Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

India–Pakistan war of 1965

2026-04-30T03:43:51Z

LeoSpragg093: done

{{Short description|Armed conflict}}
{{pp-dispute|small=yes}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = India–Pakistan war of 1965
| width =
| partof = [[India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]] and [[Cold War]]
| image = [[File:1965 Indo-Pak War DestroyedShermanTank.jpg | 300px]][[File:Pakistani AMX-13 (1965 War).jpg|Pakistani AMX-13 (1965 War)|300px]]
| caption = '''Top, bottom:''' Indian soldiers with a destroyed Pakistani [[M4 Sherman|M4A1 Sherman tank]] Pakistani soldiers maneuvering a captured Indian [[AMX-13]] tank
| date = 5 August – 23 September 1965 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=8|day1=5|year1=1965|month2=9|day2=23|year2=1965}})
| place = {{flatlist|
* [[Kashmir]]
* [[Punjab]]
* [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Bengal]]<ref>{{citation |last=Nordeen |first=Lon O. |title=Air Warfare in the Missile Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1K5qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |year=1985 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=978-0-87474-680-8 |pages=68–69|archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172510/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K5qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| territory = ''[[Status quo ante bellum]]''
| result = Inconclusive
| combatant1 = [[India]]
| combatant2 = [[Pakistan]]
| commander1 = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri|J. N. Chaudhuri]] [[Arjan Singh]] [[Joginder Singh Dhillon|Joginder Dhillon]] [[Harbaksh Singh]] Har Kishan Sibal [[Zorawar Chand Bakshi|Z. C. Bakshi]]
| commander2 = [[Ayub Khan]] [[Muhammad Musa (general)|Musa Khan]] [[Nur Khan]] [[Akhtar Hussain Malik|A. H. Malik]] [[Yahya Khan]] [[Abrar Hussain (general)|Abrar Hussain]] [[Afzal Rahman Khan|A.A.R. Khan]]
| strength1 = '''700,000 infantry''' (whole army)<ref name="Chapter 1 official history" /> 
'''700+ aircraft'''{{sfn|T. V. Paul|1994|p=107}} 
'''720 tanks'''<ref name="Chapter 1 official history">{{Cite book|title=History of the Indo-Pak War, 1965 |first1=B.C. |last1=Chakravorty |editor1-first=S.N. |editor1-last=Prasad |date=1992 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/1965Chapter00.pdf |chapter-url=https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/1965Chapter01.pdf|chapter=Chapter I, The Prologue |via=[[ETH Zurich]] |page=15}}</ref>
* 186 [[Centurion tank|Centurions]]<ref name="War Despatches" />
* 346 [[Sherman tank|Shermans]]<ref name="Chapter 1 official history" />
* 90 [[AMX-13]]<ref name="Chapter 1 official history" /><ref name="War Despatches" />
* 90 [[PT-76]]<ref name="Chapter 1 official history" />
'''628 Artillery'''<ref name="War Despatches">{{cite book |last=Singh|first=Harbaksh|title=War Despatches|year=1991 |publisher=Lancer International|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7062-117-1|page=124}}</ref>
* 66x 3.7" How<ref name="War Despatches" />
* 450x [[Ordnance QF 25 pounder|25pdr]]<ref name="War Despatches" />
* 96x 5.5"<ref name="War Despatches" />
* 16x 7.2"<ref name="War Despatches" />
'''Effective strength on the West Pakistan Border'''<ref name="Chapter 1 official history – Effective Strength">{{Cite book|title=History of the Indo-Pak War, 1965 |first1=B.C. |last1=Chakravorty |editor1-first=S.N. |editor1-last=Prasad |date=1992 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/1965Chapter00.pdf |chapter-url=https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/1965Chapter01.pdf|chapter=Chapter I, The Prologue |via=[[ETH Zurich]] |page=14}}</ref>
* 9 infantry divisions (4 under-strength)
* 3 armoured brigades
| strength2 = '''260,000 infantry''' (whole army)<ref name="Chapter 1 official history" /> 
'''280 aircraft'''{{sfn|T. V. Paul|1994|p=107}} 
'''~950 tanks'''<ref name="M48 Patton vs Centurion: Indo-Pakistani War 1965 - Osprey Duel 71" />
* 330–350 [[M47 Patton]]s delivered between 1955 and 1960,
* ~200 [[M48 Patton]]s delivered between 1961 and 1964 <ref name="M48 Patton vs Centurion: Indo-Pakistani War 1965 - Osprey Duel 71">{{cite web |title=M48 Patton vs Centurion: Indo-Pakistani War 1965 – Osprey Duel 71, Page 36 |url=https://ibb.co/FhD5H2P|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113154916/https://ibb.co/FhD5H2P|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>THE M47 AND M48
PATTON TANKS – Osprey New Vanguard 31 by STEVEN J. ZALOGA, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20241227180202/https://ibb.co/7W0FK99 Page 22]}}</ref><ref>[https://www.brownpundits.com/2015/09/06/the-1965-war-summary-by-major-amin/ The 1965 War. A Summary by Major Agha Humayun Amin] – {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20241229000108/https://ibb.co/sm8yYz9 Analysis]}}</ref>
* 308 Shermans<ref name="War Despatches" />
* 96 [[M24 Chaffee|Chaffees]]<ref name="War Despatches" />
'''552 Artillery'''<ref name="War Despatches" />
* 72x 105mm How<ref name="War Despatches" />
* 234x 25pdr<ref name="War Despatches" />
* 126x 155mm How<ref name="War Despatches" />
* 48x 8" How<ref name="War Despatches" />
* 72x 3.7" How<ref name="War Despatches" />
* AK Lt Btys<ref name="War Despatches" />
'''Effective strength on the West Pakistan Border'''<ref name="Chapter 1 official history – Effective Strength" />

* 6 infantry divisions
* 2 armoured divisions
| casualties1 = '''Neutral claims'''<ref name=":9"/><ref name=":2"/>
* 3,000 killed<ref name="c805">{{cite book | last=Tucker | first=Spencer C. | title=The Roots and Consequences of 20th-Century Warfare: Conflicts That Shaped the Modern World | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA | date=2016-09-06 | isbn=978-1-61069-802-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBbHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA267 | page=267}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA600|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed.|last=Clodfelter|first=Micheal|date=2017-04-24|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-2585-0|language=en}}</ref>
* 150 <ref name="PAGE 172">Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20250207153525/https://ibb.co/5gT22dvr PAGE 172]}}. ISBN 978-1-57607-995-9. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230205202528/https://books.google.com/books?id=N481TmqiSiUC&pg=PA172 ARCHIVED] from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</ref>–200 tanks <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50MrEAAAQBAJ|title=Tank Battles of the Cold War, 1948–1991|last=Tucker-Jones|first=Anthony|date=2021-06-30|publisher=Pen and Sword Military|isbn=978-1-5267-7802-4|language=en}}</ref>
* 60–75 aircraft<ref name="Encyclopedia of the developing world">{{cite book|author=Thomas M. Leonard |title=Encyclopedia of the developing world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWRjGZ9H7hYC&pg=PA806|access-date=14 April 2011 |year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-97663-3|pages=806–|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205202529/https://books.google.com/books?id=pWRjGZ9H7hYC&pg=PA806|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":9"/>
| casualties2 = '''Neutral claims'''<ref name=":9"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-SUAQAACAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Wars|last1=Phillips|first1=Charles|last2=Axelrod|first2=Alan|date=2005|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0-8160-2851-1|pages=Page: 602 https://ibb.co/WNvkz41K|language=en}}</ref>
* 3,800 killed<ref name="c805"/><ref name=":9"/>
* 200<ref name=":0"/>–300 tanks<ref name="PAGE 172">Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20250207153525/https://ibb.co/5gT22dvr PAGE 172]}}. ISBN 978-1-57607-995-9. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230205202528/https://books.google.com/books?id=N481TmqiSiUC&pg=PA172 ARCHIVED] from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</ref>
* 19<ref name=":9"/>–20<ref name="Encyclopedia of the developing world" /> aircraft
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}
{{Campaignbox India–Pakistan wars}}
}}

The '''India–Pakistan war of 1965''', also known as the '''second India–Pakistan war''', was an armed conflict between [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] that took place from August 1965 to September 1965.

The conflict began following Pakistan's unsuccessful [[Operation Gibraltar]],'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montgomery |first=Evan Braden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFsbDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |title=In the Hegemon's Shadow: Leading States and the Rise of Regional Powers |date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-0400-0 |access-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172511/https://books.google.com/books?id=YFsbDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>''' which was designed to infiltrate forces into [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hali |first=S. M. |date=2011 |title=Operation Gibraltar – an unmitigated disaster? |journal=Defence Journal |volume=15 |issue=1–2 |pages=10–34 |via=EBSCO}}</ref> The seventeen day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armoured vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II.{{sfn|David R. Higgins|2016}}{{sfn|Rachna Bisht|2015}} Hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared through [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 211|UNSC Resolution 211]] following a diplomatic intervention by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]], and the subsequent issuance of the [[Tashkent Declaration]].<ref name="Lyon2008">{{cite book |last=Lyon |first=Peter |title=Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PR11 |access-date=30 October 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-712-2 |page=82 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172511/https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PR11 |url-status=live}}</ref> Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]] and along the [[border]] between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the [[2001-2002 India-Pakistan standoff|2001–2002 military standoff]] between India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposing [[infantry]] and [[armoured warfare|armoured]] units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations.

India had the upper hand over Pakistan on the ground when the ceasefire was declared,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dijink |first1=Gertjan |title=National Identity and Geopolitical Visions: Maps of Pride and Pain |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-77129-5 |quote=The superior Indian forces, however, won a decisive victory and the army could have even marched on into Pakistani territory had external pressure not forced both combatants to cease their war efforts.}}</ref>{{sfn|McGarr|2013|p=331}}<ref name="USLib">{{cite book|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+pk0152%29|title=Pakistan: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]], United States of America|date=April 1994|access-date=2 October 2010|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107081241/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+pk0152%29|url-status=live}} "Losses were relatively heavy—on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan."</ref><ref name="Hagerty_26">{{cite book |last=Hagerty |first=Devin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln3qChyrmIQC&q=outfought%20their%20Pakistani |title=South Asia in world politics |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-2587-0 |page=26 |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172511/https://books.google.com/books?id=ln3qChyrmIQC&q=outfought%20their%20Pakistani |archive-date=7 February 2023 |url-status=live}} Quote: The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city. By the time the [[United Naitonsl Security Council Resolution 211|United Nations intervened]] on 20 September, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|title=India|year=2005 |page=235 |publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-24696-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmkL1tp2Nl4C&q=won+a+clear+victory|edition=3rd |access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117160831/https://books.google.com/books?id=HmkL1tp2Nl4C&q=won+a+clear+victory|url-status=live}} Quote: India, however, was in a position to inflict grave damage to, if not capture, Pakistan's capital of the Punjab when the cease-fire was called, and controlled Kashmir's strategic Uri-Poonch bulge, much to Ayub's chagrin.</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Dennis|last=Kux|title=India and the United States : Estranged democracies, 1941–1991|year=1992|publisher=National Defense University Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-7881-0279-0|page=238|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcylFXH9_z8C&q=India+had+most+to+celebrate|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117160831/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcylFXH9_z8C&q=India+had+most+to+celebrate |url-status=live}} Quote: India had the best of the war.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Asia: Silent Guns, Wary Combatants |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,834413-2,00.html|access-date=30 August 2013|newspaper=Time|date=1 October 1965 |quote=India, by contrast, is still the big gainer in the war.|url-status=live|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107081241/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,834413-2,00.html}} [https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,834413,00.html Alternate link content.time.com]</ref> but the [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] managed to achieve [[air superiority]] over the combat zones despite being numerically inferior.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jogindar Singh |title=Behind the Scene:An Analysis of India's Military Operations, 1947–1971 |date=1993 |page=238 |quote=In the final analysis Pakistan maintained air superiority over the combat zones from 6 September onwards}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=John Andreas Olsen |title=Routledge Handbook of Air Power |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |quote=Careful analysis available in the public domain tends to list IAF losses as sixty-five aircraft to all causes and PAF losses at twenty-five aircraft….Finally, there was agreement that the losses suffered by the IAF were not commensurate with the value gained in terms of the effect on the adversary and its combat efficiency.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kaushik Roy |title=Conventional Warfare in South Asia, 1947 to the present |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |quote=point that the PAF's superior strategy enabled it to win air superiority by 5 September bears serious consideration. The preemptive air strike over the Indian air fields and the subsequent provocation of the IAF to fight over the heavily defended Pakistani airfields did indeed result in heavy attrition of the IAF's aircraft.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jeremy Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HOOCwAAQBAJ&dq=paf+1965+greater&pg=PA211 |title=Air Power:A Global History |date=2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442250970 |quote=In the brief 1965 war between India and Pakistan, the two air forces were heavily engaged. The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) was able to inflict greater casualties despite being smaller. This owed much to the technical superiority of the PAF's F-86 Sabres over the IAF's Hunters and Mysteres.}}</ref> Although the two countries fought to a standoff, the conflict is seen as a strategic and political defeat for Pakistan,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kux |first1=Dennis |title=India-Pakistan Negotiations: Is Past Still Prologue? |date=2006 |publisher=US Institute of Peace Press |isbn=978-1-929223-87-9 |page=30 |quote=The conflict was short, but nasty. After seventeen days, both sides accepted a UN Security Council call for a cease-fire. Although the two militaries fought to a standoff, India won by not losing.}}</ref>{{sfn|McGarr|2013|p=331}}<ref name="Geopolitics_17">{{cite book |last=Small |first=Andrew |year=2015 |title=The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=17 |isbn=978-0-19-021075-5}} "... the war itself was a disaster for Pakistan, from the first failed attempts by Pakistani troops to precipitate an insurgency in Kashmir to the appearance of Indian artillery within range of Lahore International Airport."</ref><ref name="Conley" /><ref name="Profile of Pakistan">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm Profile of Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802172621/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm |date=2 August 2018 }} – [[U.S. Department of State]], [http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people5/Coll/coll-con5.html Failure of U.S.'s Pakistan Policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712135816/http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people5/Coll/coll-con5.html |date=12 July 2010 }} – Interview with [[Steve Coll]]</ref><ref name="Speech of Bill McCollum">[https://fas.org/news/pakistan/1994/940912.htm Speech of Bill McCollum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140925/http://fas.org/news/pakistan/1994/940912.htm |date=4 March 2016 }} in [[United States House of Representatives]] 12 September 1994</ref><ref name="Devin T. Hagerty p. 26">South Asia in World Politics By Devin T. Hagerty, 2005 Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|0-7425-2587-2}}, p. 26</ref> as it had not succeeded in fomenting an insurrection in Kashmir and was instead forced to shift gears in the defence of [[Lahore]].{{sfn|McGarr|2013|p=315}} India also failed to achieve its objective of military deterrence and did not capitalise on its advantageous military situation before the ceasefire was declared.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |date=1990 |orig-date=Published online: 24 Jan 2008 |title=Deterrence failure revisited: The Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=77–93 |doi=10.1080/01402399008437432 |issn=0140-2390}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarapore |first=Arzan |date=2023 |orig-date=Published online: 1 Oct 2019 |title=Defence without deterrence: India's strategy in the 1965 war |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=150–179 |doi=10.1080/01402390.2019.1668274 |s2cid=211312207 |issn=0140-2390 }}</ref>

== Background ==
Since the [[Partition of India|partition of British India]] in August 1947, Pakistan and India remained in contention over several issues. Although the [[Kashmir conflict]] was the predominant issue dividing the nations, other border disputes existed, most notably over the [[Rann of Kutch]], a barren region in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. The issue first arose in 1956, which ended with India regaining control over the disputed area.<ref name="BrecherWilkenfeld1997">{{cite book |last1=Brecher |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjY7aV_6FPwC&pg=PA171 |title=A study of crisis |last2=Wilkenfeld |first2=Jonathan |date=November 1997 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-10806-0 |pages=170–172 |access-date=3 November 2011}}</ref> In the 1960s Pakistan received 700 million dollars of [[Military aid from the United States to Pakistan|military aid]] from the United States, by signing a defence agreement in 1954, which significantly modernised Pakistan's military equipment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Raju G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPH_AwAAQBAJ&dq=The+transfer+of+american+arms+under+these+two+pacts+included&pg=PA21 |title=Indian Security Policy: Foreword by Joseph S. Nye |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5819-4 |pages=21 |quote=The transfer of American arms under these two pacts included… Patton… Star fighter…Sabre…Canberra…estimated about $700 million. |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172520/https://books.google.com/books?id=QPH_AwAAQBAJ&dq=The+transfer+of+american+arms+under+these+two+pacts+included&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=8 May 2011 |title=The Double Game |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/05/16/the-double-game |access-date=26 February 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320103034/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/05/16/the-double-game |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dennis2">"India and the United States estranged democracies", 1941–1991, {{ISBN|1-4289-8189-6}}, DIANE Publishing, pp 235, 238</ref> After the defeat in 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], the [[Indian Military|Indian military]] was undergoing major changes in personnel and equipment. During this period, despite being numerically smaller than the Indian military, Pakistan's armed forces had a qualitative edge in air power and armour over India, which Pakistan sought to use before India completed its defence build-up.<ref name="Dennis2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schofield |first=Julian |date=2000 |title=Militarized Decision-Making for War in Pakistan: 1947–1971 |journal=Armed Forces & Society |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=140 |doi=10.1177/0095327X0002700108 |jstor=45346403 |s2cid=144532810 |issn=0095-327X |quote=…and the balance of military capabilities: India was in the early stages of a military buildup against China, which prompted Pakistani military decision-makers to exploit what they saw as a window of opportunity.}}</ref>
[[File:1965 Infiltrators.jpg|thumb|left|A declassified US State Department letter that confirms the existence of hundreds of "infiltrators" in the Indian-administered part of the [[Kashmir conflict|disputed Kashmir region]]. Dated during the events running up to the 1965 war.]]

Pakistani soldiers began patrolling in territory controlled by India in January 1965, which was followed by attacks by both countries on each other's posts on 8 April 1965.<ref name="BrecherWilkenfeld1997" /><ref name="Durrani">{{cite news |title=Pak's intrusions on borders triggered 1965 war: Durrani |last=Press Trust of India, Islamabad bureau |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/world/Pakistan/Paks-intrusions-on-borders-triggered-1965-war-Durrani/articleshow/5009969.cms |newspaper=Times of India |date=14 September 2009 |access-date=3 November 2011 |archive-date=22 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922182534/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/world/pakistan/Paks-intrusions-on-borders-triggered-1965-war-Durrani/articleshow/5009969.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Initially involving border police from both nations, the disputed area soon witnessed intermittent skirmishes between the countries' armed forces. Pakistan launched [[Operation Desert Hawk]] and captured a few Indian posts near the Kanjarkot fort border area.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro">{{cite book |last1=Hiro |first1=Dilip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan&pg=PA183 |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Nation Books, Hiro |isbn=9781568585031 |at=OPERATION DESERT HAWK: A DRY RUN |access-date=19 October 2016 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172512/https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan&pg=PA183 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 1965, [[British Prime Minister]] [[Harold Wilson]] successfully persuaded both countries to end hostilities. Both countries signed an agreement to settle the disputed border through international arbitration by the [[International Court of Justice]] on 30 June 1965.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutt |first1=Sagarika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTQ48I6UvkcC&dq=international+arbitration+by+the+International+Court+of+Justice+on+30+June&pg=PA67 |title=South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses |last2=Bansal |first2=Alok |date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-61767-6 }}</ref><ref name="Nation Books, Hiro3">{{cite book |last1=Hiro |first1=Dilip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan&pg=PA183 |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Nation Books, Hiro |isbn=9781568585031 |at=OPERATION DESERT HAWK: A DRY RUN |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> A tribunal was set to resolve the dispute, the verdict which came later in 1968, saw Pakistan awarded {{convert|301|mi2|km2|order=flip|abbr=off}} of the Rann of Kutch, as against its original claim of {{convert|3500|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Rann">Bhushan, Chodarat. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060421095412/http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/7_competitive_methodologies.htm "Tulbul, Sir Creek and Siachen: Competitive Methodologies"]}}. South Asian Journal. March 2005, [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] and [https://unidir.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/the-new-security-debate-en-364.pdf#page=51 Open Forum – UNIDIR] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327071528/http://www.unidir.ch/pdf/articles/pdf-art267.pdf |date=27 March 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://photius.com/countries/pakistan/geography/pakistan_geography_boundaries.html | title=Pakistan Boundaries – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lahore Declaration and Beyond: Maritime Confidence-Building Measures in South Asia |url=https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/files/file-attachments/MaritimeCBMs.PDF |access-date=11 September 2023 |publisher=Stimson Center}}</ref> Pakistan's purpose for this operation was to assess the response of the Indian government and military<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Hiranandani |first=G. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&dq=the+intrusion+in+kutch+-+operation+desert+hawk+-+april+1965&pg=PA21 |title=Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975 |date=2000 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-72-1 |pages=21 }}</ref> and to draw Indian armour southward to Kutch, away from the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=":22"/>

After its success in the Rann of Kutch, Pakistan, under the leadership of [[Ayub Khan|Muhammad Ayub Khan]], believed the [[Indian Army]] would be unable to defend itself against a quick military campaign in the disputed territory of [[Kashmir]] as the Indian military had suffered a loss to China in 1962{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} in the [[Sino-Indian War]]. Pakistan believed that the population of Kashmir was generally discontented with Indian rule, and that a resistance movement could be ignited by a few infiltrating [[saboteur]]s.

== War ==

=== Operation Gibraltar ===
{{Main|Operation Gibraltar}}
On 5 August 1965, Pakistani soldiers crossed the [[Line of Control]] dressed as Kashmiri locals headed for various areas within Kashmir. These infiltrators carried out intelligence collection with the help of locals in cities like [[Gulmarg]] and [[Rajouri]].{{Sfn|Pradhan|2007|p=5}} Indian forces, tipped off by the local populace, captured several Pakistani soldiers who revealed that Pakistan was attempting to ignite the resistance movement employing a covert infiltration, code-named [[Operation Gibraltar]].<ref>Defence Journal. September 2000.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2024}} The operation was eventually unsuccessful.<ref name="Mankekar1967">{{cite book |last=Mankekar |first=D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQcLAQAAIAAJ |title=Twentytwo fateful days: Pakistan cut to size |publisher=Manaktalas |year=1967 |pages=62–63, 67 |access-date=8 November 2011}}</ref>

On 6 and 7 August, Indian forces engaged in skirmishes with several columns of Pakistani soldiers, who tried to cut communication lines and mix with the locals during celebrations.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2007|p=5}}

Indian Army crossed the cease fire line on 15 August and captured several previously infiltrated peaks overlooking the [[National Highway 1D (India, old numbering)|Srinagar – Leh Highway]].<ref name="BrecherWilkenfeld1997" /><ref name="IDR">{{cite web|title=Battle of Hajipir Pass 1965|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/battle-of-hajipir-pass-1965/|date=29 August 2020|publisher=Indian Defence Review}}</ref> Initially, the Indian Army met with considerable success, capturing three important mountain positions after a prolonged artillery barrage. By the end of August, Pakistan had made progress in areas such as [[Tithwal]], [[Uri (India)|Uri]] and [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]].

=== Haji Pir pass ===
{{Main|Battle of Haji Pir Pass (1965)}}

Wishing to stop the influx of Pakistani forces into the [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri-Poonch]] bulge, COAS [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] commanded the [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]] under [[Kashmir Singh Katoch|Lt Gen K. S. Katoch]] to advance and take over [[Haji Pir pass]]. Under the watch of [[Harbaksh Singh|Lt Gen Harbaksh Singh]], led by [[Zorawar Chand Bakshi|Brig. ZC Bakshi]] of the 68 Infantry Brigade, Indian forces [[Battle of Haji Pir Pass (1965)|captured the Haji Pir pass]], 8 km into [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]] by 28 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/21haji.htm|title=Giving Haji Pir back to Pak a mistake: Gen Dyal|access-date=28 May 2015|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401052737/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/21haji.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Chhamb offensive ===

On 1 September 1965, Pakistan launched a counterattack, called [[Operation Grand Slam]], with the objective to capture the vital town of [[Akhnoor]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu]], which would sever communications and cut off supply routes to Indian troops. Ayub Khan calculated that "Hindu morale would not stand more than a couple of hard blows at the right time and place"<ref name="Underestimating India">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/underestimating-india/512676/0 |title=Underestimating India |newspaper=Indian Express |date=4 September 2009 |access-date=21 December 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226142615/http://archive.indianexpress.com/static/sorry/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1427 |title=Pakistan's Endgame in Kashmir – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |access-date=21 December 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226142602/http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1427%20 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=812 |title=Indian Air Force :: Flight of the Falcon |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |date=28 August 2010 |access-date=21 December 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226142618/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=812%20 |url-status=live}}</ref> although by this time [[Operation Gibraltar]] had failed and India had [[Battle of Haji Pir Pass (1965)|captured the Haji Pir Pass]].<ref name="Underestimating India" />

Commander of the Western army, Lt Gen Harbaksh Singh had suggested after the capture of Haji Pir, that Pakistani forces would carry out a major offensive in the [[Chumb]] plain to advance and capture a strategically important location in [[Akhnoor]] to cut Indian supply lines but after a meeting with CAOS Chaudhari, the area was not reinforced. Instead, XV Corps under Lt Gen Katoch was tasked with securing Nowshera.{{sfn|Pradhan|2007|p=11}}

At 03:30 on 1 September 1965, the entire [[Chumb]] area came under massive artillery bombardment as Pakistan commenced [[Operation Grand Slam]]. India's Army Headquarters was taken by surprise.{{sfn |Pradhan|2007|p=12}} Attacking with an overwhelming ratio of troops and technically superior tanks, Pakistan made gains against Indian forces under the command of [[Akhtar Hussain Malik|Maj Gen A. H. Malik]], who were caught unprepared and suffered heavy losses. Maj Gen Mailk was then replaced by [[Yahya Khan|Maj Gen Yahya Khan]] by [[Muhammad Musa (general)|C-in-C Gen Muhammad Musa]] who authorised Maj Gen Khan to advance deeper into Indian Territory.{{sfn|Pradhan|2007|p=10}}{{sfn|Pradhan|2007|p=30}}

India responded by calling in its [[Indian Air Force|air force]] to blunt the Pakistani attack. The next day, Pakistan retaliated with its [[Pakistan Air Force|air force]] and attacked Indian forces and air bases in both [[Kashmir]] and [[Punjab, Indian|Punjab]]. India then decided to open up the theatre of attack into Pakistani Punjab and forced the Pakistani army to relocate troops engaged in the Chumb operation to defend Punjab. Operation Grand Slam therefore failed, as the Pakistan Army was unable to capture [[Akhnoor]]; it became one of the turning points in the war, when India decided to relieve pressure on its troops in Kashmir by attacking Pakistan further south. In the valley, another area of strategic importance was [[Kargil]]. Kargil town was in Indian hands, but Pakistan occupied high ground overlooking Kargil and Srinagar-Leh road. However, after the launch of a massive anti-infiltration operation by the Indian army, the Pakistani infiltrators were forced out of that area in the month of August.{{sfn|Pradhan|2007|p=10}}

=== Ichogil Canal ===

{{anchor|Battle of Ichhogil Canal}}India crossed the [[Radcliffe Line|International Border]] on the Western front on 6 September.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/6/newsid_3632000/3632092.stm|title=1965: Indian Army invades W Pakistan |date=6 September 1965|access-date=26 June 2018|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309023155/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/6/newsid_3632000/3632092.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> President Ayub Khan, on the same day, declared a state of emergency through radio broadcast proclaiming that Pakistan was in a state of war with India.{{sfn|Gupta|1967|pp=140-141}} On 6 September, the [[15th Infantry Division (India)|15th Infantry Division]] of the Indian Army, under [[World War II]] veteran Major General Niranjan Prasad, battled a massive counterattack by Pakistan near the west bank of the [[Bambawali-Ravi-Bedian Canal|Icchogil Canal]] (BRB Canal), which was an ''in fact'' border of India and Pakistan. The General's entourage itself was ambushed, and he was forced to flee his vehicle.

==== Battle of Jassar ====
{{Main|Battle of Jassar}}

The Battle of Jassar, fought on 6 September involved the defense of the Jassar Enclave, a Pakistani area on the Ravi River, against an Indian attack, with Pakistani forces, including the 3 Punjab and 13 FF, repelling the assault.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bridge Too Far: The Battle of Jassar Enclave |url=https://www.hilal.gov.pk/view-article.php?i=6552 |access-date=2025-03-11 |publisher=Hilal Publications |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Janjua |first=Brig Dr Raashid Wali |date=2023-09-06 |title=1965 War — their finest hour |url=https://ipripak.org/1965-war-their-finest-hour/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |publisher=IPRI - Islamabad Policy Research Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Battle of Burki ====
{{Main|Battle of Burki}}

The [[7th Indian Infantry Division|7th Infantry Division]] under the command of Maj Gen Har Kishan Sibal attempted an offensive on the canal on 6 September. The forces advanced through Khalra-Barki- Lahore road and reached Barki by 7 September. The forces engaged heavily at the [[Battle of Burki]]. The battle involved the air forces, armoured, infantry divisions and artillery brigades from both sides. The town fell by 11 September. A great amount of Pakistani ammunition was captured from Barki which helped Indian forces after the battle.{{sfn|Gupta|1967|pp=156-157}}{{sfn|Gupta|1967|pp=155-156}} The Indian artillery stood within the range of [[Lahore International Airport]]. As a result, the United States requested a temporary ceasefire to allow it to evacuate its citizens in [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Gupta|1967|p=150}}

==== Battle of Dograi ====
{{Main|Battle of Dograi}}

[[File:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.jpg|left|thumb|Pakistani Sherman medium tanks and infantry push forward while under fire.]]
The thrust against Lahore consisted of the 1st Infantry Division supported by the three tank regiments of the 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade; they quickly advanced across the border, reaching the Ichhogil (BRB) Canal by 6 September. The Pakistani Army held the bridges over the canal or blew up those it could not hold, effectively stalling any further advance by the Indians on Lahore. [[Jat Regiment|{{anchor|Battle of Dograi}}3rd Jat battalion]] was the first Indian unit to cross the Icchogil canal and capture it alongside Dograi.<ref>Brigadier Desmond E Hayde, "The Battle of Dograi and Batapore", Natraj Publishers, New Delhi, 2006</ref> The same day, a counteroffensive consisting of an armoured division and infantry division supported by [[Pakistan Air Force]] [[F-86 Sabre|Sabres]] forced the Indian 15th Division to withdraw to its starting point. Although 3 Jats suffered minimal casualties, the bulk of the damage being taken by ammunition and store vehicles, the higher commanders had no information of 3 Jats' capture of Dograi and misleading information led to the command to withdraw from Batapore and Dograi to Ghosal-Dial. This move brought extreme disappointment<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050918/edit.htm#1 The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Opinions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810162805/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050918/edit.htm#1 |date=10 August 2019}}. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 14 April 2011.</ref> to Lt-Col [[Desmond Hayde]], CO of the 3 Jats. Dograi was eventually recaptured by the three Jats on 21 September, for the second time but after a much harder battle due to Pakistani reinforcements, in the [[Battle of Dograi]].<ref name="IDSA">{{cite web |url=https://www.idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_3_2015_IndianArmysContinuityandTransformation_0.pdf |title=Indian Army's Continuity and Transformation Through the Prism of the Battle of Dograi |publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307173325/https://www.idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_3_2015_IndianArmysContinuityandTransformation_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{anchor|Battle of Munnabao}}On 8 September 1965, a company of five Maratha Light Infantry was sent to reinforce a Rajasthan Armed Constabulary (RAC) post at Munabao – a strategic hamlet about 250 kilometers from Jodhpur. Their brief was simple: to hold the post and to keep Pakistan's infantry battalions from overrunning the post at bay. But at Maratha Hill (in Munabao) – as the post has now been christened – the Indian company could barely manage to thwart the intense attack for 24 hours. A company of three guards with 954 heavy mortar battery ordered to reinforce the RAC post at Munabao could never reach. The Pakistani Air Force had strafed the entire area, and also hit a railway train coming from Barmer with reinforcements near [[Gadra Road railway station]]. On 10 September, Munabao fell into Pakistani hands, and efforts to capture the strategic point did not succeed.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan/Army-cries-out-for-a-second-railway-line-between-Barmer-and-Jaisalmer/Article1-487591.aspx Army cries out for a second railway line between Barmer and Jaisalmer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605102845/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan/Army-cries-out-for-a-second-railway-line-between-Barmer-and-Jaisalmer/Article1-487591.aspx |date=5 June 2011}}. Hindustan Times (17 December 2009). Retrieved on 14 April 2011.</ref>

=== Sialkot offensive ===

==== Battle of Phillora ====
On the days following 9 September, India's [[1st Armoured Division (India)|1st Armoured Division]] under Major General [[Rajinder Singh Sparrow|Rajinder Singh]] advanced towards [[Sialkot]] with the intention to capture the sector and was met with Pakistan's [[6th Armoured Division (Pakistan)|6th Armoured Division]] under [[Abrar Hussain (general)|Maj Gen Abrar Hussain]]. They first engaged in the town of Phillora. Failure on the Pakistani side to cause damage to the Indian advance forced the 6th Armoured Division to retreat to the town of Chawinda on 11 September and the [[Battle of Phillora]] was an Indian success.<ref>M48 Patton vs Centurion: Indo-Pakistani War 1965 (Duel Book 71) Kindle version by David R. Higgins(Author), Johnny Shumate, Alan Gilliland, [https://ibb.co/KcDSczY2 Page 67]</ref><ref name="auto">Singh, Lt.Gen Harbaksh (1991). War Despatches. New Delhi: Lancer International. [https://ibb.co/qF0h4bp p. 186]. ISBN 81-7062-117-8.</ref><ref name=Wilson/><ref name=Cambridge/><ref>A Western Sunrise : India's War With Pakistan by Kunal Verma ISBN 978-93-90652-46-4 [https://ibb.co/hWpmqCB p.319]</ref><ref name="Steve">Zaloga, Steve (1999) ''The M47 and M48 Patton tanks'' {{ISBN|1-85532-825-9}} pg.34–35.</ref> Pakistan lost 66 tanks in the battle while India only lost 6.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite book |last=Prabhakar |first=Peter Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&pg=PA84 |title=Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India |publisher=Mittal Publications, 2003 |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7099-890-7 |page=84}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge">{{cite book |last=James Rapson |first=Edward |title=The Cambridge History of India |author2=Wolseley Haig |author3=Sir Richard Burn |author3-link=Richard Burn (Indologist) |author4=Henry Dodwell |author5=Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler |author6=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |author6-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |publisher=S. Chand |volume=6 |page=1013 |chapter=Political Developments Since 1919 (India and Pakistan)}}</ref><ref name="Singh 1991 6">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbaksh |title=War Despatches |publisher=Lancer International |year=1991 |isbn=81-7062-117-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=147}}</ref>

==== Battle of Chawinda ====
The Pakistani [[I Corps (Pakistan)|I Corps]] under the command of [[Bakhtiar Rana|Lt Gen Bakhtiar Rana]] and the 6th Armoured under Maj Gen Hussain engaged with the Indian [[I Corps (India)|I Corps]] commanded by the newly appointed Lieutenant General [[Patrick Dunn (Indian Army general)|Patrick Dunn]] and the 1st Armoured under Rajinder Singh from 14 to 19 September in the largest tank battle since the [[Battle of Kursk]] during the [[World War II]]. It also involved the lowest ever air battle to be fought as the Pakistani [[North American F-86 Sabre|Sabre]] engaged with the Indian [[Folland Gnat|Gnats]]. The Indian offensive was repulsed and stopped successfully.{{sfn|Gupta|1967|p=172}}{{sfn|Gupta|1967|pp=179-180}} Pakistan claimed that Indians lost 120 tanks at Chawinda.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steve |title=The M47 and M48 Patton tanks |last2=Laurier |first2=Jim |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-85532-825-9 |page=35}}</ref> compared to 44 of its own.<ref name="Steve Zaloga">{{cite book |author=Steven J. Zaloga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsdjJZWqtg4C |title=The M47 and M48 Patton Tanks |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-85532-825-9 |page=35}}</ref> But later, Indian official sources confirmed India lost only 29 tanks at [[Battle of Chawinda|Chawinda]],<ref name="Harbaksh">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbaksh |title=War Despatches |publisher=Lancer International |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-7062-117-1 |location=New Delhi |page=159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=History of the Indo-Pak War, 1965 |first1=B.C. |last1=Chakravorty |editor1-first=S.N. |editor1-last=Prasad |date=1992 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/1965Chapter00.pdf |chapter-url=https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/1965Chapter07.pdf|chapter=Chapter VII, Operations in Sialkot Sector |via=[[ETH Zurich]] |page=222}}</ref>

Towards the end of the Sialkot offensive, the Pakistani Armoured arsenal was left heavily damaged with more than 200 tanks destroyed and 36 captured which was very heavy compared to the Indian damages.{{sfn|Gupta|1967|p=183}}

=== Battle of Asal Uttar ===
On 8 September, the Pakistani 1st Armoured Division and 11 Infantry Division under the command of Maj Gen Nasir Khan pushed an offensive towards [[Khem Karan]], with the intent to capture [[Amritsar]] (a major city in [[Punjab, India]]) and the bridge on [[River Beas]] to [[Jalandhar]].{{sfn|Gupta|1967|pp=158-159}} India then launched a counter-offensive. After India breached the Madhupur canal on 11 September, the Khem Karan counter-offensive was halted, affecting Pakistan's strategy substantially.<ref name="Underestimating India" /> The Pakistani forces engaged with an outnumbered Indian force comprising only the 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade commanded by [[Thomas K. Theogaraj|Brig Thomas K. Theogaraj]], who formed a defensive horseshoe formation to counter the advancing Pakistani force.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dandapani |first1=Vijay |date=18 January 2015 |title=Unsung hero |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/unsung-hero/article6797696.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brigadier Thomas Theograj |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/1965/XI/0100.jpg.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214059/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/1965/XI/0100.jpg.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saga of Strategy & Courage |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/1965/XI/6517.jpg.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603072843/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/1965/XI/6517.jpg.html }}</ref>

The Pakistani tanks were more numerous and superior in quality, giving them a significant advantage. At the [[Battle of Asal Uttar]], however, the Pakistani force advanced into the well-positioned and well-camouflaged Indian formation, which led to approximately 97 Pakistani tanks being destroyed, against only 10 Indian tanks lost.<ref>Osprey New Vanguard #31 – The M47 and M48 Patton Tanks BY Steven J. Zaloga, Jim Laurier [https://ibb.co/6JwRMgP6 PAGE 33], ISBN 9781855328259</ref> The battle was a tremendous success for India and completely halted the Pakistani advance on the Punjab front.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=sangeeta |date=2021-08-14 |title=Fifty five years since India won the Battle of Asal Uttar in 1965 |work=ADU - Aviation Defence Universe |url=https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/fifty-five-since-india-won-the-battle-of-asal-uttar-1965/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |publisher=ADU – Aviation Defence Universe }}</ref> The town where the battle was fought came to be known as Patton Nagar, named after the thoroughly destroyed US-made [[M48 Patton|M48 Patton tanks]] in the battle.

During the battle, Pakistani rail bound reinforcements were attacked and destroyed by IAF Gnats.{{sfn|Gupta|1967|p=161}}
[[File:Pakistani Army Position, 1965 War Footage 2.png|thumb|Pakistani Army Position, [[MG1A3]] AA, 1965 War]]

=== Stalemate ===
The war was heading for a stalemate, with both nations holding territory of the other. The Indian army suffered from 3,000 killed, while Pakistan suffered from 3,800 killed. India claimed that they had possession of {{convert|1920|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of Pakistani territory and the Pakistan army held {{convert|550|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of Indian territory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150602/jsp/frontpage/story_23452.jsp|title=Delhi plans carnival on Pakistan war - Focus on 1965 conflict and outcome|access-date=3 June 2015|archive-date=2 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602092054/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150602/jsp/frontpage/story_23452.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The territory occupied by India was mainly in the fertile Sialkot, Lahore and Kashmir sectors,<ref>The Story of My Struggle By Tajammal Hussain Malik 1991, Jang Publishers, p. 78</ref><ref name="Arif2001">{{cite book |last=Arif |first=General K. M. |author-link=Khalid Mahmud Arif |year=2001 |title=Khaki Shadows: Pakistan 1947–1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=88 |isbn=978-0-19-579396-3}}</ref> while Pakistani ground gains were primarily in [[desert]]s opposite [[Sindh]] and in the [[Chumb]] sector in [[Kashmir]].<ref name="Arif2001" /> Pakistan claims that it held {{convert|4,190|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of Indian territory, while losing {{convert|446|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}} of its territory.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAiBQAAQBAJ&q=1600+square+miles+of+Indian+territory&pg=PA115|title=Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding|first=Husain|last=Haqqani|date=5 November 2013|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781610393171|via=Google Books|access-date=18 May 2022|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172512/https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAiBQAAQBAJ&q=1600+square+miles+of+Indian+territory&pg=PA115|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nordeen |first1=Lon O. |title=Air warfare in the missile age |date=2002 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=978-1-58834-083-2 |edition=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voLfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Pakistan+said+its+forces+gained+control+of+1%2C600+square+miles+of+Indian+territory+and+lost+450+square+miles+of+its+own%22 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172513/https://books.google.com/books?id=voLfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Pakistan+said+its+forces+gained+control+of+1%2C600+square+miles+of+Indian+territory+and+lost+450+square+miles+of+its+own%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOENAQAAIAAJ |date=1966 |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172513/https://books.google.com/books?id=wOENAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |last2=Arora |first2=Ranjana |title=50 Years of Indo-Pak Relations: Chronology of events, important documents, 1947–1997 |date=1998 |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications |isbn=9788176290593 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6_0WoxM6-8C&pg=PA43 |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172513/https://books.google.com/books?id=S6_0WoxM6-8C&pg=PA43 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Aerial warfare ===
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani Air War of 1965}}

{{Further|Indian Air Force#Second Kashmir War 1965|Pakistan Air Force#Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}
[[File:PAF Sabre being shot down in combat by an IAF Gnat in September 1965.jpg|thumb|Pakistani Sabre being shot down in combat by an Indian Gnat in September 1965 as seen from the Indian aircraft.]]
The war saw the aircraft of [[Indian Air Force|the Indian Air Force (IAF)]] and the [[Pakistan Air Force|Pakistan Air Force (PAF)]] engaging in combat for the first time since independence. Although the two forces had previously faced off in the [[First Kashmir War]] during the late 1940s, that engagement was very limited in scale compared to the 1965 conflict.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

The IAF was flying large numbers of [[Hawker Hunter]]s, Indian-manufactured [[Folland Gnat]]s, [[de Havilland Vampire]]s, [[English Electric Canberra|EE Canberra]] bombers and a squadron of [[MiG-21]]s. The PAF's [[Fighter aircraft|fighter]] force comprised 102 [[F-86 Sabre|F-86F Sabres]] and 12 [[F-104 Starfighter]]s, along with 24 [[B-57 Canberra]] [[bombers]]. During the conflict, the PAF claimed it was out-numbered by around 5:1.<ref>John Fricker, [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%200111.html?search=Pakistan%20Mirage%205 "Pakistan's Air Power"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114183912/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%200111.html?search=Pakistan%20Mirage%205 |date=14 January 2012}}, ''[[Flight International]]'' issue published 1969, p. 89, retrieved: 3 November 2009</ref>

The PAF's aircraft were largely of American origin, whereas the IAF flew an assortment of British and Soviet airplanes. However, the PAF's American aircraft were superior to those of the IAF's.
<ref>{{cite web|last=Joshi|first=Sameer|date=6 September 2019|title=1965 India-Pakistan war: How IAF's heroes slayed PAF's superior Sabre fighter jets|url=https://theprint.in/defence/1965-india-pakistan-war-how-iafs-heroes-slayed-pafs-superior-sabre-fighter-jets/287642/|access-date=24 June 2020|website=ThePrint|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627124432/https://theprint.in/defence/1965-india-pakistan-war-how-iafs-heroes-slayed-pafs-superior-sabre-fighter-jets/287642/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4NBDgAAQBAJ&q=F-86+Sabres,+F-104+Starfighters+(both+fighter-bombers)&pg=PT13|title=Conventional Warfare in South Asia, 1947 to the Present|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1-351-94867-8|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172513/https://books.google.com/books?id=J4NBDgAAQBAJ&q=F-86+Sabres,+F-104+Starfighters+%28both+fighter-bombers%29&pg=PT13|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:1965 War, Syed Masood Akhtar Hussaini.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Artist's depiction of Pakistani Fighter Jet]]
The F-86 Sabre was vulnerable to the diminutive [[Folland Gnat]], nicknamed "[[Folland Gnat#"Sabre Slayer"|Sabre Slayer]]".<ref>See the main article [[Folland Gnat#"Sabre Slayer"|Sabre Slayer]] for the complete list on this issue, including sources.</ref> The Gnat is credited by many independent and Indian sources as having shot down seven [[Pakistan]]i [[Canadair Sabre]]s{{Efn | License-built [[North American F-86 Sabre]]s with Canadian engines.}} in the 1965 war,<ref name="Rakshak">Rakshak, Bharat. [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Kill1965.html "Indian Air Force Combat Kills, Indo Pakistan War 1965."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105015854/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Kill1965.html |date=5 November 2006}} ''History.'' Retrieved 4 November 2010.</ref><ref name="Directory">Spick 2002, p. 161.</ref> while two Gnats were downed by PAF fighters. The PAF's [[F-104 Starfighter]] was the fastest fighter operating in the subcontinent at that time and was often referred to as "the pride of the PAF". However, according to [[Air Commodore]] [[Sajad Haider]], the F-104 did not deserve this reputation. Being "a high-level interceptor designed to neutralise Soviet strategic bombers at [[altitude]]s above 40,000 feet (12.19 km)," rather than engage in dogfights with agile fighters at low altitudes, it was "unsuited to the tactical environment of the region".<ref name="The Right Stuff, by Ahmad Faruqui">Ahmad Faruqui, [http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/editorial/the-right-stuff-499 "The right stuff"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329102521/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/editorial/the-right-stuff-499 |date=29 March 2010 }}, ''[[Dawn News]]'', 14 September 2009, Retrieved: 1 November 2009. Also published as [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?261856 "The Debt Owed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612060721/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?261856 |date=12 June 2011 }} on 16 September 2009 by ''[outlookindia.com]''</ref> In combat the Starfighter was not as effective as the IAF's far more agile, albeit much slower, [[Folland Gnat]] fighter.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Edward V. Coggins |author2=Ed Coggins |title=Wings That Stay on |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG5wioBJyK0C&pg=PA164 |access-date=14 April 2011 |date=15 May 2000 |publisher=Turner Publishing Company |isbn=978-1-56311-568-4 |pages=164– |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205213437/https://books.google.com/books?id=MG5wioBJyK0C&pg=PA164 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mike Spick |title=The Illustrated Directory of Fighters |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p40nOZgeh84C&pg=PA161 |access-date=14 April 2011 |date=5 August 2002 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-0-7603-1343-5 |pages=161–}}</ref> Yet it zoomed into an ongoing dogfight between Sabres and Gnats, at supersonic speed, successfully broke off the fight and caused the Gnats to egress.

An IAF Gnat, piloted by [[Squadron Leader]] Brij Pal Singh Sikand, landed at an abandoned Pakistani [[airstrip]] at [[Pasrur]], as he lacked the fuel to return to his base, and was captured by the Pakistan Army. According to the pilot, he got separated from his formation due to a malfunctioning compass and radio.<ref>{{cite book |title=1965 Indo-Pak Air War |first1=P V S |last1=Jagan Mohan |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/index.html  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000929152305/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2000 |chapter-url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter3.html |chapter=3. Air Attack - Outbreak of the War (September 1st - 6th) |via=bharat-rakshak.com }} This was an early draft of: {{cite book |title=The India- Pakistan Air War Of 1965 |first1=P V S |last1=Jagan Mohan |first2=Samir |last2=Chopra |date=2005 |publisher=Manohar Publishers |isbn= 978-8173046414}}</ref><ref name="Run... It's a 104">{{cite news|title=Run … It's a 104. |url=http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/defence_day_supp_05/p5.html|newspaper=Jang News|author=Air Commodore M. Kaiser Tufail|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319114802/http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/defence_day_supp_05/p5.html|archive-date=19 March 2007}}</ref> This Gnat is displayed as a war trophy in the [[PAF Museum, Karachi|Pakistan Air Force Museum, Karachi]]. [[Squadron Leader|Sqn Ldr]] [[Saad Hatmi]] who flew the captured aircraft to [[Sargodha]], and later tested and evaluated its flight performance, presumed that Gnat was no "Sabre Slayer" when it came to dog fighting.<ref name="Run... It's a 104" /> Three Indian [[Civil aviation|civilian aircraft]] were shot down by PAF, one of which [[Gujarat Beechcraft incident|shot down at Bhuj, Gujarat]] was carrying [[Balwantrai Mehta]], [[chief minister]] of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]], total eight killed in the incident along with [[Balwantrai Mehta]] and his wife. The Pakistan Air Force had fought well in countering the much larger Indian Air Force and supported the ground forces.<ref name="Alam2012 page 41">{{cite book |author=Shah Alam |title=Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvapCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|date=11 April 2012|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-81411-79-7|page=41}}</ref>

[[File:PAF gallery.jpg|thumb|Captured Indian [[Folland Gnat]] on display at the PAF Museum, [[Karachi]]]]

The two countries have made contradictory claims of combat losses during the war, and few neutral sources have verified the claims of either country. The PAF claimed it shot down 104 IAF planes and lost 19 of its own, while the IAF claimed it shot down 73 PAF planes and lost 59.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Review-Airwar65.html |title=The India–Pakistan Air War of 1965 |website=bharat-rakshak.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105001826/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Review-Airwar65.html |archive-date=5 November 2006}}</ref> According to [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]], it flew 86 F-86 Sabres, 10 F-104 Star fighters and 20 B-57 Canberra's in a parade soon after the war was over. Thus disproving the IAF's claim of downing 73 PAF fighters, which at the time constituted nearly the entire Pakistani front-line fighter force.<ref>John Fricker, "Pakistan's Air Power", ''[[Flight International]]'' issue published 1969, pp. 89–90. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%200111.html?search=Pakistan%20Mirage%205] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114183912/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%200111.html?search=Pakistan%20Mirage%205|date=14 January 2012}}, [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%200112.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112084257/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%200112.html|date=12 January 2012}}. Retrieved: 3 November 2009</ref>
Indian sources have pointed out that, despite PAF claims of losing only a squadron of combat craft, Pakistan sought to acquire additional aircraft from [[Indonesia]], [[First Iraqi Republic|Iraq]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]], [[Turkey]], and China within 10 days of the beginning of the war.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Independent India and wars – III|page=15|author=SS Sashi|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=2008 |quote=Pakistan had been seeking urgent help from Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Turkey and China, for additional aircraft within 10 days of the war.}}</ref>

The two air forces were rather equal in the conflict because much of the Indian air force remained farther east to guard against the possibility of China entering the war.<ref name="Chris Bishop 1997, pages 384-387">The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare Edited by Chris Bishop (amber publishing 1997, republished 2004 pages 384–387 {{ISBN|1-904687-26-1}})</ref>
According to independent sources, the PAF lost 20 aircraft while the Indians lost 60–75.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the developing world">{{cite book|author=Thomas M. Leonard |title=Encyclopedia of the developing world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWRjGZ9H7hYC&pg=PA806|access-date=14 April 2011 |year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-97663-3|pages=806–|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205202529/https://books.google.com/books?id=pWRjGZ9H7hYC&pg=PA806|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Indo-Pakistan Wars">{{cite web |title=Indo-Pakistan Wars |url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781531179/indo-pakistan_wars.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508073809/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781531179/Indo-Pakistan_Wars.html |archive-date=8 May 2009 }}</ref> Pakistan ended the war having depleted 17 percent of its front-line strength, while India's losses amounted to less than 10 percent. The loss rate had begun to even out, and it has been estimated that another three weeks' fighting would have seen the Pakistani losses rising to 33 percent and India's losses totalling 15 percent. Air superiority was not achieved, and they were unable to prevent IAF fighter bombers and reconnaissance Canberras from flying daylight missions over Pakistan. Thus, 1965 was a stalemate in terms of the air war with neither side able to achieve complete air superiority.<ref name="Chris Bishop 1997, pages 384-387" /><ref>{{Cite book |author=Martin W. Bowman |date=30 January 2016|title=Cold War Jet Combat: Air-to-Air Jet Fighter Operations, 1950–1972|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jliqCwAAQBAJ&q=Pakistan+ended+the+war+having+depleted+17+percent+of+its+front+line+strength%2C+while+India%27s+losses+amounted+to+less+than+10+percent&pg=PT166|chapter=3. Indo-Pak wars|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books|Pen and Sword]]|isbn=978-1-4738-7462-6 |access-date=18 August 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172514/https://books.google.com/books?id=jliqCwAAQBAJ&q=Pakistan+ended+the+war+having+depleted+17+percent+of+its+front+line+strength%2C+while+India%27s+losses+amounted+to+less+than+10+percent&pg=PT166|url-status=live}}</ref> After the war, India's Chief of Air Staff [[Arjan Singh|Marshal Arjan Singh]] claimed that the IAF was able to achieve air superiority within three days of the Pakistani air strikes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-04 |title=We achieved air superiority in three days in 1965 war: AF Marshal Arjan Singh |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/we-achieved-air-superiority-in-three-days-in-1965-war-af-marshal-55038.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=India TV News }}</ref> However, according to Kenneth Werrell, the Pakistan Air Force "did well in the conflict and probably had the edge".<ref name="Werrell" /> When hostilities broke out, the Pakistan Air Force with around 100 F-86s faced an enemy with five times as many combat aircraft; the Indians were also equipped with comparatively modern aircraft inventory. Despite this, Werrell credits the PAF as having the advantage of a "decade's experience with the Sabre" and experienced pilots. One Pakistani fighter pilot, [[MM Alam]], was credited with the record of downing five Indian aircraft in less than a minute, becoming the first known [[flying ace]] since the Korean War.<ref name="Werrell">{{cite book|last1=Werrell |first1=Kenneth|title=Sabres Over MiG Alley: The F-86 and the Battle for Air Superiority in Korea|date=2013|publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]]|isbn=978-1-61251-344-7|page=188}}</ref> His claims were never confirmed by the [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] and are disputed by Indian sources<ref name=Rakshak1>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter5.html 30 Seconds Over Sargodha – The Making of a Myth: 1965 Indo-Pak Air War, Chapter 5] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207194926/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter5.html |date=7 February 2010 }}, [[Bharat Rakshak]]</ref><ref name=avhist>''Pakistan's Sabre Ace'' by Jon Guttman, Aviation History, Sept 1998.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Pushpindar |title=Fiza Ya, Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force |publisher=Himalayan Books |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-7002-038-7|page=30}}</ref> and some PAF officials.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/blogs/stranger_than_fiction/2015/09/14/war-of-attrition-how-the-outgunned-iaf-beat-the-paf_396591 |title=War of attrition |date=14 September 2015 |access-date=26 March 2016 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014010541/https://www.rbth.com/blogs/stranger_than_fiction/2015/09/14/war-of-attrition-how-the-outgunned-iaf-beat-the-paf_396591 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Reviews/812-Falcon.html|title=Flight of the Falcon|first=S. Sajad|last=Haider |website=bharat-rakshak.com|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327024555/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/books/reviews/812-falcon.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Flight of the Falcon By Haider">{{cite book
|last1=Haider
|first1=Sayed Sajad
|title=Flight of the Falcon
|year=2009
|publisher=Vanguard Books
|isbn=978-969-402-526-1}}</ref>

=== Usage of tanks in battle ===
{{Main|Battle of Phillora|Battle of Asal Uttar|Battle of Burki|Battle of Chawinda}}
[[File:M48 Patton.jpg|left|thumb|A Pakistani [[M48 Patton|M48A1 Patton tank]] advances in Chamb sector of Kashmir during [[Operation Grand Slam]]. in 1965.]]
The 1965 war witnessed some of the largest tank battles since [[World War II]]. At the beginning of the war, the Pakistani Army had both a numerical advantage in tanks, and better equipment overall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/jul99/history-pak-army.htm |title=A history of the Pakistan Army |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907070325/http://www.defencejournal.com/jul99/history-pak-army.htm |archive-date=7 September 2006 |work=Defence Journal, Pakistan |department=Book Review |author=A.H. Amin}}</ref> Pakistani armour was largely American-made; it consisted mainly of [[M47 Patton|Patton M-47]] and [[M48 Patton|M-48]] tanks, but also included many [[M4 Sherman]] tanks, some [[M24 Chaffee]] light tanks and [[M36 Jackson]] [[tank destroyers]], equipped with 90 mm guns.<ref>[http://www.milweb.net/webverts/22995/ 90 mm M36 GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE "Jackson"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202082142/http://www.milweb.net/webverts/22995/ |date=2 December 2007 }} ''Post W.W.II, the M36 was employed by the [[US Army]] in Korea and was distributed to friendly nations including France, where it was used in Indo-China (Vietnam), Pakistan.''</ref> The bulk of India's tank fleet was older [[M4 Sherman]] tanks; some were up-gunned with the French high-velocity CN 75 50 guns and could hold their own, whilst some older models were still equipped with the inferior [[75 mm US tank gun#M3 2|75 mm M3 L/40 gun]]. Besides the M4 tanks, India fielded the British-made [[Centurion Tank]] Mk 7, with the 20pdr (84 mm) gun [[Ordnance QF 20-pounder|Royal Ordnance QF 20-pounder]] gun, and the [[AMX-13]], [[PT-76]], and [[M3 Stuart]] light tanks. Pakistan fielded a more significant number and more modern artillery; its guns out-ranged those of the Indian artillery, according to Pakistan's Major General T.H. Malik.<ref>{{cite web |author=A.H. Amin |date=30 December 2001 |title=The Battle for Ravi-Sutlej Corridor 1965 A Strategic and Operational Analysis |work=Orbat |url=http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/pakistan/aminkhemkaran.html |archive-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007171816/http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/pakistan/aminkhemkaran.html}}</ref>

At the outbreak of war in 1965, Pakistan had about 15 armoured cavalry regiments, each with about 50 tanks divided into three squadrons. In addition, there were 4 additional regiments termed "tank delivery units" (TDUs), i.e. 30, 31, 32 and 33 TDU ''(presumably to deceive the Indian military planners as to their actual tank strength)'', each consisting of two tank squadrons and one M-36B Jackson tank destroyer squadron.<ref name="brownpundits.com">[https://www.brownpundits.com/2015/09/06/the-1965-war-summary-by-major-amin/ The 1965 War. A Summary by Major Amin]</ref> Besides the Patton, there were about 200 M4 Shermans re-armed with 76 mm guns, 150 M24 Chaffee light tank and a few independent squadrons of M36B1 tank destroyers. Most of these regiments served in Pakistan's two armoured divisions, the 1st and 6th Armoured divisions – the latter being in the process of formation.[[File:Indian Centurian tank being examined by journalists near Chawinda.jpg|thumb|Indian [[Centurion (tank)|Centurion tank]] being examined by journalists near [[Chawinda]]]]The Indian Army of the time possessed 15 cavalry regiments,<ref name="brownpundits.com"/> and in the 1950s had begun modernising them by the acquisition of 164 [[AMX-13]] light tanks and 188 [[Centurion (tank)|Centurions]]. The remainder of the cavalry units were equipped with [[M4 Sherman]]s and some [[M3A3 Stuart]] light tanks. India had only a single armoured division, the [[1st Armoured Division (India)|1st 'Black Elephant' Armoured Division]], which consisted of the [[Poona Horse|17th Horse]] (The Poona Horse), also called 'Fakhr-i-Hind' ('Pride of India'), the [[4th Horse (Hodson's Horse)|4th Horse]] (Hodson's Horse), the [[16th Cavalry]], the [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)|2nd Lancers]], and the [[62 Cavalry (India)|62nd Cavalry]],<ref>M48 Patton vs Centurion: Indo-Pakistani War 1965 – Osprey Duel 71, [https://ibb.co/v6f06fC7 Page 44–45]{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=History of the Indo-Pak War, 1965 |first1=B.C. |last1=Chakravorty |editor1-first=S.N. |editor1-last=Prasad |date=1992 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/1965Chapter00.pdf |chapter-url=https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/1965Chapter07.pdf|chapter=Chapter VII, Operations in Sialkot Sector |via=[[ETH Zurich]] |page=194}}</ref> the two first named being equipped with Centurions. There was also the 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade, one of whose three regiments, the [[3rd Cavalry (India)|3rd Cavalry]], was also equipped with Centurions.

Despite the qualitative and numerical superiority of Pakistani armour,<ref name="Dennis">{{cite book | title=The Widening Gulf: Asian Nationalism and American Policy | url=https://archive.org/details/wideninggulf00harr | url-access=registration | first=Selig | last=Seidenman Harrison | year=1978 | publisher=Free Press | page=[https://archive.org/details/wideninggulf00harr/page/269 269] | isbn=978-0-02-914090-1 }}</ref> Pakistan was outfought on the battlefield by India, which made progress into the Lahore-Sialkot sector, whilst halting Pakistan's counteroffensive on [[Amritsar]];<ref name="Devin">{{cite book | title=The Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation: Lessons from South Asia | first=Devin T | last=Hagerty | page=70 | publisher=MIT Press }}</ref><ref name="Heginbotham">{{cite book | title=India and Japan: The Emerging Balance of Power in Asia | publisher=Columbia University East Asian Institute | first1=Stanley J | last1=Heginbotham | first2=William Howard | last2=Wriggins | year=1971 | page=254 }}</ref> they were sometimes employed faultily, such as charging prepared defences during the defeat of Pakistan's [[Battle of Asal Uttar|1st Armoured Division]] at [[Battle of Asal Uttar|Asal Uttar]].[[File:Destroyed Patton Tank (1965 Indo-Pak War).jpg|left|thumb|Destroyed Pakistani [[M4 Sherman|Sherman Tank]]]]Neither the Indian nor Pakistani Army showed any great facility in the use of armoured formations in offensive operations, whether the Pakistani 1st Armoured Division at Asal Uttar ([[Battle of Asal Uttar]]) or the Indian 1st Armoured Division at Chawinda. In contrast, both proved adept with smaller forces in a defensive role, such as India's 2nd Armoured Brigade at Asal Uttar and Pakistan's 25th Cavalry at Chawinda.
The Centurion battle tank, with its 20pdr gun and heavy armour, performed better than the overly complex{{Request quotation|2 Oct|date=October 2015}} Patton.<ref name="Heginbotham" />

=== Naval hostilities ===
{{main|Operation Dwarka}}

Naval operations did not play a prominent role in the war of 1965. While a small Indian detachment under the aircraft carrier [[INS Vikrant (1961)|INS Vikrant]] had deployed to Gujarat following [[Operation Desert Hawk]], most Indian Navy ships were in drydock under maintenance when hostilities broke out in September.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Talawadekar |first=Amruta |date=2022-08-30 |title=Chronicles Of INS Vikrant |url=https://bharatshakti.in/chronicles-of-ins-vikrant/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref> On 7 September, a [[flotilla]] of the Pakistan Navy commanded by Commodore S.M. Anwar, carried out a bombardment of the Indian Navy's radar station coastal town of [[Dwarka]], which was {{convert|200|mi|km|order=flip}} south of the Pakistani port of Karachi. [[Operation Dwarka]], as it is known, is a significant naval operation of the 1965 war<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/history.htm |title=Pakistan Navy: A Silent Force to Reckon with |publisher=Pakistan Navy |access-date=21 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205154529/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/history.htm |archive-date=5 December 2011}}</ref><ref>Pakistan Intelligence, Security Activities & Operations Handbook By IBP USA</ref><ref>India's Quest for Security: defense policies, 1947–1965 By Lorne John Kavic, 1967, University of California Press, pp 190</ref> contested as a nuisance raid by some.<ref name="nuisance">Working paper, Issue 192, Australian National University. Strategic and Defense Studies Center, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1989, {{ISBN|0-7315-0806-8}}, 9780-7315-0806-8</ref><ref name="Ghosh">India's Foreign Policy, Ghosh Anjali, Dorling Kindersley Pvt Ltd, {{ISBN|978-81-317-1025-8}}</ref> The attack on Dwarka led to questions being asked in India's parliament<ref name="Hiranandani2000">{{cite book|last=Hiranandani|first=G. M.|title=Transition to triumph: history of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&pg=PA33|access-date=3 November 2011|date=January 2000|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-897829-72-1|pages=33–39}}</ref> and subsequent post-war modernisation and expansion of the Indian Navy, with an increase in budget from [[Indian rupee|Rs. 35 crores]] to [[Indian rupee|Rs. 115 crores]].<ref name="Navy">South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China By Lowell Dittmer, pp 77</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Hobbs |first1=David |title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development & Service Histories |year=2014 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |isbn=978-1-4738-5369-0|page=203}}</ref> Indian sources claim that it was not their intention to get into a naval conflict with Pakistan, and wished to restrict the war to a land-based conflict.<ref>[https://www.questia.com/library/1P3-141242471/the-indian-end-of-the-telescope-india-and-its-navy THE INDIAN END OF THE TELESCOPE India and Its Navy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173024/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia |date=7 February 2023 }} by [[Vice Admiral]] Gulab Hiranandani, Indian Navy (Retired), [[Naval War College Review]], Spring 2002, Vol. LV, No. 2</ref>

=== Covert operations ===
The [[Pakistan Army]] launched numerous covert operations to infiltrate and sabotage Indian [[airbase]]s.<ref name="DJ1">{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/july98/1965war.htm |access-date=27 July 2012 |title=1965 War: Operation Gibraltar – Role of SSG Para Commandos |author=S.G. Mehdi|work=Defence Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927035816/http://www.defencejournal.com/july98/1965war.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> On 7 September 1965, the [[Special Services Group]] (SSG) [[commando]]s were [[parachute]]d into enemy territory. According to [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] General [[Muhammad Musa]], about 135 commandos were airdropped at three Indian airfields ([[Halwara]], [[Pathankot]] and [[Adampur]]). The daring attempt turned out to be an "unmitigated disaster".<ref name="DJ1" /> Only 22 commandos returned to Pakistan as planned, 93 were taken prisoner (including one of the Commanders of the operations, Major Khalid Butt), and 20 were killed in encounters with the army, police, or civilians.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} The reason for the failure of the commando mission is attributed to the failure to provide maps, proper briefings and adequate planning or preparation.<ref name="fightergap">{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/fightergap1.htm |title=The Fighter Gap |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009102534/http://defencejournal.com/may98/fightergap1.htm|archive-date=9 October 2006 |author=Shoab Alam Khan |work=Defence Journal}}</ref>

Despite failing to sabotage the airfields, Pakistan sources claim that the commando mission affected some planned Indian operations. As the Indian [[14th Infantry Division (India)|14th Infantry Division]] was diverted to hunt for paratroopers, the Pakistan Air Force found the road filled with transport, and destroyed many vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/thewayitwas1.htm |work=Defence Journal |title=The Way it was |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215073052/http://defencejournal.com/may98/thewayitwas1.htm |archive-date=15 December 2006}} Extracts from Pakistan Army [[Brigadier]] (Retd.) [[ZA Khan]]'s book.</ref>

India responded to the covert activity by announcing rewards for captured Pakistani [[espionage|spies]] or paratroopers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071221214009/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842104-9,00.html Ending the Suspense] 17 September 1965, TIME magazine</ref> Meanwhile, in Pakistan, rumours spread that India had retaliated with its own covert operations, sending commandos deep into Pakistan territory,<ref name="fightergap" /> but these rumours were later determined to be unfounded.<ref>{{cite interview |interviewer=A.H. Amin |date=February 2002 |work=Defence Journal |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/february/manto.htm |title=Remembering Our Warriors Brig (Retd) Shamim Yasin Manto S.I.(M), S.Bt |quote=How would you assess the failures and successes of the SSG in the 1965 War? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503043659/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/february/manto.htm |archive-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>
== Assessment of losses ==
India and Pakistan make widely divergent claims about the damage they inflicted on each other and the amount of damage suffered by them. The following summarises each nation's claims.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.90em; margin-right: 0;"
!
!Indian claims<ref name="bharatrakshak">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter10.html |title=Ceasefire & After |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716212425/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter10.html |archive-date=16 July 2012 }}</ref>
!Pakistani claims<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hilal.gov.pk/view-article.php?i=9075 | title=The Spirit of Indo-Pakistan War 1965 }}</ref>
!Independent Sources<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|Casualties
| 
*Army: 169 commissioned officers (1 brigadier, 9 lieutenant-colonels, 30 majors, 39 captains, 11 lieutenants, 79 second lieutenants), 80 [[junior commissioned officer]]s (JCO), 1,820 other ranks<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |pages=520–522 |date=9 October 1965 |work=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |pages=538–540 |date=16 October 1965 |work=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |pages=571–573 |date=6 November 1965 |work=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |pages=587–588 |date=13 November 1965 |work=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |pages=624–626 |date=27 November 1965 |work=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |pages=4–6 |date=1 January 1966 |work=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |pages=59–61 |date=29 January 1966 |work=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref name="bharatrakshak" />
*Air force: 19 officers, 21 other ranks<ref name="bharatrakshak" />
|  1,039 Pakistani soldiers, 9,500 Indian soldiers
|3,000 Indian soldiers, 3,800 Pakistani soldiers <ref name="c805"/><ref name="f275">{{cite book | last=Flint | first=Colin | title=Introduction to Geopolitics | publisher=Routledge | date=2006-09-27 | isbn=978-1-134-28431-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5x1ybaip8MC&pg=PA201 | access-date=2025-08-24 | page=201}}</ref>
|-
|Combat flying effort
| 4,073+ combat sorties
| 2,279 combat sorties
|-
|Aircraft lost
|59 [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] (official), 43 [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]].<ref name="Official History of IAF in 65 War">{{Cite book|title=History of the Indo-Pak War, 1965 |first1=B.C. |last1=Chakravorty |editor1-first=S.N. |editor1-last=Prasad |date=1992 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/1965Chapter00.pdf |chapter-url=https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/1965Chapter09.pdf|chapter=Chapter IX, The Air War |via=[[ETH Zurich]] }}</ref> In addition, Indian sources claim that there were 13 IAF aircraft lost in accidents, and three Indian civilian aircraft shot down.<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">Bharat-Rakshak.com {{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Loss1965.html |title=Indian Air Force Losses -1965 War |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927185738/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Loss1965.html |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>
|19 PAF, 104 IAF
|20 PAF, 60–75 IAF<ref>[http://www.chowk.com/show_article.cgi?aid=00001093&channel=civic%20center Group Captain Cecil Chaudhry, SJ – Chowk: India Pakistan Ideas Identities.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050511105610/http://chowk.com/show_article.cgi?aid=00001093 |date=11 May 2005 }}. Chowk (9 December 2007). Retrieved on 14 April 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Pushpindar |title=Fiza Ya, Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force |publisher=Himalayan Books |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-7002-038-7}}{{page needed|date=October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Aerial victories
|17 + 3 (post-war)
|30
| –
|-
|Tanks destroyed
|128 Indian tanks, 152 Pakistani tanks captured, 150 Pakistani tanks destroyed. Officially, 471 Pakistani tanks destroyed and 38 captured<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://orbat.com/site/cimh/iaf/IAF_1965war_kills.pdf
|title=IAF war kills in 1965 war
|website=Orbat.com
|access-date=29 December 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127234125/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/iaf/IAF_1965war_kills.pdf
|archive-date=27 November 2010
}}</ref>
|165 Pakistan tanks, 475 Indian tanks
|-
|Land area won
|{{convert|720|mi2|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}} of Pakistani territory<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/india-pak-1965-war-captured-territory-returned-to-pakistan-54128.html | title=1965 War: Defence veterans still regret 'captured territory' returned to Pakistan | IndiaTV News | date=30 August 2015 }}</ref>
|{{convert|1617|mi2|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}} of Indian territory<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1429931 | title=Facts about the 1965 War | date=September 2018 }}</ref>
|India held {{convert|1840|km2|abbr=on}} of Pakistani territory and Pakistan held {{convert|210|mi2|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}} of Indian territory
|}

=== Neutral assessments ===
{{over-quotation|date=February 2022}}

There have been several neutral assessments of the losses incurred by both India and Pakistan during the war. Most of these assessments agree that India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared. Some neutral assessments are mentioned below –
* According to the [[Library of Congress Country Studies]] conducted by the [[Federal Research Division]] of the [[United States]]<ref name="USLib" /> –

<blockquote>
The war was militarily inconclusive; each side held prisoners and some territory belonging to the other. Losses were relatively heavy—on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan. Most Pakistanis, schooled in the belief of their own martial prowess, refused to accept the possibility of their country's military defeat by "Hindu India" and were, instead, quick to blame their failure to attain their military aims on what they considered to be the ineptitude of Ayub Khan and his government.
</blockquote>
* Former ''New York Times'' reporter Arif Jamal wrote in his book ''Shadow War''{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=86}} –
<blockquote>
This time, India's victory was nearly total: India accepted a cease-fire only after it had occupied {{convert|740|sqmi|km2|disp=sqbr}}, though Pakistan had made marginal gains of {{convert|210|sqmi|km2|disp=sqbr}} of territory. Despite the obvious strength of the Indian win, both countries claim to have been victorious.
</blockquote>

* Devin T. Hagerty wrote in his book ''South Asia in World Politics''<ref name="Hagerty">{{cite book
|last=Hagerty
|first=Devin
|year=2005
|title=South Asia in world politics
|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield
|isbn=978-0-7425-2587-0}}</ref> –

<blockquote>
The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city. By the time the United Nations intervened on September 22, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat.
</blockquote>
* In his book ''National Identity and Geopolitical Visions'',<ref>{{cite book
|last=Dijkink
|first=Gertjan
|title=National identity and geopolitical visions: maps of pride and pain
|publisher=Routledge, 1996
|isbn=978-0-415-13934-2|year=1996
}}</ref> Gertjan Dijkink writes –

<blockquote>
The superior Indian forces, however, won a decisive victory and the army could have even marched on into Pakistani territory had external pressure not forced both combatants to cease their war efforts.
</blockquote>
* An excerpt from [[Stanley Wolpert]]'s ''India'',<ref>http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft0489n6j7&chunk.id=d0e4022&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4019&brand=eschol&query=martial%20arts# {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173037/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/search?identifier=ark:/13030/ft0489n6j7;smode=denied;style=eschol;brand=eschol;ip-ignore=207.241.232.35 |date=7 February 2023 }} ''India'' by Stanley Wolpert. Published: University of California Press, 1990</ref> summarising the India–Pakistan war of 1965,

<blockquote>
In three weeks, the second Indo-Pak War ended in what appeared to be a draw when the embargo placed by Washington on U.S. ammunition and replacements for both armies forced the cessation of conflict before either side won a clear victory. India, however, was in a position to inflict grave damage to, if not capture, Pakistan's capital of the Punjab when the cease-fire was called, and controlled Kashmir's strategic Uri-Poonch bulge, much to Ayub's chagrin.
</blockquote>
* In his book titled ''The greater game: India's race with destiny and China'', David Van Praagh wrote{{sfn|Praagh|2003|p=294}} –

<blockquote>
India won the war. It held on to the Vale of Kashmir, the prize Pakistan vainly sought. It gained {{convert|1840|km2|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} of Pakistani territory: {{convert|640|km2|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan's portion of the state; {{convert|460|km2|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} of the Sailkot sector; {{convert|380|km2|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} far to the south of Sindh; and most critical, {{convert|360|km2|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} on the Lahore front. Pakistan took {{convert|540|km2|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} of Indian territory: {{convert|490|km2|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} in the Chhamb sector and {{convert|50|km2|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} around Khem Karan.
</blockquote>
* [[Dennis Kux]]'s ''India and the United States: Estranged Democracies'' also provides a summary of the war,<ref>"India and the United States estranged democracies", 1941–1991, {{ISBN|1-4289-8189-6}}, DIANE Publishing, Pg 238</ref>

<blockquote>
Although both sides lost heavily in men and material, and neither gained a decisive military advantage, India had the best of the war. New Delhi achieved its basic goal of thwarting Pakistan's attempt to seize Kashmir by force. Pakistan gained nothing from a conflict which it had instigated.
</blockquote>

* ''[[A Region in Turmoil|A Region in Turmoil: South Asian Conflicts since 1947]]'' by Rob Johnson mentions<ref name="af46">{{cite book
|last=Johnson
|first=Robert
|year=2005
|title=A region in turmoil: South Asian conflicts since 1947
|publisher=Reaktion Books
|isbn=978-1-86189-257-7
}}</ref> –

<blockquote>
India's strategic aims were modest – it aimed to deny the Pakistani Army victory, although it ended up in possession of {{convert|720|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2|disp=sqbr}} of Pakistani territory for the loss of just {{convert|220|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2|disp=sqbr}} of its own.
</blockquote>
* An excerpt from William M. Carpenter and David G. Wiencek's ''Asian Security Handbook: Terrorism and the New Security Environment''<ref>{{cite book
|author1=William M. Carpenter |author2=David G. Wiencek
|year=2005
|title=Asian security handbook: terrorism and the new security environment
|publisher=M.E. Sharpe
|isbn=978-0-7656-1553-4
}}</ref> –

<blockquote>
A brief, but furious 1965 war with India began with a covert Pakistani thrust across the Kashmiri cease-fire line and ended up with the city of Lahore threatened with encirclement by the Indian Army. Another UN-sponsored cease-fire left borders unchanged, but Pakistan's vulnerability had again been exposed.
</blockquote>
* English historian [[John Keay]]'s ''India: A History'' provides a summary of the 1965 war<ref>{{cite book
|author=John Keay
|year=2003
|title=India: A History
|publisher=Grove Press
|isbn=978-0-275-97779-5
}}</ref> –

<blockquote>
The 1965 Indo-Pak war lasted barely a month. Pakistan made gains in the Rajasthan desert, but its main push against India's Jammu-Srinagar road link was repulsed, and Indian tanks advanced to within a sight of Lahore. Both sides claimed victory, but India had most to celebrate.
</blockquote>
* Uk Heo and Shale Asher Horowitz write in their book ''Conflict in Asia: Korea, China–Taiwan, and India–Pakistan''<ref>{{cite book
|author1=Uk Heo |author2=Shale Asher Horowitz
|year=2000
|title=Conflict in Asia: Korea, China–Taiwan, and India–Pakistan
|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
|isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5
}}</ref> –

<blockquote>
Again, India appeared, logistically at least, to be in a superior position, but neither side was able to mobilize enough strength to gain a decisive victory.
</blockquote>

* According to the [[Office of the Historian]] within the U.S. Department of State:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/india-pakistan-war|title=Milestones: 1961–1968 – Office of the Historian|website=history.state.gov|access-date=26 August 2015|archive-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708043508/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/india-pakistan-war|url-status=live}}</ref>

<blockquote>
Conflict resumed again in early 1965, when Pakistani and Indian forces clashed over disputed territory along the border between the two nations. Hostilities intensified that August when the Pakistani army attempted to take Kashmir by force. The attempt to seize the state was unsuccessful, and the second India-Pakistan War reached a stalemate.
</blockquote>

*Anthony Tucker-Jones writes in his book ''Tank Battles of the Cold War, 1948–1991'':<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tucker-Jones |first=Anthony |title=Tank Battles of the Cold War, 1948–1991 |date=2021 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=978-1-5267-7801-7 |location=Havertown}}</ref>

<blockquote>
Both sides fought each other to a stalemate. Shortly after they agreed to a cease-fire, with each side having lost about 200 tanks. </blockquote>

== Ceasefire ==
On 20 September, the [[United Nations Security Council]] unanimously passed a [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 211|resolution]], which noted that its previous two resolutions went "unheeded" and now "demanded" an unconditional ceasefire from both nations within 48 hours.<ref>{{citation |last=Fortna |first=Virginia Page |title=Peace Time: Cease-fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7MXPOz95A_IC |year=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-11512-5 |page=63 |access-date=11 February 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173028/https://books.google.com/books?id=7MXPOz95A_IC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bajwa|2013|pp=303–304}}: "There was now a deadline for Pakistan, 0700 hours GMT, 22 September, to either accept or reject this resolution, barely 48 hours for Ayub to decide what to do…"</ref>
India immediately accepted,{{sfn |Pradhan|2007|p=100}}{{efn|India accepted unconditional ceasefire in principle as early as 14 September.<ref>{{citation |last=Joshi |first=Manoj |title=Kashmir, 1947–1965: A Story Retold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAT3oENcxDgC |year=2008 |publisher=India Research Press |isbn=978-81-87943-52-5 |page=215 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173044/https://books.google.com/books?id=uAT3oENcxDgC |url-status=live }}: "After his meetings, [U Thant] made an appeal for an unconditional and immediate ceasefire to be effect as of September 14. India immediately accepted the proposal, but not Pakistan, which having gambled, now wanted to take something away from the table."</ref>}} while Pakistan accepted it on 23 September, with some notable dramatics.<ref>{{harvnb|Bajwa|2013|p=311}}: "In a dramatic and emotional speech, Bhutto declared that Pakistan was bound to prevail as justice was with it, but concluded the speech by confirming that Pakistan would give the UN a final chance to resolve the Kashmir issue and would observe the ceasefire call and would 'stop firing' on 0300 hours, 23 September."</ref>

India and Pakistan accused each other of ceasefire violations; India charged Pakistan with 585 violations in 34 days, while Pakistan countered with accusations of 450 incidents by India.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071221214020/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901761,00.html A Cease-Fire of Sorts 5 November 1965] – [[TIME]]</ref> In addition to the expected exchange of [[small arms]] and artillery fire, India reported that Pakistan used the ceasefire to capture the Indian village of Chananwalla in the [[Fazilka]] sector. This village was recaptured by Indian troops on 25 December. On 10 October, a [[B-57 Canberra]] on loan to the PAF was damaged by three [[S-75 Dvina|SA-2]] missiles fired from the IAF base at [[Ambala]].<ref>"[[The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965]]", Jagan Mohan and Samir Chopra, Manohar Publications, New Delhi, 2005</ref> A Pakistani Army [[Auster AOP.6|Auster AOP]] was shot down on 16 December, killing one Pakistani army captain; on 2 February 1967, an AOP was shot down by IAF [[Hawker Hunter]]s.

The ceasefire remained in effect until the start of the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]].

=== Tashkent Declaration ===
The United States and the [[Soviet Union]] used significant diplomatic tools to prevent any further escalation in the conflict between the two South Asian nations. The Soviet Union, led by Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]], hosted peace negotiations in [[Tashkent]] (now in [[Uzbekistan]]), where Indian Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and Pakistani President [[Ayub Khan|Muhammad Ayub Khan]] signed the [[Tashkent Declaration]] on 10 January 1966,<ref name="PublicAffairs, Lieven">{{cite book |last1=Lieven |first1=Anatol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exBKSo-Pf6cC&q=Bengali%20Pakistani%20people%5C&pg=PT77 |title=Pakistan: A Hard Country |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2012 |isbn=978-1610391627 |access-date=23 December 2016}}</ref> agreeing to withdraw to pre-August lines no later than 25 February 1966. In [[India]], the agreement was criticised because it did not contain a no-war pact or any renunciation of guerrilla warfare across [[Kashmir]].

India's Prime Minister, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri|Shastri]], suffered a fatal heart attack soon after the [[Tashkent Agreement]] on 11 January 1966. As a consequence, the public outcry in India against the peace declaration transformed into a wave of sympathy for the ruling [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Dilger">{{cite book
|last=Dilger
|first=Robert
|year=2003
|title=American transportation policy
|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
|isbn=978-0-275-97853-2
}}</ref>

=== Public perceptions ===
The ceasefire was criticised by many Pakistanis who, relying on fabricated official reports and the controlled Pakistani press, believed that the leadership had surrendered military gains. The protests led to student riots.<ref name="Victoria">Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War By Victoria Schofield Published 2003, by I.B.Tauris {{ISBN|1-86064-898-3}} pp112</ref> Pakistan State's reports had suggested that their military was performing admirably in the war – which they incorrectly blamed as being initiated by India – and thus the [[Tashkent Declaration]] was seen as having forfeited the gains.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-6-2005_pg3_2 CONTROVERSY: Why Gohar Ayub is wrong about 1965 – Khalid Hasan] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120723113615/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-6-2005_pg3_2 |date=23 July 2012 }} quoting Pakistan author [[Husain Haqqani]]: ''"The Pakistani people were told by the state that they had been victims of aggression and that the aggression had been repelled thanks to God. … official propaganda convinced the people of Pakistan that their military had won the war.”'' Daily Times, 10 June 2005</ref> Some recent books written by Pakistani authors, including one by ex-[[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] chief Lieutenant General [[Mahmud Ahmed]] Durrani initially titled ''The Myth of 1965 Victory'',<ref>Can⁣ the ISI change its spots? By Akhtar Payami, [[Dawn (newspaper)]] 7 October 2006</ref> reportedly exposed Pakistani fabrications about the war, but all copies of the book were bought by the Pakistan Army to prevent circulation because the topic was "too sensitive".<ref>[http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/10/01/10071494.html Army attempts to prevent book sales by Amir Mir] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234653/http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/10/01/10071494.html |date=26 September 2007 }} Gulf News 1 October 2006 [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1056075 Musharraf buys all copies of sensitive '65 war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220164122/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1056075 |date=20 February 2008 }} Daily News & Analysis</ref><ref>[https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/inside-story-musharraf-mahmood-tussle Inside Story of Musharraf-Mahmood Tussle, Hassan Abbas, 26 September 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142544/https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/inside-story-musharraf-mahmood-tussle |date=12 June 2018 }} – (Belfer Center for International Affairs, [[Harvard Kennedy School of Government]])</ref> The book was published with the revised title ''History of Indo Pak War 1965'', published by Services Book Club, a part of the Pakistan military and printed by Oxford University Press, Karachi. A few copies of the book have survived.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://111.68.99.107/libmax/opac/SearchBook.aspx?column=Subject&criteria=Indo-Pak+War-1965&pagenumber=1|title=NDU Library Islamabad Pakistan|website=111.68.99.107|access-date=14 May 2022|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173047/http://111.68.99.107/libmax/opac/SearchBook.aspx?column=Subject&criteria=Indo-Pak+War-1965&pagenumber=1|url-status=live}}</ref> A version was published in India as ''Illusion of Victory: A Military History of the Indo-Pak War-1965'' by Lexicon Publishers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfjsPgAACAAJ |title=Illusion of Victory: A Military History of the Indo-Pak War-1965|first=Mahmud|last=Ahmed|date=14 May 2002|publisher=Lexicon Publishers |isbn=9789699063008|via=Google Books|access-date=18 May 2022|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173049/https://books.google.com/books?id=qfjsPgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Recently a new Pakistani impression has been published in 2017.

== Intelligence failures ==
Strategic miscalculations by both India and Pakistan ensured that the war ended in a stalemate. In part, this inspired [[Shekhar Gupta]] to coin the [[protologism]], "war of mutual incompetence".<ref name="Gupta">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Fifty years after: War of mutual incompetence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/national-interest/story/20150720-india-pakistan-war-of-mutual-incompetence-shekhar-gupta-820067-2015-07-09 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=India Today |publisher=Living Media India |date=20 July 2015 |page=1 |language=English}}</ref>

=== Indian miscalculations ===
Indian military intelligence gave no warning of the impending Pakistan invasion. The Indian Army failed to recognise the presence of heavy Pakistani artillery and armaments in [[Chumb]] and suffered significant losses as a result.

The "[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/1965war/275-war-history-1965.html Official War History – 1965]", drafted by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence of India]] in 1992, was a long-suppressed document that revealed other miscalculations. According to the document, on 22 September when the [[Security Council]] was pressing for a ceasefire, the Indian Prime Minister asked commanding Gen. Chaudhuri if India could possibly win the war, were he to delay accepting the ceasefire. The general replied that most of India's frontline ammunition had been used up, and the Indian Army had suffered considerable tank losses. It was determined later that only 14% of India's frontline ammunition had been fired, and India held twice the number of tanks as Pakistan. By this time, the Pakistani Army had used close to 80% of its ammunition.

Air Chief Marshal (retd.) P.C. Lal, who was the Vice Chief of Air Staff during the conflict, points to the lack of coordination between the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] and the Indian army. Neither side revealed its battle plans to the other. The battle plans, drafted by the Ministry of Defence and General Chaudhari, did not specify a role for the Indian Air Force in the order of battle. This attitude of Gen. Chaudhari was referred to by ACM Lal as the "Supremo Syndrome", a patronising attitude sometimes held by the Indian army towards the other branches of the Indian Military.<ref name="bharatrakshak" />

=== Pakistani miscalculations ===
The Pakistani Army's failures began with the supposition that a generally discontented Kashmiri people would revolt against their Indian rulers, bringing about a swift and decisive victory. The Kashmiri people, on the other hand, remained calm and collected. The Indian Army was given enough information to understand [[Operation Gibraltar]] and that they were battling not insurgents, as they had initially thought, but Pakistani Army regulars.

[[File:Mcconaughy20oct1965a.jpg|thumb|right|Telegram from the Embassy of the United States in [[Karachi]]: "Continuing propaganda regarding achievements of PAK forces seems to have convinced most that only PAK forbearance saved the Indians from disaster."]]

The Pakistani Army didn't know that Indian leaders wanted to attack the southern part of the country to start a new war. Pakistan had to send troops to the southern part of the country to protect Sialkot and Lahore instead of using them to help get to Kashmir.

Pakistan's attempt to capture Ahnoor, a town north-east of Jammu and a key region for communications between Kashmir and the rest of India, was a failure. Many Pakistani commentators said that the Ayub Khan administration was indecisive during "[[Operation Grand Slam]]". The critics contend that the mission was unsuccessful due to Ayub Khan's awareness of the significance of Akhnoor to India, referring to it as India's '[[jugular vein]]', and his reluctance to invade it and initiate a conflict. Although progress was made in Akhnoor, General Ayub Khan relieved the commanding officer, [[Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik]], and replaced him with General [[Yahya Khan]]. During the replacement, a 24-hour pause was observed, enabling the Indian army to regroup in Akhnoor and successfully repel a sluggish assault led by General Yahya Khan. The Indian Chief of Staff of the Western Command said, "The enemy came to our rescue." Then, Akhtar Hussain Malik criticised Ayub Khan for inventing Operation Gibraltar, which ultimately failed, and for denying him command at a crucial point in the conflict. Malik said he would tell the truth about the war and how the army failed, but later decided not to because he was afraid of being banned.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_19-9-2004_pg7_30 Musharraf, the 'poor man's Ataturk' By Khalid Hasan] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120904172647/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_19-9-2004_pg7_30 |date=4 September 2012 }} 19 September 2004 [[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]</ref>

Some authors have said that a [[Military exercise|war game]] – that was held in March 1965 at the [[Institute for Defense Analyses]] in the United States might have encouraged Pakistan. The exercise concluded that Pakistan would prevail in the event of a conflict with India.<ref>The Crisis Game: Simulating International Conflict by Sidney F. Giffin</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://proutglobe.org/2011/05/an-impending-nuclear-war-between-india-and-pakistan-over-kashmir/|title=An Impending Nuclear War Between India and Pakistan Over Kashmir ||date=28 May 2011 |access-date=14 May 2022|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517201528/http://proutglobe.org/2011/05/an-impending-nuclear-war-between-india-and-pakistan-over-kashmir/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other authors like [[Stephen P. Cohen]], have consistently commented that the Pakistan Army had "acquired an exaggerated view of the weakness of both India and the Indian military … the 1965 war was a shock."<ref name="Stephen">{{cite book | author=Stephen Philip Cohen | title=The Idea of Pakistan | publisher=Brookings Institution Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-8157-1502-3 | url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe }} Pages 103, 73–74</ref>

During the war, the Pakistani [[Air Marshal]] and [[Commander-in-Chief]] of PAF, [[Nur Khan]], later stated that it is the Pakistan Army that should be held accountable for initiating the conflict, rather than India.<ref>[http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/july-2006/15/index8.php Noor Khan for early end to army rule] – Pakistan Daily [[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021003537/http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/july-2006/15/index8.php |date=21 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/World/Indo-Pak_Ties/A_word_from_Pak_1965_was_wrong/articleshow/msid-1222586,curpg-3.cms A word from Pak: 1965 was 'wrong'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112121938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/World/Indo-Pak_Ties/A_word_from_Pak_1965_was_wrong/articleshow/msid-1222586,curpg-3.cms |date=12 January 2009 }} [[The Times of India]] 6 September 2005</ref> However, propaganda about the war continued in Pakistan,<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C01%5Cstory_1-6-2007_pg3_1 Editorial: The army and the people] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120723165034/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C01%5Cstory_1-6-2007_pg3_1 |date=23 July 2012 }} Daily Times 1 June 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/nov/pak-army.htm The Pakistan Army From 1965 to 1971 ''Analysis and reappraisal after the 1965 War''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307232548/http://defencejournal.com/2000/nov/pak-army.htm |date=7 March 2009 }} by Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin</ref> with most of the blame being placed on the leadership and little importance given to intelligence failures. This pattern persisted until the disastrous outcome of the India–Pakistan war in 1971.

== Involvement of other nations ==
The United States and the United Kingdom have been the principal suppliers of military matériel to India and Pakistan since 1947. Both India and Pakistan were Commonwealth republics. While India had pursued a policy of nominal non-alignment, Pakistan was a member of both [[CENTO]] and [[SEATO]] and an ally of the West in its struggle against communism.<ref name="Riedel_55">{{cite book|last=Riedel|first=Bruce|year=2013|title =Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the Brink and Back |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |page=55 |isbn=978-0-8157-2408-7}}</ref> Well before the conflict began, however, Britain and the United States had suspected Pakistan of joining both alliances out of opportunism to acquire advanced weapons for a war against India. They had therefore limited their military aid to Pakistan to maintain the existing balance of power in the subcontinent.<ref name="Dimitrakis_39-44">{{cite book|last=Dimitrakis|first=Panagiotis|year=2012|title =Failed Alliances of the Cold War: Britain's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East |publisher=Tauris & Co. |pages=39–44 |isbn=978-1-84885-974-6}} "Defense aid was restricted to the extent that Pakistan would be able to present only a limited defense in the event of communist aggression … Western strategists sought to keep Pakistan … in a position where it did not feel itself powerful enough to initiate a confrontation with India."</ref> In 1959, however, Pakistan and the United States had signed an Agreement of Cooperation under which the United States agreed to take "appropriate action, including the use of armed forces" to assist the Government of Pakistan at its request.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9896.html|title=United States – Pakistan Alliance|publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]], United States of America|date=April 1994|access-date=29 October 2010|archive-date=28 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628051409/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9896.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1965, American and British analysts had recognised the two international groupings, CENTO and SEATO, and Pakistan's continued alliance with the West as being largely meaningless.<ref name="Dimitrakis_53-55">{{cite book|last=Dimitrakis|first=Panagiotis|year=2012|title =Failed Alliances of the Cold War: Britain's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East |publisher=Tauris & Co. |pages=53–55 |isbn=978-1-84885-974-6}}</ref>

Following the start of the 1965 war, both the United States and Britain took the view that the conflict was largely Pakistan's fault, and suspended all arms shipments to both India and Pakistan.<ref name="USLib" /> While the United States maintained a neutral stance, the British Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, condemned India for aggression after its army advanced towards Lahore; his statement was met with a furious rebuttal from India.<ref name="Dimitrakis_55-58">{{cite book|last=Dimitrakis|first=Panagiotis|year=2012|title =Failed Alliances of the Cold War: Britain's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East |publisher=Tauris & Co.|pages=55–58|isbn=978-1-84885-974-6}}</ref>

Internationally, the level of support which Pakistan received was limited at best.<ref name="Geopolitics_Small">{{cite book |last=Small |first=Andrew |title=The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-021075-5 |pages=17–19}} "Mao had decided that China would intervene under two conditions—that India attacked East Pakistan, and that Pakistan requested Chinese intervention. In the end, neither of them [were] obtained."</ref><ref name="strategies_156" />{{sfn|McGarr|2013|p=330}} Iran and Turkey issued a joint communiqué on 10 September which placed the blame on India, backed the United Nations' appeal for a cease-fire and offered to deploy troops for a UN peacekeeping mission in Kashmir.<ref name="Dimitrakis_58">{{cite book |last=Dimitrakis |first=Panagiotis |year=2012 |title=Failed Alliances of the Cold War: Britain's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East |publisher=Tauris & Co. |page=58 |isbn=978-1-84885-974-6}}</ref> Pakistan received support from Indonesia, Iran, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia in the form of six naval vessels, jet fuel, guns, and ammunition and financial support, respectively.<ref>Political Survival in Pakistan: Beyond Ideology, By Anas Malik page 84</ref> Pakistan didn't gain meaningful support at an international level.<ref name="Geopolitics_17" /><ref name="Geopolitics_Small" />{{sfn|McGarr|2013|pp=325-327}}<ref name="Riedel">{{cite book |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |title=Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the Brink and Back |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8157-2408-7 |pages=66–68}}</ref>

Since before the war, the People's Republic of China had been a major military associate of Pakistan and a military opponent of India, with whom it had [[Sino-Indian War|fought a brief war in 1962]]. China had also become a foreign patron for Pakistan and had given Pakistan $60 million in development assistance in 1965.<ref>Political Survival in Pakistan: Beyond Ideology, By Anas Malik page 85</ref> During the war, China openly supported the Pakistani position. It took advantage of the conflict to issue a strongly worded ultimatum to India condemning its "aggression" in Tibet and hinting at nuclear retaliation by China (China had exploded its first nuclear device the previous year).{{sfn|McGarr|2013|p=330}} Despite strong fears of Chinese intervention on the side of Pakistan, the Chinese government ultimately exercised restraint.<ref name="Dimitrakis_57">{{cite book |last=Dimitrakis |first=Panagiotis |year=2012 |title=Failed Alliances of the Cold War: Britain's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East |publisher=Tauris & Co. |page=57 |isbn=978-1-84885-974-6}}</ref> This was partly due to the logistical difficulties of a direct Chinese military intervention against India and India's improved military strength after its defeat by China in 1962.<ref name="strategies_156">{{cite book |last1=Butt |last2=Schofield |first1=Usama |first2=Julian |year=2012 |title=Pakistan: the U.S., geopolitics and grand strategies |publisher=Pluto Press |page=156 |isbn=978-0-7453-3206-2}}</ref> China had also received strong warnings by the American and Soviet governments against expanding the scope of the conflict by intervening.{{sfn|McGarr|2013|p=330}} In the face of this pressure, China backed down, extending the deadline for India to respond to its ultimatum and warning India against attacking [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="Riedel" /> Ultimately, Pakistan rejected Chinese offers of military aid, recognising that accepting it would only result in further alienating Pakistan internationally.{{sfn|McGarr|2013|p=330}} International opinion considered China's actions to be dangerously reckless and aggressive, and it was soundly rebuked in the world press for its unnecessarily provocative stance during the conflict.{{sfn|McGarr|2013|p=330}}

India's participation in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] yielded little support from its members.<ref>{{cite news|author=M. J. Akbar|author-link=M. J. Akbar|date=17 November 2014|title=High priest of modern India|newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/TheSiegeWithin/high-priest-of-modern-india|url-status=live|access-date=17 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307191222/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/TheSiegeWithin/high-priest-of-modern-india/ |archive-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> Support given by Indonesia to Pakistan was seen as a major Indian diplomatic failure, as Indonesia had been among the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement along with India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shah |first=Amritlal B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLE9AAAAMAAJ&q=%22It+has+been+suggested+that+there+has+also+been+a+marked+failure+in+Indian+diplomacy+,+which+tactlessly%22|title=India's Defence and Foreign Policies|publisher=Manaktalas|year=1966 |location=Bombay|page=108|access-date=13 February 2021|archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173051/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLE9AAAAMAAJ&q=%22It+has+been+suggested+that+there+has+also+been+a+marked+failure+in+Indian+diplomacy+,+which+tactlessly%22|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite its close relations with India, the [[Soviet Union]] was more neutral than other nations during the war, inviting both nations to peace talks under its aegis in [[Tashkent]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Varma|first=Shanta Nedungadi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-Hqkm3R3u8C&q=USSR%20maintained%20a%20neutral%20stance%20in%20the%201965%20-%20war&pg=PA105|title=Foreign Policy Dynamics: Moscow and India's International Conflicts|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |year=1999|isbn=978-81-7629-137-8|location=New Delhi|page=105 |access-date=13 February 2021|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173029/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-Hqkm3R3u8C&q=USSR%20maintained%20a%20neutral%20stance%20in%20the%201965%20-%20war&pg=PA105|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

=== India ===

Despite the declaration of a ceasefire, India was perceived by many as the victor due to its success in halting the Pakistan-backed insurgency in Kashmir.<ref name="Conley">{{cite book |last=Conley |first=Jerome |year=2001 |title=Indo-Russian military and nuclear cooperation: lessons and options for U.S. policy in South Asia |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-0217-6}}</ref> In its 1 October 1965 issue, [[Time magazine|''Time'']] magazine quoted a Western official assessing the consequences of the war: "Now it's apparent to everybody that India is going to emerge as an Asian power in its own right."<ref>[https://archive.today/20130204135939/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,834413,00.html Silent Guns, Wary Combatants], TIME magazine, 1 October 1965</ref> 

In light of the failures of the [[Sino-Indian War]], the outcome of the 1965 war was viewed as a "politico-strategic" victory for India. The Indian prime minister, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], was hailed as a national hero in India.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-47067/India The 1965 war with Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417221123/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-47067/India |date=17 April 2008 }} – [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>

While the overall performance of the Indian military was praised, military leaders were criticised for their failure to effectively deploy India's superior armed forces to achieve a decisive victory over Pakistan.<ref>Sunday Times, London. 19 September 1965</ref> In his book ''War in the modern world since 1815'', noted war historian [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]] said that though Pakistan "lost heavily" during the 1965 war, India's hasty decision to call for negotiations prevented further considerable damage to the Pakistan Armed Forces. He elaborates:
<blockquote>
India's chief of army staff urged negotiations on the ground that they were running out of ammunition and their number of tanks had become seriously depleted. In fact, the army had used less than 15% of its ammunition compared to Pakistan, which had consumed closer to 80 percent and India had double the number of serviceable tanks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |year=2005 |title=War in the modern world since 1815 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefiel |isbn=978-0-7425-2587-0}}</ref> 
</blockquote>

In 2015, [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] Arjan Singh, the last surviving armed force commander of the conflict, gave his assessment that the war ended in a stalemate, but only due to international pressure for a ceasefire, and that India would have achieved a decisive victory had hostilities continued for a few days more:
<blockquote>
For political reasons, Pakistan claims victory in the 1965 war. In my opinion, the war ended in a kind of stalemate. We were in a position of strength. Had the war continued for a few more days, we would have gained a decisive victory. I advised then prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri not to agree to a ceasefire. But I think he was pressured by the United Nations and some countries.<ref name=airsuperior>{{cite news|title=1965 war: We achieved air superiority in three days, says Air Force Marshal Arjan Singh|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/1965-war-we-achieved-air-superiority-in-three-days-says-air-force-marshal-arjan-singh/articleshow/49214326.cms|access-date=28 October 2015|newspaper=Economic Times|date=4 October 2015|archive-date=7 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007032733/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/1965-war-we-achieved-air-superiority-in-three-days-says-air-force-marshal-arjan-singh/articleshow/49214326.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
</blockquote>

As a consequence, India focussed on enhancing communication and coordination within and among the tri-services of the Indian Armed Forces. Partly as a result of the inefficient information gathering preceding the war, India established the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] for external [[espionage]] and [[Intelligence agency|intelligence]]. Major improvements were also made in [[Command and control (military)|command and control]] to address various shortcomings and the positive impact of these changes was clearly visible during the India–Pakistan war of 1971 when India achieved a decisive victory over Pakistan within two weeks.

China's repeated threats to intervene in the conflict supporting Pakistan increased pressure on the government to take an immediate decision to develop [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Perkovich
|first=George
|title=India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation
|publisher=University of California Press, 1999
|isbn=978-0-520-23210-5|date=26 February 2002
}}</ref> Despite repeated assurances, the United States did little to prevent extensive use of American arms by Pakistani forces during the conflict, thus irking India.<ref>Title: India and the United States estranged democracies, 1941–1991, {{ISBN|1-4289-8189-6}}, DIANE Publishing</ref> At the same time, the United States and United Kingdom refused to supply India with sophisticated weaponry which further strained the relations between the West and India.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Brzoska
|first=Michael
|title=Women's and Gender History in Global Perspective
|publisher=University of South Carolina Press, 1994
|isbn=978-0-87249-982-9|year=1994
}}</ref> These developments led to a significant change in India's foreign policy – India, which had previously championed the cause of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]], distanced itself further from Western powers and developed close relations with the [[Soviet Union]]. By the end of the 1960s, the Soviet Union emerged as the biggest supplier of military hardware to India.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Sharma
|first=Ram
|title=India-USSR relations
|publisher=Discovery Publishing House, 1999
|isbn=978-81-7141-486-4|year=1999
}}</ref> From 1967 to 1977, 81% of India's arms imports were from the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Duncan
|first=Peter
|year=1989
|title=The Soviet Union and India
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-00212-7
}}</ref> After the 1965 war, the arms race between India and Pakistan became even more asymmetric and India was outdistancing Pakistan by far.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Zeev
|first=Maoz
|year=1990
|title=Paradoxes of war: on the art of national self-entrapmen
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-04-445113-6
|url=https://archive.org/details/paradoxesofwaron0000maoz
}}</ref> India's defence budget too would increase gradually after the war. In 1966–1967, it would rise to 17% and by 1970–1971 it would rise to 25% of its revenue.<ref name="Dixit">{{cite book |first=J.N.|last=Dixit|title=India-Pakistan in War and Peace|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-134-40757-2|quote=One notes an almost geometrical progression in the defense expenditure in both countries between 1966 and 1971. In 1966–1967, Pakistan's budget was US $473 million, or about 19 percent of government revenue. India's defense expenditure was US$ 1171 million or 17 percent of its budget. By 1970–1971, Pakistan's military budget had grown to 32 percent of its revenue, that is US$625 million. India's defense budget had increased by 25 percent to US$1466 million.}}</ref> According to [[World Bank]] data, India's defence expenditure by GDP decreased from 3.871% in 1965 to 3.141% in 1969, then slightly increased to 3.652% in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – India {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=IN|access-date=22 June 2020|publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622131759/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=IN|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
After the war, a significant number of Pakistanis regarded their military performance to be positive. In Pakistan, 6 September is celebrated as [[Defence Day]] to remember how [[Lahore]] was able to defend itself against the Indian army. The performance of the Pakistani Air Force was particularly praised.

The Pakistani government was accused of spreading misinformation about the consequences of the war among its citizens.<ref>[[:File:1965 Infiltrators.jpg|Declassified telegram sent to the US Department of State]]</ref> In his book ''Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies'', S.M. Burke writes<ref name="Hagerty" /> –
<blockquote>
After the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, the balance of military power had decisively shifted in favor of India. Pakistan had found it difficult to replace the heavy equipment lost during that conflict while her adversary, despite her economic and political problems, had been determinedly building up her strength.
</blockquote>
Air Marshal (retired) [[Nur Khan]], who headed the Pakistan Air Force in 1965, said in an interview with Dawn newspaper<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=M Ilyas |date=2015-09-05 |title=Operation Gibraltar: The Pakistani troops who infiltrated Kashmir to start a rebellion |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34136689 |access-date=2022-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227110701/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34136689 |archive-date=2021-12-27}}</ref> –
<blockquote>
The army "misled the nation with a big lie" – that India rather than Pakistan provoked the war – and that Pakistan won a "great victory".

And since the "lie" was never rectified, the Pakistani "army came to believe its fiction, (and) has continued to fight unwanted wars,"
</blockquote>
Pakistani commentator Haidar Imtiaz remarked:<ref name=Imtiaz>Haidar Imtiaz, [https://nation.com.pk/12-Sep-2015/1965-how-pakistan-won-the-war-of-propaganda 1965: How Pakistan won the war of propaganda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115102842/https://nation.com.pk/12-Sep-2015/1965-how-pakistan-won-the-war-of-propaganda |date=15 November 2020 }}, The Nation, 12 September 2015.</ref>
<blockquote>
The myth of 'victory' was created after the war had ended, to counter Indian claims of victory on the one hand and to shield the Ayub regime and the army from criticism on the other.
</blockquote>
A book titled ''Indo-Pakistan War of 1965: A Flashback'',<ref>{{citation |author=Inter-Services Public Relations |title=Indo-Pakistan War of 1965: A Flashback |publisher=Government of Pakistan, Department of Films and Publications |year=2015 |orig-year=first published 1966 |edition=3rd |url=https://www.dispatchnewsdesk.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Indo-Pakistan-War-1965-A-Flashback.pdf |access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030337/https://www.dispatchnewsdesk.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Indo-Pakistan-War-1965-A-Flashback.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> produced by the [[Inter-Services Public Relations]] of Pakistan, is used as the official history of the war, which omits any mention of the operations [[Operation Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] and [[Operation Grand Slam|Grand Slam]], and begins with the Indian counter-offensive on the Lahore front. The Pakistan Army is claimed to have put up a "valiant defense of the motherland" and forced the attack in its tracks.<ref name=Imtiaz />

Most people agree that the idea of a mobile, hard-hitting Pakistan Army was badly hurt during the war because important breakthroughs were not made.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan And Its Three Wars |author=Iqbal F. Quadir |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/march98/pak3wars1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927135201/http://defencejournal.com/march98/pak3wars1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |work=Defence Journal, Pakistan}}</ref>
The military's ill-founded belief that their "[[martial race]]" of soldiers could defeat "Hindu India" in the conflict was criticised by several Pakistani writers.<ref>Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat [[Richard H. Shultz]], Andrea Dew: "''The Martial Races Theory had firm adherents in Pakistan and this factor played a major role in the under-estimation of the Indian Army by Pakistani soldiers as well as civilian decision makers in 1965.''"</ref><ref>[http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/november/sepoy.htm An Analysis The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857–59 by AH Amin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616083206/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/november/sepoy.htm |date=16 June 2017 }} ''The army officers of that period were convinced that they were a martial race and the Hindus of Indian Army were cowards. This myth was largely disproved in 1965''</ref> Rasul Bux Rais, a Pakistani political analyst wrote<ref>{{cite book
|last=Rais
|first=Rasul Bux
|year=1986
|title=The Indian Ocean and the superpowers: economic, political and strategic perspectives
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-7099-4241-2
}}</ref> –

<blockquote>
The 1965 war with India proved that Pakistan could neither break the formidable Indian defenses in an intense violent military campaign fashion nor could she sustain an all-out conflict for long.
</blockquote>

Historian Akbar S Zaidi notes that Pakistan "lost terribly in the 1965 war".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistan-lost-terribly-in-1965-war-with-india-pak-historian-1214710|title=Pakistan Lost Terribly in 1965 War With India: Pak Historian|year=2015|publisher=NDTV|access-date=26 September 2018|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926131104/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistan-lost-terribly-in-1965-war-with-india-pak-historian-1214710|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Pakistani air force, on the other hand, racked up considerable acclaim and esteem among the military and international warfare critics for its defence of Lahore and other crucial parts of the country and its hefty retaliation against India the day afterward. The air force's vigilance was also influenced by the fact that some pilots were frantically re-enlisted six times in a single hour when they detected Indian air raids. In Pakistan, the air force and army are honored on [[Defence Day]] and [[Air Force Day (Pakistan)|Air Force Day]]. These days are on 6 and 7 September, respectively.<ref name="Pakistan's Air Power, Flight International magazine, 5 May 1984 (page 1208)">"Pakistan's Air Power", ''[[Flight International]]'', issue published 5 May 1984 (page 1208). Can be viewed at [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1984/1984%20-%200797.html?search=F-86%20Pakistan FlightGlobal.com archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112205213/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1984/1984%20-%200797.html?search=F-86%20Pakistan |date=12 January 2012 }} Retrieved: 22 October 2009</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fricker|first=John|title=Battle for Pakistan: The Air War of 1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPttAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=I. Allan|isbn=978-0-7110-0929-5}}</ref>

Furthermore, Pakistan had lost more ground than it had gained during the conflict, and, perhaps even more crucial, it had failed to secure Kashmir. Many people consider this outcome to be a setback for Pakistan.<ref name="Profile of Pakistan" /><ref name="Speech of Bill McCollum" /><ref name="Devin T. Hagerty p. 26" />

The faulty planning of [[Operation Gibraltar]] was criticised by senior Pakistani officials and military experts, which ultimately led to the conflict. The Tashkent declaration was also criticised in Pakistan, even though few people were aware of the seriousness of the situation at the end of the conflict. Political leaders were also subjected to criticism. Ayub Khan had espoused high expectations among the Pakistani populace regarding the superiority,  if not invincibility,  of its armed forces,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pakistanlink.com/Opinion/2004/Sept04/17/05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041214203044/http://www.pakistanlink.com/Opinion/2004/Sept04/17/05.html |title=Dr. Ahmad Faruqui|archive-date=14 December 2004}}</ref> in accordance with the guidance of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], the foreign minister of Pakistan. Nonetheless, the failure of Pakistan to attain its military objectives during the conflict resulted in a political liability for Ayub.<ref name="Hassan Abbas">{{cite book |author=Hassan Abbas |title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7656-1497-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass/page/52 52] |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass/page/52}}</ref> After the defeat of its Kashmiri ambitions, an increasingly vocal opposition challenged the army's invincibility.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">Ali, Mahmud. (24 December 2003) [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3227709.stm South Asia {{!}} The rise of Pakistan's army] . BBC News. Retrieved on 14 April 2011.</ref>

The economic contraction in Pakistan was one of the most significant outcomes of the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pakistanembassy.no/fpolicy.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516020823/http://www.pakistanembassy.no/fpolicy.html |title=Embassy of Pakistan|archive-date=16 May 2006}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-6-2002_pg3_4 Second opinion: The insidious logic of war Khaled Ahmed's Urdu Press Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120723144800/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-6-2002_pg3_4 |date=23 July 2012 }} Daily Times 3 June 2002</ref> Pakistan had experienced impressive economic growth since the early 1960s, but the war ended that. Between 1964 and 1966, Pakistan's defence spending rose from 4.82% to 9.86% of GDP, putting a tremendous strain on its economy. In 1970–71, the expenditure on defence accounted for 32%<ref name="Dixit" /> or 55.66% of the total government expenditure.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Greg Cashman, Leonard C. Robinson
|year =2007
|title=An introduction to the causes of war: patterns of interstate conflict from World War I to Iraq
|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield
|isbn=978-0-7425-5510-5
}}</ref> According to veterans of the war, the war greatly cost Pakistan economically, politically, and militarily.<ref name="Stanford University Press" /> Nuclear theorist Feroze Khan maintained that the 1965 war was a last [[Conventional war|conventional attempt]] to snatch Kashmir by military force, and Pakistan's own position in the international community, especially with the [[United States]], began to deteriorate from the point the war started, while on the other hand, the alliance with China saw improvements.<ref name="Stanford University Press" /> [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] General [[Tariq Majid]] claims in his memoirs that [[Zhou Enlai]] had long advised the government in the classic style of [[Sun Tzus Art of War|Sun Tzu]]: "to go slow, not to push India hard, and avoid a fight over Kashmir, 'for at least, 20–30 years, until you have developed your economy and consolidated your national power'."<ref name="Stanford University Press" /> General Majid maintained in ''Eating Grass'' that the "sane, philosophical and political critical thinking" was missing in Pakistan, and that the country had lost extensive human resources by fighting the war.<ref name="Stanford University Press">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Feroz Hassan|title=Eating grass : the making of the Pakistani bomb|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, California|isbn=978-0-8047-7601-1|pages=45–48 [48]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ERL%20Eating%20Grass&pg=PA151|access-date=21 February 2013|chapter=The Reluctant Phase|date=7 November 2012|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173055/https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ERL%20Eating%20Grass&pg=PA151|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pakistan was surprised by the lack of support from the United States, an ally with whom the country had signed an Agreement of Cooperation. The US turned neutral in the war when it cut off military supplies to Pakistan (and India);{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} an action that the Pakistanis took as a sign of betrayal.<ref>Richard N. Haass "Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy", 1998, Council on Foreign Relations, {{ISBN|0-87609-212-1}} pp172</ref> After the war, Pakistan would increasingly look towards China as a major source of military hardware and political support.

Another negative consequence of the war was growing resentment against the Pakistani government in [[East Pakistan]] (present day [[Bangladesh]]),<ref name="Stephen" /> particularly for West Pakistan's obsession with Kashmir.<ref>Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age By Peter Paret, 1986, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820097-8}} pp802</ref> [[Bangladesh|Bengali]] leaders accused the central government of not providing adequate security for East Pakistan during the conflict, even though large sums of money were taken from the east to finance the war for Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book| author=Rounaq Jahan | title=Pakistan: Failure in National Integration | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=1972 | isbn=978-0-231-03625-2| author-link=Rounaq Jahan }} Pg 166–167</ref> In fact, despite some Pakistan Air Force attacks being launched from bases in East Pakistan during the war, India did not retaliate in that sector,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180911044625/https://www.dawn.com/news/1068595 Reflections on two military presidents By M.P. Bhandara] 25 December 2005, Dawn</ref> although East Pakistan was defended only by an understrengthed infantry division (14th Division), sixteen planes and no tanks.<ref>[http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/nov/pak-army.htm The Pakistan Army From 1965 to 1971 ''Yahya Khan as Army Chief-1966-1971''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307232548/http://defencejournal.com/2000/nov/pak-army.htm |date=7 March 2009 }} by Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin</ref> [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] was critical of the disparity in military resources deployed in East and West Pakistan, calling for greater autonomy for East Pakistan, an action that ultimately led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|another war]] between India and Pakistan in 1971.

Pakistan celebrates [[Defence Day]] every year to commemorate 6 September 1965 to pay tribute to the soldiers killed in the war.<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1431323/september-6-a-day-to-remember-the-sacrifices-of-pakistans-martyrs 6 September: A day to remember the sacrifices of Pakistan's martyrs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906025139/https://www.dawn.com/news/1431323/september-6-a-day-to-remember-the-sacrifices-of-pakistans-martyrs |date=6 September 2019 }}, Dawn, 6 September 2018</ref> However, Pakistani journalists, including [[Taha Siddiqui]]<ref>[[Taha Siddiqui]] [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/dear-pakistanis-defence-day-stop-celebrating-hate-180905141627473.html Dear Pakistanis, this Defence Day, please stop celebrating hate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226163558/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/dear-pakistanis-defence-day-stop-celebrating-hate-180905141627473.html |date=26 December 2019 }}, Al Jazeera, 6 September 2018</ref> and Haseeb Asif<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.in/haseeb-asif/its-defence-day-in-pakistan-but-i-dont-know-what-were-celebr_a_21466038/ It's Defence Day In Pakistan, But I Don't Know What We're Celebrating] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907071109/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/haseeb-asif/its-defence-day-in-pakistan-but-i-dont-know-what-were-celebr_a_21466038/ |date=7 September 2018 }}, Huffington Post, 6 September 2018.</ref> have criticised the celebration of Defence Day.

== Awards ==
=== National awards ===
* [[Santu Jouharmal Shahaney]], an [[IOFS]] officer, served as the first Indian Director General [[Ordnance Factories]] (DGOF). He was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]], by the Government of India, in the Civil Service category.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gazette.csl_extraordinary.1965-10-27.E-1769-1965-0004-80378/E-1769-1965-0004-80378_djvu.txt |title=Extraordinary Gazette of India, 1965-10-27, Extra Ordinary|date=27 October 1965}}</ref>
*K. C. Banerjee, an [[IOFS]] officer. Received [[Padma Shri]] in 1967, for his contributions during the India–Pakistan war of 1965, as the General Manager of [[Rifle Factory Ishapore]],<ref>{{cite web|title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (Public Section) Padma Awards Directory (1954–2017) Year-Wise List|website=mha.gov.in |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017_0.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114171606/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017_0.pdf}}</ref> that developed and manufactured the [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|7.62 Self-Loading Automatic Rifle]], that played decisive role in India's victory in the India–Pakistan war of 1965.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-rifle-that-won-the-war-in-1965/articleshow/49327325.cms |title=The rifle that won the war in 1965 |website=The Times of India|date=12 October 2015 |access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224193012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-rifle-that-won-the-war-in-1965/articleshow/49327325.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-200-yr-old-ordnance-factories-anxiety-anticipation-and-some-sulk/articleshow/71613086.cms|title=At India's 200-year-old ordnance factories, anxiety, and anticipation |website=The Times of India|date=16 October 2019 |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224164032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-200-yr-old-ordnance-factories-anxiety-anticipation-and-some-sulk/articleshow/71613086.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html |title=Important Milestones |publisher=Rfi.nic.in |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111810/http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/our-history1 |title=Our History | RIFLE FACTORY ISHAPORE | Government of India |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222151343/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/our-history1}}</ref>
* [[Joginder Singh Dhillon]], Lt. Gen, awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1966 by the Government of India for his role in the 1965 war,<ref name="ie">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/37534/ |title=Last salute to the lion of 1965 |first=Patwant |last=Singh |date=19 December 2003 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173107/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/last-salute-to-the-lion-of-1965/ |url-status=live }}</ref> becoming the first Indian Army officer to receive the award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unique Achievements |publisher=Bengal Sappers Officers Association |url=http://www.bsoaroorkee.org/legend2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915115708/http://www.bsoaroorkee.org/legend2.htm |archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref>

=== Gallantry awards ===
For bravery, the following soldiers were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries, the Indian award [[Param Vir Chakra]] and the Pakistani award [[Nishan-e-Haider]]:
;India
* Company Quarter Master [[Havildar]] [[Abdul Hamid (soldier)|Abdul Hamid]]<ref name="Cardozo2003">{{citation|first1=Major General Ian (retd.)|last1=Cardozo|title=Param Vir: Our Heroes in Battle|year=2003|publisher=Roli Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7436-262-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9ymBAAAQBAJ|pages=101–103|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173034/https://books.google.com/books?id=D9ymBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> (Posthumous)
* [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] [[Ardeshir Tarapore|Ardeshir Burzorji Tarapore]]<ref name="Cardozo2003" /> (Posthumous)
;Pakistan
* [[Raja Aziz Bhatti|Major Raja Aziz Bhatti Shaheed]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Major Raja Aziz Bhatti |url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=175|work=Nishan-i-Haider recipients|publisher=Pakistan Army|access-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003034727/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=175|archive-date=3 October 2013}}</ref> (Posthumous)

=== Battle honours ===
After the war, a total of 16 [[battle honour]]s and three [[theatre honour]]s were awarded to units of the Indian Army, the notable among which are:<ref name="Sarbans">{{cite book |title=Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757–1971 |last=Singh |first=Sarbans |year=1993 |publisher=Vision Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7094-115-6 |pages=242–256 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ATfAAAAMAAJ |access-date=3 November 2011 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206113820/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ATfAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi visits Shauryanjali, a commemorative exhibition on the 1965 war.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and other politicians visit Shauryanjali, a commemorative exhibition on the 1965 war, 17 September 2015]]
* Jammu and Kashmir, 1965 (theatre honour)
* Punjab 1965 (theatre honour)
* Rajasthan 1965 (theatre honour)
* Assal Uttar
* Burki
* Dograi
* Hajipir
* Hussainiwala
* Kalidhar
* OP Hill
* Phillora
{{col-end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|33em}}
* ''First & Further reflections on the second Kashmir War'' (South Asia series) – 2 books by Louis Dupree.

* {{cite book |last=Asghar Khan |first=Mohammed |title=The first round: Indo-Pakistan War, 1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ7cAAAACAAJ |year=1979 |publisher=Islamic Information Services |isbn=978-0-906041-11-6 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173034/https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ7cAAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Ayub |first=Muhammad |title=An army, its role and rule: a history of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil, 1967–1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2saAAAACAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=RoseDog Books |isbn=978-0-8059-9594-7 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173110/https://books.google.com/books?id=B2saAAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Bajwa |first=Farooq |title=From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a0NAQAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co |location=London |isbn=978-1-84904-230-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Berindranath |first=Dewan |title=The war with Pakistan: A pictorial narration of the fifty days which rocked the sub-continent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtdOAAAAMAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=Asia Press |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173034/https://books.google.com/books?id=rtdOAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Bisht |first=Rachna |title=1965: Stories from the Second Indo-Pakistan War |date=15 August 2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5214-129-6 |page=60 |ref={{sfnref |Rachna Bisht |2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Brines |first=Russell |title=The Indo-Pakistani Conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/TheIndoPakistaniConflict |year=1968 |publisher=Pall Mall P. |isbn=978-0-269-16232-9 |via=archive.org }}

* {{cite book |last=Faruquii |first=Ahmad |title=Rethinking the national security of Pakistan: the price of strategic myopia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElHfAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-1497-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Fricker |first=John |title=Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPttAAAAMAAJ |year=1979 |publisher=Ian Allan |isbn=978-0-7110-0929-5 }}

* {{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=India-Pakistan war, 1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jAxNbn1tkEC |year=1967 |publisher=Hariyana Prakashan |asin=B0006FFBK8 |edition=1st |volume=1 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173041/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jAxNbn1tkEC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last= Haqqani |first= Hussain |title= Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PP1 |year= 2005 |publisher= United Book Press |isbn= 978-0-87003-214-1 |access-date= 12 November 2020 |archive-date= 7 February 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173053/https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PP1 |url-status= live }}
* {{citation |last=Higgins |first=David R. |title=M48 Patton vs Centurion: Indo-Pakistan War 1965 |date=20 January 2016 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-1094-6 |page=103 |ref={{sfnref |David R. Higgins |2016}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Ismail Siddiqui |first=Muhammad |title=Die to live: A selection of short stories based on the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZ-QGAAACAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Wajidalis |asin=B0006EL2OI |edition=1st |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173058/https://books.google.com/books?id=bZ-QGAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Jamal |first=Arif |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-933633-59-6 |ref={{sfnref|Jamal, Shadow War|2009}} |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173111/https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}

* {{cite book |last=McGarr |first=Paul |title=The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965 |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-02207-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mohan |first1=Jagan |last2=Chopra |first2=Samir |title=The India Pakistan Air War of 1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz9uAAAAMAAJ |year=2005 |orig-year=2005 |publisher=Manohar Publishers |edition=1st |isbn=978-81-7304-641-4 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173107/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz9uAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}

* {{citation |last=Paul |first=T. V. |title=Asymmetric Conflicts: War Initiation by Weaker Powers |date=10 March 1994 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-46621-9 |ref={{sfnref |T. V. Paul |1994}}}}
* {{citation |last=Praagh |first=David Van |title=The Greater Game: India's Race with Destiny and China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCI4492cHTEC |year=2003 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-2639-6 |access-date=22 September 2018 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173107/https://books.google.com/books?id=kCI4492cHTEC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|first=R. D. |last=Pradhan|title=1965 War, the Inside Story: Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan's Diary of India-Pakistan War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymYCJQjEGBUC|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0762-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Praval |first=Maj K C |title=Indian Army after Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wA1xPgAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Lancer InterConsult, Inc |isbn=978-1-935501-10-7 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173109/https://books.google.com/books?id=wA1xPgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}

* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhupinder |title=1965 war, role of tanks in India-Pakistan war |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DDHAAAAIAAJ |year=1982 |publisher=B.C. Publishers |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173034/https://books.google.com/books?id=6DDHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live |asin=B0000CQ9GQ}}
* {{cite book |last=Higgins |first=David R. |title=M48 Patton vs Centurion – Indo-Pakistani War 1965 (Osprey Duel 71) Page 36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tx_DCwAAQBAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Osprey InterConsult, Inc |isbn=1-4728-1092-9 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173035/https://books.google.com/books?id=pBpuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tarapore |first=Arzan |date=2023 |orig-date=Published online: 1 Oct 2019 |title=Defence without deterrence: India's strategy in the 1965 war |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=150–179 |doi=10.1080/01402390.2019.1668274 |s2cid=211312207 |issn=0140-2390}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* Records of [https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-india-pakistan-observation-mission-unipom-1965-1966 the United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission (UNIPOM) (1965–1966)] at the United Nations Archives
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101127234125/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/iaf/IAF_1965war_kills.pdf IAF Combat Kills – 1965 war],(Center for Indian Military History)
* {{cite book | author=Mohammed [[Muhammad Musa]] | title= My Version: India-Pakistan War 1965 | publisher=Wajidalis | year=1983 }}
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0189) United States Library of Congress Country Studies – India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217085236/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/index.html Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the 1965 War with Pakistan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120805182043/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/sept/grand-slam.htm Grand Slam – A Battle of lost Opportunities, Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin] – very detailed roll of events and analysis
* [http://in.rediff.com/news/indpakwar05.htm The India-Pakistan War, 1965: 40 Years On] – From Rediff.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130119073542/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_7-9-2005_pg3_1 Lessons of the 1965 War from Daily Times (Pakistan)]
* [https://www.dawn.com/news/1073069/spirit-of-65-the-parallels-with-today Spirit of '65 & the parallels with today – Ayaz Amir]
{{clear}}
{{Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|state=expanded}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Military history of Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|Pakistan}}
{{LahoreTopics}}
{{Pakistan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Pakistan war of 1965}}
[[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1965| ]]
[[Category:1960s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan wars and conflicts|1965]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict|1965]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]

Jannathul Uloom Arabic College

2026-04-29T18:46:14Z

LeoSpragg093: stub

{{Short description|Religious educational institute in Kerala, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jannathul Uloom Arabic College
| native_name = الكلية العربية جنة العلوم
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = لَيْسَ العِلْمُ مَا حُفِظَ، إِنَّما العِلْمُ مَا نَفَعَ
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blogs.aljazeera.net/blogs/2018/3/23/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B9 |title=إنما العلمُ ما نفع |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031145537/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/blogs/2018/3/23/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B9 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| founder = Shaikhuna E. K. Hasan Musliyar
| established = 9 July 1967
| type = Islamic education
| president = [[Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal]]
| principal = Usthad N. A. Hussain Mannani
| officer_in_charge = T. K. Saifudheen Uloomi
| affiliation = [[Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College]]
| native_name_lang = ml
| former_name = Jannaathul Uloom Madrassa
| city = [[Palakkad]], Kerala
| postalcode = 678014
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| website = {{URL|http://www.jannathululoom.blogspot.com}}
}}

'''Jannathul Uloom Arabic College''' ('''JUAC''') is a religious educational institute affiliated with the Sunni Muslim community in [[Palakkad]], Kerala, India. Founded in 1967 by Shaikhuna [[E. K. Hasan Musliyar]], it was the second Islamic Arabic college in Kerala established by Sunni Muslims, following [[Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College]] in Pattikkad, and the first of its kind in Palakkad district.

== Curriculum ==
JUAC offers an eight-year integrated programme that combines religious and secular education. The course is structured into three phases:
* Three-year secondary programme
* Two-year senior secondary programme
* Three-year degree programme

The curriculum includes Islamic subjects such as [[Quran]], Tajweed, [[Hadith]], Usul al-Hadith, [[Fiqh]], Usul al-Fiqh, [[Aqidah]], [[Tasawwuf]], [[Nahw]], [[Sarf]], [[Mantiq]], [[Balagha]], and comparative religion. It also incorporates general subjects like mathematics, social sciences, history, physics, chemistry, and biology. Since 1999, PSC-certified computer courses have also been included. All students are required to enroll in an accredited degree programme in arts or commerce from a recognized university alongside their religious studies.

Students who complete the full eight-year course receive the Moulavi Fadhil ULOOMI Certificate and become eligible for admission to the Faizy Degree at [[Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College]].

== Library ==
The college has a well-equipped library with collections in Islamic studies, history, literature, and general subjects. It houses books in multiple languages including Arabic, English, Malayalam, and Urdu, and subscribes to several periodicals.

== Admission ==
Admission is open to boys who have completed their primary education at a recognized SKIMVB madrasa and formal school. Entrance is determined through written and oral examinations. A separate one-year "Muqthasar" batch also admits students through a special entrance exam conducted annually.

== Student life ==
The '''Jannathu Thwalaba Student's Association''' (JTSA) is the official student union, promoting academic and extracurricular development. JTSA organizes events, seminars, and da‘wah activities, particularly in the Palakkad and Coimbatore regions, through its various sub-committees.

== Alumni ==
The '''Alumni of Jannathul Uloom Welfare Association''' (AJWA) serves as the alumni network for JUAC graduates. AJWA conducts seminars, debates, and community outreach programmes to promote social responsibility and uphold the values of the college.

=== Notable alumni ===
* '''[[Hakeem Faizy Adrisseri]]''' – Rector of [[Coordination of Islamic Colleges|CIC]] and the first Indian to be nominated to the executive board of the League of Islamic Universities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2018jan26/420277.html|title = Abdul Hakeem Faizy Adrisseri: The first Indian to join the governing body of League of Islamic Universities|date = 26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianmuslimobserver.com/2018/02/06/people-abdul-hakeem-faizy-nominated-executive-league-islamic-universities/ |title=PEOPLE: Abdul Hakeem Faizy nominated to the Executive of League of Islamic Universities - Indian Muslim Observer |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412030122/http://indianmuslimobserver.com/2018/02/06/people-abdul-hakeem-faizy-nominated-executive-league-islamic-universities/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''Sayyid P. K. Imbichikkoya Thangal Pazhayalakkidi''' – Vice President, State committee of the [[Samastha Kerala Sunni Students Federation|SYS]].
* '''Ustad Rasheed Faizy Chemmala''' – Former principal of JUAC.

== List of Principals ==
# Shaikhuna E. K. Hasan Musliyar (1967–1978)
# Shaikhuna C. K. M. Swadiq Musliyar
# Shaikhuna Kidangazhi Abdurahman Musliyar
# Shaikhuna Karakkunnu P. Muhammad Musliyar
# Shaikhuna M. C. Abdullah Musliyar Aripra (1997–1998)
# Shaikhuna A. P. Muhammad Musliyar Kumaramputhoor
# Shaikhuna Nattika V. Moosa Musliyar (1996)
# Shaikhuna Anamagad Aabdurahman Musliyar (1996–1997; 1998–2000)
# Shaikhuna Rasheed Faizy Chemmala (2000–2002)
# Usthad N. A. Hussain Mannani (2002–present)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|10.77354|76.64629|type:edu|display=title}}
{{Educational Institutes in Palakkad}}
[[Category:Religious schools in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Colleges in Kerala]]

H. K. Suresh

2026-04-28T15:03:47Z

LeoSpragg093: details

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Hullalli K. Suresh''' (born 1971) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Belur Assembly constituency]] in [[Hassan district]]. He represents [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=H K Suresh in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/h-k-suresh-belur-candidate-s10a195c006/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election results 2023 {{!}} In Hassan, JD(S) loses two seats, while BJP, Cong improve their strength |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-election-results-2023-hassan-district/article66845679.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Suresh is born in Belur to Kempe Gowda. He runs his own business. He completed his Civil Engineering in 1991 from Amaragin Polytechnic, [[Arsikere|Arasikere]], [[Hassan district|Hassan District]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=H K Suresh (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BELUR(HASSAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7140 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Suresh won the [[Belur Assembly constituency|Belur Assembly seat]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 63,571 votes and defeated his nearest rival, B. Shivaramu of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 7.736 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Sullia constituency watch {{!}} Sitting MLA KS Lingesh eyes second win from this JD(S) bastion - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/belur-election-results-2023-live-updates-16644911.htm |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2023 Karnataka Election Results - Belur2">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=2023 Karnataka Election Results - Belur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10117.htm?ac=117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401122816/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10117.htm?ac=117 |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Belur Constituency Election Results 20232">{{cite news |date=6 May 2023 |title=Belur Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/belur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99189144.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401122910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/belur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99189144.cms |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref> In the 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election he polled 44,578 votes as a BJP candidate but lost to KS Lingesha of Janata Dal (Secular) by a margin of 19,690 votes.<ref name=":0" />

In March 2025, he demanded compensation to the kin of the two people who died in a private building collapse in Belur, Hassan district. He alleged that the negligence of the municipal authorities caused the tragedy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=ಕಟ್ಟಡ ಕುಸಿದು ಸಾವು, ಆನೆ ದಾಳಿಯಿಂದ ಸಾವಿಗೆ ಡಿಸಿ ದರ್ಪ, ದುರಾಡಳಿತ ಕಾರಣ: ಶಾಸಕ ಎಚ್.ಕೆ.ಸುರೇಶ್ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kn/!state/hullalli-k-suresh-visits-the-scene-of-a-building-collapse-in-belur-where-two-people-died-karnataka-news-kas25031000706 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swaroop, H. K. }}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Hassan district]]

Priyansh Arya

2026-04-26T21:36:14Z

LeoSpragg093:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Priyansh Arya
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|9|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Fatehabad, Haryana]], India
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm. [[Off spin|offbreak]]
| role = [[Batting order (cricket)#Opening batters|Opening batter]]

| club1 = [[Delhi cricket team |Delhi]]
| year1 = 2021–present
| club2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| year2 = 2025–present

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = 40
| bat avg1 = 40.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 40
| deliveries1 = 0
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[List A cricket|List A]]
| matches2 = 16
| runs2 = 522
| bat avg2 = 34.80
| 100s/50s2 = 1/4
| top score2 = 101
| deliveries2 = 0
| wickets2 = 0
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 10/–

| column3 =[[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 =46
| runs3 = 1,319
| bat avg3 = 29.31
| 100s/50s3 = 2/6
| top score3 = 103
| deliveries3 = 6
| wickets3 = 1
| bowl avg3 = 2.00
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = 1/2
| catches/stumpings3 = 15/–

| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/priyansh-arya-1175456 ESPNcricinfo
| date = 23 January
| year = 2026
}}

'''Priyansh Arya''' (born January 18 2001) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for Delhi and [[Punjab Kings]]. He is a left-handed opener.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyansh Arya Profile - Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/priyansh-arya-1175456 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Who is Priyansh Arya? PBKS sixer King hits joint-fourth fastest IPL hundred">{{cite news |title=Who is Priyansh Arya? PBKS sixer King hits joint-fourth fastest IPL hundred |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-priyansh-arya-century-punjab-kings-csk-mullanpur-2706051-2025-04-08 |access-date=9 April 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409040046/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-priyansh-arya-century-punjab-kings-csk-mullanpur-2706051-2025-04-08 |archive-date=9 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

On 25 March 2025, he made his [[IPL]] debut for [[Punjab Kings]] in a match against [[Gujarat Titans]]. He scored 47 runs in 23 balls as an opener.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Priyansh Arya, Delhi batter who made IPL debut for Punjab Kings against Gujarat Titans? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/who-is-priyansh-arya-punjab-kings-opener-debut-pbks-vs-gt-9905617/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=1 April 2025 |language=en |date=25 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Who is Priyansh Arya, the Punjab Kings opener who shone on IPL debut against Gujarat Titans">{{cite news |title=Who is Priyansh Arya, the Punjab Kings opener who shone on IPL debut against Gujarat Titans |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/ipl-2025-gt-pbks-who-is-priyansh-arya-all-you-need-to-know-punjab-kings-gujarat-titans-delhi-13874557.html |access-date=8 April 2025 |publisher=Firstpost |date=26 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408181801/https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/ipl-2025-gt-pbks-who-is-priyansh-arya-all-you-need-to-know-punjab-kings-gujarat-titans-delhi-13874557.html |archive-date=8 April 2025 |language=en-us}}</ref>

On 8 April 2025, he made a 39-ball century against [[Chennai Super Kings]], becoming the third-fastest Indian after [[Yusuf Pathan]] and [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] to score an IPL century.<ref name="Who is Priyansh Arya, second-fastest Indian to score IPL century">{{cite news |title=Who is Priyansh Arya, second-fastest Indian to score IPL century |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/who-is-priyansh-arya-second-fastest-indian-to-score-ipl-century/articleshow/120099873.cms |access-date=8 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408181349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/who-is-priyansh-arya-second-fastest-indian-to-score-ipl-century/articleshow/120099873.cms |archive-date=8 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Priyansh Arya becomes 2nd-fastest Indian to score an IPL century, misses Yusuf Pathan’s record during PBKS vs CSK tie">{{cite news |title=Priyansh Arya becomes 2nd-fastest Indian to score an IPL century, misses Yusuf Pathan’s record during PBKS vs CSK tie |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/priyansh-arya-becomes-second-fastest-to-ipl-hundred-misses-yusuf-pathans-record-by-a-whisker-during-pbks-vs-csk-tie-11744124438636.html |access-date=8 April 2025 |publisher=Mint |date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408181641/https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/priyansh-arya-becomes-second-fastest-to-ipl-hundred-misses-yusuf-pathans-record-by-a-whisker-during-pbks-vs-csk-tie-11744124438636.html |archive-date=8 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="PBKS vs CSK, IPL 2025: Priyansh and PBKS rub salt into CSK’s wounds">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=PBKS vs CSK, IPL 2025: Priyansh and PBKS rub salt into CSK’s wounds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/punjab-kings-vs-chennai-super-kings-match-update-april-8/article69427522.ece |access-date=9 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409040230/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/punjab-kings-vs-chennai-super-kings-match-update-april-8/article69427522.ece |archive-date=9 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Arya had a strong start in the [[Delhi Premier League T20|Delhi Premier League]], scoring 57 runs in 30 balls against Old Delhi 6. He followed this up with 82 runs in 51 balls against Central Delhi Kings, hitting seven sixes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Priyansh Arya smashes six sixes in an over in Delhi Premier League|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/priyansh-arya-smashes-six-sixes-in-an-over-in-delhi-premier-league-1449353|date=25 November 2024|access-date=26 November 2024|website=ESPN}}</ref>

Arya continued to score runs, with scores of 53 in 32 balls against East Delhi Strikers, 107 in 55 balls against Old Delhi 6, and 88 in 42 balls against Central Delhi.<ref>[https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/14689/priyansh-arya "Profile - ICC Ranking, Age, Career Info & Stats | Cricbuzz.com"]</ref>

In a notable match, Arya's team, South, scored 308/5 in 20 overs against North Delhi Strikers. Arya contributed 120 runs in 50 balls, including six sixes in a single over.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-auction-priyansh-arya-punjab-kings-new-inr-3-8-crore-buy-1461732|title=Who is Priyansh Arya, Punjab Kings' new INR 3.8-crore buy?|date=25 November 2024|access-date=26 November 2024|website=ESPN}}</ref>

Arya's performance earned him a spot in the Delhi squad for the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]. He scored 102 runs in 43 balls, with five fours and ten sixes, against [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Who are Priyansh Arya, Gurjapneet Singh and Vaibhav Suryavanshi?|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132542/who-are-priyansh-arya-gurjapneet-singh-and-vaibhav-suryavanshi?|date=25 November 2024|access-date=26 November 2024|website=cricbuzz}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Punjab Kings squad}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arya, Priyansh}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]

Sivalenka Krishna Prasad

2026-04-24T10:27:30Z

LeoSpragg093: Created New Info.

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Undisclosed paid|date=April 2018}}
{{Notability|Bio|date=May 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2020}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sivalenka Krishna Prasad
| image = For_headings_(1).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Film producer, distributor
| spouse =
| children = 2
| awards =
| website = [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbWa7rpOyz2xLCAhoV3gHjg Sridevi Movies Youtube]
| birth_name =
| imagesize =
}}

'''Sivalenka Krishna Prasad''' is an Indian [[film producer]].

==Early life==
Sivalenka Krishna Prasad is the nephew of [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]. He did his graduate studies from [[Osmania University]] in [[Hyderabad]].

==Career==
He started his career dubbing the film “Rakasi Nagu” from Kannada (JIDDI) into Telugu. He produced films under [[Sridevi Movies]], Vaishnavi Cinema, and Sridevi Media Entertainments banners.

He is a producer and distributor, having experience in the field for more than 35 years and is associated with more than 35 feature films. His recent ventures are [[Sammohanam]], featuring [[Sudheer Babu]] and [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], and [[Yashoda (film)|Yashoda]] starring [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]].

He is a life member in the Andhra Pradesh Film Chamber of Commerce and the A.P. Film Producers' Council and has been for the last 30 years. He has also been a member of the South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce and the Tamil Film Producers' Council since 2006.

==Filmography==
'''As a producer'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Year
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Film
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Director
|-
| 1988 || ''Chinnodu Peddodu''|| [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Aditya 369]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maastars.com/sivalenka-krishna-prasad-aditya-369-movie-25-years/|title=Sivalenka Krishna Prasad (Aditya 369 Movie 25 Years )|publisher=maastars.com}}</ref> || [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao|Singeetam Srinivas Rao]]
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Vamsanikokkadu]]'' || Sarath
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Ooyala (film)|Ooyala]]'' || |[[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
|-
| 1999 || ''Anaganaga Oka Ammayi'' || Ramesh Sarangan
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Bhalevadivi Basu]]'' || [[P. A. Arun Prasad]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Mitrudu]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sivalenka-krishna-prasad-again-with-balakrishna-telugu-news-42027.html|title=Sivalenka Krishna Prasad again with Balakrishna|date=3 October 2008 |work=indiaglitz.com}}</ref> || Mahadev
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Nani Gentleman]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/140616/a-comeback-after-eight-years-for-sivalenka-krishna-prasad.html|title=A comeback after eight years for Sivalenka Krishna Prasad|date=14 June 2016 |publisher=deccanchronical.com}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | [[Mohana Krishna Indraganti]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sammohanam (telugu film)|Sammohanam]]''
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Yashoda (film)|Yashoda]]'' || [[Hari Shankar and Harish Narayan|Hari and Harish]]
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Sarangapani Jathakam]]''|| [[Mohana Krishna Indraganti]]
|-
|}
'''As an associate producer'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Year
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Film
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Director
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Notes
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Gunaa]] (Telugu Version )''|| [[Santhana Bharathi]] ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Subha Sankalpam]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]] (Tamil version)''|| [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] ||
|-
| 1997 || ''Bhamane Satyabhamane (Telugu Version of [[Avvai Shanmughi]])''|| | [[K. S. Ravikumar]]||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Thenali]]''||[[K. S. Ravikumar]] ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Mazhai]]''|| Raj kumar ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Bluff Master (2018 film)]]'' || Gopi Ganesh ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]'' || [[Satish Vegesna]] ||
|-
|}
'''As a line producer'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Year
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Film
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Director
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Notes

|-
| 2003 || ''[[Unnai Charanadaindhen]]'' || - ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' || '''Background score:''' Premji Amaren '''Original songs:'''[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], Premji Amaren (1 Song) ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum]]'' || - ||
|-
|}
'''As a distributor'''
* ''Rakasi Nagu''
* ''Tulasi Dalam''
* ''Rakshakudu''
* ''Police Story : First Strike''
* ''[[Mr. Nice Guy (1997 film)]]''
* [[Who Am I? (1998 film)|''Who Am I?'']]
* ''[[The Accidental Spy]]''

'''As a Serial Producer'''
In 2012, he established Sridevi Media Entertainments banner. Under this banner he produced a TV serial Muthyamanta Pasupu in Telugu, telecast on [[ETV Network]] TV channel and successfully completed 250 episodes.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm3766014|name=Sivalenka Krishna Prasad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Sivalenka Krishna}}
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Indian film distributors]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

Anuradha T. K.

2026-04-20T10:41:12Z

LeoSpragg093: stub - done

{{short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Anuradha T.K.
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Anuradha T K.png
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|04|30}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names =
| fields = Space Science

| workplaces = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| patrons =
| education = University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering
| alma_mater = University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering
| thesis_title = 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 
| doctoral_advisor = 
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Her help in GSAT-12 and first female team leader in ISRO

| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Anuradha T.K.''' is a retired Indian scientist and Program director of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO), specialized communication satellites. She has worked on the launches of the satellites [[GSAT-12]] and [[GSAT-10]]. She was the senior most female scientist at ISRO, having joined the space agency in 1982,<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38253471|title=The women scientists who took India into space|date=2016-12-12|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/181618/meet-isros-space-girls.html|title=Meet ISRO's 'Space Girls'|website=Deccan Herald|date=5 August 2011 |access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref> and also the first woman to become a satellite project director at ISRO.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/04/meet-the-lady-behind-success-of-risat-i/|title=Meet the lady behind success of RISAT I|author=Bihar Reporter|work=The Biharprabha News|access-date=2017-04-04|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal background==
Anuradha TK was born in Bangalore, [[Karnataka]] in 1961. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in electronics from the [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]] in Bangalore. She was interested in science and always wanted to join the space program, so she rejected an offer from the India Institute of Science (IISc) to study for a [[Master of Science]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianspacestation.com/research/general/491-reaching-out-to-the-skies|title=Reaching out to the skies|last=ISS|work=indianspacestation.com|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702194440/http://www.indianspacestation.com/research/general/491-reaching-out-to-the-skies|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref> She graduated with a bachelor's degree in electronics from the [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]] in Bangalore.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://jeppiaartech.in/femfest2014/index.php/component/k2/item/280-t-k-anuradha |title=T K ANURADHA |date=2014-02-21 |access-date=2017-04-04 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221193703/http://jeppiaartech.in/femfest2014/index.php/component/k2/item/280-t-k-anuradha |archivedate=2014-02-21 }}</ref> Anuradha has three sisters. Her father was a professor of Sanskrit, and her mother was a homemaker. When [[Neil Armstrong]] [[Apollo 11|landed on the Moon in 1969]], she was only in primary school. Her parents inspired her a lot so they always told her a lot about the Moon mission. They also encouraged her and her sisters to go ahead and compete in any field they wanted so, two of her sisters became electrical engineers and the other became a very brave and great doctor.

Anuradha married into a family where everyone is fascinated by electronics. Her husband is the general manager at [[Bharat Electronics]]. Her eldest daughter is a computer science engineer in the US, and her second daughter is a student of electronic engineering. “My husband and parents-in-law were always cooperative, so I didn't have to worry much about my children ” she says.
.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==

Unlike many of her classmates, she chose to stay in India to pursue her career. The first job was testing satellites at the Satellite Centre in Bangalore, and her boss was [[Udupi Ramachandra Rao|Professor Udupi Ramachandra Rao]], who later served as the chairman of the agency from 1984 to 1994. Anuradha developed electronic equipment for satellites.
Anuradha TK was the senior-most woman officer at the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)]], where she worked for over 37 years. Anuradha is the role model at work. She always said “You don't get any special treatment because you're a woman, you're also not discriminated against because you're a woman. You're treated as an equal here."
She said “I never liked subjects where I needed to remember a lot and science looked logical to me. I don't believe that Indian girls think science is not meant for them and I think math is their favorite subject." Her satellite project director has given her so many supports, unlike others who think that women and science don't gel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/260217/indias-rocket-women.html|title=India's rocket women|date=2017-02-26|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en}}</ref> She has been a leading figure in several Indian space programs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://wiesummit.ieeer10.org/smt-t-k-anuradha/|title=Smt T K Anuradha – IEEE WIE Global Summit 2016|website=wiesummit.ieeer10.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/01/19/hands-that-rock-the-space-missions-at-isro.html|title=Hands that rock the space missions at yuyuISRO|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>

Anuradha innovation is that she created a way to control the geo-synchronous satellites. Anuradha successfully maneuvered GSAT- 12 into its final orbit through complex operations executed from the control facility in Hassan. It was her Innovate that made GSAT-12 a success. Her method continues to be used today. For the first time, an all women team did the job at Hassan. As the project director, she oversaw the launch of the GSAT-9, GSAT-17 and GSAT-18 communication satellites. She served as Project Manager, Deputy Project Director and Associate Project Director for the Indian Remote Sensing and the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System programs. Her speciality are systems which observe a satellite's performance once it is in space.

"Her advice to women aspiring to be rocket scientists is simple: make arrangements.” "Once girls see that there are lots of women in the space program, they also get motivated, they think if she can do it, so can they.” Anuradha's growth and story inspire many people today. With her encouragement, more and more women chose to join scientific careers
.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-cetera/isro-successfully-launches-latest-communication-satellite-gsat-12/articleshow/9235872.cms?intenttarget=no|title=ISRO successfully launches latest communication satellite GSAT-12|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/isro-gsat-12-138117-2011-07-23
|title=ISRO banks on womanpower for GSAT-12 |date=23 July 2011 |first=Max |last=Martin |publisher=India Today |access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/articles-in-indian-media.htm?dtl/13847/Only+the+sky+is+the+limit|title=Only the sky is the limit|website=www.mea.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref> She supervised and headed the technical group of 20 engineers.<ref name=":4" /> As a part of an all-women research team, together with Pramoda Hedge and Anuradha Prakash, she maneuvered the GSAT-12 into its final orbit from ISRO's [[Master Control Facility]] (MCF) in Hassan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

After working with the [[GSAT-12]], Anuradha TK led the launch of the much bigger communication satellite [[GSAT-10]] in September 2012.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":1" />

As the project director, she also oversaw the launch of the [[GSAT-9]], [[GSAT-17]] and [[GSAT-18]] communication satellites. She has also served as Project Manager, Deputy Project Director and Associate Project Director for the [[Indian Remote Sensing]] and the [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System]] programs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Her specialty is satellite checkout systems which observe a satellite's performance once it is in space.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/news/woman-s-hand-in-india-s-latest-satellite-news-national-lhptukjbbadsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315175923/http://www.sify.com/news/woman-s-hand-in-india-s-latest-satellite-news-national-lhptukjbbadsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-03-15|title=Woman's hand in India's latest satellite |work=Sify|access-date=2017-04-04|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2003 Space Gold Medal award by Astronautical Society of India for the services in the field of Space sciences
* 2011 Suman Sharma Award by [[National Design & Research Forum National Design and Research Forum|National Design & Research Forum]] (NDRF) of IEI
* 2012 ASI- ISRO Merit Award for Realization of Indigenous Communication spacecraft
* 2012 ISRO Team Award 2012 for being team leader for the realization of GSAT-12<ref name=":4" /> don

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

y

[[Category:Women scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]

Gambegre Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:21Z

LeoSpragg093: started!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gamberge
| type = SLA
| map_image = Gambegre Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura]]
| constituency_no = 56
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| abolished =
| mla = [[Mehtab Sangma|Mehtab Chandee Agitok Sangma]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Meghalaya|2024 by-election]]
| electors = {{Formatnum:31439}}
}}

'''Gambegre Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gambegre Election and Results 2023, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/gambegre.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=3 | [[Saleng A. Sangma]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 elections in India#Meghalaya|2024 By-election]] || [[Mehtab Sangma]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly By-election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 elections in India#Meghalaya|2024 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Gambegre}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mehtab Sangma]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=12,678 |percentage=42.10% |change={{increase}}15.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhiarani M. Sangma |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=8,084 |percentage=26.84% |change={{decrease}}2.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jingjang M. Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,695 |percentage=25.55% |change={{decrease}}14.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bernard N. Marak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=710 |percentage=2.36% |change={{increase}}1.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jerry A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=706 |percentage=2.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=95 |percentage=0.32% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,594 |percentage=15.25% |change= {{increase}}5.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,115 |percentage=90.84% |change={{increase}}0.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =33,091 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Gambegre<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Saleng A. Sangma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,252 |percentage=39.76% |change={{increase}}9.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhiarani M. Sangma |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=8,381 |percentage=29.61% |change={{increase}}28.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Sangma |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,628 |percentage=26.95% |change={{increase}}13.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jhim Carter M. Sangma |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=367 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daniel M Sangma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=315 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sairill D. Marak |party=Garo National Council |votes=198 |percentage=0.70% |change={{decrease}}11.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=131 |percentage=0.46% |change={{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,871 |percentage=10.14% |change= {{increase}}9.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,302 |percentage=90.44% |change= {{decrease}}1.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,439 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}9.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Gambegre<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Saleng A. Sangma]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,291 |percentage=30.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhiarani M. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,155 |percentage=29.91% |change={{increase}}10.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phillipole D. Marak |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,134 |percentage=13.10% |change={{increase}}7.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jinberth R. Marak |party=Garo National Council |votes=2,891 |percentage=12.08% |change={{increase}}5.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehru D. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=2,727 |percentage=11.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nengrin Sangma |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=311 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=282 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=136 |percentage=0.57% |change= {{decrease}}17.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,925 |percentage=91.93% |change= {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,026 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}6.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Gambegre<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Saleng A. Sangma]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,260 |percentage=37.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Besterfield N. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,803 |percentage=19.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarang A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=2,862 |percentage=14.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Widnald D. Marak |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,529 |percentage=7.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meckenson Marak |party=Garo National Council |votes=1,248 |percentage=6.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ballen A. Sangma |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,135 |percentage=5.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prewil Ch. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=496 |percentage=2.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,457 |percentage=17.63% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,609 |percentage=91.44% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,445 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Garo Hills district]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{Coord|25.44|90.2|display=title}}

[[Category:West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Lipi (script)

2026-04-17T09:47:44Z

LeoSpragg093: Created a entry w/ infobox

{{short description|Ancient Indian script}}
{{italic title}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 240
| footer = [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] (top) and [[Kharosthi script]]s are mentioned as ''lipi'' in ancient Indian texts.<ref name=salomon8>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3|pages=8–10 with footnotes}}</ref>
| image1 = Ashoka Girnar.png
| image2 = Loulan kharosthi document.jpg
}}
'''''Lipi''''' means 'writing, letters, alphabet', and contextually refers to scripts, the art or manner of writing, or in modified form such as ''lipī'' to painting, decorating or anointing a surface to express something.<ref name=lipimmw>{{cite book|title=Sanskrit-English Dictionary|author=Monier Monier-Williams|year=1899|publisher = Oxford University Press|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0900/mw__0935.html |pages=902–903}}</ref><ref name=solomon11>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3|page=11}}</ref>

The term ''lipi'' appears in multiple texts of [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]], some of which have been dated to the 1st millennium BCE in [[ancient India]]. Section 3.2.21 of [[Pāṇini]]'s ''[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]'' (around 500 BCE),<ref>{{Citation |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |year=2016 |title=How the Brahmins Won: From Alexander to the Guptas |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muAzDwAAQBAJ&q=P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini |isbn=9789004315518 |author-link=Johannes Bronkhorst}}</ref> mentions ''lipi'' in the context of writing.<ref name=solomon11/><ref>{{cite journal| author=Juhyung Rhi|year= 2009|journal= Journal of Central Eurasian Studies| volume= 1|title=On the Peripheries of Civilizations: The Evolution of a Visual Tradition in Gandhāra|pages=5, 1–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Rita Sherma|author2=Arvind Sharma|title=Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4eXRvwyvtMC&pg=PA235|year=2008|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-8192-7|page=235}}</ref> However, Panini does not describe or name the specific name of [[Sanskrit script]]. The ''[[Arthashastra]]'' (200 BCE - 300 CE), in section 1.2–5, asserts that ''lipi'' was a part of the education system in ancient India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Takao Hayashi|editor=Gavin Flood|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99868-7|page=365}}</ref>

According to Buddhist texts such as ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra]]'', young Siddhartha – the future [[Buddha]] – mastered philology and scripts at a school from Brahmin Lipikara and Deva Vidyasinha.<ref name=nado95>Lopon Nado (1982), ''The Development of Language in Bhutan'', The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 5, Number 2, page 95, '''Quote''': "Under different teachers, such as the Brahmin Lipikara and Deva Vidyasinha, he mastered Indian philology and scripts. According to Lalitavistara, there were as many as sixty-four scripts in India."</ref><ref name=georgbuhler6/> These texts list the ''lipi'' that the Buddha of ancient India knew as a child, and the list contains sixty-four scripts, though Salomon states that "the historical value of this list is however limited by several factors".<ref name=salomon8a>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3|pages=8–9 with footnotes}}</ref> A version of this list of sixty-four ancient Indian scripts is found in the Chinese translation of an Indian Buddhist text, and this translation has been dated to 308 CE.<ref name=salomon9>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3|page=9}}</ref>

The canonical texts of [[Jainism]] list eighteen ''lipi'', with many names of writing scripts that do not appear in the Buddhist list of sixty-four ''lipi''. The Jaina list of writing scripts in ancient India, states Buhler, is likely "far older" than the Buddhist list.<ref name=salomon8a/>

==Terminology==
''Lipi'' means 'script, writing, alphabet' both in Sanskrit and [[Pali language|Pali]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=T. W. Rhys Davids|author2=William Stede|title=The Pali-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHWHmHnMLtAC|year=1905|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1273-0|page=584}}</ref> A ''lipika'' or ''lipikara'' means '[[scribe]]' or 'one who writes',<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3|page=65}}</ref> while ''lipijnana'' and ''lekhā'' means the 'science or art of writing'.<ref name=lipimmw/><ref>{{cite book|author=Sheldon Pollock|title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC |year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-93202-9|page=187}}</ref> Related terms such as ''lekhā'' ({{lang|sa|लेखा}}, related to ''rekhā'' 'line') and ''likh'' ({{lang|sa|लिख}}) are found in [[Vedic]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=T. W. Rhys Davids|author2=William Stede|title=The Pali-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHWHmHnMLtAC|year=1905|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1273-0|page=586}}</ref><ref>Maurice Bloomfield (2014, 2nd edition: 1964), [https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/832/mode/2up A Vedic Concordance], Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-8124606650}}, page 832, Bloomfield mentions several mentions of ''Lekha'' in Vedic texts, e.g. section 1.5.3 of the ''Taittiriya Samhita''.</ref> and post-Vedic<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stella Kramrisch|author2=Raymond Burnier|title=The Hindu Temple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C&pg=PA11|year=1976|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0223-0|pages=11 with footnote 22}}</ref> Sanskrit texts of Hinduism, as well as in regional languages such as the Pali texts of Buddhism.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31959|author=Monier Monier-Williams|year=1899|publisher = Oxford University Press|pages=901}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=T. W. Rhys Davids|author2=William Stede|title=The Pali-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHWHmHnMLtAC|year=1905|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1273-0|pages=576, 583–584}}</ref>

A term ''lip'' ({{lang|sa|लिप्}}) appears in verse 4.4.23 of the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'', verse 5.10.10 ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'', verse 2 in ''[[Isha Upanishad]]'' and verse 5.11 in ''[[Katha Upanishad]]''.<ref>GA Jacob (1963), [https://archive.org/stream/UpanishadVakyaKosha-AConcordanceOfThePrincipalUpanishadsAndBhagavad/UpanishadVakyaKoshaSktEng#page/n807/mode/2up Upanishad Vakya Kosha – A Concordance of the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita], Motilal Banarsidass, page 802</ref><ref name=olivelleearlyix/> It means 'smear, stain'.<ref>Monier Monier Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0900/mw__0935.html Lip], Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 902</ref> These are the early [[Upanishads]] and a part of Vedic literature of Hinduism.<ref name=olivelleearlyix>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lsp18ZvstrcC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535242-9|pages=ix, 7–10, 126–127, 236–237, 398–399, 406–407}}</ref>

[[File:Ashoka Pillar at Feroze Shah Kotla, Delhi 05.JPG|thumb|240px|[[Ashoka pillar]] edicts evidence the use of ''lipi'' in ancient India. The 3rd-century BCE pillar inscription asks people of his and future generations to seek [[dharma]], use persuasion in religion, stop all killing, and be compassionate to all life forms.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Interpretation of the most ancient of inscriptions on the pillar called lat of Feroz Shah, near Delhi, and of the Allahabad, Radhia and Mattiah pillar, or lat inscriptions which agree therewith|author=James Prinsep| year=1837| journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society|url= https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic62asia#page/600/mode/2up |volume=6|issue=2| pages=600–609}}</ref>]]
According to section 4.119 of the ''Unadisutras'' as now received, ''lipi'' is derived from the Sanskrit root ''lip''.<ref name=Hultzsch /> The ''Unadisutras'' themselves certainly existed before the time of [[Pāṇini]],<ref name=mullerunadi/><ref>{{cite book|author=Maurice Winternitz|authorlink=Moriz Winternitz|title=History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&pg=PA476|year=1963|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0056-4|page=476}}, Quote: "Such a list [rules of Unadisutras] existed from before the time of Panini, since he twice refers to it".</ref> instances of later [[Interpolation (manuscripts)|interpolations]] have been raised by [[Max Müller]], although Müller does not discuss whether the sutra related to ''lipi'' was interpolated.<ref name=mullerunadi>{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|authorlink=Max Müller|title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryancient00mlgoog |year=1859|publisher=Williams and Norgate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryancient00mlgoog/page/n271 245]–249}}; {{cite book|author1=Braj B. Kachru|author2=Yamuna Kachru|author3=S. N. Sridhar|title=Language in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC |year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2|pages=202–203}}</ref> Salomon in 1995 remarked "The external testimony from literary and other sources on the use of writing in pre-Ashokan India is vague and inconclusive. Alleged evidence of pre-[[Mauryan]] writing has in the past been found by various scholars in such sources as later Vedic literature, the [[Pali Canon|Pali canon]], the early Sanskrit grammatical treatises of Pāṇini's and his successors, and the works of European classical historians. But all of these references are subject in varying degrees to chronological or interpretive problems."<ref name="Salomon 1995">{{Citation | last=Salomon | first=Richard | title=On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts: A Review Article. ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 115.2 (1995), 271–279|url=http://indology.info/papers/salomon/}}</ref>

The [[Edicts of Ashoka]] (circa 250 BCE) use the word '''''lipī'''''. According to some authors, the word ''lipi'', which is spelled ''dipi'' in the two [[Kharosthi]] versions of the rock edicts,{{refn|group=note|For example, the first line of the first Edicts at [[Shahbazgarhi]] (or at [[Mansehra]]) reads: ''"(Ayam) [[Dharma|Dhrama]]-dipi Devanapriyasa Raño likhapitu"'' ("This Dharma-Edicts was written by King [[Devanampriya]]".) {{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=51 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n191/mode/2up |language=Sanskrit}}}} comes from the [[Old Persian]] prototype ''dipi'' ([[Wikt:लिपि|𐎮𐎡𐎱𐎡]]), which also means 'inscription', which is used for example by [[Darius I]] in his [[Behistun inscription]].{{refn|group=note|For example [https://www.livius.org/sources/content/behistun-persian-text/behistun-t-42/ Column IV, Line 89]}} [[E. Hultzsch]], an epigraphist in the colonial British Empire, in his 1925 study on the Inscriptions of Asoka, considered the ''lip'' derivation untenable because of the two [[Kharosthi]] rock edict inscriptions from 3rd century BCE which use ''dipi'' instead of ''lipi''. Hultzsch, as well as Sharma, state that this suggests a borrowing and diffusion of ''lipi'' from an [[Old Persian]] prototype ''dipi''.<ref name=Hultzsch>{{cite book|last1=Hultzsch|first1=E.|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum v. 1: Inscriptions of Asoka|year =1925| publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford |page=xlii| url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n44/mode/1up }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=R. S. |title=India's Ancient Past |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199087860 |page=163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"The word dipi appears in the Old Persian inscription of Darius I at Behistan (Column IV. 39) having the meaning inscription or "written document" in {{cite book |last1=Congress |first1=Indian History |title=Proceedings – Indian History Congress |date=2007 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhVDAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Old Persian ''dipi'' in turn is a loanword from [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] ''dup''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scharfe |first=Hartmut |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/7s19sZFRxCUC?hl=en |title=Handbook of Oriental Studies |date=2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12556-8 |pages=11 |language=en |chapter=The Oral Tradition}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fucus/F5G74rBLJE4C?hl=en |title=Fucus: A Semitic/Afrasian Gathering in Remembrance of Albert Ehrman |date=1988 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-3552-7 |editor-last=Arbeitman |editor-first=Yoël L. |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref>

==Chronology==
Some Indian traditions credit [[Brahma]] with inventing ''lipi'', the scripts for writing.<ref name=jaotsungi>Jao Tsung-i (1964), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41682442 CHINESE SOURCES ON BRĀHMĪ AND KHAROṢṬHĪ], Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 45, No. 1/4 (1964), pages 39–47</ref> Scholars such as Lallanji Gopal claim some ancient ''lipi'' such as the Brahmi script as used in the Indian texts, may have originated in [[Jainism]].<ref>Lallanji Gopal (1978), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41691740 DID BRĀHMĪ SCRIPT ORIGINATE WITH THE JAINS?], Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 58/59, pages 711–726</ref>

;"Lipi" in the Edicts of Ashoka
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Ashoka Sarnath Lipii word.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Dhrama Dipi inscription in the Shahbazgarhi First Edict in the Kharosthi script.jpg
| width2 = 162
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: The word ''[[Lipī]]'' used by [[Ashoka]] to describe his "Edicts" ([[Brahmi script]]); Right: In [[Kharosthi]], Edict No.1 of the [[Shahbazgarhi]] [[Major Rock Edict]] of [[Ashoka]] (circa 250 BCE) reads "Di" [[File:Kharoshthi letter Di.jpg|15px]] rather than "Li" [[File:Kharoshthi letter Li.jpg|15px]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |pages=56–57 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n197/mode/2up |language=Sanskrit}}</ref>
}}
According to Harry Falk, scripts and the idea of writing can be traced to the Indus Valley civilization in the 3rd millennium BCE, but the term ''lipi'' in 1st millennium BCE Indian literature may be a loan word from the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] region, as a variant of Sumerian ''dub'', turned to ''dipi'' or ''dipī''.<ref name="Falk2009">{{cite book| author=Harry Falk |title= The Idea of Writing|chapter= Foreign Terms In Sanskrit Pertaining To Writing|year= 2009|pages= 207–218|isbn= 978-9047427926|publisher=Brill Academic| doi=10.1163/ej.9789004174467.i-396.66}}</ref> Sanskrit ''lipi'', states Falk, likely arose from a combination of foreign influences and indigenous inventions.<ref name="Falk2009"/> One evidence in favor of this view is that the form ''dipi'' was used in some of the [[Kharosthi]]-script [[edicts of Ashoka]] (3rd century BCE) in northwest India (in closest contact to Achaemenid culture) in parallel to ''lipi'' in other regions. As ''dipi'' was used in [[Old Persian]] Achaemenid inscriptions, Hultzsch suggested in 1925 that this proposal is "irresistible."<ref name=Hultzsch/> In his theory about the origin of the [[Brahmi script]], Falk states that the early mention by Paṇini could mean that he was aware of writing scripts in West Asia around 500 BCE, and the Paṇini's mention of ''lipikara'' may possibly refer to non-Indian writers such as Aramaic scribes.<ref name=falk1993>{{cite book|last1=Falk|first1=Harry|title= Schrift im alten Indien: ein Forschungsbericht mit Anmerkungen|date=1993|publisher=Gunter Narr Verlag|language=German|pages=258–9}}</ref>

;"Lipi" in Paṇini
Falk states that the single isolated mention of ''lipi'' by Paṇini, could mean that he was only aware of writing scripts from West Asia around 500 BCE.<ref name=falk1993/> According to Paul Griffiths, there is "no hard evidence of the use of Brahmi or Kharosthi script" in India before the Ashoka stone inscription, but the climate of India is such as that writing on other materials would not have survived for over 2,500 years. So, states Griffith, "the absence of early witnesses certainly doesn't mean there were none", but there is no "clear textual evidence of the use of writing in the Vedic corpus".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=Paul J. |title=Religious Reading: The Place of Reading in the Practice of Religion |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195352207 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acfHjj_q-pkC&pg=PA36 |language=en}}</ref>

;Opinions on origination
Kenneth Norman (a professor and the president of the [[Pali Text Society]]) suggests ''lipi'' in ancient India evolved over the long period of time like other cultures, that it is unlikely that a ''lipi'' was devised as a single complete writing system at one and the same time in the [[Maurya era]]. Norman suggests that it is even less likely that Brāhmī was invented during Ashoka's rule, starting from nothing, for the specific purpose of writing his inscriptions and understood all over South Asia.<ref name="Hinüber1989">{{cite book|author=Oskar von Hinüber|title=Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiYTAQAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur|oclc= 22195130|pages=241–245|isbn=9783515056274}}</ref> Reviewing the recent archaeological discoveries relating to writing scripts in South Asia particularly Buddhism, Norman writes, "Support for this idea of pre-Ashoka development [of writing scripts] has been given very recently by the discovery of sherds at [[Anuradhapura]] in Sri Lanka, inscribed with small numbers of characters which seem to be Brahmi. These sherds have been dated, by both [[carbon 14]] and [[thermo-luminescence dating]], to pre-Ashokan times, perhaps as much as two centuries before Ashoka".<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Roy Norman|title=Buddhist Forum Volume V: Philological Approach to Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYyRAgAAQBAJ |year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-75154-8|pages=67, 56–57, 65–73}}</ref>

Jack Goody similarly suggests that ancient India likely had a "very old culture of writing" along with its oral tradition of composing and transmitting knowledge, because the Vedic literature is too vast, consistent and complex to have been entirely created, memorized, accurately preserved and spread without a written system.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jack Goody|title=The Interface Between the Written and the Oral|url=https://archive.org/details/interfacebetween00good|url-access=registration|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-33794-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/interfacebetween00good/page/110 110]–124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jack Goody|title=Myth, Ritual and the Oral|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BJ_PDhpy2QC |year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49303-1|pages=42–47, 65–81}}</ref> Walter Ong and John Hartley concur with Goody and share the same concerns about the theory that there may not have been any writing scripts during the Vedic age, given the quantity and quality of the Vedic literature.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Walter J. Ong|author2=John Hartley|title=Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys8gGDZQHQ4C |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-53837-4| pages=64–69}}</ref>

Falk disagrees with Goody, and suggests that it is a Western presumption and inability to imagine remarkably early scientific achievements such as Panini's grammar (5th to 4th century BCE), and the creation, preservation and wide distribution of the large corpus of the Brahmanic Vedic literature and the Buddhist canonical literature, without any writing scripts.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Annette Wilke|author2=Oliver Moebus|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0|pages=182–183}}</ref> [[Johannes Bronkhorst]] (professor of Sanskrit and Indian studies) acknowledges that Falk is widely regarded as the definitive study on this subject, but disagrees and states, "Falk goes too far. It is fair to expect that we believe that Vedic memorisation — though without parallel in any other human society — has been able to preserve very long texts for many centuries without losing a syllable. (...) However, the oral composition of a work as complex as Pāṇini’s grammar is not only without parallel in other human cultures, it is without parallel in India itself. (...) It just will not do to state that our difficulty in conceiving any such thing is our problem".<ref>Johannes Bronkhorst (2002), Literacy and Rationality in Ancient India, Asiatische Studien/Études Asiatiques, 56(4), pages 803–804, 797–831.</ref>

Richard Salomon, in a 1995 review, states that the lack of securely datable specimens of writing from pre-3rd century BCE period, coupled with chronological and interpretive problems of more ancient Indian texts, has made dating ''lipi'' and who influenced whom a controversial problem.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Salomon | first=Richard | title=Review: On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=115 | issue=2 | year=1995 | pages=271–279 | doi=10.2307/604670 | jstor=604670 }}</ref>

==Ancient Indian scripts==
While historical evidence of scripts is found in the Indus Valley civilization relics, these remain undeciphered.<ref>{{cite book|author1=F. R. Allchin|author2=George Erdosy|title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37695-2|pages=62–63}}</ref> There has been a lack of similar historical evidence from the 2nd and early 1st millennium BCE, until the time of [[Ashoka]] where the 3rd-century BCE pillar edicts evidence the Brahmi script.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sheldon Pollock|title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC |year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-93202-9|page=10}}</ref> Late 20th-century archaeological studies combined with carbon dating techniques at [[Ujjain]] and other sites suggest that Brahmi script existed on the ancient Indian subcontinent as early as 450 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|author1=F. R. Allchin|author2=George Erdosy|title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37695-2|pages=135–136, 147–148, 174–182, 209–215}}</ref>

Sri Lankan texts and inscriptions suggest that written script were in extensive use in ancient India, and had arrived in Sri Lanka by about 3rd century BCE.<ref>[http://repository.rjt.ac.lk/jspui/bitstream/7013/1094/1/The%20Origin.pdf The Origin of the Art of Writing in India and the Sri Lankan Experience]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Ariya Lagamuwa (2009), Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, page 2, '''Quote''': "The drushtivada of Jains mentioned that Brahmi alphabet has 46 basic characters. Hiuen Tsiang states that the Brahmi alphabet remains intact over the generations and it has 47 characters. (...) According to their historical evidences, it is clear that the Indian alphabets including Brahmi have been widespread during the 3rd century BC".</ref> While scholars agree that developed writing scripts existed and were in use by the second half of the 1st millennium BCE, the chronology and the origins of ''lipi'' in ancient India remain a controversial, difficult and unresolved scholarly topic.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Salomon|first1=Richard|last2=von Hinüber|first2=Oskar|last3=Falk|first3=Harry| title=On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume=115|issue=2|year=1995|pages=271–279 |doi=10.2307/604670|jstor= 604670}}</ref>

===Indian and Chinese Buddhist texts===
The tenth chapter of the ''Lalitavistara'', named ''Lipisala samdarshana parivarta'', lists the following 64 scripts as what Siddhartha (the Gautam Buddha) learned as a child from his schools. This list is found in both Indian Buddhist texts and its ancient Chinese translations:<ref name=salomon8/><ref name=nado95/><ref name=georgbuhler6>{{cite book|author=Georg Bühler|title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet|url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft|year=1898|publisher=K.J. Trübner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/6 6], 14–15, 23, 29}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) a passage of the ''Lalitavistara'' which describes the first visit of prince Siddhartha, the future Buddha, to the writing school..." (page 6); "In the account of prince Siddhartha's first visit to the writing school, extracted by Professor Terrien de la Couperie from the Chinese translation of the Lalitavistara of 308 AD the utterance of the master Visvamitra,...."</ref>{{Refn|group=note|The names of scripts in this list varies by manuscript and Buddhist text, states Richard Salomon.<ref name=salomon8/>}}

{{Div col start|colwidth=19em|gap=0}}<div style="margin-top:-.3em">
# Brāhmī
# Kharoṣṭī
# Puṣkarasāriṃ
# Aṅga-lipiṃ
# Vaṅga-lipiṃ
# Magadha-lipiṃ
# Maṅgalya-lipiṃ
# Aṅgulīya-lipiṃ
# Śakāri-lipiṃ
# Brahmavali-lipiṃ
# Pāruṣya-lipiṃ
# Drāviḍa-lipiṃ
# Kirāta-lipiṃ
# Dākṣiṇya-lipiṃ
# Ugra-lipiṃ
# Saṃkhyā-lipiṃ
# Anuloma-lipiṃ
# Avamūrdha-lipiṃ
# Darada-lipiṃ
# Khāṣya-lipiṃ
# Cīna-lipiṃ
# Lūna-lipiṃ
# Hūṇa-lipiṃ
# Madhyākṣaravistara-lipiṃ
# Puṣpa-lipiṃ
# Deva-lipiṃ
# Nāga-lipiṃ
# Yakṣa-lipiṃ
# Gandharva-lipiṃ
# Kinnara-lipiṃ
# Mahoraga-lipiṃ
# Asura-lipiṃ
# Garuḍa-lipiṃ
# Mṛgacakra-lipiṃ
# Vāyasaruta-lipiṃ
# Bhaumadeva-lipiṃ
# Antarīkṣadeva-lipiṃ
# Uttarakurudvīpa-lipiṃ
# Aparagoḍānī-lipiṃ
# Pūrvavideha-lipiṃ
# Utkṣepa-lipiṃ
# Nikṣepa-lipiṃ
# Vikṣepa-lipiṃ
# Prakṣepa-lipiṃ
# Sāgara-lipiṃ
# Vajra-lipiṃ
# Lekhapratilekha-lipiṃ
# Anudruta-lipiṃ
# Śāstrāvartāṃ
# Gaṇanāvarta-lipiṃ
# Utkṣepāvarta-lipiṃ
# Nikṣepāvarta-lipiṃ
# Pādalikhita-lipiṃ
# Dviruttarapadasaṃdhi-lipiṃ
# Yāvaddaśottarapadasaṃdhi-lipiṃ
# Madhyāhāriṇī-lipiṃ
# Sarvarutasaṃgrahaṇī-lipiṃ
# Vidyānulomāvimiśrita-lipiṃ
# Ṛṣitapastaptāṃrocamānāṃ
# Dharaṇīprekṣiṇī-lipiṃ
# Gaganaprekṣiṇī-lipiṃ
# Sarvauṣadhiniṣyandāṃ
# Sarvasārasaṃgrahaṇīṃ
# Sarvabhūtarutagrahaṇīm
</div>{{Div col end}}

;Historicity
The historical value of this list of ''lipis'' is however limited, states Salomon, by several factors.<ref name=salomon8a/> Although the Buddhist text with this list is ancient because it was translated into Chinese in 308 CE, the date of its actual composition is unknown. According to Salomon, the canonical texts of Buddhism may not be authentic and have interpolations. For example, he suggests that "Huna-lipi" or the script of the [[Huns]] listed as 23rd ''lipi'' in this list suggests that this part and the present form of the Buddhist text may have been fabricated in the 4th century CE.<ref name=salomon8a/> Other than Brahmi and Kharosthi ''lipi'' mentioned in this list which can be positively identified with historic inscriptions, other writing scripts consist presumably of regional derivatives of Brahmi which cannot be specifically identified. Some names such as ''Naga-lipi'' and ''Yaksa-lipi'' appear fanciful, states Salomon, which raises suspicions about historicity of this section of the Buddhist canonical text.<ref name=salomon8a/> However, adds Salomon, a simpler but shorter list of 18 ''lipis'' exist in the canonical texts of Jainism, an ancient Indian religion that competed with Buddhism and Hinduism. Buhler states that the Jaina ''lipi'' list is "in all probability considerably older" than the Buddhist list of 64 writing scripts in ancient India. The Jaina list does not have names that Salomon considers fanciful.<ref name=salomon8a/>

The authenticity of ''Lalitavistara Sutra'' where this list appears and other canonical texts of [[Theravada]] and [[Mahayana]] Buddhist traditions, as well as "a complete denial of the existence of a historical Buddha", has been among the long debated questions in Buddhism scholarship.<ref>Alexander Wynne (2005), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24007653 The Historical Authenticity of Early Buddhist Literature: A Critical Evaluation], Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 49, pages 35–70</ref><ref name=thomas239/> Suspicions about the historicity of ''Lalitavistara'', states EJ Thomas, are built upon presumptions which seek to reconstruct early history to fit certain theories and assumptions about what must have come first and what must have come later.<ref name=thomas239>EJ Thomas (1940), "The Lalitavistara and Sarvastivada", Indian Historical Quarterly, volume 16, number 2, pages 239–245</ref>

===Tibetan texts===
[[File:Angika.svg|thumb|Lipi with rounded shapes is mentioned in 7th-century Tibetan texts.<ref name=schaub221/>]]
The Magadhalipi mentioned in the ''Lalitavistara'' is discussed in the 7th-century Tibetan texts, in two forms: ''dBu-can'' (script with ''matra'' or the framing horizontal line drawn above each letter of the alphabet), and ''dBu-med'' (script without ''matra''). The former is derived from the more ancient Lantsha script, while the latter derived from the Vartula script.<ref>{{cite book|author= Alaka Chattopadhyaya|title=Atisa and Tibet: Life and Works of Dipamkara Srijnana in Relation to the History and Religion of Tibet with Tibetan Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8Ssa5r7MZkC |year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0928-4 |pages=200–201, 451–452}}</ref> According to Cristina Scherrer-Schaub, Vartula means "rounded shape" and likely refers to the rounded letters of alphabet that were invented for various ancient Indian scripts. Scherrer-Schaub adds that the list of sixty-four scripts in the Buddhist text likely contains scripts that are fictional, with Devalipi and Nagalipi as examples.<ref name=schaub221>{{cite book|author=Cristina Scherrer-Schaub|title=Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 14: Old Tibetan Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roF95JoXZNUC |year=2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-15517-6|pages=221–222 with footnote 18}}</ref>

===Jain texts===
A smaller list of eighteen ancient Indian ''lipi '' is found in the Prakrit texts of Jainism (spelled as ''lipi'' sometimes<ref>{{cite book|author=Muni Nagraj|title=Āgama Aura Tripiṭaka, Eka Anuśilana: Language and literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXVOXRrYQiQC |year=1986|publisher=Concept|isbn=978-81-7022-731-1|pages=223 with footnote 1}}</ref>), such as the ''Pannavana Sutra'' (2nd century BCE) and the ''Samavayanga Sutra'' (3rd century BCE).<ref name=salomon9/><ref name=jaotsungi/> This list shares some names found in the Buddhist lists of ancient Indian scripts, but includes new names. The Jaina script list includes Brahmi at number 1, Kharosthi at number 4, but includes Javanaliya(Greek) and others which are not found in the Buddhist lists.<ref name=salomon9/> Scholars such as Buhler state that the Jaina list of ancient Indian scripts is likely older than the Buddhist list, but still belonging to the second half of the 1st millennium BCE wherein Javanaliya probably is the same as one of the many Sanskrit scripts called ''Yavanani'', which was derived from the Greek (''[[Yavana]]'') alphabet.<ref name=salomon9/> The Jaina canonical texts list the following writing scripts in ancient India:<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3|page=9 with footnote 9}}</ref>

{{Div col start|colwidth=12em|gap=0}}<div style="margin-top:-.3em">
# Brahmi
# Javanaliya (Greek)
# Dosapuriya
# Kharosthi
# Pukkharasariya
# Bhogavaiya
# Paharaiyao
# Amtarikariya
# Akkharaputthiya
# Venaiya
# Ninhaiya
# Amka-livi
# Ganita-livi
# Gamdhavva-livi
# Ayamsa-livi
# Mahesari
# Damili (Tamil Brahmi)
# Polimdi
</div>{{Div col end}}

==Devalipi and Devanagari==
Given the similarity in the name, [[Devanagari]] may have roots in Devalipi, but Walter Maurer states that there is no verifiable evidence to prove that this is so.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Walter H Maurer| title=On the Name Devanāgarī| journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume=96|issue=1 |year=1976|jstor= 599893| pages=101–104| doi=10.2307/599893}}</ref> According to Richard Salomon, the Brahmi script evolved to become both the north Indian scripts such as Devanagari, [[Gurmukhi alphabet|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati alphabet|Gujarati]] and [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], as well as the south Indian scripts such as [[Tamil script|Tamil]], [[Telugu script|Telugu]], [[Kannada alphabet|Kannada]] and [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3|pages=33, 31–39}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columnslist|colwidth=20em|
* Related topics
** [[Brahmi script]]
** [[Indus script]]
** [[Kharosthi|Kharosthi script]]
** [[Kohi script]]
** [[Tamil script]]
* Other similar topics
** [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
** [[Edicts of Ashoka]]
** [[History of India]]
** [[Indian copper plate inscriptions]]
** [[South Indian Inscriptions]]
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an142820.pdf ''Lipi'' in ancient India] {{in lang|zh}}, 佉留文字與四十二字門, 正觀雜誌 (1999)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160924134751/http://resources.84000.co/browser/released/UT22084/046/UT22084-046-001.pdf The ''Lalitavistara''] (The play in full), translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee, pages 91–92
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073113/http://ir.nul.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jspui/bitstream/2237/24139/1/SAMBHASA-26-4.pdf ''Candravyakarana'' – Deciphering an arrowhead Indian script], Albrecht Hanisch (2009), Nagoya University
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44155474 The Vartula or Vaivarta Lipi], Sita R Roy (1967)

[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Hindu literature]]
[[Category:Buddhist literature]]
[[Category:Jain literature]]

Sunder Singh Thakur

2026-04-12T13:51:37Z

LeoSpragg093: Created New Bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sunder Singh Thakur
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1965|05|05}}
| birth_place = [[Palampur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| relations =
| education = [[Himachal Pradesh University]] [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]
| honorific_prefix =
| office = [[Sukhu ministry|Chief Parliamentary Secretary]], [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
| term_start = 8 January 2023
| governor = [[Rajendra Arlekar]] {{small|(2022–2023)}} [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]] {{small|(2023–2026)}} [[Kavinder Gupta]] {{small|(2026–present)}}<ref>{{cite news |last=BN |first=UNI |date=6 March 2026 |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/north/himachal-new-governor/3763730.html |title=Kavinder Gupta to take over as Himachal Pradesh Governor |work=United News of India |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| 1blankname1 = Deputy CM
| 1namedata1 = [[Mukesh Agnihotri]]
| 1blankname2 = Departments
| 1namedata2 = Power Department Tourism Department Forest Department Transport Department
| office3 = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Kullu Assembly constituency|Kullu]]
| term_start3 = 18 December 2017
| predecessor3 = [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
| term_end3 =
| successor3 =
| spouse = Indira Thakur
}}

'''Sunder Singh Thakur''' (born 5 May 1965) is an Indian politician. He is serving as member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kullu Assembly constituency|Kullu]] since [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]. He is [[Parliamentary secretary|chief parliamentary secretary]] in [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bisht |first=Gaurav |title=Kullu MLA bats for legalising hemp cultivation in Himachal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/kullu-mla-bats-for-legalising-hemp-cultivation-in-himachal-101675191880201.html |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kullu Election Result 2022 LIVE: Kullu MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/kullu-assembly-elections-hp-23/ |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 8, 2023 |title=Himachal CM administers oath to 6 chief Parliamentary Secretaries |url=https://www.uniindia.com/himachal-cm-administers-oath-to-6-chief-parliamentary-secretaries/north/news/2893411.html |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=[[United News of India|UNI]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Public Representative {{!}} District Kullu {{!}} India |url=https://hpkullu.nic.in/administrative-setup/public-representative/ |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=District Kullu}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sunder Singh Thakur was born on 5 May 1965 in Shallang, [[Kullu]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He did [[Bachelor of Science|BSc (Medical)]] from [[Punjab University (Chandigarh)|Punjab University]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]] from [[Himachal Pradesh University]].

== Political career ==
Sunder Singh Thakur has had a dynamic political career with various responsibilities and positions:

* Organizing Secretary, HIMSA Chandigarh (1985–1986)
* Vice President, H.P. NSUI (1989–1991)
* Chairman, Panchayat Samiti Kullu (1991–1994)
* Vice-Chairman, Zila Parishad Kullu (1994–1999)
* Member of the State Pollution Board (2003–2008) and Himachal Pradesh Sports Council (2013–2017)
* Vice-President, Himachal Pradesh Youth Congress
* State Delegate, H.P. Congress Committee (2009–2012)
* General Secretary, Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee (2012 onwards)

He was elected to the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]] in December 2017 and served on various committees, including the Public Accounts Committee (2021–2022), Subordinate Legislation Committee (2018–2022), General Development Committee (2018–2021), and Privileges Committee (2022).

Sunder Singh Thakur was re-elected to the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]] in December 2022 and appointed Chief Parliamentary Secretary on 8 January 2023. He is attached to the Chief Minister and Deputy Chief Minister for the MPP & Power Department, Tourism Department, Forest Department, and Transport Department, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Chief Parliamentary Secretary |url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/484 |website=HP Vidhan Sabha}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Sunder Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Kullu district]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]

Prema Katha Chitram

2026-04-11T12:14:03Z

LeoSpragg093: Added pg...

{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prema Katha Chitram
| image = Prema Katha Chithram Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical movie poster
| director = J. Prabhakara Reddy
| producer = Maruthi Dasari Sudarshan Reddy
| writer = [[Maruthi Dasari]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sudheer Babu]]
*[[Nandita Raj (actress)|Nanditha]]
*[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
*[[Saptagiri (Telugu actor)|Saptagiri]]
}}
| cinematography = J. Prabhakara Reddy
| editing = S. B. Uddhav
| studio = Maruthi Media House Productions
| distributor = Maruthi Media House Productions
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|06|07}}<ref name="PKC release date">{{cite web|title=Sudheer Babu's 'Preme Katha Chitram' to be released on May 11|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sudheer-babus-preme-katha-chitram-to-be-released-on-may-11/388844-71-216.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020194149/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sudheer-babus-preme-katha-chitram-to-be-released-on-may-11/388844-71-216.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2013|publisher=ibnlive.in|accessdate=6 May 2013}}</ref>
| runtime = 130 minutes
| language = Telugu
| music = Jeevan Babu
| budget = {{INR|2.5 crore}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131229/entertainment-tollywood/article/2013-biggest-hits-misses | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819093622/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131229/entertainment-tollywood/article/2013-biggest-hits-misses | archive-date=19 August 2015 | title=2013: The biggest hits & misses | url-status=live | date=29 December 2013 }}</ref>
| gross = ₹20 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Comedies reaped gold for southern cinema
|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/375104/comedies-reaped-gold-southern-cinema.html |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |date=17 December 2013 |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Prema Katha Chitram''''' ({{translation|A Love Story Picture}}) is a 2013 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[horror comedy]] film produced by [[Maruthi]] and Sudarshan Reddy, and directed by J.Prabhakara Reddy. It stars [[Sudheer Babu]] and [[Nanditha Raj|Nanditha]]. Reddy also is the cinematographer with editing by S. B. Uddhav and music by J.B.<ref name="PKC release date" /> The audio of the film was launched on 12 April 2013 by [[Mahesh Babu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahesh Babu unveils PKC audio|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Mahesh-Babu-unveils-PKC-audio/articleshow/19527627.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618233352/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-13/news-interviews/38510768_1_prema-katha-chitram-sudheer-babu-j-prabhakar-reddy|url-status=live|archive-date=18 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref> The film released on 7 June 2013 to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Prema-Katha-Chitram-opens-to-positive-reviews/articleshow/20473256.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610024407/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-07/news-interviews/39814526_1_sudheer-babu-j-prabhakar-reddy-nanditha|url-status=live|archive-date=10 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Prema Katha Chitram opens to positive reviews|access-date=7 June 2013}}</ref>

The film was successful at the box office, emerging among the top 5 Telugu films in the year 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/101916.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104224638/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/101916.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2014|title='Prema Katha Chitram' In Top 5 Hits Of 2013|website=IndiaGlitz|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref> The film was remade in Kannada as ''[[Chandralekha (2014 film)|Chandralekha]]'' with [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] and in Tamil as ''[[Darling (2015 Indian film)|Darling]]'' with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. The film is listed among the "25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade {{!}} Film Companion|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017163531/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2019|access-date=2021-06-26|website=www.filmcompanion.in|language=en}}</ref> The film had a [[Prema Katha Chitram 2|sequel]] in 2019 with a different cast reprising the roles, however, it became a failure at box office.

==Plot==
The movie starts with Sudheer Babu, Praveen, and Nanditha planning a group suicide because of their failures in their respective lives. Firstly, they try to fulfill their last wishes before leaving this world. Nanditha wants to steal a new car and Sudheer wants to slap the local MLA in his own house. After stealing a new car and slapping the local MLA, the trio flees to a nearby farmhouse owned by Praveen's boss after escaping from the police. The car is stolen when the trio enter a restaurant to have some food. There, yet another suicide aspirant named Nellore Giri joins them and the four reach the farmhouse. There, Praveen and Nanditha, who is in love with Sudheer, plans to postpone their suicide for three days so that they can prevent Sudheer from committing suicide due to love failure.

Their plan turns successful and in that interval of three days, all the four get close to each other. Sudheer develops feelings for Nanditha but hesitates to tell her for fear of being humiliated by her. At the end of the third day, Praveen asks Nanditha to kiss Sudheer to divert from death, per male psychology. He meanwhile requests Sudheer to kiss Nanditha as she wants to experience her first kiss before dying to which Sudheer accepts with shame and shyness. As he tries to kiss her, a ghost enters the body of Nanditha, who forces Sudheer out of there. A flabbergasted Sudheer runs out of the room. Whenever Nanditha shows her feelings to Sudheer and Sudheer reacts to it by hugging or touching her, the ghost enters her body and scares Sudheer away. Unaware of the ghost's entry into her body, Nanditha grows depressed.

That night Sudheer learns about Nanditha, a hotel management student who falls for him, her neighbor. Sudheer never observes her and his intimacy with another girl leads Nanditha to plan to propose to Sudheer at any cost. Praveen, who wants to prevent Sudheer from killing himself, uses this opportunity and plans the combined suicide. Thus, the four are aware that they are not going to die. When Praveen hears Sudheer describing Nanditha as a ghost, he rushes to Nanditha's room to scold her and ask for an apology to Sudheer, only to see the ghost enter her body and thrash him. Giri too experiences the ghost's fury at its villainous best. The trio decide to distance themselves from her and always stay together.

Later, the trio have made multiple attempts to get the ghost to vacate Nanditha's body, only to earn the wrath of the ghost. After Nanditha realizes the ghost's presence in her, she too accompanies the trio to escape from there, in vain. The group decides to leave the house hoping that the ghost wouldn't bother them. However, the ghost comes out and forces Nanditha back inside. Sudheer tries to her to come but the ghost slaps him, telling him to go. Frustrated and enraged that the ghost has tortured and ruined him for so long he slaps her twice. Nanditha becomes sad and runs back inside the house. This forces the group to stay back as they will only leave along with her. As Sudheer apologizes to Nanditha, she asks hugs and asks him to never leave her. However, Sudheer pushes her back saying that them being close will make the ghost mad and asks her to keep her distance. Nanditha becomes hurt and depressed, resulting in a suicide attempt by slitting her wrist. Three rich men enter the farmhouse who permit the four to stay there. One of them is the owner of the farmhouse. Sudheer reaches Nanditha but in turn, is requested to kill those three by the ghost. Sudheer asks her the reason for vengeance, and the ghost narrates her story to the trio.

The ghost is Lakshmi, a newly married girl who enters the farmhouse with her husband for their first night. There these three drunk men break the boy's head with a champagne bottle and rape the girl. The boy dies after being impaled accidentally and drowning in the swimming pool. Then those three men bury her nearby. Sudheer, Praveen, and Giri decide to fight them and are successful in killing them. The ghost leaves Nanditha's body. The trio takes her to a nearby hospital, where Sudheer donates blood to her. She gains consciousness, and the movie ends with Saptagiri and Praveen watching the couple hugging each other.<ref>{{YouTube|_rOj_rMcGNg}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sudheer Babu]] as Sudheer
* [[Nanditha Raj]] as Nanditha
* [[Saptagiri (Telugu actor)|Saptagiri]] as Giri
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Praveen
* Kadiyala Praveena as ghost
* [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] as Dance Director (cameo)

==Reception==

=== Critical reception ===
The film opened to positive reviews. [[Mallemala Entertainments|''123Telugu'']] gave a review of rating 3.5/5 stating "Humour, Horror, and Romance is base human emotions. When they are handled effectively, viewers will connect strongly to a story. The same is the case with 'Prema Katha Chitram'. The entertaining and thrilling second half will make you happy. Don’t miss this flick."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-prema-katha-chitam-a-very-entertaining-thriller.html|title=Review : Prema Katha Chitam – A Very Entertaining Thriller|publisher=123telugu.com|accessdate=7 June 2013|archive-date=9 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609064332/http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-prema-katha-chitam-a-very-entertaining-thriller.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Idlebrain.com|''Idlebrain'']] gave a review of rating 3/5 stating "Made on a meagre budget of under 20 million, Prema Katha Chithram, from the team of low-budget super hits Ee Rojullo & Bus Stop, is going to be a winner at box office for its thrilling/entertaining moments in second half."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/premakathachitram.html|title=Prema Katha Chitram review|publisher=idlebrain.com|accessdate=7 June 2013|archive-date=10 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610093620/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/premakathachitram.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oneindia Entertainment gave a review stating "Prema Katha Chithram - Thriller with a pleasant surprise of good acting and story. Definitely an enjoyable movie."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2013/prema-katha-chithram-movie-review-111492.html|title=Prema Katha Chitram movie review|date=7 June 2013|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|access-date=7 June 2013 |archive-date=9 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609093620/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/reviews/2013/prema-katha-chithram-movie-review-111492.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''IndiaGlitz'' gave a review of rating 3.25/5 stating "It is a crazy idea that has been glossed over with immense craft. The film is a laugh riot. Even if you don't like one part of the film, you will like the rest of it, for it is a Montreal film with the sole purpose of dishing out entertainment and entertainment alone."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/17325.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609083227/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/17325.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2013|title=Prema Katha Chitram - Fun, fear and romance, indeed|website=IndiaGlitz|accessdate=7 June 2013}}</ref> ''APHerald.com'' gave a review of rating 3.5/5 stating "Prema Katha Chitram is a perfect mix of suspense-horror-love , don’t miss it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/23430/Prema-Katha-Chitram-Movie-Review-Rating/|title=Prema Katha Chitram Movie Review, Rating|publisher=APHerald.com|accessdate=7 June 2013|archive-date=8 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608231321/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/23430/Prema-Katha-Chitram-Movie-Review-Rating|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Telugucinema'' gave a review of rating 3.25/5 stating "Prema Katha Chitram hits right notes. The writer has mixed horror elements and comedy perfectly. It is a simple story and is told interestingly and entertainingly. In one sentence, it is a hilarious spooky thriller."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/pkc_moviereview.php|title=Prema Katha Chitram - Movie Review|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|accessdate=7 June 2013 |archive-date=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014190133/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/pkc_moviereview.php|url-status=live}}</ref> way2movies.com gave a review of rating 3.25/5 stating "Despite few flaws, Prema Katha Chitram makes you glued to the screens for its right mix of horror and humor."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/reviewssingle_telugu/Prema-Katha-Chithram-Movie-Review-6-341063.html|title=Prema Katha Chithram Movie Review|publisher=way2movies.com|accessdate=7 June 2013 |archive-date=9 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609170839/http://telugu.way2movies.com/reviewssingle_telugu/Prema-Katha-Chithram-Movie-Review-6-341063.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The first day collection of the film was {{INRConvert|34|m}}. On the second day, it collected {{INRConvert|29|m}} and {{INRConvert|25.8|m}} on the third day, thus collecting {{INRConvert|65|m}} in just 3 days, which was a jackpot for the producers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/prema-katha-chithram-weekend-box-office-111677.html|title=Prema Katha Chithram weekend Box Office collections|date=10 June 2013|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|access-date=10 June 2013 |archive-date=13 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613003706/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2013/prema-katha-chithram-weekend-box-office-111677.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By the week ending 30 June 2013 the film was declared a hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://123telugu.com/slideshow/movies/B/Box_Office_Report_30_06_2013/Box_Office_Report_PKC2.html|title=Box office report|publisher=123telugu.com|accessdate=1 July 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017030944/http://123telugu.com/slideshow/movies/B/Box_Office_Report_30_06_2013/Box_Office_Report_PKC2.html|archivedate=17 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film completed 50 Days in 53 Centers on 26 July 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/50days-premakathachitram.html|title=Prema Katha Chitram 50 days celebrations|publisher=123telugu.com|accessdate=26 July 2013|archive-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731152026/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/50days-premakathachitram.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and completed 100 Days in 9 Centers on 14 September 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/97496.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006164429/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/97496.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2013|title='Prema Katha Chitram' Completes 100 Days|website=IndiaGlitz|accessdate=14 September 2013}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Prema Katha Chitram
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Prema Katha Chitram
| artist = Jeevan Babu
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 12 April 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:26
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Jeevan Babu
| prev_title = [[Bus Stop (2012 film)|Bus Stop]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Kotha Janta]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The music was composed by Jeevan Babu, in which the song, ''Vennelaina Cheekataina'', is from [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]-[[Sridevi]]'s ''Pachchani Kaapuram'' was remixed. The film's audio was launched by Mahesh Babu on 12 April 2013 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/92722.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414124434/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/92722.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2013|title=I'm a very big fan of Mahesh: Sudheer|website=IndiaGlitz|accessdate=13 April 2013}}</ref> J.B. used [[D. Imman]]'s composition "Ayayayoo Aananthamey" from the Tamil movie [[Kumki (film)|Kumki]] for the song ''Kothagunna Haaye''.

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 24:26
| title1 = I Just Love You Baby
| note1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra1 = Lipsika, Revanth
| length1 = 03:54
| title2 = Vennelaina Cheekataina
| note2 =
| lyrics2 = [[Veturi]]
| extra2 = [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]], Revanth
| length2 = 04:27
| title3 = Prema Katha Chitramidi
| note3 =
| lyrics3 = Karunakar Adigarla
| extra3 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| length3 = 03:20
| title4 = Kothagunna Haaye
| note4 =
| lyrics4 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra4 = Deepu, Ramya Behra
| length4 = 04:48
| title5 = Oh My Love
| note5 =
| lyrics5 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra5 = Lipsika
| length5 = 04:43
| title6 = Prema Katha Chitram Dance Bit
| note6 =
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = J.B., Rahul Sipligunj
| length6 = 02:02
| title7 = Theme Music
| note7 =
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = J.B.
| length7 = 01:12
}}

==Remakes==
The film was remade in Kannada as ''[[Chandralekha (2014 film)|Chandralekha]]'' with [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] and in Tamil as ''[[Darling (2015 Indian film)|Darling]]'' with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2971414}}

[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic horror films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2013 horror films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]

Kanad Purkayastha

2026-04-10T04:03:41Z

LeoSpragg093: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kanad Purkayastha
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Assam]]
| term_start = 19 June 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Mission Ranjan Das]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| parents = [[Kabindra Purkayastha]]
| image =
| caption = Purkayastha in 2026
}}
'''Kanad Purkayastha''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from the state of [[Assam]]. He is a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from a constituency in Assam.

He is the son of former Union Minister of State [[Kabindra Purkayastha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2025-06-07 |title='Assam’s my inspiration': Kanad Purkayastha thanks BJP leadership for Rajya Sabha nod |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/assams-my-inspiration-kanad-purkayastha-thanks-bjp-leadership-for-rajya-sabha-nod-1580223 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP names Kanad Purkayastha its candidate for Assam RS polls - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-names-kanad-purkayastha-its-candidate-for-assam-rs-polls/articleshow/121691591.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-06-07 |title=BJP nominates Kanad Purkayastha for Assam Rajya Sabha polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/07/bjp-nominates-kanad-purkayastha-for-assam-rajya-sabha-polls |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2025 Rajya Sabha elections]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Assam]]
* [[Kabindra Purkayastha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purkayastha, Kanad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

Nobin Paul

2026-04-07T09:14:29Z

LeoSpragg093: Added entry

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Nobin Paul
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|04|11}}
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| occupation = [[Music Composer]]
| years_active = 2016 - present
}}

'''Nobin Paul''' is an [[India]]n [[film]] [[Music Director|music composer]] who primarily works in [[Kannada]] film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandraj |first=Shilpa |date=2021-09-10 |title=Nobin Paul: It has been fun working in the Kannada film industry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nobin-paul-it-has-been-fun-working-in-the-kannada-film-industry/article36394507.ece |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
== Early Life ==
Paul was born in [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]. His family shifted to [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]] after his schooling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-19 |title='കടൽ രംഗം പശ്ചാത്തല സംഗീതത്തോടെ കണ്ടുകഴിഞ്ഞതും ജൂഡ് കെട്ടിപ്പിടിച്ച് ഒരുമ്മ തന്നു' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/2018-music-director-nobin-paul-interview-06f47c78 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> Prior to entering the film industry, he composed advertising jingles. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Composer Nobin Paul: People are loving the music of 777 Charlie; if they hadn’t, I would have been devastated |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/composer-nobin-paul-people-are-loving-the-music-of-777-charlie-if-they-hadnt-i-would-have-been-devastated/0aebcd928f717 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Songs
!Score
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2016
|[[Rama Rama Re...|Rama Rama Re]]
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|First Best Film - Karnataka State Film Awards 2016
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-16 |title=TV5 KANNADA |url=http://tv5kannada.com/2020/05/16/amidst-the-lock-down-is-rama-rama-ray-sound/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517075955/http://tv5kannada.com/2020/05/16/amidst-the-lock-down-is-rama-rama-ray-sound/ |archive-date=2020-05-17 |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=TV5 KANNADA |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[Churikatte]]
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sebastian |first=Shilpa |date=2018-01-22 |title=Churikatte is about the timber mafia, Raghu Shivamogga on his debut film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raghu-shivamogga-on-the-making-of-his-debut-film-churikatte/article22490574.ece |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[Aatagadharaa Siva|Aatagadhara siva]]
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=2018-07-20 |title=Aatagadharaa Siva Movie Review {3.5/5} |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-07-20/Aatagadharaa-Siva-Movie-Review-355/399820 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[Ondalla Eradalla]]
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-18 |title=Satya Prakash creates buzz with Ondalla Eradalla |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/Jun/17/satya-prakash-creates-buzz-with-ondalla-eradalla-1829551.html |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Anukta]]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-11 |title=Kannada film Anukta to go on the floors soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Devaki (2019 film)|Devaki]]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Devaki' review: An interesting thriller |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/devaki-review-an-interesting-thriller-745422.html |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Katha Sangama (2019 film)|Katha Sangama]]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=2019-12-11 |title=Making of 'Katha Sangama': 7 directors on how Kannada anthology film was conceptualised |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/making-katha-sangama-7-directors-how-kannada-anthology-film-was-conceptualised-113875 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[777 Charlie]]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|National Film Awards 2021 - Best Feature Film in Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rakshit Shetty’s Film 777 Charlie Earns 50 Crores Worldwide |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rakshit-shettys-film-777-charlie-earns-50-crores-worldwide-5397241.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260205015528/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rakshit-shettys-film-777-charlie-earns-50-crores-worldwide-5397241.html |archive-date=2026-02-05 |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Dr. 56]]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2019-06-13 |title=Priyamani’s next will be the Kannada ‘Doctor 56’ |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/priyamani-s-next-will-be-kannada-doctor-56-103560 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[2018 (film)|2018 (''film'')]]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|India's official entry for the Academy Awards (Best International Feature Film) in 2024 <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=Malayalam film ‘2018’ selected as India’s official entry for Oscars 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-film-2018-selected-as-indias-official-entry-for-oscars-2024/article67352192.ece |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-28 |title=‘2018’ picked as India’s official entry for Oscars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/2018-picked-as-indias-official-entry-for-oscars/articleshow/104004552.cms |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[Kotee]]
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಕಲರ್ಸ್ ಕನ್ನಡದಿಂದ ಹೊರ ಬಂದ ಬಳಿಕ ನಿರ್ದೇಶನಕ್ಕೆ ಇಳಿದ ಪರಮ್; ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಹೀರೋ ಜೊತೆ ಸಿನಿಮಾ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/parameshwar-gundkal-directorial-debut-which-is-set-to-star-dhananjay-in-the-lead-sgk-rsy7tl |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2024
|[[2018 (film)|2018 (''film'')]]
|[[SIIMA]]
|Best Music Director
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=Dasara, Jailer, Kaatera and 2018 Lead SIIMA Nominations In Most Popular Categories |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/dasara-jailer-kaatera-and-2018-lead-siima-nominations-in-most-popular-categories-article-111823069 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[777 Charlie]]
|[[SIIMA]]
|Best Music Director
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-11 |title=Each song in '777 Charlie' has a unique flavor, a distinct character: Nobin Paul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/each-song-in-777-charlie-has-a-unique-flavor-a-distinct-character-nobin-paul/articleshow/86100364.cms |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[777 Charlie]]
|[[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]]
|Best Music Director
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations of 68th Filmfare Awards South 2023 Kannada |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/kannada/nominations |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm9115309|name=Nobin Paul}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Nobin}}

[[Category:Indian male composers]]

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:1983 births]]

C. Sadanandan Master

2026-04-04T03:57:19Z

LeoSpragg093: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. Sadanandan Master
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 21 July 2025
| nominator = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[Ram Shakal]]
| constituency = [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] (Social work)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|05|01}} <ref name="express13"/><ref name="m716"/>
| birth_place = Perinchery, [[Mattannur]], [[Kannur]], Kerala, India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Teacher, Social worker, Writer, Poet,
| known_for =
| spouse = Vanitharani T.
| children = Yamuna Bharati
| awards =
}}
'''C. Sadanandan Master''' (born May 1, 1964) an Indian school teacher and social worker turned politician who is serving as a Nominated Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (2025) and Vice President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Kerala|Kerala unit]].<ref name="Times14July">{{cite news |title=From having legs hacked off to getting Rajya Sabha foothold: A Master's journey of grit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-having-legs-hacked-off-to-getting-rajya-sabha-foothold-a-masters-journey-of-grit/articleshow/122424644.cms |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714044603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-having-legs-hacked-off-to-getting-rajya-sabha-foothold-a-masters-journey-of-grit/articleshow/122424644.cms |archive-date=14 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="new18">{{cite news |title=PM Modi Called Me, Said Kerala Matters: C Sadanandan Master On Rajya Sabha Nomination |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/pm-modi-called-me-said-kerala-matters-c-sadanandan-master-on-rajya-sabha-nomination-exclusive-ws-kl-9437592.html |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=News18 |date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714045850/https://www.news18.com/politics/pm-modi-called-me-said-kerala-matters-c-sadanandan-master-on-rajya-sabha-nomination-exclusive-ws-kl-9437592.html |archive-date=14 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="newminute">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=CPI(M) cadres hacked his legs off in '94, now Sadanandan Master is back as a BJP candidate |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/cpim-cadres-hacked-his-legs-94-now-sadanandan-master-back-bjp-candidate-40744 |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=The News Minute |date=24 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714050102/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/cpim-cadres-hacked-his-legs-94-now-sadanandan-master-back-bjp-candidate-40744 |archive-date=14 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He is the vice-president of the National Teachers Union (NTU) of Kerala and the editor of its publication, ''Deshiya Adhyapaka Vartha''. <ref name="mathurbhumi"/>

In 1994, at age 30, he was attacked by the members of CPI (M) party and both his legs were hacked below the knees. He unsuccessfully contested the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]] and [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]] assembly elections from the [[Kuthuparamba Assembly constituency]], before being nominated by the President of India to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 2025. <ref name="hindu">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=President nominates Kerala BJP veteran C. Sadanandan to the Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/president-nominates-kerala-bjp-veteran-c-sadanandan-master-to-the-rajya-sabha/article69806640.ece |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714043844/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/president-nominates-kerala-bjp-veteran-c-sadanandan-master-to-the-rajya-sabha/article69806640.ece |archive-date=14 July 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="'Proud moment': Sadanandan Master pledges to work for 'Viksit Kerala' after Rajya Sabha nomination">{{cite news |title='Proud moment': Sadanandan Master pledges to work for 'Viksit Kerala' after Rajya Sabha nomination |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/proud-moment-sadanandan-master-pledges-to-work-for-viksit-kerala-after-rajya-sabha-nomination-101752397564440.html |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714045352/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/proud-moment-sadanandan-master-pledges-to-work-for-viksit-kerala-after-rajya-sabha-nomination-101752397564440.html |archive-date=14 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=President Murmu nominates four to Rajya Sabha, including former Foreign Secretary Shringla, 26/11 prosecutor Nikam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-foreign-secretary-shringla-ujjwal-nikam-c-sadanandan-master-and-meenakshi-jain-nominated-to-rajya-sabha/article69806580.ece |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714045527/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-foreign-secretary-shringla-ujjwal-nikam-c-sadanandan-master-and-meenakshi-jain-nominated-to-rajya-sabha/article69806580.ece |archive-date=14 July 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Kerala BJP Nominee: Ex-Communist Sadanandan Master Joins Rajya Sabha">{{cite news |title=Kerala BJP Nominee: Ex-Communist Sadanandan Master Joins Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/bjps-rs-nominee-sadanandan-master-prioritises-public-service-3628063 |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714050341/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/bjps-rs-nominee-sadanandan-master-prioritises-public-service-3628063 |archive-date=14 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Master was born in the village Perinchery near [[Mattannur]], in a Communist-supporting family. His father was Kunhiraman Nambiar, and his mother was Devi Amma. <ref name="express"/><ref name="m716">{{cite web | last=Centre | first=National Informatics | title=Members Bio | website=Rajya Sabha, Digital Sansad | date=2022-11-14 | url=https://sansad.in/rs/members | access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref> He completed his schooling at Sivapuram Higher Secondary School, Mattannur. Subsequently, he did his pre-degree course at Pazhassi Raja N. S. S. College, Mattanur (Kannur University), followed by graduation from St. Mary's College, [[Kuthuparamba]]. He was active as a member of the CPM during his college days, but later left it due to ideological differences. He gained a B.Com degree from [[Gauhati University]], Assam and a B.Ed from [[Calicut University]].<ref name="mathurbhumi"/> In 1984, he joined the RSS through its students’ wing [[Akhil Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP) and later worked as the RSS Boudhik Pramukh in Ernakulam.<ref name="express">{{cite web | last=Philip | first=Shaju | title=Kerala BJP veteran who lost both legs in Kannur political violence, C Sadanandan Master nominated to Rajya Sabha | website=The Indian Express | date=13 July 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/c-sadanandan-master-kerala-bjp-kannur-political-violence-rajya-sabha-10123385/ | access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="express13"/>

==Career==
He started his career as a primary school teacher at Kuzhikkal LP School in [[Kannur]]. He has held several key positions as president of the National Teachers' Union, Deputy Vice President of BJP in [[Kerala]], Bharatiya Vichara Kendram as a member, and worked in editorial board of BJP's Kerala mouthpiece, ''Janmabhoomi'', RSS Boudhik Pramukh for [[Kannur]].<ref name="statesman">{{cite news |title=Kerala BJP leader, who lost both his legs in 'CPM' attack, nominated to RS |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/kerala-bjp-leader-who-lost-both-his-legs-in-cpm-attack-nominated-to-rs-1503457318.html |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=The Statesman |date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714050251/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/kerala-bjp-leader-who-lost-both-his-legs-in-cpm-attack-nominated-to-rs-1503457318.html |archive-date=14 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Quote box
|text = “Those who were roaring about democracy committed an attack upon me 31 years ago in Kerala. I was returning home when organised criminals caught me from behind, put me down on the road and cut my legs, shouting Inquilab Zindabad,”
|author = C. Sadanandan Master
|title = Addressing the Rajya Sabha, Feb 2, 2026 (He placed his artificial limbs on the table during his maiden speech)<ref name="f121"/>
|image_size = 30%
|align = right
|source = <ref name="v292">{{cite web | last=Datta | first=Adrija | title=Kerala MP displays his prosthetic legs in Rajya Sabha, takes a swipe at CPM | website=Hindustan Times | date=2026-02-02 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-mp-displays-his-prosthetic-legs-in-house-targets-cpm-101770048942810.html | access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref><ref name="l347">{{cite web | title=Why Kerala BJP MP put his artificial legs on display in Rajya Sabha | website=India Today | date=2026-02-03 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-kerala-bjp-mp-put-his-artificial-legs-on-display-in-rajya-sabha-2862617-2026-02-03 | access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref>
}}

Over the next decade, he grew in the RSS, and by 1994, at age 30, he was serving as the RSS Sahkaryavah in Kannur district. On January 25, 1994, around 8.30 pm, he got down from a bus at Uruvachal near Mattannur, that is when a gang of CPI (M) members allegedly attacked him, pinned him to the ground and hacked both his legs below the knee. They also mutilated the legs so that he couldn't be rejoined surgically. However, after a few months in the hospital, he returned to his school, using [[prosthetic]] legs to walk. <ref name="express"/><ref name="express13">{{cite news |title=Kerala BJP veteran who lost both legs in Kannur political violence, C Sadanandan Master nominated to Rajya Sabha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/c-sadanandan-master-kerala-bjp-kannur-political-violence-rajya-sabha-10123385/ |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714043859/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/c-sadanandan-master-kerala-bjp-kannur-political-violence-rajya-sabha-10123385/ |archive-date=14 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="f121">{{cite web | last=Sultan | first=Parvez | title=Sadanandan Master places his artificial limbs on table in Rajya Sabha, triggering heated exchange with CPI-M | website=The New Indian Express | date=2026-02-02 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Feb/02/sadanandan-master-places-his-artificial-limbs-on-table-in-rajya-sabha-says-cpm-workers-assaulted-him | access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref>

In the coming years, he continued his teaching career, remained active in [[Sangh Parivar]] politics and was a major opponent of [[political violence]] in [[Kerala politics]].<ref name="mathurbhumi"/> In the process, he also gained a popular epithet as 'Master' or 'Maashay. <ref name="Times14July"/> In 1999, he joined as a Social Science teacher at the Sree Durga Vilasam Higher Secondary School in [[Peramangalam]], Thrissur.<ref name="mathurbhumi">{{cite news |title=Who is C Sadanandan Master? Kerala teacher, political violence survivor nominated to Rajya Sabha |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/c-sadanandan-master-kerala-teacher-rajya-sabha-nominee-mb3jhatc |access-date=14 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714044647/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/c-sadanandan-master-kerala-teacher-rajya-sabha-nominee-mb3jhatc |archive-date=14 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, he retired as a teacher from a school in Peramangalam village, Thrissur, and became a part of the intellectual wing of the RSS, Bharatiya Vichara Kendram. <ref name="express"/> In 2025, he appointed one of the vice-presidents of the BJP's Kerala Unit. <ref name="express"/>

==Personal life==
He is married to Vanitha Rani, also a teacher. The couple have a daughter, Yamuna Bharati, who is a B.Tech. student.<ref name="mathurbhumi"/>
== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Master, C. Sadanandan}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Kannur University alumni]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian politicians with disabilities]]
[[Category:Dismemberments]]

Kunur River

2026-03-28T17:30:22Z

LeoSpragg093: general fix layout after review and improved wording

{{Other uses|Kunur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Kunur River
| native_name = {{native name|bn|কুনুর নদ}}
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = City
| subdivision_name5 = [[Guskara]], [[Nutanhat]]

| length_km = 112
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[Ajay River]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location = TILABONI, [[Faridpur, Durgapur]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Nutanhat]]
| mouth_location = [[Nutanhat]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

'''Kunur River''', one of the main tributaries of the [[Ajay River|Ajay]], {{convert|112|km}} in length, has its origin near Bansgara in the [[Faridpur, Durgapur|Faridpur]] police station area. With water from several small streams swelling it during the monsoons, it often floods large areas of the Ausgram community blocks and [[Mangalkot]] police stations of [[Bardhaman district]]. It joins the Ajay near [[Nutanhat]] city.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, p 35, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>

==Archaeology==
[[Microlith]]s of crystalline stone and petrified wood from about 1250–1000 BC are found in many places in the [[Ajay River|Ajay]]-Kunur-[[Kopai River|Kopai]] river system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://tanmoy.tripod.com/bengal/archaeology.html | title = Ancient Bengal in Ancient India| access-date = 2009-02-14 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|23.533143|N|87.901611|E|source:google_region:IN|format=dms|display=title}}

{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}

[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

PT Givergis Paniker Karichal

2026-03-25T14:12:22Z

LeoSpragg093: Added info

{{Short description|Indian Christian leader (1912–1986)}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| name = Rev. P.T. Givergis Panicker Karichal
| image = FrGivergis.jpg
| caption = Fr. P.T Givergis Paniker
| birth_name = P.T. Givergis Paniker
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1912|2|19}}
| birth_place = Karichal, [[Alappuzha, Kerala]]
| ordination = 19 May 1936 by [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1986|10|23|1912|2|19}}
| tomb = St.George Malankara Syrian Catholic Church, Karichal<ref name="mavelikaradiocese">{{cite web|url=http://www.mavelikaradiocese.org/parish_details.php?pid=78&dis=Mavelikara|website=mavelikaradiocese.org|title=Welcome to Catholic Diocese of Mavelikara|Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Eparchy of Mavelikara|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
| death_place = Karichal, Alappuzha, Kerala
}}

'''Rev. P.T. Givergis Paniker Karichal''' was a [[priest]], [[educationalist]] and [[astrologer]] of [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]. He is from the great [[Panicker]] family and 39th priest of the family. He was the vicar of St. George Malanakara Syrian Catholic Church<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.worldorgs.com/catalog/alappuzha/catholic-church/st-george-malankara-syrian-catholic-church-karichal | title=Malankara Church Karichal}}</ref> and the headmaster of St Mary's U.P school, Karichal.

== Early life ==
Fr. Givergis was born on 9 February 1912 at Karichal, as the youngest son to Thomas Panicker and Mariyama Thomas Panicker. He was educated at the M.D. Seminary of the Orthodox Jacobite Church of [[Kerala]] and was ordained [[deacon]] on 3 June 1928 by the Metropolitan [[Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril]]. He took Aleyamma as his wife in the year 1929 and was stirred by the Reunion Movement of Mar Ivanios who received him into the Catholic Church in 1931. Ordained to the priesthood on 19 May 1936 by the late Archbishop [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios]] of Trivandrum. Fr. Givergis Paniker Karichal was the first married deacon to have been raised to the dignity of the priesthood in the Malankara Syrian Catholic Church.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Though never educated formally in a Catholic Seminary, Fr. Givergis grew up as a leading theologian of the Malankara Syrian Catholic Church. His unparalleled interest in the [[Antiochene Rite]] Liturgy led him to be a great scholar in the [[Syriac language]]. By studying the language of liturgical texts he was able to shed new light on the meaning of the oriental traditions of the Eucharistic Service. His learned article on 'The Holy Qurbono in the Syro-Malankara Church' which he contributed to The Eucharistic Liturgy in the Christian East edited by Dr. J. Madey of West Gennany testifies to this. His notes and diaries which he kept on the [[Malankara Rite]] Liturgy were posthumously published in two volumes by his son Fr. P.G. Thomas Paniker. His writings and especially his lectures which he gave to the students of the Pontifical Seminary, Alway, when he was a professor there, were noted for originality and depth which derive from his own prayer and reflection upon the mysteries of the liturgy.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

A resident priest of the village of Karichal in the District of [[Alleppey]] in [[Kerala]], Fr. Givergis lived with his wife and children serving his folk faithfully till he died on 23 October 1986. He was a rare example of holy and dedicated priestly life. His priesthood golden jubilee was celebrated on 19 May 1986, on the same year he was called to eternal life.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malankaralibrary.com/ImageUpload/fc50865f1a2dbdbdb2d71aca59a39255.pdf | title= Biography of P.T Givergis Paniker}}</ref>

== Books ==
Givergis Paniker main work is ''THE HOLY QURBONO – IN THE SYRO MALANKARA CHURCH''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malankaralibrary.com/book/details/978/THE_HOLY_QURBONO_-_IN_THE_SYRO_MALANKARA_CHURCH_ | title=Book – THE HOLY QURBONO – IN THE SYRO MALANKARA CHURCH}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malankaralibrary.com/book/details/811/Malakara_Kurbana_Thirthadaka_Sabhayil_| title= Book – Malayalam version}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://malankaralibrary.com/ Malankara Library]
* [http://www.mavelikaradiocese.org/ Mavelikara Diocese]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karichal, PT Givergis Paniker}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Syro-Malankara Catholics]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Alappuzha district]]

Believers Eastern Church

2026-03-25T05:32:30Z

LeoSpragg093: added article for accuracy and corrected details

{{cite news |last=Varghese |first=Rinu |date=11 June 2008 |title=GFA says allegations politically motivated |url=http://www.christiantoday.co.in/articles/gfa-says-allegations-politically-%20motivated/2715.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729010838/http://www.christiantoday.co.in/articles/gfa-says-allegations-politically-%20motivated/2715.htm |archive-date=2014-07-29 |work=Christianity Today India |publisher=}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
|name = Believers Eastern Church
|image = St. Mary's Believers Eastern Church - Niranam.jpg
|alt = A parish of the Believers Church
|imagewidth = 300px
|caption =
|type =
|main_classification = Independent Church
|polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
|leader_title=[[Metropolitan bishop]]
|leader_name = Samuel Mor Theophilus<ref name=Theophilus>{{cite web |title=Holy Synod Elects New Metropolitan |url=https://www.bec.org/new-metropolitan-of-believers-eastern-church-announced/ |website=Believers Eastern Church |date=17 June 2024}}</ref>
|leader_title1 = [[Bishop]]s
|leader_name1 = 30 (2017)<ref name="TH2018" />
|liturgy=Orthodox Liturgy|headquarters=St. Thomas Community, Thiruvalla, Kerala|founder= Moran Mor Athanasius Yohan I Metropolitan
|founded_date = 1993
|merger =
|aid =
|hospitals=Believers Church Medical College Hospital, Believers City Clinic, Believers Hospital - Konni|separations =
|associations = [[Kerala Council of Churches]]<ref name="TNIE2017">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/sep/03/csi-to-stiffen-stance-over-believers-churchs-induction-into-kerala-council-of-churches-1651785.html |title=CSI to stiffen stance over believers church's induction into KCC |date=3 September 2017 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130350/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/sep/03/csi-to-stiffen-stance-over-believers-churchs-induction-into-kerala-council-of-churches-1651785.html |archive-date=2018-03-21}}</ref> and National Council of Churches in India
|division_type = Dioceses
|division = 91
|division_type1 =
|division1 =
|churches=15000 parishes worldwide|members = 3,500,000{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
|ministers =
|secondary_schools =Believers Church Residential School - Thiruvalla, Believers Church Residential School, Believers Church Mahatma Central School, Believers Church English Medium School Alappuzha, Believers Church Vijayagiri Public School, Believers Church Grace Garden School and many other schools
|tertiary =
|website = {{URL|www.bec.org}}
|other_names = Believers Church (formerly)
}}

'''Believers Eastern Church''' ('''BEC''', previously '''Believers Church''') is a church of [[India]]n origin with congregations and parishes worldwide. It follows an [[episcopal polity|episcopal]] governance and structure.<ref name="urlBC-About">{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.believerschurch.com/about/ |access-date=2015-01-10 |publisher=Believers Eastern Church}}</ref> It holds Christ as its head ({{bibleverse|Col|1:18|AMP}}) and further requires that bishops and ordained ministers submit to its metropolitan and his successors. It is governed by a committee of bishops, the synod, with one central bishop holding the honorary title of "[[prima inter pares|first among equals]]" and follows [[Evangelical Christian]] doctrine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bec.org/structure-and-governance/ |title=Structure and Governance |publisher=Believers Eastern Church |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref> BEC is administratively based in the state of [[Kerala]] in southwestern [[India]]. The church has 91 dioceses<ref name="Believers Eastern Church">{{Cite web |title=Believers Eastern Church Contact Information |url=https://www.bec.org/contact/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Believers Eastern Church}}</ref> in 14 nations. It claims a membership of more than 3.5 million in 10 countries speaking a hundred languages. It has 30 bishops, and the [[Presiding bishop|Metropolitan Bishop]] is Moran Mor Samuel Theophilus<ref name=Theophilus /><ref name="Theophilus2">{{cite web |url=https://www.bec.org/moran-mor-samuel-theophilus-metropolitan/ |title=Moran Mor Samuel Theophilus Metropolitan |website=Believers Eastern Church |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref> who replaced Moran Mor Athanasius Yohan I Metropolitan<ref name="yohan">{{cite web |url=https://www.bec.org/athanasius-yohan/ |title=Moran Mor Athanasius Yohan Metropolitan |website=Believers Eastern Church}}</ref> (formerly known as [[K. P. Yohannan]]).

==History==
[[File:Consecration of Metropolitan Yoahn.jpg|thumb|Consecration of Metropolitan Yohan by Bishop K J Samuel. Mar Aprem Mooken and other bishops alongside]]
The Church was founded in 1993 as part of the GFA World (formerly [[Gospel for Asia]]) apostolate.<ref name="Bergunder2008">{{cite book |last=Bergunder |first=Michael |title=The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century |date=6 June 2008 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |language=en |isbn=978-0-8028-2734-0 |page=54 |quote=In 1993, Gospel for Asia created its own church administrative structure, the Believers'Church, where newly founded congregations supported by Gospel for Asia were grouped together.}}</ref> On 6 February 2003, K. J. Samuel, the Moderator Bishop of the [[Church of South India]] (a part of the worldwide [[Anglican Communion]]), along with the P. M. Dhotekar, [[Anglican Bishop of Nagpur|Bishop of Nagpur]] of the [[Church of North India]], and Bancha Nidhi Nayak, Bishop of Phulbani of the Church of North India, consecrated K. P. Yohannan as a bishop in Anglican lines of [[apostolic succession]]. Bishop [[John Gladstone (bishop)|John Wilson Gladstone]], [[Aprem Mooken|Mar Aprem Mooken]], Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East in India (Chaldean Syrian Church) were also present for the consecration ceremony. K. P. Yohannan thereafter became the first metropolitan of the Believers Eastern Church, and acquired an [[episcopal polity]] of ecclesiastical governance.<ref name="Jacob2003">{{cite web |title=Crisis brewing in CSI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/02/10/stories/2003021003650400.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141125190727/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/02/10/stories/2003021003650400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 November 2014 |last=Jacob |first=George |date=10 February 2003 |access-date=19 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Kottayam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://anglican.ink/article/slander-suit-filed-believers-church-against-csi |title=Slander suit filed by Believers Church against the CSI |last=Conger |first=George |date=18 October 2017 |publisher=Anglican Ink |language=en |access-date=20 March 2018 |quote=On 6 Feb 2003 the Rt. Rev. K. J. Samuel, Bishop in East Kerala and former moderator of the Church of South India, assisted by the Rt. Rev. P.M. Dhotekar, Bishop in Nagpur of the Church of North India, and the Rt. Rev. Bancha Nidhi Nayak, Bishop in Phulbani of the Church of North India, consecrated Yohannan as metropolitan archbishop of the Believers Church. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319075454/http://anglican.ink/article/slander-suit-filed-believers-church-against-csi |archive-date=19 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He later changed his name to Moran Mor Athanasius Yohan Metropolitan in honor of his beloved patron saints, St. Athanasius, the defender of orthodoxy, and St. John (Yohan) the Apostle & Evangelist [https://www.bec.org/athanasius-yohan/]. BEC describes itself as being "Apostolic in origin, universal in nature, Biblical and evangelical in faith, ecumenical in outlook".<ref name="Yohannan2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.drkpyohannan.com/believers-church/ |title=Believers Church |last=Yohannan |first=K.P. |year=2018 |language=en |access-date=20 March 2018 |quote=Believers Church, a Christian denomination, is Apostolic in origin, universal in nature, Biblical and evangelical in faith, ecumenical in outlook, and has a constitutional episcopacy for governance. The Church adheres to the Nicene Creed, Biblical Faith, and traditions of the historical church backed up with its own Canonical Constitution.}}</ref> It adheres to the [[Nicene Creed]], biblical faith, and traditions of the historical church backed up with its own canonical constitution.<ref name="Yohannan2018" /> The Episcopal Synod and the diocesan councils take the responsibility for planning and executing the mission, religious life and charitable programs of the Church. The Believers Eastern Church is divided as regions into dioceses, each with its own [[bishop]]. Each local church has members ranging from less than one hundred to a thousand with an average of a hundred, and the number of parishes themselves are increasing.<ref name="Smith 2009">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Warren Cole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekey6mPjIn8C&pg=PA194 |title=A Lover's Quarrel with the Evangelical Church |date=7 May 2009 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |isbn=978-0-8308-5698-5 |page=194 |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> The BEC is divided into various dioceses under the leadership of a diocesan bishop or a vicar-general.

In 2009, the church ordained seven bishops.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Seven-more-bishops-for-Believers-Church/article16823721.ece |title=Seven more bishops for Believers Church |date=11 December 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612214548/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Seven-more-bishops-for-Believers-Church/article16823721.ece |archive-date=2018-06-12}}</ref> On 2 March 2017, Metropolitan Yohan consecrated twelve bishops for the Believers Eastern Church.<ref name="TH2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/believers-church-gets-12-new-bishops/article17398353.ece |title=12 bishops of Believers Church consecrated |date=3 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320211214/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/believers-church-gets-12-new-bishops/article17398353.ece |archive-date=2017-03-20}}</ref>

==Emblem==
[[File:BEC Emblem.png|thumb|120x120px]]
The emblem of the Believers Eastern Church reflects its core beliefs, featuring a cross within a circle, surrounded by a dove, heart, book, and fish—symbols of faith. The cross, chosen by early Church fathers, represents Jesus Christ's crucifixion, death, and resurrection. It extends beyond the circle, signifying that Christ's redemptive work transcends time and is central to the faith. The circle represents eternity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Emblem |url=https://www.bec.org/church-emblem/ |website=www.bec.org |publisher=Believers Eastern Church |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

==Faith and practice==
The [[liturgy]] used in the Believers Eastern Church "includes prayers, Scripture readings and a confession of the [[Nicene Creed|Nicene]] or [[Apostles' Creed]] of the Church".<ref name="BECFaithSeries">{{cite book |last1=Moran Mor Athanasius |first1=Yohan |title=Believers Eastern Church Faith and Tradition Series |date=2017 |publisher=Believers Eastern Church Synod Secretariat |location=Kerala, India |pages=61 |edition=1st |url=https://www.bec.org/history/ |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> The readings come from the [[Revised Common Lectionary]], which has a three-year cycle; it observes the [[liturgical year|liturgical calendar]] of [[Western Christianity]], thus keeping [[Lent]], for example.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kpyohannan.org/2018/02/14/gods-heart-aches-wants-share-us/ |title=God's Heart Aches and He Wants to Share That With Us |last=Yohannan |first=K.P. |date=14 February 2018 |language=en |access-date=20 March 2018 |quote=Today marks the first day of Lent. It is one of the oldest holy days on the Christian calendar. As Christians, we have many holidays that we celebrate throughout the year such as Christmas, Palm Sunday and Easter. Lent is a special time like those when we can stop and remember what our lives here on earth are about.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.believerschurch.com/lectionary-2013/ |title=Lectionary 2012-2013 |year=2011 |publisher=Believers Church |language=en |access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> It administers the [[sacrament]]s of [[Baptism]] and [[Holy Communion]]. Women in [[church (building)|churches]] of this denomination wear [[Christian headcovering]]s, in accordance with Believers Eastern Church's interpretation of {{Bibleverse|1 Corinthians|11:2-16|KJV}}. Communicants of BEC use the [[sign of the cross]] in their prayers.<ref name="BECFaithSeries" />

==Beliefs==
[[File:Believers_Eastern_Church_local_congregation.png|thumb|A group photo of believers in front of their church building in Asia]]
The church accepts the [[Old Testament]] and [[New Testament]] of the [[Bible]] as the [[Biblical inspiration|inspired]] Word of God which is [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrant]] and the fundamental standard of faith,<ref name="guiding">K.P. Yohannan (2004). ''Guiding Principles of Believers Eastern Church''. Believers Eastern Church Publications. pp. 197-199.</ref> and complete and final written revelation of God. It also adheres to the [[Nicene Creed]]. The church believes in the following doctrines:<ref name="urlBC-Faith">{{cite web |url=http://www.believerschurch.com/about/statement-of-faith/ |title=Statement of Faith |publisher=Believers Church |access-date=2015-01-10}}</ref>
* One eternal God revealed in the [[trinity]]: Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
* The divinity and humanity of [[Jesus Christ]], his virgin birth, sinless life, crucifixion and resurrection, ascension and intercession of the Holy Spirit.
* The outpouring of the Holy Spirit upon believers in Jerusalem after Jesus' ascension, enabling them to preach the [[Good News (Christianity)|Gospel]] to the whole world.
* Separation of all mankind from God through man's sin.
* Immediate forgiveness of sins through repentance and acceptance of Jesus Christ.
* The person and work of indwelling and empowerment of the Holy Spirit through baptism for all believers.
* The practice of [[Spiritual gift|gifts of the Holy Spirit]] within scriptural guidelines for the common good ({{bibleverse|1Cor|12:4-7|NRSV}}); Considers that [[agape]] love is more important than all the gifts, and without it, all exercise of spiritual gifts as worthless.
* Jesus Christ as the head of the church.
* The [[Second Coming|second coming]] of Jesus Christ and it will be personal and visible, which motivates active involvement of the laity in church activities.
* The resurrection of the body unto eternal life for the saved and unto eternal separation for the lost; But salvation, redemption and forgiveness are freely offered to all by the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ.

==Core values==
For being distinguishable members of Believers Eastern Church, and the message of the Word of God to be applied in an individual's life leading to a greater maturity in Christ, following are the official code of living.<ref name="urlBC-Core Values">{{cite web |url=http://www.believerschurch.com/about/core-values/ |title=Core Values |publisher=Believers Church |access-date=2015-01-10}}</ref>
* Knowing the Lord Jesus more fully and intimately.
* Being a people of integrity and excellence.
* Living in submission to God's Word.
* Being a people of faith.
* Being a people committed to prayer and worship.
* Having a servant lifestyle.
* Being a people of grace and love.
* Serving sacrificially.
* Being a people with passion for souls.
* Being a people who work together with the Body of Christ.

==Religious orders==
The Sisters of Compassion is a [[religious order]] of [[nun]]s within the Believers Eastern Church that is dedicated to serving the "neglected of society".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thegospeltruthnewspaper.com/2016/03/ |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi describes meeting with church head as "wonderful" |date=18 March 2016 |publisher=The Gospel Truth Newspaper |language=en |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321064704/http://www.thegospeltruthnewspaper.com/2016/03/ |archive-date=2018-03-21}}</ref><ref name="TH2018" />

==Humanitarian services==
[[File:Bridge-Of-Hope.jpg|thumb|Child Sponsorship Program students on their way to class]]
Believers Eastern Church is involved in various social projects and has been lauded for its "humanitarian service towards the society at large".<ref name="literacy">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419090414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-25/patna/29581165_1_literacy-campaign-literacy-programme-chief-guest "Church devoted to literacy campaign"] ''Times of India'' (May 25, 2011)</ref> The church's social service includes [[Poverty reduction|poverty alleviation]],<ref>[https://archive.today/20130203115634/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120625/jsp/bihar/story_15653056.jsp "Bihar, News in Brief: Project"] ''The Telegraph'' (June 25, 2012)</ref> and promoting adult [[literacy]].<ref name="literacy" /> The church also provides shelter to [[street child]]ren through a home called Asha Grih, which is licensed by the [[Government of India|Indian Government]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Asha Grih |url=https://www.ashagrih.org/ |website=www.ashagrih.org |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="echo">[http://www.echoofarunachal.com/?p=23394 "Believers Eastern Church turns new page in lives of lesser privileged"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102162822/http://www.echoofarunachal.com/?p=23394 |date=2014-11-02 }} ''Echo of Arunachal'' (July 22, 2012)</ref> Additionally, BEC has a child sponsorship program which provides [[Holistic education|holistic development]] to needy children throughout [[South Asia]]. As of 2012, the program has helped some 60,000 underprivileged children by providing them free education, a nutritious diet and school supplies.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} The church sponsorship program has 525 project centers with 2,400 staff.<ref name="echo" /> Other major projects include the Believers Church Medical College Hospital,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcmch.org/ |title=BCMCH |website=www.bcmch.org}}</ref> Believers Eastern Church Caarmel Engineering College<ref>{{cite web |title=Believers Eastern Church Caarmel Engineering College |url=http://bccaarmel.ac.in/ |website=Believers Eastern Church Caarmel Engineering College |access-date=28 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201000410/http://bccaarmel.ac.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Believers Church Theological Seminary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcseminary.org/ |title=Believers Church Theological Seminary - |website=www.bcseminary.org}}</ref>

==Criticisms==
The operations of [[Gospel for Asia]] and BEC were scrutinized after Believers Eastern Church, under the guidance of Moran Mor Athanasius Yohan Metropolitan purchased a {{convert|2268|acre|km2|adj=on}} rubber estate in Kerala, India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cash scanner on evangelist |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080610/jsp/nation/story_9389712.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706014839/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080610/jsp/nation/story_9389712.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 6, 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref name="cheruvally">{{cite web |title=Cheruvally Rubber Estate |url=http://www.believerschurch.com/cheruvally-estate/ |publisher=Believers Eastern Church |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808170719/http://www.believerschurch.com/cheruvally-estate/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Opponents said the church had diverted foreign funds to amass land for itself and for uses other than declared purposes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Probe on into functioning of Gospel for Asia, HC told |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article535507.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728054909/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article535507.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2014 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
Further, it was alleged that the rubber estate, which Believers Eastern Church purchased from Harrison's Malayalam Ltd., was on leasehold from the government and not saleable.<ref>{{cite news |title=God's own country |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080713/jsp/7days/story_9543119.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130830190808/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080713/jsp/7days/story_9543119.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref>
Legal proceedings are still ongoing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/nov/18/smooth-take-off-unlikely-for-proposed-erumeli-airport-1539786.html |title=Smooth take-off unlikely for proposed Erumeli airport |website=The New Indian Express |date=18 November 2016 |accessdate=22 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Yohannan-has-no-stake-in-Cheruvally-estate/articleshow/55842542.cms |title='Yohannan has no stake in Cheruvally estate' |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/live-updates-breaking-pm-modi-to-address-the-nation-at-8-pm-2271409 |title=After PM Modi's announcement about Rs 500 and Rs 1000, reactions pour in |date=8 November 2016 |website=DNAIndia.com}}</ref>

There is also been an ongoing court case regarding the illegal filling in of wetlands in order to build the Believers Eastern Church Medical College Hospital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Govt-overruled-objections-to-aid-illegal-filling-of-land/articleshow/49798205.cms |title=Govt overruled objections to aid illegal filling of land - Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719232715/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/warrenthrockmorton/2015/07/17/indian-tax-court-on-gospel-for-asia-and-believers-church-substantial-income-not-used-for-intended-purposes/ |archive-date=2015-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/warrenthrockmorton/2015/07/17/indian-tax-court-on-gospel-for-asia-and-believers-church-substantial-income-not-used-for-intended-purposes/ |title=Indian Tax Court on Gospel for Asia and Believers' Church: "Substantial Income" Not Used for Intended Purposes |access-date=2018-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522013629/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/warrenthrockmorton/2015/07/17/indian-tax-court-on-gospel-for-asia-and-believers-church-substantial-income-not-used-for-intended-purposes/ |archive-date=2018-05-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Moran Mor Athanasius Yohan Metropolitan said that the claims were politically motivated and that the workings of Gospel for Asia and Believers Eastern Church are transparent.<ref>{{cite news |title=GFA says allegations politically motivated |url=http://www.christiantoday.co.in/articles/gfa-says-allegations-politically-%20motivated/2715.htm |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729010838/http://www.christiantoday.co.in/articles/gfa-says-allegations-politically-%20motivated/2715.htm |archive-date=2014-07-29|last=Varghese|first=Rinu|date=11 June 2008|work=Christianity Today India}}</ref> Further, the rubber estate is an investment to help fund social service activities among underdeveloped communities<ref name="cheruvally" /> and not a personal land grab as opponents have stated.

In 2017, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] had suspended the [[Foreign Contribution Regulation Act]] (FCRA) licenses of the church and three NGOs associated with Believers Eastern Church from receiving foreign funds.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/believers-church-dismisses-media-reports/article33061316.ece |title=Believers Church dismisses media reports - The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109181617/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/believers-church-dismisses-media-reports/article33061316.ece |archive-date=2020-11-09}}</ref>
It is mandatory to have FCRA clearance from the Home Ministry for any organization to receive foreign funds. The trust enjoyed exemption under the [[Income Tax Act, 1961|I-T Act, 1961]] as charitable/religious trust, receiving donations from foreign countries ostensibly for helping the poor and destitute and evangelical purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/nov/08/believers-church-used-paper-firms-to-route-unaccounted-money-2220992.html |title='Believers Church used paper firms to route unaccounted money'|date=8 November 2020 |publisher= The New Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108011915/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/nov/08/believers-church-used-paper-firms-to-route-unaccounted-money-2220992.html |archive-date=2020-11-08}}</ref>
The government has reconsidered the decision to allow prior permission to two NGOs after detailed verification.

In 2020, the [[Income Tax Department|Income Tax officials]] conducted searches at around 60 premises associated with the Believers Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/keralas-believers-church-under-scanner-for-huge-foreign-fund-flow-914020.html |title=Kerala's Believers Church under scanner for huge foreign fund flow |publisher= Deccan Herald| date = 10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110170148/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/keralas-believers-church-under-scanner-for-huge-foreign-fund-flow-914020.html |archive-date=2020-11-10}}</ref>
The I-T officials seized Rs 14.5 cr from the raid at the offices of Believers church. Out of the total amount, Rs 7 cr was recovered from the boot of a car owned by an employee of the hospital under Believers church. Rest of the amount was seized from various places including [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/dramatic-events-during-i-t-raid-at-believers-church-priest-tries-to-destroy-iphone-kerala-1.5195047 |title=Dramatic events during I-T raid at Believers Church; priest tries to destroy iPhone |date=9 November 2020 |publisher= Mathrubhumi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109053321/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/dramatic-events-during-i-t-raid-at-believers-church-priest-tries-to-destroy-iphone-kerala-1.5195047 |archive-date=2020-11-09}}</ref>
I-T officials revealed that they are looking into transactions over the last ten years. The church had got around Rs 4,000 crore over the years and a chunk of it had gone into the construction of institutions and real estate dealings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/it-sleuths-reveal-believers-church-used-paper-firms-to-route-unaccounted-money/679311 |title=IT sleuths reveal Believers Church used paper firms to route unaccounted money |date=9 November 2020 |publisher= Times Now News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109161256/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/it-sleuths-reveal-believers-church-used-paper-firms-to-route-unaccounted-money/679311 |archive-date=2020-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/nov/12/ed-probe-likely-into-money-seizure-from-believers-church-2222584.html |title=ED probe likely into money seizure from Believers Church |date=12 November 2020 |publisher=The New Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041330/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/nov/12/ed-probe-likely-into-money-seizure-from-believers-church-2222584.html |archive-date=2020-11-12}}</ref>

==Ecumenical relations==
Believers Eastern Church is a member of [[National Council of Churches in India|The National Council of Churches in India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Churches – NCCI |date=2 August 2016 |url=https://ncci1914.com/member-churches/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> and the [[Kerala Council of Churches]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Member Churches |url=https://www.keralacouncilofchurches.org/members.html |website=www.keralacouncilofchurches.org |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref> It has also held ecumenical contacts with the [[Anglican Church in North America]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Council 2016: Live Blog |url=http://www.anglicanchurch.net/?/main/page/1254 |website=Anglican Church in North America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625111455/http://www.anglicanchurch.net/?/main/page/1254 |archive-date=June 25, 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[History of Pentecostalism in India]]
* [[Believers Church Airport]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.believerschurch.com/ Website of Believers Eastern Church (old website)]
* [https://www.bec.org/ Website of Believers Eastern Church (new website)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dwb43ChDfyU Reporter Channel News: Merging of two Christian movements]

{{Churches in India|state=collapsed}}
{{Eastern Protestants}}

[[Category:1993 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Evangelical denominations in Asia]]
[[Category:Pentecostal denominations in Asia]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1993]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]

2019 Balakot airstrike

2026-03-16T21:49:43Z

LeoSpragg093: updated details per sources and updated info

{{short description|Airstrike conducted by the Indian Air Force}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2019 Balakot airstrike
| partof = [[2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2019|02|26}}
| image =
| place = [[Balakot]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan
| coordinates =
| map_type = Kashmir#Pakistan
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size = 300
| map_marksize = 10
| map_caption = Location of the airstrike in Balakot, Pakistan
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = *(26 February 2019) Indian bombing raid conducted within Pakistani territory, no consequential targets hit.<ref name=lalwani-tallo-2019/><ref name=ian-hall-1/>
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{IND}}
* {{air force|IND}}
| combatant2 = {{PAK}}
* {{air force|PAK}}
| commander1 = [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]]
| commander2 = [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Mujahid Anwar Khan]]
| units1 = Unknown
| units2 = Unknown
| units3 =
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
}}

The '''2019 Balakot airstrike''' was a bombing raid conducted by Indian warplanes on 26 February 2019 in [[Balakot]], Pakistan, against an alleged training camp of the terrorist group [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name=jaffrelot-india-claim>{{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780691223094 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7USEAAAQBAJ |quote=By way of response, Modi ordered air strikes to be conducted on Pakistani territory. A Jaish-e-Mohammed training camp was allegedly destroyed in Balakot. }}</ref><ref name=britannica-india-claim>{{citation|title=Encyclopedia Britannica|chapter=Kashmir|date= 11 November 2021|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|access-date=15 January 2022 |quote=With a tough election cycle approaching, India's BJP-led government faced pressure from its supporters to take forceful action. Days later India sent fighter jets across Kashmir's line of control for the first time in five decades and later claimed to have conducted air strikes against the militant group's largest training camp.}}</ref> [[Satellite imagery#Public domain|Open source satellite imagery]] revealed that no targets of consequence were hit.<ref name=freedman-williams-balakot-madrassa>{{cite book|last1=Freedman|first1=Lawrence|author-link1=Lawrence Freedman|last2=Williams|first2=Heather|chapter=India-Pakistan, 2019|title=Changing the Narrative: Information Campaigns, Strategy and Crisis Escalation in the Digital Age|location=London, UK|year=2023|publisher=Routledge for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London|pages=43–60; 54|isbn=978-1-032-70786-0|quote=There were two main disputes between India and Pakistan about the final days of the crisis, both of which played out on social media. India contended that it destroyed the madrassa targeted on 26 February, killing at least 300 people. Subsequent open-source intelligence, however, showed there was no damage to the building, and Pakistan claimed no one was killed in the strike.}}</ref><ref name=lalwani-tallo-2019>{{citation|last1=Lalwani|first1=Sameer|last2=Tallo|first2=Emily|date=April 17, 2019|title=Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal: There are broader implications for India – and the United States|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/ |quote=But these latest details about the India-Pakistan air battles threaten to discredit the BJP narrative and undermine its electoral prospects. Open-source satellite imagery revealed India did not hit any targets of consequence in the airstrikes it conducted after the terrorist attack on the paramilitaries. Additionally, reporting indicates that during the Feb. 27 air battle, friendly fire from an air-defense missile brought down an Indian military helicopter, killing six military personnel.}}</ref><ref name=ian-hall-1>{{citation|last=Hall|first=Ian|title = India's 2019 General Election: National Security and the Rise of the Watchmen|journal=The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs|volume= 108|year=2019|issue=5|pages=507–519, 510|doi=10.1080/00358533.2019.1658360 |s2cid=203266692 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2019.1658360 |quote=Ten days after these comments, on 26 February, Modi gave the order for air strikes against alleged JeM facilities. Significantly, the target – near the town of Balakot – was not in Pakistani-administered Kashmir, but in Pakistan proper. … There the Indian Air Force (IAF) bombed a madrassa New Delhi claimed was a terrorist training camp associated with the JeM. The attack was acclaimed a success by the IAF, which claimed that several buildings were destroyed and up to 300 militants killed, but independent analysts suggest that it actually failed, with the missiles falling in nearby woods, rather than on their intended target (Ruser, 2019).|url-access=subscription|hdl=10072/387751|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=markey-asia-policy-balakot/> The following day, Pakistan shot down an Indian warplane and took its pilot, [[Abhinandan Varthaman]], prisoner.<ref name=jaffrelot-pilot-shot>{{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780691223094 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7USEAAAQBAJ |quote=In the operation, the Indian Air Force lost a plane and a pilot, Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman (who would eventually be returned to India and came back as a hero)}}</ref><ref name=britannica-pak-response>{{citation|last=Encyclopaedia Britannica|title=Kashmir | History, People, Conflict, Map, & Facts | Britannica |chapter=Kashmir|date= 2021|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|access-date=15 January 2022 |quote=Days later India sent fighter jets across Kashmir's line of control for the first time in five decades and later claimed to have conducted air strikes against the militant group's largest training camp. Pakistan denied the claim, saying that the jets had struck an empty field. The next day, Pakistan shot down two Indian jets in its airspace and captured a pilot.}}</ref> Indian anti-aircraft fire accidentally downed an Indian helicopter killing six airmen on board and one civilian on the ground,<ref name=anit-mukherjee-absent-dialogue-balakot/><ref name=tarapore2021>{{citation|last=Tarapore|first=Arzan|title=Routledge Handbook of South Asian Foreign Policy|chapter=Almost Parity: Understanding the India–Pakistan Conventional Military Balance|publisher=Routledge|year=2021|page=413 |quote=India, for example, launched an air strike in February 2019 in response to a Pakistan-based terrorist attack, against what it claimed was a terrorist training facility in Balakot, Pakistan – although it remains unclear whether the target was actually destroyed. Pakistan responded with its own aerial incursion across the Line of Control the next day, during which it shot down one Indian fighter, and Indian anti-aircraft fire shot down an Indian helicopter. Those skirmishes provide only small and anecdotal evidence, but they suggest two lessons. First, with an air strike of dubious effect, an unanswered loss in air-to-air combat, and a loss to friendly fire, India cannot confidently claim dominance in the air domain.}}</ref><ref name=ian-hall-2>{{citation|last=Hall|first=Ian|title = India's 2019 General Election: National Security and the Rise of the Watchmen|journal=The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs|volume= 108|year=2019|issue=5|pages=507–519, 510|doi=10.1080/00358533.2019.1658360 |s2cid=203266692 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2019.1658360 |quote=The following day Pakistan's Air Force sent some of its aircraft towards the LoC, enticing the IAF to pursue them. In the ensuing dogfight, an IAF MiG-21 was shot down and its pilot, Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman, captured by Pakistani forces. In the confusion, there was more bad news for India, with an IAF Mi-17 helicopter accidentally shot down by friendly fire, killing seven|url-access=subscription|hdl=10072/387751|hdl-access=free}}</ref> their deaths receiving little or no coverage in the Indian media,<ref name=jaffrelot-2021-helicopter>{{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780691223094 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7USEAAAQBAJ |quote=... mistakenly shot down one of its own helicopters, killing six airmen. Despite the mixed results of these air strikes, Modi managed to portray himself as India's protector in a campaign dominated by nationalist and even warmongering rhetoric – largely because the fact that six airmen had died was hardly reported by the media.}}</ref> and remaining officially unacknowledged until seven months later.<ref name=defense-post/> India claimed it had downed a Pakistani F-16 fighter jet. Defence and military analysts found India's evidence to be circumstantial,<ref name=anit-mukherjee-absent-dialogue-balakot>{{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Anit|title=The Absent Dialogue: Politicians, Bureaucrats, and the Military in India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|page=285|isbn=9780190905903|quote=The very next day, the Pakistan Air Force launched what it claimed was a retaliatory action in Indian Kashmir. There are conflicting reports of the aerial action, but on the Indian side a Mig-21 was shot down, its pilot captured by Pakistan (he was later repatriated), and an Mi-17 helicopter was brought down, in a friendly fire incident, killing six crew members and a civilian on the ground. The IAF claimed that it brought down a Pakistani F-16 fighter aircraft but could not present convincing evidence.<Footnote 2: Sameer Lalwani and Emily Tallo>}}</ref><ref name=lalwani-tallo-WAPO-4-17-19-lead>{{cite news|last1=Lalwani|first1=Sameer|last2=Tallo|first2=Emily|title=Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This Just Became a Big Deal|newspaper=Washington Post|date=April 17, 2019 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal|quote=Controversy flared up when a ''Foreign Policy'' article stated that the Pentagon had accounted for all of Pakistan’s F-16 jets. This report, based on anonymous statements by two U.S. Defense Department officials, contradicted the Indian Air Force’s (IAF) narrative of the dogfight. The IAF claims an Indian pilot shot down a Pakistani F-16 fighter plane before a Pakistani missile took down his own third-generation MiG-21 warplane. The IAF responded last week by releasing “irrefutable” evidence — including electronic signatures and radio transcripts — that Pakistan lost a fighter jet during the February aerial combat. A number of U.S. and Indian defense analysts called the evidence circumstantial.}}</ref><ref name=yadav-kirk-balakot>{{cite book|last1=Yadav|first1=Vikas|last2=Kirk|first2=Jason A.|title=The Politics of India under Modi: An Introduction to India's Democracy, Economy, and Foreign Policy|publisher=Michigan Publishing (University of Michigan)|year=2023|isbn=978-1-64315-053-6|oclc=1390712937|page=197|quote=Debates involving professional scholars and amateur social media sleuths, using satellite imagery and supposed video evidence, went on for months without definitive resolution, but April articles in ''Foreign Policy'' and the ''Washington Post'' cast serious doubt on the India's claims about both the training camp destruction and the downed F-16.}}</ref> its claim discredited by the absence of the required US [[U.S. Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] announcement about the loss,<ref name=freedman-williams-f-16>{{cite book|last1=Freedman|first1=Lawrence|authorlink1=Lawrence Freedman|last2=Williams|first2=Heather|chapter=India-Pakistan, 2019|title=Changing the Narrative: Information Campaigns, Strategy and Crisis Escalation in the Digital Age|year=2023|location=London, UK|publisher=Routledge for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London|pages=43–60; 54|isbn=978-1-032-70786-0|quote=The other dispute was over whether the Indian Air Force had destroyed a Pakistani plane. Varthaman claimed to have shot down a Pakistani F-16 before his own plane was downed, but there were no reports from the US Department of Defense, which is required to track the status of all F-16s, that one had been lost.}}</ref> and a leak by department officials of the satisfactory enumeration of these aircraft in Pakistan.<ref name=narang-williams-thermonuclear-twitter>{{cite book|last1=Narang|first1=Vipin|last2= Williams|first2=Heather|editor1-last=Narang|editor1-first=Vipin|editor2-last=Sagan|editor2-first=Scott D.|title=The Fragile Balance of Terror: Deterrence in the New Nuclear Age|chapter=Thermonuclear Twitter?|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=63–89|year=2022|isbn=978-1-5017-6701-2|quote=(p. 79) Varthaman then claimed that he shot down a PAF F-16 before he went down. Thus began one of the great social media mysteries of the Balakot crisis: was there actually a second pilot, or #doosraBanda, as Pakistan’s official military spokesman initially claimed, and if so was it a Pakistani Air Force pilot who ejected from an F-16 that was shot down? Reputable Indian journalists continued to tweet about the #doosraBanda months later, and the IAF offered official briefings showing circumstantial evidence the F-16 was shot down.” Pakistan continues to deny that an F-16 pilot was killed and is bolstered by a US Department of Defense (DoD) leak that all US-origin (meaning all) PAF F-l6s were later accounted for and operational.}}</ref><ref name=markey-asia-policy-balakot>{{citation|last=Markey|first=Daniel|title=The Strategic Implications of India's Illiberalism and Democratic Erosion|journal=Asia Policy|volume=17|issue=1|pages=77–105|year=2022|publisher=National Bureau of Asian Research|doi=10.1353/asp.2022.0010|s2cid=246816912 |quote=The Modi government’s public mischaracterizations of the February 2019 Balakot airstrike and subsequent air skirmishes, including subsequently debunked claims of a destroyed terrorist camp inside Pakistan and India’s downing of a Pakistani F-16 jet, have already raised questions in the United States about New Delhi’s credibility and communications strategy in the midst of an exceptionally dangerous regional context.<Footnote 80:Sameer Lalwani and Emily Tallo, “Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This Just Became a Big Deal,” ''Washington Post'', April 17, 2019>}}</ref><ref name=seligman-fp-f-16>{{cite journal|last=Seligman|first=Lara|title=Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No|date=April 4, 2019|journal=Foreign Policy|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/|quote=India’s claim that one of its fighter pilots shot down a Pakistani F-16 fighter jet in an aerial battle between the two nuclear powers in February appears to be wrong. Two senior U.S. defense officials with direct knowledge of the situation told Foreign Policy that U.S. personnel recently counted Islamabad's F-16s and found none missing. The findings directly contradict the account of Indian Air Force officials, who said that Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman managed to shoot down a Pakistani F-16 before his own plane was downed by a Pakistani missile.}}</ref> The airstrike was used by India's ruling party to bolster its patriotic appeal in the general elections of April 2019.<ref name=jaffrelot-2021-April-campaign>{{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780691223094 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7USEAAAQBAJ |quote=Modi managed to portray himself as India's protector in a campaign dominated by nationalist and even warmongering rhetoric – largely because the fact that six airmen had died was hardly reported by the media.}}</ref>

The airstrike was conducted by India in the early morning of 26 February when Indian warplanes crossed the [[Line of Control|de facto border]] in the disputed region of [[Kashmir]] and dropped bombs in the vicinity of the town of Balakot in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province in Pakistan.<ref name=slater1>{{citation|title=India strikes Pakistan in severe escalation of tensions between nuclear rivals|author=Joanna Slater|newspaper=Washington Post|date=26 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{citation|journal=Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/26/pakistan-india-jets-breached-ceasefire-line-kashmir-bomb|title='Get ready for our surprise': Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes|date=26 February 2019|author1=Michael Safi|author2=Mehreen Zahra-Malik|author3=Azar Farooq}} Quote: "Pakistan, ... said the war planes made it up to five miles inside its territory"</ref> Pakistan's military, the first to announce the airstrike in the morning of 26 February,<ref name="theguardian.com">{{citation|journal=Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/26/pakistan-india-jets-breached-ceasefire-line-kashmir-bomb|title='Get ready for our surprise': Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes|date=26 February 2019|author1=Michael Safi|author2=Mehreen Zahra-Malik|author3=Azar Farooq}} Quote: "Pakistan, which was the first to announce the incursion, ..."</ref> described the Indian planes as dropping their payload in an uninhabited wooded hilltop area near Balakot.<ref name="nyt1">
{{citation|title=Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack
|author1=Maria Abi-Habib|author2=Austin Ramzy
|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html
|date=25 February 2019}} Quote: "A spokesman for Pakistan's armed forces, Maj. Gen. Asif Ghafoor, on Tuesday posted on Twitter four images of a forested area pockmarked with small craters and debris, which he said was the site of Indian airstrikes."</ref>

India, confirming the airstrike later the same day, characterized it to be a [[preemptive strike|preemptive]] strike directed against a [[terrorist training camp]], and causing the deaths of a "large number" of terrorists.<ref name="SlaterConstable2019">
{{cite news |last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |last2=Constable |first2=Pamela |author-link=Pamela Constable
|title=Pakistan captures Indian pilot after shooting down aircraft, escalating hostilities |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistan-says-it-has-shot-down-two-indian-jets-in-its-airspace/2019/02/27/054461a2-3a5b-11e9-a2cd-307b06d0257b_story.html
|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en
|date=27 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227172333/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistan-says-it-has-shot-down-two-indian-jets-in-its-airspace/2019/02/27/054461a2-3a5b-11e9-a2cd-307b06d0257b_story.html |archive-date=27 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Satellite imagery analyzed by the [[Atlantic Council]]'s Digital Forensics Laboratory,<ref name="Atlantic-Countil-DFL">{{citation|title=Surgical Strike in Pakistan a Botched Operation? Indian jets carried out a strike against JEM targets inside Pakistani territory, to questionable effect|date=28 February 2019|url=https://medium.com/dfrlab/surgical-strike-in-pakistan-a-botched-operation-7f6cda834b24|journal=Medium}} Quote: "Indian fighter jets carried out strikes against targets inside undisputed Pakistani territory, but open-source evidence suggested that the strike was unsuccessful."</ref> [[Reuters]],<ref name="reuters-balakot-3-8-19">{{citation|author=Martin Howell|title=Satellite images show buildings still standing at Indian bombing site|date=5 March 2019|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-airstrike-insi/satellite-images-show-buildings-still-standing-at-indian-bombing-site-idUSKCN1QN00V|publisher=Reuters|author2=Gerry Doyle|author3=Simon Scarr}} Quote: "The images produced by Planet Labs Inc, a San Francisco-based private satellite operator, show at least six buildings on the madrasa site on March 4, six days after the airstrike. ... There are no discernible holes in the roofs of buildings, no signs of scorching, blown-out walls, displaced trees around the madrasa or other signs of an aerial attack."</ref> European Space Imaging,<ref>{{citation|author=European Space Imaging|title=Satellite Imagery confirms India missed target in Pakistan airstrike|date=8 March 2019|url=https://www.euspaceimaging.com/pakistan-satellite-imagery-confirms-india-missed-target-in-pakistan-airstrike/}} Quote: " ... said managing director Adrian Zevenbergen. '... The image captured with Worldiew-2 of the buildings in question shows no evidence of a bombing having occurred. There are no signs of scorching, no large distinguishable holes in the roofs of buildings and no signs of stress to the surrounding vegetation.' "</ref> and the [[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]],<ref name="ASPI-balakit">{{citation|author1=Marcus Hellyer|title=India's strike on Balakot: a very precise miss?|date=27 March 2019|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/indias-strike-on-balakot-a-very-precise-miss/|journal=The Strategist|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|author2=Nathan Ruser|author3=Aakriti Bachhawat}} Quote: "But India's recent air strike on a purported Jaish-e-Mohammad terrorist camp in Balakot in Pakistan on 26 February suggests that precision strike is still an art and science that requires both practice and enabling systems to achieve the intended effect. Simply buying precision munitions off the shelf is not enough."</ref> has concluded that India did not hit any targets of significance on the Jaba hilltop site in the vicinity of Balakot.<ref name="WaPo1">{{citation|author1=Sameer Lalwani|title=Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal |date=17 April 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/|newspaper=Washington Post|author2=Emily Tallo}} Quote: " Open-source satellite imagery suggests India did not hit any targets of consequence in the airstrikes it conducted after the terrorist attack on the paramilitaries.</ref><ref name="guardian-saafi1">{{citation|author1=Michael Safi|title=Kashmir's fog of war: how conflicting accounts benefit both sides:India and Pakistan's differing narratives are not unusual in the social media age, say experts|date=5 March 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/05/kashmir-fog-of-war-how-conflicting-accounts-benefit-india-pakistan|journal=Guardian|author2=Mehreen Zahra-Malik}} Quote: "Analysis of open-source satellite imagery has also cast doubt on India's claims. A report by the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab was able to geolocate the site of the attack and provide a preliminary damage assessment. It compared satellite images from the days before and after India's strike and concluded there were only impacts in the wooded areas with no damage visible to surrounding structures."</ref>

The following day on 27 February, in a tit-for-tat airstrike,<ref>{{citation|title=Pakistan captures Indian pilot after shooting down aircraft, escalating hostilities|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-says-indian-fighter-jets-crossed-into-its-territory-and-carried-out-limited-airstrike/2019/02/25/901f3000-3979-11e9-a06c-3ec8ed509d15_story.html |author1=Joanna Slater|author2=Pamela Constable|newspaper=Washington Post|date=27 February 2019}} Quote: The two days of tit-for-tat airstrikes ... the first since 1971, were triggered by a 14 Feb terrorist bombing in Indian-controlled Kashmir that killed 40 Indian security personnel."</ref> [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|Pakistan retaliated]],<ref>{{citation|title=India and Pakistan engage in a high-stakes game of brinkmanship|author=Amy Kazmin|journal=Financial Times|date = 1 March 2019|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3705ee32-3c17-11e9-b856-5404d3811663}} Quote: "A day after India's strike, Pakistan retaliated, sending planes to attack military installations in India."</ref> causing an Indian warplane to be shot down and [[Abhinandan Varthaman|its pilot]] to be taken prisoner by the Pakistan military before being returned on 1 March.<ref name="slater-constable">{{citation|title=Pakistan captures Indian pilot after shooting down aircraft, escalating hostilities|author1=Joanna Slater |author2=Pamela Constable|newspaper=Washington Post|date=27 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="gettleman-nyt-pilot-shot-down">{{citation|title=Deadly Shelling Erupts in Kashmir Between India and Pakistan After Pilot Is Freed|author1=Jeffrey Gettleman|author2=Hari Kumar|author3=Samir Yasir|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html|date=2 March 2019|quote=On Wednesday, Pakistan mobilized its air force and shot down an Indian fighter jet above Kashmir, capturing the pilot. On Friday, Pakistan released the pilot, Wing Cmdr. Abhinandan Varthaman, calling it a gesture to ease tensions.}}</ref> An Indian Mi-17 helicopter was brought down by [[friendly fire]] in which all six airmen on board were killed; this was acknowledged by India on 4 October 2019.<ref name=defense-post>{{citation|title=India admits friendly fire downed Mi-17 helicopter in Kashmir|date=4 October 2019|location=Washington, DC|publisher=The Defense Post|url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2019/10/04/india-mi-17-helicopter-kashmir-friendly-fire/|access-date=9 February 2021|last=AFP|first=Staff Writer|quote=The Indian Air Force confirmed for the first time on Friday, October 4 that it shot down one of its own Mi-17 helicopters during clashes with Pakistan in February over Kashmir, killing all six on board.}}</ref> The airstrikes were the first time since [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|the India-Pakistan war of 1971]] that warplanes of either country crossed the Line of Control and also since both states became [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear power]]s.{{efn|name=NuclearPower|India became a nuclear power with successful ''[[Smiling Buddha]]'' operation in 1974 and Pakistan's successful operation of ''[[Chagai-I]]'' took place in 1998.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT336| title=Routledge Handbook of Asia in World Politics | publisher=Routledge |author=Teh-Kuang Chang |author2=Angelin Chang |author3=Brent T. Gerchicoff | year=2017 | isbn=978-1317404262}}</ref>}}

On 10 April 2019, 47 days after the airstrike, some international journalists, who were taken to the Jaba hilltop in a tightly controlled trip arranged by Pakistani government, found the largest building of the site to show no evidence of damage or recent rebuilding.<ref name=reuters-11april>{{cite web | author1=Martin Howell|author2=Salahuddin | title=Inside the Pakistani madrasa where India said it killed hundreds of 'terrorists' | website=Reuters | date=2019-04-11 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1RN0XH/ | access-date=2024-03-28}} Quote: "Those visiting the site on Wednesday didn't see any signs that there had been significant building work to either clear structures or erect new ones. And the vegetation didn't appear to have suffered the stress that might be expected from a missile attack."</ref><ref name=bbc-april-10>{{citation|title=Balakot air strike: Pakistan shows off disputed site on eve of India election|date=10 April 2019|author=|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47882354}} Quote: "They were given access to an Islamic school in Balakot, where Indian media say militants were killed in retaliation for an attack in Kashmir. The large building appeared to be fully intact ..."</ref><ref name=afp-balakot>{{citation|title=Pakistan takes media, diplomats on visit to Indian strike site|author=Agence France Presse|agency=AFP|url= https://www.france24.com/en/20190411-pakistan-takes-media-diplomats-visit-indian-strike-site |work=france24|date=11 April 2019}} Quote: "International outlets which visited the Indian air strike site in Pakistan found no evidence of a major terrorist training camp – or of any infrastructure damage at all."</ref><ref name=abc-14april>{{citation|title=The remote school at the centre of a dispute between nuclear neighbours Pakistan and India|author=Siobhan Heanue|journal=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-14/india-pakistan-tensions-the-remote-school-at-centre-of-dispute/10996826|date=14 April 2019}} Quote: "One thing is clear: India's claim that it destroyed a militant training camp and killed more than 300 extremists cannot be backed up by the evidence. More than a month after India launched airstrikes inside Pakistan in retaliation for a militant attack that killed 40 paramilitary troops in Kashmir, foreign media have been allowed to see the areas hit."</ref>

== Background ==
{{Further|Kashmir conflict|Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|2019 Pulwama attack}}
The Kashmir insurgency has been occurring since 1989, but a new wave of violence was witnessed during 2016 when [[Burhan Wani]] ''then commander'' of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] was killed in an encounter.<ref name=BBCnews/> In 2018, more than 500 people (including civilians, soldiers and militants) were killed in the violence.<ref name=BBCnews>[https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286 Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224045738/https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286 |date=24 December 2018 }}, ''[[BBC News]]''</ref> On 14 February 2019, a convoy of vehicles carrying security personnel on the [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway]] was attacked by a [[vehicle-borne improvised explosive device|vehicle-borne]] [[suicide bomber]] at [[Lethpora]] in the [[Pulwama district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. The attack resulted in the deaths of 46 [[Central Reserve Police Force]] personnel and the attacker. The perpetrator of the attack was from Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>
[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/world/asia/kashmir-attack-pulwama.html India Blames Pakistan for Attack in Kashmir, Promising a Response] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223135448/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/world/asia/kashmir-attack-pulwama.html |date=23 February 2019 }}, ''[[New York Times]]''. 15 February 2019. Quote:The militant who claimed responsibility for the attack, Aadil Ahmad Dar, was from a village about six miles from where the Indian convoy was struck, in contrast to the fighters and weapons that once streamed in from Pakistani-occupied areas to sustain the insurgency. And the explosives he packed into his car appear to have been locally procured, security experts said.
</ref> The responsibility for the attack was claimed by the [[Pakistan and terrorism|Pakistan]]-based [[Islamic terrorism|Islamist]] militant group [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name="BBC isolate">
{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133|title=Pulwama attack: India will 'completely isolate' Pakistan|date=16 February 2019|website=BBC|language=en|access-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215232429/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133|archive-date=15 February 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref name="TOI attack">
{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms|title=Jaish terrorists attack CRPF convoy in Kashmir, kill at least 38 personnel|date=15 February 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215181837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms|archive-date=15 February 2019|url-status=live|access-date=15 February 2019}}
</ref><ref name="IT everything">
[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 Pulwama Attack 2019, everything about J&K terror attack on CRPF by terrorist Adil Ahmed Dar, Jaish-eMohammad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218104624/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 |date=18 February 2019 }}, India Today, 16 February 2019.
</ref> Pakistan condemned the attack, and denied any connection to it.<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1464205|title=On Kashmir attack, Shah Mahmood Qureshi says 'violence is not the govt's policy'|date=16 February 2019|website=dawn.com|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223190130/https://www.dawn.com/news/1464205|archive-date=23 February 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref>

The airstrike occurred ahead of the [[2019 Indian general election]].<ref>[https://time.com/5538756/india-pakistan-kashmir-tensions-airstrikes/ Tensions Between India and Pakistan Are at Their Highest Point in Decades. Here's What to Know], ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/26/india/india-pakistan-kashmir-analysis-intl/index.html|title=Why being seen as tough on Pakistan helps India's Modi|author=Analysis by Nikhil Kumar|website=CNN|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226183258/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/26/india/india-pakistan-kashmir-analysis-intl/index.html|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 February, Pakistani Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]] attributed Indian government's desire to attack Pakistan to the upcoming election.<ref name=bbc/><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1464783|title=Pakistan will address actionable evidence if shared by Delhi, PM Khan tells India after Pulwama attack|date=19 February 2019|website=dawn.com|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224101859/https://www.dawn.com/news/1464783|archive-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref> The Indian government rejected the allegation.<ref name=bbc>
{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47290107|title=Pakistan warns India against attacking|work=BBC News|date=19 February 2019|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223090151/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47290107|archive-date=23 February 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref>

==Incident==
On 26 February 2019, Pakistan announced the intrusion of Indian aircraft into its airspace,<ref name="theguardian.com"/> but asserted that the Indian fleet was intercepted, causing them to retreat, to release their bombs which hit an open area, and to [[Fuel dumping|dump their fuel]].<ref name="BBC26Feb">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47366718|title=Indian strikes target militants in Pakistan|work=BBC News|date=26 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226193007/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47366718|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In a press briefing, Pakistan's Director-General [[Inter-Services Public Relations]] (ISPR), Major General [[Asif Ghafoor]], stated that three IAF teams were spotted approaching the Pakistan border from various sectors in early on 26 February. He added that the two of these teams did not cross the border following a challenge from Pakistani aircraft flying [[combat air patrol]], but the third one crossed the Line of Control from the [[Keran, Azad Kashmir|Kiran Valley]] near Muzaffarabad before being intercepted by [[Pakistani Air Force]] (PAF) jets within three minutes of the incursion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466161|title=ISPR DG debunks India's claims on LoC violation|date=26 February 2019|website=dawn.com|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226163237/https://www.dawn.com/news/1466161|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/OfficialDGISPR/status/1100207947022565377|title=Indian aircrafts {{sic|nolink=y}} intruded from Muzafarabad sector. Facing timely and effective response from Pakistan Air Force released payload in haste while escaping which fell near Balakot. No casualties or damage.|last=Ghafoor|first=Maj Gen Asif|date=25 February 2019|website=@OfficialDGISPR|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226043211/https://twitter.com/OfficialDGISPR/status/1100207947022565377|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2019}}
</ref>

Later on 26 February 2019, India confirmed the airstrike,<ref name="SlaterConstable2019"/> stating that the [[Indian Air Force]] conducted them in retaliation to the [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama attack]]. The strikes were subsequently claimed to be "non-military" and "preemptive<nowiki>''</nowiki> in nature; targeting a [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] facility within Pakistan as part of its "Operation Bandar".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-26 |title=Inside Story: How Balakot airstrike became operation 'Bandar' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/inside-story-how-balakot-airstrike-became-operation-bandar/articleshow/74319730.cms |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="Firstpost-2019-2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/iaf-struck-jems-biggest-training-camp-at-balakot-says-foreign-secretary-vijay-gokhale-on-indias-operation-in-pakistan-6154411.html|title=IAF struck 'JeM's biggest training camp' at Balakot, says Foreign Secretary Vijay Gokhale on India's operation in Pakistan|website=Firstpost|date=26 February 2019|access-date=2019-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140256/https://www.firstpost.com/india/iaf-struck-jems-biggest-training-camp-at-balakot-says-foreign-secretary-vijay-gokhale-on-indias-operation-in-pakistan-6154411.html|archive-date=1 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Scholar [[Ayesha Jalal]] has mentioned, "Many recruits to the Jaish-i-Muhammad were trained in a madrassa in Balakot named after Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed".<ref>{{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |title=Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7VVWhi9jGIC |year=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03907-0 |pages=287–288}}</ref> Rana and Mir state describe its precise location, "At a distance of five kilometres from this village [Attar Sheesha] there is a dirt track on the left that leads up to the mountains.... If an ordinary person does reach the madrassa he is not allowed to enter. Even Jaishe Mohammed workers can only enter after a thorough search and a registration process.... Judging from the outside, the area of the madrassa is very large and there is a fort like entrance gate that has a Jaishe Mohammed flag flying atop it."<ref>{{citation |last1=Rānā |first1=Muḥammad ʻĀmir |last2=Mir |first2=Amir |title=A to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNDXAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Mashal Books |page=226}}</ref>}}

The airstrike was the first time since the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] that attacking warplanes had crossed the Line of Control.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47383634|title=India Pakistan: Kashmir fighting sees Indian aircraft downed|date=27 February 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=27 February 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227074808/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47383634|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/26/indian-planes-bomb-pakistan-kashmir-tensions-escalate/|title=Indian planes bomb Pakistan as Kashmir tensions escalate|last1=Farmer|first1=Ben|date=26 February 2019|work=The Telegraph|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226052643/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/26/indian-planes-bomb-pakistan-kashmir-tensions-escalate/|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live|last2=Bedi|first2=Rahul}}
</ref>

Indian media claimed to have confirmed from official sources that twelve [[Mirage 2000]] jets were involved in the operation. ''[[The Indian Express]]'' further reported that the Mirage 2000s were carrying [[Spice (bomb)|SPICE 2000]] and [[Popeye (missile)|Popeye]] [[precision-guided munition]]s and that they were supported by four [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]], [[DRDO AEW&CS|Netra]] and [[EL/W-2090|Phalcon]] [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft, an [[IAI Heron]] UAV and two [[Ilyushin Il-78]] aerial refuelling aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/iaf-air-strike-mirage-awacs-sukhoi-popeye-jaish-training-camp-balakot-5602272/|title=Wheel comes full circle: Balakot camp was run by IC-814 hijacker|last1=Singh|first1=Sushant|date=27 February 2019|work=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227034515/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/iaf-air-strike-mirage-awacs-sukhoi-popeye-jaish-training-camp-balakot-5602272/|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore Indian officials claim that four SU-30MKIs were launched from their South Punjab base and headed towards [[Jodhpur]] and on to [[Barmer, Rajasthan]] before turning West towards [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] headquarters in Pakistan located in the populous town of [[Bahawalpur]]. These four aircraft, tasked as decoys, successfully drew PAF fighters way south of the main attack force.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-03 |title=IAF decoy fighters distracted Pakistan air patrols |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-fooled-pakistan-with-decoy-fighters/articleshow/68238409.cms |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

After releasing the bombs, the jets returned into Indian airspace unharmed and the Indian media claimed that whilst Pakistan [[Scrambling (military)|scrambled]] its [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] jets, they could not engage the Indian planes.<ref name="NDTV_90s">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mirage-jets-hit-jaish-camp-operation-over-in-90-seconds-5-points-1999438|title=Jaish Camp Hit in 90-Second Op, Jets Returned Without A Scratch: Sources|date=26 February 2019|work=NDTV.com|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227053325/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mirage-jets-hit-jaish-camp-operation-over-in-90-seconds-5-points-1999438|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Retired PAF Air Marshall Masood Akhtar opined that the air forces of both countries may have been instructed not to attack each other to avoid further escalation of conflict.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eurasiantimes.com/mirage-2000-jets-managed-to-bomb-pakistans-balakot/ |title=PAF Official Explains Why Pakistan Could Not Intercept Indian Mirage 2000 Jets During Balakot Bombings |website=eurasiantimes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303110125/https://eurasiantimes.com/mirage-2000-jets-managed-to-bomb-pakistans-balakot/ |archive-date=3 March 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== The target ==
There has been ambiguity among the sources as to what the exact target was,<ref name="Ramzy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html|title=Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|date=25 February 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 February 2019|last2=Ramzy|first2=Austin|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227012148/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and about whether the [[madrasa]] – ''Taleem ul-Quran<ref name="Firstpost-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/indias-bombs-havent-killed-the-jaish-6178531.html|title=India's bombs haven't killed the Jaish|website=Firstpost|date=2 March 2019|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306045002/https://www.firstpost.com/india/indias-bombs-havent-killed-the-jaish-6178531.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>'' run by [[Masood Azhar]]'s brother-in-law, Muhammad Yusuf Azhar (involved in the hijacking of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]]), was an active JeM camp or not.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-28 |title=’بالاکوٹ میں مدرسہ تھا، لیکن جیش کا نہیں‘: پاکستان فوج کی بھارتی دعوے کی تردید |url=https://www.independenturdu.com/node/2686/پاکستان/’بالاکوٹ-میں-مدرسہ-تھا،-لیکن-جیش-کا-نہیں‘-پاکستان-فوج-کی-بھارتی-دعوے-کی-تردید |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=[[Independent Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref>

According to a [[United States diplomatic cables leak|diplomatic cable leaked]] in 2011, a 2004 [[United States Department of Defense]] interrogation report stated that Balakot had "a training camp that offers both basic and advanced terrorist training on explosives and artillery."<ref name="aljazeera" /> In contrast, military analysts asserted that whilst the area used to host militant camps, they dispersed after the [[2005 Pakistan earthquake]] to avoid detection by the international aid groups providing relief in the area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/26/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-airstrikes.html|title=After India's Strike on Pakistan, Both Sides Leave Room for De-escalation|last=Abi-Habib|first=Maria|date=26 February 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303061600/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/26/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-airstrikes.html|archive-date=3 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Indian intelligence sources claim that the camp was located in a hilltop forest, {{cvt|20|km|mi}} from Balakot, and that it was a resort-style facility, with space and room for 500–700 militants, including a swimming pool, cooks and cleaners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/350-terrorists-killed-while-720412.html|title=350 terrorists killed while sleeping: Sources|date=26 February 2019|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227053325/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/350-terrorists-killed-while-720412.html|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' mentioned western security officials of having doubted the existence of such large-scale training camps, asserting that Pakistan no longer runs them and that "militant groups are spread out in small groups around the country".<ref name="Ramzy" />

''[[Independent Urdu]]'' noted that the madrasa had held JeM events promoting [[Deobandi jihadism|jihad]] as recently as 2018, which were advertised in its magazines, including speeches about [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]] by JeM leader [[Abdul Rauf Azhar]].<ref name=":0" />

The local people varied as to the purpose of the facility.<ref name="aljazeera" /> In the immediate aftermath of the strikes, whilst some claimed of it being an active JeM training camp, others asserted it to have been a mere school for the local children and that such militant camps used to exist far earlier.<ref name="Reuters-2019" /><ref name="aljazeera" /><ref>[https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/as-it-happened-tension-mounts-after-indian-fighter-jets-cross-kashmir-frontier-bomb-camps-1.1551149047465 As it happened: Tension mounts after Indian fighter jets cross Kashmir frontier, bomb camps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227053325/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/as-it-happened-tension-mounts-after-indian-fighter-jets-cross-kashmir-frontier-bomb-camps-1.1551149047465 |date=27 February 2019 }}, ''[[Gulf News]]''</ref> On later visits by [[Reuters]], the locals claimed that the school had been shut down about a year back and was no longer operational.<ref name="Reuters-2019-2">{{Cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-pakistan-madrasa-idINKCN1QO26W|title=No access to Pakistan religious school that India says it bombed|date=8 March 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=8 March 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307205346/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-pakistan-madrasa-idINKCN1QO26W|archive-date=7 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Damage ==
Neutral sources have asserted that the munitions dropped by Indian warplanes appeared to have only hit several trees and caused no other damage nor any human casualties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-india-pakistan-conflict-balakot-arms-trade-jaish-e-mohammed-a8800076.html?amp|title=Israel is playing a big role in India's escalating conflict with Pakistan|date=28 February 2019|work=Independent UK}}</ref><ref name="wiki11">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html|title=Deadly Shelling Erupts in Kashmir Between India and Pakistan After Pilot Is Freed|date=2 March 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2019 |website=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/26/pakistan-india-jets-breached-ceasefire-line-kashmir-bomb |title='Get ready for our surprise': Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes}}</ref><ref name="wiki14">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-village/pakistani-village-asks-where-are-bodies-of-militants-india-says-it-bombed-idUSKCN1QH298|title=Pakistani village asks: Where are bodies of militants India says it bombed?|date=28 February 2019|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/opinion/sunday/kashmir-india-pakistan.html|title=The Young Suicide Bomber Who Brought India and Pakistan to the Brink of War|date=2 March 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Did Balakot Airstrikes Hit Their Target? Satellite Imagery Raises Doubts |url=https://thewire.in/security/balakot-airstrikes-india-pakistan-satellite-images |work= The Wire |date=27 February 2019}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=September 2021|reason=Over 6 citations on the location of the airstrike.}} Western diplomats in [[Islamabad]] stated that they did not believe the Indian Air Force had hit any militant camp, with one stating that it was "common knowledge amongst our intelligence" that the militant training camp in Balakot had been moved some years back.<ref name="wiki14"/> Western security officials have cast doubt over Indian claims and asserted that there are no longer any such large scale militant camps in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html|title=Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack|date=5 February 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

India has asserted that "a very large number of JeM terrorists, trainers, senior commanders and groups of jihadis," who were preparing for launching another suicide attack targeting Indian assets, were killed.<ref name="Firstpost-2019-2" /> Indian media reported that the camp was leveled, and about 200–350 JeM militants were killed<ref name="Khaleej">{{Cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/350-terrorists-killed-in-loc-air-strike-claims-india|title=350 terrorists killed in LoC air strike, claims India|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060206/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/350-terrorists-killed-in-loc-air-strike-claims-india|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-bombs-biggest-jaish-terror-training-camps-across-loc-says-govt/story-IgHP0rvWDyJqGBVQ5e19mN.html|title=IAF air strikes across LoC: IAF jets blow up Jaish-e-Mohammed's main terror camp in 'non-military strike': Govt|date=26 February 2019|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065928/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-bombs-biggest-jaish-terror-training-camps-across-loc-says-govt/story-IgHP0rvWDyJqGBVQ5e19mN.html|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> though the exact figures varied across media-houses.<ref name="quartz-chacko">{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1563323/india-pakistan-lying-on-balakot-jem-will-breed-disaster/|title=Both India and Pakistan may be lying, and that may breed worse disasters|last=Chacko|first=Johann |website=Quartz India|date=2 March 2019 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302152537/https://qz.com/india/1563323/india-pakistan-lying-on-balakot-jem-will-breed-disaster/|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> The [[National Technical Research Organisation]] had located about 300 active mobile phones in the camp; prior to the strike.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-airstrike-idINKCN1QM1F3|title=India cites 'active mobile phones' to back air strike casualty claim|date=5 March 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=8 March 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307171349/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-airstrike-idINKCN1QM1F3|archive-date=7 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/number-of-terrorists-killed-in-balakot-strike-will-be-known-today-or-tomorrow-rajnath/story-m9LDwvfABvxeJPtLs7vFfO.html|title='Were trees using 300 mobiles?': Rajnath to Congress on Balakot strike |date=5 March 2019 |website=hindustantimes.com |language=en|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305182130/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/number-of-terrorists-killed-in-balakot-strike-will-be-known-today-or-tomorrow-rajnath/story-m9LDwvfABvxeJPtLs7vFfO.html|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast, Pakistan asserted that there were no casualties or infrastructure damage as a result of the attack.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466038|title=Indian aircraft violate LoC, scramble back after PAF's timely response: ISPR|date=26 February 2019|website=dawn.com|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226061202/https://www.dawn.com/news/1466038|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47375920|title=Pakistan vows response over India 'strikes'|date=26 February 2019|access-date=26 February 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227053325/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47375920|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Villagers from the area spoke of four bombs striking a nearby forest and field around 3 am; other than minor bruises and cuts incurred by a local man, and a few cracks in the walls of his home, both caused by shockwaves from the explosions, no damage was reported to humans or buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1919080/1-no-blood-no-bodies-no-debris-no-tragedy/|title=No blood. No bodies. No debris. No tragedy|date=27 February 2019|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227234154/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1919080/1-no-blood-no-bodies-no-debris-no-tragedy/|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters-2019">{{Cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-village-idINKCN1QH29B|title=Pakistani village asks: Where are bodies of militants India says it...|date=1 March 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=2 March 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302111622/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-village-idINKCN1QH29B|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Journalists associated with the ''[[Associated Press]]'' visited the area on 26 February and saw craters and damaged trees. The villagers they met reported no casualties.<ref>[https://www.apnews.com/e64d72f76c4f475493e4d41501ebab06 Tensions escalate as Indian airstrike hits inside Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024601/https://www.apnews.com/e64d72f76c4f475493e4d41501ebab06 |date=2 March 2019 }}, ''[[Associated Press]]''</ref> A team from [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] visited the site two days after the strikes and noted "splintered pine trees and rocks" which were strewn across the four blast craters. The local hospital officials and residents asserted that they did not come across any casualty or wounded people. The reporters located the facility,<ref name="aljazeera"/> a school run by Jaish-e-Mohammed, at around a kilometre to the east of one of the bomb craters, atop a steep ridge but were unable to access it.<ref name="aljazeera">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/indian-air-raid-site-casualties-mysterious-madrassa-190227183058957.html|title=At raid site, no casualties and a mysterious school|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228140436/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/indian-air-raid-site-casualties-mysterious-madrassa-190227183058957.html|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Reporters from Reuters were repeatedly denied access to the madrassa by the military citing security issues but they noted the structure (and its vicinity) to be intact from the back.<ref name="Reuters-2019" /><ref name="Reuters-2019-2" /> The press wing of the Pakistan military had twice postponed scheduled visits to the site.<ref name="Reuters-2019-2" /> However, on 29 March 2019, [[Inter-Services Public Relations]] (ISPR) took journalists to the site where the strike took place. There were around 375 students present in the Madrasa. Journalists were allowed to interview the students. They were also allowed to take photos and record videos of the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/29/pakistan-allows-media-visit-balakot-air-strike-location.html|title=Pakistan allows media to visit Balakot air strike location|date=29 March 2019|work=The Week}}</ref>

=== Satellite data assessments ===
[[Satellite]]-data analysis by the [[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]]'s Nathan Ruser concluded that there is "no apparent evidence of more extensive damage and on the face of it does not validate Indian claims regarding the effect of the strikes."<ref name="aljazeera" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/security/balakot-airstrikes-india-pakistan-satellite-images|title=Did Balakot Airstrikes Hit Their Target? Satellite Imagery Raises Doubts|website=The Wire|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302152240/https://thewire.in/security/balakot-airstrikes-india-pakistan-satellite-images|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cnbctv18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/eyewitnesses-say-indian-air-strike-on-balakot-killed-dozens-of-terrorists-including-former-isi-agents-2465611.htm|title=Eyewitnesses say Indian air strike on Balakot killed terrorists, former ISI agents|website=cnbctv18.com|date=2 March 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043807/https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/eyewitnesses-say-indian-air-strike-on-balakot-killed-dozens-of-terrorists-including-former-isi-agents-2465611.htm|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Michael Sheldon, a digital forensics analyst from [[Atlantic Council]] did another independent investigation on the issue which asserted that no damage was inflicted to any infrastructure around the target-site. It concluded that "something appeared to have gone wrong in the targeting process" and that the botch-up was mysterious in light of the autonomous nature of the supposedly used missiles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/05/kashmir-fog-of-war-how-conflicting-accounts-benefit-india-pakistan|title=Kashmir's fog of war: how conflicting accounts benefit both sides|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=5 March 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=5 March 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305122254/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/05/kashmir-fog-of-war-how-conflicting-accounts-benefit-india-pakistan|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/dfrlab/surgical-strike-in-pakistan-a-botched-operation-7f6cda834b24|title=Surgical Strike in Pakistan a Botched Operation?|date=28 February 2019|website=DFRLab|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304154449/https://medium.com/dfrlab/surgical-strike-in-pakistan-a-botched-operation-7f6cda834b24|archive-date=4 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html|title=Deadly Shelling Erupts in Kashmir Between India and Pakistan After Pilot Is Freed|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|date=2 March 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=5 March 2019|last2=Kumar|first2=Hari|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Yasir|first3=Sameer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042824/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/modi-india-no-longer-helpless-in-face-of-terror-after-crisis-with-pakistan/2019/03/01/31d6667c-3c20-11e9-b786-d6abcbcd212a_story.html? |title=In crisis with Pakistan, India's Modi keeps eye on elections |last=Slater |first=Joanna |date=1 March 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306084810/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/modi-india-no-longer-helpless-in-face-of-terror-after-crisis-with-pakistan/2019/03/01/31d6667c-3c20-11e9-b786-d6abcbcd212a_story.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A ''[[Reuters]]'' investigation based on high-resolution satellite imagery by [[Planet Labs]] noted an unchanged landscape when compared to an April 2018 satellite photo. It noted that "there were no discernible holes in the roofs of buildings, no signs of scorching, blown-out walls, displaced trees around the madrasa or other signs of an aerial attack".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/uk-india-kashmir-pakistan-airstrike-insi-idINKCN1QN02Z|title=Satellite images show madrasa buildings still standing at scene of...|date=6 March 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=6 March 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306102751/https://in.reuters.com/article/uk-india-kashmir-pakistan-airstrike-insi-idINKCN1QN02Z|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Even higher quality imagery, taken from the [[WorldView-2]] satellite, was later also analysed by the [[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]] and showed "that all three weapons missed by similar (but not identical) distances" suggesting "that the misses were caused by a systematic targeting error".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/indias-strike-on-balakot-a-very-precise-miss/|title=India's strike on Balakot: a very precise miss?|date=27 March 2019|website=The Strategist|language=en-US|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euspaceimaging.com/pakistan-satellite-imagery-confirms-india-missed-target-in-pakistan-airstrike/|title=Satellite Imagery confirms India missed target in Pakistan airstrike|website=European Space Imaging|date=8 March 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

European Space Imaging also provided high-resolution image of the site where the strike took place. The satellite imagery was from 27 February 2019, a day after the strike took place. The image showed that buildings were unharmed and there was no sign of casualties at the site. Managing director Adrian Zevenbergen, claimed that "there were no signs of scorching, no large distinguishable holes in the buildings and no signs of stress to the surrounding vegetation".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euspaceimaging.com/pakistan-satellite-imagery-confirms-india-missed-target-in-pakistan-airstrike/|title=Satellite Imagery confirms Indian missed the target in Pakistan airstrike|date=27 March 2019|work=European Space Imaging}}</ref>

===Indian officials claims===
In contrast, Indian officials said that analysis of before and after images from the [[synthetic aperture radar]] (SAR) carried by an airborne platform showed that four buildings had been destroyed but did not release those images.<ref name="cnbctv18" /> The official stated that SAR images from the first day after the attack showed that the roofs of the building (made of corrugated galvanized iron (CGI) sheets) were missing, and were repaired after two days. According to the official the presence of new roofs had made the assessment by technical intelligence difficult and it was up to the Indian Government to decide on the release of the classified SAR images.<ref name="Indiatimes_evidence">{{cite news |title=Defence Establishment Has Evidence Of Air Strikes in Balakot in Terms Of SAR Imagery |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/defence-establishment-has-evidence-of-air-strikes-in-balakot-in-terms-of-sar-imagery-363053.html |access-date=7 April 2019 |work=indiatimes.com |date=2 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The Indian Air Force showed the reporters of ''[[India Today]]'' and other media houses, the high-resolution satellite pictures possessed by the IAF which according to ''India Today'' showed three holes in the roof of one of the buildings. These holes were reported as a "classic signature of a SPICE bomb strike".<ref name="IT_Inside">{{cite news |title=The inside story of IAF's Balakot strike |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/the-inside-story-of-iaf-s-balakot-strike-1479311-2019-03-16 |access-date=7 April 2019 |work=India Today |date=16 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===Media reports===
''[[Reuters]]'' journalists were prevented from coming near the site of the attack, three times in nine days by the Pakistani security officials.<ref name="Reuters_stopped">{{cite news |title=No access to Pakistan religious school that India says it bombed |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-pakistan-madrasa/no-access-to-pakistan-religious-school-that-india-says-it-bombed-idINKCN1QO26W |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308125648/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-pakistan-madrasa/no-access-to-pakistan-religious-school-that-india-says-it-bombed-idINKCN1QO26W |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019 |work=Reuters |date=8 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today India]]'' stated that the area around Balakot had been cordoned off by the Pakistan Army and evidence such as the dead bodies were being cleared from the area.<ref name="BT_26_feb">{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pakistan-trying-to-hide-dead-body-of-terrorists-in-balakot-tries-to-debunk-india-claims-source/story/322532.html|title=Pakistan trying to hide dead bodies of terrorists in Balakot, debunks India's claims: Source|date=26 February 2019|work=businesstoday.in|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301080433/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pakistan-trying-to-hide-dead-body-of-terrorists-in-balakot-tries-to-debunk-india-claims-source/story/322532.html|archive-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> [[Praveen Swami]] writing for [[Firstpost]] claimed that Indian intelligence estimated a figure of about 20 casualties and that there were five confirmed kills per burial records.<ref name="Firstpost-2019-3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/property-records-nail-pakistani-lie-on-jaish-e-mohammed-hq-in-bahawalpur-finds-firstpost-investigation-6177441.html|title=Property records nail Pakistani lie on Jaish-e-Mohammed HQ in Bahawalpur, finds Firstpost investigation|website=Firstpost|date=March 2019|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306053543/https://www.firstpost.com/india/property-records-nail-pakistani-lie-on-jaish-e-mohammed-hq-in-bahawalpur-finds-firstpost-investigation-6177441.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He also noted a JeM rally in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa on 28 February, wherein [[Masood Azhar]]'s brother, Abdul Rauf Rasheed Alvi mentioned India's attack of their headquarters and vowed revenge.<ref name="Firstpost-2019-3" /> In another piece, Swami stated that based on intercepted communications, [[Research and Analysis Wing]] analysts estimated 90 casualties, including three Pakistani Army trainers.<ref name="Firstpost-2019" /> Swami though noted a lack of witness testimony to independently assess the validity of above claims.<ref name="Firstpost-2019" />

[[US State Department]] acknowledged reports of Pakistan misusing the F-16s, although undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs didn't mention concerns about the use of F-16s in shooting down Indian fighter jets since acknowledging it in formal State Department transmission would be a clear violation of Congress approved terms for selling the fighters as it would trigger formal procedures to reprimand Islamabad when the Trump administration wanted to repair bilateral diplomatic relations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world-report/articles/2019-12-11/state-department-reprimanded-pakistan-in-august-for-misusing-f-16s-document-shows?src=usn_tw|title=State Department Reprimanded Pakistan for Misusing F-16s, Document Shows|last1=Shinkman|first1=Paul|date=11 December 2019|access-date=12 December 2019|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|agency=U.S. News & World Report|issue=11 December 2019}}</ref> In 2021, multiple Indian news sources, including ''[[India Today]]'', ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]], [[Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[Swarajya (magazine)|Swarajya]]'', ''[[Deccan Herald]], [[LiveMint]],'' and ''[[NDTV]]'' reported that former Pakistani diplomat, [[Zafar Hilaly]] had allegedly admitting to 300 casualties following the air strike, based on a story shared by [[Asian News International]] (ANI) and [[Republic TV]]. [[Alt News]], an independent fact-checker, reported that Republic TV had shared a doctored video altering Hilaly's original speech, in which he stated that the air strike was intended to cause casualties, but did not kill anyone.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 January 2021|title=Indian media falsely claims ex-Pak diplomat admits 300 killed in Balakot airstrike|url=https://www.altnews.in/indian-media-falsely-claims-pak-diplomat-admits-300-killed-in-balakot-airstrike/|access-date=11 January 2021|website=Alt News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Doctored Video Was ANI's Source on Pak 'Accepting' Balakot Deaths, Indian Media Runs With Story|url=https://thewire.in/media/doctored-video-ani-balakot-deaths-pakistan|access-date=11 January 2021|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Swasti|date=10 January 2021|title=ANI, News Outlets Falsely Claim Ex Pak Diplomat Admitted To Balakot Deaths|url=https://www.boomlive.in/fact-check/fact-check-fake-news-balakot-zafar-hilaly-ani-india-today-surgical-strike-300-deaths-pakistan-narendra-modi-11487|access-date=11 January 2021|website=www.boomlive.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 January 2021|title=Fact Check: Did ex-Pak diplomat claim 300 casualties in Balakot airstrike? Here's the truth|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-300-casualties-in-balakot-airstrike-by-india-admits-former-pakistani-diplomat-2867137|access-date=11 January 2021|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> Following this, several of the sources, including News18, NDTV, and Times of India published a retraction of their reports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report On Ex-Pak Diplomat Admitting 300 Killed in Balakot Fact-Checked|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/report-on-ex-pakistani-diplomat-zafar-hilaly-admitting-300-killed-in-balakot-air-strike-fact-checked-2350666|access-date=11 January 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 January 2021|title=Fact-check: False Claims About ex-Pak Diplomat Admitting 300 Killed in Balakot Airstrike|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/fact-check-false-claims-about-ex-pak-diplomat-admitting-300-killed-in-balakot-airstrike-3268193.html|access-date=11 January 2021|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 January 2021|title=Former Pak diplomat admits 300 casualties in Balakot airstrike by India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-pak-diplomat-admits-300-casualties-in-balakot-airstrike-by-india/articleshow/80190168.cms|access-date=11 January 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
{{Further|2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes}}
The IAF put air defence systems on alert along the international border and Line of Control to respond to any possible retaliation by the Pakistan Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100249730913849344|title=Indian Air Force has put on high alert all air defence systems along the international border and LoC to respond to any possible action by Pakistan Air Force.pic.twitter.com/9GER7eqGPf|date=25 February 2019|website=@ANI|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227053325/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100249730913849344|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pakistan's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|foreign minister]] [[Shah Mehmood Qureshi|Shah Mahmood Qureshi]] summoned an emergency meeting in [[Islamabad]], Pakistan to discuss the security situation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100253132209209344|title=Radio Pakistan: Pakistan Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi has summoned an emergency meeting in Islamabad, Pakistan. The meeting will discuss the security situation. (File pic)pic.twitter.com/G2pPKna28u|date=25 February 2019|website=@ANI|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> and asserted that Pakistan reserved the right to retaliate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/PTIofficial/status/1100287616698728448|title=Minister of Foreign Affairs Shah Mahmood Qureshi Policy Statement after the violation of LOC by Indian Air ForceIpic.twitter.com/tduq8rpXd8|date=25 February 2019|website=@PTIofficial|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301023149/https://twitter.com/PTIofficial/status/1100287616698728448|archive-date=1 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The prime minister of Pakistan, [[Imran Khan]], convened an emergency meeting to review the situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466145|title=PM Khan summons 'important meeting' in wake of India's LoC violation|date=26 February 2019|website=dawn.com|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226092602/https://www.dawn.com/news/1466145|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of this meeting, the [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|National Security Council]] (NSC) released a statement denying the Indian claims of the destruction of any terrorist camp and described the attack as "uncalled for" whilst adding that retaliation would be forthcoming after a joint parliamentary session.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100332154196701185|title=Pakistan's National Security Committee (NSC) after a meeting chaired by Pakistan PM Imran Khan today: India has committed uncalled for aggression to which Pakistan shall respond at the time and place of its choosing.pic.twitter.com/7IfgrEXFN8|date=26 February 2019|website=@ANI|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227053325/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100332154196701185|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/PTIofficial/status/1100329335850860546|title=This action has been done for domestic consumption being in election environment, putting regional peace and stability at grave risk.The claimed area of strike is open for the world to see the facts on ground. For this domestic&international media is being taken to the impact site.|date=26 February 2019|website=@PTIofficial|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226164433/https://twitter.com/PTIofficial/status/1100329335850860546|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2019}}
</ref> He also stated that Pakistan will take international media to the area of strikes but were delayed due to adverse weather conditions.<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100347445773565952|title=Pakistan Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi: Pakistan will take international media to the area of strikes, helicopters are being readied, right now weather is bad, will fly when weather permits. (file pic)pic.twitter.com/hkvl1Z40gh|date=26 February 2019|website=@ANI|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226163207/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100347445773565952|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref>

[[Asian News International|ANI]] claimed to have released photos of the alleged JeM camp and weapons cache sourced from intelligence sources.<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100316004830400512|title=Intel Sources: Picture of JeM facility destroyed by Indian Ar Force strikes in Balakot, Pakistanpic.twitter.com/th1JWbVrHw|date=26 February 2019|website=@ANI|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226164244/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100316004830400512|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100316432175427584|title=Intel Sources: Ammunition dump blown up today in Balakot, Pakistan by IAF Mirages. The dump had more than 200 AK rifles, uncountable rounds hand grenades, explosives and detonatorspic.twitter.com/b7ENbKgYaH|date=26 February 2019|website=@ANI|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226163518/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100316432175427584|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100318886740852736|title=Intel Sources: Flags of USA, UK and Israel painted on staircases seen in Jaish e Mohammed facility destroyed by Indian Air Force jets in Balakotpic.twitter.com/266CEI0hGR|date=26 February 2019|website=@ANI|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226164144/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100318886740852736|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref>

==Reactions==
===India===
Foreign diplomats from the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, Australia, Indonesia, Turkey, China, and six [[ASEAN]] nations were briefed by Indian foreign secretary [[Vijay Keshav Gokhale|Vijay Gokhale]] on the strike conducted.<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100321405919481856|title=Chinese diplomat was also briefed by Foreign Secretary Vijay Gokhale on the Indian Air Force strike in Balakot|date=26 February 2019|website=@ANI|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226163437/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1100321405919481856|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> [[Arun Jaitley]], the Indian cabinet minister of Finance stated two reasons, for Pakistan denying the effectiveness of the airstrike stating, "There are two plausible reasons. First, the Pakistan army had created a big aura about its prowess among Pakistanis, and it did not want its image dented." Jaitley noted that the second reason was more important, and stated "Had the Pakistan army admitted that our fighters bombed its buildings, the first question to be raised would have been: What was the extent of damage? Experts would have come for a survey of the buildings and asked about the people staying inside... then Pakistan would have had to reveal names of the Jaish fighters who died there."<ref name="NDTV_Jaitley">{{cite news |title=Balakot Air Strike Exposed Pakistan's "Nuclear Bluff", Says Arun Jaitley |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arun-jaitley-says-balakot-air-strike-exposed-pakistans-nuclear-bluff-2005268 |access-date=13 March 2019 |work=NDTV.com |date=9 March 2019}}</ref> On April 2019, the Indian Minister of External Affairs of India [[Sushma Swaraj]] said no Pakistani soldiers or civilians were killed in the airstrike. Pakistani Major General [[Asif Ghafoor]] welcomed this statement as "Finally the truth [has been revealed] under ground reality compulsions".<ref>{{cite web |author=Monitoring Desk | title=No Pakistani soldier, citizen killed in air strike: Sushma | website=DAWN.COM | date=2019-04-19 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1477068 | access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref>

===International===
*{{flagu|Australia}} noted its condemnation of Pulwama attack and asked Pakistan to crack down on terrorists operating from its soil. It also asked both India and Pakistan to restrain from actions that would jeopardize peace.<ref>{{cite news |title=Australia Asks India, Pak To 'Exercise Restraint', Engage in Dialogue |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/world-news-australia-asks-india-pak-to-exercise-restraint-engage-in-dialogue/326180 |work=Outlook |date=26 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227053325/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/world-news-australia-asks-india-pak-to-exercise-restraint-engage-in-dialogue/326180 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagu|China}}'s foreign ministry spokesman [[Lu Kang (diplomat)|Lu Kang]] stated "We hope that both India and Pakistan can exercise restraint and adopt actions that will help stabilize the situation in the region and improve mutual relations".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-urges-india-pakistan-to-exercise-restraint-after-air-strike/articleshow/68168069.cms|title=China urges India, Pakistan to 'exercise restraint' after air strike|date=26 February 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226182714/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-urges-india-pakistan-to-exercise-restraint-after-air-strike/articleshow/68168069.cms|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagu|France}} asked both India and Pakistan to exercise restraint, saying that it supported Indian actions against terrorism and asked Pakistan to stop allowing its territory to be used by terrorists.<ref>{{cite news |editor1-last=Achom |editor1-first=Debanish |title=Recognise India's Legitimacy To Ensure Security Against Terror: France |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/recognise-indias-legitimacy-to-ensure-its-security-against-cross-border-terror-france-1999768 |work=NDTV |date=26 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226214736/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/recognise-indias-legitimacy-to-ensure-its-security-against-cross-border-terror-france-1999768 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagu|United States}}' [[Mike Pompeo]], [[United States Secretary of State|State secretary]] termed the attack as a "counter-terrorism action" and reaffirmed US-India ties. He asked both sides to show restraint.<ref>{{cite news |title=India-Pakistan tension: Pompeo speaks to Sushma Swaraj |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-pakistan-tension-pompeo-speaks-to-sushma-swaraj/articleshow/68179944.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228005043/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-pakistan-tension-pompeo-speaks-to-sushma-swaraj/articleshow/68179944.cms |archive-date=28 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}} The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] condemned the airstrike and called on both India and Pakistan to show restraint.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466169|title=OIC condemns Indian incursion against Pakistan, urges both sides to exercise restraint|date=26 February 2019|website=dawn.com|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226182208/https://www.dawn.com/news/1466169|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2019 Pulwama attack]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
*[[India–Pakistan relations]]
*[[Media coverage of 2019 India–Pakistan standoff]]
* [[Battle of Balakot]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-struck-biggest-training-camp-of-jem-foreign-sec-confirms/article26372319.ece 'India struck biggest training camp of JeM' – full statement from Foreign Secretary Vijay Gokhale], ''The Hindu'', 26 February 2019.

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{India-Pakistani relations}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balakot airstrike, 2019}}
[[Category:2019 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:2010s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2019 airstrikes]]
[[Category:Military history of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Airstrikes during India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:February 2019 in India]]
[[Category:February 2019 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Mansehra District]]
[[Category:Airstrikes conducted by India]]
[[Category:Cross-border operations]]

Manu Pal

2026-03-11T17:09:29Z

LeoSpragg093: Created first page v1

{{short description|Indian lawn bowler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Manu Pal
| image =
| image_size = 
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname = Manu Kumari Pal
| nickname =
| nationality = {{IND}}
| citizenship = Indian
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kannauj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = sportsperson
| yearsactive =
| website =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Lawn bowls]]
| event =
| league =
| league_type =
| employer =
| agent =
| height =
| weight =
| universityteam =
| club =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| coaching =
| retired =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
}}

'''Manu Pal''' is a female international Indian [[Bowls|lawn bowler]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ajay |title='भारत के लिए मेडल जीतने का सपना' |url=https://www.gaonconnection.com/stories/manu-pal-of-kannauj-wants-to-won-medal-for-india-in-lawn-ball |publisher=Gaon Connection |date=31 March 2017 |language=Hindi |archive-date=17 August 2023 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817130332/https://www.gaonconnection.com/stories/manu-pal-of-kannauj-wants-to-won-medal-for-india-in-lawn-ball |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Bowls career ==
She won a gold medal in Lawn Bals at the 34th [[National Games of India]] in 2011. In 2019, she won gold in the Lawn Bals game at the Malaysian Open Triples.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Abhishek |title=कन्नौज की इस बेटी ने भी पीवी सिंधु की तरह बढ़ाया मान, मलेशिया में मिली गोल्डन जीत |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-manu-from-kannauj-is-win-gold-medal-in-lawn-ball-at-malaysia-19543459.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=3 September 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref> She won three bronze medal in the 7th National Champion Lawn Bals Competition in March 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=अंतर्राष्ट्रीय खिलाड़ी मनु पाल का हुआ जोरदार स्वागत |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/kannauj/21551897252-kannauj-news |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=7 March 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

She won a silver and two bronze medal in the National Lawn Ball Championship, held in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], in February 2017. He also participated in [[Commonwealth Games]]. Manu Pal has also represented Delhi's team, played from Ranchi's team.<ref>{{cite news |title=मनु ने फिर किया जिले का नाम रोशन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/kannauj/manu-again-laurels-to-the-district |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=12 February 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She hails from [[Chhibramau]], [[Kannauj district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Manu holds an MA, B.Ed. and a Diploma in Yoga. Her father, Ramnarayan Pal is retired from [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) and her mother Haripyari Devi is housewife.<ref name=hindustan/>

== Awards and recognition ==
Manu Pal was awarded the [[Yash Bharti Award]], the highest civilian honour of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], in 2016 for her outstanding contribution to the field of sports.<ref>{{cite news |title=छिबरामऊ की मनु पाल को मिलेगा यश भारती |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/kannauj/manu-pal-get-yash-bharti |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=19 March 2016 |language=Hindi}}</ref> In January 2021, she was honored with the National Youth Icon Award by the Rashtriya Yuva Shakti Sangathan and the award was given by [[Akhilesh Yadav]], the former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=जिले से तीन का चयन, दो को पूर्व मुख्यमंत्री ने किया सम्मानित |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/kannauj/sammaan-youth-kannauj-kannauj-news-kannauj-news-knp6071822134 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=21 January 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

In the [[Lok Sabha]] elections, Manu Pal was made [[brand ambassador]] by the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] to motivate the youth for voting.<ref name=hindustan>{{cite news |title=हिन्दुस्तान मिशन शक्ति: कन्नौज की मनु विदेशों में धाक जमाकर इत्रनगरी के युवाओं की रोल मॉडल बनीं |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/kannauj/story-hindustan-mission-shakti-manu-of-kannauj-became-a-role-model-for-the-youth-of-itranagari-by-raiding-abroad-3756104.html |publisher=Livehindustan |date=19 January 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pal, Manu}}
[[Category:Indian bowls players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kannauj district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-bowls-bio-stub}}

2021 Indianapolis 500

2026-03-10T14:46:01Z

LeoSpragg093:

{{short description|105th running of the Indianapolis 500}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Indy500|
| race_name = 105th Indianapolis 500
| race_logo = 2021_Indianapolis_500_logo.svg
| date = May 30, 2021
| network = [[IndyCar Series on NBC|NBC]]
| announcers = [[Leigh Diffey]], [[Townsend Bell]], [[Paul Tracy]]
| rating = 3.15 (5.58 million viewers)
|sanction = [[IndyCar|INDYCAR]]
|season = [[2021 IndyCar Series|2021 IndyCar season]]
| team = [[Meyer Shank Racing]]
| winner = {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Hélio Castroneves]]
| chiefmechanic = Matt Swan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/23/at-msr-castroneves-and-crew-chief-swan-are-partying-like-its-1999|title=At MSR, Castroneves and crew chief Swan are partying like it’s 1999|website=Racer.com|publisher=[[Racer (magazine)|Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.]]|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=May 23, 2021|access-date=March 10, 2025}}</ref>
| time = 2:37:19.3846
| mph = {{nowrap|{{convert|190.690|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}}}
| pole = {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott Dixon]]
| pole_speed = {{nowrap|{{convert|231.685|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}}}
| fast_time = {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott Dixon]]
| rookie = {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott McLaughlin (racing driver)|Scott McLaughlin]]
| leader = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Conor Daly]] (40)
| pace_car = [[Chevrolet Corvette (C8)|Chevrolet Corvette]] Stingray Convertible
| pace_driver = [[Danica Patrick]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/19/danica-patrick-to-drive-indy-500-pace-car/|title=Danica Patrick to drive Indy 500 pace car|date=May 19, 2021|accessdate=May 19, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref>
| anthem = [[Jimmie Allen]]
| back_home = [[Jim Cornelison]]
| honorary_start = [[Milo Ventimiglia]]
| starter = Aaron Likens
| start_engines = [[Roger Penske]]
|previous=[[2020 Indianapolis 500|2020]]
|next=[[2022 Indianapolis 500|2022]]
}}

[[File:Indianapolis Oval.svg|thumb|Indianapolis Motor Speedway layout]]

The '''2021 Indianapolis 500''' (branded as the '''105th Running of the Indianapolis 500 presented by Gainbridge''' for sponsorship reasons) was a 500-mile (800 km, 200 lap) race in the [[2021 IndyCar Series]], held on May 30, 2021, at the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] in [[Speedway, Indiana]]. The [[Indianapolis 500 traditions#Month of May|month of May]] activities formally began on May 15 with the [[Grand Prix of Indianapolis|GMR Grand Prix]] on the [[Oval track racing#Combined road course|combined road course]]. Practice for the Indianapolis 500 began on May 18, and time trials were held May 22–23. Carb Day, the traditional final day of practice, took place on May 28.

On April 21, 2021, the track management announced that due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the event would be held with a limit of 135,000 spectators, approximately 40% capacity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://racer.com/2021/04/21/indy-500-announces-attendance-plans/|title=Indy 500 announces attendance plans|publisher=[[Racer (magazine)|Racer]]|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=April 21, 2021|access-date=April 21, 2021}}</ref> The [[2020 Indianapolis 500|previous year's]] race was postponed from May 24 to August 23, then ultimately held [[Behind closed doors (sport)|without spectators]], as was the [[GMR Grand Prix]] (which was moved to July 4). The [[2020 Indianapolis 8 Hours|Intercontinental GT Challenge]] meeting in October 2020, which included the [[2020 Harvest Grand Prix|twin road course races for INDYCAR]], carried a 10,000 spectator limit, with spectators restricted to grandstands in what are normally Turn 4 and Turn 1 on the oval (Turns 1–4 and Turns 12–14 on the road course).

[[Scott Dixon]], the winner in [[2008 Indianapolis 500|2008]], won the [[List of Indianapolis 500 pole-sitters|pole position]], and was a heavy favorite to win. Dixon, however, ran out of fuel during the first sequence of pit stops, as a result of a caution coming out, closing the pits and trapping him out on the track. He had to make a stop for emergency service, but the crew could not refire the stalled engine before he fell a lap down, and essentially out of contention. Two-time winner [[Takuma Sato]] ([[2017 Indianapolis 500|2017]], [[2020 Indianapolis 500|2020]]) was the defending champion, and led as late as lap 193, but he was off-sequence with the other leaders. Sato had to pit for fuel with seven laps to go, and finished 14th.

Three-time winner ([[2001 Indianapolis 500|2001]], [[2002 Indianapolis 500|2002]], [[2009 Indianapolis 500|2009]]), and four-time [[List of Indianapolis 500 pole-sitters|pole winner]] ([[2003 Indianapolis 500|2003]], [[2007 Indianapolis 500|2007]], [[2009 Indianapolis 500|2009]], [[2010 Indianapolis 500|2010]]) [[Hélio Castroneves]] took the lead for the final time on lap 199, and won his record-tying fourth Indianapolis 500 after dueling with second-year driver [[Álex Palou]] for most of the final 80 laps. The race set a new record for the fastest running of the Indianapolis 500, with an average speed at {{convert|190.690|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, as well as a new record for most cars running at the finish (30). Castroneves joined [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum|Hall of Fame]] drivers [[A. J. Foyt]], [[Al Unser|Al Unser Sr.]] and [[Rick Mears]] as four-time [[List of Indianapolis 500 winners|winners]]. After the race, Castroneves celebrated his victory by climbing the catch fence, his signature celebration, which had earned him the nickname "[[Spider-Man]]" early in his career. The race was also the first IndyCar Series victory for [[Meyer Shank Racing]], and Castroneves' most recent as of 2025.

==Race background==
[[File:Pagoda (47966303762).jpg|thumb|The Pagoda, the control tower which houses officials, broadcasting, and hospitality suites, is an icon at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.|322x322px]]

===Sponsorship===
On January 31, 2019, it was announced that the online financial services company Gainbridge would become the new presenting sponsor of the 500 under a four-year deal. This will be the third year under the current deal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/racing/indycar/story/_/id/25893895|title=Gainbridge becomes new sponsor for Indy 500|date=January 31, 2019|website=ESPN.com|language=en|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-date=February 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212153646/http://www.espn.com/racing/indycar/story/_/id/25893895|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Rule changes===
*The temperature requirement rule was changed to "45-45". That required both the ambient [[temperature]] to be {{convert|45|°F|0}} or higher, and the track surface temperature to be {{convert|45|°F|0}} or higher before cars were allowed out on the circuit. Previously the rule was "50-50".<ref name="racer-11-02-2020">{{cite news|url=https://racer.com/2020/11/02/indycar-aero-configuration-testing-at-ims/|title=IndyCar crunching the data after two-day aero test at IMS|publisher=[[Racer (magazine)|Racer]]|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=November 2, 2020|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref>
*The Last Chance qualifying session was expanded to 75 minutes in order to allow multiple qualifying attempts for each participant. In [[2019 Indianapolis 500|2019]] participants were permitted only one attempt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indycar.com/News/2020/02/02-14-Indy500-changes-for-2020|title=Indy 500 to feature record purse, increased speeds|publisher=IndyCar.com|date=February 14, 2020|access-date=February 26, 2020|archive-date=February 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227035632/https://www.indycar.com/News/2020/02/02-14-Indy500-changes-for-2020|url-status=live}}</ref> This change was supposed to be implemented for [[2020 Indianapolis 500|2020]], however, only 33 cars were entered and the 2020 Last Chance qualifying session was cancelled.
*Each entry was allowed 34 total sets of tires ([[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]]), for practice, time trials, and for the race. Entries taking part in the Rookie Orientation Program received an additional three sets for use during that session. Entries taking part in a Refresher Test received two additional sets for use during that session. From 2015 to 2019, teams were permitted 36 total sets. In 2020, teams were also allowed 34 sets, however, there was one fewer day of practice in 2020 compared to 2021.

===Event changes===
*Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], for the second year in a row, the annual [[Pit Stop Challenge]] was not held. In addition, the Carb Day concert and [[Snake Pit (Indianapolis Motor Speedway)|Snake Pit]] concerts were also cancelled.<ref name="ims-plan">{{cite news|url=https://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/planyourvisit/indy-500|title=Indianapolis 500 Plan Ahead Guide|publisher=Indianapolis Motor Speedway|access-date=April 22, 2021}}</ref>
*[[Allen Bestwick]] joined the public address system at the Speedway. Announcer and former [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network|radio]] and [[List of Indianapolis 500 broadcasters|television]] "Voice of the 500" [[Bob Jenkins]] reduced his schedule while battling brain cancer. Jenkins died August 9, 2021.

===2021 IndyCar Series===
{{Main|2021 IndyCar Series}}
The 2021 Indianapolis 500 was the sixth race of the [[2021 IndyCar Series|2021 NTT IndyCar Series season]]. Five different drivers won the first five races of the season, including three first-time winners. [[Álex Palou]] won the season opener at [[Indy Grand Prix of Alabama|Birmingham]], his first career [[IndyCar Series]] win. The following week, [[Colton Herta]] won at [[Grand Prix of St. Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]. A [[Genesys 600|doubleheader]] weekend at [[Texas Motor Speedway|Texas]] saw [[Scott Dixon]] and first-time victor [[Patricio O'Ward|Pato O'Ward]] as race winners. The [[Grand Prix of Indianapolis|GMR Grand Prix]] kicked off the month of May at Indianapolis on May 15, won by [[Rinus VeeKay]], the third first-time winner of the season. [[Scott Dixon]] entered the Indianapolis 500 as the series points leader. For the first time since [[2013 IndyCar Series|2013]], [[Team Penske]] failed to win a race prior to the Indy 500.

==Race schedules==
The [[2021 IndyCar Series]] schedule was announced on October 1, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indycar.com/News/2020/10/10-01-2021-Schedule-Release|title=NTT IndyCar Series announces 17-race schedule for 2021 season|work=[[IndyCar Series]]|publisher=Brickyard Trademarks, Inc.|date=October 1, 2020|access-date=October 1, 2020}}</ref> The Indianapolis 500 returned to its traditional [[Memorial Day]] weekend date after being delayed to August 23 in 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The race was scheduled for Sunday, May 30, the 54th time the race has been held on May 30. From 1911 to 1970, the race was scheduled for May 30 regardless of the day of the week, as Memorial Day at the time was a [[Uniform Monday Holiday Act|fixed-date holiday]]. During that period, if May 30 fell on a Sunday, the race was scheduled for Monday, May 31. Since 1974, the race has traditionally been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend.

Practice, time trials, and other ancillary events were scheduled for the two weeks leading up to the race. The [[Freedom 100]], however, was not held as the [[2021 Indy Lights]] season only included a race on the road course during GMR Grand Prix weekend.

The [[GMR Grand Prix]] returned to the month of May, again serving as the opening weekend of track activity. The [[Road to Indy]] held doubleheader races on both Friday and Saturday, while IndyCar held practice and qualifying on Friday, and their race on Saturday. In 2020, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the IndyCar event was moved to July 4 (as part of the [[2020 Brickyard 400|NASCAR]] weekend), the [[Road to Indy]] events were moved to September, and a second IndyCar road course event ([[Harvest GP]]) was held in October as part of the [[Intercontinental GT Challenge|Intercontinental GT]] weekend. The 2020 GMR Grand Prix was held [[Behind closed doors (sport)|without spectators]], while the October Harvest GP races were held with a maximum of 10,000 spectators.

{|
|
{| style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" class="wikitable"
|-
|+Race schedules — May 2021
|-
! scope="col" width="90" |Sun
! scope="col" width="90" |Mon
! scope="col" width="90" |Tue
! scope="col" width="90" |Wed
! scope="col" width="90" |Thu
! scope="col" width="90" |Fri
! scope="col" width="90" |Sat
|-
| 9 
|10 
|11 
|12 
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" |13 [[Road to Indy]] 
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 14 [[Road to Indy]] IndyCar Qualifying
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 15 [[Road to Indy]] [[GMR Grand Prix]]
|-
|16
|17
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |18 Practice 
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |19 Practice 
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |20 Practice 
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |21 Practice Fast Friday
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |22 [[List of Indianapolis 500 pole-sitters|Time Trials]] 
|-
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |23 [[List of Indianapolis 500 pole-sitters|Time Trials]] 
|24 
|25 
|26 
|27 
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |28 [[Pit Stop Challenge|Carb Day]] 
|29 Legends Day
|-
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" |30 Indianapolis 500
|31 Memorial Day
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|}
| valign="top" |
{|
|
{| style="margin-right:0; font-size:85%; text-align:center;" class="wikitable"
! Color
! Notes
|- style="background:#DFFFDF;"
| Green
| Practice
|- style="background:#CFCFFF;"
| Dark Blue
| Time trials
|- style="background:#DFDFDF;"
| Silver
| Race day
|- style="background:#FFCFCF;"
| Red
| Rained out<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|-
| Blank
| No track activity
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Includes days where track activity was significantly limited due to rain
|}
|}

''Source'': [https://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/planyourvisit/season-schedule 2021 Indianapolis 500 Event Schedule]

==Entry list==
{{further|2021 IndyCar Series#Contracted teams and drivers}}
The entry list for the 2021 Indianapolis 500 was released on May 12, 2021. Thirty-five entries appeared on the list, including nine former race winners and three rookies.<ref>[http://www.imscdn.com/indycar_media/documents/2021-05-12/indycar-entrylist-indianapolis%20500.pdf 2021 Indianapolis 500 Official Entry List]</ref> With thirty-five entries, bumping returned for the first time since [[2019 Indianapolis 500|2019]].<ref name="Racer-3-23-21">{{cite news|url=https://racer.com/2021/03/23/pruett-bumping-back-on-the-cards-for-the-2021-indy-500-field/|title=Bumping back on the cards for the 2021 Indy 500 field|publisher=Racer|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=March 23, 2021|access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> An expected 36th entry for driver [[Cody Ware]] set to drive for [[Dale Coyne Racing]] with [[Rick Ware Racing]] was withdrawn shortly before the entry list was released due to lack of sponsorship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/12/35-car-indy-500-entry-announced/|title=35-car Indy 500 entry announced|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=May 12, 2021|accessdate=May 12, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> All entries utilized the [[Dallara DW12]] chassis with the Universal Aero Kit 18, with [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] tires. The nine former [[List of Indianapolis 500 winners|Indy 500 winners]] making the field the most since there were ten in [[1992 Indianapolis 500|1992]].

[[File:Helio Castroneves 2018 Indy 500.jpg|thumb|225px|Three-time Indy 500 winner [[Hélio Castroneves]] ([[2001 Indianapolis 500|2001]], [[2002 Indianapolis 500|2002]], [[2009 Indianapolis 500|2009]]) has the most previous starts in the field with 20.]]
[[File:Takuma Sato (2013).jpg|thumb|Defending winner [[Takuma Sato]] won the race in [[2017 Indianapolis 500|2017]] and [[2020 Indianapolis 500|2020]].]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|-
!align=center | {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine
|-
|align="center"|1{{efn-ua|name=Hildebrand|[[Chip Ganassi Racing]] ([[Scott Dixon]]) is entitled to utilize car No. 1 as the [[2020 IndyCar Series]] champion, but declined in favor of keeping the No. 9 for marketing purposes. [[IndyCar]], Ganassi, and [[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]] agreed and arranged to assign car No. 1 to the [[J. R. Hildebrand]] Foyt entry to commemorate the 60th anniversary of [[A. J. Foyt]]'s first Indianapolis 500 victory.}} || {{flagicon|USA}} [[J. R. Hildebrand]] || [[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|2|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Josef Newgarden]] || [[Team Penske]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|3|| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott McLaughlin (racing driver)|Scott McLaughlin]] {{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}} || [[Team Penske]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|4|| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Dalton Kellett]] || [[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|5|| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Patricio O'Ward]] || [[Arrow McLaren SP]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|06|| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Hélio Castroneves]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}} || [[Meyer Shank Racing]]{{efn-ua|name=Shank|[[Meyer Shank Racing]] has a technical alliance with [[Andretti Autosport]].}} || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|7|| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Felix Rosenqvist]] || [[Arrow McLaren SP]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|8|| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Marcus Ericsson]] || [[Chip Ganassi Racing]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|9|| {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Scott Dixon]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}} || [[Chip Ganassi Racing]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|10|| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Palou]] || [[Chip Ganassi Racing]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|11|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Charlie Kimball]] || [[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|12|| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Will Power]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}} || [[Team Penske]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|14|| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sébastien Bourdais]] || [[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|15|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Graham Rahal]] || [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|16|| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Simona de Silvestro]] || [[Paretta Autosport]]{{efn-ua|name=Silvestro|[[Paretta Autosport]] has a technical alliance with [[Team Penske]].}} || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|18|| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Ed Jones (racing driver)|Ed Jones]] || [[Dale Coyne Racing]] with [[Jimmy Vasser|Vasser]]-Sullivan || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|20|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ed Carpenter (racing driver)|Ed Carpenter]] || [[Ed Carpenter Racing]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|21|| {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Rinus VeeKay]] || [[Ed Carpenter Racing]]|| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|22|| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Simon Pagenaud]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}} || [[Team Penske]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|24|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sage Karam]] || [[Dreyer & Reinbold Racing]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|25|| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Stefan Wilson]] || [[Andretti Autosport]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|26|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Colton Herta]] || [[Andretti Autosport]] w/ [[Curb Agajanian Performance Group|Curb-Agajanian]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|27|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alexander Rossi]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}} || [[Andretti Autosport]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|28|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ryan Hunter-Reay]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}} || [[Andretti Autosport]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|29|| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[James Hinchcliffe]] || [[Andretti Autosport|Andretti]] [[Harding Steinbrenner Racing|Steinbrenner Autosport]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|30|| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuma Sato]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}} || [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|45|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Santino Ferrucci]] || [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|47|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Conor Daly]] || [[Ed Carpenter Racing]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|48|| {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Tony Kanaan]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}} || [[Chip Ganassi Racing]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|51|| {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]] {{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}} || [[Dale Coyne Racing]] with [[Rick Ware Racing]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|59|| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Max Chilton]] || [[Carlin Motorsport|Carlin]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|60|| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jack Harvey (racing driver)|Jack Harvey]] || [[Meyer Shank Racing]]{{efn-ua|name=Shank|[[Meyer Shank Racing]] has a technical alliance with [[Andretti Autosport]].}} || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center"|75|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[R. C. Enerson]] {{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}} || [[Top Gun Racing]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|86|| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Pablo Montoya]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}} || [[Arrow McLaren SP]] || [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|-
|align="center"|98|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Marco Andretti]] || [[Andretti Autosport|Andretti]] [[Bryan Herta Autosport|Herta-Haupert Autosport]] with [[Marco Andretti]] & [[Curb Agajanian Performance Group|Curb-Agajanian]] || [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|-
|align="center" colspan="4"|[http://www.imscdn.com/indycar_media/documents/2021-05-12/indycar-entrylist-indianapolis%20500.pdf OFFICIAL REPORT]
|}
*{{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}} Former Indianapolis 500 Winner
*{{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}} Indianapolis 500 Rookie

==Testing and Rookie Orientation==
===October 2020===
[[File:Scott McLaughlin 2020 Supercars launch.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Scott McLaughlin (racing driver)|Scott McLaughlin]] passed rookie orientation during testing in October.]]
An offseason test was scheduled at the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] during the last week of October after the conclusion of the [[2020 IndyCar Series|2020 season]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://racer.com/2020/09/28/indycar-to-test-aero-changes-to-promote-overtaking/|title=IndyCar to test aero changes to promote overtaking|publisher=[[Racer (magazine)|Racer]]|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=September 28, 2020|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> On Wednesday, October 28, [[Takuma Sato]] ([[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing|Rahal]]) and [[Josef Newgarden]] ([[Team Penske|Penske]]) conducted test runs utilizing new aerodynamic pieces and configurations. Rain delayed the start of the session from 11 a.m. to approximately 12:30 p.m. Rookie [[Scott McLaughlin (racing driver)|Scott McLaughlin]] ([[Team Penske|Penske]]) completed the mandatory Rookie Orientation during the afternoon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://motorsports.nbcsports.com/2020/10/28/indycar-offseason-testing-takuma-sato-scott-mclaughlin-scott-dixon-josef-newgarden-ryan-hunter-reay-ed-carpenter-pato-oward/|title=Social roundup: Takuma Sato leads IndyCar back on track in offseason test at Brickyard|publisher=NBC Sports|first=Nate|last=Ryan|date=October 28, 2020|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref>

Track activity for Thursday, October 29 was rescheduled to Friday, October 30 due to a poor weather forecast.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://motorsports.nbcsports.com/2020/10/27/indycar-indianapolis-motor-speedway-2021-testing/|title=Several IndyCar Series drivers will test Wednesday and Friday at Indianapolis|publisher=NBC Sports|first=Nate|last=Ryan|date=October 27, 2020|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref>

On Friday, October 30, Sato and Newgarden were joined by [[Ryan Hunter-Reay]] ([[Andretti Autosport|Andretti]]), [[Ed Carpenter (racing driver)|Ed Carpenter]] ([[Ed Carpenter Racing|ECR]]), [[Patricio O'Ward|Pato O’Ward]] ([[Arrow McLaren SP]]), and [[Scott Dixon]] ([[Chip Ganassi Racing|Ganassi]]). The six-car session primarily focused on evaluation of new aerodynamic configurations in traffic. Cool temperatures delayed the start of track activity until approximately 12:15 p.m. No incidents were reported.<ref name="racer-11-02-2020"/>

===Engine hybridization test===
A special oval test was held on Friday, March 26 at the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]. It was originally planned for earlier in the week, but poor weather pushed it to Friday. The series oversaw test runs to attempt to replicate the effects of racing with [[Kinetic energy recovery system|KERS]], which will be part of the new [[Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid]] engine package scheduled to debut in 2023. Four entries, two [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]] and two [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]], took laps in choreographed sessions. The KERS simulation was implemented utilizing the existing [[Push-to-pass]] system. The drivers and teams involved were [[Scott Dixon]] ([[Chip Ganassi Racing|Ganassi]]), [[Josef Newgarden]] ([[Team Penske|Penske]]), [[Alexander Rossi]] ([[Andretti Autosport|Andretti]]), and [[Patricio O'Ward|Pato O’Ward]] ([[Arrow McLaren SP]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://racer.com/2021/03/25/indycar-planning-hybridization-rehearsal-at-ims-test/|title=IndyCar planning hybridization rehearsal at IMS test|publisher=[[Racer (magazine)|Racer]]|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=March 25, 2021|access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref>

No incidents were reported. Following the test, reactions from the drivers were mixed to negative. The horsepower increases were in the range of 50–60 [[Horsepower|HP]], resulting in straight-line speed increases of 5–7 mph.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://racer.com/2021/03/27/indycar-drivers-bearish-on-superspeedway-push-to-pass/|title=IndyCar drivers not behind push-to-pass at IMS|publisher=[[Racer (magazine)|Racer]]|first=Robin|last=Miller|date=March 27, 2021|access-date=March 29, 2021}}</ref>

===Open test — Thursday, April 8===
[[File:Conor daly (44648836741).jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Conor Daly]] set the fastest lap during the first session of testing.]]
*'''Weather''': {{convert|65|°F|0}}, wind up to 21 mph, rain showers in afternoon
*'''Summary''': A full-field open test on the oval at the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] was scheduled for April 8–9. A total of 32 car and driver combinations were scheduled to participate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/jimmie-johnson-indycar-final-preseason-test/5659507/|title=Jimmie Johnson "sensing" his IndyCar in final preseason test|publisher=Motorsport.com|first=David|last= Malsher-Lopez|date=March 9, 2021|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref><ref name="wibc-04-05-21">{{cite news|url=https://www.wibc.com/news/sports-news/ims-to-host-indy-500-open-test-this-week/|title=IMS to host Indy 500 Open Test this week|publisher=WIBC.com|first=Ashley|last=Fowler|date=April 4, 2021|access-date=April 6, 2021}}{{Open access}}</ref> Testing was scheduled to begin at 11 a.m., with a two-hour session for veteran drivers (21 eligible), followed by a two-hour session for rookie orientation and veteran refresher tests. The final three hours was to be open to all participants, including those that passed their tests in the previous session. Just twelve minutes into the session, [[Rinus VeeKay]] suffered a hard crash in turn one on his fifth lap, resulting in a broken finger.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/04/08/veekay-confirms-broken-finger-from-testing-crash/|title=VeeKay confirms broken finger from testing crash|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=April 8, 2021|access-date=April 8, 2021|website=[[Racer (magazine)|Racer.com]]|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> Rain at approximately 12:45 p.m. ended the day early for veterans. [[Conor Daly]] was fastest overall, with a lap at {{convert|222.714|mph|abbr=on}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/04/08/daly-leads-rain-shortened-first-day-of-indy-open-test/|title=Daly leads rain-shortened first day of Indy Open Test|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=April 8, 2021|access-date=April 8, 2021|website=[[Racer (magazine)|Racer.com]]|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> while [[Colton Herta]] set the fastest "no-tow" lap at {{convert|219.846|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=indy44 |number=1380202644044709889 |title=Matt Archuleta - Open Test Timing & Scoring as of 12:55 p.m.}}</ref> After the rain subsided, the track was opened for rookie orientation and veteran refresher tests from about 6:00 p.m. to 7:15 p.m.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
|+ Top Practice Speeds
|-
! {{abbr|Pos|Position}} !! {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine !! {{abbr|Speed (mph)|Best Single Lap Speed (mph)}} !! {{abbr|Speed (km/h)|Best Single Lap Speed (km/h)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 47
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Conor Daly]]
| [[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|222.714|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;"|20
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ed Carpenter (racing driver)|Ed Carpenter]]
| [[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|221.296|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;"|9
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott Dixon]]
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|220.575|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
!colspan=7| [https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EyfZd6_VcAIFEc0?format=jpg&name=900x900 OFFICIAL REPORT]
|}

===Rookie Orientation / Refresher tests — Thursday, April 8===
[[File:Pietro and Enzo Fittipaldi (cropped) (1).jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Pietro Fittipaldi]], grandson of two-time Indy 500 winner [[Emerson Fittipaldi]], took part in Rookie Orientation.]]
*'''Summary''': The rookie orientation and veteran refresher programs began just after 6:00 p.m. after track drying from earlier rain had been completed. A total of eleven cars took to the track during the session, with many drivers completing their refreshers. [[Sébastien Bourdais]] was fastest during the roughly 1 hour session, turning a lap at {{convert|224.427|mph|abbr=on}}. There were no major incidents, and the practice was only halted once for a track inspection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/04/08/bourdais-tops-rookie-refresher-session-at-ims/|title=Bourdais tops rookie/refresher session at IMS|first=Marhsall|last=Pruett|date=April 8, 2021|access-date=April 8, 2021|website=[[Racer (magazine)|Racer.com]]|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> The rookie orientation test for 2021 consisted of three stages: 10 laps between 205 and 210 mph, 15 laps between 210 and 215 mph, and 15 laps over 215 mph. The veteran refresher test consisted of only the second and third phases.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=adrianfm94 |number=1380279967112658951 |title=Adri Fernandez - Rookie/Refresher Speeds}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
|+ Top Practice Speeds
|-
! {{abbr|Pos|Position}} !! {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine !! {{abbr|Speed (mph)|Best Single Lap Speed (mph)}} !! {{abbr|Speed (km/h)|Best Single Lap Speed (km/h)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;"|14
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sébastien Bourdais]]
| [[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|224.427|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;"|24
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sage Karam]]
| [[Dreyer & Reinbold Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|222.048|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;"|06
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Hélio Castroneves]]
| [[Meyer Shank Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|221.097|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
!colspan=7| [https://racer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/85/2021/04/indycar-results-p1.pdf OFFICIAL REPORT]
|}

===Open test — Friday, April 9===
*'''Weather''': {{convert|78|°F|0}}, Mostly cloudy with brief rain showers around mid-day
*'''Summary''': Testing time was extended to make up for the previous day's truncated session, with the track now opening at 9:00 a.m. and closing at 6:00 p.m. 31 of the 32 entered cars for the test took to the track, with only [[Rinus VeeKay]] absent due to the damage sustained to his car in the previous day's wreck. The session was briefly interrupted just before noon for rain, but was resumed shortly thereafter. No major incidents occurred. [[Josef Newgarden]] turned the fastest lap of the open test at {{convert|226.819|mph|abbr=on}}. [[Graham Rahal]] had the fastest "no-tow" speed at {{convert|221.949|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/newgarden-leads-indy-500-test/6175911/|title=Newgarden leads three former winners in Indy 500 test|first=David|last=Malsher-Lopez|date=April 9, 2021|access-date=April 9, 2021|website=[[Motorsport.com]]|publisher=[[Motorsport Network]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
|+ Top Practice Speeds
|-
! {{abbr|Pos|Position}} !! {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine !! {{abbr|Speed (mph)|Best Single Lap Speed (mph)}} !! {{abbr|Speed (km/h)|Best Single Lap Speed (km/h)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Josef Newgarden]]
| [[Team Penske]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|226.819|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;"|30
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuma Sato]]
| [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|226.396|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 86
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Pablo Montoya]]
| [[Arrow McLaren SP]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|226.123|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
!colspan=7| [https://racer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/85/2021/04/indycar-results-p3.pdf18.pdf OFFICIAL REPORT]
|}

==Practice==
===Opening Day — Tuesday, May 18===
[[File:Will_Power_at_Carb_Day_2015_-_Stierch.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Will Power]] was the fastest driver on opening day of practice.]]
*'''Weather''': {{convert|73|°F|0}}, Cloudy with occasional light rain
*'''Summary''': The opening day of practice was divided into three sessions. The first session was open to veteran drivers, the second to drivers needing to complete Rookie and Refresher tests, and the third open to all drivers. [[Graham Rahal]] was fastest in the first session of the day, running a lap at {{convert|223.449|mph|abbr=on}}. [[Max Chilton]] had minor mishap when a helmet air ventilation hose became dislodged from the cockpit and wrapped around the rear wing. Light rain interrupted veteran practice three times and caused a delay in the start of rookie/refresher testing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rahal leads opening practice of Indy 500|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/18/rahal-leads-opening-practice-of-indy-500/|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=May 18, 2021|accessdate=May 18, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> Rookie and refresher testing began just after 2:00 p.m. Only three drivers, [[R. C. Enerson]], [[J. R. Hildebrand]], and [[Stefan Wilson]], were eligible and took part in the session. Both Hildebrand and Wilson completed both phases of their refresher tests. Enerson completed the first of three phases of his rookie test, but suffered a grease leak from the car's [[drive axle]] that prevented him from continuing. Enerson and Top Gun Racing did not return for the remainder of the day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hildebrand completes Indy refresher as Enerson finds issues in ROP session|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/18/hildebrand-completes-indy-refresher-as-enerson-finds-issues-in-rop-session/|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=May 18, 2021|accessdate=May 18, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> Full field practice began almost immediately after the conclusion of the rookie and refresher session. [[Will Power]] set the fastest time of the day, running a lap at {{convert|226.470|mph|abbr=on}}. [[Ed Carpenter (racing driver)|Ed Carpenter]] held the fastest "no-tow" speed - a lap set without the assistance of [[Drafting (aerodynamics)|drafting]] - at {{convert|219.162|mph|abbr=on}}. The only significant incident of the session came at roughly 4:45 p.m. when [[Sébastien Bourdais]]'s car caught fire behind the right sidepod after an apparent engine failure.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indy 500: Former winners dominate first day of practice|url=https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/indy-500-former-winners-dominate-day-1/6511106/|first=David|last=Malsher-Lopez|date=May 18, 2021|accessdate=May 18, 2021|website=Motorsport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
|+ Top Practice Speeds
|-
! {{abbr|Pos|Position}} !! {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine !! {{abbr|Speed (mph)|Best Single Lap Speed (mph)}} !! {{abbr|Speed (km/h)|Best Single Lap Speed (km/h)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;"|12
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Will Power]]
| [[Team Penske]]
| [[Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|226.470|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;"|28
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ryan Hunter-Reay]]
| [[Andretti Autosport]]
| [[Honda]]
| {{convert|226.371|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;"|30
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuma Sato]]
| [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]]
| [[Honda]]
| {{convert|226.132|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
!colspan=7| [http://www.imscdn.com/INDYCAR/Documents/5843/2021-05-18/indycar-results-p2.pdf OFFICIAL REPORT]
|}

===Wednesday, May 19===
[[File:Scott_Dixon_at_the_2013_Grand_Prix_of_Baltimore.jpg|thumb|225px|[[Scott Dixon]] set the fastest lap in the second practice session.]]
*'''Weather''': {{convert|79|°F|0}}, Mostly cloudy
*'''Summary''': The track opened at 11:00 a.m. with a one-hour session for [[R. C. Enerson]] to complete the remainder of his rookie orientation testing. Enerson completed the last two stages of the test, but did not appear for the rest of the day after finishing. The track was opened to all competitors at 12:15 p.m. and remained open until 6:15 p.m. [[Scott Dixon]] was the fastest driver of the day, running a lap at {{convert|226.829|mph|abbr=on}}. [[Alexander Rossi]] set the fastest no-tow lap at {{convert|221.114|mph|abbr=on}}. There were no significant incidents during the session.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/indy-500-ganassi-carpenter-top-day-2-dixon/6511620/|title=Indy 500: Ganassi and Carpenter cars top Day 2 of practice|first=David|last=Malsher-Lopez|date=May 19, 2021|accessdate=May 19, 2021|website=Motorsport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
|+ Top Practice Speeds
|-
! {{abbr|Pos|Position}} !! {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine !! {{abbr|Speed (mph)|Best Single Lap Speed (mph)}} !! {{abbr|Speed (km/h)|Best Single Lap Speed (km/h)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;"|9
| {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Scott Dixon]]
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|226.829|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;"|47
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Conor Daly]]
| [[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|226.372|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;"|20
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ed Carpenter (racing driver)|Ed Carpenter]]
| [[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|226.103|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
!colspan=7| [http://www.imscdn.com/INDYCAR/Documents/5844/2021-05-19/indycar-results-p3.pdf OFFICIAL REPORT]
|}

===Thursday, May 20===
[[File:Tony_kanaan_(42376567570)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|225px|[[Tony Kanaan]] was fastest on Thursday.]]
*'''Weather''': {{convert|83|°F|0}}, Mostly cloudy
*'''Summary''': Higher temperatures resulted in lower speeds and reduced running in the heat of the day. Practice began with an unannounced [[photo op]] by the three [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]] cars down the frontstretch. The slow speed of the [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing|Rahal]] cars caught other competitors off-guard and resulted in a minor collision between [[Scott McLaughlin (racing driver)|Scott McLaughlin]] and [[Colton Herta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/20/herta-mclaughlin-trip-over-indy-photo-op/|title=Herta, McLaughlin trip over Indy photo-op|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=May 20, 2021|accessdate=May 20, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> The [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing|Rahal]] team was later penalized for the incident with all three cars being not allowed to participate in the first thirty minutes of Friday's session.<ref name="Motorsport Thursday">{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/kanaan-leads-daly-race-setup-testing-day-3/6512338/|title=Indy 500: Kanaan leads Daly in race setup testing on Day 3|first=David|last=Malsher-Lopez|date=May 20, 2021|accessdate=May 20, 2021|website=Motorsport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network}}</ref> The first major incident of the week came at 4:14 p.m., when [[Santino Ferrucci]] lost control of his car and impacted the wall in turn two. Ferrucci required assistance walking to the medical car and was later sent to [[Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital|Methodist Hospital]] for examination of potential injuries to his left leg.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/20/ferrucci-undergoing-medical-evaluation-after-indy-500-practice-crash/|title=Ferrucci undergoing medical evaluation after Indy 500 practice crash|first=Joey|last=Barnes|date=May 20, 2021|accessdate=May 20, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> Despite the wreck, Ferrucci was still the third fastest driver on the day. [[Tony Kanaan]] was the fastest driver of the day, turning a lap at {{convert|225.341|mph|abbr=on}}. [[Jack Harvey (racing driver)|Jack Harvey]] held the fastest no-tow lap, running at {{convert|222.090|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Motorsport Thursday" /> For the first time during the week, all 35 entries participated in a full-field practice session.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
|+ Top Practice Speeds
|-
! {{abbr|Pos|Position}} !! {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine !! {{abbr|Speed (mph)|Best Single Lap Speed (mph)}} !! {{abbr|Speed (km/h)|Best Single Lap Speed (km/h)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;"|48
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Tony Kanaan]]
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda]]
| {{convert|225.341|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;"|47
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Conor Daly]]
| [[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|225.245|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;"|45
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Santino Ferrucci]]
| [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]]
| [[Honda]]
| {{convert|224.922|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
!colspan=7| [http://www.imscdn.com/INDYCAR/Documents/5845/2021-05-20/indycar-results-p4.pdf OFFICIAL REPORT]
|}

===Fast Friday — Friday, May 21===
[[File:Andretti Autosport Visit 180405-F-KS667-0012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Alexander Rossi]] had the fastest "no-tow" speed on Fast Friday]]
*'''Weather''': {{convert|82|°F|0}}, Fair
*'''Summary''': Friday saw engine boost pressures increased in preparation for qualifying runs over the weekend. [[Honda]] powered cars dominated the day, taking 12 of the top 15 spots in the speed charts. [[Scott Dixon]] was fastest of all during the session, turning a lap at {{convert|233.302|mph|abbr=on}}. [[Alexander Rossi]] held the fastest no-tow lap at {{convert|231.597|mph|abbr=on}}. [[Marcus Ericsson]] put together the fastest 4-lap average - a simulation of a full qualification run - at {{convert|231.950|mph|abbr=on}}. No major incidents occurred during the day. Following the session, the draw for qualifying order was held.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/ericsson-herta-top-qualifying-sims-fast-friday/6512937/|title=Indy 500: Ericsson, Herta top 4-lap averages on Fast Friday|first=David|last=Malsher-Lopez|date=May 21, 2021|accessdate=May 21, 2021|website=Motorsport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
|+ Top Practice Speeds
|-
! {{abbr|Pos|Position}} !! {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine !! {{abbr|Speed (mph)|Best Single Lap Speed (mph)}} !! {{abbr|Speed (km/h)|Best Single Lap Speed (km/h)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;"|9
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott Dixon]]
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda]]
| {{convert|233.302|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;"|26
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Colton Herta]]
| [[Andretti Autosport]] w/ [[Curb Agajanian Performance Group|Curb-Agajanian]]
| [[Honda]]
| {{convert|232.784|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;"|48
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Tony Kanaan]]
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda]]
| {{convert|232.690|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
!colspan=7| [http://www.imscdn.com/INDYCAR/Documents/5846/2021-05-21/indycar-results-p5.pdf OFFICIAL REPORT]
|}

==Time Trials==
===Qualifying — Saturday, May 22===
*'''Weather''': {{convert|83|°F|0}}, Overcast early, partly cloudy late
*'''Summary''': Time trials on Saturday determined the top thirty qualifiers which would be locked into the starting field. The nine fastest cars advanced to the Fast Nine Shootout scheduled for Sunday to determine the pole position. The slowest five cars moved on to participate in the Last Row Shootout to determine the final row of the grid and which two entries would not qualify. [[Scott Dixon]], the first driver to take the course, was the fastest driver, turning a four-lap average at {{convert|231.828|mph|abbr=on}}, with a best single lap speed of {{convert|232.574|mph|abbr=on}}. [[Colton Herta]] was second at {{convert|231.648|mph|abbr=on}}, while Dixon's teammate [[Tony Kanaan]] was third at {{convert|231.639|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Quali Sat">{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/22/dixon-leads-indy-500-qualifiers-power-outside-top-33/|title=Dixon leads Indy 500 qualifiers; Power outside top 33|first=Joey|last=Barnes|date=May 22, 2021|accessdate=May 22, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref>

:On his second qualifying attempt, [[Álex Palou]] suffered a crash in turn 2 after losing control and sliding into the wall at corner exit. However, Palou had not withdrawn his previous time to make this attempt, and his initial time was still fast enough to make the Fast Nine session the next day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/palou-suffers-heavy-shunt-indy-qualifying/6513796/|title=Palou suffers heavy shunt in Indy qualifying|first=David|last=Malsher-Lopez|date=May 22, 2021|accessdate=May 22, 2021|website=Motorsport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network|archive-date=May 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522200409/https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/palou-suffers-heavy-shunt-indy-qualifying/6513796/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

:One of the major stories of the day was the difficulties for [[2018 Indianapolis 500|2018]] winner [[Will Power]]. Power was bumped from the field after his initial run and was unable to bump his way back in on subsequent runs, relegating him to the Last Row Shootout session. [[Sage Karam]], [[Simona de Silvestro]], [[Charlie Kimball]], and [[R. C. Enerson]] were also forced into the Last Row Shootout.<ref name="Quali Sat" />

:Honda-powered cars were once again dominant in qualifications, taking eleven of the top 15 positions and seven of the Fast Nine spots. [[Pietro Fittipaldi]], who qualified 13th, earned the [[Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year#Fastest rookie qualifier|Fastest Rookie Qualifier]] award.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! {{abbr|Pos|Position}} !! {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine !! {{abbr|Speed (mph)|Four-Lap Average Speed (mph)}} !! {{abbr|Speed (km/h)|Four-Lap Average Speed (km/h)}}
|-
! colspan=7 | Fast Nine Qualifiers
|-
! 1
| align="center"| 9
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott Dixon]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|231.828|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 2
| align="center"| 26
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Colton Herta]]
| [[Andretti Autosport]] w/ [[Curb Agajanian Performance Group|Curb-Agajanian]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|231.648|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 3
| align="center"| 48
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Tony Kanaan]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|231.639|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 4
| align="center"| 20
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ed Carpenter (racing driver)|Ed Carpenter]]
| [[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|231.616|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 5
| align="center"| 21
| {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Rinus VeeKay]]
| [[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|231.483|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 6
| align="center"| 06
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Hélio Castroneves]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Meyer Shank Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|231.164|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 7
| align="center"| 10
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Palou]]
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|231.145|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 8
| align="center"| 28
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ryan Hunter-Reay]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Andretti Autosport]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|231.139|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 9
| align="center"| 8
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Marcus Ericsson]]
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|231.104|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! colspan=7 | Positions 10–30
|-
! 10
| align="center"| 27
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alexander Rossi]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Andretti Autosport]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|231.046|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 11
| align="center"| 18
| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Ed Jones (racing driver)|Ed Jones]]
| [[Dale Coyne Racing]] w/ [[Jimmy Vasser|Vasser]]-Sullivan
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|231.044|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 12
| align="center"| 5
| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Patricio O'Ward]]
| [[Arrow McLaren SP]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|230.864|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 13
| align="center"| 51
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]] {{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}}
| [[Dale Coyne Racing]] w/ [[Rick Ware Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|230.846|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 14
| align="center"| 7
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Felix Rosenqvist]]
| [[Arrow McLaren SP]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|230.744|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 15
| align="center"| 30
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuma Sato]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|230.708|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 16
| align="center"| 29
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[James Hinchcliffe]]
| [[Andretti Autosport|Andretti Steinbrenner Autosport]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|230.563|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 17
| align="center"| 3
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott McLaughlin (racing driver)|Scott McLaughlin]] {{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}}
| [[Team Penske]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|230.557|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 18
| align="center"| 15
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Graham Rahal]]
| [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|230.521|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 19
| align="center"| 47
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Conor Daly]]
| [[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|230.427|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 20
| align="center"| 60
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jack Harvey (racing driver)|Jack Harvey]]
| [[Meyer Shank Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|230.191|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 21
| align="center"| 2
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Josef Newgarden]]
| [[Team Penske]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|230.071|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 22
| align="center"| 1
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[J. R. Hildebrand]]
| [[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|229.980|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 23
| align="center"| 45
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Santino Ferrucci]]
| [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|229.949|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 24
| align="center"| 86
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Pablo Montoya]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Arrow McLaren SP]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|229.891|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 25
| align="center"| 98
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Marco Andretti]]
| [[Andretti Autosport|Andretti Herta-Haupert Autosport]] w/ [[Marco Andretti]] & [[Curb Agajanian Performance Group|Curb-Agajanian]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|229.872|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 26
| align="center"| 22
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Simon Pagenaud]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Team Penske]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|229.778|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 27
| align="center"| 14
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sébastien Bourdais]]
| [[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|229.744|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 28
| align="center"| 25
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Stefan Wilson]]
| [[Andretti Autosport]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|229.714|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 29
| align="center"| 59
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Max Chilton]]
| [[Carlin Motorsport|Carlin]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|229.417|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 30
| align="center"| 4
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Dalton Kellett]]
| [[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| align="center"| {{abbr|228.323|Best speed of 229.250 withdrawn}}
| align="center"| {{abbr|{{convert|228.323|mph|disp=number}}|Best speed of {{convert|229.250|mph|disp=number}} withdrawn}}
|-
! colspan=7| Last Row Shootout
|-
! 31
| align="center"| 12
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Will Power]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Team Penske]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| align="center"| {{abbr|''No time''|Failed attempt of {{convert|229.228|mph|abbr=on}}}}
|-
! 32
| align="center"| 24
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sage Karam]]
| [[Dreyer & Reinbold Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| align="center"| {{abbr|''No time''|Failed attempt of {{convert|229.158|mph|abbr=on}}}}
|-
! 33
| align="center"| 11
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Charlie Kimball]]
| [[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| align="center"| {{abbr|''No time''|Failed attempt of {{convert|228.401|mph|abbr=on}}}}
|-
! 34
| align="center"| 16
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Simona de Silvestro]]
| [[Paretta Autosport]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| align="center"| {{abbr|''No time''|Failed attempt of {{convert|228.395|mph|abbr=on}}}}
|-
! 35
| align="center"| 75
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[R. C. Enerson]] {{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}}
| [[Top Gun Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| align="center"| {{abbr|''No time''|Failed attempt of {{convert|227.283|mph|abbr=on}}}}
|-
! colspan=7| [https://racer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/85/2021/05/indycar-results-quals-day1-official.pdf Official Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716152720/https://racer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/85/2021/05/indycar-results-quals-day1-official.pdf |date=July 16, 2024 }}
|-
|}

===Bump Day/Pole Day — Sunday, May 23===
*'''Weather''': {{convert|83|°F|0}}, Sunny early, mostly cloudy late

====Last Chance Qualifying====
Last Chance Qualifying<ref>{{cite news|title=Dixon Fastest, Power Drops to Last Chance in Qualifying Drama|url=https://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/news-multimedia/news/2021/05/22/dixon-fastest-power-drops-to-last-chance|first1=Paul|last1=Kelly|publisher=Indianapolis Motor Speedway|date=May 22, 2021|accessdate=March 31, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dixon Powers to Fourth '500' Pole in Fastest Indy Field|url=https://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/news-multimedia/news/2021/05/23/dixon-powers-to-fourth-500-pole-in-fastest-indy-field?|first1=Paul|last1=Kelly|publisher=Indianapolis Motor Speedway|date=May 23, 2021|accessdate=March 31, 2023}}</ref> began at 1:15 p.m. The format was expanded to a 75-minute session, with each participant having one guaranteed attempt. Previously, the Last Row Shootout session was limited to only one attempt per car. Entries were now allowed to make additional attempts, time-permitting, but were required to withdraw their previous time to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://the-race.com/indycar/indy-500-qualifying-how-it-works-and-what-to-expect/|title=Indy 500 Qualifying: How it Works and What to Expect|first=Jack|last=Benyon|date=May 22, 2021|accessdate=May 23, 2021|website=the-race.com|publisher=The Race}}</ref> In addition, cars that had completed an attempt would have the time voided if they performed any subsequent work on the car before time ran out in the session. If any adjustments were made, or if any engine cooling efforts were performed, the car was automatically withdrawn and was required to make a new attempt.

[[Sage Karam]] was the fastest of those in the Last Row Shootout, turning a four-lap average at {{convert|229.156|mph|abbr=on}}, to secure 31st starting position. Despite brushing the wall in turn two on his final lap, [[Will Power]] was second fastest, taking 32nd. [[Simona de Silvestro]] was third fastest, giving her the final starting position (33rd) for the race. [[Charlie Kimball]] and [[R. C. Enerson]] were 4th-fastest and 5th-fastest, respectively. Despite multiple attempts each, Kimball and Enerson failed to qualify.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/23/karam-power-de-silvestro-claim-indy-500-last-row/|title=Karam, Power, De Silvestro claim Indy 500 last row|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=May 23, 2021|accessdate=May 23, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! {{abbr|Pos|Position}} !! {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine !! {{abbr|Speed (mph)|Four-Lap Average Speed (mph)}} !! {{abbr|Speed (km/h)|Four-Lap Average Speed (km/h)}}
|-
! colspan=7 | Last Row Qualifiers
|-
! 31
| align="center"| 24
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sage Karam]]
| [[Dreyer & Reinbold Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|229.156|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 32
| align="center"| 12
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Will Power]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Team Penske]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|228.876|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 33
| align="center"| 16
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Simona de Silvestro]]
| [[Paretta Autosport]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|228.353|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! colspan=7| Failed to qualify
|-
! 34
| align="center"| 11
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Charlie Kimball]]
| [[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| align="center"| {{abbr|227.584|Best speed of 227.811 withdrawn}}
| align="center"| {{abbr|{{convert|227.584|mph|disp=number}}|Best speed of {{convert|227.811|mph|disp=number}} withdrawn}}
|-
! 35
| align="center"| 75
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[R. C. Enerson]] {{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}}
| [[Top Gun Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| align="center"| {{abbr|226.813|Best speed of 227.298 withdrawn}}
| align="center"| {{abbr|{{convert|226.813|mph|disp=number}}|Best speed of {{convert|227.298|mph|disp=number}} withdrawn}}
|-
! colspan=7| [http://www.imscdn.com/INDYCAR/Documents/5848/2021-05-23/indycar-results-quals-poleday.pdf Official Report]
|}

====Fast Nine Qualifying====
[[File:Scott dixon (51221640638).jpg|thumb|Scott Dixon, the polesitter]]
[[Scott Dixon]] won his fourth Indianapolis 500 [[List of Indianapolis 500 pole-sitters|pole position]] with a four-lap average of {{convert|231.685|mph|abbr=on}} and a fastest single lap of {{convert|232.757|mph|abbr=on}}. It was Dixon's first IndyCar pole position since the [[2017 Indianapolis 500|2017 race]]. [[Colton Herta]] qualified second at {{convert|231.655|mph|abbr=on}}, only 0.0197 seconds slower than Dixon. [[Rinus VeeKay]] improved from his fifth-placed result in Saturday qualifying to take the outside of the front row, running at {{convert|231.511|mph|abbr=on}}. VeeKay was also the highest qualified Chevrolet-powered entry in the field.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/23/dixon-saves-his-best-for-last-to-win-indianapolis-500-pole/|title=Dixon saves his best for last to win Indianapolis 500 pole|first=Marshall|last=Pruett|date=May 23, 2021|accessdate=May 23, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref>

Following the conclusion of qualifications, a two-hour practice session was held.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! {{abbr|Pos|Position}} !! {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine !! {{abbr|Speed (mph)|Four-Lap Average Speed (mph)}} !! {{abbr|Speed (km/h)|Four-Lap Average Speed (km/h)}}
|-
! colspan=7 | Fast Nine Qualifiers
|-
! 1
| align="center"| 9
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott Dixon]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|231.685|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 2
| align="center"| 26
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Colton Herta]]
| [[Andretti Autosport]] w/ [[Curb Agajanian Performance Group|Curb-Agajanian]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|231.655|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 3
| align="center"| 21
| {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Rinus VeeKay]]
| [[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|231.511|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 4
| align="center"| 20
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ed Carpenter (racing driver)|Ed Carpenter]]
| [[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|231.504|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 5
| align="center"| 48
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Tony Kanaan]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|231.032|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 6
| align="center"| 10
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Palou]]
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|230.616|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 7
| align="center"| 28
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ryan Hunter-Reay]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Andretti Autosport]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|230.499|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 8
| align="center"| 06
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Hélio Castroneves]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
| [[Meyer Shank Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|230.355|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! 9
| align="center"| 8
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Marcus Ericsson]]
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
| {{convert|230.318|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
! colspan=7| [http://www.imscdn.com/INDYCAR/Documents/5848/2021-05-23/indycar-results-quals-poleday.pdf Official Report]
|}

==Post-Qualifying practice==
===Post-qualifying practice — Sunday, May 23===
*'''Weather''': {{convert|83|°F|0}}, mostly cloudy
*'''Summary''': A two-hour practice session began at 5:00 p.m. following the conclusion of qualifications. Cars returned to their race-day boost levels, and practice runs were oriented on race set-ups. [[Simon Pagenaud]] suffered an engine failure during the session, the most significant incident of practice. [[Álex Palou]] turned the fastest lap, running at {{convert|225.649|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/indy-500-ganassi-cars-lead-last-practice-before-carb-day/6514548/|title=Indy 500: Ganassi cars lead last practice before Carb Day|first=David|last=Malsher-Lopez|date=May 23, 2021|accessdate=May 23, 2021|website=Motorsport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
|+ Top Practice Speeds
|-
! {{abbr|Pos|Position}} !! {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine !! {{abbr|Speed (mph)|Best Single Lap Speed (mph)}} !! {{abbr|Speed (km/h)|Best Single Lap Speed (km/h)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Palou]]
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda]]
| {{convert|225.649|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| align="left"| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Marcus Ericsson]]
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda]]
| {{convert|225.632|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 47
| align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Conor Daly]]
| [[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
| [[Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|225.453|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
!colspan=7| [http://www.imscdn.com/INDYCAR/Documents/5849/2021-05-23/indycar-results-p8.pdf OFFICIAL REPORT]
|}

==Carb Day final practice==
===Carb Day — Friday, May 28===
*'''Weather''': {{convert|60|°F|0}}, intermittent rain showers
*'''Summary''': Carb Day practice, the final practice before the race, was scheduled to begin at 11:00 a.m. However, rain showers delayed the start by over 2 hours, with practice not starting until roughly 1:30 p.m. Lower temperatures led to higher speeds for the drivers. [[Scott Dixon]] turned the fastest lap of the day at {{convert|228.323|mph|abbr=on}}. The session was cut short by roughly 10 minutes due to further rain showers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indycar.com/News/2021/05/05-28-CarbDay-RainShort|title=Dixon cements race favorite status by leading final practice|first=Paul|last=Kelly|date=May 28, 2021|accessdate=May 28, 2021|website=IndyCar.com|publisher=Brickyard Trademarks, LLC.}}</ref>

:Due to limited attendance caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the annual [[Pit Stop Challenge]] and concerts were not held.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/events/indy500/event-info/schedule|title=Miller Lite Carb Day|accessdate=May 28, 2021|website=IndianapolisMotorSpeedway.com|publisher=IMS LLC.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
|+ Top Practice Speeds
|-
! {{abbr|Pos|Position}} !! {{abbr|No.|Car Number}} !! Driver !! Team !! Engine !! {{abbr|Speed (mph)|Best Single Lap Speed (mph)}} !! {{abbr|Speed (km/h)|Best Single Lap Speed (km/h)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| align="left"| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott Dixon]]
| [[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
| [[Honda]]
| {{convert|228.323|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 22
| align="left"| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Simon Pagenaud]]
| [[Team Penske]]
| [[Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|227.157|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Josef Newgarden]]
| [[Team Penske]]
| [[Chevrolet]]
| {{convert|226.856|mph|disp=tablecen}}
|-
!colspan=7| [http://www.imscdn.com/INDYCAR/Documents/5841/2021-05-28/indycar-results-pf.pdf OFFICIAL REPORT]
|}

== Starting grid ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Row
!colspan=2 width="195"|Inside
!colspan=2 width="195"|Middle
!colspan=2 width="195"|Outside
|-
! 1
| align="center" width="20"| '''9'''
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott Dixon]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
|align="center" width="20"| '''26'''
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Colton Herta]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''21'''
| {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Rinus VeeKay]]
|-
! 2
| align="center" width="20"| '''20'''
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ed Carpenter (racing driver)|Ed Carpenter]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''48'''
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Tony Kanaan]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
|align="center" width="20"| '''10'''
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Palou]]
|-
! 3
| align="center" width="20"| '''28'''
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ryan Hunter-Reay]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
|align="center" width="20"| '''06'''
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Hélio Castroneves]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
|align="center" width="20"| '''8'''
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Marcus Ericsson]]
|-
! 4
| align="center" width="20"| '''27'''
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alexander Rossi]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
|align="center" width="20"| '''18'''
| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Ed Jones (racing driver)|Ed Jones]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''5'''
| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Patricio O'Ward]]
|-
! 5
| align="center" width="20"| '''51'''
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]] {{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}}
|align="center" width="20"| '''7'''
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Felix Rosenqvist]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''30'''
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuma Sato]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
|-
! 6
| align="center" width="20"| '''29'''
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[James Hinchcliffe]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''3'''
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott McLaughlin (racing driver)|Scott McLaughlin]] {{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}}
|align="center" width="20"| '''15'''
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Graham Rahal]]
|-
! 7
| align="center" width="20"| '''47'''
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Conor Daly]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''60'''
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jack Harvey (racing driver)|Jack Harvey]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''2'''
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Josef Newgarden]]
|-
! 8
| align="center" width="20"| '''1'''
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[J. R. Hildebrand]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''45'''
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Santino Ferrucci]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''86'''
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Pablo Montoya]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
|-
! 9
| align="center" width="20"| '''98'''
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Marco Andretti]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''22'''
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Simon Pagenaud]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
|align="center" width="20"| '''14'''
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sébastien Bourdais]]
|-
! 10
| align="center" width="20"| '''25'''
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Stefan Wilson]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''59'''
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Max Chilton]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''4'''
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Dalton Kellett]]
|-
! 11
| align="center" width="20"| '''24'''
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sage Karam]]
|align="center" width="20"| '''12'''
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Will Power]] {{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}
|align="center" width="20"| '''16'''
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Simona de Silvestro]]
|-
|}

'''Failed to qualify'''
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!width="20"|{{abbr|No.|Car Number}}!!Driver!!Team!!Reason
|-
| align="center"| 11
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Charlie Kimball]]
| [[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]]
| Fourth fastest in Last Row Shootout. Too slow on second attempt.
|-
| align="center"| 75
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[R. C. Enerson]] {{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}}
| [[Top Gun Racing]]
| Fifth fastest in Last Row Shootout. Too slow on second attempt.
|-
|}

{{legend|orange|text=R|Indianapolis 500 rookie|border=solid 1px darkgray}}
{{legend|gold|text=W|Indianapolis 500 winner|border=solid 1px darkgray}}

==Race report==
*Weather: {{convert|67|°F|0}}, Sunny.

===First half===
[[File:Helio castroneves (51222190794).jpg|thumb|Race winner Hélio Castroneves]]
[[File:Helio castroneves celebration (51220718002).jpg|thumb|Castroneves celebrating with his crew by climbing the safety fencing]]
[[Ed Carpenter Racing]] teammates [[Conor Daly]] and [[Rinus VeeKay]] dominated the first half of the race. The race began with [[Scott Dixon]] pulling into the lead, but by the end of the first lap, [[Colton Herta]] had overtaken him. On lap 2, VeeKay moved into the lead and kept it for 29 laps. The lead cars remained in roughly the same order until the first round of pit stops began around lap 31. [[Ed Carpenter (racing driver)|Ed Carpenter]] lost significant time when his car fell off its air-jacks and then stalled, dropping him down the order. In the midst of this pit sequence, [[Stefan Wilson]] lost his control of his car and wrecked entering pit lane, triggering the race's first caution period. The timing of the caution period caused several participants to make emergency service stops. The worst affected were pre-race favorites Dixon and [[Alexander Rossi]], who both ran out of fuel entering pit lane. Both drivers fell off the lead lap trying to get the cars refired as a consequence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/30/domino-effect-from-wilson-pit-incident-spoils-dixons-indy-chances/|title=Domino effect from Wilson pit incident spoils Dixon's Indy chances|first=Chris|last=Medland|date=May 30, 2021|accessdate=May 31, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> Due to the number of cars taking penalties for stopping for emergency service, the caution period lasted 11 laps while IndyCar officials determined the running order.<ref name="Motorsport summary">{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/indy-500-castroneves-scores-famous-fourth-win/6518608/|title=Indy 500: Castroneves beats Palou, scores famous fourth win|first=David|last=Malsher-Lopez|date=May 30, 2021|accessdate=May 31, 2021|website=Motorsport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network}}</ref>

Racing resumed at lap 46, with Herta, VeeKay, and Daly as the top 3. After a few laps of racing, VeeKay moved into the lead briefly before being passed by his teammate Daly. [[Hélio Castroneves]] ran fourth. The next round of pit stops began at roughly lap 68, with no major incident. Daly and VeeKay retained their lead positions, while [[Patricio O'Ward]] moved into third. A slower stop dropped Castroneves to seventh. At the halfway mark of the race, the running order was Daly, VeeKay, O'Ward, [[Ryan Hunter-Reay]], and Herta.<ref name="Motorsport summary" />

===Second half===
Another round of pit stops came around lap 103. Differing fuel strategies meant that several drivers extended farther, going as far as lap 118. [[Graham Rahal]] pitted at lap 118 from the lead, but was released without the left rear tire secured. As Rahal exited the pits, the tire came off of the car and sent Rahal spinning into the turn 2 wall, triggering the race's second caution period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/30/loose-wheel-wrecks-rahal-at-indy/|title=Loose wheel wrecks Rahal at Indy|first=Robin|last=Miller|date=May 30, 2021|accessdate=May 31, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> As cars scrambled to avoid the debris from Rahal's wrecked car, [[Conor Daly]] struck the loose tire, damaging his front wing. The team elected not to repair the damage, but Daly never reclaimed the lead for the remainder of the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/30/wheel-that-fell-out-of-the-sky-slows-dalys-indy-charge/|title=Wheel that 'fell out of the sky' slows Daly's Indy charge|first=Chris|last=Medland|date=May 30, 2021|accessdate=May 31, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> After a reshuffling of positions from pit stops and the caution, [[Álex Palou]] now held the lead ahead of [[Hélio Castroneves]], [[Patricio O'Ward]], and [[Rinus VeeKay]].<ref name="Motorsport summary" />

Racing resumed at lap 125, with the top 3 drivers exchanging the lead for several laps before settling back into their original order. More pit stops came at roughly lap 144, with the lead cars avoiding incident. Further back, [[Will Power]] spun his car trying to slow down for pit entry, causing him to fall off the lead lap. The running order remained Palou, Castroneves, and O'Ward, with [[Ryan Hunter-Reay]] moving up to fourth.<ref name="Motorsport summary" />

The final round of pit stops came at around lap 170. Castroneves came out ahead of Palou initially, but was quickly passed on track. Hunter-Reay's top-5 run came to an end after failing to slow in time for pit entry, resulting in a penalty. Further back, [[Simona de Silvestro]] spun and damaged her car entering pit lane, forcing her to retire from the race.<ref name="Motorsport summary" />

===Finish===
While the leaders had pitted for the final time, [[Felix Rosenqvist]] and [[Takuma Sato]] stayed out, hoping to get another caution period and allow them to reach the end of the race without making another pit stop. The caution never came, and both drivers were forced to pit for fuel after lap 190.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/30/sato-fuel-mileage-gamble-comes-up-short/|title=Sato fuel mileage gamble comes up short|first=Joey|last=Barnes|date=May 30, 2021|accessdate=May 31, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> This left Palou and Castroneves with the lead positions in the closing stages of the race. With two laps remaining, Castroneves overtook Palou to take the lead. Despite encountering a large pack of backmarkers on the final lap, Castroneves held off Palou to take victory.<ref name="BBC Sport">{{Cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/motorsport/57302301 |title= Indy 500: Helio Castroneves becomes fourth four-time winner |work= [[BBC Sport]] |date= 30 May 2021 |access-date= 31 May 2021}}</ref> For Castroneves, it was his fourth Indianapolis 500 victory, equaling the record for most victories set by [[A. J. Foyt]], [[Al Unser]], and [[Rick Mears]]. He also became the fourth driver aged 46 or older to win the race. The 12-year gap between Castroneves' fourth win and his third win in 2009 is the second-longest gap between victories in Indianapolis 500 history, only after [[Juan Pablo Montoya]]'s 15-year gap between victories in 2000 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=105th Indianapolis 500 Historical Notes |url=https://www.indycar.com/news/2021/05/05-30-postrace-notes |website=IndyCar.com |access-date=31 May 2021 |date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Steven |last1=Taranto |title=2021 Indy 500 winner: Hélio Castroneves wins record-tying fourth Indianapolis 500 joining Unser, Mears, Foyt |url=https://www.cbssports.com/general/news/2021-indy-500-winner-helio-castroneves-wins-record-tying-fourth-indianapolis-500-joining-unser-mears-foyt/live/ |website=CBSSports.com |access-date=31 May 2021 |date=30 May 2021}}</ref> It was also the first ever IndyCar race victory for the [[Meyer Shank Racing]] team. For his victory, Castroneves received $1,828,305 from a total purse of $8,854,565.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://motorsports.nbcsports.com/2021/05/31/2021-indy-500-purse-helio-castroneves-earns/|title=Helio Castroneves earns $1.8 million for win in Indy 500 as purse increases from last year|first=Nate|last=Ryan|date=May 31, 2021|accessdate=May 31, 2021|website=nbcsports.com|publisher=NBC Universal}}</ref> Palou, the second-place finisher, took over the series points lead with his result. [[Simon Pagenaud]] took third position after climbing from a 26th place starting position.<ref name="BBC Sport"/> [[Patricio O'Ward]] and [[Ed Carpenter (racing driver)|Ed Carpenter]] rounded out the top 5. [[Scott McLaughlin (racing driver)|Scott McLaughlin]] was the higher finishing of the two rookies in the race despite a pit lane penalty, netting him Rookie of the Year honors.

With an average speed of {{convert|190.690|mph|km/h|abbr=on}},<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.autosport.com/indycar/news/how-chess-master-castroneves-cemented-his-indy-legend-status/6521732/ |title= How 'chess master' Castroneves cemented his Indy legend status |last= Malsher |first= David |work= [[Autosport]] |date= 1 June 2021 |access-date= 1 June 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> the 2021 race set a new record for the fastest running of the Indianapolis 500, eclipsing the mark set in the [[2013 Indianapolis 500|2013 race]] by over 3 mph.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.cbssports.com/general/news/2021-indy-500-winner-helio-castroneves-wins-record-tying-fourth-indianapolis-500-joining-unser-mears-foyt/live/ |title= 2021 Indy 500 winner: Hélio Castroneves wins record-tying fourth Indianapolis 500 joining Unser, Mears, Foyt |last= Taranto |first= Steven |work= [[CBS Sports]] |date= 30 May 2021 |access-date= 31 May 2021}}</ref> The race was noted for its competitive parity, with 361 overtakes made, including 35 for the lead between 13 different drivers.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://racer.com/2021/05/30/miller-an-indy-500-fit-for-a-king/ |title= An Indy 500 fit for a king |work= [[Racer magazine]] |last= Miller |first= Robin |date= 30 May 2021 |access-date= 31 May 2021}}</ref> The race further set a record for most competitors still running at the finish, with 30 of the initial 33 starters still circulating.

==Box score==
{| class="wikitable"
!Finish
!{{abbr|No.|Car Number}}
!Driver
!Team
!Chassis
!Engine
!Laps
!Status
!Pit Stops
!Grid
!{{abbr|Pts.|Points}}{{ref|race5|1}}
|-
!1
|align=center|06
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Hélio Castroneves]] '''{{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}'''
|[[Meyer Shank Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|200
|190.690 mph
|align=center|5
|align=center|8
|align=center|103
|-
!2
|align=center|10
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Palou]]
|[[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|200
| +0.4928
|align=center|5
|align=center|6
|align=center|85
|-
!3
|align=center|22
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Simon Pagenaud]] '''{{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}'''
|[[Team Penske]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|200
| +0.5626
|align=center|6
|align=center|26
|align=center|71
|-
!4
|align=center|5
| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Patricio O'Ward]]
|[[Arrow McLaren SP]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|200
| +0.9409
|align=center|5
|align=center|12
|align=center|65
|-
!5
|align=center|20
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ed Carpenter (racing driver)|Ed Carpenter]]
|[[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|200
| +1.2424
|align=center|5
|align=center|4
|align=center|66
|-
!6
|align=center|45
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Santino Ferrucci]]
|[[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|200
| +9.0876
|align=center|6
|align=center|23
|align=center|57
|-
!7
|align=center|24
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sage Karam]]
|[[Dreyer & Reinbold Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|200
| +13.4359
|align=center|5
|align=center|31
|align=center|53
|-
!8
|align=center|21
| {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Rinus VeeKay]]
|[[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|200
| +14.2415
|align=center|5
|align=center|3
|align=center|56
|-
!9
|align=center|86
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Pablo Montoya]] '''{{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}'''
|[[Arrow McLaren SP]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|200
| +14.8808
|align=center|5
|align=center|24
|align=center|44
|-
!10
|align=center|48
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Tony Kanaan]] '''{{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}'''
|[[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|200
| +15.4428
|align=center|7
|align=center|5
|align=center|45
|-
!11
|align=center|8
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Marcus Ericsson]]
|[[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|200
| +16.5166
|align=center|6
|align=center|9
|align=center|39
|-
!12
|align=center|2
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Josef Newgarden]]
|[[Team Penske]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|200
| +22.3045
|align=center|5
|align=center|21
|align=center|36
|-
!13
|align=center|47
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Conor Daly]]
|[[Ed Carpenter Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|200
| +22.6921
|align=center|5
|align=center|19
|align=center|37
|-
!14
|align=center|30
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuma Sato]] '''{{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}'''
|[[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|200
| +23.2955
|align=center|5
|align=center|15
|align=center|33
|-
!15
|align=center|1
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[J. R. Hildebrand]]
|[[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|200
| +23.5277
|align=center|7
|align=center|22
|align=center|30
|-
!16
|align=center|26
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Colton Herta]]
|[[Andretti Autosport]] w/ [[Curb Agajanian Performance Group|Curb-Agajanian]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|200
| +28.8029
|align=center|5
|align=center|2
|align=center|37
|-
!17
|align=center|9
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott Dixon]] '''{{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}'''
|[[Chip Ganassi Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|200
| +38.6410
|align=center|6
|align=center|1
|align=center|36
|-
!18
|align=center|60
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jack Harvey (racing driver)|Jack Harvey]]
|[[Meyer Shank Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|200
| +40.1572
|align=center|6
|align=center|20
|align=center|24
|-
!19
|align=center|98
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Marco Andretti]]
|[[Andretti Autosport|Andretti]] [[Bryan Herta Autosport|Herta-Haupert Autosport]] w/ Marco Andretti & [[Curb Agajanian Performance Group|Curb-Agajanian]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|200
| +40.3591
|align=center|6
|align=center|25
|align=center|22
|-
!20
|align=center|3
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Scott McLaughlin (racing driver)|Scott McLaughlin]] '''{{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}}'''
|[[Team Penske]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|200
| +40.8337
|align=center|8
|align=center|17
|align=center|20
|-
!21
|align=center|29
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[James Hinchcliffe]]
|[[Andretti Autosport|Andretti Steinbrenner Autosport]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|200
| +40.8464
|align=center|5
|align=center|16
|align=center|18
|-
!22
|align=center|28
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ryan Hunter-Reay]] '''{{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}'''
|[[Andretti Autosport]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|200
| +41.5762
|align=center|6
|align=center|7
|align=center|19
|-
!23
|align=center|4
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Dalton Kellett]]
|[[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|199
| -1 Lap
|align=center|6
|align=center|30
|align=center|14
|-
!24
|align=center|59
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Max Chilton]]
|[[Carlin Motorsport|Carlin]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|199
| -1 Lap
|align=center|8
|align=center|29
|align=center|12
|-
!25
|align=center|51
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]] '''{{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}}'''
|[[Dale Coyne Racing]] w/ [[Rick Ware Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|199
| -1 Lap
|align=center|6
|align=center|13
|align=center|10
|-
!26
|align=center|14
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sébastien Bourdais]]
|[[A. J. Foyt Enterprises]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|199
| -1 Lap
|align=center|6
|align=center|27
|align=center|10
|-
!27
|align=center|7
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Felix Rosenqvist]]
|[[Arrow McLaren SP]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|199
| -1 Lap
|align=center|8
|align=center|14
|align=center|11
|-
!28
|align=center|18
| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Ed Jones (racing driver)|Ed Jones]]
|[[Dale Coyne Racing]] w/ [[Jimmy Vasser|Vasser]]-Sullivan
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|199
| -1 Lap
|align=center|6
|align=center|11
|align=center|10
|-
!29
|align=center|27
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alexander Rossi]] '''{{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}'''
|[[Andretti Autosport]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|198
| -2 Laps
|align=center|10
|align=center|10
|align=center|10
|-
!30
|align=center|12
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Will Power]] '''{{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}'''
|[[Team Penske]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|197
| -3 Laps
|align=center|6
|align=center|32
|align=center|10
|-
!31
|align=center|16
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Simona de Silvestro]]
|[[Paretta Autosport]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Chevrolet Indy V6|Chevrolet]]
|align=center|169
|Contact
|align=center|4
|align=center|33
|align=center|10
|-
!32
|align=center|15
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Graham Rahal]]
|[[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|118
|Contact
|align=center|3
|align=center|18
|align=center|11
|-
!33
|align=center|25
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Stefan Wilson]]
|[[Andretti Autosport]]
|[[Dallara DW12|Dallara UAK18]]
|[[Honda Performance Development|Honda]]
|align=center|32
|Contact
|align=center|1
|align=center|28
|align=center|10
|-
!colspan=11| [http://www.imscdn.com/INDYCAR/Documents/5807/2021-05-30/indycar-boxscore.pdf OFFICIAL REPORT]
|}

'''{{Color box|gold|W|border=silver}}''' Former Indianapolis 500 winner

'''{{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}}''' Indianapolis 500 Rookie

All entrants utilized [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] tires.

{{ref|race5|1}} Points include qualification points from [[#Time Trials|time trials]], 1 point for leading a lap, and 2 points for most laps led.

===Race statistics===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Lap Leaders
|-
! Laps
! Leader
|-
| 1 || [[Colton Herta]]
|-
| 2–30 || [[Rinus VeeKay]]
|-
| 31–32 || [[Colton Herta]]
|-
| 33–35 || [[Scott Dixon]]
|-
| 36–38 || [[Hélio Castroneves]]
|-
| 39–48 || [[Colton Herta]]
|-
| 49 || [[Rinus VeeKay]]
|-
| 50–70 || [[Conor Daly]]
|-
| 71–76 || [[Hélio Castroneves]]
|-
| 77 || [[Álex Palou]]
|-
| 78 || [[Pato O'Ward]]
|-
| 79–81 || [[Graham Rahal]]
|-
| 82–83 || [[Rinus VeeKay]]
|-
| 84–102 || [[Conor Daly]]
|-
| 103–113 || [[Pato O'Ward]]
|-
| 114–118 || [[Graham Rahal]]
|-
| 119–124 || [[Álex Palou]]
|-
| 125–126 || [[Hélio Castroneves]]
|-
| 127–130 || [[Pato O'Ward]]
|-
| 131–147 || [[Álex Palou]]
|-
| 148–149 || [[Hélio Castroneves]]
|-
| 150 || [[Pato O'Ward]]
|-
| 151–156 || [[Takuma Sato]]
|-
| 157 || [[Felix Rosenqvist]]
|-
| 158–161 || [[Scott Dixon]]
|-
| 162–168 || [[Álex Palou]]
|-
| 169–171 || [[Hélio Castroneves]]
|-
| 172 || [[Álex Palou]]
|-
| 173–175 || [[Simon Pagenaud]]
|-
| 176–177 || [[Sage Karam]]
|-
| 178–179 || [[Santino Ferrucci]]
|-
| 180–192 || [[Felix Rosenqvist]]
|-
| 193 || [[Takuma Sato]]
|-
| 194–195 || [[Hélio Castroneves]]
|-
| 196–198 || [[Álex Palou]]
|-
| 199–200 || [[Hélio Castroneves]]
|}
{{col-break}}
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Total laps led
|-
! Driver
! Laps
|-
| [[Conor Daly]] || 40
|-
| [[Álex Palou]] || 35
|-
| [[Rinus VeeKay]] || 32
|-
| [[Hélio Castroneves]] || 20
|-
| [[Pato O'Ward]] || 17
|-
| [[Felix Rosenqvist]] || 14
|-
| [[Colton Herta]] || 13
|-
| [[Graham Rahal]] || 8
|-
| [[Scott Dixon]] || 7
|-
| [[Takuma Sato]] || 7
|-
| [[Simon Pagenaud]] || 3
|-
| [[Sage Karam]] || 2
|-
| [[Santino Ferrucci]] || 2
|}
{{col-break}}
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Cautions: 2 for 18 laps
|-
! Laps
! Reason
|-
|34–45 || [[Stefan Wilson]] contact in pit lane
|-
|119–124 || [[Graham Rahal]] crash in turn 2
|}
{{col-end}}

==Broadcasting==
===Television===
The race was [[List of Indianapolis 500 broadcasters|televised]] on [[IndyCar Series on NBC|NBC]] in the United States. The coverage began at 11:00 a.m. EDT.<ref name="Broadcast">{{cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/05/04/nbc-sports-adds-johnson-to-indy-500-broadcast-team-alongside-patrick-tirico/|title=NBC Sports adds Johnson to Indy 500 broadcast team alongside Patrick, Tirico|first=Joey|last=Barnes|date=May 4, 2021|accessdate=May 19, 2021|website=Racer.com|publisher=Racer Media & Marketing, Inc.}}</ref> On May 28, IMS announced that the traditional [[Blackout (broadcasting)|blackout]] of the race in the Indianapolis media market would be lifted for the third time since live flag-to-flag coverage began in [[1986 Indianapolis 500|1986]], as all tickets had been sold out. Therefore, local NBC station [[WTHR]] carried the live telecast.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-27|title=Indy 500 local blackout will be lifted for just the fifth time in race history|url=https://awfulannouncing.com/racing/infamous-indy-500-local-blackout-will-be-lifted-for-just-the-fifth-time-in-race-history.html|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Awful Announcing|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Mike Tirico]] and [[Danica Patrick]] returned for pre and post-race coverage, as they had done the previous two years. Patrick also drove the pace car during pre-race festivities. [[Jac Collinsworth]] made his Indy 500 debut as the Prerace Host on NBCSN. [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] returned for pre-race coverage after being absent for the [[2020 Indianapolis 500|2020 event]] as a result of rescheduling (Earnhardt and Letarte were covering the [[2020 Drydene 311 (Sunday)|Drydene Twin 500km at Dover International Speedway]] on the rescheduled weekend).<ref name="Broadcast" />

On May 4, [[Jimmie Johnson]] was announced as part of the broadcast team as part of the "[[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] Pit Box" crew alongside [[Steve Letarte]].<ref name="Broadcast" />

The 2021 race was the final "500" for [[Robin Miller (journalist)|Robin Miller]], who had covered the event for roughly fifty years at ''[[The Indianapolis Star]]'', [[Racer (magazine)|Racer]], and on television through [[ESPN]], [[Speed (TV network)|Speed]], and [[IndyCar Series on NBC|NBC]]. Miller died of [[leukemia]] on August 25, 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://racer.com/2021/07/31/miller-a-letter-to-the-racer-nation/|title=MILLER: A letter to the RACER nation|publisher=RACER|date=July 2021|access-date=July 31, 2021|archive-date=July 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731110032/https://racer.com/2021/07/31/miller-a-letter-to-the-racer-nation/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indycar.com/news/2021/08/08-25-miller-obit|title=Legendary Racing Journalist Miller Dies at 71|publisher=IndyCar|date=August 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Benbow|first=Dana Hunsinger|title=Robin Miller, journalist who captivated race fans with unfiltered takes, dies at 71|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/motor/indy-500/2021/08/25/robin-miller-who-captivated-race-fans-worldwide-dies-71/5194352001/|access-date=August 25, 2021|website=The Indianapolis Star}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!colspan=3|[[IndyCar Series on NBC|NBC]]
|-
!Booth Announcers!!Pre/Post-Race!![[Sideline reporter|Pit/garage reporters]]
|-
|valign="top" rowspan=2|
'''[[Play-by-play|Announcer]]:''' [[Leigh Diffey]] 
'''[[Color commentator|Color]]:''' [[Townsend Bell]] 
'''[[Color commentator|Color]]:''' [[Paul Tracy]] 
|valign="top" rowspan=2|
'''[[NBC Sports|NBC]] [[Television presenter|Host]]:''' [[Mike Tirico]] 
'''[[Sports analyst|Studio Analyst]]:''' [[Danica Patrick]] 
'''[[NBCSN]] [[Television presenter|Host]]:''' [[Jac Collinsworth]] 
'''[[Sports analyst|Analyst/Features]]:''' [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] 
'''[[Sports analyst|Features]]:''' [[Rutledge Wood]] 
|align="center" valign="top"|Marty Snider [[Kelli Stavast]] [[Dave Burns (sportscaster)|Dave Burns]] Kevin Lee 
|-
|align="center" valign="top"|[[Jimmie Johnson]] (pit box) [[Steve Letarte]] (pit box)
|}

===Radio===
The race was carried by the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network|IndyCar Radio Network]]. The chief announcer or "Voice of the 500" for the sixth consecutive year was Mark Jaynes with [[Davey Hamilton]] as driver analyst. Recently retired [[Donald Davidson (historian)|Donald Davidson]] returned to the booth in a live capacity for the first time since [[2019 Indianapolis 500|2019]] as in [[2020 Indianapolis 500|2020]] due to the COVID-19 pandemic all of his appearances were taped. This year marked the debut of Alex Wollf as an on-air pit reporter.<ref>In the radio broadcast, it was mentioned by Mark Jaynes that he had helped the broadcast previously behind the scenes</ref> It also marked the debut of Scott Sander as a pit reporter.<ref>Also mentioned on the broadcast by Mark Jaynes</ref>

[[WFNI|1070 The Fan]] broadcast weeknights with ''Trackside with Curt Cavin and Kevin Lee''. Speedway historian [[Donald Davidson (historian)|Donald Davidson]] retired at the end of 2020, and his longtime program ''[[Donald Davidson (historian)#The Talk of Gasoline Alley|The Talk of Gasoline Alley]]'' was no longer aired. In its place, a new Indianapolis 500 themed program title ''Beyond The Bricks'' was hosted by Jake Query (an [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network|IndyCar Radio Network]] veteran) and former [[WIBC (FM)|WIBC]] personality Mike Thomson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1075thefan.com/show/beyond-the-bricks/|title = Beyond the Bricks| date=May 6, 2021 }}</ref>

The 2021 race was the final "500" for [[Bob Jenkins]], the former radio, television, and public address announcer, and emcee. Jenkins died August 9, 2021, from brain cancer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/racing/indycar/story/_/id/31994905/bob-jenkins-long-racing-announcer-former-voice-indianapolis-500-dies-73|title=Bob Jenkins, longtime racing announcer and former voice of the Indianapolis 500, dies at 73|date=August 9, 2021|accessdate=August 10, 2021}}</ref> Jenkins had worked as a reporter/broadcaster at the race every year from 1979 to 2020, and had attended the race nearly every since 1960.{{efn-ua|name=Jenkins|In multiple public interviews, Jenkins claimed he had attended the Indianapolis 500 every year from 1960 to 2020, except for 1961 and 1965.}} Due to his condition, he attended the 2021 race only as a spectator, and sat for only brief pre-recorded pieces for the radio broadcast.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!colspan=4|[[Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network|IndyCar Radio Network]]
|-
!Booth Announcers!!Turn Reporters!![[Sideline reporter|Pit/garage reporters]]!!Guest Commentary
|-
|valign="top" |
'''[[Play-by-play|Chief Announcer]]:''' Mark Jaynes 
'''Driver expert:''' [[Davey Hamilton]] 
'''[[Historian]]:''' [[Donald Davidson (historian)|Donald Davidson]] 
|valign="top" |
'''Turn 1:''' Nick Yeoman 
'''Turn 2:''' Michael Young 
'''Turn 3:''' Jake Query 
'''Turn 4:''' Chris Denari 
|align="center" valign="top"|Alex Wollf (north pits) {{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}} Scott Sander (north middle pits) {{Color box|orange|R|border=silver}} Rob Blackman (south middle pits) Ryan Myrehn (south pits)
|align="center" valign="top"|[[Paul Page]] [[Dave Wilson (radio personality)|Dave Wilson]] Sam Rumpza Mike Thomsen [[Bob Jenkins]]
|}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*[https://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/events/indy500 Indianapolis Motor Speedway — Official site]
*[https://www.indycar.com NTT IndyCar Series — Official site]

{{IndyCar Series race report
|Name_of_race = [[Indianapolis 500]]
|Year_of_race = 2021
|Previous_race_in_season = [[2021 GMR Grand Prix]]
|Next_race_in_season = [[2021 Chevrolet Detroit Grand Prix]]
|Previous_year's_race = [[2020 Indianapolis 500]]
|Next_year's_race = [[2022 Indianapolis 500]]
| Fastest_average_speed = 190.690
| Previous_fastest_average_speed = 187.433 {{nobold|mph {{small|([[2013 Indianapolis 500]])}}}}
| Next_fastest_average_speed = Incumbent
}}

{{Indy 500}}
{{2021 IndyCar Series}}
{{IndyCar Series on NBC}}

[[Category:Indianapolis 500 races]]
[[Category:2021 in IndyCar|Indianapolis 500]]
[[Category:2021 in sports in Indiana|Indianapolis 500]]
[[Category:2021 in American motorsport|Indianapolis 500]]
[[Category:May 2021 sports events in the United States|Indianapolis 500]]
[[Category:2020s in Indianapolis]]

Usurae

2026-03-03T02:24:31Z

LeoSpragg093: Created Info

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Usurae poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Naveen D Gopal
| writer = Naveen D Gopal
| producer = Mouli M Radha Krishna
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Teejay Arunasalam]]
*Janany Kunaseelan
}}
| cinematography = Mukunthan Seevarathinam (Marcki Sai)
| editing = Mani Maran
| music = Kiran Joze
| studio = Shree Krishna Productions Bakialakshmi Talkies
| released = {{Film date|2025|08|01|df=y|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Usurae''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by Naveen D Gopal, starring [[Teejay Arunasalam]] and Janany Kunaseelan. It was released on 1 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2025 |title=What to watch – Theatre: 'உசுரே, Housemates, Meesha, Kingdom' - இந்த வார ரிலீஸ்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/sure-housemates-meesha-kingdom-august-first-week-movie-releases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008235614/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/sure-housemates-meesha-kingdom-august-first-week-movie-releases |archive-date=8 October 2025 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Ta |access-date=8 October 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2025 |title=Usurae Team Interview | Teejay Arunasalam | Janany | Jana Nayagan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2025/Jul/30/usurae-team-interview-teejay-arunasalam-janany-jana-nayagan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009000413/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2025/Jul/30/usurae-team-interview-teejay-arunasalam-janany-jana-nayagan |archive-date=9 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=8 October 2025 }}</ref>

== Plot ==

Raghava, with his gentle nature and humble demeanor, forms a beautiful contrast to the lively and spirited Ranjana. Together, they make a couple that is both endearing and believable, making their romance deeply relatable.

Adding intensity to the story is Anusuya, Ranjana's strong-willed and fiercely protective mother. Her presence brings a powerful emotional dynamic to the narrative. As a formidable figure, Anusuya challenges Raghava at every turn, becoming the key obstacle in his path. Yet, it is this very challenge that deepens the story and elevates Raghava's journey.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Teejay Arunasalam]] as Raghava
*Janany Kunaseelan as Ranjana
*[[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]] as Raghava's friend
*[[Raasi (actress)|Manthra]] as Anasuya
*[[Senthi Kumari]] as Raghava's mother
*[[Pavel Navageethan]] as Latchee
*[[Crane Manohar]] as Raghava's father
*Adithya Kathir as Raghava's friend
*Melvin Jayaprakash as Raghava's friend
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Kiran Joze with lyrics by G. Lal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Usurae ({{as written|Orig|nal [sic]}} Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/usurae-orignal-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1826067723 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251009002105/https://music.apple.com/in/album/usurae-orignal-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1826067723 |archive-date=9 October 2025 |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaanamale
| length1 = 4:27
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Kaanatha Kanave
| length2 = 4:17
| extra2 = Sathyaprakash D, [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
| title3 = Nee En Ulagame
| length3 = 3:22
| extra3 = Sreekanth Hariharan, Chinmayi Sripada
| title4 = Usurea Usurae
| length4 = 3:40
| extra4 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title5 = Vanthu Parunga
| length5 = 3:00
| extra5 = [[Senthil Ganesh]]
| total_length = 18:46
}}

== Reception ==
Narayani M of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 2/5 and wrote, "It is in its final moments that ''Usurae'' finally breathes, after a few unique punches to the gut. But with the emotional dissonance, accompanied by a heavy dose of melodrama, become complete misfits to the story".<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=1 August 2025 |title=Usurae Movie Review: Teejay is impressive in a romantic film that is/has emptied of life |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Aug/01/usurae-movie-review-teejay-is-impressive-in-a-romantic-film-thats-emptied-of-life |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807200154/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Aug/01/usurae-movie-review-teejay-is-impressive-in-a-romantic-film-thats-emptied-of-life |archive-date=7 August 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote that Naveen D Gopal has directed the film with a simple love story as its centerpiece, but the last 10 minutes of the film make it difficult for the audience to watch the entire film just to see the unexpected twist.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2 August 2025 |title=உசுரே படத்தின் திரைவிமர்சனம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/usurae-review-in-tamil-782705 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802143728/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/usurae-review-in-tamil-782705 |archive-date=2 August 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that the film only has life in its climax.<ref>{{Cite web |title=உசுரே - விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3634/Usure/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802121053/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemareview/3634 |archive-date=2 August 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|37547012}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Stanley Ka Dabba

2026-03-02T09:59:06Z

LeoSpragg093: added references

{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Stanley Ka Dabba
| image = Stanley Ka Dabba Poster.jpg
| alt = Theatrical Poster of Bollywood film Stanley Ka Dabba
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Amole Gupte]]
| producer = Amole Gupte
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Amole Gupte
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Divya Dutta]] [[Partho Gupte]] Divya Jagdale [[Raj Zutshi]] [[Amole Gupte]]
| music = Hitesh Sonik [[Amole Gupte]]
| cinematography = [[Amol Gole]]
| editing = [[Deepa Bhatia]]
| studio = Amole Gupte Cinema
| distributor = [[Fox Star Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|5|13|}}
| runtime = 96 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = ₹4.5 crore
| gross = ₹7.63 crore
}}
'''''Stanley Ka Dabba''''' ({{Translation|Stanley's lunchbox}}) is a 2011 Hindi-language [[comedy]] [[drama]] film written, directed and produced by [[Amole Gupte]], starring [[Divya Dutta]], [[Partho Gupte]] (son of [[Amole Gupte]]), Divya Jagdale, [[Raj Zutshi]], and [[Amole Gupte]]. The film was released on 13 May 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Subhash|title=Amole Gupte's son makes debut!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Amole-Guptes-son-makes-debut/articleshow/8215039.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404142927/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-10/news-interviews/29527840_1_feature-film-short-films-workshop|url-status=live|archive-date=4 April 2012|access-date=13 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 May 2011}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=September 2024}}
Stanley ([[Partho Gupte]]) is a fourth grader at Holy Family School in [[Mumbai]] and is very popular among his friends. He is talented and well-liked by his peers. The English teacher, Ms. Rosy ([[Divya Dutta]]), is particularly impressed with his creativity, wit, and humour. Stanley is shown with a bruised face in the opening scene of the movie. On being questioned about it by Ms. Rosy, he concocts an elaborate story, much to her amusement. His humorous essays and offhand poem recitations make him her favourite in class. However, his imagination is not always rewarded; his science teacher ([[Divya Jagdale]]) rebukes his attempt at constructing a lighthouse as part of the class project since it does not adhere to the topics covered in class.

It is shown early on that he doesn't bring his lunch box or '[[Tiffin carrier|dabba]]' to school, unlike all his other classmates. Verma ([[Amole Gupte]]) is a ravenous Hindi teacher, a phagomaniac who does not bring his own dabba either but lusts after everyone else's, also stealing food on occasion. The kids at school nicknamed him 'Khadoos' (cantankerous person). He has a poor reputation among his peers for his mindless and inconsiderate gluttony. He particularly eyes the dabba of one of Stanley's friends and shamelessly joins the group in class as soon as the lunch bell goes off to gorge on their food. A lot of his class time is spent discussing what his students brought for lunch.

One day, he ends up coming late during lunchbreak and misses out on eating what he had earlier hoped to eat from the children's dabbas. Upon realising that the food in question was shared with Stanley, Khadoos berates him for not getting his own dabba. Stanley senses Khadoos' hostility towards him and avoids eating from his friends' dabbas thereafter, telling them every day during lunch break that he is going home to enjoy a hot meal prepared by his mother. His friends catch his bluff soon after when they find him loitering around the school during lunch break. When confronted, Stanley tells them that there is no one to cook for him until his parents get back from Delhi. Eager to help their hungry friend out, Stanley's friends start hiding from Khadoos during lunch break while sharing their dabbas with Stanley. Chagrined, Khadoos start hunting for them arduously during lunch break every day. He catches hold of them eventually on the terrace, empty dabbas in tow. Upon realising that the group shared their lunches with Stanley again, he menacingly threatens Stanley to either bring his own dabba or stop coming to school. Stanley obliges and stops coming to school.

In this time, Stanley's friends come to know of an inter-school concert that they think he would be a perfect fit for. However, since he is debarred from school by Khadoos, Stanley remains sceptical about his chances. He secretly starts attending practice sessions for the concert and begins learning the dance steps and song lyrics by himself. Soon after, he is spotted practicing by one of the organizers of the concert. His talent is recognised and he is immediately included in the troupe. In the meantime, Stanley's absence is felt by his teachers and friends, who finally spill the beans to Ms. Rosy about the reason behind his nonattendance. Aghast and disgusted, Ms. Rosy confronts Khadoos in front of other staff members, asking him to "have some shame" since Stanley "is just a child." Khadoos begins realising his folly.

One fine day, Stanley brings his own dabba to school. He offers it to Khadoos on a platter and asks him for permission to come back to school. Guilt-ridden and shame-faced, Khadoos resigns from his post. He apologises to Stanley in a handwritten letter and promises to never return.

Meanwhile, the inter-school concert is attended by the entire staff of Holy Family, all of whom appreciate Stanley's performance. Ms. Rosy congratulates Stanley after the concert and offers him a ride home. However, he refuses, saying that his mother is waiting for him in her car. The school's principal ([[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]]) later drops Stanley home, which we realise isn't "home" but the restaurant at which he works. An orphan, Stanley, is frequently physically abused by the proprietor of the restaurant (his own uncle, [[Shashank Shende]]), leaving him badly bruised. He hits Stanley in the face for remaining absent from work for the majority of the day. A cook at the restaurant, Akram, empathises with Stanley and promises to pack leftovers at the restaurant into his 'dabba' every day, without his uncle's knowledge. Stanley and Akram stay back and clean the place up for the night. The scene ends with Stanley lighting a candle next to a photograph of his parents before going to bed. The next day onward, Stanley brings his own dabba to school and shares it with everyone while regaling them with details about how his mother prepared everything.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Partho Gupte]] as Stanley Fernandes
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Rosy Miss (English Teacher)
* [[Divya Jagdale]] as Mrs. Iyer (Science Teacher)
* [[Raj Zutshi]] as Rajendranath Zutshi (History Teacher)
* [[Aditya Lakhia]] as Parshu (Peon)
* [[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]] as the Principal
* [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]] as a Math Teacher
* [[Kadambari Shantshree]] as an Art Teacher
* [[Amole Gupte]] as Babubhai Verma a.k.a. Khadoos (Hindi Teacher)
* [[Shashank Shende]] as Restaurant Owner (Stanley's uncle)
* [[Vidyut Jammwal]] as Zoyaab (Rosy Miss's fiancée)
* Numaan Shaikh as Aman Mehra (Stanley's friend)
* Jitendra Rai as Akram
}}

==Production==
After the success of ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' Amole Gupte wanted to make a small, non-mainstream film. He borrowed money from friends and began shooting with a five-man crew in a [[Mumbai]] school. The crew shot during four-hour workshops every Saturday for a year and a half to capture all the scenes they needed.<ref name=family>{{cite news|last=Jhunjhunwala|first=Udita|title=We are family|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/We-are-family/Article1-702598.aspx|accessdate=18 June 2011|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=28 May 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703013101/http://www.hindustantimes.com/We-are-family/Article1-702598.aspx|archivedate=3 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Shot using a [[Canon EOS 7D]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Joshi|first=Namrita|title=Faces You Didn't Know|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?271987|accessdate=18 June 2011|newspaper=Outlook India|date=6 June 2011}}</ref> the film used 170 child actors in total. After the film was completed, Gupte showed it to [[Karan Johar]] and he helped him to sign a distribution deal with [[Fox Star Studios]].<ref name=family/>

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film is composed by Hitesh Sonik and [[Amole Gupte]]. Lyrics are penned by [[Amole Gupte]].

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|all_lyrics = [[Amole Gupte]]
| title1 = Dabba!
| extra1 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| music1 = Hitesh Sonik
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Jhoola Jhool
| extra2 = [[Hamsika Iyer]]
| music2 = [[Amole Gupte]]
| length2 = 2:41
| title3 = Life Bahot Simple Hai
| extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| music3 = Hitesh Sonik
| length3 = 4:34
| title4 = Nanhi Si Jaan
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| music4 = Hitesh Sonik
| length4 = 5:39
| title5 = Tere Andar Bhi Kahin
| extra5 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| music5 = Hitesh Sonik
| length5 = 5:38
| title6 = Tere Andar Bhi Kahin – Aditya Rox
| extra6 = Aditya Chakravarty
| music6 = Hitesh Sonik
| length6 = 1:44
| title7 = Thirsty – Stanley's Theme
| extra7 =
| length7 = 2:50
}}

==Critical reception==
[[File:Partho Gupte.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Partho Gupte – Child protagonist of the film]]

''Stanley Ka Dabba'' attracted positive reviews from critics across India. Raja Sen of rediff.com gave it a rating of 5 stars out of 5 stating that it was the "Best, purest film to come out of Hindi cinema in a while".<ref>
{{cite web|title=Stanley Ka Dabba|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/movie-review-stanley-ka-dabba/20110513.htm|accessdate=18 June 2011}}</ref> Film critic [[Rajeev Masand]] of CNN-IBN gave it a rating of 4/5 calling it "heartwarming".<ref>{{cite news|last=Masand|first=Rajeev|title=Masand: 'Stanley ka dabba' is heartwarming|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-stanley-ka-dabba-is-heartwarming/152264-47-84.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516153101/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-stanley-ka-dabba-is-heartwarming/152264-47-84.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2011|accessdate=18 June 2011|newspaper=IBN Live|date=20 May 2011}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of [[NDTV]] said – "I recommend that you make time for the film. It has an inherent sweetness and honesty that will stay with you long after the film is over" and gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|title=Review: Stanley Ka Dabba|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?id=620&albumname=Review:%20Stanley%20Ka%20Dabba|publisher=NDTV|accessdate=15 May 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515181136/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?id=620&albumname=Review:%20Stanley%20Ka%20Dabba|archivedate=15 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Pratim D. Gupta]] of ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' gave two thumbs up to ''Stanley Ka Dabba'' calling it "a trip back to the innocence and goodness of childhood". Gupta wrote "because if there's one thing this movie reminds you, it is: Life is like Stanley ''ka dabba''... you never know what you’re gonna get".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110516/jsp/entertainment/story_13987104.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914110626/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110516/jsp/entertainment/story_13987104.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2012|title=A Dabba full of goodies|author=Pratim D. Gupta|date=16 May 2011|accessdate=19 May 2011|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|work=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Entertainment portal FilmiTadka gave it 3.5 out of five stars and in a statement wrote – "Stanley Ka Dabba is definitely not as opulent as Taare Zameen Par, but the director manages to keep the film on the right track, as an audience I found myself laughing, crying and feeling for the kids. It's a simple story which definitely reminds one about his/her school days". [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[Times of India]]'' wrote "Don't miss this rich and nuanced soul curry for both, the young and adult heart", giving SKD once again 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmi|first=Nikhat|title=Stanley Ka Dabba|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Stanley-Ka-Dabba/movie-review/8272595.cms|accessdate=15 May 2011|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film grossed an estimated {{INRConvert|7.63|c|lk=on}} at the box office, against a budget of {{INRConvert|4.5|c|lk=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stanley Ka Dabba - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=66 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

The film eventually failed in box office

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award Ceremony
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.(s)
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[4th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
| Hitesh Sonik - "Life Bahot Simple Hai"
| rowspan=2 {{nom}}
| rowspan=2 | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011|date=30 January 2013|access-date=24 May 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|archivedate=30 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Lyricist of The Year|Upcoming Lyricist of The Year]]
| [[Amole Gupte|Amol Gupte]] - "Life Bahot Simple Hai"
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.stanleykadabba.com}}
* {{IMDb title|1907761}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:Films about teacher–student relationships]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Child Artist National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:2011 children's films]]

Jalsa (2022 film)

2026-03-02T01:20:30Z

LeoSpragg093: basic enhanced section per sources and updated info for consistency

{{short description|Hindi film directed by Suresh Triveni}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jalsa
| image = Jalsa 2022 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Suresh Triveni
| producer = {{ubl|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]|Vikram Malhotra|Shikhaa Sharma}}
| writer = {{ubl|Prajwal Chandrashekar|Suresh Triveni|[[Hussain Dalal]]|Abbas Dalal}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vidya Balan]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} |[[Shefali Shah]]<ref name="Outlook">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vidya-balan-and-shefali-shah-starrer-jalsa-all-set-to-release-in-march-news-184500/amp|title=Vidya Balan And Shefali Shah Starrer 'Jalsa' All Set To Release In March|publisher=Outlook|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301000652/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vidya-balan-and-shefali-shah-starrer-jalsa-all-set-to-release-in-march-news-184500/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| cinematography = Saurabh Goswami
| editing = Shivkumar V. Panicker
| music = {{ubl|[[Gaurav Chatterji]]|Salvage Audio Collective}}
| studio = {{ubl|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|Abundantia Entertainment}}
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vidya-balan-and-shefali-shahs-jalsa-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-on-this-date-7794271/lite/|title=Vidya Balan and Shefali Shah's Jalsa to premiere on Amazon Prime on this date|date=28 February 2022|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303084521/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vidya-balan-and-shefali-shahs-jalsa-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-on-this-date-7794271/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2022|03|18|df=yes|ref1=<ref name="Bollywood Hungama">{{Cite web|date=28 February 2022|title=Vidya Balan and Shefali Shah's first look from Jalsa unveiled; film to premiere on Amazon Prime Video on March 18|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vidya-balan-shefali-shahs-first-look-jalsa-unveiled-film-premiere-amazon-prime-video-march-18/|access-date=3 March 2022|work=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228080237/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vidya-balan-shefali-shahs-first-look-jalsa-unveiled-film-premiere-amazon-prime-video-march-18/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Jalsa''''' ({{translation|Bash; Party}}) is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language [[thriller film]] directed by Suresh Triveni.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} It is produced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] and Abundantia Entertainment.<ref name="The Indian Express"/> The film stars [[Vidya Balan]] and [[Shefali Shah]].<ref name="Outlook"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/jalsa-movie-vidya-balan-and-shefali-shah-s-first-look-unveiled-tmov-1419418-2022-02-28|title=Vidya Balan की Jalsa का फर्स्ट लुक आउट, इस दिन होगा फिल्म का वर्ल्ड प्रीमियर|publisher=AajTak|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303085237/https://www.aajtak.in/amp/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/jalsa-movie-vidya-balan-and-shefali-shah-s-first-look-unveiled-tmov-1419418-2022-02-28|url-status=live}}</ref> It premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 18 March 2022.<ref name="Bollywood Hungama"/> It received positive reviews, with praise directed towards the cast (particularly Balan).

==Plot==
Maya Menon is a successful, rich, hard hitting, truth telling, influential TV journalist, with high morals. She hosts a successful TV show aptly called "Face The Truth" and enjoys celebrity status which is also desired by her competitors, peers and juniors alike. In her private life, she lives with her son, Ayush, who has [[cerebral palsy]], and her mother. She is somewhat in a romantic relationship with her boss. Maya is on great terms with her ex-husband who's now happily married to his current Russian wife and they have a baby boy. Her life seemed perfect until one fateful night Maya falls asleep at the wheel of her car whilst driving home late from work. She inadvertently hits a young girl who suddenly appears in front of her car out of nowhere. After the accident she stops and sees another bystander who's fleeing the scene and she gets spooked and flees the scene of the accident not knowing that it's all captured on a nearby CCTV camera.

Maya arrives home deeply shaken. She inspects the damage to her car and covers up the car, again caught on security cameras. Rukhsana, is her son's carer and cook. Rukhsana had stayed at Maya's for the night, per Maya's request, as she was running late that night. Rukhsana loves Ayush like her own son. She sees that Maya is very upset, but chooses to ignore it.

The next morning, the story starts to unravel. The young girl turns out to be Rukhsana's daughter. Rukhsana is unsure and embarrassed about why her 18-year-old daughter was out so late at night, and what she was doing in the neighborhood where the hit and run happened.

The police officer, assigned to the case, discovers (from CCTV footage) his own indiscretion that took place at the same spot, an hour before the accident. Hence, he is motivated to not disclose the CCTV footage (the only proof of Maya's crime) and suppress the case for his own protection and wellbeing in light of his daughter's upcoming wedding.

The guy fleeing the scene assumed to be the guy the girl was seeing who she had gone out late at night to see. He had tried to make physical advances at her, and the girl was running away from him, when she was hit. So he also chooses to stay silent for his own protection. Only later it is revealed that the girl was there to make videos to post on social media and get more followers. The girl had recently broke up with her boyfriend who works at a mechanic's shop.

Maya's driver who discovers the car damaged and a girl's earring stuck in the broken windshield figures out that Maya was the culprit, but he also remains silent as he needs half a million from Maya to pay for his family's critical expenses.

Maya confesses her crime to her boss, but he encourages her to stay silent, as he is protecting the news station (which is immensely successful due to Maya) as well as himself due to fear of his personal relationship with her coming to light.

The journalist pursuing the case, who discovers the truth, happens to work for Maya, and respects her deeply. She also needs her job and money due to domestic family pressures.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vidya Balan]] as Maya Menon
* [[Shefali Shah]] as Rukhsana Mohammad
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Rukmini
* Surya Kasibhatla as Ayush Menon
* [[Manav Kaul]] as Anand
* Kashish Rizwan as Aliyah Mohammad
* Shafeen Patel as Imaad
* Vidhatri Bandi as Rohini George
* [[Iqbal Khan (actor)|Iqbal Khan]] as Amar Malhotra
* Ghanshyam Lalsa as Pradeep
* Shrikant Mohan Yadav as More
* [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]] as Rizwan
* Gurpal Singh as Justice Gulati
}}

==Production==
The [[principal photography]] commenced on 12 August 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=Suresh Triveni's Jalsa starring Vidya Balan and Shefali Shah commences filming|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/suresh-trivenis-jalsa-starring-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-commences-filming/|access-date=4 March 2022|work=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812144642/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/suresh-trivenis-jalsa-starring-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-commences-filming/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] on 12 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 September 2021|title=Shefali Shah completes 'Jalsa' shoot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shefali-shah-completes-jalsa-shoot/articleshow/86555653.cms|access-date=4 March 2022|work=The Times of India|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704192906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shefali-shah-completes-jalsa-shoot/articleshow/86555653.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox Album
| name = Jalsa
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Gaurav Chatterji]] and Salvage Audio Collective
| released = 23 April 2022<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/jalsa/34RPDmVrJ8s_|title=Jalsa – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=28 March 2022|publisher=Jiosaavn|access-date=23 April 2022|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423165957/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/jalsa/34RPDmVrJ8s_|url-status=live}}</ref>
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:39
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|IHEJSGWreeI|Jalsa - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by Gaurav Chatterji and Salvage Audio Collective with lyrics written by Sandeep Gaur and Charan.<ref name="jiosaavn"/>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 16:39
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thehar
| extra1 = [[Shilpa Rao]]
| lyrics1 = Sandeep Gaur
| length1 = 3:40
| title2 = Thehar
| note2 = Male Version
| extra2 = Gaurav Chatterji
| lyrics2 = Sandeep Gaur
| length2 = 3:38
| title3 = Raat
| note3 = Music by Salvage Audio Collective
| extra3 = Vishwesh Krishnamoorthy
| lyrics3 = Charan
| length3 = 2:13
| title4 = Jalsa - Theme
| extra4 = Instrumental
| lyrics4 = -
| length4 = 1:48
| title5 = Maya's Guilt
| extra5 = Instrumental
| lyrics5 = -
| length5 = 2:40
| title6 = Ruksana's Pain
| extra6 = Instrumental
| lyrics6 = -
| length6 = 1:00
| title7 = The Drive
| extra7 = Instrumental
| lyrics7 = -
| length7 = 1:40
}}

== Release ==
The film was premiered on ''[[Amazon Prime]]'' on 18 March 2022 coinciding with [[Holi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New on Amazon Prime in March: 'Jalsa,' 'Upload' Season 2, and more|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/new-on-amazon-prime-in-march-jalsa-upload-season-2-and-more/article65204027.ece/|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 March 2022|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315160621/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/new-on-amazon-prime-in-march-jalsa-upload-season-2-and-more/article65204027.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Jalsa'' received positive reviews from critics. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|76|6.3|17|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalsa (2022) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jalsa_2022 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and wrote, "Jalsa, a captivating drama with a complex moral center, keeps you on the edge of your seat for most part of the film. This one's a must watch, all the more for its terrific climax."<ref>{{cite news|title=Jalsa Review: A heart-wrenching portrayal of inner conflict|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jalsa/ottmoviereview/90205155.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318003929/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jalsa/ottmoviereview/90205155.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''Firstpost'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and wrote, "Half the battle for Jalsa was won when Vidya Balan and Shefali Shah were roped in to share screen space."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa movie review: Vidya Balan and Shefali Shah light up a story of class, happenstance and the human conscience|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-and-shefali-shah-light-up-a-story-of-class-happenstance-and-the-human-conscience-10469201.html/amp|website=Firstpost|date=18 March 2022|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318113946/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-and-shefali-shah-light-up-a-story-of-class-happenstance-and-the-human-conscience-10469201.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and wrote "This cat and mouse chase deals with thrill, strong emotions and the harsh realities of a newsroom."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa Review: Vidya Balan, Shefali Shah's film is a riveting tale of mirroring conflicts|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/movie-review/jalsa-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shahs-film-is-a-riveting-tale-of-mirroring-conflicts|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318052305/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/entertainment/movie-review/jalsa-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shahs-film-is-a-riveting-tale-of-mirroring-conflicts|url-status=live}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and wrote, "Jalsa means celebration and the film truly is a celebration indeed of good filmmaking."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa Movie Review|url=https://www.m.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/jalsa-movie-review-52758.amp|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320183717/https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/jalsa-movie-review-52758.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Shubham Kulkarni of ''Koimoi'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "It is a filmmaker evolving and two of the most prolific actors exploring their craft and maybe surprising their own selves as well."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa Movie Review: Vidya Balan & Shefali Shah Steal The Show In A Noir Where Moralities Are Put To Test|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/movie-reviews/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-steal-the-show-in-a-noir-where-moralities-are-put-to-test/|website=Koimoi|date=17 March 2022|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318133353/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/movie-reviews/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-steal-the-show-in-a-noir-where-moralities-are-put-to-test/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "Jalsa is a celebration of two power house performers - Vidya Balan and Shefali Shah."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa Movie review: Vidya Balan, Shefali Shah deliver terrific performances in this epic thriller|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-deliver-terrific-performances-in-this-epic-thriller-1926745-2022-03-18|website=[[India Today]]|date=18 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318060944/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/binge-watch/story/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-deliver-terrific-performances-in-this-epic-thriller-1926745-2022-03-18|url-status=live}}</ref> Mayank Shekhar of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa Movie Review: Worth the prateeksha!|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/jalsa-movie-review-worth-the-prateeksha-23219034|website=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=19 March 2022|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319130635/https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/jalsa-movie-review-worth-the-prateeksha-23219034|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sanjana Jadhav of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "Jalsa is a must-watch thriller with top notch storytelling and enjoyable performances."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa Review: Vidya Balan, Shefali Shah are terrific in thriller that ticks the moral compass|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/jalsa-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-are-terrific-thriller-ticks-moral-compass-1048400?amp|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|date=18 March 2022|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318083529/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/jalsa-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-are-terrific-thriller-ticks-moral-compass-1048400?amp|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "Vidya Balan and Shefali Shah are powerhouse talents and are tailor-made for Jalsa's overwrought premise."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa Review|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/jalsa-review/20220318.htm|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318115348/https://www.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/jalsa-review/20220318.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Shilajit Mitra of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa review: An absorbing, hard-to-slot morality drama|url=https://www.m.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2022/mar/19/jalsa-review-an-absorbing-hard-to-slot-morality-drama-30379.amp|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=23 March 2022}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote, "Discount the overreach and a flaw here and a blemish there and Jalsa works just fine not only because two wonderful actresses are at their very best."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa Review: Vidya Balan And Shefali Shah Keep The Film On The Boil|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jalsa-review-vidya-balan-and-shefali-shah-keep-the-film-on-the-boil-2829788|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318065208/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jalsa-review-vidya-balan-and-shefali-shah-keep-the-film-on-the-boil-2829788/amp/1|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Stutee Ghosh]] of ''[[The Quint]]'' gavethefilm a rating of 3/5 and wrote, "'Jalsa' is a story of inner-conflict, motherhood, and class, portrayed brilliantly by its two lead protagonists."<ref>{{cite web|title='Jalsa' Review: Vidya Balan, Shefali Make the Film Richer With Their Presence|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/jalsa-review-shefali-shah-vidya-balan-suresh-triveni|website=[[The Quint]]|date=18 March 2022|access-date=19 March 2022|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319131140/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/movie-reviews/jalsa-review-shefali-shah-vidya-balan-suresh-triveni|url-status=live}}</ref> Suhasini Srihari of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote, "The film's narrative does not necessarily cut into the emotional veins of the audience, but allows them to participate in a dialogue of the inner conflicts and learn the difference between reality and truth."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa review: Balan shines in stark portrayal of reality|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/jalsa-review-balan-shines-in-stark-portrayal-of-reality-1092649.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=18 March 2022|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=23 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323065841/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/entertainment/dh-talkies/jalsa-review-balan-shines-in-stark-portrayal-of-reality-1092649.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote, "Vidya Balan, Shefali Shah film has one of the most tightly executed beginnings, which develops the odd bump as the plot progresses, until it reaches a cathartic end."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa movie review: Shefali Shah rescues the film in the final act|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-rescues-the-film-in-the-final-act-7825590/lite/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 March 2022|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318065314/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-rescues-the-film-in-the-final-act-7825590/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote, "JALSA boasts of fine performances by Vidya Balan and Shefali Shah with unexpected twists and turns."<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie Review: Despite fine performances, the length of JALSA diminishes the impact|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jalsa-2/critic-review/jalsa-2-movie-review/despite-fine-performances-the-length-of-jalsa-diminish-the-impact/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=18 March 2022 |access-date=19 March 2022|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318103817/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jalsa-2/critic-review/jalsa-2-movie-review/despite-fine-performances-the-length-of-jalsa-diminish-the-impact/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated, "Suresh Triveni's film stars Vidya Balan as a journalist and Shefali Shah has the caretaker of her son."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa movie review: Vidya Balan and Shefali Shah struggle to engage audience with half-baked characters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-and-shefali-shah-struggle-to-engage-audience-with-half-baked-characters-101647541016615-amp.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317234756/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-and-shefali-shah-struggle-to-engage-audience-with-half-baked-characters-101647541016615-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, "Director Suresh Triveni delivers a casting coup of sorts with the fantastic ensemble of actors, while also charting a relatable and riveting tale on how a self-righteous approach crumbles under circumstances."<ref>{{cite news|title='Jalsa' movie review: Vidya Balan, Shefali Shah shine in this tryst with truth|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-shine-in-this-tryst-with-truth/article65237502.ece/|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318115517/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-shine-in-this-tryst-with-truth/article65237502.ece/amp/|url-status=live |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj }}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[News18]]'' stated, "Suresh Triveni's work, despite two good actresses in Vidya Balan and Shefali Shah, falls into the rut of wanting to fill the plate with too much with the result that none of it has any meat."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalsa Review: Vidya Balan, Shefali Shah's Film Leaves a Trail of Unanswered Questions|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jalsa-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shahs-film-leaves-a-trail-of-unanswered-questions-4885844.html|website=[[News18]]|date=18 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=23 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323070859/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/jalsa-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shahs-film-leaves-a-trail-of-unanswered-questions-4885844.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15361028}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gaurav Chatterji]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]

Telkupi

2026-02-28T11:15:55Z

LeoSpragg093: Created New Pg.

{{Short description|Submerged location in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Telkupi
|native_name =
|alternate_name =
|image = File:A Submerged Deul at Telkupi.jpg
|alt = Old temple in front of a river
|caption = A submerged deul at Telkupi
|map_type = India West Bengal # India
|map_alt =
|coordinates = {{coord|23.666362|N|86.606561|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Raghunathpur subdivision]], [[Purulia district]]
|region = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|type = Ancient settlement
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|area =
|height =
|builder = Rudrasikhara
|material =
|built = 11th century
|abandoned =
|epochs =
|cultures =
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations =
|archaeologists =
|condition =
|ownership =
|management =
|public_access =
|website = 
|notes =
| designation1 =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_free1name =
| designation1_free1value =
| designation1_free2name =
| designation1_free2value =
}}

'''Telkupi''' (or '''Tailakampi''') is a submerged location of archaeological interest in [[Purulia district]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The area, along with most of the temples situated there, was submerged in 1959 as a consequence to the construction of a dam across [[Damodar River|Damodar river]] at [[Panchet]] in [[Dhanbad district]], then in [[Bihar]].

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|35|0|N|86|41|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Raghunathpur subdivision in Purulia district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|36|0|N|86|28|19|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Santaldih| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Santaldih]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|35|5|N|86|28|34|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Kanki| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kanki, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|32|50|N|86|31|5|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Dubra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Dubra, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|29|52|N|86|33|43|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Chapari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Chapari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|28|56|N|86|31|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Shankara| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Shankara, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|37|12|N|86|28|19|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Nabagram| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nabagram, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|48|N|86|48|15|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Saltore| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Saltore]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|40|30|N|86|49|10|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Hijuli| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Hijuli]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|40|26|N|86|50|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Parbelia| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Parbelia]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|38|18|N|86|38|16|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Achkoda| numbered10=H| mark-title10= [[Achkoda]] (H) |shape-color10=#AA6666
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|28|48|N|86|33|37|E}} | label-pos11= right|label11=Anara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Anara, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|37|1|N|86|33|10|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Cheliyama| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Cheliyama]] (R) |shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|35|40|N|86|45|31|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Gobag| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Gobag]] (R) |shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|31|17|N|86|27|5|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Haraktor| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Haraktor]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|36|29|N|86|47|57|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Harmadih| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Harmadih]] (R) |shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|39|40|N|86|49|30|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Nituria| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Nituria]] (R) |shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|30|42|N|86|31|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Para| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Para, Purulia]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|38|50|N|86|48|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Sarbari| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Sarbari]] (R) |shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|36|45|N|86|31|25|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Usir| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Usir]] (R) |shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|36|10|N|86|33|31|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Banda Deul| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Banda Deul]] (H)| shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|37|30|N|86|46|20|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Garh Panchkot| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Garh Panchkot]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|39|58|N|86|36|23|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Telkupi| numbered22=H| mark-title22= Telkupi (H)|shape-color22=black| label-size22=13|label-color22=black 
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|34|46|N|86|45|42|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Ramkanali| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Ramkanali Junction railway station]] (R) |shape-color23=#C42222
|mark-coord24= {{coord|23|36|40|N|86|50|21|E}}| label-pos24=right|label24=Murulia| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Murulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord25= {{coord|23|30|23|N|86|41|37|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Arra| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Arra, Purulia|Arra, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|29|10|N|86|39|45|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Kantaranguri| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Kantaranguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|30|10|N|86|40|12|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Adra| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Adra, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|25|19|N|86|39|43|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Lapara| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Lapara, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|32|50|N|86|40|12|E}} | label-pos29=top|label29= Raghunathpur| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Raghunathpur, Purulia]] (M) |shape-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|34|30|N|86|50|40|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30=Baranti| numbered30=T| mark-title30= [[Baranti]] (T) |shape-color30=green
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|26|10|N|86|41|0|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Kalloli| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Kalloli]] (R) |shape-color31=#C42222
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|26|11|N|86|40|13|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Kashipur| numbered32=H| mark-title32= [[Kashipur, West Bengal]] (H) |shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|38|0|N|86|52|30|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33=Madhukunda| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Madhukunda]] (R)|shape-color33=#C42222
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|35|20|N|86|49|27|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Muraddi| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Muraddi]] (R) |shape-color34=#C42222
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|34|45|N|86|48|24|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Ramchandrapur| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Ramchandrapur, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color35=#C42222
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|31|44|N|86|51|50|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Santuri| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Santuri, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color36=#C42222
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|32|53|N|86|43|35|E}} | label-pos37=right|label37=Bero| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Bero railway station]] (R) |shape-color37=#C42222
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|31|10|N|86|40|51|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38=Joychandi Pahar| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Joychandi Pahar]] (R) |shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23.6556|N|86.7486|E}}| label39= Panchet |labela39= Hill| label-color39 = #C42222 | label-angle39=-50| label-pos39=bottom| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23.6736|N|86.6886|E}} |label40=Panchet Dam|labela40= Reservoir| label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40=0| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23.6102|86.9303}}| label41=Damodar River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41=5| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|40|0|N|86|33|0|E}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.43}}

===Location===
Telkupi is located at {{coord|23.666362|N|86.606561|E|display=inline}}

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

== History ==
Formerly known as Tailakampi,<ref name="Basu 2004" /> Telkupi is the capital of [[Rudrasikhara]], a local ruler of the area in 11th century, who helped [[Pala empire|Pala]] king, [[Ramapala]], to recover [[Varendra]] from Bhima. The royal chronicle of Panchkot Raj of Shikhar dynasty mentions that Rudrashikhara rose to power in 1098 AD.<ref name="Basu 2004">{{Cite book|title=Banger Jatiyo Itihas, Rajanya Kanda|last=Basu|first=Nagendranath|publisher=Dey's Publishing|year=2004|editor-last=Chowdhury|editor-first=Kamal|location=Kolkata|language=bn|author-link=Nagendranath Basu}}</ref>{{Rp|223}} India historian [[Niharranjan Ray]] assumes that he ruled from 1070 to 1120.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Banglar Itihas|last=Ray|first=Niharranjan|publisher=Lekhak Samabay Samity|year=1976|location=Kolkata|page=251|language=bn|author-link=Niharranjan Ray}}</ref> [[Sandhyakar Nandi]] in his poem [[Ramacharitam]] comments that like a wildfire, Rudrasikhara, was an expert in warfare, crushed the pride of the rulers of rivers and mountains.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ramacharitamanas|last=Nandi|first=Sandhyakar|publisher=Dibyasmriti Samiti|year=1934|editor-last=Vidyavinod|editor-first=Ayodhyanath|location=Kolkata|language=sa|quote=''samara-parisara-visarad-ari-raja-raji-ganda-garvva-gahana-dahana-davanalas-tailakampiya-kalpa-taru-[Ru]d[r]asikharah''|author-link=Sandhyakar Nandi}}</ref>

Tailakampi was a commercial hub in 10th to 13th century. It is believed{{by who?|date=October 2021}} that most of the temples were funded by the 'Banik' or business people.

== Temples ==

=== Description by Beglar ===
In 1878, an Armenian-Indian archeologist [[Joseph David Beglar]], gave the first ever description about the temples of Telkupi in his report to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="Debala 2">{{cite book|title=Tekupi – a submerged temple site in West Bengal|last=Mitra|first=Debala|date=1969|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|series=Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India|volume=76|location=New Delhi|chapter=II|author-link=Debala Mitra|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.48718/}} [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Memoirs_of_the_archaeological_survey_of_India_no.76.pdf Alt URL]</ref>{{rp|6}} According to his report, the place was full of temples and the number was higher than any other place in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region. The temples were divided into three clusters, the largest group among them was situated to the north of Telkupi village near the Damodar river, the second group to the west of the village and the third group to the south-eastern part of the village.<ref name=Beglar>{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Report_of_a_Tour_through_the_Bengal_Provinces/Telkupi|title=Report of a Tour Through the Bengal Provinces of Patna, Gaya, Mongir and Bhagalpur; The Santal Parganas, Manbhum, Singhbhum and Birbhum; Bankura, Raniganj, Bardwan and Hughli; in 1872-73|last=Beglar|first=Joseph David Freedone Melik|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=1878|series=Report of the Archaeological Survey of India|volume=VIII|location=Kolkata|chapter=Telkupi|author-link=Joseph David Beglar}}</ref>{{Rp|[[s:Page:Report of a Tour Through the Bengal Provinces of Patna, Gaya, Mongir and Bhagalpur; The Santal Parganas, Manbhum, Singhbhum and Birbhum; Bankura, Raniganj, Bardwan and Hughli in 1872–73.djvu/194|170]]}}

==== First group of temples ====
* '''No. 1:''' This south-facing temple, made of stone, was situated in the northernmost part of the first cluster, consisting of a single cell, with a [[lingam]] as the deity of worship inside, situated {{convert|2|ft}} below the still of entrance. The temple was not much ornamented. Beglar noticed that the upper part of the temple was almost intact at the time of his report.<ref name=Beglar/>{{Rp|[[s:Page:Report of a Tour Through the Bengal Provinces of Patna, Gaya, Mongir and Bhagalpur; The Santal Parganas, Manbhum, Singhbhum and Birbhum; Bankura, Raniganj, Bardwan and Hughli in 1872–73.djvu/194|170]]}}
* '''No. 2:''' This south-facing stone-made temple had a sculpture of [[Gajalakshmi]] over the entrance, with a lingam inside. Beglar found the upper portion of the temple broken and accumulated sand in the cell rose {{convert|6|in}} of the still of entrance.<ref name=Beglar/>{{Rp|[[s:Page:Report of a Tour Through the Bengal Provinces of Patna, Gaya, Mongir and Bhagalpur; The Santal Parganas, Manbhum, Singhbhum and Birbhum; Bankura, Raniganj, Bardwan and Hughli in 1872–73.djvu/194|170]]}}
* '''No. 3:''' This west-facing temple, with a lingam inside, was similar to No. 2 temple but Beglar found the upper portion missing and the sill of the entrance buried {{convert|4|ft}} below accumulated rubbish.<ref name=Beglar/>{{Rp|[[s:Page:Report of a Tour Through the Bengal Provinces of Patna, Gaya, Mongir and Bhagalpur; The Santal Parganas, Manbhum, Singhbhum and Birbhum; Bankura, Raniganj, Bardwan and Hughli in 1872–73.djvu/194|170]]}}
* '''No. 4:''' This east-facing almost-ruined temple had a sculpture of lotus over the entrance and a well-preserved four-armed statue of [[Vishnu]] was inside the temple as the deity of worship.<ref name=Beglar/>{{Rp|[[s:Page:Report of a Tour Through the Bengal Provinces of Patna, Gaya, Mongir and Bhagalpur; The Santal Parganas, Manbhum, Singhbhum and Birbhum; Bankura, Raniganj, Bardwan and Hughli in 1872–73.djvu/194|170]]}}
* '''No. 5:''' This east-facing temple, had a sculpture of [[Ganesha]] over the entrance. Beglar found the upper portion of the temple missing.<ref name=Beglar/>{{Rp|[[s:Page:Report of a Tour Through the Bengal Provinces of Patna, Gaya, Mongir and Bhagalpur; The Santal Parganas, Manbhum, Singhbhum and Birbhum; Bankura, Raniganj, Bardwan and Hughli in 1872–73.djvu/194|170]]}}

==Telkupi picture gallery==
<gallery widths="230px" heights="170px">
File:KITLV 88196 - Unknown - Temple at Telkupi in British India - 1897.tif|Unknown temple at Telkupi - photographed by JD Beglar in 1898. Collection: Leiden University Library, Royal Netherlands Institute of South East Asian and Caribbean Studies
File:KITLV 88197 - Unknown - Temple at Telkupi in British India - 1897.tif|Unknown temple at Telkupi - photographed by unknown person in 1897. Collection same as first photograph
File:KITLV 88198 - Unknown - Temple at Telkupi in British India - 1897.tif|Unknown temple at Telkupi - photographed by unknown person in 1897. Collection same as first photograph
</gallery>

==References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Garh Panchakot}} – it includes Telkupi

{{Non-extant Bengal places}}
{{Purulia topics}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}
{{Jain centres in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Purulia district]]

Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-26T17:47:47Z

LeoSpragg093: done!

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Chander Taal Wildlife Sanctuary sign. Lahul & Spiti.jpg
| image_caption = Sign board of the Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary
| map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = Lahaul and Spiti district, Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.4752|77.6171|region:IN-HP|display=inline}}
| area_km2 = 38.56
| established = 2007
| governing_body = Himachal Pradesh Forest Department
}}

'''Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] in [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It was first notified on 14 May 2007 and received final notification in June 2013 under the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://spitiwildlifedivision.in/protected-areas/chandratal-wildlife-sanctuary/ |publisher=Spiti Wildlife Division, Himachal Pradesh Forest Department |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

== Wildlife and habitat ==
[[File:Chandrataal-splendour.jpg|thumb|[[Chandra Taal|Chandratal Lake]]]]
It surrounds [[Chandra Taal|Chandratal Lake]], a high-altitude wetland designated as a Ramsar site in 2005. Its characterised by alpine meadows, rocky terrain and cold desert ecosystems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandertal Wetland |url=https://himcoste.hp.gov.in/Wetland%20Authority/Chandertal%20Wetland/CHANDERTAL_HOME.aspx |publisher=HIMCOSTE, Government of Himachal Pradesh |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

Fauna recorded include [[snow leopard]] (Panthera uncia), [[Himalayan ibex]] (Capra ibex), [[Bharal|blue sheep]] (Pseudois nayaur), [[red fox]] (Vulpes vulpes), marmot (Marmota bobak), [[Himalayan snowcock]], [[chukar partridge]], [[black-winged stilt]], [[brahminy duck]] (Tadorna ferruginea) and [[golden eagle]] (Aquila chrysaetos).<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandertal Wetland |url=https://himcoste.hp.gov.in/Wetland%20Authority/Chandertal%20Wetland/CHANDERTAL_HOME.aspx |publisher=HIMCOSTE, Government of Himachal Pradesh |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref><ref>See [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Habitat-of-Chandra-Tal-and-Suraj-Tal‑high‑altitude‑wetlands‑of‑Lahaul‑Spiti‑A‑C‑Site_fig2_357092248 Fig. 2] in {{cite journal |last1=Dey |first1=Dipti |last2=Bhojak |first2=Puja |last3=Sekar |first3=K. Chandra |last4=Arya |first4=Dhani |title=An annotated checklist of vascular plants in and around two major high-altitude wetlands of Lahaul-Spiti, Himachal Pradesh, India |journal=Check List |date=2021 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1715–1730 |doi=10.15560/17.6.1715 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Conservation and management ==
The sanctuary is managed by the Himachal Pradesh Forest Department. The official management plan of the sanctuary covers zoning, grazing control, eco-tourism regulation and ecological monitoring.<ref>{{cite web |title=Management Plan for Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://hpforest.gov.in/storage/files/1/pdf/Management%20Plan/Management%20Plan%20for%20Chandratal%20WLS_compressed.pdf |publisher=Himachal Pradesh Forest Department |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

In June 2025, a seasonal police check post was established at Chandratal to enhance tourist safety, emergency response and real‑time weather/route updates—reflecting the region's growing focus on responsible tourism management.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chandratal gets seasonal police check post to boost tourist safety |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/chandratal-gets-seasonal-police-check-post-to-boost-tourist-safety/536273 |work=The Tribune |date=14 June 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

The Forest Department also has imposed daily entry and activity fees (e.g.: ₹150 per Indian tourist, ₹500 per foreign national) to manage growing visitor numbers and protect ecological integrity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Himachal imposes entry, activity fee in Spiti's eco-sensitive zones |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/forest-dept-imposes-entry-activity-fee-in-spitis-eco-sensitive-zones/950123 |work=The Tribune |date=10 June 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

== Threats ==
Tourism-related pressures include littering, vegetation trampling and non‑compliance with e‑pass and safety protocols—local authorities have issued repeated warnings against swimming in the icy lake and disregarding registration requirements.<ref>{{cite news |title=Don't harm sanctity of holy Chandratal lake, tourists urged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/dont-harm-sanctity-of-holy-chandratal-lake-tourists-urged/articleshow/84744636.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=26 July 2021 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

Unseasonal snowfall in July 2023 left over 250 tourists stranded at Chandratal for several days, prompting large-scale rescue operations involving helicopters and road clearance teams—highlighting vulnerability to weather extremes and the importance of preparedness.<ref>{{cite news |title=256 Tourists, Stranded For 5 Days In Himachal Pradesh's Chandratal, Evacuated |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/256-tourists-stranded-for-5-days-in-himachal-pradeshs-chandratal-evacuated-4204475 |publisher=NDTV via Press Trust of India |date=13 July 2023 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manhunt in unseasonal snow to evacuate 300 stranded tourists |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/north/manhunt-in-unseasonal-snow-to-evacuate-300-stranded-tourists/3007801.html |publisher=UNI India |date=11 July 2023 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India]]
* [[Bir Aishvan Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Lahaul and Spiti district]]

Mahbub Uddin Khokon

2026-02-26T09:22:21Z

LeoSpragg093: cleanup details also and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Mahbub Uddin Khokon
| native_name = {{lang|bn|মাহবুব উদ্দিন খোকন}}
| image = Mahbub Uddin Khokon.jpg
| caption = Khokon in 2017
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency1 = [[Noakhali-1]]
|term_start1 = 29 December 2008
|term_end1 = 9 January 2014
|predecessor1 = [[Zainul Abdin Farroque]]
|successor1 = [[H. M. Ibrahim]]
| office = President of [[Bangladesh Supreme Court Bar Association]]
| term_start = 1 April 2024<ref name="s1"/><ref name="s2"/>
| term_end =
| predecessor = Momtazuddin Fakir
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|01|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Noakhali District]], [[East Pakistan]]
| birth_name = A.M. Mahbub Uddin Khokon
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| website = {{URL|mahbub.aboutbio.info}}
}}
'''A.M. Mahbub Uddin Khokon''' (born 12 January 1956)<ref name="dd"/> is a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician, lawyer<ref>{{cite news |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/Joynul-Khokon-elected-SC-Bar-Assoc-leaders |title=BNP-backed lawyers win in SCBA elelction |date=24 March 2017 |work=[[Prothom Alo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/politics/bnp-candidate-khokon-three-others-suffer-bullet-wounds-in-noakhali-1544882351 |title=BNP candidate Khokon, three others suffer 'bullet wounds' in Noakhali |work=The Financial Express |date=16 December 2018}}</ref> and a former member of [[Jatiya Sangsad|parliament]] from the [[Noakhali-1]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=944&Itemid=1209&lang=en |title=Constituency 268 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309131618/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=944&Itemid=1209&lang=en |archive-date=2022-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/337543/appellate-division-warns-barrister-khokon-over |title=Appellate Division warns Barrister Khokon over remarks on 290 MPs' oath |date=23 January 2024 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Khokon was born in Sonapur, in the district of [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]]'s [[Sonaimuri Upazila]].<ref name="dd"/> Mamtaz Uddin Ahmed was his father, and Begum Raushan Ara was his mother. Of his nine siblings, he is the oldest. Khokon obtained SSC from Gopalpur High School in Noakhali. HSC from Dhaka Government College and [[Dhaka University]] with an LLB.<ref name="dd"/> In [[Wales]], UK, he earned an LLB (Hons) degree in 1992. In 1993, he graduated as a Barrister at Law from the [[Lincoln's Inn]]. Since 1994, he has worked in the legal field.<ref name="dd"/>

==Career==
Mahbub Uddin Khokon was elected to parliament from Noakhali-1 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 2008.<ref name="dd">{{cite web |url=https://www.tritiyomatra.com/profile/279 |title=Profile Mahbub Uddin Khokon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518233845/https://www.tritiyomatra.com/profile/279 |archive-date=18 May 2024}}</ref> He is also the party chief [[Khaleda Zia]]'s lawyer.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/ags-comment-hawa-bhaban-politically-motivated-1664242 |title='AG's comment on Hawa Bhaban politically motivated' |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |location=Bangladesh |date=23 November 2018 |accessdate=10 July 2024}}</ref> He is the founder and leader of the law firm 'Mahbub & Company' based in [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mahbub-law.com/about-us/ |title=About Us |publisher=Mahbub & Company |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704104953/https://mahbub-law.com/about-us/ |archive-date=4 July 2024}}</ref> On 15 December 2018, he was wounded by six bullets fired by the [[Sonaimuri Upazila]] police under [[Bangladesh Awami League]] government<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/news/bnp-candidate-mahbub-uddin-khokon-shot-during-clash-noakhali-bangladesh-1674019 |title=No respite from attacks |work=The Daily Star |date=16 December 2018}}</ref> during his election campaign for the upcoming general election.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2018/12/15/mahbub-uddin-khokon-hit-by-bullets-during-campaign |title=Mahbub Uddin Khokon shot during campaign |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=15 December 2018}}</ref> In March 2024, he was elected as the president of [[Bangladesh Supreme Court Bar Association]].<ref name="s1">{{Cite news |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/city/kee5lopi8c |title=SCBA election: Khokon, Monjurul elected president, secretary |date=March 10, 2024 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802171821/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/city/kee5lopi8c |archive-date=2 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="s2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/khokon-elected-supreme-court-bar-assoc-president-monjurul-secretary-806674 |title=Khokon elected Supreme Court Bar Assoc president, Monjurul secretary |date=March 10, 2024 |work=[[The Business Standard]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kokhon and his wife have one daughter and one son.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dhakamail.com/law-courts/159482 |title='ছোটবেলার সেই ঈদগুলো খুব মিস করি' |work=Dhaka Mail |date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802122057/https://dhakamail.com/law-courts/159482 |archive-date=2 August 2024}}</ref> Their son is also a barrister.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=28 March 2024 |script-title=bn:২১ বছর বয়সে সন্তান ব্যারিস্টার, বাস্তবতার মধ্য দিয়ে বড় করেছি: ব্যারিস্টার মাহবুব উদ্দিন খোকন |trans-title= |type=Motion Picture |language=bn |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7Cs8j3oFg0 |access-date=28 March 2024 |format=MP4 |location=Dhaka |publisher=[[Channel i]] |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802171250/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7Cs8j3oFg0 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.priyo.com/people/a-m-mahbub-uddin-khokon |title=Personal Life |work=[[Priyo.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114720/https://m.priyo.com/people/a-m-mahbub-uddin-khokon |archive-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khokon, Mahbub Uddin}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:People from Noakhali District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi barristers]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi lawyers]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]

{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

A. S. M. Abdur Rab

2026-02-13T14:12:02Z

LeoSpragg093:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = A. S. M. Abdur Rab
| native_name = আ. স. ম. আবদুর রব
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = A. S. M. Abdur Rab (2).jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Abdur Rab at [[Jatiya Oikya Front]] event
| caption = Abdur Rab in January 2019
| office1 = [[Ministry of Shipping (Bangladesh)|Minister of Shipping]]
| term_start1 = 29 June 1996
| term_end1 = 24 December 1998
| predecessor1 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock]]
| term_start2 = 25 December 1998
| term_end2 = 13 June 2001
| successor2 = [[Sadeque Hossain Khoka]]
| office3 = [[Jatiya Sangsad]] Member from [[Lakshmipur-4]]
| term_start3 = 1996
| term_end3 = 2001
| predecessor3 = [[Abdur Rab Chowdhury]]
| successor3 = [[A. B. M. Ashraf Uddin]]
| office = 3rd [[Leader of the Opposition (Bangladesh)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| term_start = 3 March 1988
| term_end = 27 February 1991
| predecessor = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| successor = Sheikh Hasina
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|1|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Noakhali]], [[East Bengal]], [[British India]]
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| occupation = politician
| party = [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal-JSD]]
| president = [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]]
| primeminister = [[Moudud Ahmed]] [[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]]
| primeminister2 = Sheikh Hasina
| primeminister1 = [[Khaleda Zia]]
| successor1 = [[Syed Manzur Elahi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Qazi Fazlur Rahman]] (acting) [[Satish Chandra Roy]]
}}

'''A. S. M. Abdur Rab''' (born 2 January 1945)<ref name=genius/> is a Bangladeshi politician. He is the founder secretary general of the [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal]].<ref name=genius/> In 1985, Abdur Rab and his followers left the party and formed a new party [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal-JSD]], known as JSD (Rab).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/inu-fails-convince-dissidents-790906|title=Inu fails to convince dissidents|date=2016-03-14|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en}}</ref> He served as the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] Member from [[Lakshmipur-4]] and the Minister of Shipping and later the Minister of Fisheries and Livestock during 1996-2001 of the [[first Sheikh Hasina Cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.gulfnews.com/news/uae/general/hasina-s-cabinet-sets-a-record-1.419613|title=Hasina's cabinet sets a record|work=Gulf News|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Abdur Rab was born on 2 January 1945.<ref name=genius>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/mad-genius/s-m-abdur-rob-785749|title=A S M Abdur Rob|date=2016-03-04|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref> He was general secretary of the student political organization [[Bangladesh Chhatra League|East Pakistan Chhatra League]] from 1969 to 1970.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:বিগত কমিটি সমূহ |trans-title=Past Committees |url=https://bsl.org.bd/%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%a4-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%9f%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%82%e0%a6%b9/ |website=Bangladesh Chhatra League |language=bn |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230911105152/https://bsl.org.bd/বিগত-কমিটি-সমূহ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the leader of the [[1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan|1969 mass uprising in East Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/b-chy-kader-siddiqui-rob-form-new-alliance-4137|title=B Chy, Kader Siddiqui, Rob form new alliance|date=2013-12-26|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref> He was the first person to hoist the Flag of Bangladesh on 2 March 1971 as the vice president of [[Dhaka University Central Students' Union]].<ref name=genius /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/spotlight/jaago-bangladeshi-jaago-1199173|title=Jaago Bangladeshi Jaago|date=2016-03-25|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He is one of the organizers of the liberation struggle of Bangladesh. Under the leadership of Chhatra League leader Noor Alam Siddiqui, Abdul Kuddus, A S M Abdur Rab and Shajahan Siraj, the flag of independent Bangladesh was hoisted in Dhaka University on 2 March 1971. A flag of independent Bangladesh was first inaugurated by ASM Abdur Rab. In the historic Bot-tala of Dhaka University, A S M Abdur Rab handed over the flag of Bangladesh to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. After the independence of Bangladesh, Rab formed the left-wing [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal]] (National Socialist Party). He along with [[Serajul Alam Khan]] and [[Shajahan Siraj]], took a stand against the government led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx6OAAAAMAAJ&q=A.+S.+M.+Abdur+Rab|title=Bangladesh Public Administration: Study of Major Reforms, Constraints and Strategies|last=Obaidullah|first=A. T. M.|date=1999|publisher=Academic Press and Publishers|isbn=9789840801442|pages=189|language=en}}</ref> He led the rally on 17 March 1974 towards the residence of the Home Minister at Ramna amid [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]] led firing upon the crowd. Abdur Rab is a survivor of the [[1974 Ramna massacre]]. President [[Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem]] released [[M. A. Jalil]] and Abdur Rab after taking power because of the involvement of Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal in the [[7 November 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|coup d'état in November 1975]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0BuAAAAMAAJ&q=A.+S.+M.+Abdur+Rab|title=Group interests and political changes: studies of Pakistan and Bangladesh|last=Maniruzzaman|first=Talukder|date=1982|publisher=South Asian Publishers|pages=178|isbn=9780836408928 |language=en}}</ref>

Abdur Rab became the leader of the opposition in 1988 and also served as a minister of Sheikh Hasina's cabinet from 1996 to 2001 as the Minister of Shipping and later the Minister of Fisheries and Livestock.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |author-link=Syed Badrul Ahsan |date=2007-02-23 |title=All those Peripatetic People |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2007/02/04/musings.htm |access-date=2018-10-24 |work=The Daily Star |archive-date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207165741/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2007/02/04/musings.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/jsd-rab-calls-48-hr-hartal-in-ramgati|title=JSD (Rab) calls 48-hr hartal in Ramgati|date=1999-01-17|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/italy-can-help-build-telecom-energy-sector-infrastructure|title=Italy can help build telecom & energy sector infrastructure|date=1998-01-10|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdur Rab, A. S. M.}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bir Uttom]]
[[Category:Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal politicians]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Ministers of fisheries and livestock of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ministers of shipping of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition (Bangladesh)]]
[[Category:Bangladesh independence activists]]
[[Category:People from Lakshmipur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]

{{Chittagong-politician-stub}}

Udaipur Municipal Corporation

2026-02-08T15:30:17Z

LeoSpragg093: small changes

{{Short description|Local civic body in Udaipur, Rajastha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
|name = Udaipur Municipal Corporation
|house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
|body = Udaipur
|foundation = {{start date and age|2013}}
|leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
|leader1 = Govind Singh Tank
|party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
|leader2 = Paras Singhvi
|party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
|leader3 = Mayank Manish ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
|election1 = 26 November 2019
|election2 = 27 November 2019
|seats = 70
|structure1 = File:India Udaipur Municipal Corporation 2019.svg
|structure1_res = 250px
|political_groups1 = '''Government (44)'''
*{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|44}}
'''Opposition (26)'''
*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|20}}
*{{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Independent politician|5|shortname=IND}}
|term_length = 5 years
|last_election1 = 16 November 2019
|next_election1 = 2024
|website = {{URL|https://www.udaipurmc.org/|Udaipur Municipal Corporation}}
|footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Report on Municipal General Election - 2019 |url=https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/cm/Upload/ULB_Report_2019.pdf |publisher=State Election Commission, Rajasthan |access-date=28 September 2023 |date=20 January 2020}}</ref>
}}
'''Udaipur Municipal Corporation''' is the [[Municipal Corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] of [[Udaipur]] city in [[Rajasthan]] state of India. The corporation has 70 wards. Govind Singh Tank is the current mayor of the corporation. The city had city council that was converted into municipal corporation in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.udaipurmc.org/ |title=Home |website=udaipurmc.org}}</ref> Budget of 2018-2019 of Udaipur Municipal Corporation was 254.5 Cr.
== Wards ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+
!Zone
!Ward Number
!Ward Name
!Areas Covered
!Assembly Constituency
!Councillor<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/cm/Upload/ULB_Report_2019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808110910/https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/cm/Upload/ULB_Report_2019.pdf |archive-date=2024-08-08 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=sec.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>
!Political Group<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|1
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MUKESH GAMETI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|2
|
|
|
| valign="top" |LOKESH KOTHATI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|3
|
|
|
| valign="top" |PRASHANT SHREEMALI
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|4
|
|
|
| valign="top" |ARUN TANK
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|5
|
|
|
| valign="top" |ASHA SONI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|6
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SHANKAR CHANDEL
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|7
|
|
|
| valign="top" |HIDAYAT TULL
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|8
|
|
|
| valign="top" |DEERAJ OD
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|9
|
|
|
| valign="top" |HEERA DEVI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|10
|
|
|
| valign="top" |GIRISH BHARTI
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|11
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MAHENDRA BHAGORA
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|12
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MADAN LAL DAVE
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|13
|
|
|
| valign="top" |CHAMAN AARA
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|14
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MOHSIN KHAN
| valign="top" |IND
|-
|
|15
|
|
|
| valign="top" |CHANDRKALA BOLIYA
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|16
|
|
|
| valign="top" |RAJENDRA VASEETA
| valign="top" |CPI(M)
|-
|
|17
|
|
|
| valign="top" |TARACHAND JAIN
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|18
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MAHESH TRIVEDI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|19
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MOHAN LAL GURJAR
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|20
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SANTOSH MENARIYA
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|21
|
|
|
| valign="top" |RAJKUMARI GANNA
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|22
|
|
|
| valign="top" |BHANWAR SINGH DEVRA
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|23
|
|
|
| valign="top" |AARTI DHOBI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|24
|
|
|
| valign="top" |BHAGWATI DANGI
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|25
|
|
|
| valign="top" |AASHISH KOTHARI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|26
|
|
|
| valign="top" |DEVENDRA KUMAR PUJARI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|27
|
|
|
| valign="top" |DR. SONIKA JAIN
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|28
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MUKESH SHARMA
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|29
|
|
|
| valign="top" |LOKESH GOUD
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|30
|
|
|
| valign="top" |RAMESH CHAND JAIN
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|31
|
|
|
| valign="top" |VIDHA BHASAR
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|32
|
|
|
| valign="top" |LALITA MENARIYA
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|33
|
|
|
| valign="top" |BHANWAR LAL SALVI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|34
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MADHURI RATHORE
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|35
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MONIKA GURJAR
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|36
|
|
|
| valign="top" |BHARAT JOSHI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|37
|
|
|
| valign="top" |ARVIND JAROLI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|38
|
|
|
| valign="top" |HEMANT BOHARA
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|39
|
|
|
| valign="top" |CHANDRA PRAKASH
| valign="top" |IND
|-
|
|40
|
|
|
| valign="top" |POONAMSINGH RAWAT
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|41
|
|
|
| valign="top" |KAMLESH KUMAR MEHTA
| valign="top" |IND
|-
|
|42
|
|
|
| valign="top" |VENIRAM SALVI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|43
|
|
|
| valign="top" |RAVI TARVADI
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|44
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SANJAY BHAGTANI
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|45
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SHOYAB HUSAIN
| valign="top" |IND
|-
|
|46
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MANOHAR CHOUDHARY
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|47
|
|
|
| valign="top" |KARNMAL JAROLI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|48
|
|
|
| valign="top" |DEEPIKA CHOUDHARY
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|49
|
|
|
| valign="top" |JAYSHREE ASNANI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|50
|
|
|
| valign="top" |GOURAV SINGH
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|51
|
|
|
| valign="top" |PARAS SINGHAVI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|52
|
|
|
| valign="top" |TARA SHARMA
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|53
|
|
|
| valign="top" |KULDEEP JOSHI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|54
|
|
|
| valign="top" |RUCHIKA CHOUDHARY
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|55
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MO. SHADAB SHEIKH
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|56
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SHEHANAJ
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|57
|
|
|
| valign="top" |CHHOGALAL BHOI
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|58
|
|
|
| valign="top" |DR. SHILPA PAMECHA
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|59
|
|
|
| valign="top" |DEVENDRA SAHU
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|60
|
|
|
| valign="top" |NEHA KUMAWAT
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|61
|
|
|
| valign="top" |GOVIND SINGH TANK
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|62
|
|
|
| valign="top" |HITANSHI SHARMA
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|63
|
|
|
| valign="top" |JYOTI LOHAR
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|64
|
|
|
| valign="top" |RAKESH KUMAR JAIN
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|65
|
|
|
| valign="top" |POONAM CHAND MOUR
| valign="top" |IND
|-
|
|66
|
|
|
| valign="top" |REKHA UNTWAL
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|67
|
|
|
| valign="top" |KUSUM PANWAR
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|
|68
|
|
|
| valign="top" |REKHA DANGI
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|69
|
|
|
| valign="top" |ALI ASGAR
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|
|70
|
|
|
| valign="top" |BHANWAR LAL GAMETI
| valign="top" |INC
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Udaipur}}

[[Category:Government of Udaipur]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Rajasthan]]

{{India-gov-stub}}
{{Udaipur-stub}}

M. D. Nanjundaswamy

2026-02-08T11:55:42Z

LeoSpragg093: improve lead further for accuracy

{{Short description|Gandhian leader, anti-globalization activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|2|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|2|3|1936|2|13|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Activist|professor|politician}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = Prathima<ref name="dh1">{{cite news |title=Nanjundaswamy dies of cancer |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb042004/i6.asp |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |date=4 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040427004249/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb042004/i6.asp |archive-date=27 April 2004}}</ref>
| children = 2<ref name="dh1"/>
}}

'''Mahantha Devaru Nanjundaswamy''' (13 February 1936 – 3 February 2004) was a Gandhian leader, scholar and India's leading activist, who advocated for the farmers' rights. He is one of the founders of [[Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha]] (KRRS) in 1980. He was a prominent [[Anti-globalization movement|anti-globalization]] campaign leader.<ref name="guardian">{{citation|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/feb/06/guardianobituaries.globalisation|title=MD Nanjundaswamy|first=John|last=Vidal|date=5 February 2004}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Nanjundswamy was born in Mysore to M. N. Mahantha Devaru and Rajammanni. His father was a farmer-turned-lawyer from Madrahalli village in [[Thirumakudalu Narasipura]] taluka, and was a member of the erstwhile Mysore Representative Assembly and later, the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Nanjundaswamy is dead">{{cite news |title=Nanjundaswamy is dead |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/04/stories/2004020402160600.htm |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=4 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201125501/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/04/stories/2004020402160600.htm |archive-date=1 December 2009}}</ref> He was the fifth child of the couple. He was credited to be the first post-graduate from [[Mysore State]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Public-Figure/Prof.M.D.Nanjundaswamy/about/|title=Prof M D Nanjundaswamy|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref> After securing a [[bachelor of science]] degree in Life Sciences from the [[University of Mysore]], he pursued graduation in Law at [[Karnatak University]], but wanted to become a doctor like his brother, who was an ENT specialist. As Nanjundswamy failed to secure a seat in medical studies, his parents sent him abroad to [[the Hague Academy of International Law]] in the Netherlands to complete his post-graduation in Law. Then he went on to study Constitutional Law in Germany and France before returning to Indian in 1964.<ref name="guardian"/> His daughter, Chukki, lives in Mysore and runs Amrita Bhoomi, an agricultural school, started by him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Hero: Chukki Nanjundaswamy |url=https://www.oneearth.org/agricultural-hero-chukki-nanjundaswamy/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=One Earth |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nanjundaswamy began his career as a professor of law at the University of Mysore and later the Dr. Rammanohar Lohia College of Law in Bangalore.<ref name="dh1"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vidal |first=John |date=2004-02-06 |title=MD Nanjundaswamy |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/feb/06/guardianobituaries.globalisation |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> As a [[socialist]], he was involved with the Samajwadi Yuvajana Sabha, and worked in close association with other socialists such as [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] and [[Shantaveri Gopala Gowda]]. In 1975, Nanjundaswamy launched the [[JP Movement]] in Karnataka and founded the Nava Nirmana Kranti, along with former Chief Minister of Karnataka, [[Kadidal Manjappa]], and writer [[Poornachandra Tejaswi]].<ref name="dh1"/>

In 1980, Nanjundaswamy formed the [[Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha]] (Karnataka State Farmers' Association; KRRS) in 1980.<ref name="dh1"/> As president of the KRRS, he led campaigns against agricultural patenting by [[multinational corporation|multi-national corporation]]s, which he called "Western biopiracy".<ref name="assayag2005">{{cite book |title=Globalizing India: perspectives from below |chapter=Seeds of Wrath: Agriculture Biotechnology and Globalization |last=Assayag |first=Jackie |editor=Jackie Assayag, Christopher John Fuller |pages=71–73 |year=2005 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-195-9 }}</ref> He was a strong critic of multi-national companies in India and the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), and had a hand in the [[1999 Seattle WTO protests]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graeber |first1=David |author1-link=David Graeber |title=[[The Democracy Project]] |date=2013 |isbn=9780679646006 |page=186 |publisher=Random House Publishing }}</ref>

In 1996, he protested the opening of the first [[McDonald's]] outlet in Delhi. He also led the ransacking of newly-opened [[Pizza Hut]] and [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]] restaurants in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cooper |first=Kenneth J. |date=1996-11-04 |title=IT'S LAMB BURGER, NOT HAMBURGER, AT BEEFLESS MCDONALD'S IN NEW DELHI |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/11/04/its-lamb-burger-not-hamburger-at-beefless-mcdonalds-in-new-delhi/e22d7821-5c07-4407-bec7-4c8741c111c5/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> He and his supporters stormed and ransacked the offices of the seed company [[Cargill]], and burned [[Monsanto]]'s [[genetically modified crops]] with their Cremation Monsanto movement, before taking on other companies such as [[PepsiCo]] and [[the Coca-Cola Company]].<ref name="guardian"/><ref name="dh1"/>

The KRRS was later registered as a political party and was instrumental in supporting non-[[Indian National Congress]] governments in Karnataka. {{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Nanjundaswamy, who was suffering from [[lung cancer]], died on 3 February 2004 in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="dh1"/><ref name="Nanjundaswamy is dead"/> The last rites were performed on Amrithabhoomi on the foothills of [[Biligiriranga Hills]] in [[Chamarajanagar district]].<ref>{{cite news |title=MDN laid to rest |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb052004/s6.asp |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |date=5 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050415210146/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb052004/s6.asp |archive-date=15 April 2005}}</ref> On his birth anniversary on 13 February 2023, [[Yogendra Yadav]], founder of [[Jai Kisan Andolan]], remembered Nanjundaswamy and delivered a speech about the farmers' movement led by him in [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]], where a main road in the district headquarters was named after him.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanjundaswamy, M. D.}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian anti-globalization activists]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:Activists from Karnataka]]

Do Aankhen Barah Haath

2026-02-06T17:38:35Z

LeoSpragg093: enhanced intro additionally and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Do Ankhen Barah Haath]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Tata Curvv EV

2026-01-23T09:02:59Z

LeoSpragg093:

{{short description|Electric subcompact crossover SUV manufactured by Tata Motors}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Tata Curvv EV
| image =
| manufacturer = [[Tata Motors]]
| production = 2024–present
| assembly = [[India]]
| class = [[Subcompact crossover SUV]]
| body_style = 5-door [[crossover (vehicle)|crossover SUV]]
| layout = [[Front-motor, front-wheel drive]]
| platform = Tata Gen 2 EV
| motor = [[Permanent magnet synchronous]]
| battery = {{ubl
| 45 kWh [[LFP battery|LFP]] [[Octillion Power Systems|Octillion]]/[[Gotion]]
| 55 kWh LFP Octillion/[[Eve Energy]]
}}
| electric_range = {{convert|502-585|km|mi|abbr=on}} ([[ARAI]])
| charging = 70 kW DC, 7.2 kW AC
| transmission = Single-speed
| wheelbase = {{convert|2560|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4310|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|NNNN|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| related = {{ubl
| [[Tata Curvv]]
| [[Tata Nexon EV]]
}}
| width = {{convert|1810|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1637|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| sp = uk
}}The '''Tata Curvv EV''' (alternately spelled '''Curvv.ev''') is a [[Battery electric vehicle|battery electric]] [[subcompact crossover SUV]] manufactured by [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]]. Introduced in 2024, it is the first model under the [[Tata Curvv|Curvv]] nameplate and was launched as an electric vehicle prior to its [[Internal combustion engine|ICE]] counterpart. The vehicle is positioned in the mid-size SUV segment and is based on Tata's Generation 2 EV platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=Tata Curvv EV launch highlights: Range, price, features, bookings and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/tata-curvv-ev-launch-live-updates-range-price-features-bookings-and-more/liveblog/112332076.cms |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Curvv EV Coupe SUV Launched At Rs 17.49 Lakh: Price, Specs, Design, Features |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/tata-curvv-ev-launched-at-rs-17-49-lakh-price-specs-design-features-6282734 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The Tata Curvv EV adopts a coupe-style design with a sloping roofline and is positioned between the [[Tata Nexon EV]] and the [[Tata Harrier]] in Tata Motors' lineup. It is classified as a compact crossover SUV and is intended to compete with other electric SUVs such as the [[MG ZS EV]], [[BYD Atto 3]], [[Mahindra XUV400]], and the forthcoming [[Hyundai Creta]] EV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MG Windsor EV Pro Launching Tomorrow; A Threat To Curvv EV, Creta Electric? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/mg-windsor-ev-pro-launching-tomorrow-a-threat-to-curvv-ev-creta-electric-8336989 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=HT Auto |date=2025-03-13 |title=BYD Atto 3 vs Tata Curvv EV vs Mahindra BE 6: Which electric car to buy |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/electric-vehicles/byd-atto-3-vs-tata-curvv-ev-vs-mahindra-be-6-which-electric-car-should-offer-you-the-best-value-for-money-41741763792678.html |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=HT Auto |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-23 |title=Hyundai Creta Electric vs Tata Curvv EV: Price, variants, battery, range compared |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/hyundai-creta-electric-vs-tata-curvv-ev-price-variants-battery-range-compared/articleshow/117475388.cms |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As of 2025, the Curvv EV is available in five variants: Smart, Pure, Creative, Accomplished, and Empowered. In April 2025, a Dark Edition was introduced based on the Empowered Plus variant, featuring cosmetic changes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-14 |title=Tata Curvv EV Dark Edition launched at Rs 22.24 lakh: Here's what's new |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/tata-curvv-ev-dark-edition-launched-at-rs-22-24-lakh-heres-whats-new/3809363/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Uday |title=Tata Curvv EV Dark Edition price starts at Rs 22.24 lakh |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/tata-curvv-ev-dark-edition-price-starts-at-rs-2224-lakh-435083 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref>

The Curvv EV measures {{Convert|4308|mm|in|0|abbr=unit}} in length and has a ground clearance of {{Convert|190|mm|in|0|abbr=unit}}. It offers {{Convert|500|L|cuft|0}} of rear cargo capacity and includes a front storage compartment. The vehicle's structure incorporates high-strength and advanced high-strength steel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Curvv EV review: Tata's best EV yet - Introduction |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-reviews/tata-curvv-ev-review-tatas-best-ev-yet-432515 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Abhinav |date=2024-08-07 |title=Tata Curvv EV coupe SUV launched with prices starting from ₹17.49 lakh |url=https://www.evoindia.com/news/car-news/tata-curvv-ev-coupe-suv-launched-with-prices-starting-from-rs-1749-lakh |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=www.evoindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The interior features a 10.25-inch digital instrument cluster, a central 12.3-inch touchscreen infotainment system with wireless [[Android Auto]] and [[Apple CarPlay]] compatibility. A 9-speaker JBL audio system, panoramic sunroof, and ambient lighting are optional on higher variants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Harrier.ev Base Variant Vs Tata Curvv.ev Top Variant Comparison: Specs, Features And Price |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/tata-harrier-ev-base-variant-vs-tata-curvv-ev-top-variant-comparison-specs-features-and-price-8643604 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Curvv EV is equipped with six airbags, an electronic stability program (ESP), all-wheel disc brakes, and a 360-degree camera.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=Tata Curvv EV India Launch Highlights: Curvv EV prices starting at Rs 17.49 lakh, Curvv ICE price announcement later |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/tata-curvv-launch-live-updates-specs-features-price-and-more/3575840/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> It also includes Level 2 [[Advanced driver-assistance systems|ADAS]] features, hill-hold assist, and a pedestrian acoustic alert system. The model has received a 5-star safety rating from the [[Bharat NCAP]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=HT Auto |date=2025-05-20 |title=Tata Curvv EV: What makes it a Bharat NCAP 5-star rated car? |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/electric-vehicles/tata-curvv-ev-what-makes-it-a-bharat-ncap-5-star-rated-car-41747716106596.html |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=HT Auto |language=en}}</ref>

== Powertrain ==
The model is available with two battery options: a 45{{Nbsp}}kWh battery paired with a {{Convert|150|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=unit}} motor, or a 55{{Nbsp}}kWh battery paired with a {{Convert|167|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=unit}} motor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Tata Harrier EV Base-spec Adventure Variant vs Tata Curvv EV Top-spec Empowered Plus A Variant: Prices, Dimensions, Key Features And Powertrain Comparison {{!}} CarDekho.com |url=https://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/2025-tata-harrier-ev-base-vs-tata-curvv-ev-top-variant-key-specifications-compared-34593.htm |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=CarDekho |language=en}}</ref> Both variants produce {{Convert|215|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=unit}} of torque and use a single motor in a front-wheel-drive configuration. Tata Motors states that the Curvv EV can accelerate from 0 to {{Convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=unit}} in 8.6 seconds, with a top speed of {{Convert|160|km/h|mph|0|abbr=unit}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Curvv EV Creative, Accomplished And Empowered Variant-wise Powertrain Options Detailed - ZigWheels |url=https://www.zigwheels.com/news-features/ev-news/quick-rundown-through-tata-curvv-ev-variant-wise-powertrain-options/53888/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=ZigWheels.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[ARAI]]-certified driving range is {{Convert|502|km|mi|0|abbr=unit}} for the 45 kWh variant, and {{Convert|585|km|mi|0|abbr=unit}} for the 55 kWh variant.

The standard battery option is a 45{{Nbsp}}kWh pack made by [[Octillion Power Solutions]], using cylindrical 15.2{{Nbsp}}Ah [[LFP battery|LFP]] battery cells supplied by [[EVE Energy|Eve Energy]]. The larger 55{{Nbsp}}kWh pack is made by [[Tata AutoComp Systems]], using prismatic 105{{Nbsp}}Ah LFP battery cells supplied by [[Gotion]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Akshay |date=2024-08-28 |title=Tata Curvv EV Battery Pack Sourced From Chinese Company Octillion Under New Strategy |url=https://www.rushlane.com/tata-curvv-ev-battery-pack-sourced-from-chinese-octillion-12504766.html |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=RushLane |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Curvv EV is capable of 70{{Nbsp}}kW peak [[DC fast charging]], allowing it to charge from 10% to 80% in approximately 40 minutes, or {{Convert|150|km|mi|0|abbr=unit}} in 15 minutes. It is also capable of 7.2 kW AC charging, taking around 7.9 hours for a full charge (10% to 100%).
{| class="wikitable"
|+Specifications
! rowspan="2" |Variant
! colspan="2" |Battery
! rowspan="2" |Power
! rowspan="2" |Torque
!Range
|-
!Type
!Supplier
!ARAI
|-
|Standard
|45{{Nbsp}}kWh LFP
|[[Octillion Power Systems|Octillion]]/[[EVE Energy|Eve Energy]]
|{{Convert|150|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=unit}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Convert|215|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=unit}}
|{{Convert|502|km|mi|0|abbr=unit}}
|-
|Long range
|55{{Nbsp}}kWh LFP
|Tata/[[Gotion]]
|{{Convert|167|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=unit}}
|{{Convert|585|km|mi|0|abbr=unit}}
|}

== Safety ==
{{Bharat NCAP
|year=2024
|description=Tata Curvv.ev
|reference_code=tata-curvv-ev
|adult_stars=5
|adult_points=30.81
|child_stars=5
|child_points=44.83
}}

== Sales ==
In March 2025, Tata Motors reported sales of over 3,500 units of the Curvv model (ICE and EV sales combined). In April 2025, combined sales declined to 3,149 units. Sales figures for the electric version alone have not been disclosed as of mid-2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Saptarshi |title=EV sales May 2025: MG just 587 units behind Tata |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/industry/ev-sales-may-2025-mg-just-587-units-behind-tata-435598 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Markets ===
The Tata Curvv EV is available on the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) platform and has been included in the vehicle fleet of the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-13 |title=Tata Curvv EV and Tiago EV delivered to Rashtrapati Bhawan. Check details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/car-bike/tata-curvv-ev-and-tiago-ev-delivered-to-rashtrapati-bhawan-check-details-101747152105394.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513211319/https://www.hindustantimes.com/car-bike/tata-curvv-ev-and-tiago-ev-delivered-to-rashtrapati-bhawan-check-details-101747152105394.html |archive-date=2025-05-13 |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Curvv EV And Tata Tiago EV Delivered To Rashtrapati Bhavan {{!}} CarDekho.com |url=https://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/tata-curvv-ev-and-tata-tiago-ev-delivered-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-now-available-on-sale-in-government-e-marketplace-34475.htm |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=CarDekho |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2025, the Curvv EV was introduced in [[Sri Lanka]] through Tata's partnership with [[Diesel & Motor Engineering]] (DIMO).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=15 Tata Curvv EVs delivered to Govt of Nepal |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/15-tata-curvv-evs-delivered-to-govt-of-nepal/3848135/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=Tata launches Punch, Nexon, Curvv, Tiago.ev in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/tata-launches-punch-nexon-curvv-tiagoev-in-sri-lanka-2693328-2025-03-13 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackodrive |first=Team |date=2025-03-13 |title=Tata Motors Launches Curvv, Punch, Nexon, Tiago EV In Sri Lanka |url=https://ackodrive.com/news/tata-motors-launches-curvv-punch-nexon-tiago-ev-in-sri-lanka/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=AckoDrive |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Electric vehicle industry in India]]
* [[Tata Motors]]
* [[Tata Harrier EV]]
* [[Tata Nexon EV]]
* [[List of electric cars currently available]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.tatamotors.com/official Tata Motors Official Website]

{{Tata Motors}}
{{Tata timeline}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tata cars]]
[[Category:Production electric cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2024]]
[[Category:Bharat NCAP]]

Chick lit

2026-01-08T13:46:28Z

LeoSpragg093: added info

{{Short description|Term for a type of popular young women's fiction}}
{{for|the film|ChickLit}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}

"'''Chick lit'''" is a term used to describe a type of popular fiction targeted at women. Widely used in the 1990s and 2000s,<ref name="googlewordcount" /> the term has fallen out of fashion with publishers,<ref name=Salon /> with numerous writers and critics rejecting it as inherently sexist.<ref name=Heike /> Novels identified as chick lit typically address romantic relationships, female friendships, and workplace struggles in humorous and lighthearted ways.<ref name=Jessica /> Typical protagonists are urban, heterosexual women in their late twenties and early thirties:<ref name="libraryjournal1" /><ref name="Terry" /> the 1990s chick lit heroine represented an evolution of the traditional romantic heroine in her assertiveness, financial independence and enthusiasm for conspicuous consumption.<ref name=chen />

The format developed through the early 1990s in both the United States and the United Kingdom with books such as [[Terry McMillan]]'s ''[[Waiting to Exhale]]'' (1992, US) and [[Catherine Alliott]]'s ''The Old Girl Network'' (1994, UK). [[Helen Fielding]]'s ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)|Bridget Jones's Diary]]'' (1996, UK), wildly popular globally, is the "[[wikt:Special:Search/urtext|Ur-text]]" of chick lit, while [[Candace Bushnell]]'s (US) 1997 novel ''[[Sex and the City (book)|Sex and the City]]'', adapted to [[Sex and the City|a well-known television program]], has huge ongoing cultural influence.<ref name="bridget" /><ref name=":0" />

By the late 1990s, chick lit titles regularly topped bestseller lists, and many imprints were created devoted entirely to it. By the mid-2000s, commentators noted that its market was increasingly saturated,<ref name="pandemic" /> and by the early 2010s, publishers had largely abandoned the category. Nonetheless, the term "chick lit" persists as a popular category of fiction for both readers and amateur writers on the internet.

While the concept of "chick lit" has become outdated in developed-world English language literature, the term, and regional derivations of it, continue to be widely used to describe and analyse popular women's literature in other languages and other parts of the world.

==Origins and derivations of the term==
[[File:Terry McMillan at the 2008 Brooklyn Book Festival.jpg|thumb|Author Terry McMillan, in 2008. McMillan's 1992 novel ''Waiting to Exhale'' predated the chick-lit label but, in its focus on the lives of a group of 30-something single women professionals, has been identified as a key precursor of the category]]
{{See also|Chick flick|Lad lit}}
In 1992, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' critic [[Carolyn See]] was probably the first to spot that a new style of popular [[women's fiction]] was emerging.<ref>{{Cite web |last=See |first=Carolyn |date=1992-06-22 |title=BOOK REVIEW : A Novel of Women Triumph, Revenge and Comradeship : WAITING TO EXHALE, by Terry McMillan, Viking, $19.95; 409 pages |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-06-22-vw-526-story.html |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Though she didn't use the term chick lit, in a review of Terry McMillan's ''Waiting to Exhale'', the critic noted that McMillan's book was not "lofty" or "luminous" but was likely to be highly commercially successful. Carolyn See wrote, "McMillan's new work is part of another genre entirely, so new it doesn't really have a name yet. This genre has to do with women, triumph, revenge, comradeship."<ref name=See />

Chick lit did not become an established term for a style of novel until the second half of the 1990s. "Chick" is American slang for a young woman, and "lit" is a shortened form of the word "literature." There was probably no single origin of the term: [[Princeton University]] students were reported in 1988 to use chick lit as slang for a course on the Female Literary Tradition<ref name=Alma /><ref name=Showalter>Intriguingly, the course was created and taught by the prominent critic, [[Elaine Showalter]] who shortly afterwards strongly advocated for, and wrote about, ''lad lit'' as a critical term (see [[lad lit]]) Could Showalter actually have been the first to use "Chick lit?" {{cite web |website=Princeton University |title='At Home in the World': DiBattista and Nord reframe female literary tradition |url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2017/04/17/home-world-dibattista-and-nord-reframe-female-literary-tradition |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> and, in the UK, ''[[Oxford Reference]]'' report that the term arose as a "flippant counterpart" to the term "[[lad lit]]".<ref name="OxfordLads" /> The parallel term used for movies, [[chick flick]], enjoyed slightly earlier uptake.<ref name="googlewordcount" /> In what was probably one of its first major outings, the term chick lit was deployed ironically: ''Chick Lit: Postfeminist Fiction'' was a 1995 anthology of 22 short stories written in response to editors [[Cris Mazza]]'s and Jeffrey DeShell's call for "postfeminist writing."<ref name="Mazza" /> Early use of the term was heavily associated with journalism (both ''Bridget Jones's Diary'' and ''Sex in the City'' began as newspaper columns) and James Wolcott's 1996 article in ''The New Yorker'', "Hear Me Purr," co-opted the term chick lit to proscribe what he called the trend of "girlishness" evident in the writing of female newspaper columnists at that time.<ref name=purr />

In the early years, there was some variation on the exact term used: in 2000, the ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' reported the birth of a "publishing phenomenon" that can be called "chick fiction."<ref name=SMH />

At the peak of the term's popularity, a slew of related sub-genres were proposed with similar names<ref name="routledge">{{Cite book |editor-last1=Ferris |editor-last2=Young |publisher=Routledge |via=Google Books |date=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CacsBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22chick+fiction%22&pg=PA7 |title=Chick Lit The New Woman's Fiction |isbn=9781136092428 |language=en-US |access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref> chick lit jr (for young readers),<ref name="routledge" /> mommy lit,<ref name="routledge" /> and chick lit in corsets ([[historical fiction]], and a term only found in one academic paper published in the [[Journal of Popular Romance Studies]]).<ref name=jprstudies.org /> The relationship with the term [[lad lit]] is more complicated: lad lit arose in the UK separately from, and possibly before, chick lit.<ref name="OxfordLads" /> Later, the term lad lit was adopted in the US for a male-oriented subgenre of chick lit (see [[lad lit]]). Of these parallel terms, mommy lit, and lad lit are the only terms to have enjoyed any significant uptake - and that a tiny fraction of the use of the primary term chick lit.<ref name="googlewordcount" />

Other derivations of the term chick lit have been used to describe varieties of popular women's literature in different regions, or targeted at specific ethnic communities. In the US this has included "Sistah lit"<ref name=routledge /> targeted at black readers and "Chica lit" for Latina readers.<ref name=Castro>{{Cite journal |title=RELAÇÕES TEXTUAIS NOS GÊNEROS CHICK E CHICA-LIT: VOZES FEMININAS NA LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA CONTEMPORÂNEA E SUAS INSPIRAÇÕES |journal=Ipotesi |volume=26 |date=2022 |issn=1982-0836 |last1=Amorim de Castro |first1=Luiz |last2=Rodrigues Gonçalves |first2=Ana Beatriz |language=Portuguese}}</ref> In India the term "Ladki Lit" has been used (see below). In Turkey, ''{{wikt-lang|tk|çıtır}} literature'' is a category (''çıtır'' literally means 'crispy', but is colloquialy used to refer to attractive young women)<ref name=citir>{{cite journal |title=Türk Edebiyatında Postfeminist Bir Söylem: Chick-Literature (Çıtır Edebiyatı) |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/atdd/issue/74756/1269016 |journal=Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi |volume=9 |date=2022 |last=Bayram |first=Sibel |language=Turkish}}</ref>

==Writers and critics==
Controversy over chick lit focused at first on the literary value of books identified or promoted as part of the genre. Over time, controversy has focused more on the term itself, and whether the concept of a chick lit genre is inherently sexist.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

In 1998, reviewer [[Alex Kuczynski]], writing for ''[[The New York Times]]'', condemned Helen Fielding's ''Bridget Jones's Diary'', writing: "Bridget is such a sorry spectacle, wallowing in her man-crazed helplessness, that her foolishness cannot be excused."<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/14/style/view-dear-diary-get-real.html|title= Dear Diary: Get Real|last= Kuczynski|first= Alex|date= 14 June 1998|work= New York Times|access-date= 1 September 2016}}</ref> In 2001, writer [[Doris Lessing]] deemed the genre "instantly forgettable" while [[Beryl Bainbridge]] called chick lit "a froth sort of thing".<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/aug/23/bookerprize2001.bookerprize|title= Bainbridge Denounces Chick-Lit as 'Froth'|date= 22 August 2001|work= The Guardian|access-date= 1 September 2016}}</ref> Author [[Jenny Colgan]] immediately fired back at Lessing and Bainbridge, explaining why, for a new generation of women, chick lit was an important development:

{{Blockquote |text=We really are the first generation who have grown up with education as a right; with financial independence; with living on our own and having far too many choices about getting married (while watching our baby boomer parents fall apart), having children (while watching our elder sisters run themselves ragged trying to do everything), and hauling ourselves up through the glass ceiling.

Who reflects this? Growing up in the 1980s all we had to read if we wanted commercial fiction, were thick, shiny, brick novels covered in gold foil, in which women with long blonde hair built up business empires from harsh beginnings using only their extraordinary beauty and occasionally some goldfish...

With BJD, for the first time, here we were. The first time I read it, it was an absolute revelation to see my life and confusion reflected in print. |multiline=yes |author=Jenny Colgan, 2001<ref name=Hula />}}

Two years later Colgan had turned strongly against the term chick lit, being the first to state what is now a mainstream position among writers of women's popular fiction: she rejected the term ''chick lit'' while defending the cultural value of her work. She observed, "Chick-lit is a deliberately condescending term they use to rubbish us all. If they called it slut-lit it couldn't be any more insulting."<ref name=rubbish>{{cite news | last=Gibbons | first=Fiachra | title=Stop rubbishing chick-lit, demands novelist | newspaper=The Guardian | date=21 August 2003 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/aug/21/books.booksnews | access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref> Much of the debate at this time was between different generations of women writers: for example, [[Maureen Dowd]] (b.1952) described the younger women's work as "all chick and no lit,"<ref name= libraries /> while Colgan (b.1972) derided the older, female critics of chick lit as "hairy-leggers."<ref name=rubbish /> There was a "troubling" lack of solidarity.<ref name=libraries>{{cite journal | last=Davis‐Kahl | first=Stephanie | title=The case for chick lit in academic libraries | journal=Collection Building | publisher=Emerald | volume=27 | issue=1 | date=18 January 2008 | issn=0160-4953 | doi=10.1108/01604950810846206 | page=4 |url=https://works.bepress.com/stephanie_davis_kahl/1/download/| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 2005, debate continued with the publication of editor [[Elizabeth Merrick]]'s anthology of women's fiction, ''This Is Not Chick Lit'' (2005), where Merrick argued in her introduction that "Chick lit's formula numbs our senses."<ref name=":1" /> In response, self-identifying chick-lit author Lauren Baratz-Logsted published her own anthology of stories ''This Is Chick Lit''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title= This Is Chick Lit|last= Baratz-Logsted|first= Lauren|publisher= Benbella|year= 2006|pages= 1}}</ref> whose [[project]] was "born out of anger" and aimed to prove that chick lit was not all "[[Manolo Blahnik|Manolo]]s and [[Cosmopolitan (drink)|cosmos]], and cookie-cutter books about women juggling relationships and careers in the [[new millennium]]," but rather that the genre deals with "friendship and laughter, love and death - i.e. the stuff of life."<ref name=":2" />

In 2007, Diane Shipley<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2007/mar/15/indefenceofchicklit|title= In Defence of Chick Lit|last= Shipley|first= Diane|date= 15 March 2007|work= The Guardian|access-date= 1 September 2016}}</ref> came to the genre's defence, arguing that chick lit books increasingly covered serious topics but, anyway, "I just don't see what's morally or intellectually wrong with reading a book you enjoy and relate to, that might not draw deep conclusions about the future of humanity but might cheer you up after a bad day, or see you through your own health problems."

However, through the late 2000s and 2010s, writers increasingly distanced themselves from the term, while arguing that blanket critical dismissals of their work were rooted in sexism. For example, in a 2010 ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' article, humor writer DJ Connell leads with changing her writing name from Diane to DJ to avoid the chick lit label.<ref name=DJ /> [[Sophie Kinsella]] and [[Marian Keyes]], two authors who have enjoyed huge success through and beyond the chick lit era, both now reject the term. Kinsella refers to her own work as "[[romantic comedy]]".<ref name=Aitkenhead /> Keyes said of the term in 2014,

{{Blockquote |text=It's meant to be belittling. It's as if it's saying, "Oh you silly girls, with your pinkness and shoes, how will you ever run the world?" But as I've matured (haha) I've realised that I'm very proud of what I write about and I know that the books I write bring happiness and comfort to people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chatelaine.com/living/chatelaine-book-club/qa-marian-keyes-tells-us-about-her-new-book/|last=Grassi|first=Laurie|title=Marian Keyes on her new book, sex scenes and the term chick lit|work=[[Chatelaine (magazine)|Chatelaine]]|date=4 November 2014|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>}}

== Publishers ==
In 2000, ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' described the "publishing phenomenon" of what it called "chicfic," books with "Covers [that] are candy-bright, heavy in pink and fluorescence. The titles are also candy-bright, hinting at easy digestion and a good laugh... ...Such books are positioned in a marketplace as hybrids of the magazine article, fictional or fictionalised, television...and comfort food digestible over a single night at home."<ref name=SMH />

Through the 2000s publishers continued to push the subgenre because sales continued to be high. In 2003, ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' reported on numerous new chick lit imprints, such as, "Kensington's ''Strapless'', which launched in April 2003 and has one book a month scheduled through the end of 2004. Kensington editorial director John Scognamiglio explained that the imprint was created in response to requests from salespeople for a chick lit brand." Nonetheless, the same ''Publishers Weekly'' article was already looking back enviously at the massive sales achieved by ''Bridget Jones's Diary'' in 1998 and commenting on the challenges for chick lit publishers in a now-overcrowded market. Already, ''Publishers Weekly'' suggested, chick lit was - if not in decline - at least at a turning point.<ref name=PW />

In 2008, editor [[Sara Nelson (editor)|Sara Nelson]] stated that the definition of what's considered to be within the genre of chick lit has become more accomplished and "grown up".<ref name=twsOctJ55f />

By 2012 news sources were reporting the death of chick lit. [[Salon.com]] reported that "Because chick lit (whatever it is - or was) provoked so many ideologically fraught arguments about the values placed on women's vs. men's tastes, high- vs. lowbrow culture, comedy vs. drama and so on, it's tempting to read particular significance into its decline," but went on to argue that the decline was due to a normal process of changing fashion and taste in [[genre fiction]].<ref name=Salon />

==Chick lit online==
The development and decline of chick lit as a publishing phenomenon coincided with an explosion in internet usage in the developed world.<ref name=internet /> The academic Sandra Folie argues that "Fans and their websites or blogs, online presences of newspapers, magazines, or publishing houses, and also the free encyclopedia Bharatpedia" played a key part in defining and shaping the concept of a chick lit genre.<ref name=Folie /> Folie discusses the British site ''chicklit.co.uk'' which was online from 2002 to 2014 and included information not just on books and authors but also lifestyle issues for young women. The American ''Chicklitbooks.com'' was online from 2003 to 2013 discussing, "Hip, bright literature for today's modern woman."<ref name=Folie /> As chick lit declined as a publishing category fans online created their own response: in 2012 a website called ''chicklitisnotdead.com'' was reported to have 25,000 users.<ref name=diego /> In 2022 an active chick lit community group on the goodreads.com site had 4,756 members.<ref name=goodreads />

==Chick lit globally==
Though chick lit originated in the UK and U.S., it rapidly became a global publishing phenomenon - and indeed may have been one of the first truly global publishing trends.

===Saudi Arabia===
{{see also |Girls of Riyadh}}
In a book published in 2011, and in an article in [[Le Monde Diplomatique]], academic Madawi Al-Rasheed discussed the emergence of Saudi "chick lit" over the preceding decade. Highlighting books from Saudi women authors including Raja Alsanea ([[Girls of Riyadh]]) and Samar al-Muqrin, Al-Rasheed characterises the books - which were first published in the more liberal Lebanon - as "novels that deal with women as active sexual agents.. ..rather than submissive victims of patriarchal society."<ref name=Madawi>{{cite news |newspaper=Le Monde Diplomatique |title="Saudi chick lit: the girls are doing it" |date=May 2011 |url=https://mondediplo.com/2011/05/05saudisexnovels}}</ref>

"Girls of Riyadh" has been published in English and is still in print in 2023; Publishers Weekly summarises the book as describing, "Four upper-class Saudi Arabian women [who] negotiate the clash between tradition and the encroaching West in this debut novel by 25-year-old Saudi Alsanea. Though timid by American chick lit standards, it was banned in Saudi Arabia for its scandalous portrayal of secular life."<ref name=PW2>{{cite web |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781594201219 |title=Girls of Riyadh (summary and promotion of book)|website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> The book is widely distributed, being sold in stores from U.S. to Europe. In the reader's guide to novel, Alsanea notes that she wants to enable her Western readers to connect with Saudi culture, seeing that the girls in the novel had the 'same dreams, emotions, and goals' as them.<ref name=Readers>{{cite web|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/300281/girls-of-riyadh-by-rajaa-alsanea/9780143113478/readers-guide/|title=Girls of Riyadh Reader's Guide|website=Penguin Random House|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>

===India===

In India, [[Rajashree (novelist)|Rajashree]]'s ''[[Trust Me (novel)|Trust Me]]'' was the biggest-selling Indian chick lit novel.<ref name=Alley /> The popularity of novels like ''Trust Me'',<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/trust-me-to-spill-beans-on-bollywood/top/33834-8.html?xml "Trust Me to spill beans on Bollywood"], ''[[CNN-IBN]]'', 18 February 2007.</ref> [[Swati Kaushal]]'s ''Piece of Cake''<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/22/AR2007112201415.html?hpid=sec-world India's Cheeky "Chick Lit" Finds An Audience]</ref> can be seen in the context of the rise of regional varieties of chick lit.<ref>Asha Menon [https://web.archive.org/web/20121026082326/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/02/12/stories/2007021201260800.htm "Indian chick lit?"]</ref> In an interview with the ''New York Times'', [[Helen Fielding]] said, "I think it had far more to do with [[zeitgeist]] than imitation." If the chick lit explosion has "led to great new female writers emerging from Eastern Europe and India, then it's worth any number of feeble bandwagon jumpers."<ref name="pandemic" /> Sunaina Kumar wrote in the ''[[Indian Express]]'', "Ten years after the publication of ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)|Bridget Jones's Diary]]'', the genre of fiction most recognisable for its pink cover art of stilettos, martini glasses and lipsticks, is now being colourfully infused with bindis, saris, and bangles." Indian chick lit is sometimes referred to as 'ladki-lit'.<ref>Sunaina Kumar [http://www.indianexpress.com/story/14234.html "The Rise of Ladki-Lit"], ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 8 October 2006.</ref>

===Brazil===
In Brazil, chick lit in translation is categorised as "Literatura de mulherzinha." {{Lang|pt|-inha}} is the Portuguese diminutive form, so this means, literally, "little-women's literature." One Brazilian commentator notes, "The diminutive is not by accident. Just as its not by accident that the covers of books by women writers are usually, stereotypically feminine. With covers that suggest a light and romantic, commercial plot. ... books by female authors arrive to the a reader with a series of biases which ensure that these authors remain on the cultural bottom rung."<ref name=Martins />

==See also==
* [[Chick flick]]
* [[Feminism]]
* [[Fratire]]
* [[Joseimuke]]
* [[Lad lit]]
* [[Women's literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Cosmopolitan Culture and Consumerism in Chick Lit|last=Smith|first=Caroline J.|publisher=Routledge|year=2008}}</ref>
<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title= This Is Not Chick Lit|last= Merrick|first= Elizabeth|publisher= Random House|year= 2005|pages= ix}}</ref>
<ref name=Aitkenhead>{{cite news | last=Aitkenhead | first=Decca | title=Sophie Kinsella: 'You can be highly intelligent – and also ditzy and klutzy' |newspaper=the Guardian | date=12 February 2012 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/feb/12/sophie-kinsella-highly-intelligent-ditzy-klutzy | access-date=5 August 2022 |quote=I mean, it's not the ideal term; when I'm asked to describe what I do, I say I write romantic comedies, cos that's what I feel they are.}}</ref>
<ref name=Alley>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Deep_Focus/Write_up_their_alley_chick_lit_brigade_grows/articleshow/msid-3286008,curpg-1.cms |date=27 July 2008 |title=Write Up Their Alley |newspaper=Times of India |last=Raaj |first=Neelan |access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>
<ref name=Alma >{{cite book |title=Alma Mater: Unusual Stories and Little-known Facts from America's College Campuses |last=Betterton |first=Don M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_C7AAAAIAAJ |page=113 |date=1988 |publisher=Petersons Guides |isbn=9780878665792 |access-date=12 December 2021 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
<ref name="bridget">{{Cite book|title=Bridget Jones's Diary: A Reader's Guide|last=Whelehan|first=Imelda|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2002}}</ref>
<ref name=chen>{{cite journal | last=Chen | first=Eva Yin-i | title=Neoliberal Self-Governance and Popular Postfeminism in Contemporary Anglo-American Chick Lit | journal=Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies | volume=36| issue=1 | date=March 2010 | pages=243–275 |url=http://www.concentric-literature.url.tw/issues/Transnational%20Taiwan/11.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name=diego>{{cite news|first=Jennifer |last=Coburn | title=The decline of chick lit | newspaper=San Diego Union-Tribune | date=11 February 2012 | url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/books/sdut-the-decline-of-chick-lit-2012feb11-story.html | access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>
<ref name=DJ>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2010/aug/04/chick-lit-debate-dj-connell|title=The chick-lit debate: who in Playboy Mansion Hell calls women chicks? |last=Connell|first=D. J.|date=4 August 2010|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=Folie>{{cite journal | last=Folie | first=Sandra | title=Recovering contemporary genre histories – the development of chick lit as seen through the internet archive's wayback machine and Bharatpedia's history page | journal=International Journal of Digital Humanities | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=2 | issue=1–3 | date=11 May 2021 | issn=2524-7832 | doi=10.1007/s42803-021-00031-6 | pages=25–42| s2cid=236552171 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=goodreads>{{cite web | title=search results for chick lit | website=Goodreads | date=3 August 2022 | url=https://www.goodreads.com/group/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=chick+lit&commit=Search+groups | ref={{sfnref | Goodreads | 2022}} | access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="googlewordcount">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=chick+lit%2Cmommy+lit%2Clad+lit%2Cchick+flick&year_start=1990&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cchick%20lit%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cmommy%20lit%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Clad%20lit%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cchick%20flick%3B%2Cc0 |title="Google Books Ngram Viewer" |access-date=6 Jan 2022}}</ref>
<ref name=Heike>{{Cite book |last=Mißler |first=Heike |title=The Cultural Politics of Chick Lit: Popular Fiction, Postfeminism and Representation |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781138648241 |location=London |pages=13–14; 45}}</ref>
<ref name=Hula>{{Cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/aug/24/fiction.features11|title=We Know the Difference Between Foie Gras and Hula Hoops, Beryl, but Sometimes We Just Want Hula Hoops |last= Colgan|first= Jenny|date= 24 August 2001|work= The Guardian|access-date= 12 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=internet>{{cite web | title=Individuals using the Internet (% of population) - North America, European Union, Australia | website=World Bank | url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?end=2012&locations=XU-EU-AU&start=1995&view=chart | access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>
<ref name=Jessica>{{cite journal |journal=JASNA News |first=Jessica |last=Lynice Hooten|url=http://www.jasna.org/bookrev/br231p21.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828133301/http://jasna.org/bookrev/br231p21.html |title=In the Classroom or In the Bedroom, Review of ''Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction'' |date=2007 |archive-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=jprstudies.org>{{Cite journal|url=http://jprstudies.org/2015/08/chick-lit-in-historical-settings-by-frida-skybackby-helene-ehriander/|title=Chick Lit in Historical Settings by Frida Skybäckby Helene Ehriander|journal=Journal of Popular Romance Studies|date=29 August 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=30 March 2018|last1=Ehriander |first1=Helene }}</ref>
<ref name="libraryjournal1">{{cite web|url=http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA623004.html|title=Collection Development 'Chick Lit': Hip Lit for Hip Chicks|date=15 July 2005|publisher=Libraryjournal.com|author=Rebecca Vnuk|access-date=30 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201234015/http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA623004.html|archive-date=1 December 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=Martins>{{cite web | last=Martins | first=Milena | title=Sua individualidade não existe: a generalização dos 'livros de... | website=Revista Pólen | date=11 March 2015 | url=https://revistapolen.com/sua-individualidade-nao-existe-a-generalizacao-dos-livros-de-mulherzinha/ | language=pt | access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="Mazza">{{Cite book|title=Chick-Lit On the Edge: New Womens Fiction Anthology|last1=Mazza|first1=Chris|last2=Jeffrey DeShell|publisher=FC2|year=1995}}</ref>
<ref name="OxfordLads">{{cite book |title=Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms |chapter=Overview Chick Lit |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095606915 |access-date=12 December 2021 |via=Oxford Reference |quote=The term appeared from 1996 as a flippant counterpart to the lad-lit fiction of that time.}}</ref>
<ref name="pandemic">{{cite news |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/19/books/review/19donadio.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&fta=y |title=The Chick-Lit Pandemic |newspaper=The New York Times |date=19 March 2006}}</ref>
<ref name=purr>{{Cite news | newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 May 1996 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1996/05/20/hear-me-purr |title=Hear Me Purr |last=Wolcott |first=James |access-date=3 August 2022}} {{subscription required|s}}</ref>
<ref name=PW>{{cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20031020/34118-the-chick-lit-question.html|title=The Chick Lit Question|newspaper=Publishers Weekly|author=Natalie Danford|date=2003}}</ref>
<ref name=Salon>{{cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2012/02/23/the_death_of_chick_lit/ |date=23 February 2012|first=Laura |last=Miller |title=The death of chick lit|work=salon.com |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref>
<ref name=See>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-06-22-vw-526-story.html |title=BOOK REVIEW : A Novel of Women Triumph, Revenge and Comradeship : WAITING TO EXHALE |last=See |first=Carolyn |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=22 June 1992}}</ref>
<ref name=SMH>{{cite news |title=A quick fling with chicfic |last=Knox |first=Malcolm |date=14 October 2000 |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/0010/14/entertainment/entertain10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001214045400/http://www.smh.com.au/news/0010/14/entertainment/entertain10.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2000}}</ref>
<ref name="Terry">{{cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315107400-9/white-terry-mcmillan-erin-hurt |title=The White Terry McMillan Centering Black Women Within Chick Lit's Genealogy |publisher=Taylor and Francis Group |year=2018|doi=10.4324/9781315107400-9 |isbn=9781315107400 |s2cid=195512533 }}</ref>
<ref name=twsOctJ55f>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2008-05-27-chasing-harry-winston_N.htm|title='Prada' nips at author Lauren Weisberger's heels|date=29 May 2008|newspaper=USA Today|quote=Nelson says. "The definition of chick lit has expanded to include some things that are a little more accomplished and grown-up and literary than what that term used to mean.|author=Olivia Barker |access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Gill | first1 = Rosalind | last2 = Herdieckerhoff | first2 = Elena | author-link1 = Rosalind Gill | title = Rewriting the romance: new femininities in chick lit? | journal = Feminist Media Studies | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 487–504 | doi = 10.1080/14680770600989947 | date = December 2006 | s2cid = 55208553 | url = http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/2514/1/Rewritingtherom.pdf }}
*Roy, Pinaki. "''The Chick Factor'': A Brief Survey of the [[India]]n Chick-lit Novels", ''The Postcolonial Woman Question: Readings in Indian Women Novelists in English''. Eds. Ray, G.N. and J. Sarkar. [[Kolkata]]: Books Way, 2011 ({{ISBN|978-93-80145-84-6}}). pp. 213–23.
* Rudin, Shai (2022). From Bridget Jones’s Diary to The Song of the Siren: The Genre of Chick Lit – Between East and West. Comparative Literature: East & West, Vol. 7, 1-21. [[DOI:10.1080/25723618.2022.2043615]]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101201234015/http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA623004.html "Collection Development 'Chick Lit': Hip Lit for Hip Chicks"] ''Library Journal'' Article on the genre
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/22/AR2007112201415.html?hpid=sec-world "India's Cheeky 'Chick Lit' Finds an Audience"]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chick Lit}}
[[Category:Chick lit| ]]
[[Category:Women's fiction]]
[[Category:Literary genres]]

Religion not the crying need of India

2025-12-17T10:03:01Z

LeoSpragg093: Added a details...

{{Short description|1893 lecture by Swami Vivekananda}}
"'''Religion not the crying need of India'''" was a lecture delivered by Indian Hindu monk [[Swami Vivekananda]] on 20 September 1893 at the [[Parliament of the World's Religions#1893 Parliament|Parliament of the World's Religions]], [[Chicago]].<ref name="Sharma 1987 p15">{{Harvnb|Sharma|1987|p=15}}</ref> In the lecture, Vivekananda criticized [[Christian missionaries]] for ignoring the needs of starving people in India. He said that Indians did not need any religious education, as there was already a surfeit of religion in the East. Instead, Vivekananda pushed for humanitarian support for the hungry.<ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1999 p144">{{Harvnb|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=144}}</ref><ref name="Engebretson 2010 p679">{{Harvnb|Engebretson|2010|p=679}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Main|Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893)}}
Vivekananda represented India and [[Hinduism]] at the 1893 [[Parliament of the World's Religions#1893 Parliament|Parliament of the World's Religions]], which ran from 11 to 27 September in [[Chicago]]. This event marked the first world conference of the representatives of Eastern and Western religions. His introductory speech on 11 September 1893 was of a general nature, stating that no religion was superior or inferior to another. He gave subsequent lectures on 15, 19 and 20 September, covering specific religious issues.{{sfn|Ghosh|2003|p=81}}

=== 20 September 1893 ===
On 19 September 1893, Vivekananda's speech veered towards anti-Christian expressions.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=344}} On 20 September, before Vivekananda started his impromptu speech (as other speakers had not turned up), Prof. Isaac T. Headland, a missionary who worked in China,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/locations/burke/fa/mrl/ldpd_8516138.pdf|title= Isaac Taylor Headland (1859 - 1942)|access-date=19 September 2014|publisher=Columbia University Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/worldsparliament029799mbp/worldsparliament029799mbp_djvu.txt|title=The Worlds Parliament Of Religions Vol II|work= Religion in Peking. by Prof. Isaac T. Headland|date=1893 |pages= 1019–1023 |access-date=19 September 2013|publisher=Archive organization}}</ref> had presented a paper on "Religion in [[Peking]]." This prompted Swamiji to react to this paper and observe that as poverty was prevailing in China it would be advisable for the missionaries to help in alleviating this problem by setting up camps, rather than persuading them to convert to Christianity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://vivekananda.net/NewspaperReports/21Sep93.html|title= Religion not the crying need of India|date=21 September 1893|access-date=18 September 2013|publisher= Chicago Inter Ocean}}</ref> In his speech Swamiji in the same context then presented his theme "Religion not the crying need of India" admonishing Christians for their missionary activity in India.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=344}} This speech was his fourth lecture at the parliament.<ref name="RKMIC 2002 p463">{{Harvnb|RKMIC|2002|p=463}}</ref> Vivekananda was not scheduled to speak that day. After the end of Mr. Headland's{{efn|Another speaker at the Parliament}} speech, Dr. Momerie{{efn|Speaker of that day's conference}} announced that the other speaker for that evening was absent. The audience saw Vivekananda in the gallery and asked him to deliver a lecture. Vivekananda assented to the request and started his speech.<ref name="Chicago Inter Ocean 21 September 1893">{{cite news|title=Religion not the crying need of India|url=http://vivekananda.net/NewspaperReports/21Sep93.html|access-date=10 September 2013|newspaper=[[Chicago Inter Ocean]]|date=21 September 1893|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130910124315/http://vivekananda.net/NewspaperReports/21Sep93.html|archive-date=10 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His tenor of attack was of Christians ignoring the needs of starving millions in India. He said that the people did not need missionaries to preach to them or to build more churches; there was already a surfeit of religion in the East. Thousands had perished out of hunger, but the Christians had ignored them. He said that the starving people, referred to as "heathens" by missionaries, needed food, which was not offered by the Christian world.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=344}}<ref name="Chicago Inter Ocean 21 September 1893" /> He criticized Christians for not providing enough help to the poor and starving Indians. He also declared that it was food and not religion which was the crying need of India.<ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1999 p144"/><ref name="Engebretson 2010 p679"/>

== Lecture ==
Vivekananda delivered the following lecture that day (see ''[[:wikisource:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 1/Addresses at The Parliament of Religions/Religion not the Crying need of India|The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda Volume I]]''):<ref name="Sharma 1987 p15"/>
<blockquote>Christians must always be ready for good criticism, and I hardly think that you will mind if I make a little criticism. You Christians, who are so fond of sending out missionaries to save the soul of the heathen — why do you not try to save their bodies from starvation? In India, during the terrible famines, thousands died from hunger, yet you Christians did nothing. You erect churches all through India, but the crying evil in the East is not religion — they have religion enough — but it is bread that the suffering millions of burning India cry out for with parched throats. They ask us for bread, but we give them stones. It is an insult to a starving people to offer them religion; it is an insult to a starving man to teach him metaphysics. In India, a priest that preached for money would lose caste and be spat upon by the people. I came here to seek aid for my impoverished people, and I fully realised how difficult it was to get help for heathens from Christians in a Christian land.</blockquote>

== Significance ==
This lecture is considered to be a significant one.<ref name="RKMIC 2002 p463" />{{Citation needed| reason = "biased source with conflict of interest"|date=January 2023}} [[Chicago Inter Ocean]] published an article on this speech on 21 September 1893.<ref name="Chicago Inter Ocean 21 September 1893" /> According to Vijay Prashad, the writer of ''The Karma of Brown Folk'', this lecture showed Vivekananda's frustrations. He was "furious with the United States for its belief that religion was its sole export to the subcontinent."<ref name="Prashad 2000 p41">{{Harvnb|Prashad|2000|p=41}}</ref>

== References ==

=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Gurumayum Ranjit|title=The Idealistic Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORYOsJHi53sC&pg=PA15|access-date=10 September 2013|year=1987|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|id=GGKEY:PSWXE5NTFF4}}
* {{cite book|last=RKMIC|first=Kolkata|title=Bulletin of the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ksjWAAAAMAAJ|access-date=10 September 2013|year=2002|publisher=The Institute}}
* {{cite book|last=Chattopadhyaya|first=Rajagopal|title=Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA144|access-date=10 September 2013|year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1586-5}}
* {{cite book|last= Ghosh |first=Gautam |title=The Prophet of Modern India: A Biography of Swami Vivekananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThLiJ4cplZwC&pg=PT81|year=2003|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0149-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Engebretson|first=Kath|title=International Handbook of Inter-religious Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNXfvBjqKZYC&pg=PA679|access-date=10 September 2013|year=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-9260-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Prashad|first=Vijay|title=The Karma of Brown Folk|url=https://archive.org/details/karmaofbrownfolk00pras|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/karmaofbrownfolk00pras/page/41 41]|access-date=11 September 2013|year=2000|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-3439-2}}

{{Swami Vivekananda}}

[[Category:Swami Vivekananda lectures]]
[[Category:Religious conversion in India]]

Hemidactylus hemchandrai

2025-12-16T04:00:48Z

LeoSpragg093: info

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Hemidactylus hemchandrai by Ashahar alias Krishna Khan Amravati.jpg
| status =
| genus = Hemidactylus
| species = hemchandrai
| authority = Dandge & Tiple, 2015
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Hemidactylus hemchandrai''''' is a species of [[gecko]]. It is [[endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Hemidactylus|species=hemchandrai}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q22009269}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2015]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

Hadiya case

2025-12-13T14:09:07Z

LeoSpragg093: added

{{Short description|2017–2018 Indian Supreme Court case}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Shafin Jahan v. Ashokan K.M
| image =
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| date decided = 
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| full name = Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M & ORS
| citations = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Hadiya-Testimony.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032042/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Hadiya-Testimony.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ECLI =
| transcripts =
| appealed from = [[High Court of Kerala]]
| appealed to = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| opinions = Hadiya was allowed to re-join her medical college to continue her studies and her marriage with Shafin Jahan was restored.
| number of judges = 3
| decision by =
| concurring =
| concur/dissent =
| dissenting =
| keywords = 
| italic title = no
| judges = Justice [[Dipak Misra]] Justice [[Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar]] Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| prior actions =
| subsequent actions =
| related actions =
}}

The '''Hadiya case''' (''Shafin Jahan v. Ashokan K.M'') was a 2017–2018 [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] case that affirmed the validity of the marriage of Hadiya (formerly Akhila Ashokan) and Shafin Jehan, which was challenged by Hadiya's family. Media outlets have described the underlying dispute as an allegation of "[[love jihad]]" conspiracy theory.{{refn|<ref name=had2/><ref name="tat3">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-love-jihad-hadiya-case-critical-findings-demolish-petitioners-case-says-nia-in-court-4957814/|title=Hadiya case: Critical findings demolish petitioner's case, says NIA in court|date=28 November 2017|work=Indian Express|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=had4/><ref name=had13/><ref name=had15/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/11/asia/india-love-jihad-intl/index.html|title=India's top court upholds marriage in 'love jihad' case|date=11 April 2018 }}</ref>}}

At the time of the case, Hadiya was a homeopathic medical student from [[Vaikom]], [[Kerala]]. In early 2016, she was reported missing by her father, Asokan K.M, who filed a police case followed by a [[habeas corpus]] petition in the [[Kerala High Court]] to trace her; Hadiya has described the circumstances of her leaving as her father forbidding her from practicing [[Islam]]. She left her home for college on 6 January 2016, dressed in a [[hijab]].<ref name="had7" /> Hadiya was staying with A.S. Zainaba, president of [[Popular Front of India]] (PFI)'s women's wing, the [[National Women's Front]] (NWF).<ref name="had8" /><ref name="had7" /><ref name="had9" /><ref name="had29" /> She had converted to Islam and married Jehan, a [[Muslim]] man.<ref name="had7" /> Jehan was an active member of the PFI-affiliated [[Social Democratic Party of India]] (SDPI). Her family alleged that she was [[Brainwashing#Criminal and civil cases|brainwashed]] and that her marriage was [[Forced conversion|forced]], but Hadiya said she married of her own volition.<ref name="had1">{{cite news|title=Court intervenes in 'love jihad' case|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42139978|access-date=28 November 2017|work=BBC News|agency=BBC|date=27 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="had2">{{cite web|last1=Taneja|first1=Richa|title=Hadiya's Story: A Timeline Of Kerala 'Love Jihad' Case|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hadiya-case-a-timeline-of-kerala-love-jihad-case-1780500|website=NDTV.com|publisher=NDTV|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>

In May 2017, Hadiya's marriage was annulled by the [[High Court of Kerala]] on the grounds that Hadiya was a victim of indoctrination and psychological kidnapping, and that Hadiya's and her husband's claims of their marriage being arranged through a matrimony website were "bogus".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-love-jihad-hadiya-case-critical-findings-demolish-petitioners-case-says-nia-in-court-4957814/|title=Hadiya case: Critical findings demolish petitioner's case, says NIA in court|date=2017-11-28|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref> The High Court of Kerala then handed over Hadiya's custody to her father, Ashokan, arguing that "As per Indian tradition, the custody of an unmarried daughter is with the parents, until she is properly married."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/hadiyas-choices-kerala-conversion-case-islam-hindu-marriage-4960951/|title=Hadiya's Choices|date=2017-11-30|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

Jahan appealed the Kerala High Court order, and the case moved to the Supreme Court. In November 2017, the [[Supreme Court of India]] directed Hadiya to resume her internship, and indicated that she was free to meet whomever she wanted.<ref name=had3>{{cite web|title=Kerala conversion case: Hadiya demands freedom; SC allows her to resume studies, sets next hearing in January|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-conversion-love-jihad-case-want-my-freedom-back-hadiya-tells-supreme-court-kabil-sibal-4957097/|website=The Indian Express|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=28 November 2017|date=27 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=had4>{{cite news|title='Love jihad' case: Cannot have a terrorist in the family, says Hadiya's father - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/love-jihad-case-cannot-have-a-terrorist-in-the-family-says-hadiyas-father/articleshow/61833054.cms|access-date=28 November 2017|work=The Times of India|date=28 November 2017}}</ref> In March 2018, the Supreme Court restored Hadiya's marriage, 10 months after the Kerala High Court annulled it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hadiya's marriage valid, can live with husband: SC - Times of India ►|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hadiyas-marriage-valid-can-live-with-husband-sc/articleshow/63225015.cms|website=The Times of India|date=9 March 2018 |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> After winning the case, she divorced her husband and was briefly reported as missing,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadiya who won case against love jihad is missing after divorce |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/hadiya-who-won-case-against-love-jihad-is-missing-after-divorce-25719.html |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref> but was found remarried.

==Stakeholders==
Key organisations and people involved and mentioned in Hadiya's High Court and Supreme Court cases are as follows.

* '''People'''
** '''Hadiya''' ('''Akhila Ashokan'''): A student of homeopathy. Hadiya said she converted to Islam of her own will, then married Shafin Jahan of her own will, and wanted to return to her husband.<ref>{{Citation|last=Manorama News|title=Hadiya speaking at Nedumbassery Airport|date=2017-11-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbs8LzXLh-I|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> Hadiya claimed she was tortured by Siva Sakthi Yoga Centre workers, who tried to convert her back to Hinduism,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/call-for-probe-into-hadiya-ghar-wapsi-bid-190008|title=Call for probe into Hadiya 'ghar-wapsi' bid|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2017-11-30}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> who were directed to her by her father.<ref name=had7/> Hadiya also claimed she had been illegally incarcerated by her father for 11 months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/qQCTjsDTf4rg1EUHfjSf7O/Hadiya-reiterates-desire-to-meet-husband.html|title=Hadiya reiterates desire to meet husband|last=PTI|date=2017-11-29|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref>
** '''A.S. Zainaba''': Hadiya chose to live with Zainaba after she left her home. Zainaba is a member of PFI, and SDFI; and the President of PFI's women's wing National Women's Front.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
** '''Shafin Jehan''': Jehan married Hadiya<ref name=had9/><ref name=had7/> before their marriage was annulled by the Kerala High Court.<ref name=tat3/> He filed the case in Supreme Court to appeal the decision.<ref name=tat3/> He is a member of SDPI and PFI.<ref name=had9/> NIA claims Shafin has 4 criminal cases lodged against him,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/islamist-popular-front-of-india-involved-in-terror-acts-nia-submits-report-to-go/301575|title=Islamist Popular Front Of India 'Involved In Terror Acts', NIA Submits Report To Govt Recommending Ban|work=outlookindia.com/|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> but the SP Kerala Police says there's only one case related to campus politics, which had to do with him being an admin of a [[WhatsApp]] group.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-shefin-jahan-hindu-convert-islam-marriage-akhila-hadiya-nia-4815288/|title=Her journey from Akhila to become Hadiya|date=2017-08-27|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-love-jihad-case-supreme-court-hadiya-jahan-kerala-high-court-nia-hadiya-jahan-4799666/|title=Kerala love jihad case: All that has happened so far|date=2017-08-16|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref>
** '''Ashokan K. M.''': Akhila's father, an atheist and ex-serviceman, who went to the Kerala High Court claiming that his daughter Hadiya's marriage was based on forced conversion and her safety was at risk.<ref name=had9/> His daughter, Hadiya, has accused Ashokan of holding her in "unlawful custody" for 11 months, of forbidding her from practicing the faith of her choice, and of trying to keep her from the man she chose as her husband.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/live-blog-hadiya-supreme-court-live-updates-case-72260|title=LIVE BLOG- 'I want my freedom': Hadiya tells Supreme Court|date=2017-11-27|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref>
* '''Hindu Organizations'''
** '''Siva Sakthi Yoga Centre''': a [[Hindu]] centre that visited Hadiya upon Ashokan's request, and whom Hadiya alleges "tortured" her and tried to re-convert her.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/new-tangles-hadiya-row-yoga-centre-members-tortured-me-re-convert-she-reveals-72370|title=New tangles in Hadiya row: 'Yoga centre' members tortured me to re-convert, she reveals|date=2017-11-29|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> There have been numerous other allegations of torture at the hands of Siva Sakthi Yoga Centre, where Hindu women are forced by their families to go and reconvert to Hinduism.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mathrubhumi News|title=Women tortured at Sivasakthi yoga centre, says ex-instructor{{!}}Mathrubhumi News|date=2017-10-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMwqmm9PQ6Q|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/another-woman-alleges-torture-at-yoga-centre/articleshow/60962601.cms|title=Another woman alleges torture at yoga centre - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore1/38895/women-tortured-at-sivasakthi-yoga-centre-says-ex-instructor/E|title=യോഗ സെന്ററില്‍ കൊടിയ പീഡനമെന്ന് മുന്‍ അധ്യാപകന്റെ പരാതി|website=www.mathrubhumi.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rss-cpm-rivalry-in-kerala-gets-deeper-yoga-centre-found-to-be-a-front-for-forcible-ghar-wapsi-conversions-4088403.html|title=RSS-CPM rivalry in Kerala gets new ammunition: Yoga centre found to be a front for forcible 'Ghar Wapsi' conversions|date=2017-09-27|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-kandanad-sivasakthi-yogavidya-kendra-yoga-centre-hindu-hadiya-4943957/|title=In Kerala, a yoga centre 'helps' bring back women from their non-Hindu partners|date=2017-11-19|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Islamic organisation'''
**[[Popular Front of India]] ('''PFI'''): An Islamic fundamentalist organisation. According to the NIA, the PFI and its partner [[Islamic state]] Al-Hindi have plans to launch terrorist actions in India.<ref name=had9/> Shafin Jehan and Zainaba are PFI members.<ref name=had4/><ref name=had7/>
** [[National Women's Front]] ('''NWF'''): The PFI's women's wing headed by Zainaba.<ref name=had8/><ref name=had9/>
** [[Social Democratic Party of India]] ('''SDPI'''): Another wing of the PFI. Shafin Jehan and Zainaba are SDPI members.<ref name=had4/><ref name=had7/>
** '''Sathya Sarani''': An Islamic Charitable Trust.<ref name=had8/>
* '''Government organisations'''
** [[High Court of Kerala]] ('''HCK'''): Annulled Hadiya's marriage held under suspicious circumstances.<ref name=tat3/>
** [[Supreme Court of India]] ('''SC'''): Currently hearing the ongoing case filed by Safin Jehan to gain access to Hadiya.
** [[National Investigation Agency]] '''NIA''': India's premier national agency that investigates terrorism cases, was asked by the SC to investigate if there has been large scale systematic forced conversions to Islam with the view to carry out terrorist activities. The NIA told the Supreme Court that Hadiya was "a victim of indoctrination and psychological kidnapping", said that Hadiya's claims that her marriage was arranged through a matrimony website were totally false, and that her handlers who arranged her marriage were only looking for active members of the PFI as her groom.<ref name=tat3/> NIA had recommended to the Supreme Court and government to ban PFI as it runs terror camps and makes bomb, with plans to carry out terror attacks against India with the help of [[Islamic state]] Al-Hindi.<ref name=had9/>

==Religious conversion==

Hadiya, who grew up as Akhila Ashokan, was born to a family from Vaikom, Kottayam, as the only child of an [[Atheism|atheist]] [[ex-service]]man, K.M. Ashokan and his wife Ponnamma. She lived with her parents and studied at local schools until 12th standard, which she passed at the second attempt.<ref name=had5>{{cite web|last1=Jacob|first1=George|title=Who is Hadiya?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/who-is-hadiya/article19862371.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=28 November 2017|language=en-IN|date=14 October 2017}}</ref> While pursuing her bachelor's degree at Sivaraj Homeopathic Medical College at [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], she converted to Islamic faith. She became interested in Islam after seeing two of her collegemates, Faseena and Jaseela.<ref name=had6>{{cite web|title=Hadiya did not convert for love: Misconceptions busted and case explained|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hadiya-did-not-convert-love-misconceptions-busted-and-case-explained-72207|website=The News Minute|publisher=News Minute|access-date=28 November 2017|date=26 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=had7/><ref name=had4/> On 6 January 2016 Akhila went missing from a house in Selam, where she was staying with her friends, Faseena and Jaseena, and her parents filed a police complaint against the friends and their father Aboobacker.<ref name=had7/> Hadiya insisted in the High Court that her conversion was a personal choice, her family argued that she was the victim of [[love jihad]]. The court annulled her marriage with the observation that she was a "weak and vulnerable girl capable of being exploited".<ref name=had5/> The High Court also said in its order that "Shefin Jahan is one such person who has been assigned to play the role of going through a sham of a marriage with Ms. Akhila, with the object of transporting her out of India."<ref name=had7/> She told the court that she was "impressed" by her friends' "timely prayers and good character."<ref name=had7>{{cite web|title=From Akhila to Hadiya: What exactly is the Kerala 'Love Jihad' case all about|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/akhila-hadiya-what-exactly-kerala-love-jihad-case-all-about-67071|website=The News Minute|publisher=News Minute|access-date=28 November 2017|date=19 August 2017}}</ref> She told the court she had been practicing Islam for 3 years without formally announcing the change of faith, but that she started the legal procedure for conversion only by September 2015.<ref name=had7/><ref name=had5/> Her parents learnt about the conversion when she refused to participate in her [[Antyesti|grandfather's funeral ritual]] at her home.<ref name=had6/><ref name=had5/> She subsequently returned to college wearing a headscarf.<ref name=had5/>

In January 2016, Akhila left her home and joined a course on [[Islam]] at "Therbiathul Islam Sabha", a Kozhikode Islamic study centre, as an 'external candidate' after filling an [[affidavit]] that she converted on her own accord. She planned to stay at her roommates' residence in [[Kerala]] during the study period. However, her roommates' father Aboobacker refused to let her continue at his residence, following which she approached Satya Sarani, an educational institution and conversion centre at [[Manjeri]], [[Malappuram]]. While at Satya Sarani, she stayed with A.S. Zainaba, president of [[National Women's Front|NWF]] and member of its parent [[Islamic extremism|radical Islamist]] organisation PFI as well as member of the PFI's political wing, the SDPI.<ref name=had8/><ref name=had7/><ref name=had9/> The NWF is the women's wing of the PFI.<ref name=had31>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article184644.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630042812/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article184644.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2015|title=Cops manhandled women during PFI raids: NWF|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The PFI, having links with banned Islamist [[terrorist organisation]] group [[Students Islamic Movement of India|SIMI]]<ref name=had26>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/police-unearth-cds-of-taliban-like-terror-module-in-kerala-news-national-khkmEjhgacc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811155246/http://www.sify.com/news/police-unearth-cds-of-taliban-like-terror-module-in-kerala-news-national-khkmEjhgacc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-08-11 |title=Police unearth CDs of Taliban like terror module in Kerala |website=[[Sify]] |date= |access-date=2014-04-15}}</ref><ref name=had27>{{cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=769976 |title=PFI, NDF Involved in CPI(M), RSS Cadres' Murders: Kerala |publisher=News.outlookindia.com |date= |access-date=2014-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211304/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=769976 |archive-date=8 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=had30>{{cite web |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/simi.htm |title=Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) |access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref> and Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]],<ref name=had28>{{cite book|title=India's Special Forces: History and Future of Special Forces| date=2013|publisher=Vij Book India Pvt Ltd|isbn=9789382573593}}</ref><ref name=had29>{{cite journal|journal=Indian Defence Review | title = retired indian army claimed that PFI | date=Apr–Jun 2013|volume=28| issue = 2 }}</ref> is [[Popular Front of India#Criticism and accusations|involved]] with Islamic terrorist acts and groups.<ref name=had32>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gang-war-in-mangalore-jail-leaves-2-convicts-dead/story-IyTyv0tZV6s4L5CMgxeZVL.html |title=Inside a Mangalore jail, two deaths and a communal crack |newspaper=Hindustan Times |author=Sudipto Mondal, Bengaluru |date=3 November 2015 |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref name=had33>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/nia-report-on-popular-front-of-indias-terror-links-on-government-table-4839296/|title=NIA report on Popular Front of India's 'terror links' on government table|date=2017-09-12|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=had27/><ref name=had34>{{cite news|title=Kerala Police unmasks PFI's terror face|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Kerala-Police-unmasks-PFI’s-terror-face/2013/04/28/article1564744.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513142040/http://newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Kerala-Police-unmasks-PFI%E2%80%99s-terror-face/2013/04/28/article1564744.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2013|access-date=21 April 2015|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=28 April 2013}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Hadiya's father had filed a missing person's police case,<ref name=had8/> and after being unable to trace her, he filed the first case in the high court.<ref name=had7/><ref name=had8/><ref name=had13/><ref name=had15/>

==High Court lawsuit==
In February 2016, Akhila's father Ashokan filed a missing person's case at the local police station.<ref name=had8/> Following the case, Aboobacker was arrested by the police.<ref name=had8/> Despite police involvement, Akhila could not be traced,<ref name=had7/> meanwhile Akhila was in contact with the "Sathya Sarani" organisation which placed Zainaba in charge of Akhila.<ref name=had8/> During this period, she changed her name to Hadiya.<ref name=had8>{{cite web|last1=Jacob|first1=George|title=How Akhila became Hadiya|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/how-akhila-became-hadiya/article19951404.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 November 2017|language=en-IN|date=30 October 2017}}</ref> At the High Court of Kerala, Hadiya's father filed a [[habeas corpus]] petition alleging that Satya Sarani was involved in "forced and illegal" religious conversions. Hadiya testified that she was staying with Zainaba of her own free will. The court dismissed Ashokan's petition and let Hadiya continue learning Islam and live with Zainaba, observing that she was not in illegal confinement.<ref name=had8/>

Following this, Ashokan filed a second petition in August 2016, alleging that Hadiya was likely to be transported out of the country after marriage to a Muslim man. The High Court passed an interim order to keep Hadiya under surveillance to ensure that she was not taken outside of India. While she was under surveillance, the police found that she had moved from Zainaba's house to an undisclosed location.<ref name=had7/> Though Hadiya denied planning to travel abroad, the court directed her to stay at a women's hostel in Kochi.<ref name=had8/> In September, the court let her live with Zainaba again, when she testified that she did not possess a passport, and plead that she was being lodged in the hostel "for no fault of hers". On 19 December, the court directed Hadiya to move to the college hostel in Salem to complete her studies. Her father, Ashokan, was asked to produce her certificates on 21 December so that she could resume her studies.<ref name=had7/>

==Marriage==
On 21 December 2016, Akhila appeared before the High Court accompanied by "a stranger."<ref name=had7/> Close to a year after she had left home and formally converted, she appeared in court with a man named Shafin Jahan, who she said she had married.<ref name=had6/> Shafin Jehan is an active member of [[Social Democratic Party of India|SDPI]]<ref name=had9/> and allegedly also a member of the [[Islamic extremism|radical Islamic]] outfit PFI,<ref name=had14/> with 4 criminal cases against him.<ref name=had9/> The SDPI is the [[Front organization|political front]] of the [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] organisation PFI.<ref name=had19>{{cite news|title=On the back of a good showing, SDPI sets its sights higher|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/on-the-back-of-a-good-showing-sdpi-sets-its-sights-higher/article4707953.ece|access-date=17 April 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=had20>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/New-party-launched/articleshow/5028803.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811101935/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-19/pune/28080598_1_new-party-social-democratic-party-assembly-elections|url-status=live|archive-date=2011-08-11|title=New Party Formed|date=2009-08-11|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2010-08-11}}</ref><ref name=had21>{{citation |title=PFI spreading tentacles to Andhra,says police chief |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/pfi-spreading-tentacles-to-andhra-says-police-chief/ |newspaper=Indian Express |date=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=had22>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Kerala-Police-unmasks-PFI%E2%80%99s-terror-face/2013/04/28/article1564744.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513142040/http://newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Kerala-Police-unmasks-PFI%E2%80%99s-terror-face/2013/04/28/article1564744.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2013|title=Kerala Police unmasks PFI's terror face|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=had23>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/HuJi-Popular-Front-of-India-under-lens-for-hate-messages/articleshow/15594008.cms|title=HuJi, Popular Front of India under lens for hate messages - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2012 |access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref><ref name=had24>{{cite web|title=In a pluralistic part of India, fears of rising Islamic extremism|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/this-is-india-not-afghanistan/2011/02/04/ABOyT5E_story.html|website=washingtonpost.com|publisher=Washingtonpost}}</ref> Hadiya married Shafin Jehan on 19 December 2016, the same day she had appeared before the court.<ref name=had9>{{cite news|title=Islamist Popular Front Of India 'Involved In Terror Acts', NIA Submits Report To Govt Recommending Ban|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/islamist-popular-front-of-india-involved-in-terror-acts-nia-submits-report-to-go/301575|access-date=28 November 2017|work= [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=had14/> The marriage was officiated under Muslim law. Hadiya's lawyer later informed the High Court that she had signed up on a Muslim matrimony website, and that Shafin's proposal came through the site.<ref name=had7/><ref name=had10>{{cite news|last1=Philip|first1=Shaju|title=Day after Kerala HC annuls marriage with Muslim convert, man vows to fight 'injustice'|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/day-after-kerala-hc-annuls-marriage-with-muslim-convert-man-vows-to-fight-injustice-4674046/|access-date=28 November 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=26 May 2017}}</ref> In May 2017, the High Court annulled Hadiya's marriage with Shefin, and sent her to her parents’ house in Vaikom.<ref name=had6/>

Although the court order was to only provide her police protection, she was not permitted by her father to leave her home or meet anyone,<ref name=had6/> an allegation denied by her father as she was fully surrounded by police inside and outside the house.<ref name=had4/> According to Ashokan, Hadiya refused to leave the house despite allowed to.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/oct/30/hadiyas-father-denies-daughter-under-house-arrest-says-will-produce-daughter-before-court-1687271.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040735/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/oct/30/hadiyas-father-denies-daughter-under-house-arrest-says-will-produce-daughter-before-court-1687271.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2017|title=Hadiya's father denies daughter under house arrest, says will produce daughter before court|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> The chairperson of the State Women's commission<ref name=had11>{{cite web|title=Josephine says she is prevented from visiting Hadiya|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/josephine-says-she-is-prevented-from-visiting-hadiya/article20445494.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=28 November 2017|language=en-IN|date=14 November 2017}}</ref> and several activists were prevented from meeting Hadiya, and seven people were arrested for trespassing while attempting to meet Hadiya.<ref name=had12>{{cite web|title=Hadiya case: 7 booked for trespassing for trying to meet her while she's under house arrest|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hadiya-case-7-booked-trespassing-trying-meet-her-while-she-s-under-house-arrest-67652|website=The News Minute|access-date=28 November 2017|date=31 August 2017}}</ref> However, the chairperson of National Commission for Women visited her and noted that she was "happy and smiling", "her health and security are good", and that Hadiya did not report any atrocities or harm done to her.<ref name=had13>{{cite web|last1=Koshy|first1=Sneha Mary|title=Hadiya 'Smiling And Safe', Says Women's Panel After Visiting Kerala Woman In 'Love Jihad' Case|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/hadiya-smiling-and-safe-says-womens-panel-after-visiting-kerala-woman-in-love-jihad-case-1771815|website=[[NDTV]]|publisher=NDTV|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=had14>{{cite web|title=Kerala's Hadiya safe, 'happy and smiling', says women's panel post-visit|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061117/keralas-hadiya-safe-not-being-beaten-says-womens-panel-post-visit.html|website= [[Deccan Chronicle]]|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=28 November 2017|language=en|date=6 November 2017}}</ref>

==At Supreme Court==
Hadiya's husband, Shafin Jehan approached the Supreme Court in order to challenge the High Court order. At the Supreme Court, Hadiya expressed her will to continue practicing Islam, live with her husband and complete her internship. She claimed that she was unlawfully kept at her parents' home and demanded freedom.<ref name=had15>{{cite news|title=Kerala love jihad case: 'I want freedom', says Hadiya; SC allows her to resume medical studies in Salem|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kerala-love-jihad-case-hadiya-demands-freedom-supreme-court-orders-her-to-resume-studies-next-hearing-in-jan-4229941.html|access-date=28 November 2017|work=Firstpost|agency=First Post|date=28 November 2017}}</ref> The [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]], which investigates terror cases, was asked by the court to investigate if there were organised groups attempting to recruit Hindu women as terrorists by getting Muslim men to convert and marry them. The NIA submitted to the Supreme Court that Hadiya's was an example of "psychological kidnapping", that there was evidence of nearly 90 similar cases of indoctrination and radicalisation in Kerala, and that the court should not accept her statement.<ref name=had13/><ref name=had14/> Evidence adduced by the NIA showed that claims that Hadiya met Safin Jehan through matrimony website 'waytonikah.com' was "totally false and entirely bogus".<ref name=tat3/> The NIA further alleged that the only condition of the handlers who arranged their marriage was that the groom should be an active worker of the PFI, a radical outfit.<ref name=tat3/> The judges were livid with what had happened and questioned why the court had been kept in the dark regarding the marriage.<ref name=had7/> The court raised several doubts about the hurried nature of the marriage, and doubted the manner in which the wedding ceremony was conducted.<ref name=had7/>

The Supreme Court allowed Hadiya to return to Salem and pursue her internship. Further hearing in this case, including the decision on the annulment of marriage would be considered by the court in January 2018.<ref name=had16>{{cite news|last1=Chowdhary|first1=Amit Anand|title=Supreme Court allows Hadiya out of father's custody to resume studies in Tamil Nadu - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-allows-hadiya-to-resume-studies-appoints-college-dean-as-her-guardian/articleshow/61821845.cms|work=The Times of India|date=28 November 2017 |access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> Hadiya reported that she was happy with the Supreme Court's decision allowing her to continue her education.<ref name=had17>{{cite news|author=Scroll Staff|title=Kerala conversion case: Hadiya says she is happy with SC order allowing her to finish her education|url=https://scroll.in/latest/859550/kerala-conversion-case-hadiya-says-she-is-happy-with-sc-order-allowing-her-to-finish-her-education|access-date=28 November 2017|work=Scroll.in|date=28 November 2017}}</ref>

On 23 January 2018, the Supreme court continued hearing the Hadiya Marriage case.
{{quote|"When the Counsel for Mr Ashokan (Hadiya's father) argued that the circumstances leading to the marriage must be investigated, the court emphasised that Hadiya's marital status could not be looked into by the Court. Being a 24-year old adult, Hadiya had the power to make her own decisions, and the Court could not compel her to go to her father or husband against her will. Neither could the Court look into the character of the person Hadiya had married. The bench reiterated that investigating the marriage in such a manner would set a bad legal precedent. Hadiya has now been made a party to the proceedings as per the request of Mr Kapil Sibal. She can now file her own response."<ref name="Tallur">{{Cite web|title=Hadiya Marriage Case: Day 7 Arguments|url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/hadiya-marriage-case-day-7-arguments/ |date=23 January 2018 |author=Ashwini Tallur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151606/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/hadiya-marriage-case-day-7-arguments/|archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=17 June 2021|website=www.scobserver.in}}</ref>}}
This was seen positive development as earlier Supreme Court was criticised for not adding Hadiya as a party and denying an adult woman agency in an important matter like marriage choice.{{cn|date=September 2024}} The matter has been listed to be next heard on 22 February 2018.<ref name="Tallur" />

On 8 March 2018, Hadiya's marriage was restored by the Supreme Court.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

Hadiya later divorced and remarried. In December 2023, her father reported her missing, but the case was closed several days later when it emerged that she was residing with her new husband.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala High Court closes habeas corpus plea as Hadiya found residing with second husband |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/pti/kerala-hc-closes-habeas-corpus-plea-hadiya-found-residing-with-second-husband/ |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=The South First |date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

== NIA Investigation==
According to the ongoing probe by the NIA, Shafin Jahan is accused of having alleged connections with two ISIS members Manseed and P Safvan, accused in the Omar-al-Hindi case, through Facebook group Popular Front of India (PFI) which allegedly deals with activities of the SDPI. Muneer, Shafin Jahan's friend, brought Hadiya and him together.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The probe by the investigation agency has also revealed certain discrepancies in the couple's earlier claim about meeting on a matrimonial site. According to sources, Shafin had registered his name on the website on 19 September 2015, while Zainaba registered the name of Hadiya and her own daughter, Fathima Thesni, on 17 April 2016. Hadiya viewed 49 profiles between 17 April and 23 April, but not that of Shafin. In the same way, Jahan viewed 67 profiles, but not Hadiya's. As per NIA's report in the "love jihad" case, the marriage proposal of Shafin Jahan had come through Muneer during August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newburghgazette.com/2017/12/04/nia-questions-shefin-jahan-again/|title=Home|website=newburghgazette.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-11|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212031842/http://newburghgazette.com/2017/12/04/nia-questions-shefin-jahan-again/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The NIA ended the probe saying that they could not find any evidence of love jihad in the 11 marriages it investigated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-ends-kerala-probe-says-there-s-love-but-no-jihad/story-wlpWR7BMNcdJHkb1MUso4J.html|title=NIA ends kerala probe, says there is love but no jihad|website=Hindustan times}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|India|Law|Hinduism|Islam
}}

[[Category:Religious conversion in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:High courts of India cases]]
[[Category:2010s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Fundamental Rights case law]]

Hardeep Kaur

2025-11-27T00:22:38Z

LeoSpragg093: new

{{Short description|Indian hammer thrower (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

'''Hardeep Kaur''' (born 17 February 1977) is an Indian [[hammer throw]]er.

She grew up in [[Lehel]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/hardeep-still-best-in-business-in-india-and-new-zealand/|title=Hardeep still best in business,in India and New Zealand|last=Selvaraj|first=Jonathan|date=August 6, 2010|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> and took up the hammer throw in 1996.<ref name=nz>{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/sport/3025108/Indias-best-refining-skills|title=India's best refining skills|last=Richardson|first=Daniel|date=November 3, 2009|publisher=[[Stuff.co.nz]]|access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> She finished fifth at the [[2000 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's hammer throw|2000 Asian Championships]],<ref>[http://sportfieber.pytalhost.com/l/leichtathletik/2000/2000.Asian%20Championships.PDF Results] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314222532/http://sportfieber.pytalhost.com/l/leichtathletik/2000/2000.Asian%20Championships.PDF |date=March 14, 2014 }}</ref> won the bronze medal at the [[2002 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's hammer throw|2002 Asian Championships]]
, finished fourth at the [[Athletics at the 2002 Asian Games – Women's hammer throw|2002 Asian Games]], fifth at the [[2003 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's hammer throw|2003 Asian Championships]], sixth at the [[Athletics at the 2006 Asian Games – Women's hammer throw|2006 Asian Games]], tenth at the [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's hammer throw|2010 Commonwealth Games]] and fourth at the [[Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games – Women's hammer throw|2010 Asian Games]]. She also competed at the [[Athletics at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Women's hammer throw|2002 Commonwealth Games]] wityhout reaching the final.<ref name=bio>{{iaaf name|14282891}}</ref><ref name=nz/>

She became [[List of Indian National Open Athletics Championships winners|Indian national champion]] in 2001, 2002 and 2003. Her personal best throw was 61.67 metres, achieved in September 2002 in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=bio/> She set her first [[Indian records in athletics|Indian record]] at the 40th National Open Athletic meet in [[Kolkata]], throwing 58.95 metres to surpass the former record of 58.36 belonging to Jebeshori Devi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/national-mark-by-hardeep/cid/1224794|title=National mark by Hardeep|date=9 October 2000|work=The Telegraph|access-date=11 June 2025|archive-date=11 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611050421/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/national-mark-by-hardeep/cid/1224794|url-status=live}}</ref> More records followed,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hardeep-betters-national-hammer-record/articleshow/1426811255.cms|title=Hardeep betters national hammer record|last=Das|first=Indraneel|date=November 22, 2001|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> but Kaur's record was eventually broken in 2014 by Manju Bala reaching 62.74 metres.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/two-qualification-norms-leave-athletes-in-limbo/|title=Two qualification norms leave athletes in limbo|last=Koshie|first=Nihal|date=8 June 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 June 2025|archive-date=11 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611050423/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/two-qualification-norms-leave-athletes-in-limbo/|url-status=live}}</ref>

She had her first child in 2007. In 2009, she moved to New Zealand to study at the [[International Pacific College]].<ref name=nz/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Hardeep}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women hammer throwers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

List of by-elections to the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly

2025-11-16T03:42:57Z

LeoSpragg093:

{{Short description|none}}

The following is a list of [[by-election]]s held for the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]], India, since its formation in 2000.

==2009 - 2014==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|10 February 2011
!57
|[[Kharsawan Assembly constituency|Kharsawan]]
|Mangal Singh Soy
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Arjun Munda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|30 November 2011
!24
|[[Mandu Assembly constituency|Mandu]]
|[[Tek Lal Mahto]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jai Prakash Bhai Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|12 June 2012
!64
|[[Hatia Assembly constituency|Hatia]]
|[[Gopal Sharan Nath Shahdeo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Navin Jaiswal]]
|{{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|}

==2014 - 2019==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| 14 December 2015
!72
| [[Lohardaga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| [[Kamal Kishore Bhagat]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}" |
| [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
| [[Sukhdeo Bhagat]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2" |16 May 2016
!17
|[[Godda Assembly constituency|Godda]]
|[[Raghu Nandan Mandal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Amit Kumar Mandal
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!75
|[[Panki Assembly constituency|Panki]]
|Bidesh Singh
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress }}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|Devendra Kumar Singh
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress }}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|9 April 2017
!4
|[[Litipara Assembly constituency|Litipara]]
|Anil Murmu
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|Simon Marandi
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|Rowspan=2|28 May 2018
!34
|[[Gomia Assembly constituency|Gomia]]
|Yogendra Prasad
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|Babita Devi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
!61
|[[Silli Assembly constituency|Silli]]
|Amit Kumar
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|Seema Devi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
|20 December 2018
!71
|[[Kolebira Assembly constituency|Kolebira]]
|[[Anosh Ekka]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Party}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|Naman Bixal Kongari
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

==2019 - 2024==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
|rowspan="2"| 3 November 2020
!10
| [[Dumka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dumka]]
| [[Hemant Soren]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| [[Basant Soren]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
!35
| [[Bermo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bermo]]
| Rajendra Prasad Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kumar Jaimangal (Anup Singh)
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|17 April 2021
!13
|[[Madhupur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhupur]]
|[[Haji Hussain Ansari]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|[[Hafizul Hasan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|Death of [[Haji Hussain Ansari]]<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jharkhand Minister Haji Hussain Ansari Dies At 73 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-minister-haji-hussain-ansari-dies-at-73-2304751 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003175707/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-minister-haji-hussain-ansari-dies-at-73-2304751 |archive-date=2020-10-03 |access-date= |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>
|-
|23 June 2022
!66
|[[Mandar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandar]]
|[[Bandhu Tirkey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
||[[Shilpi Neha Tirkey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Conviction of [[Bandhu Tirkey]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Speaker passes disqualification order of MLA Bandhu Tirkey |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/speaker-passes-disqualification-order-of-mla-bandhu-tirkey.html |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=The Pioneer |date=9 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|27 February 2023
!23
|[[Ramgarh, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
|[[Mamta Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Sunita Choudhary]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-03-02 |title=रामगढ़ सीट पर आगे चल रहीं NDA प्रत्याशी सुनीता चौधरी, किसकी होगी जीत, क्या है जमीनी हकीकत? |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/jharkhand/ramgarh-by-election-results-2023-nda-candidate-sunita-choudhary-leading-jharkhand-ramgarh-bypoll-2347782 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|Conviction of [[Mamta Devi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=Jharkhand News: रामगढ़ की विधायक ममता देवी को 5 साल की सजा, जाएगी विधायकी, हाईकोर्ट में देंगी चुनौती |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ramgarh/ramgarh-gola-goli-kand-mla-mamta-devi-sentenced-to-5-years-will-go-to-legislature-srn |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|5 September 2023
!33
|[[Dumri Assembly constituency|Dumri]]
|[[Jagarnath Mahto|Jagannath Mahto]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Baby Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|Death of [[Jagarnath Mahto|Jagannath Mahto]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-06 |title=Jharkhand education minister Jagarnath Mahto passes away, two day state mourning announced |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-education-minister-jagarnath-mahto-passes-away/articleshow/99286015.cms |access-date=2023-12-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|20 May 2024
!31
|[[Gandey Assembly constituency|Gandey]]
|[[Sarfaraz Ahmad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Kalpana Soren]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|Resignation of [[Sarfaraz Ahmad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand's JMM MLA Sarfaraz Ahmad resigns from assembly |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/jharkhands-jmm-mla-sarfaraz-ahmad-resigns-from-assembly-2831218 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==2024 - 2029==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|11 November 2025<ref name="November bypoll" />
!45
|[[Ghatsila Assembly constituency|Ghatshila]]
|[[Ramdas Soren]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|Died on 15 August 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-education-minister-ramdas-soren-dies-at-62-9094350|title=Jharkhand Education Minister Ramdas Soren Dies At 62|work=NDTV|accessdate=15 August 2025}}</ref>
|[[Somesh Chandra Soren]]<ref name="November bypoll result" />
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Elections in Jharkhand]]
*[[List of Indian state legislative assembly elections]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Jharkhand elections|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-elections}}
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Jharkhand| ]]
[[Category:2020s in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2010s in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000s in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Lists of by-elections in India|Jharkhand ]]
[[Category:By-elections in Jharkhand| ]]

Chachoda

2025-11-15T09:35:19Z

LeoSpragg093: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Chachaura, India]]

Kaipad rice

2025-10-21T11:08:48Z

LeoSpragg093: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

'''Kaipad''' fields are [[salinity]]-prone<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaipad Ecosystem |url=https://www.kaipadfarmers.org/kaipad-ecosystem |website=Kaipad Rice |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref> natural organic [[rice]] cultivation fields in the northern districts of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The traditional kaipad system of [[rice cultivation]] is an integrated [[organic farming]] system in which rice cultivation and [[aquaculture]] go together in coastal [[brackish water]] [[marsh]]es rich in organic matter. It has been included in the [[Geographical indication]] (GI) registry in the country which is part of the [[Intellectual property]] regime.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/gi-tag-for-kaipad-rice-to-boost-cultivation/article4989083.ece|title=GI tag for Kaipad rice to boost cultivation|journal=The Hindu|date=5 August 2013|access-date=9 October 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

[[Ezhome Rice]] has been developed specifically for this environment.<ref name="Ezhome">{{cite news |last1=Sudhi |first1=K.S. |title=Crops cleared for farming |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Crops-cleared-for-farming/article15964123.ece |access-date=9 October 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=19 January 2010 |language=en |format=HTML |quote=The two salinity-resistant varieties, ‘Ezhome 1 and 2,’ were developed for Kaippad area of Kannur.}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:GI Tagged Rice varieties of India]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rice production in India]]

{{agriculture-stub}}

Rajkumar Madhubir

2025-10-05T13:57:40Z

LeoSpragg093: Added a bio...

{{Short description|Manipuri poet and writer}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rajkumar Madhubir
| image =
| caption =
| native_name = ꯔꯥꯖꯀꯨꯔ ꯃꯙꯨꯕꯤꯔ / ꯃꯙꯨꯕꯤꯔ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯦꯝꯆꯥ
| native_name_lang = mni
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1942|09|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nambol Kabowakching]], [[Manipur]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|09|05|1942|09|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| occupation = Writer, poet, editor
| language = [[Meitei language|Meitei (Manipuri)]], English
| nationality = Indian
| notable_works = ''Praloigi Meiriraktagi'', ''Leigee Khudol Amattang'', ''Lambel'', ''The Shadow of Darkness''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1996)
}}

'''Rajkumar Madhubir''' (10 September 1942 – 5 September 2004), also known as '''R.K. Madhubir''' ([[Meitei language|Meitei]]: ''Madhubir Ningthemchamayum''), was an Indian author and poet from of the modern-day [[Manipuri literature]] from [[Manipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2013 |title=RK Madhubir remembered |url=https://e-pao.net/ge.asp?heading=6&src=110913 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=E-Pao!}}</ref> He is well-known for his emotionally charged short stories and English-language poetry.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265.">Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). "The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | Poetry ; | Post-World War II Literature | Poetry". A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265. ISBN 978-81-260-1586-3.</ref> He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Manipuri literature and is regarded as one of the leading voices in Northeast Indian postcolonial literary expressions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
On September 10, 1942, Rajkumar Madhubir was born in [[Nambol Kabowakching]], a community in the present-day [[Bishnupur district]], [[Manipur]]. Later, he made his home in the city of [[Imphal]] in [[Sagolband Thangjam Leikai]].<ref name=":0" />

== Literary career ==
In Manipuri, Madhubir started writing essays, prose, and short stories. Later on, he contributed to the growth of Northeast Indian Literature in English by publishing a number of collections of English poetry.

He published three major poetry collections in English:

* ''The Shadow of Darkness'' (1998)<ref>{{Cite web |title=reviews channel >>books ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?src=reviews.books.A_glimpse_of_Manipuri_Poetry_in_English |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
* ''The H-Hour Patient''
* ''The Time Bomb and Other Poems''

In the Manipuri language, his short story collections include:

* ''Praloigi Meiriraktagi'' (Awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award, 1996)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Awardees |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Award_Winners.Sahitya_Akademi_Awardees |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
* ''Leigee Khudol Amattang'' (2003)<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Madhubie |first=Rajkumar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466170 |title=Leigee Khudol Amattang |date=2003}}</ref>

== Themes and style ==

=== Apocalyptic Vision ===
''Madhubir'' frequently uses both Christian and Indic eschatological concepts in his poetry to examine [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|apocalyptic]] and [[dystopian]] themes. Concerns about social instability, moral crisis, and environmental degradation are all seen in his work.{{Cn|date=August 2025}}

== Awards and honours ==

* ''Sahitya Akademi Award'' (1996) for ''Praloigi Meiriraktagi<ref name=":3" />''
* Honoured posthumously as a literary legend by ''Sahitya Akademi'' (2012)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=The Legends of Manipuri Literature |url=https://manipurtimes.com/the-legends-of-manipuri-literature/ |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=Manipur Times}}</ref>

== Selected works ==

=== Poetry Collections ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=A glimpse of Manipuri Poetry in English |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageSelector.asp?ch=reviews&src=A_glimpse_of_Manipuri_Poetry_in_English&sub1=books |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=E‑Pao!}}</ref>

* ''Lambel''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/Curriculum19/Language-Secondary/16_Manipuri.pdf |title=Manipuri Class IX (2018-2019) |publisher=cbseacademic.nic.in}}</ref>
* ''The Shadow of Darkness'' (1998)
* ''The H-Hour Patient''
* ''The Time Bomb and Other Poems''

=== Short Story Collections ===

* ''Praloigi Meiriraktagi<ref name=":3" />''
* ''Leigee Khudol Amattang'' (2003)<ref name=":4" />

== Death ==
R.K. Madhubir died on 5 September 2004 in Imphal, Manipur.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Meitei]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhubir, Rajkumar}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Bishnupur, Manipur]]
[[Category:Meitei-language writers]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]

Ramchandra Gandhi

2025-09-17T14:33:17Z

LeoSpragg093:

{{Short description|Indian philosopher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2014}}
[[File:RamchandraGandhiImage.jpg|thumb|right]]
'''Ramchandra Gandhi''' (9 June 1937 – 13 June 2007) was an Indian [[philosophy|philosopher]]. He was a grandson of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]. He was the son of [[Devdas Gandhi]] and Lakshmi (daughter of [[C. Rajagopalachari|Rajaji]]), and brother of [[Rajmohan Gandhi]] and [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]].

Ramchandra Gandhi obtained his [[Doctorate|doctoral degree]] in philosophy from [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Sita's Kitchen |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |url=http://www.sunypress.edu/p-1457-sitas-kitchen.aspx |access-date=31 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042814/http://www.sunypress.edu/p-1457-sitas-kitchen.aspx |url-status=live |archive-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> where he was a student of [[Peter Strawson]]. He founded the philosophy department at the [[University of Hyderabad]]. He also taught at [[Visva-Bharati University]], [[Panjab University]], [[Bangalore University]], and [[California Institute of Integral Studies]] in [[San Francisco]], California. He died at the [[India International Centre]] on 13 June 2007, four days after his 70th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://indiainteracts.com/columnist/2007/06/14/Ramachandra-Gandhi-the-quintessential-argumentative-Indian/ |title=Ramachandra Gandhi: the quintessential argumentative Indian |author= Ashish Mehta - ''Indiainteracts.com'' |access-date=4 September 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008093353/http://indiainteracts.com/columnist/2007/06/14/Ramachandra-Gandhi-the-quintessential-argumentative-Indian/ |archive-date=8 October 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He was a friend of the philosopher [[K. J. Shah]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Weiss |editor1-first=Daniel H. |editor2-last=Andrejč |editor2-first=Gorazd |title=Interpreting Interreligious Relations with Wittgenstein: Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies |date=2019 |publisher=Brill |pages=47-8}}</ref>

== Bibliography==
*''The Availability of Religious Ideas'' (1976)
*''I Am Thou: Meditations on the Truth of India'' (1984)
*''Sita's Kitchen: A Testimony of Faith and Inquiry'' (1992)
*''Svaraj: A Journey with Tyeb Mehta's Shantiniketan Triptych'' (2003)
*''Muniya's Light: A Narrative of Truth and Myth'' (2005)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gandhi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Ramchandra}}
[[Category:Family of Mahatma Gandhi|Ramchandra]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]

{{India-philosopher-stub}}

Super Singer (Bengali TV series)

2025-06-29T15:30:46Z

LeoSpragg093: Created A Bio.

{{Short description|Indian reality-based singing competition}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = SUPER SINGER.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Reality television]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director = Ranjit Roy and Sangit Tiwari
| creative_director = Soumya Chowdhury and Shounak Chakraborty
| presenter = [[Rooqma Ray]] (2019) [[Jisshu Sengupta]] (2020–present)
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = "Super Singer"
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Subhankar Chattopadhyay]]
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 90 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|6|1|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|5|21|df=y}}
| related = [[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]
}}

'''''Super Singer''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Reality television|reality-based]] [[Music competition|singing competition]]. It has been airing on [[Star Jalsha]] since 2019. The show is designed as a talent hunt to discover the best voice of [[Bengal]].

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Season
!Year
!Host
!Judges
!Winner
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |Super Singer Junior
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" |[[Rooqma Ray]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]], [[Jeet Gannguli]]
|Pranjal Biswas
|-
|Sharmishtha Debnath
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |Super Singer
| rowspan="2" |2020
| rowspan="4" |[[Jisshu Sengupta]]
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Kavita Krishnamurti]], [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| rowspan="2" |Sanchari Sengupta
|-
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Rupankar Bagchi]], [[Lopamudra Mitra]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|-
|3
|Super Singer Season 3
|2021–22
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
|Shuchismita Chakraborty
|-
|4
|Super Singer Season 4
|2023
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Monali Thakur]], [[Rupam Islam]]
|Subhadeep Das Chowdhury
|}

==History==
===Season 1===
The first season aired as ''Super Singer Junior,'' from 1 June 2019 to 15 September 2019. The show was hosted by [[Rooqma Ray]], and the judges were [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]] and [[Jeet Gannguli|Jeet Ganguly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=সুপার সিঙ্গারের খোঁজে ছোট পর্দায় নতুন রিয়ালিটি শো|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/television/star-jalsha-presents-new-reality-show-super-singer-junior/|access-date=2022-02-14|website=sangbadpratidin|language=en-US}}</ref> The winners of the season were Pranjal Biswas from [[Karimpur]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]] and Sharmishtha Debnath from [[Tollygunge]], [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-31 |title=2019 in review: A quick rewind of major events of Bengali TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/2019-in-review-a-quick-rewind-of-major-events-of-bengali-tv/photostory/73045611.cms |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

===Season 2===
The second season aired as ''Super Singer,'' from 12 January 2020 to 4 October 2020. The show was hosted by [[Jisshu Sengupta]], and the judges were [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Kavita Krishnamurti]] and [[Jeet Gannguli|Jeet Ganguly]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=2020-04-11|title=Star Jalsha's 'Super Singer' to be entirely shot on mobile phones|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-jalshas-super-singer-to-be-entirely-shot-on-mobile-phones/|access-date=2022-02-14|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music|language=en-GB}}</ref> After the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]], the judges were replaced by [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Rupankar Bagchi]], [[Lopamudra Mitra]] and [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]].<ref name=":12">{{cite news |date=15 July 2021 |title=Sonu Nigam to judge 'Super Singer Season 3' - Times of India |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sonu-nigam-to-judge-super-singer-season-3/articleshow/84441347.cms}}</ref> The winner of the season was Sanchari Sengupta from [[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]], [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Super Singer winner: Contestant Sanchari Sengupta bags the title - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/super-singer-winner-contestant-sanchari-sengupta-bags-the-title/articleshow/78478239.cms|access-date=2022-02-14|website=The Times of India|date=4 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Season 3===
The third season aired as ''Super Singer Season 3,'' from 28 August 2021 to 20 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Super Singer: কলেজের টেবিল বাজানোর কালচার কি 'সুপার সিঙ্গার'-এর মঞ্চে এনে ফেললেন বিক্রম |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bickram-ghosh-set-the-stage-on-fire-with-his-performance-on-the-first-episode-of-super-singer-season-3-in-star-jalsa-dgtl/cid/1300819 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref> The show was hosted by [[Jisshu Sengupta]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Jisshu U Sengupta to host the new season of 'Super Singer' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/jisshu-u-sengupta-to-host-the-new-season-of-super-singer/articleshow/84432909.cms |access-date=2021-07-20 |website=The Times of India |date=15 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and the judges were [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]] and [[Sonu Nigam]].<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=চৌধুরী |first1=সৌমিতা |date=17 July 2021 |title=Super Singer 3: 'সুপার সিঙ্গার'-র মঞ্চে এবারও চাঁদের হাঁট! রয়েছে আরও চমক |language=bn |work=[[Aaj Tak]] বাংলা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/super-singer-season-3-judges-sonu-nigam-kumar-sanu-koushiki-chakraborty-judge-bengali-musical-reality-show-soc-287369-2021-07-17}}</ref> The winner of the season was Shuchismita Chakraborty from [[Midnapore]], [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Singer Season 3 Winner: সেরার সেরা শুচিস্মিতা! জমাটি ১০ ঘণ্টার অনুষ্ঠানে শেষ হল 'সুপার সিঙ্গার' সিজন ৩- র জার্নি |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/super-singer-season-3-winner-shuchismita-chakraborty-grand-finale-bangla-music-reality-show-ended-grand-performances-see-result-full-list-soc-355728-2022-03-21 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>

===Season 4===
The fourth season aired as ''Super Singer Season 4,'' from 7 January 2023 to 21 May 2023. The show was hosted by [[Jisshu Sengupta]], and the judges were [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Monali Thakur]] and [[Rupam Islam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Singer Season 4 to welcome Monali Thakur, Shaan and Rupam Islam as judges - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/super-singer-season-4-to-welcome-monali-thakur-shaan-and-rupam-islam-as-judges/articleshow/96445111.cms |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=The Times of India |date=28 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The winner of the season was Subhadeep Das Chowdhury from [[Behala]], [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Singer Season 4 winner: Contestant Shubhadeep Das Chowdhury bags the trophy - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/super-singer-season-4-winner-contestant-shubhadeep-das-chowdhury-bags-the-trophy/articleshow/100401438.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=The Times of India |date=21 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Season 5===

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*''[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/super-singer-junior/1260005519 Super Singer Junior]'' on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
*''[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/super-singer/1260017343 Super Singer]'' on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]

Lila Gogoi

2025-06-01T21:22:30Z

LeoSpragg093: Created initial info basic info

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox writer 
|imagesize =
| name = Dr. Lila Gogoi
| image =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = 25 November 1930
| birth_place = Cherekapar, Hatimuria Gaon, [[Sivasagar]]
Residence = Dibrugarh, Lila Gogoi Path
| death_date = 23 July 1994 (aged 63)
| death_place = Cherekapar, [[Sivasagar]]
| occupation = Writer, Educationist, Historian and Story writer
| nationality = [[India]]n
| period =
| genre = [[Assamese Literature]]
| subject = [[Novel]], [[article (publishing)|Article]], [[poem]] and [[history]]
| movement =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Lila Gogoi''' was a writer, educationist and historian.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sulkia |first=Purnananda |year=1988 |chapter=Gogoi, Lila |editor-last=Datta |editor-first=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |volume=2 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |pages=1434–35 |isbn=9788126011940}}</ref> He was the H. O. D. of the Assamese department, [[Dibrugarh University]] and Honorary Director, Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies in [[Assam]].<ref>[[Sibsagar College]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=October 2020}} He was also the President of [[Assam Sahitya Sabha]] in the session of 1994.<ref>[[List of Asam Sahitya Sabha presidents]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=October 2020}}

==Works==

; Literature:
Sontara (1954), Khara Shiyalor Biya (1954), Ponakanar Sapon (1955), Horogor Mukuta (1957), Dokait Kon (1957), Kopling Siga Rail (1959), Rangmanor Katha (1963), Nilakhamor Sithi (1963), Beybering Chithi (1976), Brikudar Baruar Biya (1977, 1978), Bishes Ki Likhim (1978), Ghergheri Bus (1981), Bihugeet aru banghosha,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/author/lila-gogoi/|title=Lila Gogoi – AbeBooks|website=www.abebooks.com}}</ref> Giti Malanca(1964), Asamiya Loka-sahityar Ruprekha (1968).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cs.uccs.edu/~jkalita/assam_bib.html|title=A Selected Bibliography on Assam and the Assamese|website=www.cs.uccs.edu}}</ref>

; Historical
Buranjiye Parasha Nagar (1957), Herua Dinor Kotha (1957), Lachit Borphukan (1960), Ahom Jati aru Asamiya Sanskriti (1961), Simantar Mati aru Manuh (1963), Sahitya-sanskritir Buranji (1972), Asamor Sanskriti (1982),
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assams.info/people/lila-gogoi|title=Lila Gogoi - Assams.Info|website=www.assams.info}}</ref> The Buranjis, historical literature of Assam:a critical survey(1986), The Tai Khamtis(1971), The Tai Khamtis of the North East(1990), The History of the system of Ahom Administration(1991),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n85211996/|title=Gogoi, Lila 1930–1994 [WorldCat Identities]}}</ref> Beli Maar Gol(1983), Buranjiye Katha Koi(1991)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enajori.com/?page_id=451|title=Book Database}}</ref>

==Monuments==
A hostel of [[Dibrugarh University]] is dedicated to Dr. Lila Gogoi. The name of the hostel is 'Leela Gogoi Memorial Gobeshak Chatra Nivas'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dibru.ac.in/hostels/|title=Hostels – Dibrugarh University}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Gogoi Lila Dr., Asamar Sanskriti, published by Banalata, Dibrugarh, Assam in 2017

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gogoi, Lila}}
[[Category:Asom Sahitya Sabha presidents]]
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Writers from Northeast India]]
[[Category:Novels in Assamese]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh University]]
[[Category:Assamese literature]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]

Mar Gregorios College of Arts and Science, Chennai

2025-05-22T14:34:15Z

LeoSpragg093: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Mar Gregorois College of Arts & Science
|motto = ''Let Your Light Shine''
|established = 1997
|type = [[Private university|Private]]
|academic_staff = 325
|administrative_staff = 90
|chairman = Most Rev. Dr. Thomas Mar Anthonios OIC
|principal = Dr. M. SIVARAJAN
|students = 6580
|undergrad = 4030
|postgrad = 2530
|city = [[Chennai]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor = {{Coord|13.079847|80.171989|display=inline,title|type:edu}}
|nickname = MGC
|affiliations = [[Madras University]]
|website = {{URL|mgcchennai.ac.in}}
}}
'''Mar Gregorios College (MGC)''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[college]] located in ''Mogappair West'', near [[Chennai]]. MGC was founded by the Malankara Syrian Catholic Management (MSC Management, Since 1930). The Trust was founded on 1 August 1930 at Trivandrum, Kerala. The college, established in the city of [[Chennai]] by the MSCM, a Catholic church in India, is said to be among the top colleges. It is affiliated with Madras University.

MGC was founded in 1994, while Rt. Rev. Dr. Joshua Mar Ignathios, Bishop, Diocese of Mavelikarawas the first director of the college. The college is affiliated with the [[University of Madras]] and approved by the government of [[Tamil Nadu]] since 1997. The college is ISO 9001:2015 certified Institution.

==Courses==

The college offers 14 degree programs and 3 postgraduate programs, functioning in two shifts, Shift-I & Shift-II. Shift-I offers graduation courses in Computer Application, Computer Science, Electronics and Communication Science, Mathematics, Visual Communication, Business Administration, Commerce (Accounting & Finance), Commerce (Corporate Secretaryship), Commerce (General), English and Tamil Literature, Tourism, and Post Graduate Courses in Computer Science, Social Work and Commerce (General). Shift-II offers Under Graduation Courses in Computer Application, Computer Science, Business Administration, Commerce (Computer Application), Commerce (Corporate Secretaryship), Commerce (General).

==History==

MGC's founding objective was to plan and implement a programme of education in Arts and Sciences, to promote research, disseminate knowledge and to foster the cooperation and exchange of ideas between the academic community and business organizations and to develop entrepreneurship skills among students.

The college is a Christian Minority institution under Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, which runs Medical, Dental, Engineering Colleges and Schools all over India since 1930. Ever since its inception in 1997, Mar Gregorios College has gone from strength to strength and is now one of the premier colleges of the University of Madras. It is named after the late Archbishop of Trivandrum, Benedict Mar Gregorios. It has an {{convert|18|acre|adj=on}} campus.

MGC is a model Christian minority educational institution established in the city of Chennai with an eight-acre campus named after Most Rev. Benedict Mar Gregorios, Late Arch Bishop of Thiruvanandapuram Arch Diocese managed by the Malankara Syrian Catholic Management (MSCM). This management has rendered a remarkable service in the field of Medicine, Engineering, School and Collegiate Education all over India since 1930.

The college aims at offering job-oriented university education with strong basic practical training in a Catholic atmosphere, especially those belonging to less privileged sections of the society. The college fosters personal and professional success through the development of critical thinking, effective communication, creativity, and cultural awareness in a safe, accessible and affordable learning environment and embraces equality and accountability through an effective value-based education in a holistic approach.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Arts and Science colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Madras]]

Hiranpur

2025-01-24T01:14:47Z

LeoSpragg093: done

{{About|the village in Jharkhand, India|its namesake community development block|Hiranpur block}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hiranpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.707111|N|87.704864|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pakur district|Pakur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1135
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Hiranpur block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 816104
| area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code
| area_code = 06435
| registration_plate = JH 16
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Litipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Litipara]]
| website = {{URL|pakur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hiranpur''' is a village in the [[Hiranpur block|Hiranpur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the Pakur subdivision of the [[Pakur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=460| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|51|0|N|87|33|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Sahibganj, Godda and Pakur districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|5|15|N|87|28|20|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Bara Boarijore | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bara Boarijore]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|40|41|N|87|10|19|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Poraiyahat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Poraiyahat]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|59|41|N|87|12|7|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Basantrai| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Basantrai, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|9|2|N|87|19|20|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Belbadda| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Belbadda]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|12|52|N|87|23|28|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Dhamri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dhamri]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|5|50|N|87|14|0|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Hanwara| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hanwara]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|3|45|N|87|22|0|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Lalmatia| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Lalmatia, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|25|11|40|N|87|22|17|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mehrma| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mehrma]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|46|N|87|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Motia| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Motia]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|4|30|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Parsa| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Parsa, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|56|44|N|87|16|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Pathargama| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Pathargama, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|55|10|N|87|20|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Rajabhita| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Rajabhita]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|45|18|N|87|21|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Sunderpahari| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Sunderpahari, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|44|48|N|87|49|34|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kotalpokhar| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kotalpokhar]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|8|37|N|87|29|55|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Mandro|labela15=Damin Bazar| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Mandro Damin Bazar]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|14|40|N|87|29|48|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Mirzachauki| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Mirzachauki]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|45|41|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pathna| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Pathna, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|52|46|N|87|52|45|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Radhanagar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Radhanagar, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|50|50|N|87|41|16|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Ranga| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Ranga, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|6|13|N|87|43|59|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Taljhari| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Taljhari, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|57|30|N|87|51|22|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Udhwa| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Udhwa]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|32|0|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Amrapara| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Amrapara]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|42|45|N|87|42|17|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Hiranpur| numbered23=R| mark-title23=Hiranpur (R)|shape-color23=black| label-size23=13|label-color23=black 
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|41|41|N|87|37|1|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Litipara| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Litipara]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|29|40|N|87|45|42|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Maheshpur| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Maheshpur, Pakur]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|20|15|N|87|38|50|E}} | label-pos26= right|label26= Pakuria| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pakuria]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|14|N|87|30|17|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Panchuara| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Panchuara]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|50|10|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28=Godda| numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Godda]] (M) |label-size28=12 |label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|3|0|N|87|50|24|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29=Rajmahal| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Rajmahal]] (M) |label-size29=12 |label-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|15|0|N|87|39|0|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Sahebganj| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Sahebganj]] (M) |label-size30=12 |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|37|30|N|87|51|0|E}} | label-pos31=bottom|label31=Pakur| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Pakur]] (M) |label-size31=12 |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|52|26|N|87|35|33|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32= Bhognadih| numbered32=H| mark-title32=[[Bhognadih]] (H) | shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|25|15|39|N|87|32|18|E}} | label-pos33=top|label33= Teliagarhi| numbered33=H| mark-title33=[[Teliagarhi]] (H) | shape-color33=#AA6666
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|25|N|87|43|34|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Moti Jharna| numbered34=H| mark-title34=[[Moti Jharna]] (H) | shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|14|50|N|87|42|55|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Sakrigali| numbered35=H| mark-title35=[[Sakrigali]] (H) | shape-color35=#AA6666
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|3|10|N|87|20|20|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Rajmahal coalfield |numbered36=0 | mark-title36=[[Rajmahal coalfield]] (A)| label-size36=12| shape-color36=#AA6666
|mark-coord37={{coord|25|1|10|N|87|18|50|E}}| label-pos37=bottom|label37=Mahagama| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Mahagama]] (CT) |shape-color3= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|48|21|N|87|19|27|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Sarauni| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Sarauni]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|51|10|N|87|46|37|E}}| label-pos39=top|label39=Barharwa| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Barharwa]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|54|30|N|87|37|20|E}}| label-pos40=right|label40=Berhait Bazar| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Berhait Bazar]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|54|50|N|87|35|40|E}}| label-pos41=top|label41=Berhait Santali| numbered41=CT| mark-title41= [[Berhait Santali]] (CT) |shape-color41= #A40000
|mark-coord42={{coord|25|2|5|N|87|35|55|E}}| label-pos42=top|label42=Borio| numbered42=CT| mark-title42= [[Borio, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color42= #A40000
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|57|20|N|87|49|20|E}}| label-pos43=left|label43=Patra| numbered43=CT| mark-title43= [[Patra, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color43= #A40000
|mark-coord44={{coord|25|0|0|N|87|44|26|E}}| label-pos44=left|label44=Tin Pahar| numbered44=CT| mark-title44= [[Tin Pahar]] (CT) |shape-color44= #A40000
|mark-coord45={{coord|24|55|45|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos45=left|label45=Kumarpur| numbered45=CT| mark-title45= [[Kumarpur]] (CT) |shape-color45= #A40000
|mark-coord46={{coord|24|38|40|N|87|53|15|E}}| label-pos46=left|label46=Raghunandanpur| numbered46=CT| mark-title46= [[Raghunandanpur]] (CT) |shape-color46= #A40000
|mark-coord47={{coord|24|40|13|N|87|51|5|E}}| label-pos47=left|label47=Sagarmpur| numbered47=CT| mark-title47= [[Sagarmpur]] (CT) |shape-color47= #A40000
|mark-coord48={{coord|25|15|30|N|87|43|0|E}} |label48= Ganges| label-color48 = #77A1CB| label-angle48=0| label-pos48=top| label-size48=10| mark-size48=0| mark-title48 =none
|mark-coord49={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|18|29|E}} | label-pos49=left|label49= Dewdanr| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Dewdanr]] (R)
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|20|0|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= RAJMAHAL HILLS| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-101| arc-gapA=2.7| arc-radiusA=1.15
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|18|0|N|87|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-40| arc-gapB=7.5| arc-radiusB=0.35
|arc-coordC={{coord|25|20|50|N|87|53|40|E}}|arc-textC= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=40| arc-gapC=5.0| arc-radiusC=0.4}}

===Location===
Hiranpur is located at {{coord|24.707111|N|87.704864|E|display=inline}}.

Hiranpur (Khas) has an area of {{convert|133|ha}}.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2008_PART_B_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 December 2020}}</ref>

===Overview===
The map shows a hilly area with the [[Rajmahal hills]] running from the bank of the [[Ganges]] in the extreme north to the south, beyond the area covered by the map into Dumka district. ‘Farakka’ is marked on the map and that is where [[Farakka Barrage]] is, just inside West Bengal. [[Rajmahal coalfield]] is shown in the map. The area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chapter I: General |publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | access-date = 5 December 2020}}</ref>

Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked and you can easily move on to another page of your choice. Enlarge the map to see what else is there – one gets railway links, many more road links and so on.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Hiranpur (Khas) had a total population of 1,135, of which 564 (50%) were males and 571 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 226. The total number of literate persons in Hiranpur was 582 (64.03% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011/>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Hiranpur police station serves [[Hiranpur block|Hiranpur]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/pakur| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315130610/http://www.jhpolice.gov.in/pakur| url-status = dead| archive-date = 15 March 2012| title = District Police Profile - Pakur| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 3 December 2020}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
Headquarters of [[Hiranpur block|Hiranpur]] CD block is at Hiranpur village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Pakur on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 December 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Rajkiyakrit High School Hiranpur is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1950. It has facilities for teaching from class IX to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/pakaur/20100902901/rajkiyakrit-+2-hs-hiranpur.html | title = Rajkiykrit +2 HS Hiranpur| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 3 December 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Pakur district]]

Maharani (2009 TV series)

2024-08-05T17:41:31Z

LeoSpragg093:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Queen
| image = Maharani Vijay TV Serial.jpg
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay = Baiju Deveraj
| creative_director =
| director = Baiju Deveraj
| starring = [[Sujitha]] [[Archana Suseelan]] [[Praveena]] [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 492
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Baiju Deveraj]]
| company = [[Sandra`s Communication]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = Maharani
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Vijay TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2009|10|19}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2011|11|4}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''''Maharani''''' is a 2009 soap opera that aired Monday through Friday on [[Vijay TV]] from 19 October 2009 to 4 November 2011 for 492 episodes. It is a remake of the [[Malayalam language]] serial ''[[Ente Manasaputhri]]'' that was aired on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-10-04/maharaini-vijay-tv-20-07-10.html| title= VIJAY TV'S MAHARANI SURGES IN POPULARITY| publisher=www.behindwoods.com| date=| accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.directchennai.com/tamil/entertainment/maharani-on-vijay-tv-twist-in-the-tale-1068.html| title= 'Maharani' on Vijay TV – Twist in the tale| publisher=www.directchennai.com| date=| accessdate=}}</ref>

This is a story of two best friends (played by [[Sujitha]] and Archana) who turn out to be enemies. The show starred [[Sujitha]], [[Archana Suseelan|Archana]], [[Praveena]] and [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] among others. It was directed by Baiju Devaraj.

==Plot==
''Maharani'' is a story of two young girls named Mahalakshmi ([[Sujitha]]) and Rani (Archana) who are brought up in an orphanage. Maha is calm, shy and a very simple person. Whereas Rani is smart and tries to outwit others with her villainous plots. The orphanage follows a certain system, where for all those who attain 18 years of age will be married to some suitable persons. Such an initiative is always taken by the orphanage owners for every person belonging to the orphanage. Rani always dreams of a very luxurious and luminous life in the outside world. Maha with her simplicity and clear focus in life tries to overcome all her problems independently! But will she tackle more issues created by Rani too?<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvshows.sulekha.com/maharani_on_star-vijay-tv_home.htm#moreinfo| title= Maharani Plot| publisher=tvshows.sulekha.com| date=| accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/maharani| title= Maharani serial Page| publisher=www.nettv4u.comm| date=| accessdate=}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sujitha]] as Mahalakshmi (Maha)
* [[Archana Suseelan]] as Rani
* [[Praveena]] as Sandhya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-tv-praveena-conquers-tamil-tv/20110105.htm| title= Praveena conquers Tamil TV| work=www.rediff.com| date=| accessdate=}}</ref>
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] as Yamuna
* [[Sreenath]] / Murali Mohan as Devraj
* Sathish as Prakash
* [[M. B. Padmakumar]] as Thopiyas
* [[Chitra Shenoy]] as Prakash's mother
* [[Arya Rohit]] as Suja
* Katam Reddy
* Srilekha
* Sreekala as Servant

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Ente Manasaputhri]]'' എന്റെ മാനസപുത്രി
| 16 July 2007
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 21 May 2010
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Maharani'' மகாராணி
| 19 October 2009
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 4 November 2011
| Remake
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt12307360}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Malayalam-language television series]]

Uparale

2024-07-08T12:48:52Z

LeoSpragg093: Created A Article

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Uparale
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.7990914|N|73.0316727|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 56
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1489
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551785
| footnotes =
}}
'''Uparale''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Uparale has 273 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 60.2%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1489 || 764 || 725
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 278 || 152 || 126
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1427 || 735 || 692
|-
| Literates || 729 || 422 || 307
|-
| Workers (all) || 859 || 423 || 436
|-
| Main workers (total) || 495 || 253 || 242
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 338 || 173 || 165
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 131 || 62 || 69
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 24 || 16 || 8
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 364 || 170 || 194
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 228 || 104 || 124
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 133 || 64 || 69
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Non-workers || 630 || 341 || 289
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Mohammed Suhail Chinya Salimpasha

2024-03-01T23:58:09Z

LeoSpragg093: Created the biography w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian Malnutrition Researcher and Entrepreneur}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Mohammed Suhail CS
| image = Mohammed Suhail CS With PMO.jpg
| caption = Suhail with Prime Minister Narendra Modi
| notable_works = Early Diagnosis Of Malnutrition
| parents =
| awards = Pradhan Mantri Bal Puraskar 2019, Intel ISEF 2nd Grand Award. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Minor Planet Award - MOHAMMEDSUHAIL-34491
| website = https://chinyasuhail.com
}}

'''Mohammed Suhail Chinya Salimpasha''' (born Jan 20, 2001) is an Indian [[malnutrition]] researcher and inventor from [[Mangalore|Mangalore, Karnataka]]. He is known for his award-winning research on early diagnosis of [[protein–energy malnutrition]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-nutrition-warriors-believe-it-or-not-using-saliva-to-pre-diagnose-protein-energy-malnutrition/302587|title=Nutrition Warriors - Outlook India Magazine|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1088421027976114176|title=My young friend Mohammed Suhail Chinya Salimpasha hails from Karnataka. He has been awarded the Bal Shakti Puraskar for his work in using technology to diagnose Pre-symptomatic Protein Energy Malnutrition non-invasively using paper. Congratulations to him!pic.twitter.com/blFUMliYKp|last=Modi|first=Narendra|date=2019-01-24|website=@narendramodi|language=en|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/supplements/josh/how-did-i-become-a-scientist|title=ನಾನು ಹೇಗೆ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಯಾದೆ?|website=Udayavani - ಉದಯವಾಣಿ|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://publictv.in/national-award-has-been-awarded-to-youth-scientist-c-s-mohammad-suhail/amp|title=ಸಕ್ಕರೆ ನಾಡಿನ ಯುವ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗೆ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ - Public TV News|last=TV|first=Public|date=2019-01-27|website=Public TV News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>

Suhail developed a [[saliva]]-based [[Colorimetry|colorimetric]] test for rapid quantification of [[nutrition]] status in children and establishing personalised nutrition plans.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/174251/brilliant-18-yo-mangaluru-teens-rs-2-innovation-can-help-detect-malnutrition-in-kids/|title=Brilliant! 18-YO Mangaluru Teen's Rs 2 Innovation Can Help Detect Malnutrition in Kids|date=2019-03-06|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/200730/india-malnutrition-solution-food-methods-test-initiatives-impact/|title=Superfoods to Rs 2 Detection Tests: 5 Ways Indians are battling Malnutrition|date=2019-10-21|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref>

He also developed a non-invasive saliva-based colorimetric using inexpensive tools such as paper for early diagnosis of [[malnutrition]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.edexlive.com/people/2019/feb/06/meet-md-suhail-who-has-invented-a-way-to-find-protein-deficiency-in-kids-using-paper-strips-5267.html|title=Meet Md Suhail, who has invented a way to find protein deficiency in kids using paper strips|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://epaper.udayavani.com/ArticlePage/APpage.php?edn=Josh&articleid=UVANI_SJSH_20200204_1_1|title=Udayavani Josh|date=Feb 4, 2020|work=Udayavani|access-date=Feb 5, 2020}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Suhail is the son of Salim Pasha and Parveen.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://epapervijayavani.in/ArticlePage/APpage.php?edn=Mast&articleid=VVAANINEW_MAS_20200129_1_2&artwidth=372px|title=Vijayavani:Mast:20200129:1:2|website=epapervijayavani.in|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vijayavani.net/story-about-child-scientist-suhel/|title=ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಜ್ಞಾನ ನಿಧಿ; ಯುವ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿ ಮೊಹಮ್ಮದ್ ಸುಹೇಲ್|date=2020-01-29|website=VIJAYAVANI - ವಿಜಯವಾಣಿ|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> He was homeschooled and for a brief time schooled at [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius Pre-University College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/srirangapatna-youth-participate-us-science-conference/|title=Srirangapatna youth to participate in US Science Conference|date=2017-12-04|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" />

== Recognition ==
* [[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puruskar|Pradhan Mantri Bal Puraskar]] for his work in protein-energy malnutrition (2019)<ref name=":0" />
* 2nd Grand Award at [[ISEF|Intel International Science & Engineering Fair]] (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Intel International Science and Engineering Fair 2018 Grand Award Winners {{!}} Society for Science & the Public|url=https://www.societyforscience.org/press-release/intel-international-science-and-engineering-fair-2018-grand-award-winners/|access-date=2020-02-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-21|title=Indian school students shine at Intel's science and engineering fair at Pittsburgh|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/indian-school-students-shine-at-intels-science-and-engineering-fair-at-pittsburgh-4477461.html|access-date=2020-02-08|website=Tech2}}</ref>
* Minor planet, MOHAMMEDSUHAIL-34491, was named for him by [[MIT Lincoln Laboratory]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=34491;old=0;orb=1;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#discovery|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ceres Connection {{!}} MIT Lincoln Laboratory|url=https://www.ll.mit.edu/outreach/ceres-connection|access-date=2020-02-05|website=www.ll.mit.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MIT Lincoln Laboratory Planet Name Certification|url=https://cdn.glitch.com/250a09a1-86e2-430c-acbd-1c87c0e7224f%2Fmit.pdf?v=1591511400104|website=Mohammed Suhail CS - Archives}}</ref> under the Ceres Connection Program.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Painless innovation to detect protein malnutrition {{!}} Mohammed Suhail Chinya Salimpasha {{!}} TEDxPanaji|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ztgjWac-Jg|language=en|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinya Salimpasha, Mohammed Suhail}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]

Mussoorie Municipal Council

2024-02-27T15:03:56Z

LeoSpragg093: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Mussoorie]]

{{R from merge}}

Barua, Murshidabad

2024-02-22T07:58:56Z

LeoSpragg093: done - done

{{distinguish|Barua}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barua
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.9414|N|88.2336|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.252
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8852
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03482
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742133
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-57, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-58
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Beldanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beldanga]]
| website = {{URL|murshidbad.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Barua''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Beldanga I]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Berhampore subdivision]] of the [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|57|0|N|88|13|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Berhampore and Kandi subdivisions, Murshidabad district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centres Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|4|29|N|88|14|36|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ajodhya Nagar | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Ajodhya Nagar]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|5|40|N|88|17|11|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Banjetia| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Banjetia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|56|19|N|88|14|1|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Barua| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=Barua, Murshidabad (CT) |shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|4|8|N|88|15|46|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Chaltia| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Chaltia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|7|37|N|88|16|48|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Cossimbazar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Cossimbazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|6|58|N|88|14|32|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Goaljan| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Goaljan]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|7|44|N|88|13|56|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Gopjan| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Gopjan]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|5|14|N|88|14|56|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Gora Bazar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Gora Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|3|45|N|88|14|19|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Haridasmati| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Haridasmati]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|4|55|N|88|16|38|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Sibdanga Badarpur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Sibdanga Badarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|49|N|88|6|9|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Salar| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Salar, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|6|46|N|88|15|55|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Berhampore| numbered12=M| mark-title12=[[Berhampore]] (M) | shape-color12= #800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|55|25|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Beldanga| numbered13=M| mark-title13=[[Beldanga]] (M) | shape-color13= #800000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|57|36|N|88|1|48|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Kandi| numbered14=M| mark-title14=[[Kandi, Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color14= #800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|1|49|N|88|11|27|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Karnasuvarna| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Karnasuvarna]] (H)| shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|55|55|N|88|26|51|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Amtala | numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Amtala, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|8|40|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Daulatabad | numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Daulatabad, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|3|10|N|88|25|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hariharpara | numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Hariharpara]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|54|41|N|88|27|25|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Naoda | numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Naoda]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|51|34|N|88|15|18|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Rejinagar | numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Rejinagar]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|55|24|N|88|13|45|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Sarulia | numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Sarulia]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|51|50|N|88|11|55|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Shaktipur | numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Shaktipur]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|55|17|N|88|25|55|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Surangapur | numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Surangapur]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|53|17|N|88|4|59|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Bharatpur | numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Bharatpur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|56|16|N|87|56|5|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Burwan | numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Burwan]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|3|14|N|88|7|3|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Gokarna | numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Gokarna, West Bengal]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|54|32|N|87|57|35|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Gram Salkia | numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Gram Salkia]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|2|3|N|87|59|7|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Khargram | numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Khargram]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|5|23|N|87|59|24|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Nagar | numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Nagar, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|53|23|N|87|59|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30= Panchthupi | numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Panchthupi]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|46|30|N|88|12|0|E}} | label31= Bhagirathi |labela31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31= -80| label-pos31=right| label-size31=10| mark-size31=0| mark-title31 =none
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|56|0|N|88|4|0|E}} | label32= Mayurakshi |labela32=River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32= -55| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|9|0|N|88|4|0|E}} | label33= Dwaraka |labela33= River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33= 60| label-pos33=right| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|59|0|N|88|28|0|E}} | label34= Jalangi |labela34= River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= -70| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|50|51|N|88|13|48|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35=Tomb of Mir Madan| numbered35=H| mark-title35= [[Tomb of Mir Madan]] (H)| shape-color35=#AA6666}}

===Location===
Barua is located at {{coord|23.9414|N|88.2336|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map alongside, covering [[Berhampore subdivision|Berhampore]] and [[Kandi subdivision|Kandi]] subdivisions, is spread across both the natural physiographic regions of the district, [[Rarh region|Rarh]] and Bagri.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref> The headquarters of Murshidabad district, [[Berhampore]], is in this area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref> The ruins of [[Karnasubarna]], the capital of [[Shashanka]], the first important king of ancient [[Bengal]] who ruled in the 7th century, is located {{convert|9.6|km}} south-west of Berhampore.<ref>Ray, Nihar Ranjan, ''Bangalir Itihas Adi Parba'', {{in lang|bn}}, 1980 edition, pp. 160-161, Paschim Banga Niraksharata Durikaran Samiti</ref><ref>Sengupta, Nitish, ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'', p.25, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref>Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Ancient Bengal'', first published 1971, reprint 2005, pp. 5-6, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-01-3}}.</ref> The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with over 80% of the population living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_6MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B| work= District Primary Census Abstract page 26|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Barua (P) had a total population of 8,852, of which 4,521 (51%) were males and 4,331 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,431. The total number of literate persons in Barua (P) was 5,589 (75.31% of the population 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_6MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 315,619, page 38-39|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Murshidabad'', 2011, Barua (P) covered an area of 4.252 km2The protected water-supply involved tap water from treated source etc. It had 400 domestic electric connections, 40 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities it had 1 hospital, 1 dispensary/ health centre, 1 family welfare centre, 1 maternity & child welfare centre, 1 veterinary hospital, 10 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 1 primary school, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school, general degree college at [[Beldanga]] 1 km away. It had 5 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). It produced wooden furniture, sweets. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 private commercial bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Murshidabad, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 981-987: Statement I: Growth History, Pages 990-993: Statement III: Civic & Other Amenities, Pages 993-995: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 995-1001 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities; Pages 1 001- 1002: Statement VI: Industry & Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 June 2021}}</ref>

== Healthcare ==
Beldanga I CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. The maximum concentration in Beldanga I CD block is 1,700 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Murshidabad District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Murshidabad district]]

Reserve Bank of India, South Zonal Office

2024-02-11T13:57:38Z

LeoSpragg093: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Reserve Bank of India#Branches and support bodies]] {{R from Merge}} {{R to Section}}