RD2-score4-2 = 15
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Victor Lai|V Lai]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = 17
| RD3-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chi Yu-jen|Chi Y-j]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 18
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 = 15
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 7
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kodai Naraoka|K Naraoka]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 6
| RD1-score1-2 = 5r
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kenta Nishimoto|K Nishimoto]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = 7
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshya Sen|L Sen]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Shetty|A Shetty]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 12
| RD1-score4-2 = 15
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = SWM
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin C-y]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Chia-hao|Lee C-h]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 16
| RD1-score6-2 = 15
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeon Hyeok-jin|Jeon H-j]]
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 17
| RD1-score7-3 = 11
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Nhat Nguyen|N Nguyen]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = 18
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kenta Nishimoto|K Nishimoto]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 19
| RD2-score1-2 =10
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshya Sen|L Sen]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 ='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = SWM
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin C-y]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Nhat Nguyen|N Nguyen]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 16
| RD2-score4-2 = 17
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshya Sen|L Sen]]
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = 13
| RD3-score1-3 = 18
| RD3-seed2 = SWM
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin C-y]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = 17
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 = '''21'''
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = PFR
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tharun Mannepalli|T Mannepalli]]
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = 6
| RD1-score1-3 = 19
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi|S Kidambi]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = 15
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Tzu-wei|Wang T-w]]
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = 18
| RD1-score3-3 = 19
| RD1-seed4 = 5
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov|C Popov]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = 13
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Leong Jun Hao|Leong J H]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 5
| RD1-score5-2 = 3r
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yushi Tanaka|Y Tanaka]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = 8
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jason Teh|J Teh]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 16
| RD1-score7-2 = 10
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 3
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Jonatan Christie|J Christie]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi|S Kidambi]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 14
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 = 17
| RD2-seed2 = 5
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov|C Popov]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = 17
| RD2-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yushi Tanaka|Y Tanaka]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 15
| RD2-score3-2 = 19
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 3
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Jonatan Christie|J Christie]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 5
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov|C Popov]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 19
| RD3-score1-2 = 19
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 3
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Jonatan Christie|J Christie]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lee Cheuk Yiu|Lee C Y]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 20
| RD1-score1-2 = 18
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy H. S.]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhengxing|Wang ZX]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 21
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 = 14
| RD1-seed4 = 8
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew|Loh K Y]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''23'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 19
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lu Guangzu|Lu GZ]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 = PFR
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Justin Hoh|J Hoh]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 17
| RD1-score6-2 = 15
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Koki Watanabe|K Watanabe]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 19
| RD1-score7-2 = '''25'''
| RD1-score7-3 = 10
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn|K Vitidsarn]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = 23
| RD1-score8-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy H. S.]]
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 19
| RD2-score1-3 = 14
| RD2-seed2 = 8
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew|Loh K Y]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = 18
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lu Guangzu|Lu GZ]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 14
| RD2-score3-2 = 16
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 2
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn|K Vitidsarn]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 8
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|SGP}} '''[[Loh Kean Yew|Loh K Y]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = 14
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD3-seed2 = 2
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn|K Vitidsarn]]
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = 15
| RD3-score2-3 = 17
}}

== Women's singles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
# '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young]] (champion)'''
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi]] ''(final)''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akane Yamaguchi]] ''(withdrew)''
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Yufei]] ''(semi-finals)''
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue]] ''(quarter-finals)''
# {{flagicon|INA}} [[Putri Kusuma Wardani]] ''(quarter-finals)''
# {{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon]] ''(semi-finals)''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tomoka Miyazaki]] ''(second round)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|KOR}} '''[[An Se-young]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 = 7
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 11
| RD1-score2-2 = 7
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 = 4
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Yufei]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 15
| RD1-score3-2 = 21
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 2
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''23'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 2
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 13
| RD2-score2-2 = 11
| RD2-score2-3 =
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young|An S-y]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nozomi Okuhara|N Okuhara]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 17
| RD1-score2-2 = 9
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Ga-eun (badminton)|Kim G-e]]
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = 19
| RD1-score3-3 = 17
| RD1-seed4 = PFR
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Huang Yu-hsun|Huang Y-h]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = 10
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed5 = 6
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Putri Kusuma Wardani|P K Wardani]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = 20
| RD1-score5-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Michelle Li|M Li]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 12
| RD1-score6-2 = '''22'''
| RD1-score6-3 = 15

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Kirsty Gilmour|K Gilmour]]
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 14
| RD1-score7-3 = 17
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Line Kjærsfeldt|L Kjærsfeldt]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = 14
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young|An S-y]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = PFR
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Huang Yu-hsun|Huang Y-h]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 14
| RD2-score2-2 = 9
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = 6
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Putri Kusuma Wardani|P K Wardani]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = 15
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Line Kjærsfeldt|L Kjærsfeldt]]
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 9
| RD2-score4-3 = 18

| RD3-seed1 = 1
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|KOR}} '''[[An Se-young|An S-y]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 6
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|INA}} [[Putri Kusuma Wardani|P K Wardani]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 16
| RD3-score2-2 = 8
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 7
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon|R Intanon]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Riko Gunji|R Gunji]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 19
| RD1-score2-2 = 15
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chiu Pin-chian|Chiu P-c]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 19
| RD1-score3-2 = 11
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mia Blichfeldt|M Blichfeldt]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = SWM
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Gao Fangjie|Gao FJ]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 13
| RD1-score5-2 = 1r
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Manami Suizu|M Suizu]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = 7
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Beiwen Zhang|BW Zhang]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Line Christophersen|L Christophersen]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 17
| RD1-score8-2 = 11
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 7
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon|R Intanon]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mia Blichfeldt|M Blichfeldt]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 16
| RD2-score2-2 = 11
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Manami Suizu|M Suizu]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 18
| RD2-score3-2 = 13
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Beiwen Zhang|BW Zhang]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 7
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon|R Intanon]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Beiwen Zhang|BW Zhang]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 16
| RD3-score2-2 = 12
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod|M Bansod]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Pai Yu-po|Pai Y-p]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 18
| RD1-score2-2 = 19
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Sung Shuo-yun|Sung S-y]]
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = 13
| RD1-score3-3 = 17
| RD1-seed4 = 5
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue|Han Y]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = 18
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Wen-chi|Hsu W-c]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 16
| RD1-score5-2 = 12
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Busanan Ongbamrungphan|B Ongbamrungphan]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Hsiang-ti|Lin H-t]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 17
| RD1-score7-2 = 17
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 4
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Yufei|Chen YF]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod|M Bansod]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 18
| RD2-score1-2 = 15
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 5
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue|Han Y]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Busanan Ongbamrungphan|B Ongbamrungphan]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 11
| RD2-score3-2 = 13
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 4
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Yufei|Chen YF]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 5
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue|Han Y]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 8
| RD3-score1-2 = 18
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 4
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Chen Yufei|Chen YF]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Supanida Katethong|S Katethong]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 17
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 = 14
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsuki Nidaira|N Nidaira]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = 18
| RD1-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hina Akechi|H Akechi]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 19
| RD1-score3-2 = 14
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 8
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tomoka Miyazaki|T Miyazaki]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Nguyễn Thùy Linh|Nguyễn T L]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = 20
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| RD1-score6-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score6-2 = 12
| RD1-score6-3 = 15

| RD1-seed7 = PFR
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanvi Sharma|T Sharma]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 20
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 = 13
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi|Wang ZY]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score8-2 = 18
| RD1-score8-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsuki Nidaira|N Nidaira]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 8
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 = 8
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tomoka Miyazaki|T Miyazaki]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 19
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = 16

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Nguyễn Thùy Linh|Nguyễn T L]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 12
| RD2-score3-2 = 17
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 2
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi|Wang ZY]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsuki Nidaira|N Nidaira]]
| RD3-score1-1 = '''22'''
| RD3-score1-2 = 13
| RD3-score1-3 = 9
| RD3-seed2 = 2
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi|Wang ZY]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = 20
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 = '''21'''
}}

== Men's doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
# {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho]] / [[Seo Seung-jae]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia]] / [[Soh Wooi Yik]] ''(semi-finals)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] / [[Chirag Shetty]] ''(second round)''
# '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng]] / [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang Chang]] (champions)'''
# {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong]] / [[Tee Kai Wun]] ''(quarter-finals)''
# {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Sze Fei]] / [[Nur Izzuddin]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|INA}} [[Sabar Karyaman Gutama]] / [[Muhammad Reza Pahlevi Isfahani]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Boyang]] / [[Liu Yi (badminton)|Liu Yi]] ''(first round)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang Min-hyuk]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ki Dong-ju]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 20
| RD1-score1-2 = 18
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 = 4
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Liang Weikeng]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang Chang]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Hiroki Midorikawa]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyohei Yamashita]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = 13
| RD1-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed4 = 2
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 10
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 = 11

| RD2-seed1 = 4
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang Chang]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = 17
| RD2-score1-2 = '''25'''
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Midorikawa]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyohei Yamashita]]
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = 23
| RD2-score2-3 = 16
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho|Kim W-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae|Seo S-j]]
| RD1-score1-1 =
| RD1-score1-2 =
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[He Zhi-wei|He Z-w]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Huang Jui-hsuan|Huang J-h]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = w
| RD1-score2-2 = /
| RD1-score2-3 = o

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang M-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ki Dong-ju|Ki D-j]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Fang-chih|Lee F-c]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Fang-jen|Lee F-j]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 18
| RD1-score4-2 = 19
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 7
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Sabar Karyaman Gutama|S K Gutama]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Reza Pahlevi Isfahani|M R P Isfahani]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chen Zhi-ray|Chen Z-r]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Yu-chieh|Lin Y-c]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 13
| RD1-score6-2 = 8
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kittinupong Kedren|K Kedren]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Lucas Ekarat Wedler|L E Wedler]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 15
| RD1-score7-2 = 17
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuro Hoki|T Hoki]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yugo Kobayashi|Y Kobayashi]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[He Zhi-wei|He Z-w]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Huang Jui-hsuan|Huang J-h]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 15
| RD2-score1-2 = 10
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang M-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ki Dong-ju|Ki D-j]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = 7
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|INA}} [[Sabar Karyaman Gutama|S K Gutama]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Reza Pahlevi Isfahani|M R P Isfahani]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 15
| RD2-score3-2 = 13
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuro Hoki|T Hoki]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yugo Kobayashi|Y Kobayashi]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang M-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ki Dong-ju|Ki D-j]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = 14
| RD3-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuro Hoki|T Hoki]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yugo Kobayashi|Y Kobayashi]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 18
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 = 18
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 4
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng|Liang WK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang C]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''23'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Daniel Lundgaard|D Lundgaard]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Vestergaard|M Vestergaard]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 21
| RD1-score2-2 = 17
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hariharan Amsakarunan|H Amsakarunan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M. R.]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ong Yew Sin|Ong Y S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teo Ee Yi|Teo E Y]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 15
| RD1-score4-2 = 18
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 5
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong|Man W C]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun|Tee K W]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Mohd Azriyn Ayub|N M Azriyn A]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Wee Kiong|Tan W K]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 16
| RD1-score6-2 = 15
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov|C Popov]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toma Junior Popov|T J Popov]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Choong Hon Jian|Choong H J]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Muhammad Haikal|M Haikal]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 11
| RD1-score8-2 = 19
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 4
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng|Liang WK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang C]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hariharan Amsakarunan|H Amsakarunan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M. R.]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 15
| RD2-score2-2 = 15
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = 5
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong|Man W C]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun|Tee K W]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = 13
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov|C Popov]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toma Junior Popov|T J Popov]]
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 12
| RD2-score4-3 = 14

| RD3-seed1 = 4
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng|Liang WK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang C]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = 15
| RD3-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD3-seed2 = 5
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong|Man W C]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun|Tee K W]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 15
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 = 19
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Di (badminton)|Huang D]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ren Xiangyu|Ren XY]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup|K Astrup]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen|A S Rasmussen]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 19
| RD1-score2-2 = 18
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liu Kuang-heng|Liu K-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-han|Yang P-ha]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 8
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Boyang|Chen BY]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yi (badminton)|Liu Y]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 19
| RD1-score4-2 = 18
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chia Wei Jie|Chia W J]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lwi Sheng Hao|Lwi S H]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 18
| RD1-score5-2 = 15
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Midorikawa|H Midorikawa]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyohei Yamashita|K Yamashita]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chen Zhi-yi|Chen Z-y]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Presley Smith|P Smith]]
| RD1-score7-1 =
| RD1-score7-2 =
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 3
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy|S Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty|C Shetty]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = w
| RD1-score8-2 = /
| RD1-score8-3 = o

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Di (badminton)|Huang D]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ren Xiangyu|Ren XY]]
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 19
| RD2-score1-3 = 14
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liu Kuang-heng|Liu K-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-han|Yang P-ha]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = 17
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Midorikawa|H Midorikawa]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyohei Yamashita|K Yamashita]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = 25
| RD2-score3-2 = '''23'''
| RD2-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed4 = 3
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy|S Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty|C Shetty]]
| RD2-score4-1 = '''27'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 21
| RD2-score4-3 = 19

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liu Kuang-heng|Liu K-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-han|Yang P-ha]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 16
| RD3-score1-2 = 18
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Midorikawa|H Midorikawa]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyohei Yamashita|K Yamashita]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Lane|B Lane]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sean Vendy|S Vendy]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 16
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 = 18
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Jhe-huei|Lee J-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan|Yang P-hs]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = 15
| RD1-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Choi Sol-gyu|Choi S-g]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh V Shem|Goh V S]]
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = 16
| RD1-score3-3 = 10
| RD1-seed4 = 6
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Sze Fei|Goh S F]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Izzuddin|N Izzuddin]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = 19
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takumi Nomura|T Nomura]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuichi Shimogami|Y Shimogami]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = 26
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 = '''22'''
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Junaidi Arif|J Arif]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Yap Roy King|Yap R K]]
| RD1-score6-1 = '''28'''
| RD1-score6-2 = 18
| RD1-score6-3 = 20

| RD1-seed7 = PFR
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kang Khai Xing|Kang K X]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Tai|A Tai]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 12
| RD1-score7-2 = 6r
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia|A Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik|Soh W Y]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = 11
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Jhe-huei|Lee J-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan|Yang P-hs]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 17
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 = 6
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Sze Fei|Goh S F]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Izzuddin|N Izzuddin]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 14
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = 14

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takumi Nomura|T Nomura]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuichi Shimogami|Y Shimogami]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 9
| RD2-score3-2 = 21
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 2
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia|A Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik|Soh W Y]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''23'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Jhe-huei|Lee J-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan|Yang P-hs]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 19
| RD3-score1-2 = 14
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 2
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} '''[[Aaron Chia|A Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik|Soh W Y]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

== Women's doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
# '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Shengshu]] / [[Tan Ning (badminton)|Tan Ning]] (champions)'''
# {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan]] / [[Thinaah Muralitharan]] ''(semi-finals)''
# {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong]] / [[Kong Hee-yong]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jia Yifan]] / [[Zhang Shuxian]] ''(withdrew)''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Fukushima]] / [[Mayu Matsumoto]] ''(final)''
# {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Baek Ha-na]] / [[Lee So-hee]] ''(semi-finals)''
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yijing]] / [[Luo Xumin]] ''(quarter-finals)''
# {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Pei-shan]] / [[Hung En-tzu]] ''(quarter-finals)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Liu Shengshu]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Ning (badminton)|Tan Ning]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = 17
| RD1-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed2 = 6
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Baek Ha-na]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee So-hee]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 12
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 = 14

| RD1-seed3 = 5
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Yuki Fukushima]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mayu Matsumoto]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 2
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Thinaah Muralitharan]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 16
| RD1-score4-2 = 13
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Shengshu]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Ning (badminton)|Tan Ning]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 5
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Fukushima]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mayu Matsumoto]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 11
| RD2-score2-2 = 18
| RD2-score2-3 =
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Shengshu|Liu SS]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Ning (badminton)|Tan N]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = 19
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|INA}} [[Lanny Tria Mayasari|L T Mayasari]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Amallia Cahaya Pratiwi|A C Pratiwi]]
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = 11
| RD1-score2-3 = 9

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Arisa Igarashi|A Igarashi]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Chiharu Shida|C Shida]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|POL}} [[Paulina Cybulska|P Cybulska]] {{flagicon|POL}} [[Kornelia Marczak|K Marczak]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 3
| RD1-score4-2 = 11
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 7
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yijing|Li YJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Luo Xumin|Luo XM]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Francesca Corbett|F Corbett]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jennie Gai|J Gai]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 12
| RD1-score6-2 = 8
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand|G Gopichand]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Ornnicha Jongsathapornpan|O Jongsathapornpan]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sukitta Suwachai|S Suwachai]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 15
| RD1-score8-2 = 11
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Shengshu|Liu SS]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Ning (badminton)|Tan N]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 10
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Arisa Igarashi|A Igarashi]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Chiharu Shida|C Shida]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 9
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = 19

| RD2-seed3 = 7
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yijing|Li YJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Luo Xumin|Luo XM]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = 20
| RD2-score3-2 = '''24'''
| RD2-score3-3 = '''23'''
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand|G Gopichand]]
| RD2-score4-1 = '''22'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 22
| RD2-score4-3 = 21

| RD3-seed1 = 1
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Liu Shengshu|Liu SS]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Ning (badminton)|Tan N]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 7
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yijing|Li YJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Luo Xumin|Luo XM]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 14
| RD3-score2-2 = 15
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 6
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Baek Ha-na|Baek H-n]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee So-hee|Lee S-h]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Rawat|G Rawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mansa Rawat|M Rawat]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 5
| RD1-score2-2 = 8
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ririna Hiramoto|R Hiramoto]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kokona Ishikawa|K Ishikawa]]
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = 24
| RD1-score3-3 = 20
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Julie MacPherson|J MacPherson]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Ciara Torrance|C Torrance]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = 13
| RD1-score4-2 = '''26'''
| RD1-score4-3 = '''22'''

| RD1-seed5 = SWM
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Nga Ting|Yeung N T]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Pui Lam|Yeung P L]]
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = 18
| RD1-score5-3 = 17
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Ya-ching|Hsu Y-c]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Sung Yu-hsuan|Sung Y-h]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = 11
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lui Lok Lok|Lui L L]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tsang Hiu Yan|Tsang H Y]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 20
| RD1-score7-3 = '''24'''
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya Konjengbam|P Konjengbam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra|S Mishra]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 11
| RD1-score8-2 = '''22'''
| RD1-score8-3 = 22

| RD2-seed1 = 6
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Baek Ha-na|Baek H-n]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee So-hee|Lee S-h]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Julie MacPherson|J MacPherson]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Ciara Torrance|C Torrance]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 8
| RD2-score2-2 = 5
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Ya-ching|Hsu Y-c]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Sung Yu-hsuan|Sung Y-h]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = 12
| RD2-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lui Lok Lok|Lui L L]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tsang Hiu Yan|Tsang H Y]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 11
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 = 16

| RD3-seed1 = 6
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|KOR}} '''[[Baek Ha-na|Baek H-n]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee So-hee|Lee S-h]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Ya-ching|Hsu Y-c]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Sung Yu-hsuan|Sung Y-h]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 19
| RD3-score2-2 = 9
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nanako Hara|N Hara]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Riko Kiyose|R Kiyose]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutaparna Panda|R Panda]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 8
| RD1-score2-2 = 18
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chang Ching-hui (badminton)|Chang C-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Ching-tun|Yang C-t]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 8
| RD1-score3-2 = 10
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 5
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Fukushima|Y Fukushima]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mayu Matsumoto|M Matsumoto]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeong Na-eun|Jeong N-e]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Yeon-woo|Lee Y-w]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Yin-hui|Hsu Y-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Jhih-yun|Lin J-y]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 8
| RD1-score6-2 = 18
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Xiao-min|Lin X-m]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Yu-qiao|Wang Y-q]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 16
| RD1-score7-2 = 16
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 3
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong|Kim H-j]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kong Hee-yong|Kong H-y]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nanako Hara|N Hara]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Riko Kiyose|R Kiyose]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 11
| RD2-score1-2 = 12
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 5
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Fukushima|Y Fukushima]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mayu Matsumoto|M Matsumoto]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeong Na-eun|Jeong N-e]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Yeon-woo|Lee Y-w]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 3
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong|Kim H-j]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kong Hee-yong|Kong H-y]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 14
| RD2-score4-2 = 15
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 5
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Yuki Fukushima|Y Fukushima]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mayu Matsumoto|M Matsumoto]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeong Na-eun|Jeong N-e]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Yeon-woo|Lee Y-w]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 10
| RD3-score2-2 = 11
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Polina Buhrova|P Buhrova]] {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yevheniia Kantemyr|Y Kantemyr]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''24'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Jackie Dent|J Dent]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Crystal Lai|C Lai]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 22
| RD1-score2-2 = 19
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ong Xin Yee|Ong X Y]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Carmen Ting|C Ting]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 17
| RD1-score3-2 = 15
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 8
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Pei-shan|Hsieh P-s]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hung En-tzu|Hung E-t]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = PFR
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Bhat (badminton)|A Bhat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Gautam|S Gautam]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 18
| RD1-score5-2 = 16
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Margot Lambert|M Lambert]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Camille Pognante|C Pognante]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kavipriya Selvam|K Selvam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Singhi|S Singhi]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 18
| RD1-score7-2 = 6
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan|P Tan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Thinaah Muralitharan|Thinaah M]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Polina Buhrova|P Buhrova]] {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yevheniia Kantemyr|Y Kantemyr]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 11
| RD2-score1-2 = 15
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 8
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Pei-shan|Hsieh P-s]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hung En-tzu|Hung E-t]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Margot Lambert|M Lambert]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Camille Pognante|C Pognante]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 7
| RD2-score3-2 = 21
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 2
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan|P Tan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Thinaah Muralitharan|Thinaah M]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''23'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 8
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Pei-shan|Hsieh P-s]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hung En-tzu|Hung E-t]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 16
| RD3-score1-2 = 10
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 2
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} '''[[Pearly Tan|P Tan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Thinaah Muralitharan|Thinaah M]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

== Mixed doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Feng Yanzhe]] / [[Huang Dongping]] ''(semi-finals)''
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Zhenbang]] / [[Wei Yaxin]] ''(semi-finals)''
# '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh]] / [[Supissara Paewsampran]] (champions)'''
# {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chen Tang Jie]] / [[Toh Ee Wei]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel]] / [[Delphine Delrue]] ''(quarter-finals)''
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Xinwa]] / [[Chen Fanghui]] ''(quarter-finals)''
# {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tang Chun Man]] / [[Tse Ying Suet]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat]] / [[Shevon Jemie Lai]] ''(quarter-finals)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Feng Yanzhe]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Dongping]]
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = 19
| RD1-score1-3 = 16
| RD1-seed2 = 3
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Dechapol Puavaranukroh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Supissara Paewsampran]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = 16
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed3 =  
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|DEN}} '''[[Mathias Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Alexandra Bøje]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = 16
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed4 = 2
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Zhenbang]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wei Yaxin]]
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 14
| RD1-score4-3 = 14

| RD2-seed1 = 3
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Supissara Paewsampran]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = 19
| RD2-score1-2 = '''25'''
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Alexandra Bøje]]
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = 23
| RD2-score2-3 = 18
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Feng Yanzhe|Feng YZ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Dongping|Huang DP]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = 20
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Vestergaard|M Vestergaard]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christine Busch|C Busch]]
| RD1-score2-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score2-2 = 13
| RD1-score2-3 = 16

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Jimmy Wong (badminton)|J Wong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lai Pei Jing|Lai P J]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''23'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Watanabe (badminton)|Y Watanabe]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Maya Taguchi|M Taguchi]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 10
| RD1-score4-2 = 21
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 8
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat|Goh S H]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shevon Jemie Lai|S J Lai]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wu Guan-xun|Wu G-x]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Chia-hsin|Lee C-h]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 17
| RD1-score6-2 = 17
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chen Cheng-kuan|Chen C-k]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Yin-hui|Hsu Y-h]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 16
| RD1-score7-2 = 17
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ruttanapak Oupthong|R Oupthong]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Jhenicha Sudjaipraparat|J Sudjaipraparat]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Feng Yanzhe|Feng YZ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Dongping|Huang DP]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = 18
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Jimmy Wong (badminton)|J Wong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lai Pei Jing|Lai P J]]
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = 17
| RD2-score2-3 = 10

| RD2-seed3 = 8
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat|Goh S H]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shevon Jemie Lai|S J Lai]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = 17
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Ruttanapak Oupthong|R Oupthong]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Jhenicha Sudjaipraparat|J Sudjaipraparat]]
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 15
| RD2-score4-3 = 6

| RD3-seed1 = 1
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Feng Yanzhe|Feng YZ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Dongping|Huang DP]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = 19
| RD3-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD3-seed2 = 8
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat|Goh S H]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shevon Jemie Lai|S J Lai]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 19
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 = 18
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 3
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh|D Puavaranukroh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Supissara Paewsampran|S Paewsampran]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = 17
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 = '''22'''
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Hoo Pang Ron|Hoo P R]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheng Su Yin|Cheng S Y]]
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = 16
| RD1-score2-3 = 20

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Ye Hong-wei|Ye H-w]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Nicole Gonzales Chan|N G Chan]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akira Koga|A Koga]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsu Saito|N Saito]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 19
| RD1-score4-2 = 17
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 5
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel|T Gicquel]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Delphine Delrue|D Delrue]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Jesper Toft|J Toft]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Amalie Magelund|A Magelund]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 17
| RD1-score6-2 = 14
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Rawat|D Rawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Maneesha]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 9
| RD1-score7-2 = 10
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Midorikawa|H Midorikawa]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nami Matsuyama|N Matsuyama]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 3
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh|D Puavaranukroh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Supissara Paewsampran|S Paewsampran]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Ye Hong-wei|Ye H-w]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Nicole Gonzales Chan|N G Chan]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 18
| RD2-score2-2 = 15
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = 5
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel|T Gicquel]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Delphine Delrue|D Delrue]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = 20
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Midorikawa|H Midorikawa]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nami Matsuyama|N Matsuyama]]
| RD2-score4-1 = '''22'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 4
| RD2-score4-3 = 10

| RD3-seed1 = 3
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Dechapol Puavaranukroh|D Puavaranukroh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Supissara Paewsampran|S Paewsampran]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 5
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel|T Gicquel]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Delphine Delrue|D Delrue]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 6
| RD3-score2-2 = 15
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Marvin Seidel|M Seidel]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Thuc Phuong Nguyen|T P Nguyen]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|R Kapoor]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthvika Gadde|R Gadde]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 19
| RD1-score2-2 = 14
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Julien Maio|J Maio]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léa Palermo|L Palermo]]
| RD1-score3-1 =
| RD1-score3-2 =
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 6
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Xinwa|Guo XW]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Fanghui|Chen FH]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = w
| RD1-score4-2 = /
| RD1-score4-3 = o

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen|M Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Alexandra Bøje|A Bøje]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = w
| RD1-score5-2 = /
| RD1-score5-3 = o
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chen Zhi-yi|Chen Z-y]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Francesca Corbett|F Corbett]]
| RD1-score6-1 =
| RD1-score6-2 =
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cheng Xing|Cheng X]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Chi (badminton)|Zhang C]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 4
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chen Tang Jie|Chen T J]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Toh Ee Wei|Toh E W]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 16
| RD1-score8-2 = 19
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marvin Seidel|M Seidel]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Thuc Phuong Nguyen|T P Nguyen]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 11
| RD2-score1-2 = 12
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 6
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Xinwa|Guo XW]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Fanghui|Chen FH]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen|M Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Alexandra Bøje|A Bøje]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cheng Xing|Cheng X]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Chi (badminton)|Zhang C]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 17
| RD2-score4-2 = 17
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 6
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Xinwa|Guo XW]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Fanghui|Chen FH]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 13
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 = 11
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen|M Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Alexandra Bøje|A Bøje]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = 14
| RD3-score2-3 = '''21'''
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuichi Shimogami|Y Shimogami]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sayaka Hobara|S Hobara]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashith Surya|A Surya]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrutha Pramuthesh|A Pramuthesh]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 15
| RD1-score2-2 = 7
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Alexander Dunn (badminton)|A Dunn]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Julie MacPherson|J MacPherson]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 19
| RD1-score3-2 = 13
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 7
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tang Chun Man|Tang C M]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tse Ying Suet|Tse Y S]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila|D Kapila]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto|T Crasto]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 15
| RD1-score5-2 = 14
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Pakkapon Teeraratsakul|P Teeraratsakul]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sapsiree Taerattanachai|S Taerattanachai]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Presley Smith|P Smith]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jennie Gai|J Gai]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 8
| RD1-score7-2 = 18
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Zhenbang|Jiang ZB]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wei Yaxin|Wei YX]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuichi Shimogami|Y Shimogami]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sayaka Hobara|S Hobara]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 7
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tang Chun Man|Tang C M]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tse Ying Suet|Tse Y S]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 19
| RD2-score2-2 = 11
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Pakkapon Teeraratsakul|P Teeraratsakul]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sapsiree Taerattanachai|S Taerattanachai]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 15
| RD2-score3-2 = 17
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 2
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Zhenbang|Jiang ZB]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wei Yaxin|Wei YX]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuichi Shimogami|Y Shimogami]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sayaka Hobara|S Hobara]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 23
| RD3-score1-2 = 18
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 2
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Jiang Zhenbang|Jiang ZB]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wei Yaxin|Wei YX]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''25'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://bwfworldtour.bwfbadminton.com/tournament/5269/yonex-sunrise-india-open-2026/ Tournament link]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
|before=[[2026 Malaysia Open (badminton)|2026 Malaysia Open]]
|title=[[2026 BWF World Tour|BWF World Tour]] [[2026 BWF season]]
|years=
|after=[[2026 Indonesia Masters]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{2026 BWF World Tour}}
{{India Open (badminton)}}

[[Category:India Open (badminton)]]
[[Category:2026 BWF World Tour|India Open]]
[[Category:January 2026 sports events in India|India Open]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian sport|India Open]]

Anti-establishment

2026-02-09T13:12:06Z

Leonuqs:

{{Short description|Opposition to the conventional social, political, and economic principles of a society}}
{{About|social and political opposition to [[the Establishment]]|religious freedom|Anti-Establishment Clause|the British punk band|Anti-Establishment (band)}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Antiestablishmentarian|Antidisestablishmentarianism}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
[[File:Delete the current government.jpg|thumb|250px|right|An anti-establishment sign at [[Lincoln's Inn Fields]], [[London]], in 2012]]
{{Party politics}}
An '''anti-establishment''' view or belief is one which stands in opposition to the conventional social, political, and economic principles of a society. The term was first used in the modern sense in 1958 by the [[UK|British]] magazine ''[[New Statesman]]'' to refer to its political and social agenda.<ref>The Compact Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, Clarendon Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0-19-861258-3}}</ref> '''Antiestablishmentarianism''' (or '''anti-establishmentarianism''') is an expression for such a [[political philosophy]]. Anti-establishment positions vary depending on [[Political spectrum|political orientation]]. For example, during the [[protests of 1968]], anti-establishment positions generally emerged from [[Left-wing populism|left-wing]], [[Socialism|socialist]], and [[Anarchism|anarchist]] circles. In the 2010s, however, anti-establishment positions generally emerged from [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] circles.

== By country ==
=== Argentina ===
The [[La Libertad Avanza|Libertad Avanza]] coalition—led by [[Javier Milei]]—has an ideology revolving anti-[[Peronism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/internacional/2021/11/15/libertad-avanza-nuevo-partido-libertario-59560693.html|title=The wake of Argentine anti-establishment political party|date=15 November 2021|language=es|work=El Periódico de Aragón|access-date=16 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170853/https://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/internacional/2021/11/15/libertad-avanza-nuevo-partido-libertario-59560693.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
[[Pauline Hanson's One Nation]] Party and the [[Clive Palmer's United Australia Party|United Australia Party]] (formerly Palmer United) have both been referred to as anti-establishment parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sundayextra/905-segment/5472920|title=The rise of anti-establishment political parties|date=23 May 2014|work=abc.net.au|access-date=16 January 2015|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630122745/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sundayextra/905-segment/5472920|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/anti-immigrant-one-nation-party-may-make-headway-in-queensland-poll|title=Anti-immigrant One Nation party may make headway in Queensland poll|date=24 November 2017|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531012358/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/anti-immigrant-one-nation-party-may-make-headway-in-queensland-poll|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
{{Expand section|1=examples and additional citations|section=28|date=November 2018|small=no|talksection=Template talk:Expand section#When should this template be used?}}

The [[People's Party of Canada]] (PPC) is seen as anti-establishment political party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/08/23/maxime-berniers-rebellion-comes-from-the-right-to-upend-canadian-politics/|title=Opinion {{!}} Maxime Bernier's rebellion comes from the right to upend Canadian politics|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-09-17|archive-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322151813/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/08/23/maxime-berniers-rebellion-comes-from-the-right-to-upend-canadian-politics/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4484433/politicians-institutions-ipsos-poll/|title=Growing desire in Canada for politician willing to 'break the rules': Ipsos poll|work=Global News|access-date=2018-11-29|language=en|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608084527/https://globalnews.ca/news/4484433/politicians-institutions-ipsos-poll/|url-status=live}}</ref> PPC leader [[Maxime Bernier]] was accused by prominent [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] politicians such as former [[List of Prime Ministers of Canada|prime ministers]] [[Stephen Harper]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2018/08/23/stephen-harper-maxime-bernier_a_23508214/|title=Stephen Harper Calls Out Maxime Bernier As A Sore Loser|date=2018-08-23|work=HuffPost Canada|access-date=2018-11-29|language=en-CA|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305215614/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2018/08/23/stephen-harper-maxime-bernier_a_23508214/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Brian Mulroney]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ipolitics.ca/2018/09/11/berniers-departure-from-tories-will-make-it-harder-to-beat-trudeau-former-pm/|title=Bernier's departure from Tories will make it harder to beat Trudeau: former PM - iPolitics|date=2018-09-11|work=iPolitics|access-date=2018-11-29|language=en-US|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305215619/https://ipolitics.ca/2018/09/11/berniers-departure-from-tories-will-make-it-harder-to-beat-trudeau-former-pm/|url-status=live}}</ref> of trying to divide the political right. Bernier responded to [[Power and Politics]] that he wanted to focus on the disaffected voters stating that "there is 20 per cent of the population who do not even bother to vote that his party will debate discussions that "the leadership and the caucus" did not want to have when he was a party member.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bernier-departure-conservatives-didn-t-tell-1.4797877|title=Bernier didn't tell anyone from the Conservative Party about his dramatic exit {{!}} CBC News|work=CBC|access-date=2018-11-29|language=en-US|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608084556/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bernier-departure-conservatives-didn-t-tell-1.4797877|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''<big>Cyprus</big>'''

The Party “[[Direct Democracy Cyprus]]” has an Anti-Establishment movement. It Founded by Former Anti-Party Politician and YouTuber [[Fidias Panayiotou]], who founded the Party as a way to “Change the Political System in Cyprus”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-16 |title=MEP Fidias creates political party |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/10/16/mep-fidias-creates-political-party |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=cyprus-mail.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Iceland ===
The [[Pirate Party of Iceland]] has an anti-establishment movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/iceland-pirate-party-2-3049417-Oct2016/|title=Iceland election: Anti-establishment Pirate Party set to shake up political landscape|last=AFP|website=thejournal.ie|date=29 October 2016 |access-date=8 April 2018|archive-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322151826/https://www.thejournal.ie/iceland-pirate-party-2-3049417-Oct2016/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/20241/pirate-party-set-to-capitalize-on-anti-establishment-sentiment-in-iceland-s-elections|title=Pirate Party Set to Capitalize On Anti-Establishment Sentiment in Iceland's Elections|website=www.worldpoliticsreview.com|date=20 October 2016 |access-date=8 April 2018|archive-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322151817/https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/20241/pirate-party-set-to-capitalize-on-anti-establishment-sentiment-in-iceland-s-elections|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/31/world/europe/icelands-prime-minister-resigns-after-pirate-party-makes-strong-gains.html|title=Iceland's Prime Minister Resigns, After Pirate Party Makes Strong Gains|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 October 2016|access-date=8 April 2018|last1=Freytas-Tamura|first1=Kimiko de|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530214949/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/31/world/europe/icelands-prime-minister-resigns-after-pirate-party-makes-strong-gains.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== India ===
In India, the 1960s saw emergence of a group of writers who called themselves [[Hungryalists]]. They were the first anti-establishment and counter culture writers in Bengal whose dissenting voice drew attention of the government and court cases were filed against them.<ref>Amritalok ISSN.0971-4308</ref> The main anti-establishment voices in Bengali literature have been [[Malay Roy Choudhury]], [[Samir Roychoudhury]], [[Subimal Basak]], Falguny Roy and Tridib Mitra.

However, anti-establishment littlemag movement is still active both in Bangladesh and West Bengal.

=== Italy ===
The [[Five Star Movement]] (M5S) and the [[Lega Nord|League]] are considered anti-establishment parties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics/italy-awaits-decision-on-last-ditch-deal-to-avoid-snap-elections-idUSKCN1IW0Z5|title=Italy's anti-establishment leaders revive governing coalition|last=Scherer|first=Steve|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-06-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202140738/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics/italy-awaits-decision-on-last-ditch-deal-to-avoid-snap-elections-idUSKCN1IW0Z5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e6a89252-1ffa-11e8-a895-1ba1f72c2c11 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e6a89252-1ffa-11e8-a895-1ba1f72c2c11 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Italy anti-establishment parties make big gains in election|date=6 March 2018|work=Financial Times|access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> The M5S led by [[Luigi Di Maio]] won the most votes in the [[Italian general election, 2018|2018 Italian general election]] and formed the largest groups in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] and in the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate]]. The center-right electoral alliance led by League's secretary [[Matteo Salvini]] won a pluralities of seats in both houses. The M5S and the League agreed to form a [[Government of Change|government coalition]], which resulted in [[Giuseppe Conte]] being appointed Prime Minister and forming the [[Conte I Cabinet|65th government of the Italian Republic]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.afr.com/news/politics/world/italys-antiestablishment-party-leaders-agree-to-terms-for-government-20180531-h10tmx|title=Italy's anti-establishment party leaders agree to terms for government|date=2018-06-01|work=Financial Review|access-date=2018-11-29|language=en-US|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129100151/https://www.afr.com/news/politics/world/italys-antiestablishment-party-leaders-agree-to-terms-for-government-20180531-h10tmx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/09/italys-populist-government-hopes-the-rules-change-in-its-favor.html|title=Italy's anti-establishment government hopes the rules change in its favor next May|last=Amaro|first=Silvia|date=2018-10-09|work=CNBC|access-date=2018-11-29|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526221528/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/09/italys-populist-government-hopes-the-rules-change-in-its-favor.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Power to the People (Italy)|Power to the People]], a left-wing to far-left electoral alliance comprising several parties, organizations, associations, committees and [[Self-managed social centers in Italy|social centers]], is also an anti-establishment movement. In its manifesto, membership to Power to the People is described as "[[Social policy|social]] and [[Politics|political]], anti-[[Liberism|liberist]] and [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]], [[Communism|communist]], [[Socialism|socialist]], [[Environmentalism|environmentalist]], [[Feminism|feminist]], [[Secularism|secular]], [[Pacifism|pacifist]], [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] and [[Southern Italy autonomist movements|southernist]] [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]", whose goal as coalition is "to create real democracy, through daily practices, [[self-governance]] experiments, [[socialisation]] of knowing and popular [[Participatory politics|participation]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://poterealpopolo.org/manifesto|title=Manifesto Potere al Popolo|work=Potere al Popolo|access-date=2018-06-04|language=it-IT|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214195703/https://poterealpopolo.org/manifesto/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Italian general election, 2018|2018 general election]], they obtained 370,320 votes for the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] (1.13%) and 319,094 votes for the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate]] (1.05%), without electing any representatives.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

=== Mexico ===
The election of [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] as [[President of Mexico]] was deemed as anti-establishment by pundits.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-44677829|title=Left-winger wins Mexican presidency|date=2018-07-02|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-11-29|language=en-GB|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502125154/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-44677829|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2018/06/29/look-for-mexicos-soon-to-be-president-amlo-to-be-praised-by-anti-trump-crowd/#436e65ed4d68|title=Look For Mexico's Soon-To-Be-President AMLO To Be Praised By Anti-Trump Crowd|last=Rapoza|first=Kenneth|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-11-29|language=en|archive-date=20 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020004959/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2018/06/29/look-for-mexicos-soon-to-be-president-amlo-to-be-praised-by-anti-trump-crowd/#436e65ed4d68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.ca/search?safe=active&rlz=1C1CHBF_enCA814CA815&ei=qzz_W6mZOZGgjwSHwKC4Cg&q=amlo+anti+estavlishment&oq=amlo+anti+estavlishment&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i160.1867.6604..6787...0.0..0.175.2177.5j14......0....1..gws-wiz.......0j0i67j0i203j0i20i263j0i19j0i22i30i19j0i22i30j33i21j33i13i21.LttslD99umw|title=amlo anti estavlishment - Google Search|website=www.google.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-11-29|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608103922/https://www.google.ca/search?safe=active&rlz=1C1CHBF_enCA814CA815&ei=qzz_W6mZOZGgjwSHwKC4Cg&q=amlo+anti+estavlishment&oq=amlo+anti+estavlishment&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i160.1867.6604..6787...0.0..0.175.2177.5j14......0....1..gws-wiz.......0j0i67j0i203j0i20i263j0i19j0i22i30i19j0i22i30j33i21j33i13i21.LttslD99umw|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Paraguay ===
The [[National Crusade Party]], founded and led by former senator [[Paraguayo Cubas]], has anti-establishment elements within the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202305/627162-cruzada-nacional-elecciones-paraguay.html|title=Qué es Cruzada Nacional, el partido que sacó 23% en las elecciones en Paraguay|date=1 May 2023|language=es|work=Telam|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502180916/https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202305/627162-cruzada-nacional-elecciones-paraguay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2023 Paraguayan general election|2023 general election]], Cubas ended in third place in the presidential election—with almost 23% of the vote—while in the parliamentary election, the party became the third political force in both chambers.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[La Nación (Paraguay)]]|title=El Partido Colorado tendrá 49 representantes en Cámara de Diputados|date=30 April 2023|url=https://www.lanacion.com.py/politica/2023/04/30/el-partido-colorado-tendra-47-representantes-en-camara-de-diputados/|language=es|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502183423/https://www.lanacion.com.py/politica/2023/04/30/el-partido-colorado-tendra-47-representantes-en-camara-de-diputados/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
In the UK anti-establishment figures and groups are seen as those who argue or act against the [[ruling class]]. Examples of British anti-establishment satire include much of the humour of [[Peter Cook]] and [[Ben Elton]]; novels such as [[Rumpole of the Bailey]]; magazines such as ''[[Private Eye]]''; and television programmes like ''[[Spitting Image]]'', ''[[That Was The Week That Was]]'', and ''[[The Prisoner]]'' (see also the [[satire boom]] of the 1960s). Anti-establishment themes also can be seen in the novels of writers such as [[Will Self]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spikemagazine.com/0597self.php|title=Self Destruction|author=Chris Mitchell|work=Spike Magazine|access-date=20 October 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061101072152/http://www.spikemagazine.com/0597self.php| archive-date= 1 November 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref>

However, by operating through the arts and media, the line between politics and culture is blurred, so that [[pigeonholing]] figures such as [[Banksy]] as either anti-establishment or counter-culture figures can be difficult.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5346822.stm|title=Faces of the week|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 October 2006|date=15 September 2006|archive-date=11 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111180057/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5346822.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Tabloid journalism|tabloid]] newspapers such as ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'', are less subtle, and commonly report on the sex-lives of the [[House of Windsor|Royals]] simply because it sells newspapers, but in the process have been described as having anti-establishment views that have weakened traditional institutions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5385814.stm|title=Prince fears media embarrassment|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 October 2006|date=27 September 2006|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319044334/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5385814.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> On the other hand, as time passes, anti-establishment figures sometimes end up becoming part of the Establishment, as [[Mick Jagger]], the [[Rolling Stones]] frontman, became a [[Knight]] in 2003,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2045813.stm | work=BBC News | title=Jagger: It's only rock 'n' roll | date=12 December 2003 | access-date=11 May 2011 | archive-date=10 July 2004 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040710164340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2045813.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> or when [[The Who]] [[frontman]] [[Roger Daltrey]] was made a [[Order of the British Empire|Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] in 2005 in recognition of both his music and his work for charity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4249453.stm|title=Who singer Daltrey collects CBE|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 October 2006|date=9 February 2005|archive-date=24 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624203241/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4249453.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== United States ===
Individuals who were anti-establishment often spoke of "fighting [[the man]]", not wanting to be "selling out to [[the Establishment]]", and "tearing down the Establishment." Many well renowned activists and activist groups innovated great changes to society by standing up to the Establishment.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

[[Samuel P. Huntington]] described the establishment as the coalition a president should establish upon being elected.<blockquote>
The President act[s]...with the support and cooperation of key individuals and groups in the executive office, the federal bureaucracy, Congress, and the more important businesses, banks, law firms, foundations, and media, which constitute the private sector's "Establishment."...The day after ...election, the size of his majority is almost — if not entirely — irrelevant to his ability to govern the country. What counts then is his ability to mobilize support from the leaders of key institutions in a society and government. ... This coalition must include key people in Congress, the executive branch, and the private-sector 'Establishment'.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zinn|first=Howard|date=n.d.|title=The Seventies: Under Control?|website=History Is A Weapon|place=N.p.|access-date=4 March 2012|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnseven20.html|archive-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304085340/http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnseven20.html|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

==== Early usage ====
Anti-establishment in the United States began in the 1940s and continued through the 1950s.

Many [[World War II]] [[veteran]]s, who had seen horrors and inhumanities, began to question every aspect of life, including its meaning. Urged to return to "normal lives" and plagued by [[post traumatic stress disorder]] (discussing it was "not manly"), in which many of them went on to found the [[outlaw motorcycle club]] [[Hells Angels]]. Some veterans, who founded the [[Beat Movement]], were denigrated as ''Beatniks'' and accused of being "downbeat" on everything. [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]] wrote a Beat autobiography that cited his wartime service.

Citizens had also begun to question authority, especially after the Gary Powers [[1960 U-2 incident|U-2 Incident]], wherein President Eisenhower repeatedly assured people the United States was not spying on Russia, then was caught in a blatant lie. This general dissatisfaction was popularized by [[Peggy Lee]]'s laconic pop song "[[Is That All There Is?]]", but remained unspoken and unfocused. It was not until the [[Baby Boomers]] came along in huge numbers that protest became organized, who were named by the Beats as "little hipsters".{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

==== 1960s ====
"Anti-establishment" became a buzzword of the tumultuous 1960s. Young people raised in comparative luxury saw many wrongs perpetuated by society and began to question "the Establishment". Contentious issues included the ongoing [[Vietnam War]] with no clear goal or end point, the constant military build-up and diversion of funds for the [[Cold War]], perpetual widespread poverty being ignored, money-wasting [[boondoggle (project)|boondoggle]]s like [[pork barrel]] projects and the [[Space Race]], festering race issues, a stultifying education system, repressive laws and harsh sentences for casual [[recreational drug use|drug use]], and a general malaise among the older generation. On the other side, "[[Middle America (United States)|Middle America]]" often regarded questions as accusations, and saw the younger generation as spoiled, drugged-out, sex-crazed, unambitious [[slacker]]s.

Anti-establishment debates were common because they touched on everyday aspects of life. Even innocent questions could escalate into angry diatribes. For example, "Why do we spend millions on a foreign war and a space program when our schools are falling apart?" would be answered with "We need to keep our military strong and ready to stop the Communists from taking over the world." As in any debate, there were valid and unsupported arguments on both sides. "[[Make love not war]]" invoked "America, love it or leave it."

[[File:Ken Westerfield 1977.jpg|thumb|320px|right|As a [[hippie]], [[Ken Westerfield]] helped to popularize [[Frisbee]] as an [[Flying disc games|alternative disc sport]] in the 1960s and 1970s.]]
As the 1960s simmered, the anti-Establishment adopted conventions in opposition to the Establishment. T-shirts and blue jeans became the uniform of the young because their parents wore collar shirts and slacks. The use of illegal drugs was favored over the legal consumption of alcohol. Promoting peace and love was the antidote to promulgating hatred and war. Living in [[genteel poverty]] was more "honest" than amassing a nest egg and a house in the [[suburb]]s. [[Rock and roll|Rock 'n roll]] was played loudly over [[easy listening]]. [[Draft dodger|Dodging the draft]] was passive resistance to traditional [[military service]]. Dancing was free-style, not learned in a ballroom. Over time, anti-establishment messages crept into popular culture: songs, fashion, movies, lifestyle choices, television.

The emphasis on freedom allowed previously hushed conversations about sex, politics, or religion to be openly discussed. A wave of radical liberation movements for minority groups came out of the 1960s, including [[second-wave feminism]]; [[Black Power]], [[Red Power]], and the [[Chicano Movement]]; and [[gay liberation]]. These movements differed from previous efforts to improve minority rights by their opposition to [[respectability politics]] and militant tone. Programs were put in place to deal with inequities: [[Equal Opportunity Employment]], the [[Head Start (education)|Head Start Program]], enforcement of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]], [[desegregation busing|busing]], and others. But the widespread dissemination of new ideas also sparked a backlash and resurgence in conservative religions, new segregated private schools, [[LGBT rights opposition|anti-gay]] and [[Anti-abortion movements|anti-abortion legislation]], and other reversals. Extremists {{clarify|date=February 2021}} tended to be heard more because they made good copy for newspapers and television.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} In many ways, the angry debates of the 1960s led to modern right-wing talk radio and coalitions for "traditional [[family values]]".

As the 1960s passed, society had changed to the point that the definition of the Establishment had blurred, and the term "anti-establishment" seemed to fall out of use.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==== 1960s to present: the use of anti-establishment rhetoric in American politics ====
{{see also|Counterculture of the 1960s}}
Howard Zinn, in his bestseller titled ''A People's History of the United States'' mentions the concept of "establishment" several times in the book. In reference to the 1896 election and McKinley's victory,<ref>{{cite web|last=Zinn|first=Howard|date=n.d.|title=Robber Barons And Rebels|website=History Is A Weapon|place=N.p.|access-date=4 March 2012|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnbaron11.html|archive-date=23 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323012031/http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnbaron11.html|url-status=live}}</ref> when talking about socialism in the early 20th century,<ref>{{cite web|last=Zinn|first=Howard|date=n.d.|title=War is the Health of the State|website=History Is A Weapon|place=N.p.|access-date=4 March 2012|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnwarhea14.html|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112212755/http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnwarhea14.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a major WWI general strike in 1919,<ref>{{cite web|last=Zinn|first=Howard|date=n.d.|title=Self Help in Hard Times|website=History Is A Weapon|place=N.p.|access-date=4 March 2012|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnselhel15.html|archive-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084136/http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnselhel15.html|url-status=live}}</ref> when writing about the aftermath of WWII,<ref>{{cite web|last=Zinn|first=Howard|date=n.d.|title=A People's War?|website=History Is A Weapon|place=N.p.|access-date=4 March 2012|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnpeopleswar.html|archive-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304094126/http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnpeopleswar.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in the talk about the repression of a communist party organizer, in discussion of the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]] led by Martin Luther King Jr. and others,<ref name="Zinn">{{cite web|last=Zinn|first=Howard|date=n.d.|title=Or Does it Explode?|website=History Is A Weapon|place=N.p.|access-date=4 March 2012|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinn17explo.html|archive-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304085537/http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinn17explo.html|url-status=live}}</ref> when writing about how even when black leaders were elected, they could not overcome the establishment and in reference to opposition in the Vietnam War,<ref name="Zinn"/> the establishment before and after the Watergate Scandal,<ref>{{cite web|last=Zinn|first=Howard|date=n.d.|title=The Seventies: Under Control?|website=History Is A Weapon|place=N.p.|access-date=4 March 2012|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnimvivi18.html|archive-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304090306/http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnimvivi18.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the establishment from Jimmy Carter's Administration to George H.W.'s administration,<ref>{{cite web|last=Zinn|first=Howard|date=n.d.|title=Carter-Reagan-Bush: The Bipartisan Consensus|website=History Is A Weapon|place=N.p.|access-date=4 March 2012|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinncarebu21.html|archive-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304092801/http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinncarebu21.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the Iran-Contra Affair and the establishment, the maintaining of the military establishment even after the Cold War ended, the [[Vietnam Syndrome]] that leads to anti-establishment thought,<ref>{{cite web|last=Zinn|first=Howard|date=n.d.|title=The Unreported Resistance|website=History Is A Weapon|place=N.p.|access-date=4 March 2012|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnunrepo22.html|archive-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304085531/http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnunrepo22.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and in a discussion of the 2000 election.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zinn|first=Howard|date=n.d.|title=The 2000 Election and the 'War on Terrorism'|website=History Is A Weapon|place=N.p.|access-date=4 March 2012|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinn2000electionch25.html|archive-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304085004/http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinn2000electionch25.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 1999 WTO protests, Occupy protests and anti-establishment thought ====
In 2011, with the rise of anti-austerity protests, online activism like [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]] and the advent of the [[Occupy protests]] targeting the power of high finance and fighting for "the 99%," anti-establishment thought has reappeared. BBC News commented in one article that "The sinister [[Guy Fawkes mask]] made famous by the film ''[[V for Vendetta (film)|V for Vendetta]]'' has become an emblem for anti-establishment protest groups."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15359735 | work=BBC News | title=V for Vendetta masks: Who's behind them? | date=20 October 2011 | access-date=21 July 2018 | archive-date=14 May 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514122204/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15359735 | url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[1999 Seattle WTO protests]] the Earth Rainbow Network had (and still has) a page titled "The Anti-Establishment Files: Info and background material on the coming World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthrainbownetwork.com/AntiEstablishmentFiles.htm|title=The Anti-Establishment Files: The WTO meeting in Seattle|work=earthrainbownetwork.com|access-date=4 March 2012|archive-date=14 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214232842/http://earthrainbownetwork.com/AntiEstablishmentFiles.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Shift in usage ====
{{see also|Drain the swamp}}
In recent years, with the rise of the [[populist right]], the term anti-establishment has tended to refer to both left-wing and right-wing movements expressing dissatisfaction with mainstream institutions. For those on the right, this can be fueled by feelings of alienation from major institutions such as the government, corporations, media, and education system, which are perceived as holding progressive social norms, an inversion of the meaning formerly associated with the term. This can be accounted for by a perceived cultural and institutional shift to the left by many on the right. According to [[Pew Research]], Western European populist parties from both sides of the ideological spectrum tapped into anti-establishment sentiment in 2017, "from the [[Brexit]] referendum to [[2018 Italian general election|national elections in Italy]]".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simmons |first1=Katie |title=In Western Europe, Populist Parties Tap Anti-Establishment Frustration but Have Little Appeal Across Ideological Divide |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2018/07/12/in-western-europe-populist-parties-tap-anti-establishment-frustration-but-have-little-appeal-across-ideological-divide/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=12 July 2018 |publisher=Pew Research |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731001525/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2018/07/12/in-western-europe-populist-parties-tap-anti-establishment-frustration-but-have-little-appeal-across-ideological-divide/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sarah Kendzior of QZ argued that the term ''anti-establishment'' "has lost all meaning",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kendzior |first1=Sarah |title=The term "anti-establishment" has lost all meaning in this year's US presidential race |url=https://qz.com/682287/the-term-anti-establishment-has-lost-all-meaning-in-this-years-us-presidential-race/ |website=Quartz |date=12 May 2016 |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731085157/https://qz.com/682287/the-term-anti-establishment-has-lost-all-meaning-in-this-years-us-presidential-race/ |url-status=live }}</ref> citing a campaign video from then candidate [[Donald Trump]] titled "Fighting the Establishment".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trump |first1=Donald |title=Fighting the Establishment |url=https://www.facebook.com/DonaldTrump/videos/10156563265515725/ |website=Facebook |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107004750/https://www.facebook.com/DonaldTrump/videos/10156563265515725/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The term anti-establishment has tended to refer to right-wing populist movements, including [[nationalist]] movements and [[anti-lockdown protests]], since Trump and the global populist wave, starting as far back as 2015 and as recently as 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lowry |first1=Rich |title=The Anti-Establishment Front-Runner |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/10/the-anti-establishment-front-runner-213280/ |website=Politico |date=21 October 2015 |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731085146/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/10/the-anti-establishment-front-runner-213280/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Robert |first1=Zaretsky |title=The Tough New COVID Rules That Could Determine the Future of France |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/07/macron-france-covid-vaccine-rules-protests.html |website=Slate |date=20 July 2021 |publisher=The Slate Group |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731020721/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/07/macron-france-covid-vaccine-rules-protests.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Anti-war]]
* [[Conflict theories]]
* [[Elitism]]
* [[The Establishment]]
* [[Hungry generation]]
* [[Neo-nationalism]]
* [[New Left]]
*[[New Right]]
* [[Peace movement]]
* [[Populism]]
* [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)]]
* [[Protest]]
* [[Statism]]
* [[Anti-authoritarianism]]
* [[Political radicalism]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Political spectrum}}
{{Political ideologies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Establishment}}
[[Category:1950s neologisms]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Sociolinguistics]]

Kaithapram Viswanathan Namboothiri

2026-02-07T23:17:04Z

Leonuqs: new new data w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian musician and music director (1963–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kaithapram Viswanathan Namboothiri
| image =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1963
| birth_place = Kaithapram, [[Payyanur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 29 December 2021 (aged 58)
| death_place = Vellalasery, [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], Kerala, India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = *Composer
*Musician
| parents = Keshavan Namboothiri, Adithi Antharjanam
| spouse = Gouri
| children = Adithi, Narmada, Keshav
| relatives = [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] (brother)
| awards = {{ubl | [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music]]}}
| yearsactive = 1996–2021
| signature =
}}

'''Kaithapram Vishwanathan Namboothiri''' (1963 – 29 December 2021) was an Indian musician and music director.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=ആ പാട്ടുപുഴ ഒഴുകിത്തീർന്നു; സംഗീതജ്ഞൻ കൈതപ്രം വിശ്വനാഥന് വിട|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/12/29/kaithapram-viswanathan-passed-away.html|access-date=29 December 2021|work=Malayala Manorama|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=P. K. Ajith|date=29 December 2021|title=Composer Kaithapram Viswanathan passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/composer-kaithapram-viswanathan-passes-away/article38064987.ece|access-date=29 December 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was awarded [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music]] in 2001 for his background music for [[Kannaki (film)|Kannaki]].

==Life and career==
Viswanathan was born in Kaithapram village in Payyanur Taluk of Kannur district in 1963 to Kannadi Kesavan Namboothiri (A [[Carnatic musician]] and a disciple of [[Chembai|Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar]]) and Adithi Antharjanam as their youngest child.<ref>{{Cite news|title=സംഗീത സംവിധായകന്‍ കൈതപ്രം വിശ്വനാഥന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/music-director-kaithapram-viswanathan-passed-away-1.6311734|access-date=2022-01-02|work=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> His eldest brother, [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]], is a lyricist and a poet.

An alumnus of Thiruvananthapuram Music College, Nambudiri handled the orchestra for his brother's songs in [[Jayaraj]]'s [[Desadanam]]. He made his debut with [[Kaliyattam]], directed by [[Jayaraj]]. He has done music for about 23 films, many of which were directed by [[Jayaraj]] including [[Kannaki (film)|Kannaki]] and [[Thilakkam]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=സംഗീത സംവിധായകൻ കൈതപ്രം വിശ്വനാഥൻ അന്തരിച്ചു|work=[[Asianet News]]|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment-news/kaithapram-vishwanathan-nambudiri-passed-away-r4vh87|access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref> Most of his songs were written by his own brother, but many other lyricists like [[Gireesh Puthenchery]], [[Sachidanandan Puzhankara]] and [[S. Ramesan Nair]] also wrote his songs. His scores had been rendered by [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Jayachandran]], [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[G. Venugopal]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 December 2021|title=Music director Kaithapram Viswanathan Namboothiri passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/music-director-kaithapram-viswanathan-namboothiri-passes-away-7696775/|access-date=29 December 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Viswanathan died of cancer at the MVR Cancer Center in Vellalasery near Kozhikode on 29 December 2021, at the age of 58.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Music director Kaithapram Viswanathan dies at 58|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/13006210_Music-director-Kaithapram-Viswanathan-dies-at-58.html|date=29 December 2021|access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref> He was cremated with full state honours at Thiruvannur Kovilakam crematorium near his home. He is survived by his wife Gouri, daughters Adithi and Narmada, son Keshav, brothers Damodaran and Vasudevan and sister Thankam. Both his parents and another sister, Saraswathi, predeceased him.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1857662}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Namboothiri, Kaithapram Vishwanathan}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]

1867 in India

2026-01-24T17:49:50Z

Leonuqs: reworked layout to improve readability and improved wording per standard format

{{short description|none}} 
{{Year in India|1867}}
Events in the year '''1867 in India'''.

==Incumbents==
*Sir [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]], [[Governor-General of India]], 12 January 1864 – 12 January 1869
*Colonel [[Henry Errington Longden]], Adjutant-General of India, January 1866–March 1869
*[[Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier|Lord Napier]], [[Governor of Madras]], 1866–1872
*Chhatar Sal Singh II, Maharao of [[Kota State]], 27 March 1866 – 11 June 1889
*[[Sagramji II Devaji]] (Sagramji Bhanabhai), Thakur of [[Gondal State]], 1851-14 December 1869
*[[Bham Pratap Singh]], Raja and Maharajah of [[Bijawar State]], 23 November 1847 – 15 September 1899
*[[Shri Singh]], Raja of [[Chamba State]], 1844–1870
*[[Ranmalsinhji Amarsinhji]], Raj Sahib of [[Dhrangadhra State]], 9 April 1843 – 16 October 1869
*[[Madan Pal]], Maharaja of [[Karauli State]], 4 March 1854 – 16 August 1869
*[[Pratap Singh Deo]], Maharajah of Patna, 1866–1878
*[[Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V]], [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], 16 May 1857 – 26 February 1869
*[[Ram Singh I]], Raja of [[Sitamau State]], 1802–1867
*[[Bhawani Singh]], Raja of Sitamau State, 1867-28 May 1885
*[[Khem Savant IV "Bapu Sahib" Bhonsale]], Raja Bahadur of [[Sawantwadi State]], 3 October 1812 – 1867
*[[Phond Savant IV "Bapu Sahib" Bhonsale]], Raja Bahadur of Sawantwadi State, 1867-7 March 1869
*[[William Reierson Arbuthnot]], member of the Madras Legislative Council, 1866–1870

==Events==
*[[Hindus]] in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] [[Hindu-Urdu controversy|demanded]] that [[Hindi]] be made an official language in place of [[Urdu]].
*[[Urdu/Hindi Controversy]].<ref>
[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A133 Urdu-Hindi Controversy], from [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/ Story of Pakistan].</ref>
*The central government switches from a May–April [[fiscal year]] to an April–March one to align with that of the British government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infracircle.in/india-move-january-december-financial-year-april-march-shankar-acharya-committee-finance-ministry/ |title=India should move to January–December financial year from April–March, Shankar Acharya Committee to finance ministry |website=Infracircle |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=28 December 2016 |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230185927/http://www.infracircle.in/india-move-january-december-financial-year-april-march-shankar-acharya-committee-finance-ministry/ |archive-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*British Indian soldiers participate in the [[British Expedition to Abyssinia]] from 1867 to 1868
*[[Jesuits]] destroy the ruins of the [[Chudamani Vihara]]
*British soldiers mounted the [[Andaman Islands Expedition]], landing on [[Little Andaman]] on 21 March
*[[Prarthana Samaj]], a movement for religious and social reform in Bombay, was founded
*[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Administration of the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867]] was passed
*[[Dadabhai Naoroji]] established the [[East India Association]], one of the predecessor organisations of the [[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Henry Miers Elliot]]'s ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'' is published in London from 1867 to 1877
*[[Ohel David Synagogue]] was constructed in [[Pune]] by [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David Sassoon]]
*[[Sassoon Hospital]] was built in Pune by David Sassoon
*[[St. Vincent's High School]] was established in Pune
*[[Sribati G.K. High School]] was established
*[[Balmer Lawrie]] manufacturing company was founded in Calcutta
*[[Madras Boat Club]], one of the oldest rowing centres in India, was founded
*[[Balaghat district]] was constituted
*[[Buldhana district]] was constituted
*[[Ellichpur District]] was constituted
*[[Daulatpur Mohsin High School]] was founded
*[[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]'s Allahabad-Jubbulpore branch line was opened in June
*[[Jogeshwari railway station]] was opened
*[[Mahalaxmi railway station]] was opened
*[[BB&CI]], the first suburban railway, opened

==Law==
*[[Murderous Outrages Regulation]]
*[[Gambling in India|Public Gambling Act of 1867]] is passed, prohibiting the running or being in charge of a public gaming house
*Press & Registration Of Books Act
*Portuguese Civil Code
*Oriental Gas Company Act

==Births==
*[[Bruce McRae]], American stage and early silent film actor, on 15 January
*[[Champat Rai Jain]], founder of the [[Jain]] mission in London, is born on 6 August in Delhi
*[[Harry Bard]], secretary of the [[Pan American Society]] of the United States, on 27 August<ref>{{cite book |author=Glen Levin Swiggett |title=Proceedings of the second Pan American scientific congress |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1917 |page=[https://archive.org/details/proceedingsseco10swiggoog/page/n127 105] |quote=Harry E. Bard, secretary of the Pan American Society of the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsseco10swiggoog}}</ref>
*[[M. V. Dhurandhar]], painter and postcard artist, born in [[Kolhapur]], Maharashtra<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/17/stories/2008011751200200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121065801/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/17/stories/2008011751200200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 January 2008 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Promoting contemporary art |date=17 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imagesofasia.com/dhurandhar.php |title=Women of India by M.v. Dhurandhar |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120061013/http://imagesofasia.com/dhurandhar.php |archive-date=20 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Mahashankar Vishwanath Thaker]], Chief Treasurer of the Princely State of [[Limbdi]] under [[Jhala]] [[Rajput]] rule, born in [[Wadhwan]], Gujarat
*[[Edward Vere Levinge]], administrator in the Indian Civil Service who rose to serve as acting Lieutenant-Governor of the British Raj, born on 24 May in [[Cuttack]]
*[[Sankaradas Swamigal]], Tamil writer, actor, playwright, songwriter and drama producer, born in [[Tuticorin]]
*[[Maud Diver]], English author who wrote novels, short stories, biographies and journalistic pieces, born on 9 September in [[Murree]]
*Jain Spiritual Saint, Philosopher and Poet Shrimad RajchandraJi was Born in Vavania, Gujarat on 09thNovember 1967

==Deaths==
*[[Ram Singh I]], Raja of [[Sitamau State]], 1867
*[[Khem Savant IV "Bapu Sahib" Bhonsale]], Raja Bahadur of [[Sawantwadi State]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1867}}

[[Category:1867 in India| ]]
[[Category:1867 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in India]]
[[Category:1867 in Asia]]
[[Category:1860s in India]]

Shaukat Hayat Khan

2026-01-20T18:25:21Z

Leonuqs:

{{Short description|Pakistani politician and military officer}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Major (rank)|Major]] ''Shaukat-i-Punjab''
| name = Shaukat Hayat Khan
| native_name = {{nq|شوکت حیات خان}}
| image = Shaukat Hayat Khan.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| alt =
| caption = Khan, c. 1942
| office = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| termstart = 26 March 1977
| termend = 5 July 1977
| constituency = [[NA-56 (Attock-II)|NA-42 (Campbellpur-II)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.electionpakistani.com/ge1977/NA-42.htm|title = NA-42 Campbellpur Election 1977 Full Result Vote Candidate}}</ref>
| termstart1 = 14 April 1972
| termend1 = 10 January 1977
| constituency1 = [[NA-55 (Attock-I)|NW-30 (Campbellpur-I)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.electionpakistani.com/ge1970/nw-30.htm|title = NW-30 Campbellpur Attock Election 1970 Full Result Vote Candidate}}</ref>
| office2 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]
| termstart2 = 10 August 1947
| termend2 = 24 October 1954
| constituency2 = Campbellpur District
| birth_date = 24 September 1915
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1998|09|25|1915|09|24}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[British Punjab]]
| father = [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
| spouse = [[Begum Mussarat Mahmood Shaukat Hyat Khan]] (wife)
| children = 6
| education = [[Aitchison College]] [[Aligarh Muslim University]] [[Indian Military Academy]] British Middle East Staff College, [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| death_place = [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]]
| nickname = SHK Shark
| branch = {{army|British Raj}}
| serviceyears = 1937–1942
| rank = Major<ref>Khan was made Captain in 1941 and War Substantive Major in 1942 after passing a promotion course at Haifa Staff College. He was regularized as Major upon early release in 1945. See Indian Army List 1945</ref>
| unit =[[16th Light Cavalry]] [[1st Duke of York's Own Skinner's Horse]]
| commands =
| battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
** [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean and Middle East theatre]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}

'''Shaukat Hayat Khan'''{{efn|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]]: {{nq|شوكت حيات خان}}}} (24 September 1915 – 25 September 1998) was an influential [[politician]], [[Major (rank)|military officer]], and [[Pakistan Movement]] [[:Category:Pakistan Movement activists|activist]] who played a major role in the organising of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in the [[British Empire|British]]-controlled [[British Punjab|Punjab]].

Educated at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and served in the [[British Indian Army]] in the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Middle East]] theatre of the [[World War II|Second World War]], he actively participated in the politics through the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] platform. After a brief retirement, he made his comeback in politics during the [[1970 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 1970 and was an instrumental negotiator in trying to settle the political issues with the [[Awami League]].

==Background==
Shaukat Hayat Khan was born in [[Amritsar]], on 24 September 1915.<ref name="Salaam Society Journal">{{cite magazine |last=Press release|title=Obituaries: Shaukat Hyat Khan|magazine=Salaam Society Journal|date=November 1998|volume=28|issue=11|pages=49|url=http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/impact/vol28no11pp49-50.pdf|accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref> His family hailed from the famous Hayat [[Khattar (clan)|Khattar]] clan of [[Wah (cantonment)|Wah]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Shaukat Hayat Khan |title=The Nation that Lost its Soul: Memoirs |location=Lahore|publisher=Jang Group of Publishers |year=1995 |page=12}}</ref> in [[Attock]], and he was the eldest son of Sir [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]], a notable [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] statesman and [[feudal]] baron, from his first wife Begum Zubaida Khanum, a lady from a prominent [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] family settled in [[Amritsar]], [[British Raj|British India]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Shaukat Hayat Khan |title=The Nation that Lost its Soul: Memoirs |location=Lahore|publisher=Jang Group of Publishers |year=1995 |page=17}}</ref>

After his mother's early demise in 1919, the young Shaukat and his siblings were taken care of by their aunt and in due course, he was sent to study at the [[Aitchison College]] and the [[Aligarh Muslim University]], briefly, before he was sent, in keeping with family tradition, to join the [[British Indian Army]], upon passing the qualifying examinations.<ref>Shaukat Hyat Khan, ''Memoirs'', p. 19</ref>

==Early military career==
Upon completing his military training or [[cadetship]] at the [[Indian Military Academy]], he was formally commissioned as a [[Second Lieutenant]] on the Special List with effect from 15 July 1937.<ref>July 1938 Indian Army List</ref> He was then attached to the 1st battalion Northamptonshire Regiment for a year then in August 1938 joined the [[16th Light Cavalry]].<ref>Originally the 1st Madras Lancers, the senior-most regiment of the Indian Cavalry. See C. Kempton, ''A Register of the Titles of the Units of the HEIC & Indian Armies, 1666–1947'', Bristol: British Empire & Commonwealth Museum, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-9530174-0-9}}</ref><ref>October 1938 Indian Army List</ref> After some service on the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier]], when the [[World War II|Second World War]] broke out, he volunteered to go abroad for active service with any cavalry regiment being sent out to the Front, and was therefore seconded to [[Skinner's Horse]].<ref>1st Duke of York's Own Cavalry, the Bengal Lancers. For further details, see John Gaylor, ''Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies, 1903–1991'', Orig. pub. London, 1992. Reprint New Delhi: Lancer International Publications, 1993, pp. 59–61. {{ISBN|81-7062-185-2}}</ref> He thereafter served in [[Somalia]], the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]] from 1940 to 1942, first promoted [[Captain]] April - July 1941, after that as a temporary Major until after his father's death in December 1942, when he quit military service to take up his political role in the Punjab. Upon taking his release he was regularized with the rank of [[Major (rank)|major]]. He stayed in [[London]] for a short period during 1943.

==Early political career==
On taking up his late father's political mantle, he was duly elected to the Punjab Assembly and made a member of the cabinet under the new Punjab premier, [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], and subsequently served as Minister for Public Works in the [[Unionist Muslim League]] government. Dismissed in 1944 for his increasingly pro-[[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and pro-[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] ideals and policies, he was subsequently elected Deputy Leader of the Punjab League. Re-elected to the Punjab Assembly in 1946, he became one of the most prominent activists in the Muslim League's "Direct Action" campaign through its paramilitary wing the [[Muslim National Guard]] and the most famous and popular of the League's young leadership, winning the title of "''Shaukat-i-Punjab''" (Shaukat<ref>Literally implying 'honour' and 'fame', a play on SHK's name. See Shahid Mahmud, ''Islamic Names and Titles in India and Pakistan'', Rawalpindi: Ashraf Books, 1969, p.36</ref> of the Punjab) from Jinnah himself.<ref>Shaukat Hyat Khan, "Memoirs', pp.77–78</ref> He played a significant role in eventually winning over the [[Punjabi Muslims]] in large numbers, to the cause of the League and of an [[independent Pakistan]].<ref>See 1998 Obituary by Omer Tarin, reprinted in ''Selected Shorter Essays'', pub. TSI, Pakistan, and Lulu Publishing, USA, 2011, p. 15. {{ISBN|978-1-105-15532-1}}</ref>

==Later career==
After partition he left the Muslim League party amidst conflicts with [[Mian Mumtaz Daultana]] and briefly joined the Pakistan Azad Party along with [[Mian Iftikharuddin]]. Between the 1950s and 1970s, in his own words, he was 'an unlucky witness to the gradual destruction of the Quaid's (i.e. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]]s) Pakistan',<ref>''Memoirs'', pp. 128–129</ref> at the hands of greedy and corrupt politicians and the [[Martial Law|martial law]] regimes.

Elected again from Attock in the 1970 general elections, he played a key role in the opposition negotiations with [[Zulfikar Bhutto]] which led to the passage of Pakistan's first interim constitution.<ref>The 1973 Constitution in fact</ref> He was also one of the few Pakistani statesmen in 1970–71, who tried to negotiate amicably with the [[Awami League]], to try to salvage former East Pakistan, which seceded and became [[Bangladesh]] soon afterwards.<ref>''Memoirs'' pp. 294–301</ref> Disillusioned, Khan soon afterwards resigned permanently from political life.<ref>''Memoirs'', pp. 354–55</ref>

He died in [[Islamabad]] on 25 September 1998 and is survived by two sons and four daughters. His son Sikander Hayat Junior has twice fought provincial elections from the PPP.<ref name="Salaam Society Journal"/>

==Authorship==
He wrote his memoirs entitled ''The Nation That Lost Its Soul: Memoirs of a Freedom Fighter'' (Lahore: Jang, 1995), its Urdu version being called ''Gumgashtah Qaum : Ek Mujāhid-i Āzādī Kī Yād Dāshten̲''.

== See also ==
*[[Muhammad Hayat Khan]]
*[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
*[[Pakistan Movement]]
*[[All India Muslim League]]
*[[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]]
*[[Skinner's Horse]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Shaukat Hyat Khan, "The Nation that Lost its Soul: Memoirs of Sirdar Shaukat Hayat Khan"; Lahore:Jang Publications,1995

{{Authority control}}

{{Pakistan Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Shaukat Hayat}}
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement|Khan, Abdul Qayyum]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Hayat Khattar family|Shaukat]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:People from Attock District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Punjab]]
[[Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1947–1954]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Caste system among South Asian Muslims

2026-01-20T08:16:53Z

Leonuqs: new info

{{Short description|Social system in South Asia}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Cleanup lang|article|date=February 2023}}
[[Muslim]] communities in South Asia have a system of [[social stratification]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Pratik Patnaik |title=Caste Among Indian Muslims Is a Real Issue. So Why Deny Them Reservation? |url=https://thewire.in/caste/caste-among-indian-muslims-real-why-deny-reservation |date=December 2, 2020 |newspaper=The Wire}}</ref> arising from concepts other than "pure" and "impure", which are integral to the [[caste system in India]].{{sfn|Azra Khanam|2013|pp=120–121}}<ref name="Webner">{{Cite book |title=The Migration Process: Capital, Gifts and Offerings among British Pakistanis |last1=Webner |first1=Pnina |date=2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc |access-date=30 October 2016 |isbn=9781472518477 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1O2kBgAAQBAJ&q=caste+purity+among+Muslims&pg=PT84}}</ref> It developed as a result of relations among foreign conquerors, local [[Caste|upper-caste]] [[Hindus]] convert to Islam (''[[Sharif#Usage in South Asia|ashraf]]'', also known as ''tabqa-i ashrafiyya''{{sfn|Julien Levesque|2020|p=4}}) and local lower-caste converts (''ajlaf''), as well as the continuation of the Indian caste system by converts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gautier |first1=Laurence |last2=Levesque |first2=Julien |date=July 2020 |title=Introduction: Historicizing Sayyid-ness: Social Status and Muslim Identity in South Asia |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=383–393 |doi=10.1017/S1356186320000139 |issn=1356-1863 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Non-''ashrafs'' are [[Other Backward Class|backward-caste]] converts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashraf: Islamic Caste Group |publisher=Britannica |year=2021 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ashraf-Islamic-caste-group}}</ref> The concept of ''"pasmanda"'' includes ''ajlaf'' and ''arzal'' Muslims; ''ajlaf'' status is defined by descent from converts to Islam and by ''Birth'' (profession).{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}} These terms are not part of the sociological
vocabulary in regions such as [[Kashmir]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], and say little about the functioning of Muslim society.{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}}

The [[Baradari (brotherhood)|Baradari]] system is social stratification in [[Pakistan]] and, to an extent, India.<ref name="nihcr.edu.pk">{{citation |author=Mughees Ahmed |year=2009 |title=Local-bodies or local "biradari" system: An analysis of the role of burglaries in the local bodies system of Punjab |journal=Pakistan Journal of History and Culture |volume=30 |number=1 |pages=81–92 |url=http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/Local-Bodies.pdf }}</ref> The South Asian Muslim caste system includes hierarchical classifications of ''khandan'' (dynasty, family, or lineage).{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}}

== {{anchor|Historical development}}History ==
Although [[Islam]] does not recognize any [[castes]] (only [[socio-economic]] [[Social class|classes]]),{{sfn|Ghaus Ansari|1960|p=27}} existing divisions in [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Persia]] and India were adopted by local Muslim societies. Evidence of social stratification exists in later Persian works such as [[Nizam al-Mulk]]'s 11th-century {{Transliteration|fa|[[Siyasatnama]]}}, [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]'s 13th-century {{Transliteration|fa|[[Akhlaq-i Nasiri]]}}, and the 17th-century {{Transliteration|fa|Jam-i-Mufidi}}.{{sfn|Ghaus Ansari|1960|p=29}}

After [[Muhammad]]'s death in the seventh century CE, tribes and families fought a war of succession.{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}} After this, a determinant for social stratification in Arab society included being part of Muhammad's close family ({{Transliteration|ar|[[ahl al-bayt]]|}}).{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}} This factor was present in ancient [[South Asia]] among Muslims since the eighth century.

This led to a further hierarchical determinant: [[Arabs]] versus non-Arabs.{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}} Among non-Arabs, further divisions were made between Muslims who were converted in early Islamization campaigns ({{Transliteration|ar|khadim-al islam}}) and those who converted more recently ({{Transliteration|ar|jadid-al islam}}).{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}} South Asian Muslims are divided by classifications that have resulted in Arab-origin higher castes ({{Transliteration|ur|unch zat}}) and descendants of lower-caste converts ({{Transliteration|ur|nich zat}}).{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}} [[Mughal Empire]] sultans were high-caste.{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}}

The Muslims who [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|came to the subcontinent during the 12th century]] were already divided into vocation-based social "classes", including priests, nobles, and others, and racial segregation separated local Muslim converts from foreign-origin Muslims. The foreigners claimed superior status, since they were associated with the conquerors and considered themselves as ''[[sharif]]'' ("noble").{{sfn|Ghaus Ansari|1960|p=30}} Indian Muslim society also split in accordance with the Hindu caste system.{{sfn|Ghaus Ansari|1960|p=30}} According to [[M. N. Srinivas]] (1986) and R. K. Bhattacharya, Indian Hindu converts to Islam brought their caste system to the region's Muslim society.{{sfn|Azra Khanam|2013|pp=116}} [[Louis Dumont]], however, believed that the Islamic conquerors adopted the Hindu caste system "as a compromise which they had to make in a predominantly Hindu environment."{{sfn|Azra Khanam|2013|pp=115–116}}

[[Ziauddin Barani]], a 14th-century Indian political thinker in the [[Delhi Sultanate]], suggested that the "sons of Mohamed" receive a higher social status than the low-born. His most significant contribution to the [[fatwa]] was his analysis of castes and Islam. Barani said that castes would be mandated through state laws (''zawabi''), which would take precedence over [[sharia]] in a conflict. According to Barani, every act "contaminated with meanness and based on ignominy, comes elegantly [from the Ajlaf]". He developed an elaborate system of promotion and demotion of imperial officers (''[[Vizier|wazirs]]''), primarily based on caste.<ref>{{cite book |quote= Barani never called himself Turk for one intention that he wanted to be an Indian than anything else |title=Arthashastra of Kautilya and Fatawa-i-Jahandari of Ziauddin Barani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXmCAAAAMAAJ&q=Barani+never+called+himself+Turk+for+one+intention+that+he+wanted+to+be+an+Indian+than+anything+else |page=144 |author= Arbind Das · |date=1996 |publisher=Pratibha Prakashan |isbn=9788185268453 }}</ref><ref name="Das">Das, Arbind, Arthashastra of Kautilya and Fatwa-i-Jahandari of Ziauddin Barrani: an analysis, Pratibha Publications, Delhi 1996, {{ISBN|81-85268-45-2}} pp. 124-143</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder |title=Sacred Spaces: Exploring Traditions of Shared Faith in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBkwnoDPKgUC&pg=PA7 |year=2003 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-302931-1 |pages=7–}}</ref> Barani's opinions were not followed by his own sultanate. He accused the Tughlaq Sultans of appointing "low-born" people to high office; they included [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Sultan Muhammad Shah]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |author= Satish Chandra |date=2004 |page=99 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=9788124110645 }}</ref> and [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Sultan Firuz Shah]], Barani's patron in Delhi, who appointed a former slave captured from [[Telangana]] and converted as his [[grand vizier]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&dq=firuz+shah+khan+jahan+convert&pg=RA1-PA4 |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture|id=Three-volume set |editor1=Jonathan Bloom|editor2=Sheila Blair|editor3=Sheila S. Blair |date=2009 |page=4 |publisher=Oup USA |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 }}</ref>

Muslims from the ''julaha'' (weaver) caste began to identify as "Ansaris", butchers as "Quereshis", and the sanitation and ''bhishti'' castes as "Sheikh".<ref name="Sanober"/> The Muslim concept of hereditary ''[[kafa'ah]]'', which the ''[[ulama]]'' use to support [[endogamy]], justifies South Asian Muslim caste practices.{{sfn|Julien Levesque|2020|p=14}}{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}}

=== {{anchor|Ashrafization and Syedization}}Ashrafization ===
[[File:Ralamb-40.jpg|thumb|alt=A drawing of a man in a black robe with a green turban|A [[Sayyid]] wearing a green turban]]

Ashrafization (or sharifization) is the process of lower-caste Muslims adopting upper-caste Muslim practices to climb the social ladder.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Collective and Elective Ethnicity: Caste among Urban Muslims in India |first=Syed |last= Ali |date=December 2002 |journal=Sociological Forum |volume=17 |number=4 |publisher=Springer |page=602 |jstor=3070361 |doi=10.1023/A:1021077323866|s2cid=146701489 }}</ref> Some would associate with different titles or claim different ancestry to achieve this.

Some families would claim ''[[Sayyid]]'' status, with varying degrees of success. The [[Sayyid dynasty]] (founded by a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHbiAAAAMAAJ&q=and+rested+chiefly+on+its+causal+recognition+by+the+famous+saint+Sayyid+Jal%C3%A1l|title=The Cambridge History of India|date=1958|publisher=S. Chand|location=The claim of Khizr Khān , who founded the dynasty known as the Sayyids , to descent from the prophet of Arabia was dubious, and rested chiefly on its causal recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalāl – ud – dīn of Bukhārā .|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |author= Richard M. Eaton |year= 2019 | isbn=978-0520325128 |page=117|publisher= University of California Press |language=en|quote=The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan...}}</ref> and [[Barha family|Barha Sayyids]] (founded by Punjabi peasants who moved to Muzaffarnagar)<ref>{{Cite book |author=Kolff, Dirk H. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&dq=barha+sayyids&pg=PA18 |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9 |page=18 |language=en |quote=As another example of such soldiers of marginal peasant origin, the Barha Sayyids, a celebrated troop of soldiers under the Mughals deserve attention. They were said to be the descendants of the families who had, at an uncertain date, moved from their homes in Panjab to a sandy and infertile tract of what is now the eastern part of the Muzaffarnagar district. During Akbar's reign, they were as yet men of rustic habits and their claim to be true Sayyids was not generally admitted. Jahangir wrote of them that 'some people make remarks about their lineage, but their bravery is a convincing proof of their being Saiyids'. Though by definition 'Sayyid' was an identity that could be had by birth only, in actual practice it could be acquired by effort or even by luck.}}</ref> are examples of families who succeeded in being recognized as Sayyids. However, other families had their claims dismissed. The Nawabs of the [[Rohilla dynasty]] (founded by a [[Jat]] convert) failed to provide any reliable proof for their claims and were thus ignored.<ref>Khoja, Neelam. 2018. [https://dash.harvard.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/726de724-b17a-4c33-ab36-19509894d45e/content Sovereignty, Space, and Identity: The Politics of Power in Eighteenth Century Punjab]. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |author-link=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |title=The First Two Nawabs of Oudh |year=1954 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala & Co. Ltd. |oclc=678892685 |page=103 |edition=2nd rev. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUQeAAAAIAAJ |quote=Contemporary Persian authorities say that Ali Muhammad Khan was of Jat parents. See Gulistan. 7; Abdulkarim, 88b, Ashob, 424; Siyar. II 480, A partisan attempt has, however, been made in modern times to prove that he was a Sayyid. Najmul Ghanl of Rampur has invented a false pedigree of the Khan, tracing it to Muhammad. The Maulvi’s discussion is altogether unconvincing and ridiculous. His object seems to be to prove that the present ruler of Rampur is a Sayyid.}}</ref>

Other families would simply claim a general [[Arab]] ancestry. The [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]]s have historically claimed Arab descent, adopting the title of ''[[Malik]]'', thus granting them a "high status in the Indian Muslim environment".<ref>{{cite book|title=Death Before Dying: The Sufi Poems of Sultan Bahu|last=J. Elias|first=Jamal|author-link=Jamal J. Elias|publisher=University of California Press|date=1998|page=12|isbn=978-0-52021-242-8}}</ref> The [[Kalhoro]]s and [[Daudpotra]]s also attempted to associate with Arabs, adopting the title of ''[[Abbasid|Abbasi]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ali Shah |first1=Syed Shakir |last2=Mallah |first2=Qasid Hussain |title=Kalhora Period Architecture in Sindh |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |volume=LXVII |issue=3 |page=26 |url=https://phs.com.pk/index.php/phs/article/download/37/17 |quote=..But the author of Kalhora Dour-e-Hakoomat refutes it and argues that Kalhoras originally belong to Sindh and their centre was at Bakhar..}}</ref> The [[Shaikhs in North India]] also claim Arab descent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/sheikh | title=Sheikh | Meaning, Title, Significance, & History | Britannica | date=7 June 2023 }}</ref>

Some groups, such as the Sambhals of [[Uttar Pradesh]], claim [[Turkic people|Turkic]] descent and relation to the [[Mughal people]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umNgDwAAQBAJ&dq=biradari+tribe&pg=PT93 |title=Forging the Ideal Educated Girl:The Production of Desirable Subjects in Muslim South Asia |author= Shenila Khoja-Moolji |date=2018 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-97053-3 }}</ref>

As the [[Pashtunization#Pashtunization of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Pashtunization of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] took place, local [[Indo-Aryan tribes]] would begin to associate with the foreign [[Pashtuns]]. Many of the former [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] speakers of [[Swat District|Swat]] and [[Indus Kohistan]] now claim Pashtun ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DARDESTĀN |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dardestan-|website=Encyclopedia Irannica}}</ref>

==== {{anchor|Caste Associations}}Caste associations ====
Another type of ashrafization is the establishment of caste associations to promote a community's interests and provide social support.{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}} These {{transliteration|fa|anjuman}} ('forum', 'society') is commonly termed {{transliteration|fa|jama'at}} ({{lang|fa|جماعت}}{{hairspace}}; 'congregation', 'group', 'community'), replacing the use of {{transliteration|ur|zat}} ('birth or origin group').{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}} The [[Khoja]] caste, Ismaili Shias primarily in [[Karachi]] and [[Sindh]], are an example.{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}} Other significant Muslim caste associations are those of the [[Memon people|Memon]]s and Bohras in Sindh and [[Gujarat]].{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}}

=== {{anchor|History of research}}Research ===
{{see also|Varna (Hinduism)}}
Definitions of ''caste'' vary, and opinions differ on whether the term can be used to denote [[social stratification]] in non-Hindu communities. Ghaus Ansari uses the term "caste" to describe Muslim social groups with the following characteristics: [[endogamy]] within the group; hierarchical gradation of groups; determination of group membership by birth; and, in some cases, association by occupation with a social group.{{sfn|Ghaus Ansari|1960|p=22}} Western [[Indologist]]s began to catalogue Muslim castes during the 19th century in:
* [[Henry Miers Elliot]]'s ''Supplement to the glossary of Indian terms'' (1844), later amplified into ''Memoirs on the history, folk-lore, and distribution of the Races of the North Western Provinces of India''
* John Charles Williams's ''Report on the Census of Oudh'' (1869)
* [[Denzil Ibbetson]]'s ''Census Report of Punjab'' (1883), later adapted into ''[[Panjab Castes]]''
* [[John Nesfield]]'s ''Brief View of the Caste System of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh'' (1885)
* [[Herbert Hope Risley]]'s ''Tribes and castes of Bengal'' (1893)
* [[William Crooke]]'s ''Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh'' (1896){{sfn|Ghaus Ansari|1960|p=22}}

In 20th-century British India, several works included Muslim social groups in their descriptions of Indian castes. These included [[Horace Arthur Rose]]'s ''[[A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province]]'' (1911).{{sfn|Ghaus Ansari|1960|p=2}} Around 1915, Mirza Muhammad Hassan Qatil wrote about the four {{lang|und|firqa}} (classes) of the ''ashraf''.{{sfn|David Lelyveld|2005}} He described how people in the following occupations were considered {{lang|und|paji}} (contemptible): elephant caretaking, bread- and perfume-making, and dealing in bazaars.{{sfn|David Lelyveld|2005}} Ghaus Ansari began an academic discussion in 1960 about the concept of a Muslim caste system, and Imtiaz Ahmed elaborated on the subject in ''Caste and Social Stratification among the Muslims'' (1973).{{sfn|Azra Khanam|2013|p=115}}

== {{anchor|Syedism, Ashrafism, Biradarism, Zatism, Sharifism, Arab Supremacy, and Divisions}}Divisions ==
{{see also|List of Muslim Other Backward Classes communities in India}}
Ghaus Ansari (1960) identified the following four categories of Muslim social divisions in India:
*''Ashrafs'', who claim foreign-origin descent
*[[Forward caste|Forward-caste]] converts
*Converts from other Indian [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|tribes]]
*Converts from [[untouchability|untouchable]] castes{{page needed|date=May 2024}}

''Ashraf'' hierarchy is determined by the degree of nearness to Muhammad and country of origin; Syeds (who trace descent from Fatima, Muhammad's daughter) have the highest status.{{sfn|Imtiaz Ahmed|1967|p=887}} Non-Ashrafs are categorized as ''ajlaf'', with untouchable Hindu converts also categorized as ''arzal'' ("degraded").<ref name="Ambedkar">{{cite book |last=Ambedkar |first=Bhimrao |author-link=B.R. Ambedkar |title=Pakistan or the Partition of India |publisher= Thackers Publishers }}</ref><ref name="Ambedkaronline">[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/410.html Web resource for ''Pakistan or the Partition of India'']</ref> They are relegated to menial professions, such as scavenging and carrying [[night soil]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dereserve-these-myths/12109/ |title=Dereserve these myths – Indian Express |website=archive.indianexpress.com |language=en-gb |access-date=2017-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Falahi |first1=Masood |title=Caste and caste-based discrimination s Among Indian Muslims' |url=http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/5664/1/AHRC_16,_Caste_and_Caste_Based_Discriminations_Among_Indian_Muslims.pdf |website=SAS |access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref>

In [[Pakistan]], social groups known as {{transliteration|ur|quoms}} have a social stratification comparable to the Indian caste system. The {{transliteration|ur|quoms}} differ widely in power, privilege, and wealth. Ethnic affiliation (such as [[Pashtuns|Pathan]], [[Sindhis|Sindhi]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], and [[Punjabis|Punjabi]], etc.) and membership in a [[biraderi]] are components of social identity.<ref name="barth">{{cite book |last=Barth |first=Fredrik |editor=E. R. Leach |title=The System Of Social Stratification In Swat, North Pakistan (Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon, and North-West Pakistan) |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=2995517 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=113 |year=1962 |access-date=2017-08-25 |archive-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406091830/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=2995517 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Within the bounds of endogamy, close [[cousin marriage|consanguineous unions]] are preferred due to a unity of group- and individual factors. McKim Marriott said that a social stratification that is hierarchical, closed, endogamous, and hereditary is prevalent, particularly in western Pakistan.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ecologic Relationships of Ethnic Groups in Swat, North Pakistan |author=Fredrick Barth |journal=American Anthropologist |doi=10.1525/aa.1956.58.6.02a00080 |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=1079–1089 |date=December 1956 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{sfn|Zeyauddin Ahmad|2011}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Caste ranking and community structure in five regions of India and Pakistan |author=McKim Marriott |year=1960 |publisher=Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute |oclc=186146571}}</ref> Numerically- and socially-influential tribes in Pakistani Punjab include the agricultural tribes of [[Arain]], [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]], [[Muslim Rajput|Rajput]], [[Jat Muslim]], and [[Muslim Gujjars|Gujjar]].<ref name="nihcr.edu.pk"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Punjab Province, Pakistan |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |id=483579 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Punjab-province-Pakistan |access-date=22 March 2022}}h</ref>

In Nepal, the castes of Muslims rank differ according to the criteria applied.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities, Volume 1 |author=Nagendra Kr Singh, Abdul Mabud Khan |page=1124 |publisher=Global Vision Pub House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzfs_G7QHoAC&pg=PA1124 |isbn=9788187746072 |year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Culture - Volume 52 |page=207 |author=Marmaduke William Pickthall, Muhammad Asad |year=1978}}</ref> In India, most ''ulemas'' (theologians or doctors of the law) are part of the Syed; many Ashrafs are businessmen, landowners, and traders.{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}} A regional "marriage circle" can be formed, where marriage alliances occur.{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}} A Syed's status is sometimes based more on male descendants and [[Hypergamy|hypergamous]] marriage than ancestry.{{sfn|Remy Delage|2014}} Early Turks had subdivisions.{{sfn|Imtiaz Ahmed|1967|p=889}}

In the ''Rasum-i Hind'', a textbook compiled by Master Pyare Lal in 1862, four ''firqa'' (''ashraf'' subdivisions) are explained and ''nasl'' (lineage) is described.{{sfn|David Lelyveld|2005}} Ancestors of the Mughal caste are said to be descended from the Biblical Noah,{{sfn|David Lelyveld|2005}} and ancestors of the Pathans are said to be Israelites from the time of [[Solomon]].{{sfn|David Lelyveld|2005}} In the Mughal Empire ruling class, Muslims were classified as native [[Hindustan]]i (Indians), Afghan ([[Pashtuns]]), Turani ([[Turco-Mongol]]s), and Irani ([[Persians]]).{{sfn|David Lelyveld|2005}}

=== Pakistani Punjab ===
==== {{anchor|Zamindars, Kammis, and the Seyp System|Elections}}Zamindars, Kammis, and the Seyp system ====
Zamindars (a landowning class) and Kammis, service-providing castes, are hierarchical groups in Pakistani Punjabi villages{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=ii}} which are based on parental occupation.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=ii}} In the Seyp system (contract labour), the Kammis provide work and services and receive favours, food, money, crops, and grains.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=5}} Zamindars are considered a dominant caste and tend to be village and town leaders.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=5}} Urban social, political, and economic affairs are dominated by Zamindars, and land is controlled by them;{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=5}} Kammis are socially marginalized.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=8}} Kammis and Zamindars intermarry.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=4}} Ancestral land ownership and agriculture are ascribed to Zamindars.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=10}}{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=6}} Other castes are higher than the Kammis and below the Zamindars.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=74}}

Caste endogamy exists in Pakistan, with members of a ''quom'' tending to marry within it.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=17}} In rural areas of Pakistani Punjab, endogamy is vital to the caste system.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=17}} Kammis include artisans, labourers, and service providers such as barbers, cobblers, and carpenters.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=18}} Most are labourers or perform low-ranking tasks.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=140}} According to a Kammi woman,
{{blockquote|Even if a Kammi acquires 100 acres of land, he remains Kammi, and Zamindars will always consider him lower. A Zamindar who owns one acre of land would think, "If a Kammi has bought 2 acres, so what? After all, he remains a Kammi". They do not accept us as equals.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=136}}}}

''Quoms'' influence marriage practices.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=18}} Different Zamindar ''quoms'' sometimes intermarry, however, and may constitute a Biradari.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=139}} A study in a Pakistani Punjabi village found that in a ''seyp'' (contract) between Zamindar and Kammi families, Kammi families give goods to and perform services for the Zamindars, who provide the Kammis with grain. Kammi families also perform customary and ritual tasks, for example, a barber cooks in the Zamindar's house for special events and performs circumcisions.{{sfn|Julien Levesque|2020|p=10}}

''Quom'' loyalty is also evident in elections.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=18}} Biradaris are the sole criteria in local Pakistani Punjab elections;{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=160}} Zamindars outnumber Kammis there,{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=139}} and Kammis do not generally stand for election due to financial considerations.{{sfn|Ahmed Usman|2011|p=161}}

=== Bengal ===
Although class distinctions based on wealth and occupation exist, hereditary castes do not exist for most [[Bengali Muslims]] (unlike [[Bengali Hindus]]). The majority of Bengali Muslims converted from indigenous tribes of [[Bengal]] who had very weak ties to Hinduism and the caste system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.5233026 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |edition=1 |volume=17 |doi=10.2307/jj.5233026 }}</ref> Any remaining caste-like group consciousness was largely eliminated by the [[Faraizi movement]] and similar Islamic reform movements. Nearly all Bengali Muslims recorded their caste as ''[[Bengali Sheikh|Sheikh]]'' when asked in colonial censuses.<ref name=":0" /> About 35 Muslim castes reportedly exist in [[Bihari Muslims]] in [[West Bengal]].{{sfn|Chowdhury|2009|p=8}}

=== Sindh ===
Sindh, like Punjab, has a tradition of various tribes who have caste-like status such as Samnas, Baloch and Jats. Although not as strong as in Punjab, the biradari system plays a role in who is a ''wadera'' (landlord) and ''hari'' (peasant).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hussain |first=Ghulam |date=2019-08-01 |title=Understanding Hegemony of Caste in Political Islam and Sufism in Sindh, Pakistan |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909619839430 |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |language=EN |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=716–745 |doi=10.1177/0021909619839430 |issn=0021-9096|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Sharifism ===
Sharifism is the status given to claimants of prophetic ''nasab'' (or ''qarabah'', "closeness"): descent from Muhammad, Muhammad's Quraysh tribe, or Muhammad's family.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic and Comparative Religious Studies: Selected Writings |publisher=Ashgate Publisher, Ltd. |year=2010 |page=30}}</ref>

== Discrimination ==

=== Representation ===
In 20th-century India, ''ashraf'' Muslims dominated government jobs and parliamentary representation. Campaigns exist to include lower Muslim social classes among groups eligible for [[reservation in India|affirmative action]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Sep04-Print-Edition/011509200449.htm |title=On reservation for Muslims |author=Asghar Ali Engineer |work=The Milli Gazette |publisher=Pharos |access-date=2004-09-01 }}</ref>

=== Burial ===
In India's [[Bihar]] state, [[Forward caste|forward-caste]] Muslims have opposed the burial of [[Other Backward Class|backward-caste]] Muslims with them.<ref name="rediff_burial">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/06bihar.htm |title=Backward Muslims protest denial of burial |author=Anand Mohan Sahay |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=2003-03-06 }}</ref><ref>Ahmad, I., 2010. "Can There Be a Category Called Dalit Muslims?". ''Studies in Inequality and Social Justice'', p.79</ref>

=== Cooking ===
A study in a Pakistani village found that a caste-like hierarchy exists in its Muslim community. The sweeper group is ranked lowest, and other Muslim communities do not allow sweepers to touch their cooking vessels.<ref name="Donnan1988">{{cite book |author=Hastings Donnan |title=Marriage Among Muslims: Preference and Choice in Northern Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PL_ACoFwJ2gC&pg=PR9 |year=1988 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-08416-2 |pages=51–56}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Racial and historical}}Historical racism ===
According to [[Ziauddin Barani]], Turkish sultans discriminated against Muslims of local descent;{{sfn|Imtiaz Ahmed|1967|p=889}} [[Iltutmish]] discriminated against low-birth Muslims by firing 33 of them from the government,{{sfn|Imtiaz Ahmed|1967|p=889}} and appointed Jamal Marzuq as [[mutasarrif]] of [[Kannauj]]. Aziz Bahruz disagreed because of Marzuq's low birth status, and Marzuq was removed from his post.{{sfn|Imtiaz Ahmed|1967|p=889}} Low-born people could not be a ''mudabbiri'' or ''khwajgi'',{{clarify|date=May 2024|reason="Mudabbiri" and "khwajgi" need to be defined.}} and were not eligible for an [[Iqta'|iqta]] recommendation.{{sfn|Imtiaz Ahmed|1967|p=889}}

[[Ghiyas ud din Balban]] kept low-birth people from important offices, and criticized the appointment of Kamal Mohiyar as mutassarrif of Amroaha.{{sfn|Imtiaz Ahmed|1967|p=889}} A letter by Sayyid Ashraf Jahangiri explains that Balban researched the ancestry of his government servants and officers with genealogists in Delhi.{{sfn|Imtiaz Ahmed|1967|p=889}}

Tughlaq gave "preference to foreign-born Muslims in administration and government" and "systematically ignored the claims of Indian Muslims".{{sfn|Imtiaz Ahmed|1967|p=889}} According to Sayyid Ashraf Jahangiri,
{{blockquote|The Sultan went to the extent of offering the most responsible and distinguished offices of the kingdom – for instance, those of a Wazir, a Dabir, a military commander, a judge, a professor of theology, or a Shaikhul-Islam – to almost any foreigner of some learning. Foreigners coming to India were collectively known as "the Honourables" (''A'izza'').{{sfn|Imtiaz Ahmed|1967|p=889}}}}

Historians and Urdu writers, including Masood Alam Falahi, have explained how discrimination by ''ashraf'' Muslims against lower-caste and [[Dalit Muslim]]s was often disguised as claims of class and {{Transliteration|ur|khandaani}} (family line) values by Uttar Pradesh Muslims.<ref name="Sanober">{{cite journal |title= The Identity of Language and the Language of Erasure: Urdu and the Racialized-Decastification of the "Backward Musalmaan" in India |first=Sanober |last=Umar |publisher=[[Brandeis University]] |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |date=14 February 2020 |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.26812/caste.v1i1.29 |page=187|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam}}
*[[Dalit Muslims]]
*[[Caste system among South Asian Christians]]
*[[Caste system in India]]
**[[Caste-related violence in India]]
*[[Islam in South Asia]]
**[[Islam in India]]
*[[Pasmanda Muslim Mahaz]]
*[[Social class in the United Kingdom]]
*[[Social class in the United States]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Imtiaz Ahmed |title=Ashraf and Ajlaf Categories in Indo-Muslim Society |date=May 13, 1967 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=2 |issue=19 |pages=887–891 |jstor=4357934}}
* {{cite book |last=Anis Ansari |first=Khalid |chapter=Pluralism and the Post-Minority Condition |editor1=Boaventura De Sousa Santos |editor2=Bruno Sena Martins |date=2021 |title=The Pluriverse of Human Rights: The Diversity of Struggles for Dignity: The Diversity of Struggles for Dignity |publisher=Routledge |pages=|isbn=978-1-00-039570-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8cqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT86}}
* {{cite book |author=Ghaus Ansari |title=Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh: A Study of Culture Contact |publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society |year=1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0HRAAAAMAAJ |oclc=1104993 }}
* {{cite book |author=Fredrik Barth |author-link=Fredrik Barth |editor=Edmund Leach |title=Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlU7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA113 |isbn=9780521096645 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Berreman |first=Gerald D. |date=June 1972 |title=Social Categories and Social Interaction in Urban India |journal=American Anthropologist |volume =74 |issue=3 |pages=567–586 |issn=0002-7294 |doi =10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00220 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |first=Iftekhar Uddin |last=Chowdhury |title=Caste-based Discrimination in South Asia: A Study of Bangladesh |publisher=Indian Institute of Dalit Studies |journal=Working Paper Series |url=https://idsn.org/wp-content/uploads/user_folder/pdf/New_files/Bangladesh/Caste-based_Discrimination_in_Bangladesh__IIDS_working_paper_.pdf |volume=III |number=7 |date=November 7, 2009}}
* {{cite journal |author=Remy Delage |title=Muslim Castes in India |journal=Books & Ideas |date=29 September 2014 |publisher=College De France |url=https://booksandideas.net/Muslim-Castes-in-India.html}}
* {{cite book |author=Azra Khanam |title=Muslim Backward Classes: A Sociological Perspective |publisher=SAGE |year=2013 |isbn=9788132116509 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sdz9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 }}
* {{cite web |author=Julien Levesque |title=Debates on Muslim Caste in North India and Pakistan |year=2020 |publisher=HAL |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381}}
* {{cite web |author=David Lelyveld |title=Article on "Ashraf" in "Keywords in South Asian Studies" |editor=Rachel Dwyer |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies |year=2005 |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/keywords/file24799.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227045820/https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/keywords/file24799.pdf |archive-date=December 27, 2020}}
* {{cite book |author=Robert W. Stern |title=Changing India: Bourgeois Revolution on the Subcontinent |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-00912-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb_z1KghC1oC&pg=PA76}}
* {{cite thesis |author=Ahmed Usman |title=Social Stratification in a Punjabi Village of Pakistan: The Dynamics between Caste, Gender, and Violence |type=PhD |url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21130/1/582096.pdf |publisher=The University of Leeds |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |title=Islamic and Comparative Religious Studies: Selected Writings |publisher=Ashgate Publisher, Ltd. |year=2010}}

{{refend}}

==Notes==
:A.{{Note|NoteA||This source gets the quotation from the following source: E A Gait, 'Census of India' 1901: Bengal Report 6 (1), Bengal Secretariat Press. 1902, p 439; the description in 'Imperial Gazetteer of India', v. 2, pp 329}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Imtiaz Ahmad |title=Caste and social stratification among Muslims in India |year=1978 |publisher=Manohar |location=New Delhi |oclc=5147249 }}
* {{cite book |author=Zeyauddin Ahmad |chapter=Caste Elements Among the Muslims of Bihar |editor=Kenneth David |date=2011 |title=The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=337–356 |isbn=978-3-11-080775-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_la9QMGIQC&pg=PA337}}
* {{cite book |last=Imam Ali |first=A.F. |title=Changing Social Stratification in Rural Bangladesh |date=September 1993 |publisher=South Asia Books |isbn=978-81-7169-267-5 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Syed Ali |date=December 2002 |title=Collective and Elective Ethnicity: Caste Among Urban Muslims in India |journal=Sociological Forum |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=593–620 |issn=0884-8971 |doi=10.1023/A:1021077323866 |s2cid=146701489 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder |title= Islam, Caste and Muslim Relations in India |year=2004 |publisher= Global Media Publications |isbn=978-81-88869-06-0 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=S. Shamim |author2=A. K. Chakravarti |date=January 1981 |title=Some regional characteristics of Muslim caste systems in India |journal=GeoJournal |volume =5 |issue=1 |pages=55–60 |issn=0343-2521 |doi=10.1007/BF00185243 |s2cid=153606947 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Berreman |first=Gerald D. |date=June 1972 |title=Social Categories and Social Interaction in Urban India |journal=American Anthropologist |volume =74 |issue=3 |pages=567–586 |issn=0002-7294 |doi =10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00220 |doi-access=free }}

{{Segregation by type|state=collapsed}}
{{Discrimination}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caste System Among South Asian Muslims}}
[[Category:Caste system in India|Muslims]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Islam in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Islam in South Asia]]
[[Category:Islam in Nepal]]
[[Category:Social class in India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Discrimination in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Discrimination in Nepal]]
[[Category:Discrimination in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Caste system in Nepal]]
[[Category:Caste]]

Hebbagodi

2025-12-28T15:30:53Z

Leonuqs: new basic stub w/ infobox - done

{{original research|date=June 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hebbagodi
| other_name = 
| settlement_type = Suburb City
| image_skyline = BETL-Hebbagodi-Bommasandra-flyover.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Hebbagodi-Bommasandra flyover on Hosur Road.
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.82|N|77.68|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = City Municipal Council
| governing_body = Hebbagodi City Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 34827
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560099, 560100
| area_code = 91-80
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KA 51, KA 59
| website = https://www.hebbagodicity.mrc.gov.in
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''Hebbagodi''' is a suburb city outside of [[Bengaluru]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is managed by Hebbagodi City Municipal Council. It comes under the [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority|Bengaluru Metropolitan Region]].

== Demographics ==
As of the 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/613355-hebbagodi-karnataka.html|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2015-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> the population of Hebbagodi was 34,827. Male population constituted to 59.6% (20,771) of the total population and female population constituted to 40.4% (14,056). The population of children in the age group 0–6 years was 3850, which was 11.05% of the total population. The gender ratio was 677:1000 i.e. 677 females for every 1000 men, against the state average of 973. Moreover, the child ratio in Hebbagodi was around 1022 compared to the Karnataka state average of 948. The literacy rate of Hebbagodi was 91.22%, higher than the state average of 75.36%. In Hebbagodi, male literacy was around 94.46%.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.facebook.com/sfsschool SFS School on Facebook]
* [http://www.sfscollege.org/ St. Francis de Sales College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212235852/http://www.sfscollege.org/ |date=12 December 2008 }}
* [http://www.sfsicse.com/ St.Francis de sales Public School-ICSE & ISC]
* [https://www.npshrd.com National Public School - Hosur Road at Hebbagodi, Electronic City]

{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bengaluru Urban district]]

Bagalur, Hosur

2025-11-29T07:30:28Z

Leonuqs: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bagalur
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7,519
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Language Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 635103
| registration_plate = TN-70
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], Kannada Telugu.
| official_name =
| coordinates = {{coord|12|49|49|N|77|51|58|E}}
}}
'''Bagalur''' is a town in the [[Hosur]] taluk of [[Krishnagiri]] district, [[Tamil Nadu]] state, [[India]]. The nearest city is [[Hosur]], which is located 10 km away. This village is 5 km from the state of [[Karnataka]].

In 2025, TamilNadu government converted Bagalur from [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] to [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=TN govt issues order to establish 13 new municipalities, 25 town panchayats |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/tn-govt-issues-order-to-establish-13-new-municipalities-25-town-panchayats-817639 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> In February 2025, Bagalur also got a new sub-registrar office with jurisdiction over 67 villages. <ref>{{Cite news | date=2025-02-17 |title=Bagalur gets a new sub-registrar’s office with jurisdiction over 67 villages |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/bagalur-gets-a-new-sub-registrars-office-with-jurisdiction-over-67-villages/article69230695.ece |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inauguration of Bagalur Sub-Registrar Office {{!}} Krishnagiri District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} India |url=https://krishnagiri.nic.in/inauguration-of-bagalur-sub-registrar-office/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Education ==
Bagalur is rich in educational institutions which includes 4 Government Schools and 7 Private educational institutions.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract - Census 2001 |url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806044705/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |archivedate=2009-08-06 }}

{{coord|12.83029|N|77.86580|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Krishnagiri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishnagiri district]]

{{Krishnagiri-geo-stub}}

Ezhuthachan (caste)

2025-11-25T20:08:05Z

Leonuqs: minor fixed content for accuracy additionally and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Caste native to Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
'''Ezhuthachan''' ({{Audio|Ml-in-Ezhuthachan.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{langx|ml|എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ}}, ''{{Transliteration|ml|ISO|eḻuttacchan}}''), also known as '''Kadupattar''' ({{Audio|Ml-in-Kaduppattan.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{langx|ml|കടുപട്ടർ}}, ''{{Transliteration|ml|ISO|kaṭupaṭṭar}}'') is a caste native to the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="census of British India">{{cite book
| year = 1883
| title = Report on the census of British India taken on 17th February 1881(Vol.3)
| pages = 53, 54
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RwEJAAAAQAAJ
| location = London
| publisher = [[Eyre & Spottiswoode]]
}}</ref><ref name = "William Logan">
{{cite book
| author = William Logan
| author-link = William Logan (author)
| orig-year = 1887
| year = 1951
| title = Malabar manual(Republished)
| page = 139
| url = https://archive.org/stream/MalabarLogan/Malabar%20Logan#page/n151/mode/2up
| location = Madras
| publisher = Govt Press Madras
| quote = A caste who are hardly to be distinguished from the Nayars except by their inheritance customs, is that of the Kadupattar or Eluttachchans, that is, professional village schoolmasters.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author = [[Kumar Suresh Singh]]
| title = Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ
| year = 1996
| publisher = Anthropological Survey of India
| isbn = 978-0-19-563357-3
| page = 1377 }}</ref>{{efn|Kadupattan sometimes referred to as Kadupottan(Member of Kadupotta clan), It is the combination of place names [[Kaduru]] and [[Patancheru|Pottalakkare(Also known as Patancheru)]].<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon">{{cite book
| author = A. Sreedhara Menon
| author-link = A. Sreedhara Menon
| year = 1962
| title = Kerala District Gazetteers, Trichur
| page = 208
| url = http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/402/402%20-%20GI%20-%20Kerala%20District%20Gazetteers%20-%2011-02-2013.pdf
| location = Trivandrum
| publisher = The Government of Kerala
| quote = Ezhuthachans otherwise known as Kadupottans who follow the patriarchal system of inheritance are supposed to be the descendants of Pattar Brahmans degraded for having eaten a kind of fish. They are hereditary village school masters.}}</ref><ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/>}} It is classified as an [[Other Backward Class]] by the Government of India under its system of [[positive discrimination]].<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Kerala PSC website
| url = https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&itemid=198=
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045256/https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&Itemid=198
| archive-date = 5 March 2016
}}</ref>

They mainly belong to the districts of [[Thrissur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Malappuram]] and [[Kozhikode]] of [[Kerala]], and also have presence in other parts of India. There are more people{{Vague|reason=more people compared or relative to what/who?|date=September 2025}} in the teaching sector in the community. Ezhuthachan is a caste who have teaching as a traditional profession.<ref name = "William Logan"/> There is an organization representing the community as ''Ezhuthachan Samajam''.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = 'എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ' നാടകാവതരണം 20-ന്
| url = http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/malayalam-news/article-1.2311300
| access-date = 21 December 2017
| newspaper = Mathrubhumi online
| date = 15 October 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171221062350/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/malayalam-news/article-1.2311300
| archive-date = 21 December 2017}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ സമാജം സംസ്ഥാന സമ്മേളനം സമാപിച്ചു
| url = http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-201121542.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130630173441/http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-201121542.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 30 June 2013
| access-date = 25 April 2013
| newspaper = Manorama online
| date = 12 December 2011
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title = എയ്ഡഡ് സ്‌കൂളുകളിൽ പുതിയ തസ്തികകൾ; സമുദായ പ്രീണനമെന്ന് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ സമാജം
|url = http://www.janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=1034853&cid=41
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130629133839/http://www.janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=1034853&cid=41
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 29 June 2013
|access-date = 25 April 2013
|newspaper = Janayugam Online
|date = 17 April 2013
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = ജാതി സംഘടനകൾ ഭിക്ഷ യാചിച്ചു നടക്കരുത്
| url = http://www.metrovaartha.com/2012/05/08052137/cn-balakrishnan20120508.html
| access-date = 25 April 2013
| newspaper = Metrovartha
| date = 8 May 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120509080124/http://metrovaartha.com/2012/05/08052137/cn-balakrishnan20120508.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 9 May 2012}}</ref>

==Genesis==
There are two main beliefs about the origin of the Kadupattan people.<blockquote>1. ''Pattar(Bhattar)'' [[Brahmin]]s who were boycotted from ''Kadu'' village of medieval [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] region, Due to the introduction of [[Buddhism]]. From the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin's]] Kovilakam (Ambadi Kovilakam) the elder Thamburatti(Senior princess) asserted the title ''Ezhuthachan'' and assigned as village school master.<ref name="Edgar Thurston">
{{cite book
| author-link = Edgar Thurston
| last = Thurston
| first = Edgar
| title = Tribes and castes of Southern India(volume 3)
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso03thuriala/page/30 30], 31
| url = https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso03thuriala
| year = 1909}}</ref><ref name="L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer">
{{cite book
| author-link = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer
| last = Iyer
| first = L.K.Anantha Krishna
| title = The tribes and castes of cochin(volume 2)
| year = 1912
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378/page/n149 103]–114
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378}}
</ref><ref name="S. N. Sadasivan">
{{cite book
| author-link = S. N. Sadasivan
| last = Sadasivan
| first = S.N.
| title = A Social History of India
| year = 2000
| publisher = A.P.H. Publishing
| location = New Delhi
| pages = 366, 367, 371
| isbn = 9788176481700
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=kaduppattan}}
</ref><ref name="Calicut_City_of_truth"/></blockquote><blockquote>2. A [[Jainism|Jain]] guild, who was prominent in teaching, came to [[Kerala]] and became [[Village]] school teachers. With the influence of the [[Bhakthi movement]], they came under [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal">
{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| pages = 15–40
}}</ref></blockquote>

==History==
The [[Kaduru]] (In present [[Karnataka]]) of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] was a [[Jainism|Jainite]] [[Human settlement|settlement]]; From 8th to 10th centuries [[Jainism]] was the prominent [[religion]] in the [[Western Ganga dynasty]].<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Adiga
| first = Malini
| title = The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400-1030
| orig-year = 2006
| year = 2006
| publisher = Orient Longman
| location = Chennai
| isbn = 81-250-2912-5}}, Page 253</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf#page=131
| title = Page 131, Places of Interest Gazetteer of karnataka, 1983
| url-status = dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212175826/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf
| archive-date = 2015-02-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Moraes
| first = George M
| title = The Kadamba Kula A history of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka
| year = 1931
| publisher = B X Furtado And Sons
| location = Bombay
| url = https://archive.org/stream/kadambakula035210mbp#page/n0/mode/2up
| page = 255}}</ref> From 9th to 13th [[century|centuries]] today's the [[Patancheru]] or [[Patancheru|Pottalakkare]] in [[Telangana]] was the principal Jain hub in [[South India]].<ref>
{{cite web
| title = A Brief History of Patancheru or Pottalakere Andhra Pradesh
| url = http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf
| work = Journal of Andhra historical research society, XXXVI, (II - IV parts)
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024157/http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf
| archive-date = 7 November 2017
}}</ref><ref name="Pandurang Bhimarao Desai">
[[P. B. Desai|Pandurang Bhimarao Desai]], [[Gulabchand Hirachand|Gulabchand Hirachand Doshi]],
{{cite book
| title = Jainism in South India and some Jaina Epigraphs
| year = 1957}}</ref> In [[Jainism]], there was a tradition of using the [[province]] name once abandoned as [[clan]] name.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Dwivedi
| first = R.C.
| title = Contribution of Jainism to Indian culture
| year = 1975
| publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]] Indological Publishers and Book sellers
}}</ref> Evidence suggests that ''Kadupattan'' was a Jain [[guild]] that formed [[Kaduru]] and [[Patancheru]] which was prominent in the teaching profession.

After the twelfth century, Prominence of [[Jainism]] in [[South India]] decreased significantly, Many followers of [[Jainism]] abandoned their settlements and moved to the south (Today's [[Tamil Nadu]]). ''Kadupattigal'' one among thirteenth century rulers of the southern [[Arcot, Vellore|Arcot]] who were present on the banks of [[Kaveri|Kaveri River]] should have been the ancestors of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan).<ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal" /><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Burton Stein
| first = Burton
| last = Stein
| title = Peasant state and society in medieval South India
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ
| year = 1980
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| page = 115| isbn = 9780195635072
}}</ref>{{efn|There are mentions about ''Kadupattigal'' in [[South Indian Inscriptions]]. Who had marriage alliance with [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava King]], Who made donation to temples like [[Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi|Apatsahayesvarar Temple]], [[Thirumarperu|Thirumarperu Manikandeswarar Temple]], [[Vedaranyeswarar temple]], [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur|Mahalingeswarar Temple]] etc., And About prime minister of [[Nandivarman II]] who bore the title ''Kadupattigal Tamilapperaraiyan'' (Feudatories of [[Pallava dynasty|pallava kingdom]] also had this title).<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Ramasamy
| first = R.
| date = 2003
| title = Saptar̥ṣīśvara Temple in the Lower Kaveri Delta: A Study of History, Architecture, and Sculpture
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ&q=kadupattigal
| publisher = Book India Publishing Company
| page = 83
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Srinivasan
| first = K. R.
| date = 1964
| title = Cave-temples of the Pallavas(Republished)
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ&q=kadupattigal
| publisher = Archaeological Survey of India
| page = 17
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = R. Nagaswamy
| last = Nagaswamy
| first = Ramachandran
| date = 1982
| title = Tantric Cult of South India
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7IPXAAAAMAAJ&q=kadupattigal
| page = 219
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = H. Krishna Sastri
| last = H. Krishna Sastri (Editor, Translator)
| first = Rao Sahib
| date = 1920
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol.3)
| url = https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf
| location = Madras
| publisher = Govt. Press Madras
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171215060124/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf
| archive-date= 15 December 2017
| page = 373
| quote = No.197. On the North Wall of the Central Shrine [[Thirumarperu|Manikanthesvara Temple]] at Tirumalpuram. This record, which is dated in the 13th year of Parthivendradivarman who took the head of [[Pandyan dynasty|Vira-Pandya]], registers a gift of twenty-five ''Kalanju'' of gold marked and weighed by the standard weight(''dharmakattalai-tulai-nirai'') for burning two lamps in the temple of Siva at Tirumalperu. The assembly of Pattalam ''alias'' Elunurruva-chaturvedimangalam in Damar-nadu accepted the gold and agreed to maintain the two lamps from the interest thereon. It is interesting to note that the lamps were the gift of Vijjavai-Mahadeviyar or Vajjavaiyar who was related to Nandivarman Kadupattigal, perhaps, as his queen. Nandivarman Kadupattigal is clearly a Pallava name; but we cannot definitely identify the king nor fix his relationship to the ruling sovereign Parthivendradivarman.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Srinivasa Rao(Editor)
| first = G.V
| date = 1952
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol.13)
| url = https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf
| location = Madras
| publisher = Govt. Press Madras
| pages = 162, 186
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171215073507/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf
| archive-date= 15 December 2017
| quote = Tiruppalanam, Tanjaore Talun, Tanjaore District. On the South Wall of the Central Shrine, [[Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi|Apatsahayesvara Temple]]. This is an inscription of [[Aditya I]]. It is damaged in places and the portion at the end is peeled off. It records a gift of 20 ''Kalanju'' of gold for a perpetual lamp in the temple at Tiruppalanam in Virai-kurram, by Kadupattigal Tamarmettiyar the mother of Vayiri-Ak[kan] ''alias'' Tribhuvanamadeviyar the queen of Solaperumanadigal([[Chola dynasty|Chola king]]). The name of the donatrix indicates that she was of the [[Pallava dynasty|pallava family]] with whom the king should have contracted marriage relationship.}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Dineshchandra Sircar
| last = Sircar
| first = Dineshchandra(General editor)
| date = 1964
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol. 17)
| url = https://archive.org/stream/SouthIndianInscriptionsVol.17#page/n0/mode/2up/search/kadu
| pages = 212, 213, Introduction page 2
| location = Madras
| publisher = Manager of publications, Delhi, Madras Govt. Press
| quote = No.517(A.R. No. 475-C of 1904.) [[Vedaranyam]], Tirutturaeippundi Taluk, Tanjore District. On the seventh pillar in the ''mandapa'' in front of the Tyagaraja shrine in the [[Vedaranyeswarar temple|Vedaranyesvara temple]]. [[Parantaka I]]. Year 38:944-45 A.D. This inscription records the gift of a [[fly-whisk]] coated with gold and silver, by Muttakilanadigal, the daughter of Kadupattigal.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Dineshchandra Sircar
| last = Sircar
| first = Dineshchandra(General editor)
| date = 1970
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol. 19)
| url = https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf
| location = Madras
| publisher = Madras Govt. Press
| page = 46
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171215075053/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf
| archive-date = 15 December 2017
| quote = This inscription has been published in ''S.I.I'' Vol. III. This is stated to be a record of all the gifts of gold made in earlier times for lamps to the temple which were now re-engraved on renovation from stones kept underground.The inscription is however left incomplete after the 4th line. Only one such item finds mention here viz. a gift made by Kadupattigal Nandippottaraiyar, obviously Pallava [[Nandivarman III]](and not Pallavamalla as supposed), for burning a lamp(after his surname) Kumaramarttanda, The authorities responsible for this reengraving viz. the assembly of Tiraimur, the ''nagarattar'' of Tiruvidaimarudil, the temple executives, the accountant and the manager are said to have met for their deliberation in the theatre hall of the temple, This early reference to the theatre in temples is noteworthy.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = E. Hultzsch
| last = Theodor Hultzsch
| first = Eugen Julius
| date = 1983
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol. 22, Issue 1)
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C4ZmKaSRLWQC&q=Kadupattigal
| publisher = Manager of Publications(Archaeological Survey of India)
| page = 209
| quote = in the temple of [[Thirumarperu|Tirumalperru-Mahadevar]], one on behalf of (queen?) VijjavaiMahadeviyar daughter of Vallamanar([[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]) Nandipanma-Kadupattigal, and the other on behalf of a retainer of the latter. The shepherds appointed to make the daily supply of ghee were to receive a portion of the sacred offered food from the temple.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = T. V. Mahalingam
| last = Venkataraman Mahalingam
| first = Therazhundur
| date = 1988
| title = A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: South Arcot District
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CGJmAAAAMAAJ&q=Kadupattigal
| publisher = Indian Council of Historical Research
| page = 369
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Krishna
| first = Nandha
| date = 1992
| title = Kanchi A Heritage Of Arts And Religion
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203595
| publisher = The C.P.Ramaswamy Aiyar Institute of Indological Research
| page = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203595/page/n98 78]
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = C. Minakshi
| last = Minakshi
| first = Cadambi
| date = 1938
| title = Administration And Social Life Under The Pallavas
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39468
| publisher = [[University of Madras]]
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39468/page/n40 17], 18, 47, 51, 52
}}
</ref>}}

[[War]]s that took place during the course of thirteenth and fourteenth centuries ([[Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I]] and [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]), Caused Kadupattans came to [[Kerala]] through the path which was present from banks of [[Kaveri]] through the [[Nilgiri mountains]], and with the influence of the [[Bhakti movement]] they were [[Hinduism|Hinduised]] as [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava(Ramanuja)]], [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Shaktism|Shaktheya]]; In Occupation ''Ezhuthachan'' (Village school master), Teachers who practiced Shakthi worship became known as ''Gurukkal''. [[Historian]] [[K. Balakrishna kurup|K. Balakrishna Kurup]] concludes history of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) caste as this.<ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Vilas Adinath Sangave
| first = Vilas Adinath
| last = Sangave
| title = Jain Community a social survey
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FWdWrRGV_t8C
| year = 1980
| publisher = Popular Book depot Bombay| isbn = 9780317123463
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Steven J. Rosen
| first = Steven.J.
| last = Rosen
| title = Archeology and the Vaishnava Tradition
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fWrXAAAAMAAJ
| year = 1989
| publisher = Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = John Faithfull Fleet
| first = John Faithfull
| last = Fleet
| title = Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts
| url = https://archive.org/details/dynastieskanare00fleegoog
| year = 1882
| publisher = Bombay Govt. Central press}}
</ref><ref name="Pandurang Bhimarao Desai"/><ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>

It is believed that the Kadupattans reached [[Malabar region|Malabar]] by the fifteenth century({{circa}} [[Common Era|C.E]] 1447).<ref name = "K.V.Krishna Iyer">
{{cite book
| author-link = K. V. Krishna Iyer
| last = Iyer
| first = K.V.Krishna
| date = 1938
| title = Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to A D 1806
| url = https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54985/2015.54985.Zamorins-Of-Calicut-From-The-Earliest-Times-Down-To-Ad-1806#page/n61/mode/2up/search/kadu
| location = Calicut
| publisher = Norman Printing Bureau
| page = 51
| quote = The (Kali day) of their arrival is expressed by the [[chrono-gram]] Ka-tu-ka-ste-yal-tya-ktah(കടുകസ്തയാൽത്യക്തഃ)
}}
</ref><ref name= "P.C.M.Raja">{{cite book
| last = Raja B.A.L.T
| first = P. C. M.
| script-title= ml:സാമൂതിരിയും കോഴിക്കോടും
| title = sāmūtiriyum kōḻikkōṭum
| page = 298
| quote = ഭാഷയിലും വേഷഭൂഷാദികളിലും മറ്റും ഇവർ തനി മലയാളികളാണെങ്കിലും മക്കത്തായികളും ഏതാണ്ട് തമിഴാചാരങ്ങൾ കൈക്കൊള്ളുന്നവരുമാണ്. 1442 ന്നടുത്ത് അഭയാർഥികളായി തമിഴ്‌നാട്ടിൽ നിന്നു വന്ന ഇവർക്ക് രക്ഷയും എഴുത്തച്ഛസ്‌ഥാനവും കൊടുത്തിരുത്തിയത് സാമൂതിരിയാണ്. കടു(കടുസ്സ) ഭട്ടന്മാരാകയാൽ ഇവരെ കടുപ്പട്ടന്മാർ എന്നു വിളിച്ചു.
}}</ref><ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Although the [[Aithihyamala]] says about a magician([[:ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ|Chembra Makku Ezhuthachan]]) who belonged to Kadupattan caste a disciple of the [[:ml:കാക്കശ്ശേരി ഭട്ടതിരി|Kakkassery Bhattathiri]] and member of a family who had been a teacher of traditional heritage, his lifespan is unclear.<ref name="Kottarathil Shankunni">
{{cite book
| author-link = Kottarathil Sankunni
| last = Sankunni
| first = Kottarathil
| script-title= ml:ഐതിഹ്യമാല, ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ
| title = aitihyamāla, cemprayeḻuttacchanmāra
| url = https://ml.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC
}}</ref>{{efn|[[Palm-leaf manuscript]]s collected from various places of [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]], Which dates back mid 19th century contain mention about ''Kadupattan'' and ''Ezhuthachan''. From [[Common Era|C.E]] 1849 and [[Common Era|C.E]] 1833 respectively.<ref>
{{cite book
| first = S.
| last = Rajendu
| script-title= ml:വള്ളുവനാട് ഗ്രന്ഥവരി
| title = vaḷḷuvanāṭ granthavari
| publisher = K. Sankaranarayanan, [[Perinthalmanna]]
| date = February 2015
| location = Calicut
| page = 91
| quote = ഓല - 65 പുറം - 1(ബാക്കി) പുതിയ പണം 5-ം ഇനിക്ക തന്ന ... യും ... ള്ളതില്‍ ... ത്തില്‍ രാമന്‍മെനൊനും ഊരംകൊടീല്‍ കുഞ്ചു എഴുത്തച്ചനും സാക്ഷിയാകെ 1008 -ാമത മെട മാസം 18-ന എഴുതിയത -}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| first = S.
| last = Rajendu
| script-title= ml:വള്ളുവനാട് ഗ്രന്ഥവരി
| title = vaḷḷuvanāṭ granthavari
| publisher = K. Sankaranarayanan, [[Perinthalmanna]]
| date = February 2015
| location = Calicut
| pages = 96, 97
| quote = ഓല - 74 പുറം - 1 - പെരുന്തൽമണ്ണ ദേശത്തിരിക്കും കടുപട്ടൻ മാരെങ്ങൻ നീലകണ്ഠൻ എഴുതിയ മുറി - വെട്ടമണ്ണ ഗോവിന്ദമേനോനച്ചൻ വായിച്ച തമ്പുരാനെ ഉണർത്തിക്കെണ്ടും കാർയ്യം - എന്നാൽ കടന്നമണ്ണ കൊവിലകം ചെരിക്കല്ല ജെന്മം മെപ്പടി ദെശത്തെ അടിയത്ത ഗൊവിന്നൻ നായരൊടെ എണക്ക പിടിച്ച വക ആൽക്കൽ വടക്കെതിൽ കുടിയിരുപ്പ 22 പണം കാണമായും അർത്ഥപലിശയും സർക്കാരനികുതിയുംകഴിച്ച കൊല്ലം 16 ...പണം പൊറപ്പാടായും കൊല്ലം 1024 ആ ഓല - 74 പുറം - 2 മത മകരമാസം 3 -ന പൊളിച്ചെഴുതി ചാർത്തി തിരുവെഴുത്ത വാങ്ങിയിട്ടുള്ളതിന്മെല്‍ മെൽപ്രകാരം പൊറപ്പാട പണം ഒന്നും കാലം ന്തോറും പണ്ടാരത്തിൽ കൊണ്ടുവന്നതന്ന തിരുവെഴുത്ത വാങ്ങിക്കൊള്ളുന്നതും ഉണ്ട - ഇതിന്ന പാലൊള്ളി മനക്കൽ നമ്പൂതിരിയും കരുമത്തിൽ വെലുനായരും സാക്ഷിയായി 1024 ആമത മകരം 3 - ന എഴുതിയത -}}</ref>}} One edition of [[Keralolpathi]], published by [[Hermann Gundert]], includes a reference to kaduppattar.<ref name = "Keralolpathi"/> One of the first government records which mentions the Ezhutachan caste is the [[British Raj|British India]] census taken on 17 February 1881.<ref name="census of British India"/>

Kadupattans entered [[Kerala]] through [[Palakkad Gap]], Their migration took place as number of groups of families. First group of eight families(''Ettu veettukar'') came and settled near [[Tirunavaya]] in [[Malabar region]], some of their family names were ''Thekkeppattu'', ''Vadakkeppattu'', ''Kizhakkeppattu'', ''Padinjareppattu'', ''Meleppattu'', ''Keezheppattu''.<ref name = "Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam"/> Family of ''[[:ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ|Chembra Ezhuthachan]]'' belongs to the tradition of ''Ettu veettukar''.<ref name="Kottarathil Shankunni"/><ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/> And the second group of thirty two families(''Muppaththirandu veettukaar'') settled in [[Thrissur]] region. Soon after another group of close relatives of ''Ettu veettukar'' and ''Muppaththirandu veettukaar'' settled in [[Palakkad]] region. Gradually they spread to other areas. Clashes between soldiers of [[Zamorin]] and [[Portuguese India Armadas]] that took place during sixteenth century on coastal areas of [[Malabar region]], caused many Kadupattans who were inhabitants of coastal areas of [[Kingdom of Tanur]] to move to Kanniyampuram of [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)]](In present [[Ottappalam|Ottappalam taluk]]), [[Chittur-Thathamangalam|Chittur]] and other parts of [[Kingdom of Cochin]] and settle there.<ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/><ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>
[[File:Palm leaf manuscripts which were used by Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan).jpg|thumb|Almost hundred years old [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s which deals with [[astrology]] and [[Education|teaching]], Were used by Nanu Ezhuthachan, [[Avinissery]], [[Thrissur]]]]
Kadupattans played major role in spreading [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vattezhuthu]] in [[Palakkad]], [[Malabar region|Malabar]] regions and [[Kingdom of Cochin]]. Usually they were well-versed in [[sanskrit]] too.<ref name="Calicut_City_of_truth">
{{cite book
| author-link = M. G. S. Narayanan
| first = M.G.S.
| last = Narayanan
| title = Calicut:The City of truth revisited
| publisher = Mathrubhumi Books
| orig-year = 2006
| date = July 2018
| location = [[Calicut]]
| pages = 158, 159
| isbn = 978-81-8267-551-3
| quote = By the sixteenth century we find a class of tutors called ''Ezhuthachans'' attached to the [[Kovilakam|''Kovilakams'']] of Thampurans and the big [[Tharavad|''tharavads'']] of [[Nair|Nayars]]. They were scholars in [[Sanskrit]], staying in the [[Nair|Nayar]] houses. They imparted elementary education to the [[Nair|Nayar]] boys and girls, instructing them in [[arithmetic]], teaching them the alphabet and telling them stories from the [[Puranas|puranic literature]]. The term ''Ezhuthachan'' literally means 'father of language'. We have a tradition to the effect that a group of people known as ''Kadupattar'', who were originally [[Brahmin]]s called Bhattacharyas, belonging to the village of Kadu in [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyadesa]], became [[Buddhism|buddhists]], and were forced to leave the country on account of persecution. They came to [[Calicut]] in 1447 AD. As refugees; and the Valiya Thampuratti(Seniormost lady of the palace) took pity on them and gave them asylum. They were rehabilitated as ''Ezhuthachans,'' teachers of alphabet, attached to the palace and the houses of nobles. The year their arrival is expressed by a chronogram in [[Katapayadi system|''kadapayaadi'']] style''-katukasteyaltyaktaah''-which yields the equivalent of the year AD.1447 when decoded. This tradition, cherished by the ''Ezhuthachan'' community, who made a livelihood by teaching in [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthupalli]], mostly attached to the palaces or [[Nair|Nayar]] [[Tharavad|''Tharavads,'']] might contain some historical truth. They are treated as [[Shudra|''Sudras,'']] but unlike other [[Shudra|''Sudra'']] groups they are usually well-versed in [[Sanskrit]] literature. It is quite probable that they are descended from some [[Brahmin]] group ostracized and excommunicated on an account of some misadventure. The story of [[Brahmin|Buddhist]] connection need not be literally true, since any unorthodox view was labelled as 'Bauddha'-Buddhist- in the traditional society of [[Kerala]]. The period of their arrival in [[Calicut]] suggested in the story is quite significant, since a school of translators of [[Sanskrit]] classics into [[Malayalam]] appeared on the scene within a century after this. The greatest of Scribes and teachers was [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchath Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] of the 16th century.
}}</ref> Kadupattans used the prayer of [[Tirthankara|Jain Tirthankara]] ''jina dheva''(''Namosthu jeenathe'') in their [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthupalli]]({{Audio|Ml-in-Ezhuthupalli.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{langx|ml|എഴുത്തുപള്ളി}}, ''{{Transliteration|ml|ISO|eḻuttupaḷḷi}}''), And taught [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vattezhuthu]], [[Mathematics]] etc.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Vidhyarambha charithram
| url = http://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/article-malayalam-news-1.611752
| access-date = 11 December 2017
| newspaper = Manorama online
| date = 18 October 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151020012545/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/article-malayalam-news-1.611752
| archive-date = 20 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/>

According to [[historian]] [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] the literary activities of [[Zamorin of Calicut|Malabar]], especially in [[Shudra|Sudras]] got strengthened after the arrival of Kadupattars. Translation of many texts from [[Sanskrit]] to [[Malayalam]] took place in the age after the arrival of them.<ref name="Calicut_City_of_truth"/>

In [[Kerala]] they were treated as [[shudra]].<ref name = "Keralolpathi">
{{cite book
| first = Hermann
| last = Gundert
| title = Keralolpathi(Second ed.)
| url = https://archive.org/details/1868_Keralolpathi_Hermann_Gundert/page/60/mode/1up
| orig-year = 1868
| year = 1868
| publisher = PRINTED BY STOLZ & REUTHER, BASEL MISSION PRESS
| location = Mangalore
| page = 60}}</ref> But it was permitted to go and pray until the ''Sacrificial stone(Balikkallu)'' of temple.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Some of the other communities called the men of the community ''Pattarappan''({{Audio|Ml-in-Pattarappan.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{langx|ml|പട്ടരപ്പൻ}}, ''{{Transliteration|ml|ISO|paṭṭarappan}}'') and the women as ''Pattathiyaramma''({{Audio|Ml-in-Pattathiyaramma.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{langx|ml|പട്ടത്തിയാരമ്മ}}, ''{{Transliteration|ml|ISO|paṭṭattiyaramma}}'').<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> In government records Kadupattans referred as the ''Choular''(People from the [[Chola dynasty|Chola country]]).<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>
It is believed that [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]] had placed them in a high position in society . The envy of the Zamorin's minister (Mangattachan) have put them under the burden of low class [[shudra]] in society.<ref name = "Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam">
{{cite web
| title = Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam Website
| url = http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/aboutus.php
| access-date = 11 December 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022453/http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/aboutus.php
| archive-date = 7 November 2017}}</ref> ''Pattanam pizhaithavar''(Those who lost status)Kadupattans were called by the other community like that.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Although Ezhuthachan caste very similar to those of [[Nair]](Even though some records classify them as [[Nair]]), they have nothing to do with the Nair community. Perhaps they have adopted to the traditional methods present in Kerala after arrival.<ref name="jstor.org">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3629883 The Internal Structure of the Nayar Caste, C. J. Fuller</ref><ref name = "William Logan"/><ref>
{{cite book
| first = F.
| last = Fawcett
| title = Nâyars of Malabar
| url = https://archive.org/stream/nayarsofmalabarv032656mbp#page/n11/mode/2up/search/187
| orig-year = 1901
| year = 1915
| publisher = Printed by the Superintendent, Government press.
| location = Madras
| page = 187}}</ref>

Till the introduction of [[State school|public education]] system in [[Kerala]], Kadupattans were present in [[Kingdom of Cochin]] and [[Malabar region|Malabar]] as Ezhuthachan(Village school master) and they ran [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthupallis]](Traditional village school).<ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Edgar Thurston
| last = Thurston
| first = Edgar
| title = Tribes and castes of Southern India(volume 2)
| url = https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso02thuriala#page/208/mode/2up/search/kadup
| year = 1909
| page = 209
| quote = Eluttacchan.— Eluttacchan or Ezhuttacchan, meaning teacher or master of learning, is the name for educated Kadupattans of Malabar employed as schoolmasters.}}
</ref> They taught wealthy people by staying at their home and this practice was called ''Ezhuthachan thamasikkuka''({{Audio|Ml-in-Ezhuthachan_Thamasikkuka.ogg |pronunciation|help=no}}, {{langx|ml|എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ താമസിക്കുക}}, ''{{Transliteration|ml|ISO|eḻuttacchan tamasikkuka}}'').<ref name= "K.P.Padhmanabha Menon">
{{cite book
| author-link = K.P.Padhmanabha Menon
| last = Menon
| first = K.P.Padhmanabha
| title = History of Kerala(Vol 3)
| page = 243
}}</ref><ref name="Kanippayyur">
{{cite book
| author-link = Kanippayyur Shankaran Namboodiripad
| first = Kanippayyur Shankaran
| last = Namboodiripad
| script-title= ml:നായന്മാരുടെ പൂർവ്വചരിത്രം (ഭാഗം 1)
| title = nāyanmāruṭe pūrvvacaritr̲aṃ (bhāgam 1)
| publisher = Panchangam books
| location = [[Kunnamkulam]], [[Thrissur]]
| edition = 5
| orig-year = December 2015
| year = 1962
| page = 184
| quote = നാട്ടെഴുത്തശ്ശാന്മാരായിരുന്നു കുട്ടികളെ വിദ്യ അഭ്യസിപ്പിച്ചിരുന്നത്. അതിന്നായി വലിയ തറവാടുകളിൽ തറവാട്ടുചിലവിന്മേൽ എഴുത്തശ്ശന്മാരെ പാർപ്പിക്കും കുട്ടികൾക്കു ഈ എഴുത്തശ്ശന്മാരെ വലിയ ഭക്തിയും ഭയവുമായിരുന്നു. കുട്ടികളെ പഠിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിന്നു പുറമെ മറ്റു വല്ല ജോലിക്കും എഴുത്തശ്ശന്മാരെ നിയോഗിക്കുക അസാധാരണമായിരുന്നില്ല.
}}</ref>
Traditionally, although caste gave importance to teaching, other tasks such as [[Litter (vehicle)|palanquin]] bearing, carrying [[salt]], [[oil]], and their marketing, [[agriculture]] etc. were also present.<ref>{{cite book
| author-link = Jervoise Athelstane Baines
| last = Jervoise Athelstane Baines
| first = Sir
| title = Ethnography (castes and tribes)
| url = https://archive.org/stream/ethnographycaste00bainuoft#page/70
| location = Strassburg
| publisher = Karl J. Trübner
| year = 1912
| access-date = 26 July 2018
| page = 70
| quote = Whilst the Uppiliyan and Kaduppattan, originally of the same trade, have added the profession of hedge-school keeping to their means of subsistence.}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author-link = Hermann Gundert
| last = Gundert
| first = Hermann
| title = A Malayalam and English Dictionary
| url = https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog
| year = 1872
| publisher = C. Stolz for Basel Mission Book Tract Depository
| location = Mangalore
| page = [https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog/page/n230 194]
| quote = കടുപ്പട്ടർ a caste of embalers and carriers(=കുടുമ്പർ), below vāṇiyar; also schoolmasters(loc.)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| first = E. P. Bhaskara
| last = Guptan
| orig-year = 2004
| script-title= ml:ദേശായനം(ദേശചരിത്രകഥകൾ)
| title = dēśāyanam(dēśacaritrakathakaḷa)
| publisher = Samabhavini Books, [[Kadampazhipuram]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| edition = 2
| date = 2013
| page = 48
| quote = ക്ഷേത്രങ്ങളിലേക്കാവശ്യമായ ശുദ്ധമായ എള്ളെണ്ണ നൽകുന്നത് കടുപ്പട്ടന്മാരുടെ അവകാശമായിരുന്നു. നല്ല മിനുസവാകപ്പൊടിയും ഇവർ തയ്യാറാക്കിയിരുന്നു, വാകച്ചാർത്തിനും മറ്റും ഉപയോഗിക്കുവാൻ.}}</ref>
Famous [[Magic (paranormal)|Magicians]], [[Physician]]s, [[Astrology|Astrologers]] and [[Sanskrit]] scholars have been emerged from this caste.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/165316/1/10%20%20chapter%204%20smitha%20j.pdf
| title = The Contribution of Punnasseri Kalari to Kerala Culture
| publisher = [[Shodhganga|Shodhganga:a reservoir of Indian theses]]
| access-date = 28 April 2018}}</ref> ''Panikkar'' was the title which used by some kadupattans.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>

After the introduction of modern [[State school|public education system]], traditional teaching methods were less important in the society. Many [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthupallis]](Traditional Village school) that ran by Ezhuthachans(Kadupattan) were converted to public school with modern teaching method.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Dr. Baiju K. Nath Assistant Professor Dept. of Education University of Calicut and Divya.K.T M.Ed(2014-2015)Batch, 'History of Ayyappan Ezhuthachan Aided upper primary school'
| url = https://www.academia.edu/26736651
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171216035059/http://www.academia.edu/26736651/HISTORY_OF_AYYAPPAN_EZHUTHACHAN_AIDED_UPPER_PRIMARY_BASIC_SCHOOL
| archive-date = 16 December 2017| last1 = Nath
| first1 = Baiju K.
}}
</ref> In the 19th century when British rule introduced public education in [[Malabar region|Malabar]], Ezhuthachan community made major contributions in the field of public education of [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]].<ref>
{{cite book
| first = S.
| last = Rajendu
| title = maisūr paṭayōṭṭam - irunnūṟṟiyanpat varṣaṅṅaḷ
| script-title= ml:മൈസൂര്‍ പടയോട്ടം - ഇരുന്നൂറ്റിയന്‍പത് വര്‍ഷങ്ങള്‍
| publisher = Vallathol vidyapeetham, Sukapuram, [[Edappal]]
| date = January 2017
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| page = 47
| isbn = 978-93-83570-66-9
| quote = പടയോട്ടങ്ങളെ തുടര്‍ന്നുള്ള ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് നിയമവ്യവസ്ഥയുടെ അവതരണം ഏതാണ്ടു നൂറുവര്‍ഷത്തിലധികം നീണ്ടുനില്‍ക്കുന്ന സാമ്പത്തിക-സാമൂഹ്യ അരക്ഷിതാവസ്ഥയിലേക്ക് വലിയൊരു വിഭാഗം കേരളജനതയെ തള്ളിവിട്ടു. ജനങ്ങളില്‍ നായന്മാര്‍ക്കും ഈഴവര്‍ക്കും മറ്റും ആധൂനിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിനു അവസരമുണ്ടാവുകയും ചിലര്‍ അധികാരികളും മേനോന്മാരുമായി ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഭരണത്തില്‍ പങ്കാളികളാവുകയും ചെയ്തു. എ.ഡി. 1850-നടുത്ത് എഴുത്തച്ഛന്‍ സമുദായത്തിന്റെ നേതൃത്വത്തില്‍ വള്ളുവനാട്ടിലും നെടുങ്ങനാട്ടിലും താഴെത്തട്ടിലുള്ള ജനങ്ങള്‍ക്കായി അനേകം സ്കൂളുകള്‍ സ്ഥാപിക്കപ്പെട്ടു.}}</ref>

== Physical Appearance ==
The [[Human skin color|skin complexion]] of Ezhuthachans(Kaduppattan) varies from dark to inter linked black and white. [[Edgar Thurston]] observes that they are 'dark & white skinned people, medium in stature, with simple nose and curly or wavy [[hair]]'.<ref>{{cite thesis
|type=Survey Research
|last=M
|first=Manoj Dathan
|date= July 2019
|title=Socio Economic Condition of Ezhuthachan Community In Kerala
|publisher=International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Management Studies (IJAHMS)
|url = http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/02.08.2019.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200715064417/http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/02.08.2019.pdf
|archive-date = 15 July 2020
}}</ref>

==Customs, Inheritance and Worship methods==
[[File:Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) worshipping his deity.png|thumb|right|Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) worshipping his deity]]
Though there are little differences in [[Tradition|customs]] locally, Nearly [[Tamils|Tamil]] practices followed.<ref name= "P.C.M.Raja"/><ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> According to [[William Logan (author)|William logan's]] Malabar manual this caste followed a Modified ''Makkathayam'' ([[Patriarchy]] / Patrilineal system of inheritance) in which the property descends from father to son but not from father to daughter.<ref name = "William Logan"/> At the wedding ceremonies there are rituals like ''Ganapathy homam''(ritual dedicated to Lord [[Ganesha]], performed to seek his blessings), ''Dhakshina giving''(Give donation to elders and seek blessings) and ''Panigrahanam''(The groom holds the hand of the bride).<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> There was no [[Polygamy]] and [[Polyandry]] prevailed, but [[widow]] remarried.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Peculiarities in death rituals of Ezhuthachan caste, Points they were foreign caste.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Ezhuthachan caste worshiped [[Ganesha|Ganapathy]], [[Vettakkorumakan]], [[Shakti]], [[Bhagavati]], [[Vishnumaya]].<ref name="Kottarathil Shankunni"/>

It is believed that [[Adi Shankara]] instructed Kadupattans in [[Shakti]] worship; Even now their descendants follow this tradition and claim it is inherited from their forefathers.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>

==Ezhuthachan Samajam==
[[File:One of the oldest Ezhuthachan samajam office.jpg|thumb|One of the oldest Ezhuthachan samajam office built during 1920s situated at [[Avinissery]], [[Thrissur]]]][[File:എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ യുവജന രക്ഷാസംഘം.jpg|thumb|Ezhuthachan yuvajana raksha samgham [[Avinissery|Perinchery]] in 1937]]
Ezhuthachan Samajam started functioning from 1906 onwards. The first organizer was a [[Sanskrit]] scholar and a teacher Mr.Chakkulliyal Kunjunni Ezhuthachan who was a disciple of legendary [[Sanskrit]] scholar and teacher. [[Punnasseri Nambi Neelakanta Sharma|Revered Punnasseri Nambi Neelakanta Sharma]]. He named the organization as ''Adhyapaka Samajam''. Though ''Adhyapaka Samajam'' made several reformations in caste customs and rituals, Kunjunni Ezhuthachan's efforts were not successful and he abandoned his project.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Ezhuthachan samajam came in to being as a reality when Late [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Vakil P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]] entered the arena. He was the real founder of the Ezhuthachan Samajam and architect of the present day Ezhuthachan community. He was also a [[Indian independence movement|freedom fighter]], a member of the [[Indian National Congress|congress party]] and also in [[Kochi rajya prajamandalam|Cochin State Prajamandal]], whose founder was [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan|Sri.V.R.Krishnan Ezhuthachan]], his son-in-law. Later [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan|Mr.Krishnan Ezhuthachan]] stepped into the shoes of his mentor and father-in-law, [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Mr. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]] as Ezhuthachan Samajam president. Since both were immersed in [[Indian National Congress|Congress politics]], [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement]], [[Peasant movement|peasant struggles]] and also in [[Kochi rajya prajamandalam|Cochin state Prajamandal]], they found it difficult to continue in the [[Kochi rajya prajamandalam|Ezhuthachan Samajam movement]]. Towards late 1940s [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan|Krishnan Ezhuthachan]] left the movement, so also [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Vakil. P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]]. [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Kumaran Ezhuthachan]] left the movement after a personal tragedy - The death of his son P.Lakshmanakumar. After 1947 the Ezhuthachan community was orphaned and community became rudderless. There were some attempts to revitalize the community by some spirited people, but it didn't reach anywhere. The services of Adv. Late M. Krishnankutty is to be mentioned in this context. In the Post era, from 1990s onwards there was some resurgence in the community. From late 1990s new thinking is visible in the community. From 2002, [[T. G. Ravi|Mr.T.G.Ravi]] came into the scene and revitalized the samajam activities. The present president Prof. Dr. Lakshmanakumar is the grandson of [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Vakil. P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]] and son of [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan|V R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]].<ref name = "Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam"/><ref>{{cite news
| title = Ezhuthachan's contributions recalled - KERALA - The Hindu
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ezhuthachans-contributions-recalled/article14955913.ece
| access-date = 27 July 2018
| newspaper = The Hindu online
| date = 21 March 2011
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20180727114957/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ezhuthachans-contributions-recalled/article14955913.ece
| archive-date = 27 July 2018}}</ref>

There are educational institutions under Ezhuthachan Samajam.<ref name = "Thunchath Ezhuthachan College">
{{cite web
| title = Thunchath Ezhuthachan College Website
| url = http://www.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com/
| access-date = 1 July 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180422152411/http://www.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com/
| archive-date = 22 April 2018}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = Palakkad gets its first law college
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/palakkad-gets-its-first-law-college/article6487350.ece
| access-date = 17 February 2018
| newspaper = The Hindu online
| date = 13 May 2004
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180217093402/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/palakkad-gets-its-first-law-college/article6487350.ece
| archive-date = 17 February 2018}}
</ref>

Then the organizations on behalf of ezhuthachan community were formed and functioned from all India to regional level. The last organization to be formed in that category is the ''Palakkad Ezhuthachan samudhaya trust'' based in [[Palakkad]].<ref name = "Ezhuthachan samudhaya trust">
{{cite news
|title=എഴുത്തച്ഛന് ട്രസ്റ്റ് വിജയികളെ അനുമോദിക്കും
|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/--1.257988
|access-date=15 August 2020
|newspaper= Mathrubhumi online
|date=29 May 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815130653/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/--1.257988
|archive-date=15 August 2020}}
</ref>

==Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan==
{{main|Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan}}
There is no clear history about birth or life of [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]]. However, there is a belief prevails as [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchathth Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] was a member of Ezhuthachan (Kadupattan) community.<ref>{{cite book
| author-link = Arthur Coke Burnell
| first = Arthur Coke
| last = Burnell
| title = Elements of South Indian Paleography
| publisher = Trubner and Co., 57 & 59 [[Ludgate Hill]], London
| edition = Second enlarged and improved
| date = 1878
| page = 42
| url = https://archive.org/details/SouthIndianPalaeographyAcBurnell1878
| quote = The application of the Arya-eluttu to the vernacular Malayalam was the work of a low-caste man who goes under the name of Tunjatta Eluttacchan, a native of Trikkandi-yur in the present district of Malabar. He lived in the seventeenth century, but his real name is forgotten; Tunjatta being his 'house' or family-name, and Eluttacchan(=schoolmaster) indicating his caste.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Top award denied after pressure: C Radhakrishnan
| url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/220116/top-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html
| access-date = 5 March 2018
| newspaper = [[Deccan Chronicle|Deccan Chronicle online]]
| date = 22 January 2016
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20180305154550/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/220116/top-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html
| archive-date = 5 March 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ പുരസ്‌കാര നിർണയത്തിൽ സി.രാധാകൃഷ്ണനെ തഴഞ്ഞതെന്തിന്?
| url = https://www.madhyamam.com/literature/literature-articles/2016/feb/09/177028
| access-date = 13 August 2020
| newspaper = [[Madhyamam]]
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = സി രാധാകൃഷ്ണനെതിരെ അഖില കേരള എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ സമാജത്തിന്റെ പ്രതിഷേധം
| url = http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/21/148817.html
| access-date = 5 March 2018
| newspaper = [[Reporter TV|Reporter online]]
| date = 21 December 2014
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20180305155107/http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/21/148817.html
| archive-date = 5 March 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Being a [[Vaishnavism|vaishnava(Ramanuja)]] sect member he was called as Ramanujan.<ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| page = 33
| quote = ചിറ്റൂരിൽ ആശ്രമം സ്ഥാപിച്ചു അന്തേവാസികളോടൊപ്പം കഴിഞ്ഞുകൂടിയ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ രാമാനുജൻ എന്ന പേരിൽ പ്രശസ്തനായിത്തീർന്നു .(രാമാനുജ സെക്റ്റിൽ പെട്ടവർ രാമാനുജൻ എന്നു വിളിക്കപ്പെടുന്നതു സാധാരണമായിരുന്നു. അയ്യപ്പ സെക്റ്റിലോ, കൾട്ടിലോ പെട്ടവർ അയ്യപ്പന്മാർ എന്നു അറിയപ്പെടുന്നതുപോലെ.)
}}</ref> And his real name was ''Thunchan''(The youngest child).<ref>{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| page = 34
| quote = അദ്ദേഹം ജനിച്ച സ്ഥലത്തിന്നു തുഞ്ചൻപറമ്പ് എന്നാണ് ഇപ്പോഴും പേർ പറഞ്ഞുവരുന്നത്. എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ പേർ തുഞ്ചൻ എന്നായിരുന്നില്ലെങ്കിൽ 'തുഞ്ചൻപറമ്പ്' 'തുഞ്ചത്തുപറമ്പ്' എന്നറിയപ്പെടുമായിരുന്നു.}}</ref> According to [[K. Balakrishna Kurup]], Thunchchath Ezhuthachan was a member of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) community and Ezhuthachan led his life as a teacher by following [[celibacy]] throughout his life.
<ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| page = 23
}}"മലബാർ ഭാഗത്ത് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ പ്രചാരണത്തിൽ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻമാർ മുന്നിട്ടിറങ്ങിയപ്പോൾ തിരുവിതാംകൂർ ഭാഗത്തു ഗണകന്മാർ ആ ദൗത്യം നിർവഹിച്ചു. എഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ വട്ടെഴുത്ത് പ്രചരിപ്പിച്ചതു മൂലവും മലയാളത്തിലെ രാമായണാദി ഗ്രന്ഥങ്ങൾ വട്ടെഴുത്തിൽ(ഗ്രന്ഥാക്ഷരത്തിൽ-)എഴുതപ്പെട്ടത് മൂലവുമാവാം തുഞ്ചത്തെഴുത്തച്ഛനാണ് മലയാളഭാഷയുടെ പിതാവ് എന്ന് പറഞ്ഞുവരാൻ ഇടയായത്. ഭക്തി പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ പ്രേരണക്ക് വിധേയമായി രാമായണമെഴുതിയ കണ്ണശ്ശൻ ഗണകവംശത്തിലും(പണിക്കർ) അധ്യാത്മരാമായണം രചിച്ച തുഞ്ചൻ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ വംശത്തിലും പെട്ടവരായിരുന്നുവെന്നത് യാദൃശ്ചിക സംഭവമല്ല."</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| orig-year = May 1998
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| edition = 2
| date = January 2000
| page = 39}}
"അദ്ദേഹം(എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ) ബ്രഹ്മചാരിയായിരുന്നു എന്ന് ഒരുകൂട്ടരും ഗൃഹസ്ഥാശ്രമി ആയിരുന്നുവെന്ന് മറ്റൊരു കൂട്ടരും വിശ്വസിക്കുന്നു. ഗൃഹസ്ഥാശ്രമി ആയിരുന്നുവെന്നതിന്നു അനുകൂലമായ സാഹചര്യതെളിവുകളൊന്നും കാണാനില്ല മറിച്ച് സന്യാസ ജീവിതമാണ് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ നയിച്ചിരുന്നതെന്നതിന്ന് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റ ചിറ്റൂരിലെ ആശ്രമവും അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ കവിതകളിലെ ധാരാളം പ്രയോഗങ്ങളും സാക്ഷ്യം വഹിക്കുന്നു.
{{Cquote|ഇന്ദ്രിയനിഗ്രഹമുള്ള പുരുഷന്നു
വന്നുകൂടും നിജസൗഖ്യങ്ങളോക്കവേ}}
എന്നും
{{Cquote|സത്സംഗംകൊണ്ടു ലഭിച്ചീടിന ഭക്തിയോടും
തൽസേവാരതന്മാരാം മാനുഷർ മെല്ലെ മെല്ലെ
ത്വന്മയാരചിതമാം സംസാരപാരാവാരം
തന്മറുകരയേറിടുന്നു കാലം കൊണ്ടേ
ത്വൽജ്ഞാനപരന്മാരാം മാനുഷ ജനങ്ങൾക്കു-
ള്ള ജ്ഞാനം നീക്കുവൊരു സല്ഗുരു ലഭിച്ചിടും}}
എന്നും പറയുന്ന എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ അധ്യാത്മകാചാര്യപദവിയിൽ ശിഷ്യഗണങ്ങൾക്കു ഉപദേശം നല്കിക്കൊണ്ടു ജീവിച്ചുവെന്നുതന്നെ കരുതാം.
{{Cquote|ഭക്തി സംയുക്തന്മാരാം യോഗീന്ദ്രന്മാർക്കു നൂനം
ഹസ്തസംസ്ഥിതിയല്ലോ മുക്തിയെന്നറിഞ്ഞാലും}} എന്നും
{{Cquote|രമിച്ചുവസിച്ചോളം വിരക്തിവരുമെന്ന-
തൊരുത്തൻ ധരിക്കേണ്ട വർധിക്കും ദിനം പ്രതി}}
എന്നു രാമായണത്തിലും
{{Cquote|സേവിച്ചോളവും നന്നായ്‌ വർധിച്ചു വരും കാമം}}
എന്ന് ഭാരതത്തിലും എഴുതിയ മഹാത്മാവ് ഗൃഹസ്ഥാശ്രമിയായിരിക്കാനിടയില്ല എന്നേ പറയാൻ വയ്ക്കു."</ref> E. P. Bhaskara Guptan a writer and
independent researcher in local history from [[Kadampazhipuram]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]; supports conclusion of [[K. Balakrishna Kurup]] about [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchathth Ezhuthachan's]] caste.<ref>{{cite book
| first = E. P. Bhaskara
| last = Guptan
| orig-year = 2004
| script-title= ml:ദേശായനം(ദേശചരിത്രകഥകൾ)
| title = dēśāyanam(dēśacaritrakathakaḷa)
| publisher = Samabhavini Books
| location = [[Kadampazhipuram]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| edition = 2
| date = 2013
| page = 47
| quote = തുഞ്ചൻ കടുപ്പട്ടഎഴുത്തച്ഛനായിരുന്നുവെന്ന് ശ്രീ. കെ.ബാലകൃഷ്ണക്കുറുപ്പ് വാദിക്കുന്നു. ആചാര്യൻ ചക്കാലനായർ വിഭാഗമായിരുന്നുവെന്നാണ് പണ്ട് പരക്കെ ധരിച്ചിരുന്നത്. അങ്ങനെയായിരുന്നാൽ പോലും അദ്ദേഹം ജനിതകമായി കടുപ്പട്ടഎഴുത്തച്ഛനല്ല എന്ന് വന്നുകൂടുന്നില്ല.}}</ref> Historian [[:ml:വേലായുധൻ പണിക്കശ്ശേരി|Velayudhan Panikkassery]] also expressing the same opinion.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Ezhuthachan opposed social evils: Vysakhan
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm
| access-date = 4 September 2018
| date = 3 January 2005
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180904082457/https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| archive-date = 4 September 2018}}</ref>

Historian [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] point out mention about [[Digambara|Jain monks]] in [[Adhyathmaramayanam|''Adhyathma ramayanam kilippattu'']] as proof for [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchaththu ezhuthachan's]] familiarity with [[Digambara|Jain monks]].<ref>{{cite book
| author-link = M. G. S. Narayanan
| first = M. G. S
| last = Narayanan
| script-title= ml:കേരളം ചരിത്രവഴിയിലെ വെളിച്ചങ്ങൾ
| title = kēraḷaṁ caritravaḻiyile veḷiccaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = Sahithya pravarthaka co-operative society
| location = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| date = 2017
| page = 106
| isbn = 978-93-87439-08-5
}} {{Cquote| ''നാണമെന്നിയെ മുദാ നാവിന്മേൽ നടനംചെയ്-'' 
''കേണാങ്കാനനേ യഥാ കാനനേ ദിഗംബരൻ''}} എന്നു പ്രാർത്ഥിക്കുന്നതിൽ നിന്ന് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്([[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|എഴുത്തച്ഛന്]]) കാടുകളിൽ ജീവിക്കുന്ന [[Digambara|ദിഗംബരന്മാരായ]] ജൈനമുനിമാരെപ്പറ്റി അറിവുണ്ടായിരുന്നുവെന്ന് അനുമാനിക്കാം.</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]
*[[A. M. Paraman]]
*[[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]]
*[[K. N. Ezhuthachan]]
*[[E. K. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]
*[[C. N. Balakrishnan]]
*[[T. G. Ravi]]
*[[:ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ|Chembra Ezhuthachanmar]]

==References==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| pages = 15–40
}}
*{{cite book
| author-link = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer
| last = Iyer
| first = L.K.Anantha Krishna
| title = The tribes and castes of cochin(volume 2)
| year = 1912
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378/page/n149 103]–114
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/details/VishwasathinteKanappurangal_201809 Read Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ(വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ)]
*[http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/ Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam Website]
*[http://ezhuthachanscaste.blogspot.com/ Articles about Thunchathth Ezhuthachan's caste]

[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kerala]]

1951 Punjab provincial election

2025-09-16T03:33:54Z

Leonuqs: created initial entry v1

{{Short description|Election in Pakistan}}
{{for|the election in India|1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1951 West Punjab Legislative Assembly election
| country = Dominion of Pakistan
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election
| previous_year = 1946
| next_election = 1956 West Pakistan Interim Assembly election
| next_year = 1956
| seats_for_election = All 192 seats in the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 97
| elected_mps =
| election_date = 31 March 1951
| image1 = [[File:Mumtaz Daultana.jpg|80px]]
| leader1 = [[Mumtaz Daultana]]
| party1 = Muslim League (Pakistan)
| color1 =
| leaders_seat1 = Multan-XIII
| last_election1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 = '''51.1'''
| seats1 = '''143'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}70

| image2 = [[File:Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Nawab Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot (cropped).png|80px]]
| leader2 = [[Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot]]
| party2 = [[Jinnah Awami Muslim League|JAML]]
| color2 = {{party color|All-Pakistan Awami League}}
| leaders_seat2 = Lahore-I
| last_election2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 = 22.7
| seats2 = 32
| seat_change2 = {{increase}}32
| title = [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)|Premier]]
| posttitle = Elected Premier
| before_election = Governor Rule
| before_party = Muslim League (Pakistan)
| after_election = [[Mumtaz Daultana]]
| after_party = Muslim League (Pakistan)
| turnout = 44%
| registered = 45,00,000
}}
Provincial Assembly elections were held in the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] in 1951<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/1951-55.htm|title=The Punjab Legislative Assembly 1951-55|work=Provincial Assembly of the Punjab}}</ref> to elect all 192 members of the [[Provincial Assembly of Punjab|Provincial Assembly]] of [[West Punjab]] along with other provincial election in [[1951 North-West Frontier Province provincial election|North-West Frontier Province]]. It was Pakistan's first provincial assembly election. [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Pakistan Muslim League]] won the election, and defeated the [[Jinnah Awami Muslim League|JAML]] coalition of the [[Jinnah Muslim League]] and [[All-Pakistan Awami Muslim League]] .<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nayadaur.tv/19-Jun-2018/elections-in-pakistan-a-visual-history|title=Elections in Pakistan: A visual history|first=Nadeem F.|last=Paracha|date=19 June 2018|work=Naya Duar TV}}</ref>

== Background ==
After the [[independence of Pakistan]] in 1947, the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] was divided and [[West Punjab]] was given to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] which became Muslim majority region soon after the [[partition of India]]. Nawab [[Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot]] became the premier of the province after independence and a ministry was formed by him. His ministry was accused of corruption and nepotism. After this, his ministry was dissolved in 1949. Later in 1950 governor [[Abdur Rab Nishtar]] announced a provincial election to be held.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Electoral Politics during 1951 Provincial Elections in the Punjab: A Progression of Authoritarian Legacy|journal=Bulletin of Business and Economics|pages=692–698|volume=12|issue=3|doi=10.61506/01.00098|first=Nusrat|last=Asif|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Results==
The election was for 197 seats. There were 44 additional two-seat constituency with 50% for [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir]]. 4 seats were reserved for Christians and [[Anglo-Indians]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kamran |first=Tahir |date=July–December 2009 |title=Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan: 1950s |url= |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=24 |number=2 |pages=257–282}}</ref>
{{Election results
|party1=[[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]|votes1=|seats1=143|sc1=New|color1={{party color|Muslim League (Pakistan)}}
|party2=[[Jinnah Awami Muslim League]]|votes2=|seats2=32|sc2=New|color2={{party color|All-Pakistan Awami League}}
|party4=[[Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)|Jamaat-e-Islami]] and [[Azad Pakistan Party]]|votes4=|seats4=1|sc4=New|color4={{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}
|party5=[[Islami League]] |votes5=|seats5=0|sc5=New|color5={{party color|Islam League}}
|party6=[[Communist Party of Pakistan|Communist Party]]
|votes6=|seats6=0|sc6=New|color6={{party color|Communist Party of Pakistan}}
|party20=Independent|votes20=|seats20=16|sc20=|color20={{party color|Independent}}
|invalid=
|electorate=
|total_sc=0
|source=Kokab<ref name=kokab>{{cite journal|title=Electoral Politics in Punjab Legislature’s Election 1951|first=Rizwan Ullah|last=Kokab|volume=6|issue=2|pages=228–256|journal=Journal of Historical Studies|url=https://jhs.bzu.edu.pk/upload/vol%2520II-%252020_Article%252014.pdf}}</ref>
}}

== Elected members ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Serial
!Member
|-
|1
|Abbas Khan, Seth Malik
|-
|2
|Abdul Bari, Mian
|-
|3
|Abdul Ghani Harl, Chaudhri (Sheikhupura-III ― Muslim)
|-
|4
|Abdul Hamid Khan, Rana (Montgomery-VIII ― Muslim)
|-
|5
|Abdul Hamid Nakai, Sardar, B.A. (Hons) (Lahore-V ― Muslim)
|-
|6
|Abdul Hamid, Mr (Lyallpur-VI ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|7
|Abdul Haq, Mian (Montgomery-III ― Muslim)
|-
|8
|Abdul Latif, Mian, B.A., LL.B. (Sheikhupura-V ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|9
|Abdul Majid Qureshi, Sahnavi, Mr (Multan-VII ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|10
|Abdul Qayyum, Mir, B.A., Ll.B. (Lyallpur-I ― Muslim)
|-
|11
|Abdul Rahim, Chaudhri (Sialkot-X ― Muslim)
|-
|12
|Abdul Waheed Khan, Mr (Corporation of the city of Lahore-IV ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|13
|Abdul Wahid, Alhaj Mian (Lyallpur-X ― Muslim)
|-
|14
|Abdullah Khan, Major Amir (Shahpur-X ― Muslim)
|-
|15
|Abdur Rehman Khan, Rao (Multan-IX ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|16
|Abdus Sattar Khan Niazi, Khan (Mianwali-II ― Muslim)
|-
|17
|Abid Hussain Shah, Lt Col Saiyad (Jhang-III ― Muslim)
|-
|18
|Abu Saeed Enver, Mr (Corporation of the city of Lahore-III ― Muslim)
|-
|19
|Ahmed Ali, Sardar (Lahore-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|20
|Ahmed Masud Said, Mr (Lyallpur-II ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|21
|Ahmed Saeed Kirmani, Mr (Corporation of the city of Lahore-V ― Muslim)
|-
|22
|Ahmed Yar Khan, Mehr (Shahpur-VIII ― Muslim)
|-
|23
|Ali Sher Khan, Chaudhri (Sheikhupura-IV ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|24
|Altaf Hussain Bokhari, Saiyad (Jhang-VIII ― Muslim)
|-
|25
|Altaf Mohy-ud-Din Qadri, Saiyad, M.A. (Sialkot-V ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|26
|Amir Ali Khan, Subedar, Raja (Rawalpindi-VII ― Muslim)
|-
|27
|Amir Hussain Shah, Saiyad (Gujrat-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|28
|Amir Muhammad Khan, Nawabzada (Mianwali-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|29
|Amir-ud-Din, Mian (Corporation of the city of Lahore-II ― Muslim)
|-
|30
|Asghar Ali Khan, Lt. Col., Nawabzada Chaudhri (Gujrat-II ― Muslim)
|-
|31
|Ata Muhammad Khan Khosa, Sardar (Dera Ghazi Khan-III ― Muslim)
|-
|32
|Aziz Din, Chaudhri, B.A., LL.B. (Lyallpur-III ― Muslim)
|-
|33
|Bahadur Khan Drishak, Sardar (Dera Ghazi Khan-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|34
|Bahawal Sher, Malik (Montgomery-II ― Muslim)
|-
|35
|Chandu Lal, Chaudhri (Pakistani Christian and Anglo-Pakistani-II)
|-
|36
|[[Dawood Ghaznavi|Daud Ghaznavi, Maulana]] (Lahore-V ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|37
|Dost Muhammad Khan, Mian (Gujranwala-VIII ― Muslim)
|-
|38
|Faiz Ahmad, Chaudhri, B.A., LL.B. (Shahpur-IX ― Muslim)
|-
|39
|Faiz Ahmad, Mian (Montgomery-IX ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|40
|Faiz Hussain, Malik (Sialkot-VII ― Muslim)
|-
|41
|Faiz Muhammad, Mian (Jhang-I ― Muslim)
|-
|42
|Fateh Muhammad Khan Tiwana, Malik (Shahpur-V ― Muslim)
|-
|43
|Fateh Muhammad, Captain Mian (Gujrat-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|44
|Fateh Sher Jhumat, Malik (Mianwali-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|45
|Fazal Elahi, Chaudhri, M.A., LL.B. (Alig) (Gujrat-VII ― Muslim)
|-
|46
|Fazal Hussain, Malik (Gujranwala-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|47
|Ghulam Abbas Bokhari, Dewan Saiyad, ''alias'' Mr Muhammad Sultan Ahmad (Multan-V ― Muslim)
|-
|48
|Ghulam Haider, Mr (Jhang-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|49
|Ghulam Muhammad, Mian (Montgomery-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|50
|Ghulam Murtaza, Haji Khawaja (Dera Ghazi Khan-VIII ― Muslim)
|-
|51
|Ghulam Mustafa Shah Khalid Gilani, Saiyad (Rawalpindi-III ― Muslim)
|-
|52
|Ghulam Nabi, Malik (Corporation of the city of Lahore-I ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|53
|Ghulam Rasul Tarar, Chaudhri (Gujrat-IX ― Muslim)
|-
|54
|Ghulam Sabir Khan, Mr (Montgomery-VI ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|55
|Ghulam Sadid-ud-Din, Khawaja, Hafiz (Dera Ghazi Khan-VII ― Muslim)
|-
|56
|Gibbon, Mr C.E. (Pakistani Christian and Anglo-Pakistani-III) (Deputy Opposition Leader)

(Performed the functions of Leader of Opposition during the absence of Mian Abdul Bari in the session held from 22/11/1954 to 11/12/1954)
|-
|57
|Gul Muhammad Noon ''alias'' Mr Abdul Aziz (Multan-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|58
|Gul Nawaz Khan, Chaudhri (Gujrat-VIII ― Muslim)
|-
|59
|Gulzar Muhammad Ali, Begum Dr, M.B.B.S., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., D.O.M.S. (London), L.M. (Dublin) (Multan city ― Women Muslim)
|-
|60
|Habibullah Khan Tiwana, Khan Bahadur Nawabzada Malik (Shahpur-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|61
|Hadayat Ali, Shaikh, B.A., LL.B. (Sialkot-IX ― Muslim)
|-
|62
|Haji Shah, Qadri Gilani, Sayad (Montgomery-IX ― Muslim)
|-
|63
|Hamid Ullah Beg, Mirza (Lahore-III ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|64
|Hassan Ali Shah, Saiyad (Montgomery-VII ― Muslim)
|-
|65
|Iftikhar Hussain Khan, Khan (Corporation of the city of Lahore-I ― Muslim)
|-
|66
|Inayat Ullah, Chaudhri (Corporation of the city of Lahore-V ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|67
|Irshadullah Ranjha, Chaudhri (Gujrat-XI ― Muslim)
|-
|68
|Jahan Ara Shahnawaz, Begum (Outer Lahore ― Muslim Women)
|-
|69
|Jalal Din Bhandara, Haji (Montgomery-VIII ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|70
|Jamil Hussain Rizvi, Saiyad, B.Sc., LL.B. (Alig) (Gujrat-XII ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|71
|Joshua Fazl-ud-Din, Mr, B.A., LL.B. (Pakistani Christian and Anglo-Pakistani-IV)
|-
|72
|Kala Khan, Sardar (Rawalpindi-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|73
|Karim Bakhsh, Hafiz, B.A., LL.B. (Muzaffargar-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|74
|Khadim Hussain, Chaudhri (Sheikhupura-I ― Muslim)
|-
|75
|Kher Mahdi Khan, Raja (Jhelum-III ― Muslim)
|-
|76
|Khuda Dad Khan, Raja (Jhelum-II ― Muslim)
|-
|77
|Khurshid Ahmed Qureshi, Alhaj, Hakim Mian (Shahpur-XI ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|78
|Lal Khan, Raja (Rawalpindi-II ― Muslim)
|-
|79
|Manzoor Hassan, Mian (Gujranwala-I ― Muslim)
|-
|80
|Manzoor Hussain, Saiyad (Sheikhupur-II ― Muslim)
|-
|81
|Manzoor-ul-Hassan, Sheikh (Rawalpindi-I ― Muslim)
|-
|82
|Mehbub Elahi, Shaikh (Lyallpur-I ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|83
|Mehdi Ali Khan, Nawabzada Chaudhri (Gujrat-I ― Muslim)
|-
|84
|Meherban Ahmad, Haji (Corporation of the city of Lahore-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|85
|Mehtab Khan, Chaudhri (Lahore-II ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|86
|Moeen-Azam Khan, Sardar, B.A. (Dera Ghazi Khan-V ― Muslim)
|-
|87
|Mohy-ud-Din Lal Badshah, Saiyad (Attock-V ― Muslim)
|-
|88
|Mohy-ud-Din, Maulvi (Lahore-IV ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|89
|Mubarik Ali Shah, Major Saiyad (Jhang-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|90
|Muhammad Abdullah Jat, Chaudhri (Lyallpur-V ― Muslim)
|-
|91
|Muhammad Abdullah Khan Lt. Col., Raja (Gujranwala-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|92
|Muhammad Afzal Cheema, Chaudhri, M.A., LL.B. (Lyallpur-IX ― Muslim)
|-
|93
|Muhammad Afzal Khan, Khan (Mianwali-V ― Muslim)
|-
|94
|Muhammad Akbar Malik, Mr (Gujranwala-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|95
|Muhammad Akram Khan Bosan, Khan Bahadur, Haji Malik (Multan-II ― Muslim)
|-
|96
|Muhammad Akram Khan, Malik, Bar-at-Law (Attock-II ― Muslim)
|-
|97
|Muhammad Ali, Haji (Sheikhupura-VII ― Muslim)
|-
|98
|Muhammad Amin Khan Kanju Khan, Mr (Multan-VII ― Muslim)
|-
|99
|Muhammad Amin, Mr (Corporation of the city of Lahore-II ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|100
|Muhammad Amir Khan, Mr (Jhelum-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|101
|Muhammad Ashraf Alam Khan, Mr (Lyallpur-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|102
|Muhammad Awais, Chaudhri (Jhelum-I ― Muslim)
|-
|103
|Muhammad Bakhsh, Haji Mian (Shahpur-II ― Muslim)
|-
|104
|Muhammad Ghulam Jilani Gurmani, Mian (Muzaffargarh-III ― Muslim)
|-
|105
|Muhammad Hanif, Chaudhri (Multan-III ― Muslim Reserve Seat)
|-
|106
|Muhammad Hassan, Chaudhri, B.A., LL.B. (Lyallpur-VII ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|107
|Muhammad Hayat Khan, Malik (Attock-VII ― Muslim)
|-
|108
|Muhammad Iqbal Ahmad Khan, Rai (Montgomery-II ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|109
|Muhammad Iqbal Cheema, Chaudhri, B.A., LL.B. (Sialkot-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|110
|Muhammad Islam-ud-Din, Maulvi (Multan-XIII ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|111
|Muhammad Jahangir Khan Langrial, Malik (Montgomery-I ― Muslim)
|-
|112
|Muhammad Jamal Khan, K.B. Nawab Sardar (Dera Ghazi Khan-I ― Muslim)
|-
|113
|Muhammad Khan Gishkori, Sardar (Dera Ghazi Khan-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|114
|Muhammad Khuda Yar Khan Maneka, Mian (Montgomery-X ― Muslim)
|-
|115
|Muhammad Mehr Shah, Nawab Sir Saiyad (Jhelum-V ― Muslim)
|-
|116
|Muhammad Mohsin Lali, Mahar, Mr ''alias'' Massan (Jhang-VII ― Muslim)
|-
|117
|Muhammad Munir, Mr (Sialkot-X ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|118
|Muhammad Rehmat Hussain Gilani, Makhdumzada Pir Syed (Multan-III ― Muslim)
|-
|119
|Muhammad Saeed Qureshi, Nawabzada Mian, B.A. (Shahpur-VII ― Muslim)
|-
|120
|Muhammad Sarfraz Hussain Khan, Malik (Attock-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|121
|Muhammad Sarfraz Khan, Raja (Jhelum-VI, Muslim)
|-
|122
|Muhammad Sarwar Bodala, Mian (Montgomery-V ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|123
|Muhammad Sarwar Khan, Chaudhri (Sialkot-VIII ― Muslim)
|-
|124
|Muhammad Shafi, Mian, M.A. (Montgomery-VII ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|125
|Muhammad Shafiq, Chaudhri, B.A., LL.B. (Montgomery-III ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|126
|Muhammad Wilait Hussain Shah Gilani, Makhdum Alhaj Pir Saiyad (Multan-III ― Muslim)
|-
|127
|Muhammad Yar Khan, Mr (Multan-XII ― Muslim)
|-
|128
|Muhammad Yousaf, Chaudhri (Lyallpur-X ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|129
|Muhammad Zafarullah, Sardar, B.A., LL.B. (Corporation of the city of Lahore-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|130
|Muhammad Zakir, Maulvi (Jhang-IX ― Muslim)
|-
|131
|Muhammad Zaman, Mr (Gujrat-V ― Muslim)
|-
|132
|Mumtaz Ali Khan, Sardar, B.A., LL.B. (Attock-III ― Muslim)
|-
|133
|Murid Ahmed, Qazi (Shahpur-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|134
|Murid Hussain, Saiyad (Sialkot-III ― Muslim)
|-
|135
|Mushtaq Ahmad Khan, Chaudhri (Lyallpur-X ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|136
|Mushtaq Ahmad, Mian, B.A., LL.B. (Corporation of the city of Lahore-III ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|137
|Muzaffar Khan, Khan Bahadur Captain Malik (Mianwali-III ― Muslim)
|-
|138
|Muzaffar Khan, Mr (Attock-I ― Muslim)
|-
|139
|Nabi Ahmad, Chaudhri (Gujranwala-III ― Muslim)
|-
|140
|Nasrullah Khan Jatoi, Sardar (Muzaffargar-VII ― Muslim)
|-
|141
|Nasrullah Khan, Nawabzada (Muzaffargarh-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|142
|Nasrullah Khan, Rai, B.A. (Lyallpur-XI ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|143
|Nasrullah, Chaudhri, B.A., LL.B. (Lahore-II ― Muslim)
|-
|144
|Naubahar Shah, Saiyad (Multan-XI ― Muslim)
|-
|145
|Nausher Khan, Rai (Lyallpur-VIII ― Muslim)
|-
|146
|Nawab Khan Gopang, Haji Sardar (Muzaffargarh-VIII ― Muslim)
|-
|147
|Nawazish Ali Khan Sial, Khan Saiyad (Jhang-II ― Muslim)
|-
|148
|Nazar Hussain Shah, Makhdum Saiyad (Lyallpur-XI ― Muslim)
|-
|149
|Nazar Hussain Shah, Saiyad (Muzaffargarh-I ― Muslim)
|-
|150
|Noor, Mr M (General)
|-
|151
|Nur Muhammad, Malik (Montgomery-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|152
|Qutab Khan, Sardar Bahadur Captain, O.B.I. (Multan-XII ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|153
|Rahim Bakhsh Khan, Mr (Multan-X ― Muslim)
|-
|154
|Rashida Latif, Baji (Muslim Women ― Inner Lahore)
|-
|155
|Rehan-ud-Din Siddiqui, Mr (Multan-I ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|156
|Rehmat Ullah, Mehr, (Montgomery-I, Muslim)
|-
|157
|Sai Muhammad, Chaudhri (Gujrat-XII ― Muslim)
|-
|158
|Saif Ullah Tarar, Chaudhri (Gujranwala-VII ― Muslim)
|-
|159
|Sajjad Ali Khan, Rukan-ud-Daullah, Shamshari Jang Allah, Nawab (Gujranwala-II ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|160
|Salah-ud-Din Khan, Chaudhri, B.A., LL.B. (Gujranwala-V ― Muslim)
|-
|161
|Salehon Muhammad, Mr (Shahpur-I ― Muslim)
|-
|162
|Salma Tassaduq Hussain, Begum (Muslim Women ― Inner Lahore)
|-
|163
|Sana Ullah Bodla, Pir (Multan-VIII ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|164
|Shah Nawaz Khan, Shaikh (Sialkot-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|165
|Shah Nawaz, Saiyad, B.A. (Montgomery-V ― Muslim)
|-
|166
|Shamim Hussain Qadri, Syed, B.A., LL.B. (Corporation of the city of Lahore-III ― Muslim Reserved Seat)
|-
|167
|Shamsher Ali Kalyar, Alhaj Mian (Shahpur-XI ― Muslim)
|-
|168
|Sher Jang Khan, Captain (Rawalpindi-VI ― Muslim)
|-
|169
|Singha, Mrs S.P. (Pakistani Christian and Anglo-Pakistani-I)
|-
|170
|Sultan Khan, Chaudhri (Attock-IV ― Muslim)
|-
|171
|Wali Muhammad Bosal, Chaudhri (Gujrat-X ― Muslim)
|-
|172
|Zafar Ullah Khan, Mr (Multan-IX ― Muslim)
|-
|173
|Zahoor Hussain Shah, Syed (Multan-VIII ― Muslim)
|-
|174
|Zeenat Jahan Fida Hasan, Begum (Muslim Women ― Rawalpindi city)
|}

==Aftermath==
In 1951, after elections in West Punjab, [[Mumtaz Daultana]] was chosen as parliamentary leader of the Muslim League in the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] and invited to form a government.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ali Usman|last=Qasmi|title=The Ahmadis and the Politics of Religious Exclusion in Pakistan|publisher=Anthem Press|date=15 Mar 2015|page=74}}</ref> Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot became the first [[Leader of the Opposition in the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjab, Pakistan elections}}

[[Category:1951 elections in Pakistan|Punjab]]
[[Category:Elections in Punjab, Pakistan]]

Abdul Ghafoor Shahbaz

2025-07-12T22:34:16Z

Leonuqs: put up a details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian writer (1857–1908)}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = ''[[Maulvi]]''
| name = Syed Muhammad Abdul Ghafoor Shahbaz
| birth_name = Syed Muhammad Abdul Ghafoor
| birth_date = 1857
| birth_place = [[Sarmera]], [[Nalanda district]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = 1908
| death_place = [[Patna]], British Raj
| education = [[Patna University]]
| occupation = Writer, Poet, Researcher
| notable_works = ''[[Zindagani-e-Benazir]]''
| father = Syed Talib Ali
| module =
}}
'''Maulvi Syed Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Shahbaz''' (1857–1908) was an Indian Poet, Translator and Researcher of Urdu-language. He had his research on ''Kulliyat-e-Nazeer'' of [[Nazeer Akbarabadi]]. He had served as a professor at Aurangabad College and also the first Director of Public Instruction, Bhopal in 1905.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Institute |first=Moslem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BycoAAAAYAAJ&dq=Abdul+Ghafoor+Shahbaz&pg=PA102 |title=Journal of the Moslem Institute: A Quarterly Chiefly Devoted to Subjects of Oriental Interest |date=1907 |pages=102 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Gouri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERavqiLTu7cC&dq=Abdul+Ghafoor+Shahbaz&pg=PA70 |title=The Legend Makers: Some Eminent Muslim Women of India |date=2003 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-001-3 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref>

He was the founder and editor of ''Noor-e-Baseerat'', a monthly literary magazine published from Bengal since its foundation in July 1884. He had also contributed to ''Darus Saltanat'' and ''Lucknow Awadh Panch'', a satirical magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arshad |first=S. |title=Maulana Azad And Abdul Ghafur Shahbaz Gave Constructive Shape To Urdu Literary Journalism |url=https://www.newageislam.com/islam-media/s-arshad-new-age-islam/maulana-azad-abdul-ghafur-shahbaz-gave-constructive-shape-urdu-literary-journalism/d/126419 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=[[New Age Islam]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shahbaz was born in 1857 at Purab Sarmehra village of Patna district (now in Nalanda district of Bihar) into a noble Sayyid family of Syed Talib Ali, a zamindar as Syed Muhammad Abdul Ghafoor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diwakar |first=Ranganath Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVDRAAAAMAAJ&q=Abdul+Ghafoor+Shahbaz |title=Bihar Through the Ages |date=1959 |publisher=Orient Longmans |pages=763 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Nagendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1cCAAAAMAAJ&q=Abdul+Ghafoor+Shahbaz |title=Image of Patna |date=1972 |publisher=Government of Bihar, Gazetteers Branch; [obtainable from the Superintendent, Government Stationery Stores and Publications] |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Azam|2011|p=9}}

He had his early education under Syed Talib Ali and then went to Muzaffarpur Zila Highschool with Khan Bahadur Syed Abdul Aziz.{{Sfn|Azam|2011|p=9}} He was admitted to National Collegiate College, Patna in 1887 after passing in the entrance examination, he studied here till Matriculation and passed F. A. from [[Bihar National College]].{{Sfn|Azam|2011|p=10}}

== Personal life ==
Shahbaz was married to Bibi Shams-un-Nissa or Shamsa Khatun, daughter of Munshi Dawood Ali in 1875, they had two daughters Sughra Begum and Bushra Begum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdul Ghafoor Shahbaz Poet/Writer Biography - Bihar Urdu Youth Forum, Patna |url=https://urduyouthforum.org/biography/biography-Abdul-Ghafoor-Shahbaz.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=urduyouthforum.org}}</ref>

== Works ==

=== Zindagani-e-Benazir ===
It is translated as 'The Unrivalled Life.' This was the first biography of Nazeer Akbarabadi written by Shahbaz.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tanavīra |first=Habība |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLVjAAAAMAAJ&q=Abdul+Ghafoor+Shahbaz |title=Agra Bazaar |date=2006 |publisher=Seagull Books |isbn=978-81-7046-276-7 |pages=6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bihar (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObhhAAAAIAAJ&q=Abdul+Ghafoor+Shahbaz |title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Patna (& suppl. 2 v.) |last2=Choudhury |first2=Pranab Chandra Roy |date=1971 |publisher=Superintendant, Secretariat Press, Bihar |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref>

* ''Baqiyat-e-Shahbaz''
* ''Khayalat-e-Shahbaz''
*''Rubaiyat-e-Shahbaz''
*''Sawaneh Umri Maulana Azad''
*''Tafheerul Quloob''

== References ==
<references />

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book |last=Azam |first=Imam |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/abdul-ghafoor-shahbaz-hindustani-adab-ke-memar-imam-azam-ebooks-1 |title=Abdul Ghafoor Shahbaz: Hindustani Adab Ke Memar |publisher=[[Sahitya Academy]] |year=2011 |location=Delhi |language=ur |trans-title=Abdul Ghafoor Shahbaz: The Maker of Indian Literature}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohammad Akhtarul |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/abdul-ghafoor-shahbaz-hayat-aur-adbi-khidmat-mohammad-akhtarul-hasan-ebooks |title=Abdul Ghafoor Shahbaz: Hayat Aur Adbi Khidmat |publisher=Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu |year=1988 |location=Delhi |language=ur |trans-title=Abdul Ghafoor Shahbaz: Life and Literary Works}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Syed Sabir |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maktoobat-e-shahbaz-ebooks |title=Maktoobat-e-Shahbaz |publisher=[[Bihar Urdu Academy]] |year=1989 |location=Patna |language=ur |trans-title=Letters of Shahbaz}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Syed Sabir |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/nama-e-shauq-shahbaz-ke-khutut-biwi-ke-naam-ebooks |title=Nama-e-Shauq: Shahbaz Ke Khutut Biwi Ke Naam |publisher=[[Bihar Urdu Academy]] |year=1980 |location=Patna |language=ur}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Anjum |first=Khalid |year=1987 |title=Abdul Ghafoor Shahbaz Number |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/urdu-adab-new-delhi-abdul-ghafoor-shahbaz-number-shumara-number-002-004-khaliq-anjum-magazines |journal=Urdu Adab |location=Delhi |publisher=Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu |issue=2, 4 |via=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahbaz, Abdul Ghafoor}}
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nalanda district]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]

Nasir Faraaz

2025-06-03T23:41:18Z

Leonuqs: Put up article

{{Short description|Indian lyricist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Nasir Faraaz.jpg
| birth_name = Syed Nasir Ali
| birth_date = 1965
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2023|01|15|1965}}
| death_place = [[Nallasopara]]
| occupation = Lyricist, songwriter
}}

'''Syed Nasir Ali''' better known as '''Nasir Faraaz''' (1965–2023) was an Indian songwriter and lyricist. He predominantly worked in [[Bollywood Movie Awards|Bollywood]]. He was known for his work in films like ''[[Bajirao Mastani|Baajirao Mastani]], [[Kaabil]],'' ''[[Kites (film)|Kites]], [[Koi... Mil Gaya|Koi Mil Gaya]], [[Krrish]] and [[Love at Times Square|Love at Time Square]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bajirao Mastani Fame Lyricist Nasir Faraaz Dies |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bajirao-mastani-fame-lyricist-nasir-faraaz-dies-after-suffering-chest-pain-6845371.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Faraaz had penned ''Zindagi Do Pal Ki'' and ''Dil Kyu Ye Mera'' from ''Kites'' sung by [[KK (singer)|KK]]. He is also known for writing ''Kaabil Hoon'' from ''Kaabil'' starring [[Hrithik Roshan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latestly |first=Team |date=2023-01-16 |title=Nasir Faraaz Dies: Bollywood Lyricist Was Known for His Works in Films Like Kites, Krrish, Kaabil Among Others {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/bollywood/nasir-faraaz-dies-bollywood-lyricist-was-known-for-his-works-in-films-like-kites-krrish-kaabil-among-others-4719275.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Utkarsha |title=Nasir Faraaz Passed Away: बाजीराव मस्तानी के गाने लिखने वाले गीतकार का निधन, सीने में उठा था दर्द |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/news-nasir-faraaz-passed-away-bajirao-mastani-kites-kaabil-songs-bollywood-films-lyricist-death-after-heart-disease-4070970 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=DNA Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hrithik Roshan promotes film Kites, Exclusively on Big FM's Delhi Station |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/hrithik-roshan-promotes-film-kites-exclusively-big-fms-delhi-station |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nasir Faraaz Dies: Bollywood Lyricist Known For Zindagi Do Pal Ki, Koi Tumsa Nahin No More |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/nasir-faraaz-dies-bollywood-lyricist-known-for-zindagi-do-pal-ki-koi-tumsa-nahin-no-more-5856241/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* Nomination: [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year]] ([[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]]) for "''[[Deewani Mastani]]''" from ''[[Bajirao Mastani]].''{{fact|date=June 2025}}

== Death ==
Faraaz died on 15 January 2023 after chest pain. His friend Mujtaba Aziz Naza confirmed his death and revealed he was a heart patient and had a surgery seven years prior to his death. He is buried in [[Nallasopara|Nalasopara]] [[Qabristan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=नहीं रहे मशहूर गीतकार नासिर फराज, हृदय रोग से थे पीड़ित |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/famous-lyricist-nasir-faraz-who-gave-many-songs-like-dil-kyun-yeh-mera-shor-kare-passed-away-2023-01-16 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm4195736}}
*[https://www.rekhta.org/poets/nasir-faraz/ghazals Nasir Faraaz] at [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faraaz, Nasir}}
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Male lyricists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]

Bhavanpura, Mathura

2025-05-20T09:18:50Z

Leonuqs: put up a article w/ sources

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhavanpura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Village location on [[Mathura district]] map
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 281501
| area_code =
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]]
| registration_plate = UP
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| etymology =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}
'''Bhavanpura''' is a village in the [[Govardhan Tehsil]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> Bhawanpura is a village in the [[Govardhan|Goverdan]] tehsil of [[Mathura district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is located about 22 km from its District headquerters [[Aligarh|Mathura]].

== Location ==
It is located 22 km west of [[Mathura]], which is the district headquarters, and 407 km from the state capital [[Lucknow]].

=== Rail ===
[[Goverdhan Railway Station]] is the nearest railway station from Bhavanpura. [[Mathura Junction railway station]] is a major railway station situated 19 km away.

=== Road ===

== Education ==

=== Colleges ===
* Maa Sntoshi Devi Inter College Ading, Mathura

=== Schools ===
The schools nearby are:
* R Kj.h.s. Areeng
* Jhs.nagla Ganthouli
* Jhs.malhoo

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Mathura district]]

Ankit Khatana

2025-05-05T05:32:47Z

Leonuqs: put up new data w/ infobox.

{{short description|Indian boxer (born 1998)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox boxer (amateur)
| name = Ankit Khatana
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|9 September 1998}}
| birth_place = [[Gurgaon district]], [[Haryana]], India
| weight_class = [[Lightweight]] (60 Kg)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|[[amateur boxing]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships|Youth World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships|2018 Budapest]]|Lightweight}}
{{MedalComp|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|Lightweight}}
|show-medals = yes
}}

'''Ankit Khatana''' is an Indian [[amateur boxer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Boxing Federation Boxer Details |url=http://indiaboxing.in/boxerdetails.php?regno=19060 |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=indiaboxing.in}}</ref> He won the bronze medal at the [[2018 AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships|2018 Youth World Championships]] held in Hungary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian silver-winner Ankit Khatana in semis of world youth boxing |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2018/aug/27/asian-silver-winner-ankit-khatana-in-semis-of-world-youth-boxing-1863438.html |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=The New Indian Express|date=27 August 2018 }}</ref> He has been a National Champion, 2019 and was a gold medalist at the [[2019 South Asian Games]]. In International tournaments he won the bronze at the 36th Feliks Stamm International Tournament, Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2019 |title=South Asian Games: Ankit Khatana, Kalaivani Srinivasan lead India to six boxing gold medals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/south-asian-games-ankit-khatana-kalaivani-srinivasan-lead-india-to-six-boxing-gold-medals-6158732/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2018 |title=Asian medallist Ankit enters quarters of world youth boxing |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/asian-medallist-ankit-enters-quarters-of-world-youth-boxing-118082500234_1.html |access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
Khatana started his boxing career by participating in 28th Sub Junior Men State Boxing Championship in 2013 and won the bronze medal in the 41st Junior Men Haryana State Boxing Championship 2015–16. Next he won the gold medal in the [[South Asian Games]] held in [[Kathmandu]], Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2019 |title=South Asian Games 2019: Indian boxers punch their way to six gold medals |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/south-asian-games-2019-indian-boxers-punch-their-way-to-six-gold-medals/article30259816.ece |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com }}</ref> He next won the silver medal in the [[AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships]] 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=4 Indians settle for bronze in world youth boxing |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/sports/4-indians-settle-for-bronze-in-world-youth-boxing-316222 |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=www.millenniumpost.in }}</ref> In 2019, Khatana then participated in the 4th Elite men's national boxing championship held in [[Himachal Pradesh]] where he bagged a gold medal.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatana, Ankit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Lightweight boxers]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in boxing]]

2014 International Premier Tennis League season

2025-05-02T11:50:43Z

Leonuqs: put up new data w/ sources.

{{Infobox sports season
| title = 2014 [[International Premier Tennis League]] season ''Inaugural season''
| league = [[International Premier Tennis League]]
| sport = [[Team tennis]]
| duration = 28 November–13 December 2014
| no_of_teams = 4
| attendance =
| TV = {{flagicon|PHI}} [[ABS-CBN Corporation|ABS-CBN]] {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi Media]] {{flagicon|USA}} Integrated Sports Media {{flagicon|SIN}} [[SingTel]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|STAR Sports]]
| league_champs = '''[[Indian Aces]]''' <ref name="tennis.com">{{cite web|title=Indian Aces win inaugural season of IPTL|url=https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/12/indian-aces-top-team-in-inaugural-iptl/53415/|website=[[tennis.com]]|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref>
| league_champ_name =
| second_place = '''[[UAE Royals]]'''
| MVP =
| MVP_link =
| seasonslist =
| seasonslistnames = IPTL
| nextseason_link = 2015 International Premier Tennis League season
| nextseason_year = 2015
}}

The '''2014 [[International Premier Tennis League]] season''' (2014 IPTL season, officially the '''2014 Coca-Cola International Premier Tennis League Presented by Qatar Airways season''' pursuant to [[sponsor (commercial)|sponsorship]] [[contract|agreements]] with [[The Coca-Cola Company]] and [[Qatar Airways]]) is the inaugural [[season (sports)|season]] of the [[professional sports|professional]] [[team tennis]] [[sports league|league]] contested by four [[team]]s in [[Asia]].

==Competition format==
Four [[team]]s will compete for the IPTL Challenge Trophy and a [[United States dollar|US$]]1 million grand prize by earning the most points in the team standings. A team that wins a match tie is awarded four points. A team that loses a match tie but wins at least 20 games in the match earns two points. A team that loses a match tie but wins at least 10 games earns one point. Each team will play 12 matches: three at home, three on the road and six at neutral sites. Each match comprises five sets each of a different category as follows:

*Men's singles
*Women's singles
*Men's doubles
*Mixed doubles
*Past champions' singles

The order of play is decided by the [[coach (sport)|coach]] of the home team. If two teams are playing at a neutral site, then a [[coin toss]] determines which coach chooses the order of play. The first [[serve (tennis)|serve]] in the first set is determined by a coin toss. The team that served last in the last game or tiebreaker of the previous set will receive during the next set.

Each team can call a power point once in each set when receiving serve, and the next point played will count double. Effectively, a player trailing 15–0 can directly get to 15–30 by winning the power point.

Games are played to four points using [[tennis scoring system|no-ad scoring]]. Each game won by a player or doubles team adds one point to the team's score in the match. The team with the most points at the end of the five sets wins the match. Each set is won when a team is the first to reach six games won. If the score is five-games-all, a timed five-minute shoot-out will be played. The player or doubles team leading at the end of five minutes wins the set.

If the team that wins the fifth set is leading the match, the match is over. If the score is tied after one team has won the fifth set, a timed seven-minute men's singles super shoot-out is played. The result counts as a game point won. If the team that wins the fifth set is trailing in the match, the match will go to sudden-death overtime effectively extending the fifth set. If the leading team wins one game in overtime, it wins the match tie. If the trailing team wins enough games in overtime to tie the score without losing a game, a timed seven-minute men's singles super shoot-out is played to decide the winner of the match tie. A coin toss decides who serves first in the super shoot-out.

In the event that two or more teams share the highest points on the final tally, the criteria to decide the champion are
# Head-to-head results
# Number of games won
# Number of games lost
# Biggest games margin in any single match win
# Coin toss<ref>{{cite web|title=International Premier Tennis League Format: General Rules and Regulations |url=http://www.iptlworld.com/format.php |website=[[International Premier Tennis League]] |accessdate=19 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129185733/http://www.iptlworld.com/format.php |archivedate=29 November 2014 }}</ref>

==Founding of the league and charter franchises==
[[Mahesh Bhupathi]] announced the founding of the [[International Premier Tennis League]] on 25 May 2013, in [[Paris]]. The initial plan was to start the [[sports league|league]] with six charter franchises in [[Asia]] with the inaugural [[season (sports)|season]] commencing in November 2014.<ref name=founding>{{cite web|title=Mahesh Bhupathi Unveils Plan for IPL-Style Tennis League|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/french-open-2013/news/208302-mahesh-bhupathi-unveils-plan-for-international-premier-tennis-league|date=25 May 2013|website=[[NDTV|NDTV Sports]]|accessdate=17 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102338/http://sports.ndtv.com/french-open-2013/news/208302-mahesh-bhupathi-unveils-plan-for-international-premier-tennis-league|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 21 January 2014, IPTL announced the locations of the six charter franchises for the league's inaugural season. Five franchises would play their home matches in [[Bangkok]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Singapore]]. A sixth franchise would play its home matches in an undisclosed [[city]] in the [[Middle East]].<ref name=sixcharters>{{cite web|title=Mahesh Bhupathi Launched IPTL in Melbourne|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/mahesh-bhupathi-launched-iptl-in-melbourne-1390393112-1|date=22 January 2014|website=Jagran Josh|accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref> There was confusion surrounding the announcement. Some media outlets reported that there would be five franchises, not six as had been previously announced, and did not include the Hong Kong franchise among the five.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai One of the Franchises in Cash-Rich International Premier Tennis League|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbai-one-of-the-franchises-in-cashrich-international-premier-tennis-league/446899-5-22.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121203843/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbai-one-of-the-franchises-in-cashrich-international-premier-tennis-league/446899-5-22.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2014|date=21 January 2014|website=[[CNN-IBN|CNN IBN Live]]|accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref> Later news reports in February 2014, indicated that there would be five franchises including one based in Hong Kong but not one in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Briggs|first1=Simon|title=Tension Rises Over International Premier Tennis League Revolution|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/10661316/Tension-rises-over-International-Premier-Tennis-League-revolution.html|date=25 February 2014|website=[[Telegraph Media Group|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International Premier Tennis League Set for Its Inaugural Player Auction on Sunday|url=https://www1.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/9185432/international-premier-tennis-league-set-for-its-inaugural-player-auction-on-sunday|date=28 February 2014|website=[[Sky Sports]]|accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref>

IPTL conducted its inaugural player [[draft (sports)|draft]] on 2 March.<ref name=draft>{{cite web|last1=Briggs|first1=Simon|title=Andy Murray Signs for Bangkok As Premier Tennis League Prepares for Take-Off|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/10671811/Andy-Murray-signs-for-Bangkok-as-Premier-Tennis-League-prepares-for-take-off.html|date=2 March 2014|website=[[Telegraph Media Group|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref> Right up until the day before the draft, the media remained under the impression that the Hong Kong and Kuala Lumpur franchises would participate in the league and that the Middle East franchise was doubtful.<ref name=draftpreview>{{cite web|last1=Ullal|first=Naveen|title=International Premier Tennis League: All You Need to Know About IPTL Draft in Dubai|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/international-premier-tennis-league-all-you-need-know-about-iptl-draft-dubai-1438485|date=1 March 2014|website=[[International Business Times]]|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref> However, only four teams participated in the draft: Bangkok, Mumbai, Singapore and Middle East now referred to as the [[Dubai]] franchise. No mention was made by IPTL of the Hong Kong and Kuala Lumpur franchises which had abruptly disappeared.<ref name=draft />

By May, the Dubai franchise was being referred to as the UAE Falcons, the Mumbai franchise had been named the [[Indian Aces]], and the Singapore franchise was being referred to as the Singapore Lions.<ref name=originalnames>{{cite web|title=Bhupathi's IPTL Opener Moved to Manila from Bangkok|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Bhupathis-IPTL-opener-moved-to-Manila-from-Bangkok/articleshow/34930784.cms|date=10 May 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref>

On 10 May, IPTL announced that the Bangkok franchise would be moved to [[Metro Manila|Manila]], [[Philippines]] due to [[2013–14 Thai political crisis|political unrest]] in [[Thailand]].<ref name=originalnames /><ref name=thaphi>{{cite web|title=Tennis - Political Unrest Costs Bangkok New League Staging Rights|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/tennis-league-shift-idUKL3N0NW08C20140510|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729225359/https://uk.reuters.com/article/tennis-league-shift-idUKL3N0NW08C20140510|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 29, 2020|date=10 May 2014|website=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref>

On 19 June, an IPTL [[press release]]<ref name=owners>{{cite press release|url=http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Owners%20announced.pdf |title=Get Together at Wimbledon with Announcement of Team Owners for India, Singapore, Manila and UAE |publisher=International Premier Tennis League |date=19 June 2014 |accessdate=19 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129062829/http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Owners%20announced.pdf |archivedate=29 November 2014 }}</ref> revealed the owners of the four franchises to the [[public|general public]]. The owner of the Indian franchise, [[Micromax Mobile|Micromax Informatics Ltd.]] proved to be the reason the team was no longer called the Mumbai franchise, because it preferred to have the team play its home matches in [[New Delhi]]. A group called PVP Ventures led by [[entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]] [[Prasad V Potluri]] ({{langx|te|ప్రసాద్ వి పొట్లూరి}}) and [[cricket]] legend [[Sachin Tendulkar]] had been the original franchise owners with a plan to play home matches in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tagore|first1=Vijay|title=Djoko Will Play Nadal in Delhi on December 8|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Djoko-will-play-Nadal-in-Delhi-on-December-8/articleshow/38983661.cms|date=25 July 2014|website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref> While league managing director Bhupathi said PVP Ventures had been replaced by Micromax, because PVP missed a payment deadline, PVP said it had withdrawn from the league due to lack of clarity over how IPTL's business model was progressing and disagreements over player contracts. PVP did not want the team to be solely responsible for payment of player salaries and favored the league being obligated as well.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rao|first1=K Shriniwas|title=IPTL in Doubt as PVP Opts Out of Mumbai Franchise, Bhupathi Defiant|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/international-premier-tennis-league/IPTL-in-doubt-as-PVP-opts-out-of-Mumbai-franchise-Bhupathi-defiant/articleshow/38657706.cms|date=19 July 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref>

By June, the Manila franchise had been named the [[Manila Mavericks]], the Falcons had become the [[UAE Royals]] and the Lions had become the [[Singapore Slammers]].<ref name=newnames>{{cite web|last1=Ousman|first1=Allaam|title=Djokovic Leads UAE Royals at Inaugural IPTL: Dubai Will Host Finale of $1 Million Tournament from December 11–13|url=http://www.emirates247.com/sports/local/djokovic-leads-uae-royals-at-inaugural-iptl-2014-06-25-1.554192|date=25 June 2014|website=[[Emirates 24/7]]|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref>

===Summary of the evolution of the charter franchise names===
* [[Bangkok]] → [[Metro Manila|Manila]] → [[Manila Mavericks]]
* [[Hong Kong]] → franchise abandoned
* [[Kuala Lumpur]] → franchise abandoned
* [[Middle East]] → [[Dubai]] → [[UAE Royals|UAE Falcons]] → [[UAE Royals]]
* [[Mumbai]] → [[India]] → [[Indian Aces]]
* [[Singapore]] → [[Singapore Slammers|Singapore Lions]] → [[Singapore Slammers]]

==Inaugural draft==
For the inaugural [[draft (sports)|draft]], each team was subject to a [[salary cap]] of US$10 million.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schooler|first1=Andy|title=Net Talk: What's with the ITPL?|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/553/9183226/net-talk-whats-with-the-iptl|date=25 February 2014|website=[[Sky plc|Sporting Life]]|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref> [[Player (game)|Players]] who had expressed a willingness to participate were selected by the league and placed into categories. Teams could bid on these players with the player signing with the highest bidder in an [[auction]]-style format. Bids would be taken on 28 players in which the teams expressed interest in signing including players not categorized by IPTL. Each team participating in the draft was required to sign at least six players and could not sign more than ten.<ref name=draftpreview />

===Players by category===
Players were placed into the following categories:<ref name=draftpreview />

{{col-begin|width=100%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
!width="150px"| Category
!width="300px"| Player
|-
| rowspan=6; | Icon players || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Andre Agassi]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SER}} [[Novak Djokovic]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]]
|-
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Andy Murray]]
|-
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Pete Sampras]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Stan Wawrinka]]
|-
| rowspan=3; | Category A || {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Tomáš Berdych]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[David Ferrer]]
|-
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]]
|-
| rowspan=6; | Category B || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Richard Gasquet]]
|-
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Tommy Haas]]
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Lleyton Hewitt]]
|-
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[John Isner]]
|-
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Gaël Monfils]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Milos Raonic]]
|-
| rowspan=7; | Category C || {{flagicon|CYP}} [[Marcos Baghdatis]]
|-
| {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Alexandr Dolgopolov]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Fabio Fognini]]
|-
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Jerzy Janowicz]]
|-
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Philipp Kohlschreiber]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Feliciano López]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Fernando Verdasco]]
|-
| rowspan=7; | Category D || {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Kevin Anderson (tennis)|Kevin Anderson]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Somdev Devvarman]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Lu Yen-hsun]]
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marinko Matosevic|Marinko Matošević]]
|-
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sam Querrey]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Janko Tipsarević]]
|-
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Dmitry Tursunov]]
|-
| rowspan=8; | Past champions || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Michael Chang]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Goran Ivanišević]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Moyá]]
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Philippoussis]]
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Patrick Rafter]]
|-
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabrice Santoro]]
|-
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Rainer Schüttler]]
|-
| rowspan=11; | Doubles players || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]]
|-
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Mariusz Fyrstenberg]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Robert Lindstedt]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc López]]
|-
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Marcin Matkowski]]
|-
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Melo]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]
|-
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Peya]]
|-
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|-
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Soares]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
|}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
!width="150px"| Category
!width="300px"| Player
|-
| rowspan=3; | Icon players || {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Maria Sharapova]]
|-
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]]
|-
| {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Caroline Wozniacki]]
|-
| Category A || {{flagicon|POL}} [[Agnieszka Radwańska]]
|-
| rowspan=3; | Category B || {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Ana Ivanovic]]
|-
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sloane Stephens]]
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Samantha Stosur]]
|-
| rowspan=6; | Category C || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Daniela Hantuchová]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Martina Hingis]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Jelena Janković]]
|-
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Angelique Kerber]]
|-
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]]
|-
| rowspan=9; | Category D || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alizé Cornet]]
|-
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Kirsten Flipkens]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Hsieh Su-wei]]
|-
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Sabine Lisicki]]
|-
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Flavia Pennetta]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Francesca Schiavone]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Donna Vekić]]
|}
{{col-end}}

===Draft results===
Four charter franchises ([[Manila Mavericks|Bangkok]], [[UAE Royals|Dubai]], [[Indian Aces]] and [[Singapore Slammers|Singapore]]) participated in the draft held in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]], on 2 March 2014.<ref name=draft />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
!width="150px"| Category
!width="225px"| [[Manila Mavericks|Bangkok]]
!width="225px"| [[UAE Royals|Dubai]]
!width="225px"| [[Indian Aces]]
!width="225px"| [[Singapore Slammers|Singapore]]
|-
| colspan=5; style="text-align:center; background:#89CFF0" | Men
|-
| rowspan=2; | Icon players || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Andy Murray]] || {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Novak Djokovic]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rafael Nadal]]{{efn|group=draft|Nadal was injured and did not play. He was replaced on the Aces roster by [[Roger Federer]].}} || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Andre Agassi]]
|-
| || || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Pete Sampras]] ||
|-
| Category A || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] || || || {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Tomáš Berdych]]
|-
| Category B || || || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Gaël Monfils]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Lleyton Hewitt]]
|-
| Category C || || || ||
|-
| Category D || || {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Janko Tipsarević]] || ||
|-
| Past champions || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Moyá]] || {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Goran Ivanišević]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabrice Santoro]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Patrick Rafter]]
|-
| Doubles players || {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]] || {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]] || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Soares]]
|-
| Uncategorized || || {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Malek Jaziri]] || || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nick Kyrgios]]
|-
| colspan=5; style="text-align:center; background:pink" | Women
|-
| Icon players || {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Maria Sharapova]] || {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Caroline Wozniacki]] || || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]]
|-
| Category A || || || ||
|-
| Category B || || || {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Ana Ivanovic]] ||
|-
| Category C || || {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Martina Hingis]] || || {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Daniela Hantuchová]]
|-
| Category D || {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Kirsten Flipkens]] || || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]] ||
|}
'''Notes'''
{{notelist|group=draft}}

==Event chronology==
* '''25 May 2013''': [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] announced the formation of the [[International Premier Tennis League]] (IPTL) with the inaugural season commencing in November 2014.<ref name=founding />
* '''21 January 2014''': IPTL announced the six charter franchises will be based in [[Bangkok]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Mumbai]], [[Singapore]] and an undisclosed [[city]] in the [[Middle East]].<ref name=sixcharters />
* '''2 March''': IPTL conducted its inaugural player [[draft (sports)|draft]]. The [[Bangkok]], [[Mumbai]], [[Singapore]] and [[Middle East]] (now referred to as [[Dubai]]) franchises participated. No mention was made by IPTL of previously announced [[Hong Kong]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]] franchises which abruptly disappeared.<ref name=draft />
* '''10 May''': The [[Dubai]] franchise is referred to as the UAE Falcons. The [[Mumbai]] franchise is named the [[Indian Aces]]. The [[Singapore]] franchise is referred to as the Singapore Lions.<ref name=originalnames />
* '''10 May''': IPTL announced that the [[Bangkok]] franchise has moved to [[Metro Manila|Manila]], [[Philippines]].<ref name=originalnames /><ref name=thaphi />
* '''19 June''': With the announcement of the franchise owners, it is revealed that [[Micromax Mobile|Micromax]] has replaced PVP Ventures as the owner of the [[Indian Aces]], and the team will play its home matches in [[New Delhi]], not in [[Mumbai]] as had been originally planned.<ref name=owners />
* '''25 June''': The [[Metro Manila|Manila]] franchise was named the [[Manila Mavericks]]. The Singapore Lions had their name changed to the [[Singapore Slammers]]. The UAE Falcons had their name changed to the [[UAE Royals]].<ref name=newnames />
* '''22 September''': The Aces announced that [[Rafael Nadal]] will not play due to an injury. As a replacement, the Aces signed [[Roger Federer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Federer Replaces Injured Nadal in Indian Team for IPTL|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/international-premier-tennis-league/Federer-to-play-in-Team-India-in-IPTL-tweets-Bhupathi/articleshow/43154210.cms|date=22 September 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=22 November 2014}}</ref>
* '''28 November''': The [[Indian Aces]] defeated the [[Singapore Slammers]], 26–16, in the first match in IPTL history.<ref name=opener>{{cite web|title=28th Nov'14: Match 1 Report: Micromax Indian Aces vs. DBS Singapore Slammers |url=http://www.iptlworld.com/uploads/pdf/IPTL-Manila%20Day%201%20Match%201-28Nov14.pdf |date=28 November 2014 |website=[[International Premier Tennis League]] |accessdate=1 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212041254/http://www.iptlworld.com/uploads/pdf/IPTL-Manila%20Day%201%20Match%201-28Nov14.pdf |archivedate=12 December 2014 }}</ref> [[Rohan Bopanna]] served the first point of the league's inaugural match.<ref>{{cite episode|title=Micromax Indian Aces vs. DBS Singapore Slammers|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7F_RuGKh00E|series=Coca-Cola International Premier Tennis League|network=[[MNCTV|MNC Sports 1]]|date=28 November 2014}}</ref>
* '''30 November''': The [[Indian Aces]] defeated the [[UAE Royals]], 28–20, in a matchup of two previously unbeaten teams. The Aces improved their record to 3 wins and 0 losses and moved into first place in the league standings.<ref name=philshowdown>{{cite web|title=Day 3 Match 1 – Report: Musafir.com UAE Royals vs. Micromax Indian Aces |url=http://www.iptlworld.com/uploads/pdf/IPTL-Manila%20Day%203%20Match%201-30Nov14.pdf |date=30 November 2014 |website=International Premier Tennis League |accessdate=1 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215102124/http://www.iptlworld.com/uploads/pdf/IPTL-Manila%20Day%203%20Match%201-30Nov14.pdf |archivedate=15 December 2014 }}</ref>
*'''13 December''': The [[Indian Aces]] are season champions after finishing with 8 wins and 4 losses and 39 points overall. The UAE Royals finish second, the [[Manila Mavericks]] finish third and the [[Singapore Slammers]] end in last place.<ref name="tennis.com">{{cite web|title=Indian Aces win inaugural season of IPTL|url=https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/12/indian-aces-top-team-in-inaugural-iptl/53415/|website=[[tennis.com]]|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref>

==Results table==
''References:''<ref name=opener /><ref name=philshowdown /><ref name=match2>{{cite web|title=Match 2 – Report: Musafir.com UAE Royals vs. Manila Mavericks|url=http://www.iptlworld.com/uploads/pdf/IPTL-Manila%20Day%201%20Match%202-28Nov14.pdf|date=28 November 2014|website=[[International Premier Tennis League]]|accessdate=1 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222000358/http://www.iptlworld.com/uploads/pdf/IPTL-Manila%20Day%201%20Match%202-28Nov14.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=29th Nov'14: Match 1 Report: Musafir.com UAE Royals vs. DBS Singapore Slammers|url=http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Manila%20Day%202%20Match%201-29Nov14.pdf|date=29 November 2014|website=[[International Premier Tennis League]]|accessdate=1 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213183342/http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Manila%20Day%202%20Match%201-29Nov14.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Day 2 Match 2 – Report: Manila Mavericks vs. Micromax Indian Aces|url=http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Manila%20Day%202%20Match%202-29Nov14.pdf|date=29 November 2014|website=[[International Premier Tennis League]]|accessdate=1 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221232111/http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Manila%20Day%202%20Match%202-29Nov14.pdf|archive-date=21 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Day 3 Match 6 – Report: Manila Mavericks vs. DBS Singapore Slammers |url=http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Manila-Day-3-Match-6-30Nov14.pdf |date=30 November 2014 |website=[[International Premier Tennis League]] |accessdate=2 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212022241/http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Manila-Day-3-Match-6-30Nov14.pdf |archivedate=12 December 2014 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;width=100%"
|-
!colspan="13"|Abbreviation and Color Key: [[Indian Aces]] (IND) • [[Manila Mavericks]] (MAN) • [[Singapore Slammers]] (SIN) • [[UAE Royals]] (UAE)
Win {{*}}   Loss {{*}}   Home {{*}}   Away {{*}}   Neutral
|-
!width="10%" rowspan="3"|Team!!width="90%" colspan="12"|Match
|-style="background-color:#CCCCCC; font-size: 100%"
!width="3.2%"|1!!width="3.2%"|2!!width="3.2%"|3!!width="3.2%"|4!!width="3.2%"|5!!width="3.2%"|6!!width="3.2%"|7!!width="3.2%"|8!!width="3.2%"|9!!width="3.2%"|10!!width="3.2%"|11!!width="3.2%"|12
|-style="background-color:#CCCCCC; font-size: 100%"
!width="3.2%"|Nov 28!!width="3.2%"|Nov 29!!width="3.2%"|Nov 30!!width="3.2%"|Dec 2!!width="3.2%"|Dec 3!!width="3.2%"|Dec 4!!width="3.2%"|Dec 6!!width="3.2%"|Dec 7!!width="3.2%"|Dec 8!!width="3.2%"|Dec 11!!width="3.2%"|Dec 12!!width="3.2%"|Dec 13

|-style="font-size: 75%"

|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|<big>{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Indian Aces]]''' (''[[2014 Indian Aces season|2014 season]]'')</big>|| bgcolor=#F0DC82|SIN || MAN || bgcolor=#F0DC82|UAE || bgcolor=#F0DC82|UAE || SIN || bgcolor=#F0DC82|MAN || bgcolor=#C0C0C0|MAN || bgcolor=#C0C0C0|SIN || bgcolor=#C0C0C0|UAE || bgcolor=#F0DC82|SIN || bgcolor=#F0DC82|MAN
|| UAE
|-style="font-size: 75%"
|bgcolor=#CCFFCC|26–16||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|24–15||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|28–20||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|30–11||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|23–24||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|20–25||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|26–25||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|26–16||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|22–29||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|28–24||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|28–13||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|15–29
|-style="font-size: 75%"

|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|<big>{{flagicon|PHI}} '''[[Manila Mavericks]]''' (''[[2014 Manila Mavericks season|2014 season]]'')</big>|| bgcolor=#C0C0C0|UAE || bgcolor=#C0C0C0|IND || bgcolor=#C0C0C0|SIN || SIN || bgcolor=#F0DC82|UAE || bgcolor=#F0DC82|IND || IND || bgcolor=#F0DC82|UAE || bgcolor=#F0DC82|SIN || UAE || bgcolor=#F0DC82|IND || bgcolor=#F0DC82|SIN
|-style="font-size: 75%"
|bgcolor=#FFDFDF|24–29||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|15–24||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|27–19||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|29–21||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|21–26||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|25–20||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|25-26||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|27–24||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|23–17||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|25–26||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|23–28 ||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|30–15
|-style="font-size: 75%"

|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|<big>{{flagicon|SIN}} '''[[Singapore Slammers]]''' (''[[2014 Singapore Slammers season|2014 season]]'')</big>|| bgcolor=#F0DC82|IND || bgcolor=#F0DC82|UAE || MAN || bgcolor=#C0C0C0|MAN || bgcolor=#C0C0C0|IND || bgcolor=#C0C0C0|UAE || bgcolor=#F0DC82|UAE || IND || bgcolor=#F0DC82|MAN || bgcolor=#F0DC82|IND || UAE || bgcolor=#F0DC82|MAN
|-style="font-size: 75%"
|bgcolor=#FFDFDF|16–26||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|22–28||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|19–27||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|21–29||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|24–23||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|27–25||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|16–29||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|16–26||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|17–23||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|24–28||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|23–21 ||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|15–30
|-style="font-size: 75%"

|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|<big>{{flagicon|UAE}} '''[[UAE Royals]]''' (''[[2014 UAE Royals season|2014 season]]'')</big>|| MAN || bgcolor=#F0DC82|SIN || bgcolor=#F0DC82|IND || bgcolor=#F0DC82|IND || bgcolor=#F0DC82|MAN || SIN || bgcolor=#F0DC82|SIN || bgcolor=#F0DC82|MAN || IND || bgcolor=#C0C0C0|MAN || bgcolor=#C0C0C0|SIN || bgcolor=#C0C0C0|IND
|-style="font-size: 75%"
|bgcolor=#CCFFCC|29–24||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|28–22||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|20–28||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|11–30||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|26–21||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|25–27||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|29–16||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|24–27||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|29–22||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|26–25||bgcolor=#FFDFDF|21–23 ||bgcolor=#CCFFCC|29–15
|-style="font-size: 75%"
|}


==Standings==
Standings are determined by points with four points awarded for each match won, two points awarded for each match lost in which te team won 20 or more games and one point awarded for each match lost in which the team won between 10 and 19 games. In case of a tie in point, teams are placed by games won percentage.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|P|Position}}
! style="width:150px" | Team
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|MP|Matches played}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|W|Matches won (4 pts)}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|L|Total matches lost}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|L20|Matches lost with 20 games won (2 pts)}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|L10|Matches lost with 10–19 games won (1 pts)}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|GW|Games won}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|GL|Games lost}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|G%|Games percentage}}
|-
| 1
| style="text-align: left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[2014 Indian Aces season|Indian Aces]]
| 12
| 8
| 4
| 3
| 1
| '''39'''
| 296
| 246
| 54.6%
|-
| 2
| style="text-align: left" | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[2014 UAE Royals season|UAE Royals]]
| 12
| 7
| 5
| 4
| 1
| '''37'''
| 295
| 279
| 51.4%
|-
| 3
| style="text-align: left" | {{flagicon|PHI}} [[2014 Manila Mavericks season|Manila Mavericks]]
| 12
| 6
| 6
| 5
| 1
| '''35'''
| 293
| 273
| 51.7%
|-
| 4
| style="text-align: left" | {{flagicon|SIN}} [[2014 Singapore Slammers season|Singapore Slammers]]
| 12
| 3
| 9
| 3
| 6
| '''24'''
| 240
| 315
| 43.2%
|}

===Position summary===
The following table shows the day-by-day position of each team in the league standings.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! style="width:150px" | Team
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|D1|Match Day 1}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|D2|Match Day 2}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|D3|Match Day 3}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|D4|Match Day 4}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|D5|Match Day 5}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|D6|Match Day 6}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|D7|Match Day 7}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|D8|Match Day 8}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|D9|Match Day 9}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|D10|Match Day 10}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|D11|Match Day 11}}
! style="width:25px" | {{abbr|D12|Match Day 12}}
|-
| style="text-align: left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Aces]]
|2
|2
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|-
| style="text-align: left" | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[UAE Royals]]
|1
|1
|2
|2
|2
|3
|2
|3
|2
|2
|2
|2
|-
| style="text-align: left" | {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila Mavericks]]
|3
|3
|3
|3
|3
|2
|3
|2
|3
|3
|3
|3
|-
| style="text-align: left" | {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Singapore Slammers]]
|4
|4
|4
|4
|4
|4
|4
|4
|4
|4
|4
|4
|}

==Television coverage==
On 22 August 2014, IPTL announced it had reached an agreement for the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]] [[television]] [[broadcasting]] rights with [[Abu Dhabi Media]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gomes|first1=Alaric|title=Eugenie Bouchard Joins the Dubai Bandwagon|url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/tennis/eugenie-bouchard-joins-the-dubai-bandwagon-1.1375263|date=22 August 2014|website=[[Gulf News]]|accessdate=24 November 2014}}</ref> On 16 October 2014, IPTL announced that [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|STAR Sports]] would [[broadcasting|broadcast]] the league's matches [[live television|live]] in both [[standard-definition television|standard definition]] and [[high-definition television|high definition]] in [[India]] during its inaugural 2014 season. The league's matches will also be available live on STAR Sports's [[website]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=STAR Sports Acquires Rights to Telecast International Premier Tennis League |url=http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Star-Sports-Release-16Oct14.pdf |publisher=[[International Premier Tennis League]] |date=16 October 2014 |accessdate=20 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129070805/http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Star-Sports-Release-16Oct14.pdf |archivedate=29 November 2014 }}</ref> On 4 November 2014, Integrated Sports Media announced it had reached a deal with IPTL to televise every league match of the 2014 season on a [[pay-per-view]] basis in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Walker|title=IPTL Tennis to Air Live on Pay-Per-View in United States via Integrated Sports Media|url=https://www.tennisgrandstand.com/tag/maria-sharapova|date=4 November 2014|website=Tennis Grandstand|accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref> On 7 November 2014, IPTL announced it had reached agreements on [[television]] broadcast [[contract]]s with [[ABS-CBN Corporation|ABS-CBN]] in the [[Philippines]] and [[SingTel]] in [[Singapore]].<ref name=tv>{{cite press release|title=Coca Cola International Premier Tennis League to be Broadcast in More Than 125 Countries Worldwide |url=http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Global-Broadcast-Release-07Nov14.pdf |date=7 November 2014 |publisher=[[International Premier Tennis League]] |accessdate=20 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129070931/http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Global-Broadcast-Release-07Nov14.pdf |archivedate=29 November 2014 }}</ref> ABS-CBN will telecast the matches in the Philippines on the [[ABS-CBN Sports+Action]] and [[Balls (TV channel)|Balls]] channels.{{citation needed|reason=This needs a reliable source; it isn't mentioned in the IPTL press release discussing television rights in the Philippines|date=November 2014}}

The league also said there would be television coverage of its matches in the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Serbia]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[Brazil]]. In total, television coverage of IPTL matches will be available in more than 125 [[country|countries]] worldwide and reach over 300 million households.<ref name=tv />

==Sponsorship==
On 3 November 2014, IPTL announced that [[The Coca-Cola Company]] had become the league's title sponsor.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Coca-Cola Teams Up with International Premier Tennis League As Title Sponsor |url=http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Coca-Cola-Title-Sponsor-Release-03Nov14.pdf |date=3 November 2014 |publisher=[[International Premier Tennis League]] |accessdate=20 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129070926/http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Coca-Cola-Title-Sponsor-Release-03Nov14.pdf |archivedate=29 November 2014 }}</ref>

On 26 November 2014, IPTL announced that [[Qatar Airways]] had become the league's presenting sponsor.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Qatar Airways Partners with Coca-Cola International Premier Tennis League As Presenting Sponsor |url=http://www.iptlworld.com/pdf/IPTL-Qatar-Airways-Release-26Nov14.pdf |date=26 November 2014 |publisher=[[International Premier Tennis League]] |accessdate=2 December 2014 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Result==
The 1st season of IPTL was won by the [[Micromax Indian Aces]] with the runners-up being the Musafir.com [[UAE Royals]].{{cn|date=February 2023}}

{{Portal|Tennis|Asia}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140928082307/http://www.iptlworld.com/ International Premier Tennis League official website]

{{IPTL}}
{{2014 in tennis}}

[[Category:2014 International Premier Tennis League season| ]]
[[Category:2014 tennis exhibitions|International Premier Tennis League season]]
[[Category:International Premier Tennis League seasons]]
[[Category:2014 in Asian sport|International Premier Tennis League season]]
[[Category:November 2014 sports events in Asia|International Premier Tennis League season]]
[[Category:December 2014 sports events in Asia|International Premier Tennis League season]]

The North Western Bank of India

2024-10-25T01:54:31Z

Leonuqs: Started Article...

{{Short description|Indian bank}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}

{{Infobox company
| name = The North Western Bank of India (1840)
| logo =
| native_name =
| type = [[Private sector]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Banking]], [[Insurance]], [[Capital Markets]] and allied industries
| genre = 
| fate = defunct in 1859
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1840|04|01|df=yes|br=yes}} as The North Western Bank of India (1840)
| founder =
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1859|03|31}}
| location_city =
| locations = [[Mussoorie]] and [[Meerut]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people =
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|Personal Banking Schemes]], C & I Banking Schemes, Agri Banking Schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME Banking Schemes]]
| production =
| services = Banking, Trade Finance
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| location_country = [[India]]
| homepage = }}
'''The North Western Bank of India (1840)''' was a bank founded in the year 1840 in [[Mussoorie]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]. The bank was the [[List of oldest banks in India|nineteenth oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum |url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx |website=rbi.org.in}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/szg4AHalBBbujaCyGUfamN/Whats-in-a-name-Ask-banks.html|title=What's in a name? Ask banks.|first=Amol|last=Agrawal|date=23 December 2017|website=mint}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Founding ===

The bank was founded in 1840 in [[Mussoorie]] by English businessmen. The headquarters of the bank were later shifted to [[Meerut]].<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYxKBd7B-YQC&dq=%22North+Western+Bank+of+India%22&pg=PA179|title=The Bankers' Magazine, and Journal of the Money Market|date=9 January 1847|publisher=Richard Groombridge|via=Google Books}}</ref>

The bank was initially named as the '''Mussoorie Bank'''. After its headquarter was moved to [[Meerut]], the bank was renamed as '''The North Western Bank of India'''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGoDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22North+Western+Bank+of+India%22&pg=PT19|title=Crisis Banking in the East: The History of the Chartered Mercantile Bank of London, India and China, 1853–93|first1=Stuart|last1=Muirhead|first2=Edwin|last2=Green|date=5 December 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351947411|via=Google Books}}</ref>

The seven earliest directors of the bank were: T. F. Blois, William M. George, H. S. Ravenshaw, William Freeth, J. Angelo, W. H. Orde and R. Willis.<ref name="auto3"/>

=== Management ===

The bank's area of operations was largely centered around the [[United Provinces of British India]], which corresponds to the present day states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]. Both [[Mussoorie]] and [[Meerut]] were located in this same province or region. Most of the earliest employees of the bank were sourced from the [[Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China]].<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://steemit.com/numismatic/@hooiyewlim/north-western-bank-of-india-history-in-singapore|title=North Western Bank of India history in Singapore|author=hooiyewlim|date=19 April 2018|website=Steemit|access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/>

Some of the branches of the North Western Bank also operated from the branches of the [[Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China]]<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto2"/>

=== Final Years ===

In its later years, the bank was headquartered in [[Calcutta]] and had opened branches in [[London]], [[Mussoorie]], [[Bombay]] and [[Singapore]].<ref name="auto"/>

The bank was finally liquidated in 1859, as it was unable to withstand the competition from more well capitalized banks.<ref name="auto"/>

== Legacy ==

The bank is notable for being the [[List of oldest banks in India|nineteenth oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1"/>

==See also==

{{Portal|Banks}}
*[[Indian banking]]
*[[List of banks in India]]
*[[List of oldest banks in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx Oldest Banks in India]
* [https://www.mintageworld.com/note/dynasty/32/ Banking in India]

{{Banking in India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North Western Bank of India, The}}

[[Category:Defunct banks of India]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1840]]

Kashinath Narayan Dikshit

2024-08-18T21:13:18Z

Leonuqs: new initial info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian archaeologist (1889 – 1946)}}
[[File:K N Dikshit.jpg|thumb]]
[[Rao Bahadur]] '''Kashinath Narayan Dikshit''' (21 October 1889 – 12 August 1946) was an Indian archaeologist who served as [[Director-general]] of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) from 1937 to 1944.

== Early life ==

Dikshit was born on 21 October 1889 in a [[Karhade Brahmin]] family of [[Pandharpur]] in the then [[Bombay Presidency]] (now [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]).

== Career ==
Rao Bahadur Kashinath Narayan Dikshit (1889-1946) was Director-General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) from 1937 to 1944, a critical period leading up to World War II and India's.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Career of Kashinath Narayan Dixit |url=https://www.harappa.com/content/kashinath-narayan-dikshit}}</ref> He played a significant role in excavations at [[Taxila]], [[Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjodaro]], [[Harappa]], and other sites across India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. His meticulous work at Mohenjodaro is highly regarded, particularly his excavation of the DK area, which revealed significant insights into the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Civilization]].

Dikshit is a South Asian archaeologist who emerged from modest beginnings in Maharashtra. Young Dikshit had to provide for his family after his Mamlatdar father, Narayan Hari Dikshit, died from the plague. He had a strong education, doing particularly well in Sanskrit and taking home multiple awards and scholarships. Dikshit established scholarships, decentralized archaeological training, and supported museum modernization, among other contributions to archaeology.

== Retirement ==

He kept up his museology work after retiring and remained active in the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Future generations find inspiration in his life narrative, and his legacy lives on in the field of South Asian archaeology. This story was written with assistance from Dikshit's great-granddaughter, Ms. Sarita Alurkar, and granddaughter, Dr. Veena Mandrekar. Dikshit's 1939 work "Prehistoric Civilization of the Indus Valley" is fully readable, and his archive has photos that are still being worked on to identify the people in it.Post-retirement, he continued his work in museology and was actively involved with the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]]. His legacy endures in the field of South Asian archaeology, and his life story is an inspiration to future generations.
== Family ==
Dr. Veena Mandrekar, Dikshit's granddaughter, and Ms. Sarita Alurkar, his great-granddaughter, contributed to this article. The full text of Dikshit's work, "Prehistoric Civilization of the Indus Valley" (1939), and photographs from his archive are available, with ongoing efforts to identify individuals in the images.

== Death ==
Dikshit retired in 1944 and was succeeded by [[Sir Mortimer Wheeler]]. He died on 12 August, 1946 at age of 56 years and 10 months.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|title=Dikshit, Rao Bahadur Kashinath Narayan|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dikshit,_Rao_Bahadur_Kashinath_Narayan}}

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{{succession box|title=Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]|before=[[J. F. Blakiston]]|after=[[Mortimer Wheeler]]|years=1937-1944}}
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[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Directors general of the Archaeological Survey of India]]
[[Category:People from Solapur district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian institute directors]]
[[Category:Mohenjo-daro]]

Mottu Palle

2024-07-08T02:11:58Z

Leonuqs: Put up a post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
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'''Mottu Palle''' is a village in [[Komarolu]] mandal [[Prakasam district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Mottu Palle is {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} from [[Komarolu]]

== Geography ==

Mottu Palle is located at 15.2254°N 78.9556°E. It has an average elevation of 250 metres (820.21 feet)

== Demographics ==

According to the [[Indian census]], 2011, the demographic details of Mottu Palle Village is as follows:
* Total Population: 415 in 118 Households.
* Male Population:211 and Female Population: 214
* Total Literates:47.54%

== References ==
#{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/591219-mottu-palle-andhra-pradesh.html|publisher=census2011.co.in|title=Mottu Palle Village Population - Komarolu - Prakasam, Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=2016-09-12}}
# <nowiki>https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Mottu+Palle,+Andhra+Pradesh+523373/@15.2277467,78.9534637,1100m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb4ebdf46f14ded:0x3537788afd2b9839!8m2!3d15.2254702!4d78.9556932</nowiki>
#{{cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/andhra-pradesh/prakasam/komarolu/mottu-palle.html|publisher=villageinfo.in|title=Mottu Palle Village in Komarolu (Prakasam) Andhra Pradesh | villageinfo.in|accessdate=2016-09-12}}
#{{cite web|url=https://www.studyapt.com/school-mpps-mottu-palli-prakasam|publisher=studyapt.com|title=MPPS, MOTTU PALLI- Mottu Palli, Komarolu|accessdate=2016-09-12}}
#{{cite web|url=http://www.sindhindia.com/p/andhra-pradesh/prakasam/komarolu/mottu-palle/|publisher=sindhindia.com|title=Mottu Palle, Komarolu mandal, Prakasam District Information - Sindh India|accessdate=2016-09-12}}
# <nowiki>http://pincodeno.com/area/41147/mottu-palle-pincode</nowiki>

{{coord|15.2254|N|78.9556|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Prakasam district]]

Mohand Marg

2024-03-18T09:10:56Z

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#REDIRECT [[Ganderbal district#Mohand Marg]]

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Mangrol, Surat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-11T15:14:06Z

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#REDIRECT [[Mangrol, Surat Assembly constituency]]

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