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New Currents

2023-09-13T16:51:20Z

LeiaChippindall: Initiated an original article.

{{Short description|Section of Busan International Film Festival}}
{{Infobox award
| name = New Currents
| subheader =
| awarded_for = Best first or second feature films by Asian directors
| presenter = [[Busan International Film Festival]]
| country = [[South Korea]]
| image =
| alt =
| image_upright =
| caption =
| year = 1996
| holder = ''A Wild Roomer'' by Lee Jeong-hong ''Shivamma'' by Jaishankar Aryar ([[27th Busan International Film Festival|2022]])
| website = {{URL|biff.kr}}
}}
'''New Currents''' is a competitive section of [[Busan International Film Festival]]'s official selection. The section was introduced at the festival's inaugural edition, in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/busan-film-festival-competition-lineup-1235212511/|title=Busan Film Festival Unveils Diverse Competition Lineup|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=September 12, 2023|first=Soomee|last=Park}}</ref>

It showcases the first or second feature films by up-and-coming Asian directors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20221007000001|title=Jurors for BIFF's New Currents Award hope to discover revolutionary work|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|accessdate=September 10, 2023|first=Seung-hyun|last=Song}}</ref> The two winning directors are awarded each a prize of US$30,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hapskorea.com/27th-busan-international-film-festival-announces-jury-members-for-new-currents-and-kim-jiseok-awards|title=27th Busan International Film Festival Announces Jury Members for New Currents and Kim Jiseok Awards|work=Haps Korea|accessdate=September 12, 2023}}</ref>

==Selection==
[[File:Jia Zhangke 20081105.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jia Zhangke]], 1998 winner]]
[[File:Marzieh Meshkini.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Marzieh Meshkini]], 2000 winner]]
[[File:Song Il-gon.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Song Il-gon]], 2001 winner]][[File:Lee Kang-sheng WFFBKK 20071103.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lee Kang-sheng]], 2003 co-winner]]
[[File:Pema Tseden (1).JPG|thumb|upright|[[Pema Tseden|Wanma Caidan]], 2005 Special Mention winner]]
[[File:OIFF 2015-07-14 152022 - Morteza Farshbaf.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Morteza Farshbaf]], 2011 co-winner]]
[[File:Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit - IFFR 2020.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit]], 2012 co-winner]]
[[File:Houman Seyyedi in 40th Fajr Film Festival, 7 Feb 2022.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Houman Seyyedi]], 2014 co-winner]]
[[File:Seyed Hadi Mohaghegh 20130201 09.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Seyed Hadi Mohaghegh]], 2015 co-winner]]
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+Key
|-
| style="background-color:#FAEB86"| {{Double-dagger|alt=Indicates New Currents winners}} 
| Indicates New Currents winners
|-
|style="background-color:#bbddff"|{{dagger|alt=Indicates Special Mention winner}} 
| Indicates Special Mention winner
|-
|}

===1990s===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em;"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year
! English title
! Original title
! Director(s)
! Production countrie(s)
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="13" align="center"|1996
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''[[Rain Clouds over Wushan]]''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|巫山云雨
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Zhang Ming
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|China
|-
| ''Accidental Legend''
| 飛天
| [[Wang Shaudi]]
| Taiwan
|-
| ''Ah-Chung''
| 忠仔
| [[Chang Tso-chi]]
| Taiwan
|-
| ''All Usual in the Village''
| ''Xiaocun wu gushi''
| Yu Xiangyuan
| China
|-
| ''Common Plight''
| ''Dard-e moshtarak''
| [[Yassamin Maleknasr]]
| Iran
|-
| ''[[Anantha Rathriya|Dark Night of the Soul]]''
| ''Anantha Rathriya''
| [[Prasanna Vithanage]]
| Sri Lanka
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[Mee Pok Man]]''
| [[Eric Khoo]]
| Singapore
|-
| ''[[Unishe April|Nineteenth April]]''
| উনিশে এপ্রিল
| [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
| India
|-
| ''Okaeri''
| おかえり
| [[Makoto Shinozaki]]
| Japan
|-
| ''Three Friends''
| 세친구
| [[Yim Soon-rye]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''Time Lasts''
| 시간은 오래 지속된다
| Kim Eung-soo
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[The White Balloon]]''
| بادکنک سفید
| [[Jafar Panahi]]
| Iran
|-
| ''Yuri''
| 유리
| [[Yang Yun-ho]]
| South Korea
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11" align="center"|1997
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Motel Cactus''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|모텔 선인장
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Park Ki-yong
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|South Korea
|-
| ''After the Crescent''
| 月未老
| Chang Wai Chung
| Hong Kong
|-
| colspan="2"|''Falling Up Waking Down''
| Arthur Chyu
| Taiwan
|-
| ''Fiction''
| ''Kahini''
| Malay Bhattacharya
| India
|-
| ''[[Fun Bar Karaoke]]''
| ฝัน บ้า คาราโอเกะ
| [[Pen-ek Ratanaruang]]
| Thailand
|-
| ''[[Green Fish]]''
| 초록물고기
| [[Lee Chang-dong]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''Just Another Day''
| いつものように
| Satoshi Kenmochi
| Japan
|-
| ''[[Made in Hong Kong (film)|Made in Hong Kong]]''
| 香港製造
| [[Fruit Chan]]
| Hong Kong
|-
| ''[[My Secret Cache]]''
| ひみつの花園
| [[Shinobu Yaguchi]]
| Japan
|-
| ''Paper Airplanes''
| ''Mooshak e Kaghazi''
| Farhad Mehranfar
| Iran
|-
| ''[[Wind Echoing in My Being]]''
| 내 안에 우는 바람
| [[Jeon Soo-il]]
| South Korea
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="12" align="center"|1998
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''[[Xiao Wu]]''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|小武
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|[[Jia Zhangke]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|China
|-
| ''[[After Life (film)|After Life]]''
| ワンダフルライフ
| [[Hirokazu Kore-eda]]
| Japan
|-
| ''Fly Low''
| 하우등
| Kim Si-un
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Girls' Night Out (1998 film)|Girls' Night Out]]
| 처녀들의 저녁식사
| [[Im Sang-soo]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Ikinai]]''
| 生きない
| Hiroshi Shimizu
| Japan
|-
| ''The Making of Steel''
| 长大成人
| [[Lu Xuechang]]
| China
|-
| ''Paradise Sea''
| 楽園
| Koji Hagiuda
| Japan
|-
| ''[[Too Many Ways to Be No. 1]]''
| 一個字頭的誕生
| [[Wai Ka-fai]]
| Hong Kong
|-
| ''The Tree of Life''
| ''Derakht-e-jan''
| Farhad Mehranfar
| Iran
|-
| ''The Weight of Cotton''
| ''Rui Ka Bojh''
| Subhash Agrawal
| India
|-
| ''[[Who Is Running?]]''
| ท้าฟ้าลิขิต
| [[Oxide Pang]]
| Thailand
|-
| ''Yellow Flower''
| 둘 하나 섹스
| Lee Ji-sung
| South Korea
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="12" align="center"|1999
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Timeless Melody''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|タイムレスメロディ
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Hiroshi Okuhara
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Japan
|-
| ''Autumn Blossoms''
| あつもの
| Shunsaku Ikehata
| Japan
|-
| ''The Bird Who Stops in the Air''
| 새는 폐곡선을 그린다
| [[Jeon Soo-il]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''Black Hole''
| 구멍
| Kim Kuk-hyeong
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[The Cup (1999 film)|The Cup]]''
| ཕོར་པ།
| [[Khyentse Norbu]]
| Bhutan, Australia
|-
| ''[[Love Will Tear Us Apart (1999 film)|Love Will Tear Us Apart]]''
| 天上人間
| [[Yu Lik-wai]]
| Hong Kong, China
|-
| ''[[Men and Women (1999 film)|Men and Women]]''
| 男男女女
| [[Liu Bingjian]]
| China
|-
| ''O-Negative''
| รัก-ออกแบบไม่ได้
| Pinyu Roothum
| Thailand
|-
| ''[[Padadaya|The Outcast]]''
| ''Padadaya''
| [[Linton Semage]]
| Sri Lanka
|-
| ''Postcard''
| 明信片
| [[Cheng Wen-tang]]
| Taiwan
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[Sri (1999 film)|Sri]]''
| [[Marselli Sumarno]]
| Indonesia
|-
| ''[[Marana Simhasanam|Throne of Death]]''
| ''Marana Simhasanam''
| [[Murali Nair]]
| India
|}

===2000s===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em;"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year
! English title
! Original title
! Director(s)
! Production countrie(s)
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="12" align="center"|2000
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''[[The Day I Became a Woman]]''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|روزی که زن شدم
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|[[Marzieh Meshkini]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Iran, Italy
|-
| ''[[Die Bad]]''
| 죽거나 혹은 나쁘거나
| [[Ryoo Seung-wan]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Djomeh]]''
| جمعه
| [[Hassan Yektapanah]]
| Iran
|-
| ''[[Father (2000 film)|Father]]''
| 冤家父子
| [[Wang Shuo]]
| China
|-
| ''Fluffy Rhapsody''
| 起毛球了
| Wu Mi-sen
| Taiwan
|-
| ''Hidden Whisper''
| 小百无禁忌
| Vivian Chang
| Taiwan
|-
| ''Interview''
| 인터뷰
| [[Byun Hyuk|Daniel H. Byun]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''Not Forgotten''
| 忘れられぬ人々
| [[Makoto Shinozaki]]
| Japan
|-
| ''The Paper''
| 纸
| Ding Jiancheng
| China
|-
| colspan="2"|''Pomildong Blues''
| Kim Hee-jin
| South Korea
|-
| ''Sunflower''
| ひまわり
| [[Isao Yukisada]]
| Japan
|-
| ''Twelve Nights''
| 十二夜
| Lam Oi-Wah
| Hong Kong
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11" align="center"|2001
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''[[Flower Island]]''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|꽃섬
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|[[Song Il-gon]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|South Korea
|-
| ''[[Blue Spring (film)|Blue Spring]]''
| 青い春
| [[Toshiaki Toyoda]]
| Japan
|-
| ''Conjugation''
| 动词变位
| [[Emily Tang]]
| Hong Kong
|-
| colspan="2"|''Dejavu''
| [[Biju Viswanath]]
| India
|-
| ''A Drowning Man''
| 溺れる人
| Naoki Ichio
| Japan
|-
| ''Going By''
| از کنار هم میگذریم
| Iraj Karimi
| Iran
|-
| colspan="2"|''Maya''
| Digvijay Singh
| India
|-
| ''[[Seafood (film)|Seafood]]''
| 海鲜
| [[Zhu Wen (writer)|Zhu Wen]]
| China
|-
| ''[[Take Care of My Cat]]''
| 고양이를 부탁해
| [[Jeong Jae-eun]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''The Unfinished Song''
| Qateh-ye natamam
| [[Maziar Miri]]
| Iran
|-
| ''[[Whispering Sands]]''
| ''Pasir Berbisik''
| [[Nan Achnas|Nan T. Achnas]]
| Indonesia
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11" align="center"|2002
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''[[Jealousy Is My Middle Name]]''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|질투는 나의 힘
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|[[Park Chan-ok]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|South Korea
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''[[Thilaadanam|The Rite... A Passion]]''{{double-dagger}}
| ''Thilaadanam''
| [[K. N. T. Sastry]]
| India
|-
| ''[[Ardor (film)|Ardor]]''
| 밀애
| [[Byun Young-joo]]
| South Korea
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[Border Line (film)|Border Line]]''
| [[Lee Sang-il (film director)|Lee Sang-il]]
| Japan
|-
| ''Brave 20''
| 鹹豆漿
| Wang Ming Tai
| Taiwan
|-
| colspan="2"|''Eliana, Eliana''
| [[Riri Riza]]
| Indonesia
|-
| ''[[The Missing Gun]]''
| 寻枪
| [[Lu Chuan]]
| China
|-
| ''Too Young to Die''
| 죽어도 좋아
| [[Park Jin-pyo]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''The Trigger''
| 扣板机
| Alex Yang
| Taiwan
|-
| ''Woman of Water''
| 水の女
| Hidenori Sugimori
| Japan
|-
| ''[[Women's Prison (2002 film)|Women's Prison]]''
| زندان زنان
| [[Manijeh Hekmat]]
| Iran
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="13" align="center"|2003
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''The Missing''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|不見
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|[[Lee Kang-sheng]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Taiwan
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''Tiny Snowflakes''{{double-dagger}}
| ''Danehaye rize barf''
| Alireza Amini
| Iran
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[15 (film)|15]]''
| [[Royston Tan]]
| Singapore
|-
| ''An Estranged Paradise''
| 陌生天堂
| [[Yang Fudong]]
| China
|-
| ''[[Dancing in the Dust (2003 film)|Dancing in the Dust]]''
| رقص در غبار
| [[Asghar Farhadi]]
| Iran
|-
| ''[[The Floating Landscape]]''
| 戀之風景
| Carol Lai
| Hong Kong
|-
| ''[[Matrubhoomi|Matrubhoomi: A Nation Without Women]]''
| मातृभूमि
| [[Manish Jha]]
| India
|-
| ''[[One Night Husband]]''
| คืนไร้เงา
| [[Pimpaka Towira]]
| Thailand
|-
| ''The Only Sons''
| 山清水秀
| Xiao'er Gan
| China
|-
| ''[[Osama (film)|Osama]]''
| اُسامه
| [[Siddiq Barmak]]
| Afghanistan, Iran
|-
| ''River''
| リバー
| [[Takayuki Suzui]]
| Japan
|-
| ''The Road Taken''
| 선택
| Hong Ki-seon
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Uniform (film)|Uniform]]''
| 制服
| [[Diao Yinan]]
| China
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="12" align="center"|2004
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''[[This Charming Girl]]''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|여자, 정혜
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|[[Lee Yoon-ki]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|South Korea
|-bgcolor="bbddff"
| colspan="2"|''Sanctuary''{{dagger}}
| Yuhang Ho
| Malaysia
|-
| colspan="2"|''The Cat of Hollywood''
| Chun-Yue Lam
| Hong Kong
|-
| ''Dogs & Cats''
| 犬猫
| [[Nami Iguchi]]
| Japan
|-
| ''Holiday Dreaming''
| 梦游夏威夷
| Fu-chun Hsu
| Taiwan
|-
| ''The Killing''
| ''Danav''
| [[Makarand Deshpande]]
| India
|-
| ''My Generation''
| 마이 제너레이션
| Noh Dong-seok
| South Korea
|-
| ''The Rainmaker''
| ''Impian Kemarau''
| Ravi Bharwani
| Indonesia
|-
| ''[[So Cute]]''
| 귀여워
| Kim Soo-hyun
| South Korea
|-
|colspan="2"| ''[[Soap Opera (2004 film)|Soap Opera]]''
| [[Wuershan]]
| China
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[Survive Style 5+]]''
| [[Gen Sekiguchi]]
| Japan
|-
| ''[[Waiting Alone]]''
| 独自等待
| [[Dayyan Eng]]
| China
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11" align="center"|2005
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''[[Grain in Ear]]''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|芒种
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|[[Zhang Lü]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|China, South Korea
|-bgcolor="bbddff"
| ''[[The Silent Holy Stones]]''{{dagger}}
| 静静的嘛呢石
| [[Pema Tseden|Wanma Caidan]]
| China
|-
| ''Big River''
| ビッグ・リバー
| [[Atsushi Funahashi]]
| Japan
|-
| ''One Summer with You''
| 与你同在的夏天
| Xie Dongshen
| Hong Kong
|-
| ''The Peter Pan Formula''
| 피터팬의 공식
| [[Cho Chang-ho (film director)|Cho Chang-ho]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Poet of the Wastes]]''
| شاعر زباله‌ها
| [[Mohammad Ahmadi]]
| Iran, Japan
|-
| ''[[Nisshabd|Reaching Silence]]''
| ''Nisshabd''
| [[Jahar Kanungo]]
| India, France
|-
| ''The Shoe Fairy''
| 人鱼朵朵
| Robin Lee
| Taiwan, Hong Kong
|-
| ''Ssunday Seoul''
| 썬데이 서울
| Park Sung-hun
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[The Unforgiven (2005 film)|The Unforgiven]]''
| 용서받지 못한 자
| [[Yoon Jong-bin]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''Writing on the Earth''
| ''Yadasht Bar Zamin''
| Ali Mohammad Ghasemi
| Iran
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11" align="center"|2006
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Betelnut''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|槟榔
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Yang Heng
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|China
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| colspan="2"|''[[Love Conquers All (2006 film)|Love Conquers All]]''{{double-dagger}}
| [[Tan Chui Mui]]
| Malaysia
|-
| ''Distance''
| ''Yuanli''
| Wei Tie
| China
|-
| ''Driving with My Wife's Lover''
| 아내의 애인을 만나다
| Kim Tai-sik
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Eternal Summer (2006 film)|Eternal Summer]]''
| 盛夏光年
| [[Leste Chen]]
| Taiwan
|-
| ''Just Like Before''
| ''Tulad ng Dati''
| Mike Sandejas
| Philippines
|-
| ''[[Luxury Car (film)|Luxury Car]]''
| 江城夏日
| [[Wang Chao (director)|Wang Chao]]
| China, France
|-
| ''[[The Railroad]]''
| 경의선
| [[Park Heung-sik (born 1962)|Park Heung-sik]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''The Summer of Stickleback''
| ハリヨの夏
| Mayu Nakamura
| Japan
|-
| ''[[The White Silk Dress]]''
| ''Áo Lụa Hà Đông''
| [[Lưu Huỳnh]]
| Vietnam
|-
| ''[[Wool 100%]]''
| ウール100%
| Mai Tominaga
| Japan
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11" align="center"|2007
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Life Track''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Gwedo''
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Jin Guanghao
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|China, South Korea
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''[[Flower in the Pocket]]''{{double-dagger}}
| 口袋裏的花
| [[Liew Seng Tat]]
| Malaysia
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''[[Wonderful Town (film)|Wonderful Town]]''{{double dagger}}
| เมืองเหงาซ่อนรัก
| [[Aditya Assarat]]
| Thailand
|-
| ''Asyl: Park and Love Hotel''
| パークアンドラブホテル
| Izuru Kumasaka
| Japan
|-
| colspan="2"|''A Bao A Qu''
| Naoki Sato
| Japan
|-
| colspan="2"|''Endless Night''
| Jianlin Pan
| China
|-
| ''[[God Man Dog]]''
| 流浪神狗人
| [[Singing Chen]]
| Taiwan
|-
| ''[[Milky Way Liberation Front]]''
| 은하해방전선
| Yoon Seong-ho
| South Korea
|-
| ''My Song Is...''
| 나의 노래는
| Ahn Seul-gi
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[The Red Awn]]''
| 红色康拜因
| [[Cai Shangjun]]
| China
|-
| ''Tribe''
| ''Tribu''
| Jim Meer Libiran
| Philippines
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="14" align="center"|[[13th Busan International Film Festival|2008]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Land of Scarecrows''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Gwedo''
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|[[Roh Gyeong-tae]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|South Korea, France
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''Naked of Defenses''{{double-dagger}}
| 無防備
| Masahide Ichii
| Japan
|-bgcolor="bbddff"
| ''[[Er Dong]]''{{dagger}}
| 二冬
| Yang Jin
| China
|-bgcolor="bbddff"
| ''Members of the Funeral''{{dagger}}
| 장례식의 멤버
| Baek Seung-bin
| South Korea
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[100 (2008 film)|100]]''
| [[Chris Martinez (director)|Chris Martinez]]
| Philippines
|-
| ''[[Blind Pig Who Wants to Fly]]''
| ''Babi Buta yang Ingin Terbang''
| [[Edwin (director)|Edwin]]
| Indonesia
|-
| ''Empty Chair''
| صندلی خالی
| Saman Estereki
| Iran
|-
| ''Jalainur''
| ''Zha lai nuo er''
| Zhao Ye
| China
|-
| ''A Light in the Fog''
| ''Cheraghi dar meh''
| Panahbarkhoda Rezaee
| Iran
|-
| ''A Moment in June''
| ณ ขณะรัก
| O. Nathapon
| Thailand
|-
| colspan="2"|''Ocean of an Old Man''
| Rajesh Shera
| India
|-
| ''The Pot''
| 독
| Kim Tae-gon
| South Korea
|-
| ''Routine Holiday''
| 黄金周
| Li Hongqi
| China
|-
| ''Turmoil''
| ''Аурелен''
| Sabit Kurmanbekov, Kanymbek Kassymbekov
| Kazakhstan
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="12" align="center"|[[14th Busan International Film Festival|2009]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Kick Off''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|شوێنێک بۆ یاری
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Shawkat Amin Korki
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Iraq
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''I'm in Trouble!''{{double-dagger}}
| 나는 곤경에 처했다!
| So Sang-min
| South Korea
|-bgcolor="bbddff"
| ''Squalor''{{dagger}}
| ''Astig''
| G.B. Sampedro
| Philippines
|-
| ''Dead Slowly''
| 慢性中毒
| Rita Hui
| Hong Kong
|-
| ''[[Lan (film)|Lan]]''
| 我们天上见
| [[Jiang Wenli]]
| China
|-
| ''Lost Paradise in Tokyo''
| ロストパラダイス・イン・トーキョー
| [[Kazuya Shiraishi]]
| Japan
|-
| ''A Man Who Ate His Cherries''
| ''Mardi ke gilass hayash ra khord''
| Payment Haghani
| Iran
|-
| ''[[Mundane History]]''
| เจ้านกกระจอก
| [[Anocha Suwichakornpong]]
| Thailand
|-
| ''My Daughter''
| 理发店的女儿
| Charlotte Lim
| Malaysia
|-
| ''[[Paju (film)|Paju]]''
| 파주
| [[Park Chan-ok]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[True Noon (film)|True Noon]]''
| ''Qiyami roz''
| Nosir Saidov
| Tajikistan
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[Vihir]]''
| [[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]]
| India
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em;"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year
! English title
! Original title
! Director(s)
! Production countrie(s)
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="13" align="center"|[[15th Busan International Film Festival|2010]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''[[The Journals of Musan]]''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|무산일기
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|[[Park Jung-bum]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|South Korea
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''[[Bleak Night]]''{{double-dagger}}
| 파수꾼
| [[Yoon Sung-hyun]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Ashamed (2010 film)|Ashamed]]''
| 창피해
| Kim Soo-hyeon
| South Korea
|-
| ''Eternity''
| ที่รัก
| Sivaroj Kongsakul
| Thailand
|-
| ''[[The Floating Lives]]''
| ''Cánh đồng bất tận''
| Quang Binh Nguyen Phan
| Vietnam, Singapore
|-
| ''Lover's Discourse''
| 恋人絮语
| [[Derek Tsang]], Jimmy Wan
| Hong Kong, China
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[Memories in March]]''
| [[Sanjoy Nag]]
| India
|-
| ''My Spectacular Theatre''
| 盲人电影院
| [[Lu Yang]]
| China
|-
| ''[[The Old Donkey]]''
| 老驢頭
| [[Li Ruijun]]
| China
|-
| ''The Quarter of Scarecrows''
| ''Garaqi daholakan''
| Hassan-Ali Mahmoud
| Iraq
|-
| colspan="2"|''Sampaguita, National Flower''
| Francis Xavier Eusebio Pasion
| Philippines
|-
| ''[[Strawberry Cliff]]''
| 贖命
| Chris Chow
| Hong Kong, China, United States, France
|-
| ''Ways of the Sea''
| ''Halaw''
| Sheron Dayoc
| Philippines
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="13" align="center"|[[16th Busan International Film Festival|2011]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Mourning''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Soog''
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|[[Morteza Farshbaf]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Iran
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| colspan="2"|''Niño''{{double-dagger}}
| Loy Arcenas
| Philippines
|-
| ''August Drizzle''
| නිකිණි වැස්ස
| Aruna Jayawardana
| Sri Lanka
|-
| ''Choked''
| 가시
| Kim Joong-hyun
| South Korea
|-
| ''Damn Life''
| ダムライフ
| Hitoshi Kitagawa
| Japan
|-
| ''Here...or There?''
| ''Do Hay Day''
| Siu Pham
| Vietnam, Switzerland
|-
| ''[[I Carried You Home]]''
| ปาดังเบซาร์
| Tongpong Chantarangku
| Thailand
|-
| ''Lost in Mountain''
| 空山軼
| Gao Zipeng
| China
|-
| ''[[The Mirror Never Lies]]''
| ''Laut Bercermin''
| [[Kamila Andini]]
| Indonesia
|-
| ''The Passion of a Man Called Choe Che-u''
| 동학, 수운 최제우
| Stanley Park
| South Korea
|-
| colspan="2"|''Return to Burma''
| Midi Z
| Myanmar, Taiwan
|-
| ''[[Starry Starry Night (film)|Starry Starry Night]]''
| 星空
| [[Tom Lin Shu-yu]]
| Taiwan, China, Hong Kong
|-
| ''[[Dekh Indian Circus|Watch Indian Circus]]''
| ''Dekh Indian Circus''
| [[Mangesh Hadawale]]
| India
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="10" align="center"|[[17th Busan International Film Festival|2012]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86" colspan="2"|''36''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|[[Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Thailand
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| colspan="2"|''Kayan''{{double-dagger}}
| Maryam Najafi
| Lebanon, Canada
|-bgcolor="bbddff"
| colspan="2"|''[[Filmistaan]]''{{dagger}}
| [[Nitin Kakkar]]
| India
|-
| ''About 111 Girls''
| درباره ی ۱۱۱ دختر
| Nahid Ghobadi, Bijan Zmanpira
| Iraq
|-
| ''[[Aparisyon|Apparition]]''
| ''Aparisyon''
| [[Isabel Sandoval]]{{efn|Credited as Vincent Sandoval.}}
| Philippines
|-
| ''Fatal''
| 가시꽃
| [[Lee Don-ku (director)|Lee Don-ku]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''Together''
| 甜.秘密
| Hsu Chao-jen
| Taiwan
|-
| ''The Town of Whales''
| くじらのまち
| Keiko Tsuruoka
| Japan
|-
| ''[[Touch of the Light]]''
| 逆光飛翔
| Chang Jung-chi
| Taiwan, Hong Kong, China
|-
| ''Your Time Is Up''
| 누구나 제 명에 죽고 싶다
| Kim Seung-hyun
| South Korea
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="12" align="center"|[[18th Busan International Film Festival|2013]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Pascha''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|파스카
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Ahn Seon-kyoung
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|South Korea
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''Remote Control''{{double-dagger}}
| ''Алсын Удирдлага''
| Byamba Sakhya
| Mongolia, Germany
|-bgcolor="bbddff"
| colspan="2"|''[[Transit (2013 film)|Transit]]''{{dagger}}
| [[Hannah Espia]]
| Philippines
|-
| ''[[10 Minutes (2013 film)|10 Minutes]]''
| 10분
| Lee Yong-seung
| South Korea
|-
| ''Again''
| ゆるせない、逢いたい
| Junichi Kanai
| Japan
|-
| ''Concrete Clouds''
| ภวังค์รัก
| [[Lee Chatametikool]]
| Thailand
|-
| ''The Isthmus''
| ที่ว่างระหว่างสมุทร
| Sopawan Boonnimitra, Peerachai Kerdsint
| Thailand
|-
| colspan="2"|''Sarikend''
| Mehdi Parizad
| Iran
|-
| ''[[Steel Cold Winter]]''
| 소녀
| [[Choi Jin-sung]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''The Story of an Old Woman''
| ''История одной старушки''
| Alexey Gorlov
| Kazakhstan
|-
| colspan="2"|''Toilet Blues''
| Dirmawan Hatta
| Indonesia
|-
| ''Water''
| ''Jal''
| Girish Malik
| India
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="12" align="center"|[[19th Busan International Film Festival|2014]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''[[End of Winter]]''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|철원기행
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Kim Dae-hwan
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|South Korea
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''13''{{double-dagger}}
| ۱۳
| [[Houman Seyyedi]]
| Iran
|-
| ''[[(Sex) Appeal]]''
| 寒蟬效應
| Wang Wei-ming
| Taiwan
|-
| ''Don't Say That Word''
| ガンバレとかうるせえ
| Takuma Sato
| Japan
|-
| colspan="2"|''The Face of the Ash''
| Shakhwan Idrees
| Iraq
|-
| ''[[Ghadi (film)|Ghadi]]''
| غدي
| [[Amin Dora]]
| Lebanon, Qatar
|-
| ''[[Jalal's Story]]''
| জালালের গল্প
| Abu Shahed Emon
| Bangladesh
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[Mariquina (film)|Mariquina]]''
| Milo Sogueco
| Philippines
|-
| ''[[Nezha (2014 film)|Nezha]]''
| 少女哪吒
| Li Xiaofeng
| China
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[Sunrise (2014 film)|Sunrise]]''
| [[Partho Sen-Gupta]]
| India, France
|-
| ''We Will Be OK''
| 그들이 죽었다
| Baek Jae-ho
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[What's the Time in Your World?]]''
| در دنیای تو ساعت چند است؟
| Safi Yazdanian
| Iran
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="8" align="center"|[[20th Busan International Film Festival|2015]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''[[Immortal (2015 film)|Immortal]]''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|ممیرو
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|[[Seyed Hadi Mohaghegh]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Iran
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''[[Walnut Tree (2015 film)|Walnut Tree]]''{{double-dagger}}
| ''Zhangak tal''
| Yerlan Nurmukhambetov
| Kazakhstan
|-
| ''[[Black Horse Memories]]''
| خاطرات اسب سیاه
| [[Shahram Alidi]]
| Iran, Turkey
|-
| ''Communication & Lies''
| 소통과 거짓말
| Lee Seung-won
| South Korea
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[Go Home (film)|Go Home]]''
| Jihane Chouaib
| Lebanon, France, Switzerland, Belgium
|-
| ''[[Night and Fog in Zona]]''
| 천당의 밤과 안개
| [[Jung Sung-il (director)|Jung Sung-il]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Radiopetti|Radio Set]]''
| ''Radiopetti''
| [[Hari Viswanath]]
| India
|-
| ''West North West''
| 西北西
| Takuro Nakamura
| Japan
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11" align="center"|[[21st Busan International Film Festival|2016]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''The Donor''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|捐赠者
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Zang Xichuan
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|China
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''Knife in the Clear Water''{{double-dagger}}
| 清水里的刀子
| Xuebo Wang
| China
|-bgcolor="bbddff"
| ''[[Parting (film)|Parting]]''{{dagger}}
| رفتن
| Navid Mahmoudi
| Iran, Afghanistan
|-
| colspan="2"|''A Billion Colour Story''
| Padmakumar Narasimhamurthy
| India
|-
| ''[[Burning Birds]]''
| දැවෙන විහඟුන්
| [[Sanjeewa Pushpakumara]]
| Sri Lanka, France, Netherlands, Qatar
|-
| ''Her Mother''
| ''HER MOTHER'' 娘を殺した死刑囚との対話
| Yoshinori Sato
| Japan
|-
| ''[[In Between Seasons]]''
| 환절기
| [[Lee Dong-eun]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Loktak Lairembee (film)|Lady of the Lake]]''
| ''Loktak Lairembee''
| [[Haobam Paban Kumar]]
| India
|-
| ''[[Merry Christmas Mr. Mo]]''
| 메리 크리스마스 미스터 모
| [[Lim Dae-hyung]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Someone to Talk to]]''
| 一句顶一万句
| [[Liu Yulin]]
| China, Hong Kong
|-
| ''[[White Ant]]''
| 白蟻─慾望謎網
| Chu Hsien-che
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="10" align="center"|[[22nd Busan International Film Festival|2017]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''[[After My Death]]''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|죄 많은 소녀
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Kim Ui-seok
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|South Korea
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''[[Blockage]]''{{double-dagger}}
| سد معبر
| Mohsen Gharaei
| Iran
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[Ajji]]''
| [[Devashish Makhija]]
| India
|-
| colspan="2"|''Ashwatthama''
| Pushpendra Singh
| India, South Korea
|-
| ''[[End of Summer (2017 film)|End of Summer]]''
| 西小河的夏天
| [[Zhou Quan]]
| China
|-
| ''How to Breathe Underwater''
| 물속에서 숨 쉬는 법
| Ko Hyun-seok
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Last Child (film)|Last Child]]''
| 살아남은 아이
| Shin Dong-seok
| South Korea
|-
| ''The Last Verse''
| 最後的詩句
| Ying-Ting Tseng
| Taiwan
|-
| ''One Night on the Wharf''
| 在码头
| Han Dong
| China
|-
| ''Somewhere Beyond the Mist''
| 藍天白雲
| Cheung King-wai
| Hong Kong, China
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="10" align="center"|[[23rd Busan International Film Festival|2018]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Clean Up''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|호흡
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Kwon Man-ki
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|South Korea
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''Savage''{{double-dagger}}
| 雪暴
| Cui Si Wei
| China
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[Aurora (2018 Kyrgyz film)|Aurora]]''
| Bekzat Pirmatov
| Kyrgyzstan
|-
| ''Gold Carrier''
| حمال طلا
| Touraj Aslani
| Iran
|-
| ''His Lost Name''
| 夜明け
| Nanako Hirose
| Japan
|-
| ''[[House of Hummingbird]]''
| 벌새
| [[Kim Bora]]
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[House of My Fathers]]''
| නොමියෙන මතකය
| Suba Sivakumaran
| Sri Lanka
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[The Red Phallus]]''
| Tashi Gyeltshen
| Bhutan
|-
| ''Second Life''
| 선희와 슬기
| Park Young-ju
| South Korea
|-
| ''Vanishing Days''
| 漫游
| Zhu Xin
| China
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="14" align="center"|[[24th Busan International Film Festival|2019]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86" colspan="2"|''[[Ròm]]''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Tran Thanh Huy
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Vietnam
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''Haifa Street''{{double-dagger}}
| شارع حيفا
| Mohanad Hayal
| Iraq
|-
| ''Among the Hills''
| در میان تپه‌ها
| Mohammadreza Keivanfar
| Iran
|-
| ''Boluomi''
| 菠蘿蜜
| Kek Huat Lau, Vera Chen
| Taiwan
|-
| ''Diapason''
| شب اول ''18'' سالگی
| Hamed Tehrani
| Iran
|-
| ''The Education''
| 에듀케이션
| Kim Duk-joong
| South Korea
|-
| colspan="2"|''[[John Denver Trending]]''
| Arden Rod Condez
| Philippines
|-
| ''Just Like That''
| ''Aise Hee''
| Kislay Kislay
| India
|-
| ''Lucky Monster''
| 럭키 몬스터
| Bong Joon-young
| South Korea
|-
| ''My Identity''
| 神様のいるところ
| Sae Suzuki
| Japan
|-
| ''An Old Lady''
| ''69''세
| Lim Sun-ae
| South Korea
|-
| ''Over the Sea''
| 少年与海
| Aoqian Sun
| China
|-
| ''A Road to Spring''
| 通往春天的列车
| Li Ji
| China
|-
| ''[[Running to the Sky]]''
| Жөө Күлүк
| Mirlan Abdykalykov
| Kyrgyzstan
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em;"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year
! English title
! Original title
! Director(s)
! Production countrie(s)
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="10" align="center"|[[25th Busan International Film Festival|2020]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''A Balance''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|由宇子の天秤
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Yujiro Harumoto
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Japan
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''[[Three (2020 film)|Three]]''{{double-dagger}}
| ''Tpu''
| Ruslan Pak
| Kazakhstan, South Korea, Uzbekistan
|-
| colspan="2"|''Bilesuvar''
| Elvin Adigozel
| Azerbaijan, France
|-
| ''[[Butterfly on a Windowpane]]''
| ऐना झ्यालको पुतली
| Sujit Bidari
| Nepal
|-
| colspan="2"|''Chnchik''
| Aram Shahbazyan
| Armenia, Germany, Netherlands
|-
| ''Harami''
| हरामी
| Shyam Madiraju
| India, United States
|-
| ''A Leave''
| 휴가
| Lee Ran-hee
| South Korea
|-
| ''[[Money Has Four Legs]]''
| ခြေလေးချောင်
| Maung Sun
| Myanmar
|-
| ''[[Snowball (2020 film)|Snowball]]''
| 최선의 삶
| Lee Woo-jung
| South Korea
|-
| ''Summer Blur''
| 汉南夏日
| Han Shuai
| China
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11" align="center"|[[26th Busan International Film Festival|2021]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''Farewell, My Hometown''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|再见，乐园
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Wang Er Zhuo
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|China
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| ''The Apartment with Two Women''{{double-dagger}}
| 같은 속옷을 입는 두 여자
| Kim Se-in
| South Korea
|-
| ''The Absent Director''
| در نبود کارگردان
| Arvand Dashtaray
| Iran
|-
| ''Asteroid''
| سیارک
| Mehdi Hosseinivand Aalipour
| Iran
|-
| ''House of Time''
| কালকোকখো
| Rajdeep Paul, Sarmistha Maiti
| India
|-
| ''Memoryland''
| ''Miền ký ức''
| Kim Quy Bui
| Vietnam, Germany
|-
| ''Missing''
| さがす
| Shinzo Katayama
| Japan
|-
|colspan="2"| ''Pedro''
| Natesh Hedge
| India
|-
| ''[[Photocopier (film)|Photocopier]]''
| ''Penyalin Cahaya''
| [[Wregas Bhanuteja]]
| Indonesia
|-
| ''Red Pomegranate''
| қызыл анар
| Sharipa Urazbayeva
| Kazakhstan
|-
| ''[[Seire (film)|Seire]]''
| 세이레
| Kang Park
| South Korea
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="10" align="center"|[[27th Busan International Film Festival|2022]]
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|''A Wild Roomer''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|괴인
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|Lee Jeong-hong
| bgcolor="FAEB86"|South Korea
|-bgcolor="FAEB86"
| colspan="2"|''Shivamma''{{double-dagger}}
| Jaishankar Aryar
| India
|-
| ''[[Ajoomma]]''
| 아줌마
| He Shuming
| Singapore, South Korea
|-
| ''Blue Again''
| บลู อะเกน
| Thapanee Loosuwan
| Thailand
|-
| ''Long Live Hell''
| 지옥만세
| Im Oh-jeong
| South Korea
|-
| ''Memento Mori: Earth''
| ''Memento Mori: Đất''
| Marcus Mạnh Cường Vũ
| Vietnam
|-
| ''No End''
| ''Bi payan''
| Nader Saeivar
| Iran
|-
|colspan="2"| ''A Place of Silence''
| Sam Quah
| Malaysia
|-
| ''A Thousand and One Nights''
| 千夜、一夜
| Nao Kubota
| Japan
|-
| ''The Winter Within''
| ''Maagh''
| [[Aamir Bashir]]
| India
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="10" align="center"|[[28th Busan International Film Festival|2023]]
| ''After a Fever''
|
| Akira Yamamoto
| Japan
|-
| ''Borrowed Time''
|
| Choi Ji
| China
|-
| ''Heritage''
| 부모 바보
| Lee Jong-soo
| South Korea
|-
| ''Now, Oasis''
|
| Chia Chee Sum
| Malaysia
|-
| ''September 1923''
| 福田村事件
| [[Tatsuya Mori]]
| Japan
|-
| ''Solid by the Sea''
|
| Buntharik
| Thailand
|-
| colspan=2|''Spark''
| Rajesh Zala
| India
|-
| ''Stranger''
| ''Agantuk''
| Biplop Sarkar
| Bangladesh
|-
| ''That Summer Lie''
| 그 여름날의 거짓말
| Son Hyeon-rok
| South Korea
|-
| colspan=2|''The Wrestler''
| Iqbal Chowdhury
| Bangladesh
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|biff.kr}}

{{Busan International Film Festival}}

[[Category:Busan International Film Festival]]
[[Category:Lists of films by award]]
[[Category:Directorial debut film awards]]
[[Category:Awards for best film]]

Harleen Deol

2023-06-27T15:19:32Z

LeiaChippindall: update archive link

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Harleen Deol
| image =Harleen Deol.jpg
| female = true
| caption =Deol in August 2022
| country = India
| international = true
| fullname = Harleen Kaur Deol
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|06|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[leg spin|leg break]]
| role = [[Batting (cricket)|Batter]]

| odidebutdate = 22 February
| odidebutyear = 2019
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 126
| lastodidate = 24 September
| lastodiyear = 2022
| lastodiagainst = England
| odishirt = 98

| T20Idebutdate = 4 March
| T20Idebutyear = 2019
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 62
| lastT20Idate = 12 February
| lastT20Iyear = 2023
| lastT20Iagainst = Pakistan
| T20Ishirt = 98

| club1 = [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| year1 = 2013/14–present
| club2 = [[IPL Trailblazers|Trailblazers]]
| year2 = 2019–2020
| club3 = [[IPL Supernovas|Supernovas]]
| year3 = 2022
| club4 = [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| year4 = 2023–present

| columns=2
| column1= [[Women's One Day International|WODI]]
| column2 = [[Women's Twenty20 cricket|WT20I]]
| matches1 = 6
| matches2 = 14
| runs1 = 101
| runs2 = 142
| bat avg1= 25.25
| bat avg2 = 15.77
| 100s/50s1= 0/1
| 100s/50s2= 0/1
| top score1 = 58
| top score2 = 52
| deliveries1= 72
| deliveries2 = 108
| wickets1= 2
| wickets2 = 6
| bowl avg1 = 28.00
| bowl avg2= 23.33
| fivefor1= 0
| fivefor2= 0
| tenfor1= 0
| tenfor2= 0
| best bowling1 = 1/7
| best bowling2= 2/13
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/–

| date = 12 February 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/960845.html ESPNCricinfo
| module = {{Infobox medal templates | titlestyle = background-color: lightsteelblue; | expand=yes
| medals = {{MedalCountry| {{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Cricket at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Cricket at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}
}}
}}
'''Harleen Kaur Deol''' (born 21 June 1998) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/960845.html |title=Harleen Deol |accessdate=22 February 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> She plays for [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2016/in-the-zone/12717/in-the-zone-north|title=In the zone – North - News - BCCI.tv|website=www.bcci.tv|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510092958/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2016/in-the-zone/12717/in-the-zone-north|url-status=dead}}</ref> as an attacking right-hand batter who also occasionally bowls [[Right-arm Leg Spin|right arm leg spin]].

Harleen made her [[Women's One Day International]] (WODI) debut for India [[English women's cricket team in India in 2018–19|against England]] on 22 February 2019, at [[Wankhede Stadium|Wankhede]] in [[Mumbai]],<ref name="WT20I">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8674/game/1172160/india-women-vs-england-women-1st-odi-icc-womens-championship-2017-18-2021 |title=1st ODI, England Women tour of India at Mumbai, Feb 22 2019 |accessdate=22 February 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> becoming the second woman cricketer from [[Chandigarh]] to play for India after [[Taniya Bhatia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/chandigarh-cricketer-taniya-bhatia-keen-to-make-her-mark-after-india-selection/story-CHJvl7X7LM5JsK3qsARHiL.html|title=Chandigarh cricketer Taniya Bhatia keen to make her mark after India selection|date=10 January 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=22 February 2019|language=en}}</ref> She completed her schooling from Yadavindra Public School, Mohali<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/opportunity-a-reward-for-all-that-hard-work-away-from-home-5593880/|title=‘Opportunity a reward for all that hard work away from home’|date=21 February 2011|work=Indian Express|access-date=21 February 2019|language=en}}</ref>
and subsequently made her [[Women's Twenty20 International]] (WT20I) debut against [[England women's cricket team|England]] on 4 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1172163.html |title=1st T20I, England Women tour of India at Guwahati, Mar 4 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=4 March 2019}}</ref> Harleen made her [[Women's T20 Challenge]] debut for [[IPL Trailblazers|Trailblazers]] on 6 May 2019 against [[IPL Supernovas|Supernovas]], sharing in a 100-run partnership with [[Smriti Mandhana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/188234|title=Match Report: M1 - TRAILBLAZERS vs SUPERNOVAS|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref>

In January 2020, she was named in India's squad for the [[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28468147/kaur-mandhana-verma-part-full-strength-india-squad-t20-world-cup |title=Kaur, Mandhana, Verma part of full strength India squad for T20 World Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=12 January 2020}}</ref>

Deol went viral in July 2021 after performing an acrobatic catch while avoiding the boundary rope during the Twenty20 series against England. Fielding at long-off, Deol leapt to catch a lofted [[Amy Jones (cricketer)|Amy Jones]] drive two-handed high above her head but, realising her momentum was taking her across the boundary rope to potentially concede six runs, she lobbed the ball into the air to give herself enough time to dive back onto the field of play to recapture the falling ball in mid-air. She earned praise from [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] for the catch.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/prime-minister-narendra-modi-reacts-to-harleen-deols-phenomenal-catch-2484069 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi Reacts To Harleen Deol’s "Phenomenal" Catch |work=NDTV Sports | first=Santosh | last=Rao | date=11 July 2021 |accessdate=12 December 2021}}</ref> In July 2022, she was named in India's team for the [[Cricket at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|cricket tournament]] at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Birmingham]], England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555899/team-india-senior-women-squad-for-birmingham-2022-commonwealth-games-announced?type=Latest |title=Team India (Senior Women) squad for Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

In the inaugural season of the Indian [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] in 2023, Harleen Deol was acquired by [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]] (GG).<ref>{{Cite news |title=WPL Auction 2023 Highlights: Smriti Mandhana costliest player at ₹3.4 crore; Harmanpreet, Deepti, Jemimah hit jackpots |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/wpl-2023-auction-live-updates-womens-premier-league-2023-auction-harmanpreet-kaur-smriti-mandhana-ellyse-perry-meg-lanning-alyssa-healy-101676264361793.html |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> At the four-week tournament's conclusion, she was one of thirteen batters to have amassed over 200 runs. Her 202 aggregate, which she achieved at a [[Strike rate]] of 125.46, brought her within two runs of top scoring for her team.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo}}
* {{CricketArchive|archive=20230321151123}}
* {{2022 Commonwealth Games profile|32728}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Gujarat Giants WPL squad}}
{{India Squad 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup}}
{{India Cricket Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India Squad 2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deol, Harleen}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh women cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone women cricketers]]
[[Category:IPL Trailblazers cricketers]]
[[Category:IPL Supernovas cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarat Giants (WPL) cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in cricket]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]

Harleen Deol

2023-06-27T15:19:32Z

LeiaChippindall: update archive link

Cardiothoracic surgery

2023-03-13T06:06:55Z

LeiaChippindall: Published an informative piece.

{{short description|Medical specialty involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thorax}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox Occupation
| name= Cardiothoracic Surgeon
| image= [[File:Ijn surgeon.JPG|200px]]
| caption= Cardiothoracic surgeon performs an operation.
| official_names=
* Doctor
* Surgeon
| type= [[Specialty (medicine)|Specialty]]
| activity_sector= [[Medicine]], [[Surgery]]
| competencies=
| formation=
* [[Doctor of Medicine]] (M.D.)
* [[Doctor of Osteopathic medicine]] (D.O.)
* [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (M.B.B.S.)
* [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBChB)
| employment_field= [[Hospital]]s, [[Clinic]]s
| related_occupation=
}}
'''Cardiothoracic surgery''' is the [[medical speciality|field]] of [[medicine]] involved in [[surgery|surgical treatment]] of organs inside the [[thoracic cavity]] — generally treatment of conditions of the [[heart]] ([[heart disease]]), [[lung]]s ([[pulmonology|lung disease]]), and other [[pleural]] or [[mediastinal]] structures.

In most countries, cardiothoracic surgery is further [[subspecialty|subspecialize]]d into '''cardiac surgery''' (involving the heart and the [[great vessels]]) and '''thoracic surgery''' (involving the lungs, [[esophagus]], [[thymus]], etc.); the exceptions are the [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], the [[United Kingdom]], and some [[European Union]] countries such as [[Portugal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ordemdosmedicos.pt/?lop=conteudo&op=02522a2b2726fb0a03bb19f2d8d9524d |title=Portuguese ''Ordem dos Médicos'' – Medical specialties |language=pt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123121148/https://www.ordemdosmedicos.pt/?lop=conteudo&op=02522a2b2726fb0a03bb19f2d8d9524d |archive-date=23 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Cardiothoracic surgery departments work especially closely with certain other specialties: [[cardiology]] departments and [[pulmonology]]/respirology departments (thoracic medicine, chest medicine).

==Training==
A cardiac surgery [[residency (medicine)|residency]] typically comprises anywhere from four to six years (or longer) of training to become a fully qualified surgeon.<ref>{{cite web | title = Thoracic Surgery Specialty Description | publisher = American Medical Association | url = https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/thoracic-surgery-specialty-description | access-date = 28 Sep 2020}}</ref> Cardiac surgery training may be combined with thoracic surgery and/or [[vascular surgery]] and called cardiovascular (CV) / cardiothoracic (CT) / cardiovascular thoracic (CVT) surgery. Cardiac surgeons may enter a cardiac surgery residency directly from [[medical school]], or first complete a [[general surgery]] residency followed by a [[Fellowship (medicine)|fellowship]]. Cardiac surgeons may further sub-specialize cardiac surgery by doing a fellowship in a variety of topics including [[pediatric]] cardiac surgery, [[Heart transplantation|cardiac transplantation]], adult-acquired heart disease, weak heart issues, and many more problems in the heart.

===Australia and New Zealand===
The highly competitive Surgical Education and Training (SET) program in Cardiothoracic Surgery is six years in duration, usually commencing several years after completing medical school. Training is administered and supervised via a bi-national (Australia and New Zealand) training program. Multiple examinations take place throughout the course of training, culminating in a final fellowship exam in the final year of training. Upon completion of training, surgeons are awarded a Fellowship of the [[Royal Australasian College of Surgeons]] (FRACS), denoting that they are qualified specialists. Trainees having completed a training program in General Surgery and have obtained their FRACS will have the option to complete fellowship training in Cardiothoracic Surgery of four years in duration, subject to college approval. It takes around eight to ten years minimum of post-graduate (post-medical school) training to qualify as a cardiothoracic surgeon. Competition for training places and for public (teaching) hospital places is very high currently, leading to concerns regarding [[workforce planning]] in Australia.{{citation needed}}

===Canada===
Historically, cardiac surgeons in [[Canada]] completed general surgery followed by a fellowship in CV / CT / CVT. During the 1990s, the Canadian cardiac surgery training programs changed to six-year "direct-entry" programs following medical school. The direct-entry format provides residents with experience related to cardiac surgery they would not receive in a general surgery program (e.g. [[echocardiography]], [[coronary care unit]], cardiac catheterization etc.). Residents in this program will also spend time training in thoracic and [[vascular surgery]]. Typically, this is followed by a fellowship in either Adult Cardiac Surgery, Heart Failure/Transplant, Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery, Aortic Surgery, Thoracic Surgery, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery or Cardiac ICU. Contemporary Canadian candidates completing general surgery and wishing to pursue cardiac surgery often complete a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship in the United States. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada also provides a three-year cardiac surgery fellowship for qualified general surgeons that is offered at several training sites including the [[University of Alberta]], the [[University of British Columbia]] and the [[University of Toronto]].

Thoracic surgery is its own separate 2–3 year fellowship of general or cardiac surgery in Canada.

Cardiac surgery programs in Canada:
* [[University of Alberta]] – 1 position
* [[University of British Columbia]] – 1 position
* [[University of Calgary]] – 1 position
* [[Dalhousie University]] – 1 position every other year
* [[Université Laval]] – 1 position every three years
* [[University of Manitoba]] – 1 position
* [[McGill University]] – 1 position every three years
* [[McMaster University]] – 1 position every other year
* [[Université de Montréal]] – 1 position every three years
* [[University of Ottawa]] – 1 position
* [[University of Toronto]] – 1 position
* [[University of Western Ontario|Western University]] – 1 position

===United Kingdom===
In the United Kingdom, cardiac surgeons are trained by direct specialty training or through core surgical training. Through the core surgical training route, trainees can apply on their third year for specific training in cardiothoracic surgery. Thereafter, they may choose to subspecialise in areas such as aortic surgery, adult cardiac surgery, thoracic surgery, paediatric cardiothoracic surgery, and adult congenital surgery.{{Citation needed}}

===United States===
[[File:Surgeon operating, Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, circa 1990.JPEG|thumb|200px| Surgeon operating.]]
Cardiac surgery training in the [[United States]] is combined with general [[thoracic surgery]] and called cardiothoracic surgery or thoracic surgery. A cardiothoracic surgeon in the U.S. is a physician who first completes a [[general surgery]] residency (typically 5–7 years), followed by a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship (typically 2–3 years). The cardiothoracic surgery fellowship typically spans two or three years, but certification is based on the number of surgeries performed as the operating surgeon, not the time spent in the program, in addition to passing rigorous board certification tests. Two other pathways to shorten the duration of training have been developed: (1) a combined general-thoracic surgery residency consisting of four years of general surgery training and three years of cardiothoracic training at the same institution and (2) an integrated six-year cardiothoracic residency (in place of the general surgery residency plus cardiothoracic residency), which have each been established at many programs (over 20).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tsda.org/the-tsda/ct-residency-programs/integrated-residency-progams/|title=Integrated Thoracic Surgery Residency Programs – TSDA|website=www.tsda.org|access-date=8 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201030/http://www.tsda.org/the-tsda/ct-residency-programs/integrated-residency-progams/|archive-date=31 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Applicants match into the integrated six-year (I-6) programs directly out of medical school, and the application process has been extremely competitive for these positions as there were approximately 160 applicants for 10 spots in the U.S. in 2010. As of May 2013, there are 20 approved programs, which include the following:

Integrated six-year Cardiothoracic Surgery programs in the United States:
* [[Medical College of Wisconsin]]
* [[Stanford University]] – two positions
* [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]
* [[University of Virginia]]
* [[Columbia University]] – two positions
* [[University of Pennsylvania]]
* [[University of Pittsburgh]] – two positions
* [[University of Washington]]
* [[Northwestern University]]
* [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York]]
* [[University of Maryland]]
* [[University of California, Los Angeles]] [[UCLA]] – two resident positions, one Transplant Fellowship; one Congenital resident position
* [[University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio]]
* [[Medical University of South Carolina]]
* [[University of Southern California]] – two positions
* [[University of Rochester]]
* [[University of California, Davis]]
* [[Indiana University]]
* [[University of Kentucky]]
* [[Emory University]]
* [[University of Michigan]]
* [[Yale University]]
The [[American Board of Thoracic Surgery]] offers a special pathway certificate in congenital cardiac surgery which typically requires an additional year of fellowship. This formal certificate is unique because congenital cardiac surgeons in other countries do not have formal evaluation and recognition of pediatric training by a licensing body.

==Cardiac surgery==
{{main|Cardiac surgery}}
{{Infobox medical intervention |
Name = Cardiac surgery |
Image = Coronary artery bypass surgery Image 657B-PH.jpg |
Caption = Two cardiac surgeons performing a cardiac surgery known as [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Note the use of a steel retractor to forcefully maintain the exposure of the patient's heart. |
ICD10 = |
ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|35}}–{{ICD9proc|37}} |
MeshID = D006348 |
OPS301 = {{OPS301|5-35...5-37}} |
OtherCodes = |
HCPCSlevel2 =
}}
The earliest operations on the [[pericardium]] (the sac that surrounds the heart) took place in the 19th century and were performed by [[Francisco Romero (surgeon)|Francisco Romero]] (1801)<ref>{{cite journal | author = Aris A | year = 1997 | title = Francisco Romero, the first heart surgeon | journal = Ann Thorac Surg | volume = 64 | issue = 3| pages = 870–1 | pmid = 9307502 | doi = 10.1016/s0003-4975(97)00760-1 }}</ref> [[Dominique Jean Larrey]], [[Henry Dalton]], and [[Daniel Hale Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/aframsurgeons/pioneers.html |title=Pioneers in Academic Surgery – Opening Doors: Contemporary African American Academic Surgeons |access-date=2016-02-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329044044/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/aframsurgeons/pioneers.html |archive-date=29 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }} Pioneers in Academic Surgery, U.S. National Library of Medicine</ref> The first surgery on the heart itself was performed by [[Norway|Norwegian]] surgeon [[Axel Cappelen]] on 4 September 1895 at [[Rikshospitalet]] in Kristiania, now [[Oslo]]. He [[ligature (medicine)|ligated]] a bleeding [[coronary circulation|coronary artery]] in a 24-year-old man who had been stabbed in the left [[axilla]] and was in deep [[shock (circulatory)|shock]] upon arrival. Access was through a left [[thoracotomy]]. The patient awoke and seemed fine for 24 hours, but became ill with increasing temperature and he ultimately died from what the [[post mortem]] proved to be [[mediastinitis]] on the third postoperative day.<ref>Landmarks in Cardiac Surgery by Stephen Westaby, Cecil Bosher, {{ISBN|1-899066-54-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Tidsskrift for den Norske Legeforening|volume=139|issue=14|journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening |df=dmy-all|doi=10.4045/tidsskr.19.0505|pmid=31592616|year=2019|last1=Raouf|first1=N.|doi-access=free}}</ref> The first successful surgery of the heart, performed without any complications, was by [[Ludwig Rehn]] of [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]], who repaired a stab wound to the right [[ventricle (heart)|ventricle]] on September 7, 1896.<ref>Absolon KB, Naficy MA (2002). ''First successful cardiac operation in a human, 1896: a documentation: the life, the times, and the work of Ludwig Rehn (1849–1930)''. Rockville, MD : Kabel, 2002</ref><ref>Johnson SL (1970). ''History of Cardiac Surgery, 1896–1955''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. p. 5.</ref>

Surgery in [[great vessels]] ([[aortic coarctation]] repair, [[Blalock-Taussig shunt]] creation, closure of [[patent ductus arteriosus]]) became common after the turn of the century and falls in the domain of cardiac surgery, but technically cannot be considered heart surgery. One of the more commonly known cardiac surgery procedures is the [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)]], also known as "bypass surgery." In this procedure, vessels from elsewhere in the patient's body are harvested, and grafted to the coronary arteries to bypass blockages and improve the blood supply to the heart muscle.

===Early approaches to heart malformations===
In 1925 operations on the [[heart valve]]s were unknown. [[Henry Souttar]] operated successfully on a young woman with [[mitral stenosis]]. He made an opening in the appendage of the left atrium and inserted a finger into this chamber in order to palpate and explore the damaged mitral valve. The patient survived for several years<ref>[[Dictionary of National Biography]] – Henry Souttar (2004–08)</ref> but Souttar's physician colleagues at that time decided the procedure was not justified and he could not continue.<ref name=Ellis/><ref name=cohn>Lawrence H Cohn (2007), Cardiac Surgery in the Adult, page 6+</ref>

Cardiac surgery changed significantly after [[World War II]]. In 1948 four surgeons carried out successful operations for [[mitral stenosis]] resulting from [[rheumatic fever]]. [[Horace Smithy]] (1914–1948) of [[Charlotte]], revived an operation due to Dr [[Dwight Harken]] of the [[Brigham and Women's Hospital|Peter Bent Brigham Hospital]] using a punch to remove a portion of the [[mitral valve]]. [[Charles P. Bailey (surgeon)|Charles Bailey]] (1910–1993) at the [[Drexel University College of Medicine#Center City Hahnemann Campus|Hahnemann Hospital]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Dwight Harken]] in [[Boston]] and [[Russell Brock]] at [[Guy's Hospital]] all adopted Souttar's method. All these men started work independently of each other, within a few months. This time Souttar's technique was widely adopted although there were modifications.<ref name=Ellis/><ref name=cohn/>

In 1947 [[Thomas Holmes Sellors]] (1902–1987) of the [[Middlesex Hospital]] operated on a [[Fallot tetralogy|Fallot's Tetralogy]] patient with [[pulmonary stenosis]] and successfully divided the stenosed [[pulmonary valve]]. In 1948, [[Russell Brock]], probably unaware of Sellor's work, used a specially designed dilator in three cases of [[pulmonary stenosis]]. Later in 1948 he designed a punch to resect the [[Conus arteriosus|infundibular muscle]] [[stenosis]] which is often associated with [[Fallot tetralogy|Fallot's Tetralogy]]. Many thousands of these "blind" operations were performed until the introduction of heart bypass made direct surgery on valves possible.<ref name=Ellis>Harold Ellis (2000) A History of Surgery, page 223+</ref>

===Open heart surgery===
Open heart surgery is a procedure in which the patient's heart is opened and surgery is performed on the internal structures of the heart. It was discovered by [[Wilfred G. Bigelow]] of the [[University of Toronto]] that the repair of intracardiac pathologies was better done with a bloodless and motionless environment, which means that the heart should be stopped and drained of blood. The first successful intracardiac correction of a [[congenital heart defect]] using [[hypothermia]] was performed by [[C. Walton Lillehei]] and [[F. John Lewis]] at the [[University of Minnesota]] on September 2, 1952. The following year, [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] surgeon [[Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Vishnevskiy]] conducted the first cardiac surgery under [[local anesthesia]].

Surgeons realized the limitations of hypothermia – complex intracardiac repairs take more time and the patient needs blood flow to the body, particularly to the [[brain]]. The patient needs the function of the heart and [[lung]]s provided by an artificial method, hence the term [[cardiopulmonary bypass]]. [[John Heysham Gibbon]] at Jefferson Medical School in Philadelphia reported in 1953 the first successful use of extracorporeal circulation by means of an [[oxygenator]], but he abandoned the method, disappointed by subsequent failures. In 1954 Lillehei realized a successful series of operations with the controlled cross-circulation technique in which the patient's mother or father was used as a '[[heart-lung machine]]'. [[John W. Kirklin]] at the [[Mayo Clinic]] in Rochester, Minnesota started using a Gibbon type pump-oxygenator in a series of successful operations, and was soon followed by surgeons in various parts of the world.

[[Nazih Zuhdi]] performed the first total intentional hemodilution open heart surgery on Terry Gene Nix, age 7, on February 25, 1960, at Mercy Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK. The operation was a success; however, Nix died three years later in 1963.<ref>Warren, Cliff, Dr. Nazih Zuhdi – His Scientific Work Made All Paths Lead to Oklahoma City, in Distinctly Oklahoma, November, 2007, p. 30–33</ref> In March, 1961, Zuhdi, Carey, and Greer, performed open heart surgery on a child, age {{frac|3|1|2}}, using the total intentional hemodilution machine. In 1985 Zuhdi performed Oklahoma's first successful heart transplant on Nancy Rogers at Baptist Hospital. The transplant was successful, but Rogers, who had [[cancer]], died from an infection 54 days after surgery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ndepth.newsok.com/zuhdi |title=NDepth: Dr.Nazih Zuhdi, the Legendary Heart Surgeon | Newsok.com |access-date=2012-04-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425152120/http://ndepth.newsok.com/zuhdi |archive-date=25 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }} Dr. Nazih Zuhdi, the Legendary Heart Surgeon, The Oklahoman, Jan 2010</ref>

===Modern beating-heart surgery===
Since the 1990s, surgeons have begun to perform "[[OPCAB|off-pump bypass surgery]]" – coronary artery bypass surgery without the aforementioned [[cardiopulmonary bypass]]. In these operations, the heart is beating during surgery, but is stabilized to provide an almost still work area in which to connect the conduit vessel that bypasses the blockage; in the U.S., most conduit vessels are harvested endoscopically, using a technique known as [[endoscopic vessel harvesting]] (EVH).

Some researchers believe that the off-pump approach results in fewer post-operative complications, such as [[postperfusion syndrome]], and better overall results. Study results are controversial as of 2007, the surgeon's preference and hospital results still play a major role.

===Minimally invasive surgery===
A new form of heart surgery that has grown in popularity is [[robot-assisted heart surgery]]. This is where a machine is used to perform surgery while being controlled by the heart surgeon. The main advantage to this is the size of the incision made in the patient. Instead of an incision being at least big enough for the surgeon to put his hands inside, it does not have to be bigger than 3 small holes for the robot's much smaller "hands" to get through.

===Pediatric cardiovascular surgery===
Pediatric cardiovascular surgery is surgery of the heart of children. The first operations to repair cardio-vascular<ref>Wikipedia: Coarctation of the Aorta. Coarctation is not cardiac (i.e., heart) but is a narrowing of the aorta, a great vessel near the heart</ref> defects in children were performed by Clarence Crafoord in Sweden when he repaired coarctation of the aorta in a 12-year-old boy.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Crafoord C, Nyhlin G | year = 1945 | title = Congenital coarctation of the aorta and its surgical management | journal = J Thorac Surg | volume = 14 | pages = 347–361 | doi = 10.1016/S0096-5588(20)31801-8 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The first attempts to palliate congenital heart disease were performed by Alfred Blalock with the assistance of William Longmire, Denton Cooley, and Blalock's experienced technician, Vivien Thomas in 1944 at Johns Hopkins Hospital.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Blalock A, Taussig HB | year = 1948 | title = The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart in which there is pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia | journal = JAMA | volume = 128 | pages = 189–202 | doi = 10.1001/jama.1945.02860200029009 }}</ref> Techniques for repair of congenital heart defects without the use of a bypass machine were developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Among them was an open repair of an atrial septal defect using hypothermia, inflow occlusion and direct vision in a 5-year-old child performed in 1952 by Lewis and Tauffe. C. Walter Lillihei used cross-circulation between a boy and his father to maintain perfusion while performing a direct repair of a ventricular septal defect in a 4-year-old child in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lillehei CW, Cohen M, Warden HE | display-authors = etal | year = 1955 | title = The results of direct vision closure of ventricular septal defects in eight patients by means of controlled cross circulation | journal = Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics | volume = October | issue = 4 | pages = 447–66 | pmid = 13256320 }}</ref> He continued to use cross-circulation and performed the first corrections of tetralogy of Fallot and presented those results in 1955 at the American Surgical Association. In the long-run, pediatric cardiovascular surgery would rely on the cardiopulmonary bypass machine developed by Gibbon and Lillehei as noted above.

===Risks of cardiac surgery===
The development of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques has reduced the mortality rates of these surgeries to relatively low ranks. For instance, repairs of congenital heart defects are currently estimated to have 4–6% mortality rates.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Stark J, Gallivan S, Lovegrove J, Hamilton JR, Monro JL, Pollock JC, Watterson KG | year = 2000 | title = Mortality rates after surgery for congenital heart defects in children and surgeons' performance | journal = Lancet | volume = 355 | issue = 9208| pages = 1004–7 | pmid = 10768449 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)90001-1 | s2cid = 26116465 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1747-0803.2006.00013.x| pmid=18377550| title=Sex-related Disparity in Surgical Mortality among Pediatric Patients| journal=Congenital Heart Disease| volume=1| issue=3| pages=77–88| year=2006| last1=Klitzner| first1=Thomas S.| last2=Lee| first2=Maggie| last3=Rodriguez| first3=Sandra| last4=Chang| first4=Ruey-Kang R.}}</ref> A major concern with cardiac surgery is the incidence of [[neurological]] damage. [[Stroke]] occurs in 5% of all people undergoing cardiac surgery, and is higher in patients at risk for stroke.<ref name="Bucerius">{{cite journal | display-authors = 4| author = Jan Bucerius| author2 = Jan F. Gummert| author3 = Michael A. Borger| author4 = Thomas Walther| author5 = Nicolas Doll| author6 = Jorg F. Onnasch| author7 = Sebastian Metz| author8 = Volkmar Falk| author9 = Friedrich W. Mohr | title = Stroke after cardiac surgery: a risk factor analysis of 16,184 consecutive adult patients | journal = The Annals of Thoracic Surgery | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 472–478 | date = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04370-9| pmid = 12607656| doi-access = free}}</ref> A more subtle constellation of [[neurocognitive deficit]]s attributed to [[cardiopulmonary bypass]] is known as [[postperfusion syndrome]], sometimes called "pumphead". The symptoms of postperfusion syndrome were initially felt to be permanent,<ref name="Newman">{{cite journal | display-authors = 4| author = Newman M| author2 = Kirchner J| author3 = Phillips-Bute B| author4 = Gaver V| author5 = Grocott H| author6 = Jones R| author7 = Mark D| author8 = Reves J| author9 = Blumenthal J | title = Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 344 | issue = 6 | pages = 395–402 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11172175 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM200102083440601}}</ref> but were shown to be transient with no permanent neurological impairment.<ref name="VanDijk">{{cite journal | display-authors = 4| author = Van Dijk D| author2 = Jansen E| author3 = Hijman R| author4 = Nierich A| author5 = Diephuis J| author6 = Moons K| author7 = Lahpor J| author8 = Borst C| author9 = Keizer A| author10 = Nathoe H| author11 = Grobbee D| author12 = De Jaegere P| author13 = Kalkman C | title = Cognitive outcome after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized trial | journal = JAMA | volume = 287 | issue = 11 | pages = 1405–12 | date = 2002 | pmid = 11903027 | doi = 10.1001/jama.287.11.1405| doi-access = free}}</ref>

In order to assess the performance of surgical units and individual surgeons, a popular risk model has been created called the [[EuroSCORE]]. This takes a number of health factors from a patient and using precalculated logistic regression coefficients attempts to give a percentage chance of survival to discharge. Within the UK this EuroSCORE was used to give a breakdown of all the centres for cardiothoracic surgery and to give some indication of whether the units and their individuals surgeons performed within an acceptable range. The results are available on the CQC website.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://heartsurgery.cqc.org.uk/ |title=Heart Surgery in United Kingdom |access-date=2011-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105050318/http://heartsurgery.cqc.org.uk/ |archive-date=5 November 2011 |df=dmy }} CQC website for heart surgery outcomes in the UK for 3 years ending March 2009</ref> The precise methodology used has however not been published to date nor has the raw data on which the results are based.

Infection represents the primary non-cardiac complication from cardiothoracic surgery. Infections can include mediastinitis, infectious myo- or pericarditis, endocarditis, cardiac device infection, pneumonia, empyema, and bloodstream infections. ''Clostridium difficile'' colitis can also develop when prophylactic or post-operative antibiotics are used.

Post operative patients of cardiothoracic surgery are at risk of nausea, vomiting, dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia.<ref>Ford C., McCormick D., Parkosewich J., et al. Safety and effectiveness of early oral hydration in patients after cardiothoracic surgery. ''Am. J. Crit. Care.'' 2020;29(4):292–300. doi:10.4037/ajcc2020841</ref>

=={{anchor|Lung surgery}} Thoracic surgery==
A pleurectomy is a surgical procedure in which part of the [[pleura]] is removed. It is sometimes used in the treatment of [[pneumothorax]] and [[mesothelioma]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aziz|first1=Fahad|title=Pleurectomy|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1894301-overview|website=Medscape|access-date=4 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006100959/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1894301-overview|archive-date=6 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Lung volume reduction surgery===
Lung volume reduction surgery, or LVRS, can improve the quality of life for certain patients with [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]] of [[emphysema]]tous type, when other treatment options are not enough. Parts of the [[lung]] that are particularly damaged by emphysema are removed, allowing the remaining, relatively good lung to expand and work more efficiently. The beneficial effects are correlated with the achieved reduction in residual volume.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shah|first1=Pallav L.|last2=Weder|first2=Walter|last3=Kemp|first3=Samuel V.|last4=Herth|first4=Felix J.|last5=Slebos|first5=Dirk-Jan|last6=Geffen|first6=Wouter H. van|title=Surgical and endoscopic interventions that reduce lung volume for emphysema: a systemic review and meta-analysis|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(18)30431-4/abstract|journal=The Lancet Respiratory Medicine|volume=7|language=en|issue=4|pages=313–324|doi=10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30431-4|pmid=30744937|s2cid=73428098 |issn=2213-2600}}</ref> Conventional LVRS involves [[Segmental resection|resection]] of the most severely affected areas of emphysematous, non-[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease#Pathophysiology|bullous]] lung (aim is for 20–30%). This is a surgical option involving a [[thoracotomy|mini-thoracotomy]] for patients in end stage COPD due to underlying emphysema, and can improve lung [[elastic recoil]] as well as [[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragmatic function]].

The National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) was a large multicentre study (N = 1218) comparing LVRS with non-surgical treatment. Results suggested that there was no overall survival advantage in the LVRS group, except for mainly upper-lobe emphysema + poor exercise capacity, and significant improvements were seen in exercise capacity in the LVRS group.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fishman|first1=A|last2=Martinez|first2=F|last3=Naunheim|first3=K|last4=Piantadosi|first4=S|last5=Wise|first5=R|last6=Ries|first6=A|last7=Weinmann|first7=G|last8=Wood|first8=DE|last9=National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research|first9=Group|title=A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema.|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=348|issue=21|pages=2059–73|pmid=12759479|doi=10.1056/nejmoa030287}}</ref> Later studies have shown a wider scope of treatment with better outcomes.<ref name="JTD">{{cite journal |last1=Caviezel |first1=C |last2=Schneiter |first2=D |last3=Opitz |first3=I |last4=Weder |first4=W |title=Lung volume reduction surgery beyond the NETT selection criteria. |journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease |volume=10 |issue=Suppl 23 |pages=S2748–S2753 |doi=10.21037/jtd.2018.08.93 |pmid=30210828|pmc=6129809 }}</ref>

Possible complications of LVRS include prolonged air leak (mean duration post surgery until all [[chest tube]]s removed is 10.9 ± 8.0 days.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hopkins|first1=P. M.|last2=Seale|first2=H.|last3=Walsh|first3=J.|last4=Tam|first4=R.|last5=Kermeen|first5=F.|last6=Bell|first6=S.|last7=McNeil|first7=K.|title=51: Long term results post conventional lung volume reduction surgery exceeds outcome of lung transplantation for emphysema|journal=The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation|volume=25|issue=2, Supplement|pages=S61|doi=10.1016/j.healun.2005.11.053}}</ref>

In people who have a predominantly upper lobe emphysema, lung volume reduction surgery could result in better health status and lung function, though it also increases the risk of early mortality and adverse events.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=van Agteren|first1=JE|last2=Carson|first2=KV|last3=Tiong|first3=LU|last4=Smith|first4=BJ|title=Lung volume reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2016|issue=10 |pages=CD001001|pmid=27739074|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001001.pub3|pmc=6461146}}</ref>

LVRS is used widely in Europe, though its application in the United States is mostly experimental.<ref name="Kronemyer DrugTopics">{{cite journal|last1=Kronemyer|first1=Bob|title=Four COPD Treatments to Watch|journal=DrugTopics|volume=162|issue=2|page=18}}</ref>

A less invasive treatment is available as a [[bronchoscopic lung volume reduction]] procedure.<ref name=Hou>{{cite journal |author1=Gang Hou |title=Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:History and progress.|journal= Journal of Translational Internal Medicice |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=147–150 |pmid=27847904 |doi=10.1515/jtim-2015-0023|pmc=4936455}}</ref>

=== Lung cancer surgery ===

Not all lung cancers are suitable for surgery. The [[cancer staging|stage]], location and cell type are important limiting factors. In addition, people who are very ill with a poor [[performance status]] or who have inadequate pulmonary reserve would be unlikely to survive. Even with careful selection, the overall operative death rate is about 4.4%.<ref name="Strand">{{cite journal|last=Strand|first=TE|author2=Rostad H |author3=Damhuis RA |author4=Norstein J |title=Risk factors for 30-day mortality after resection of lung cancer and prediction of their magnitude|journal=Thorax|pmid=17573442|volume=62|issue=11|pages=991–7|doi=10.1136/thx.2007.079145|pmc=2117132}}</ref>

In [[Non-small-cell lung carcinoma#Staging|non-small cell lung cancer staging]], stages IA, IB, IIA, and IIB are suitable for surgical resection.<ref name="Mountain">{{cite journal|last=Mountain|first=CF|title=Revisions in the international system for staging lung cancer|journal=Chest|volume=111|pages=1710–1717|year=1997|url=http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/111/6/1710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030905122713/http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/111/6/1710|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-09-05|doi=10.1378/chest.111.6.1710|pmid=9187198|issue=6}}</ref>

Pulmonary reserve is measured by [[spirometry]]. If there is no evidence of undue shortness of breath or [[diffuse parenchymal lung disease]], and the FEV1 exceeds 2 litres or 80% of predicted, the person is fit for [[pneumonectomy]]. If the FEV1 exceeds 1.5 litres, the patient is fit for lobectomy.<ref name="Colice">{{cite journal|last=Colice|first=GL|author2=Shafazand S|author3=Griffin JP|title=Physiologic evaluation of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery: ACCP evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition)|journal=Chest|volume=132|issue=Suppl. 3|pages=161S–177S|url=http://www.chestjournal.org/content/132/3_suppl/161S.full|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414113034/http://www.chestjournal.org/content/132/3_suppl/161S.full|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-14|pmid=17873167|doi=10.1378/chest.07-1359|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

There is weak evidence to indicate that participation in exercise programs before lung cancer surgery may reduce the risk of complications after surgery.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cavalheri|first1=Vinicius|last2=Granger|first2=Catherine|title=Preoperative exercise training for patients with non-small cell lung cancer|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2017|issue=6 |pages=CD012020|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012020.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6481477|pmid=28589547}}</ref>

==== Complications ====
A prolonged air leak (PAL) can occur in 8–25% of people following lung cancer surgery.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Novoa|first1=Nuria M.|last2=Jiménez|first2=Marcelo F.|last3=Varela|first3=Gonzalo|title=When to Remove a Chest Tube|journal=Thoracic Surgery Clinics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=41–46|doi=10.1016/j.thorsurg.2016.08.007|issn=1558-5069|pmid=27865326}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baringer|first1=Kristina|last2=Talbert|first2=Steve|title=Chest drainage systems and management of air leaks after a pulmonary resection|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=9|issue=12|pages=5399–5403|doi=10.21037/jtd.2017.11.15|issn=2072-1439|pmc=5756963|pmid=29312751}}</ref> This complication delays chest tube removal and is associated with an increased length of hospital stay following a lung resection (lung cancer surgery).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pompili|first1=Cecilia|last2=Miserocchi|first2=Giuseppe|title=Air leak after lung resection: pathophysiology and patients' implications|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=8|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S46–54|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.11.08|issn=2072-1439|pmc=4756241|pmid=26941970}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Coughlin|first1=Shaun M.|last2=Emmerton-Coughlin|first2=Heather M. A.|last3=Malthaner|first3=Richard|title=Management of chest tubes after pulmonary resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Canadian Journal of Surgery |volume=55|issue=4|pages=264–270|doi=10.1503/cjs.001411|issn=1488-2310|pmc=3404148|pmid=22854148}}</ref> The use of [[Surgical sealant film|surgical sealants]] may reduce the incidence of prolonged air leaks, however, this intervention alone has not been shown to results in a decreased length of hospital stay following lung cancer surgery.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Belda-Sanchís|first1=José|last2=Serra-Mitjans|first2=Mireia|last3=Iglesias Sentis|first3=Manuela|last4=Rami|first4=Ramon|title=Surgical sealant for preventing air leaks after pulmonary resections in patients with lung cancer|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2010 |issue=1|pages=CD003051|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003051.pub3|issn=1469-493X|pmid=20091536|pmc=7138070}}</ref>

There is no strong evidence to support using [[Non invasive positive pressure ventilation|non-invasive positive pressure ventilation]] following lung cancer surgery to reduce pulmonary complications.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Torres|first1=Maria Fs|last2=Porfírio|first2=Gustavo Jm|last3=Carvalho|first3=Alan Pv|last4=Riera|first4=Rachel|title=Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for prevention of complications after pulmonary resection in lung cancer patients|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=3|issue=3 |pages=CD010355|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010355.pub3|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6402531|pmid=30840317}}</ref>

====Types====
* [[Lobectomy (lung)|Lobectomy]] (removal of a lobe of the lung)<ref name="Fell">{{cite book|last=Fell|first=SC|author2=TJ Kirby |title=General Thoracic Surgery|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2005|edition=sixth|pages=433–457|isbn=978-0-7817-3889-7}}</ref>
* Sublobar resection (removal of part of lobe of the lung)
* Segmentectomy (removal of an anatomic division of a particular lobe of the lung)
* [[Pneumonectomy]] (removal of an entire lung)
* [[Wedge resection (lung)|Wedge resection]]
* [[Sleeve/bronchoplastic resection]] (removal of an associated tubular section of the associated main bronchial passage during lobectomy with subsequent reconstruction of the bronchial passage)
* [[VATS lobectomy]] (minimally invasive approach to lobectomy that may allow for diminished pain, quicker return to full activity, and diminished hospital costs)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nicastri DG, Wisnivesky JP, Litle VR, etal |title=Thoracoscopic lobectomy: report on safety, discharge independence, pain, and chemotherapy tolerance|journal=[[J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg]]|volume=135|issue=3|pages=642–7|pmid=18329487|doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2007.09.014|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Casali G, Walker WS |title=Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: can we afford it?|journal=[[Eur J Cardiothorac Surg]]|volume=35|issue=3|pages=423–8|pmid=19136272|doi=10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.11.008|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[esophagectomy]] (removal of the esophagus)

==See also==
* ''[[Annals of Thoracic Surgery]]''
* ''[[European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery]]''
* ''[[Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* [http://www.ctsnet.org The Cardiothoracic Surgery Network]
* [http://www.sts.org The Society of Thoracic Surgeons]
* [http://www.aats.org American Association for Thoracic Surgery]
* [http://www.ismics.org/ International Society for Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery]

{{Medicine}}
{{Cardiac surgery}}
{{Thoracic surgery}}



[[Category:Surgical specialties]]
[[Category:Cardiac surgery]] 
[[Category:Thoracic surgery]]
[[Category:Pulmonary thoracic surgery]]

List of members of the 1st Lok Sabha

2023-03-02T11:20:26Z

LeiaChippindall: Crafted a new page format.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
[[File:India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg|thumb|right|200px|Administrative regions during the [[Indian general election, 1951–52]]]]
The '''[[First Lok Sabha]]''' was constituted on 17 April 1952 after [[India]]'s [[1951 Indian general election|first general election]]. It completed its full tenure of five years and was dissolved on 4 April 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1951 To The First Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=7 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|archivedate=4 April 2014}}</ref> The year 1951 is often misleadingly associated with the election for first Lok Sabha. That is because polling for 3-4 constituencies was held in late 1951 before snow would cover that region. Polling for rest of the seats (97-98%) was conducted in December 1951 and January 1952, a few seats voted in February 1952, and Lok Sabha was constituted in April 1952. Ninety constituencies elected two members each, a practice that some constituencies followed even in 1957.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/7448-first-general-elections-in-india-vol-i-1951-1952/|title=First General Elections in India, Vol. I (1951-1952)}}</ref>

The official list of members, hosted on a site maintained by Government of India : http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html

==Keys==
===Single Seat Constituencies===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.P.
! Party affiliation
|-
!1
|Name
|Name
|Party

|}

===Double Seat Constituencies===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.P.
! Party affiliation
|-
! 1
| rowspan="2"| Name
|Name
|Party
|-
| 1
|Name
|Party

|}

===Triple Seat Constituencies===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.P.
! Party affiliation
|-
! 1
| rowspan="3"| Name
|Name
|Party
|-
| 1
|Name
|Party
|-
| bgcolor=#FF00CC|1
|Name
|Party

|}

==[[Assam]]==
{{legend2|#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (11) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#339900|[[Socialist Party (India)|SP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.P.
! Party affiliation
|-
! 1
| rowspan="2" |[[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Cachar Lushal Hills]]
| [[Suresh Chandra Deb]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 1
| [[Nibaran Chandra Laskar]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 2
| [[Autonomous District (Lok Sabha constituency)|Autonomous Districts]]
| [[Bonily Khongmen]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 3
|rowspan=2|[[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Goalpara Garo Hills]]
| [[Amjad Ali (Assamese politician)|Amjad Ali]]
| bgcolor=#339900|[[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]]
|-
| 3
| Sitanath Chowdhury
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 4
| [[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]]
|[[Beliram Das]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| 5
| rowspan="2"| [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]]
| [[Rohini Kumar Chaudhuri|Rohini Kumar Chaudhury]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Debendra Nath Sharma '''(Bypoll 1956)'''
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 6
| [[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang]]
| Kamakhya Prasad Tripathi
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 7
| [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]]
| [[D. K. Barooah|Deb Kanta Barooah]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 8
| [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Golaghat Jorhat]]
| [[Debeswar Sarmah|Debeswar Sarma]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| 9
| rowspan="2" |[[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sibsagar North Lakhimpur]]
| Surendranath Buragohain
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha|B. P. Chaliha]] '''(Bypoll 1952)'''
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 10
| [[Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]
| [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]

|}

==[[Bihar]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! style="width:50px" |No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.P.
! style="width:250px" |Party affiliation
|-
! 1
| [[Patna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pataliputra]]
| [[Sarangdhar Sinha|Sarangdhar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 2
| Patna Central
| [[Kailash Pati Sinha]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 3
| [[Barh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna East]]
| [[Tarkeshwari Sinha|Tarkeshwari Devi]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 4
| [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna cum Shahabad]]
| [[Bali Ram Bhagat|Balram Bhagat]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 5
|rowspan=2|[[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya East]]
| [[Brajeshwar Prasad]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 5
| [[Ram Dhani Das|Ramdhari Das]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 6
| [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya North]]
| Brijeshwar Missir
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |[[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]]
|-
| 7
|[[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya West]]
|[[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]]
|rowspan=3 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 8
|rowspan=2|Shahabad South
|[[Jagjivan Ram]]
|-
| 8
|[[Ram Subhag Singh]]
|-
| 9
|Shahabad North West
|[[Kamal Singh (Bihar politician)|Kamal Singh]]
|Independent
|-
| 10
|Saran North
|Jhulan Sinha
|rowspan=22 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 11
|Saran Central
|Mahendra Nath Singh
|-
| 12
|Saran East
|Satya Narayan Singh
|-
|13
|Saran South
|Dwarkanath Tiwari
|-
|14
|rowspan=2|Saran cum Champaran
|[[Bibhuti Mishra]]
|-
|14
|[[Bhola Raut]]
|-
|15
|Champaran North
|Bipin Bihari Verma
|-
|16
|Champaran East
|[[Syed Mahmud]]
|-
|17
|Muzzafarpur North West
|[[Thakur Jugal Kishore Sinha]]
|-
|18
|Muzzafarpur North East
|[[Digvijay Narain Singh]]
|-
|19
|Muzzafarpur Central
|[[Shyam Nandan Sahay]]
|-
|20
|Muzaffarpur East
|Awadheshwar Sinha
|-
|21
|rowspan=2|Muzaffarpur cum Darbhanga
|[[Rameshwar Sahu]]
|-
|21
|[[Rajeshwara Patel]]
|-
|22
|Samastipur East
|[[Satya Narayan Sinha]]
|-
|23
|Darbhanga Central
|[[Narayan Das (Bihar politician)|Shree Narayan Das]]
|-
|24
|Darbhanga East
| [[Anirudha Sinha]]
|-
|25
|Darbhanga North
|[[Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra|Shyam Nandan Mishra]]
|-
|26
|Darbhanga cum Bhagalpur
| [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]]
|-
|27
|rowspan=2|Monghyr Sadar cum Jamui
|[[Banarsi Prasad Sinha|Banarasi Sinha]]
|-
|27
|[[Nayan Tara Das]]
|-
|28
|Monghyr North West
|Mathura Prasad Mishra
|-
|29
|Monghyr North East
|[[Suresh Chandra Mishra (politician)|Suresh Chandra Mishra]]
|[[Socialist Party]]
|-
|30
|rowspan=2|Bhagalpur cum Purnea
|Anup Lal Mehta
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|30
|Kirai Mushahar
|[[Socialist Party]]
|-
|31
|Bhagalpur Central
|Banarasi Jhunjhunwala
|rowspan=4 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|31
|Bhagalpur South
|[[Sushama Sen]]
|-
|32
|Purnea North East
|[[Muhammad Islamuddin]]
|-
|33
|Purnea Central
|[[Phani Gopal Sen Gupta]]
|-
|34
|rowspan=2|Purnea cum Santal Parganas
|Jughar Soren Paul
|Jharkhand Party
|-
|34
|Bhagat Jha
|rowspan=4 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|35
|rowspan=2|Santal Parganas cum Hazaribag
|Lal Hembrom
|-
|35
|Ram Raj Jajware
|-
|36
|Hazaribag East
|Nageshwar Sinha
|-
|37
|Hazaribag West
|Ram Narayan Singh
|Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party
|-
|38
|Ranchi North East
|[[Abdul Ibrahim (politician)|Abdul Ibrahim]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|39
|Ranchi West
|[[Jaipal Singh Munda|Jaipal Singh]]
|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|-
|40
|rowspan=2|Palamau cum Hazaribag cum Ranchi
|[[Gajendra Prasad Sinha]]
|rowspan=4 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|40
|Jithan Kherwar
|-
|41
|rowspan=2|Manbhum North
|[[P. C. Bose|Prabhat Chandra Bose]]
|-
|41
|Mohan Hari
|-
|42
|rowspan=2|Manbhum South cum Dhalbum
|[[Bhajahari Mahato]]
|rowspan=2|[[Lok Sevak Sangh]]
|-
|42
|Chaitan Manjhi
|-
|43
|Chailbassa
|Kanu Ram Deogam
|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|}

==[[Bombay State|Bombay]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
|rowspan=45|None
|Akbar Dalumiyan Chavda
|rowspan=5| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=5 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal cum Baroda East]]
|[[Maneklal Gandhi]]
|-
|Rupajee Bhavji Parmar
|-
|[[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Mehsana East]]
|Santilal Girdharlal Parekh
|-
|[[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mehsana West]]
|Tulsidas Kilachand
|Independent
|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Ahmedabad Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad]]
|Muldas Bhudardas Vaishya
|rowspan=4| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=4 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]]
|-
|[[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kaira North]]
|[[Fulsinh Dabhi|Fulsinhji Bharatsinhji Dabhi]]
|-
|[[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Kaira South]]
|[[Maniben Patel]]
|-
|[[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Baroda West]]
|Indubhai Bhailalbhai Amin
|Independent
|
|-
|[[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Broach]]
|Chandrashankar Manishankar Bhatt
|rowspan=15| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=15 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
|Kanhaiyalal Nanabhai Desai
|-
|Bahadurbhai Kuthabhai Patel
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Thane Lok Sabha constituency|Thana]]
|Anant Savalaram Nandkar
|-
|Govind Dharamji Vartak
|-
|[[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar North]]
|Pandharinath Ramachandra Kanavade
|-
|[[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar South]]
|Uttamchand Ramchand Bogavat
|-
|[[Raver Lok Sabha constituency|Bhusawal]]
|Shivaram Rango Rane
|-
|[[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]]
|[[Hari Vinayak Pataskar]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|West Khandesh]]
|Shaligram Ramachandra Bharatiya
|-
|Jayantrao Ganpat Natwadkar
|-
|[[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nasik Central]]
|Govind Hari Deshpande
|-
|[[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Poona Central]]
|[[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]]
|-
|[[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Poona South]]
|Indira Anant Maydeo
|-
|[[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|North Satara]]
|Ganesh Sadashiv Altekar
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency|Kolhapur cum Satara]]
|Balasaheb Hasanmantrao Khardekar
|Independent
|
|-
|[[Ratnappa Kumbhar|Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Sholapur]]
|Shankar Shantaram More
|[[People's & Worker's Party]]
|
|-
|Pandurang Nathuji Rajbhoj
|SCF
|
|-
|[[Kolaba Lok Sabha constituency|Kolaba]]
|[[Chintaman Dwarkanath Deshmukh]]
|rowspan=15| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=15 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency|South Satara]]
|Vyankatrao Pirajirao Pawar
|-
|[[Belgaum North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum North]]
|[[B. N. Datar|Balwant Nagesh Datar]]
|-
|[[Belgaum South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum South]]
|Shankargowda Virangowda Patil
|-
|[[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri North]]
|Jagganathrao Krishnarao Bhosale
|-
|[[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri South]]
|Moreshwar Dinkar Joshi
|-
|[[Bijapur North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur North]]
|Rajaram Girdharlal Dube
|-
|[[Bijapur South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur South]]
|Ramappa Ballapa Bidari
|-
|[[Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwar North]]
|[[D. P. Karmarkar|Dattatraya Parsuramrao Karmakar]]
|-
|[[Dharwad South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwar South]]
|Timmappa Rudrappa Neswi
|-
|[[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanara]]
|[[Jaochim Alwa]]
|-
|[[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Bombay City South]]
|Sadashiv Kanoji Patil
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Bombay City North]]
|[[Vithal Gandhi]]
|-
|Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar
|-
|[[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bombay Suburban]]
|Jaishri Naishadh Raoji
|}

== [[Madhya Pradesh]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldana]] [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]
|rowspan=29| None

|Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar
|rowspan=27| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=27 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Lakshman Shravan Bhatkar
|-
|[[Yavatmal Lok Sabha constituency|Yeotmal]]
|Sahadeo Arjun Bharati
|-
|[[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati East]]
|Punjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh
|-
|[[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati West]]
|Krisnarao Gulabrao Deshmukh
|-
|[[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chanda]]

|[[Mulla Abdullabhai Taherali]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara]]

|Tularam Chandrabhan Sakhare
|-
|Chaturbhuj Vitthaldas Jasani
|-
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|Anusayabai Purushottam
|-

|[[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]
|Shrimannarayan Dharamnarayan Aggarwal

|-
|[[Betul Lok Sabha constituency|Betul]]
|Raichandbhai Shah
|-
|[[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chinddwara]]
|[[Raichandbhai Shah]]
|-
|[[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshangabad]]
|Syed Ahmad
|-
|[[Khargone Lok Sabha constituency|Nimar]]
|Tiwari Babulal Surajbhan
|-
|[[Sagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sagar]]
|Sodhi Khubchand Daryao Singh
|-
|[[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jabalpur North]]
|Sushil Kumar
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Mandla Lok Sabha constituency|Mandla Jabalpur South]]
|Mangroo
|-
|Govind Das Maheshwari
|-
|[[Balaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balaghat]]
|C D Gautam
|-
|[[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]] [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]]
|Bhagwati Charan Shulka
|-
|[[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]]
|W. S. Kirolikar
|-
|[[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
|Sheodas Daga
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur Durg Raipur]]
|Bhupendranath Mishra
|-
|Agamdas
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]]
|Reshamlal
|-
|Sardar Amarsingh Saigal
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Surguja]] [[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]]
|Babunath Singh
|-
|Chandikeshwar Sharan Singh
|Independent
|
|-
|[[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]]
|Muchaki Kosa
|Independent
|
|}

== [[Madras State|Madras]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|Pathapatnam
|rowspan=75|None
|[[V. V. Giri]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
|[[Boddepalli Rajagopala Rao]]
|rowspan=2|Independent
|rowspan=2|
|-
|[[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Parvathipuram]]
|N Rama Seshiah
|-
|[[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|[[Kandala Subrahmanyam|Kandala Subramaniam]]
|[[Socialist Party (India)]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Vishakhapatnam]]
|[[Lanka Sundaram]]
|rowspan=2|Independent
|rowspan=2|
|-
|[[Gam Malludora]]
|-
|[[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
|Chelikani Venkat Rama Rao
|rowspan=2|[[Communist Party of India]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|[[Kaneti Mohan Rao]]
|-
|Nalla Reddi Naidu
|[[Socialist Party (India)]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
|[[Kondru Subba Rao]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|-
|B S Murty
|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}" |
|-
|[[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Masulipatnam]]
|Sanka Butehikottaiah
|rowspan=2|[[Communist Party of India]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|-
|Gudivada
|K Gopala Rao
|-
|[[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayavada]]
|[[Harindranath Chattopadhyaya]]
|Independent
|
|-
|[[Tenali Lok Sabha constituency|Tenali]]
|[[Kotha Raghuramaiah|Kotha Raghuramiah]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
|S V Laxmi Narsimhan
|rowspan=6|Independent
|rowspan=6|
|-
|[[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|Chapalamadugu Ramiah Chowdhary
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|M Nanadass
|-
|P Venkataraghaviah
|-
|[[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
|Bezwada Ramchandra Reddy
|-
|[[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
|Rayasam Seshagiri Rao
|-
|[[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
|H Sitaram Reddy
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]]
|[[Tekur Subramanyam|Tekur Subrahmanayam]]
|-
|[[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
|Paidi Lakshmayya
|-
|[[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Penukonda]]
|K S Raghavachari
|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}" |
|-
|[[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddapah]]
|Eswara Reddy Yellura
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
|T N Vishwanatha Reddi
|rowspan=7|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=7 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|M V Gangadhara Siva
|-
|[[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
|[[M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]]
|-
|Madras
|[[T. T. Krishnamachari]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvallur]]
|[[Margatham Chandrasekar]]
|-
|P Nathesan
|-
|[[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Chingleput]]
|O V Alagesan
|-
|[[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|Kanchipuram]]
|A Krishnaswami
|rowspan=2|Commonweal League
|rowspan=2|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
|Ramachandra
|-
|Muthukrisnan
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|[[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Wandiwah]]
|Munisami
|Commonwealth League
|
|-
|[[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|C R Narasimhan
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|[[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharampuri]]
|M Satyanathan
|Independent
|
|-
|[[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
|S V Ramaswamy
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]]
|Periasami Gounder
|-
|Balakrishnan
|-
|[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|S K Baby/Kandaswami
|Independent
|
|-
|[[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]
|[[T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar]]
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]
|Damodaran
|-
|[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
|[[T. A. Ramalinga Chettiar]]
|-
|[[Pudukkottai Lok Sabha constituency|Pudukkottai]]
|K M Vallatharsu
|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}" |
|-
|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
|V. Boorarangaswami Pendyachhi
|[[Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party|Tamil Nadu Toiler's Party]]
|
|-
|[[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirapalli]]
|E Mathuran
|Independent
|
|-
|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Tanjore]]
|[[R. Venkataraman]]
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Kumbakonam
|C Ramaswamy Mudaliar
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayuram]]
|K Ananda Nambiar
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|-
|V Veeraswamy
|Independent
|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]
|L Elayaperumal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|N.D.Govindaswamy Kachirayar
|rowspan=3|[[Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party]]
|rowspan=3|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]
|A Jayaraman
|-
|V Muniswami
|-
|[[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelvali]]
|[[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]]
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
|A V Thomas
|-
|[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Sankaranainarkoil]]
|M Sankarapandian
|-
|[[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Aruppukottai]]
|U Muthuramalinga Thevar
|FBL(MG)
|
|-
|[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramananthapuram]]
|V Nagappa Chettiar
|rowspan=8|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=8 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Srivilliputtur
|[[K Kamaraj]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
|P M Kakkan
|-
|S Balasubramaniam
|-
|[[Periyakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Periyakulam]]
|Saktivadivel Gounder
|-
|[[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
|[[Ammu Swaminathan]]
|-
|[[South Kanara (North) (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Kanara (North)]]
|[[U Srinivas Mallyya]]
|-
|[[South Kanara (South) (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Kanara (South)]]
|[[B. Shiva Rao|B Shiva Roy]]
|-
|[[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cannanore]]
|[[A. K. Gopalan]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|-
|Tellicherry
|N Damodaran
|rowspan=2|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}" |
|-
|[[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
|[[K. A. Damodara Menon]]
|-
|[[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
|[[B. Pocker]]
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|[[K. Kelappan|Kellapan Koyhapali]]
|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}" |
|-
|Vella Eacharan Iyyani
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|}

== [[Orissa]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=3|Party
|-
|[[Nabarangpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nowrangpur]]
|None
|Ponnada Subarao

|GP
|
|-
|[[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh Phulbani]]
|Scheduled Tribes
|T. Sangana
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]] [[Bolangir Lok Sabha constituency|Bolangir]]
|rowspan=4|None
|Giridhari Bhoi
|rowspan=4|GP
|rowspan=4|

|-
|Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo
|-
|[[Bargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bargarh]]
|Brajmohan Pradhan
|-
|[[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sambalpur]]
|Natabar Pandey
|-
|[[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh]]
|Scheduled Tribes
|Sibnarayan Singh
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Dhenkanal Lok Sabha constituency|Dhenkanal West Cuttack]]
|rowspan=4|None
|Niranjan Jena
|-
|Sarangadhar Das
|SP
|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur]] [[Keonjhar Lok Sabha constituency|Keonjhar]]
|Bhubanand Das
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Laxmidhar Jena
|GP
|
|-
|[[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]]
|Scheduled Tribes
|Ramchandra Manjhi
|rowspan=7| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=7 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]
|rowspan=8|None

|Kanhu Charan Jena
|-
|Bhagabat Sahu
|-
|[[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
|[[Nityanand Kanungo]]
|-
|[[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]
|[[Harekrushna Mahtab]]
|-
|[[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
|Loknath Mishra
|-
|[[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Khurda]]
|Lingraj Mishra
|-
|[[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Ghumsur]]
|Umachand Patnaik
|Independent
|
|-
|[[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Ganjam South]]
|Bijoy Chandra Das
|CPI
|
|}

== [[Punjab]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]] [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Simla]]
|rowspan=18|None
|Tek Chand
|rowspan=16| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=16 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency|Karnal]]
|Virendra Kumar
|-
|Subhadra Joshi
|-
|[[Rohtak Lok Sabha constituency|Rohtak]]
|Ranbir Singh
|-
|Jhajjar Rewari
|Ghamandi Lal
|-
|[[Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Gurgaon]]
|Thakkar Das
|-
|[[Hisar Lok Sabha constituency|Hissar]]
|Achint Lal
|-
|[[Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency|Fazila Sirsa]]
|Atma Singh
|-
|[[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Nawan Shar]]
|Baldev Singh
|-
|[[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
|Hem Raj
|-
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jullundur]]
|Amar Nath
|-
|[[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]
|Teja Singh
|-
|[[Tarn Taran Lok Sabha constituency|Tarn Taran]]
|Surjit Singh
|-
|[[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]
|Gurmit Singh Musaffar
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
|Ram Das
|-
|Diwan Chand
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ferozepore]] [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
|Bahadur Singh
|rowspan=2| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|-
|Lal Singh
|}

== [[Uttar Pradesh]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col"|Constituency
! scope="col"| Name
! scope="col"|Reserved
! scope="col"|Party
|-
|Amroha (Lok Sabha constituency)
|[[Maulana Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi]]
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Dehra Dun District cum Bijnor District (North West) Cum Saharanpur District (West)
| [[Mahavir Tyagi]]
!rowspan=86|—
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Garhwal District (West) cum Tehri Garhwal District cum Bijnor District (North)
| [[Kamalendumati Shah]]
| [[Independent politician]]
|-
| Garhwal District (East) cum Moradabad District (North East)
| Bhaktadarshan
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Almora District (North East)
| Devi Datt
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Naini Tal District cum Almora District (South West) cum Bareilly District (North)
| C. D. Pande
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Bareilly District (South)
| Satish Chandra
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Pilibhit District cum Bareilly District (East)
| Mukund Lal Agarwal
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Moradabad District (West)
| Ram Saran
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Moradabad District (Central)
| Hifzul Rehman
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Rampur District cum Bareilly District (West)
| Abul Kalam Azad
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Bijnor District (South)
| Nemi Saran
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Saharanpur District (West) cum Muzaffarnagar District (North)
| Sunder Lal
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[Ajit Prasad Jain]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Muzaffarnagar District (South)
| Tripathi Hira Ballabh
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Meerut District (West)
| Khushi Ram Sharma
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Meerut District (South)
| Krishna Chandra Sharma
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Meerut District (North East)
| Shah Nawaz Khan
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Bulandshahr District
| Raghubar Dayal
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Balmiki Kanhaiya Lal
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Aligarh District
| Nardeo Ji
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Shri Chand Singhal
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Agra District (West)
| Achal Singh Seth
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Agra District (East)
| Raghubir Singh
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Mathura District (West)
| Krishna Chandra
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Etah District (West) cum Mainpuri District (West) cum Mathura District (East)
| Digamber Singh
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Etah District (Central)
| Rohan Lal Chaturvedi
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Etah District North East cum Baduan District (East)
| Raghubir Sahai
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Badaun District (West)
| Badan Sing
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Farrukhabad District (North)
| Mool Chand Dube
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Mainpuri District (East)
| Badshah Gupta
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Jalaun District cum Etawah District (West) cum Jhansi District (North)
| Lotan Ram
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[Hoti Lal Agarwal]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Kanpur District North cum Farrukhabad District South
| V. N. Tiwari
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Kanpur District Central
| Hari Har Nath Shastri
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Kanpur District South cum Etawah District
| Bal Krishna Sharma
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Jhansi District (South)
| Dhulekar Raghunath
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Hamirpur District
| Mannu Lal Duvedi
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Banda District cum Fatehpur District
| [[Pyare Lal Kureel]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Shive Dayal
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Unnao District cum Rae Bareli District (West) cum Hardoi District (South East)
| Vishambhar Dayal
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Swami Ramanand
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Hardoi District (North West) cum Farukkhabad District (East) cum Shahjahanpur District (South)
| Bulaqi Ram
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[Bashir Hussain Zaidi]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Shajahanpur District (North) cum Kheri District (East)
| Rameshwar Prasad Nevatia
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Ganeshi Lal Chowdhary
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Sitapur District cum Kheri District (West)
| Uma Nehru
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Pragi Lal
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Lucknow District cum Bara Banki District
| Mohan Lal Saxena
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Ganga Devi
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Lucknow District Central
| [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Pratapgarh District (West) cum Rae Bareli District (East)
| Baij Nath Kureel
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[Feroze Gandhi]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Pratapgarh District (East)
| Munishwer Dutt Upadhyaya
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Sultanpur District (South)
| [[B. V. Keskar]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Sultanpur District (North) cum Faizabad District (South West)
| [[Syed Mohammad Ahmad Kazmi|M. A. Kazmi]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Faizabad District (North West)
| Panna Lal
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Lallan Ji
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Jaunpur District (East)
| Ganpat
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Birbal Singh
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| '''Allahabad District (East) cum Jaunpur District (West)'''
| Masuriya Din
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| '''[[Jawahar Lal Nehru]]'''
| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|-
| Allahabad District (West)
| [[Sri Prakasha]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Mirzapur District cum Banaras District (West)
| Rup Narain
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| J. N. Wilson
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Banaras District (Central)
| Raghunath Singh
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Banaras District (East)
| Tribhaun Narain Singh
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Bahraich District (East)
| [[Rafi Ahmad Kidwai]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Bahraich District (West)
| Jogendra Singh
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Gonda District (North)
| Chowdhari Hyder Husain
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Gonda District (West)
| Nayar Shakuntala
| HMS
|-
| Gonda District (East) cum Basti District (West)
| Kesho Deo Malviya
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Basti District (North)
| Udai Shankar Dubey
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2| Basti District Central (East) cum Gorakhpur District (West)
| Sohan Lal Dhusiya
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Ram Shanker Lal
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Gorakhpur District (North)
| Hari Shanker Prasad
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Gorakhpur District (Central)
| Dashrath Prasad Divedi
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Gorakhpur District (South)
| Sinhasan Singh
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Deoria District (South)
| Sarayu
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Deoria District (West)
| Bishwa Nath
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Deoria District (East)
| Ram Ji
| SP
|-
|rowspan=2| Azamgarh District (West)
| Sita Ram
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Vishwa Nath
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Azamgarh District (East) cum Ballia District (West)
| Algu Rai Shastri
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Ghazipur District (West)
| Har Prasad
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Ghazipur District (East) cum Ballia District South (West)
| Ram Nagina
| SP
|-
| Ballia District (East)
| Murli Manohar
| [[Independent politician]]
|}

== [[West Bengal]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|West Dinajpur
|rowspan=31|None
|[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/651.htm Sushil Ranjan Chatopadhyay]
|rowspan=5| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=5 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Malda
|[[Surendra Mohan Ghose|Surendra Mohan Ghosh]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Birbhum
|Kamal Krisna Das
|-
|Anil Kumar Chanda
|-
|Murshidabad
|Muhammad Khuda Baksh
|-
|Berhampore
|[[Tridib Chaudhari]]
|RSP
|
|-
|rowspan=2|Bankura
|Pashupati Mandal
|rowspan=3| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Jaggannath Koley
|-
|rowspan=2|Midnapur Jhargam
|Tudu Bharat Lal
|-
|Bandhopadhyaya Durga Charan
|BJS
|
|-
|Ghatal
|Chowdhary Nikunj Bihari
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|-
|Tamluk
|Satish Chandra Samanta
|rowspan=4| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=4 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Contai
|Basant Kumar Das
|-
|Uluberia
|Satyaban Rai
|-
|Howrah
|Santosh Kumar Dutta
|-
|Serampore
|Tushar Kanti Chattopadhyaya
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|-
|Hooghly
|NC Chatterjee
|HMS
|
|-
|rowspan=2|Burdwan
|Mono Mohan Das
|rowspan=5| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=5 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Atulya Ghosh]]
|-
|Kalna Katwa
|Janab Abdus Sattar
|-
|Nabadwip
|Lakshmikant Maitra
|-
|Santipur
|Arun Chandra Guha
|-
|rowspan=2|Basirhat
|Chakravarty Renu
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|-
|Roy Patirman
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Barrackpore
|Das Ramananda
|-
|rowspan=2|Diamond Harbour
|Basu Kamal
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|-
|Naskar Purnendu Sekhar
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Calcutta South West
|Asim Krishna Dutt
|-
|Calcutta South East
|[[Syama Prasad Mukherjee|Shyama Prasad Mookerjee]]
|BJS
|width="4px" style="background-color:{{party color|Jan Sangh}}"|
|-
|Calcutta North East
|[[Hirendra Nath Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|-
|Calcutta North West
|[[Meghnad Saha]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}"|
|}

==[[Hyderabad State (1948-56)|Hyderabad]]==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad City]]
|rowspan=25|None
|[[Ahmed Mohiuddin (politician)|Ahmed Mohiuddin]]
|rowspan=4| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=4 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|IbrahimPatam
|Sadat Ali Khan
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahboobnagar]]
|Janardhan Reddy
|-
|P Ramaswamy
|-
|[[Kushtagi Lok Sabha constituency|Kusatgi]]
|Shiv Murthy Swami
|Independent
|
|-
|[[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]]
|[[Swami Ramanand Tirtha]]
|rowspan=5| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=5 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Yadgir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Yadgir]]
|Krishna Charya Joshi
|-
|[[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]]
|[[Shaukatullah Shah Ansari]]
|-
|[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Vikarabad]]
|Ebenezeer S. A.
|-
|[[Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Osmanabad]]
|Raghvendra Srinivas Rao
|-
|[[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Bhir]]
|Ramchander Govind Paranjpe
|[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|People's Democratic Front]]
|
|-
|[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
|Sureshchandra Shivprasad Arya
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Ambad]]
|Hanmanth Rao Ganeshrao
|-
|[[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]
|Narayanrao Waghmare
|Peasants and Worker's Party
|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
|Deo Ram Namdev Rao
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Shanmer Rao Srinivas Rao
|-
|[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
|C. Madhav Reddy
|[[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]]
|
|-
|[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
|[[Harish Chandra Heda]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
|N. M. Jaisoorya
|[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|People's Democratic Front]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
|M. R. Krishnan
|All India Scheduled Caste's Federation
|
|-
|[[Badam Yella Reddy]]
|rowspan=5|[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|People's Democratic Front]]
|rowspan=5 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|-
|[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
|[[Pendyal Raghava Rao]]
|-
|[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
|[[T. B. Vittal Rao]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
|[[Ravi Narayan Reddy]]
|-
|[[Sunkam Achalu]]
|}

== [[Madhya Bharat]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency|Nimar]]
|None
|Bajinath Mahodaya
|rowspan=9| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=9 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency|Jhabua]]
|Scheduled Tribes
|Amar Singh
|-
|[[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]
|rowspan=9|None

|Nandalal Suryanarayan
|-
|[[Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency|Ujjain]]
|Radhelal Vyas
|-
|[[Mandsour Lok Sabha constituency|Mandsaur]]
|[[Kailash Nath Katju]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency|Shajapur]] [[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Rajgarh]]
|Liladhar Joshi
|-
|Bhagu Nanda
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Morena Lok Sabha constituency|Morena]] [[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind]]
|Surya Prasad
|-
|Radha Charan
|-
|[[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna]]
|Vishnu Ghanshyam Deshpande
|rowspan=2|[[Hindu Mahasabha]]
|bgcolor=#F4C430 rowspan=2|
|-
|[[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]
|Narayan Bhaskar Khare (via bypoll)
|}

==[[Mysore State|Mysore]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]]
|rowspan=11|None
|[[M. V. Krishnappa]]
|rowspan=10| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=10 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Dodda Thimmaiah]]
|-
|[[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]]
|[[C. R. Basappa]]
|-
|[[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|N. Keshaveingar
|-
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|[[T. Madiah Gowda]]
|-
|[[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]]
|M. K. Shivananjappa
|-
|[[Hassan Chickmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan Chikmagalur]]
|H. Siddananjappa
|-
|[[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimoga]]
|K. G. Wodeyar
|-
|[[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]]
|[[S. Nijalingappa]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]]
|N. Rachiah
|-
|[[M. S. Gurupadaswamy]]
|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
|
|}

==[[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Mohindergarh]]
|rowspan=5|None
|Hira Singh
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]]
|Ram Pratap
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Kapurthala Bhatinda]]
|Ajit Singh
|rowspan=2|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|-
|Hukum Singh
|-
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
|Ranjit Singh
|Independent
|
|}

== [[Rajasthan]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur Sawaimadhopur]]
|rowspan=20|None
|Ram Karan Joshi
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur Sawaimadhopur]]
|Girraj Sharan Singh
|Independent
|
|-
|Manak Chand
|KLP
|
|-
|[[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
|[[Shobha Ram Kumawat]]
|rowspan=3| [[Indian National Congress]]

|rowspan=3 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ganganagar Jhunjunu]]
|Murarka Radhey Shyam
|-

|Panna Lal
|-
|Bikaner Churu
|Karni Singh
|rowspan=5| Independent

|rowspan=5|

|-
|[[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jodhpur]]
|Hanwant Singh
|-
|[[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency|Balmer Jalore]]
|Bhawani Singh
|-
|[[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Sirohi Pali]]
|Ajit Singh
|-
|[[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur Pali]]
|Gajadhar
|-
|[[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency|Sikar]]
|Nand Lal
|RRP
|
|-
|[[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur]]
|Daulat Mal
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Tonk Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk]]
|Pannalal Kaushik
|-
|[[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]]
|Hariram
|RRP
|
|-
|[[Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Udaipur]]
|Swatantrata Senani Master Balwant Singh Mehta
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Banswara Lok Sabha constituency|Banswara Dungarpur]]
|Bhika Bhai
|-
|[[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittor]]
|Umashankar
|BJS
|
|-
|[[Kota Lok Sabha constituency|Kotah Bundi]]
|Chandra Sen
|RRP
|
|-
|[[Jhalawar–Baran Lok Sabha constituency|Kotah Jhalawar]]
|Nemichand Kasilwal

| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |

|}

==[[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Jamnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Halar]]
|rowspan=6|None
|M. S. Himmatsinghji
|rowspan=6| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=6 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Madhya Saurashtra]]
|Joshi Jethalal Harikrishna
|-
|[[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Zalawad]]
|Parikh Rasiklal Umedchand
|-
|[[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gohilwad]]
|Mehta Balwantrai Gopalji
|-
|[[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Gohilwad Sorath]]
|Shah Chamanlal Chakubhai
|-
|[[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Sorath]]

|Nathiwani Narendra
|}

== [[Travancore Cochin]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Nagercoil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagercoil]]
|rowspan=12|None
|[[A. Nesamony]]
|Travancore-Cochin Congress
|
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trivandrum]]
|[[Annie Mascarene]]
|Independent
|
|-
|[[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trichur]]
|[[Iyyunni Chalakka]]
|rowspan=6| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=6 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Cangannur
|[[K.T. Achuthan]]
|-
|[[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
|[[A.M. Thomas]]
|-
|[[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]
|[[C. P. Mathew|Prof. C.P. Mathew]]
|-
|Meenachil
|[[P. T. Chacko]]
|-
|[[Thiruvalla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvalla]]
|[[Chalakuzhy Paulose Mathen|C. P. Matthen]]
|-
|[[Ambalapuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambalapuzha]]
|[[P.T. Punnoose]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|-
|[[Chirayinkil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayinkil]]
|[[V. Parameswaran Nayar]]
|rowspan=2|Independent
|rowspan=2|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency|Quilon cum Mavelikara]]
|[[R. Velayudhan]]
|-
|[[N. Sreekantan Nair]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|
|}

==[[Ajmer State|Ajmer]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer North]]
|rowspan=2|None
|Jwala Prasad
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer South]]
|[[Mukat Behari Lal Bhargava]]
|}

==[[Bhopal State (1949-56)|Bhopal]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Sehore]]
|rowspan=2|None
|Saeed Ullah Razmi
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency|Raisen]]
|Chatrunarayan Malviya
|}

==[[Bilaspur State (1950-54)|Bilaspur]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!Party
|-
|Bilaspur
|None
|[[Anand Chand]]
|Independent
|}

==[[Coorg State|Coorg]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Coorg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coorg]]
|None
|[[N. Somanna]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|}

==[[Delhi]]==
{|class= "wikitable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]
|rowspan=4|None
|[[Sucheta Kripalani|Sucheta Kriplani]]
|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
|
|-
|Delhi City
|Radha Raman
|rowspan=3| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Outer Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Delhi]]
|Naval Prabhakar
|-
|C. Krishnan Nayar
|}

==[[Himachal Pradesh]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=3|Party
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi Mahasu]]
|rowspan=3|None
|Gopi Ram
|rowspan=3| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Amrit Kaur
|-
|Chamba Sirmur
|A. R. Sewal
|}

==[[Kutch State|Kutch]]==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kutch East]]
|rowspan=2|None
|Dholakia Gulabshankar Amrutlal
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kutch West]]
|Khimji Bhawanji Arjun
|}

==[[Manipur]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Inner Manipur]]
|rowspan=2|None
|Jogeshwar Singh
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]]
|Rishang
|[[Socialist Party (India)]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|}

==[[Tripura]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
|rowspan=2| None
|[[Dasarath Deb]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
|[[Birendra Chandra Dutta]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]]
|}

==[[Vindhya Pradesh]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!Party
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Shahdol Lok Sabha constituency|Shadol]] [[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]]
|rowspan=6|None
|[[Randaman Singh]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}" |[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
|-
|[[Bhagwan Dutt Shastri]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |[[Socialist Party (India)]]
|-
|[[Rewa Lok Sabha constituency|Rewa]]
|[[Rajbhan Singh Tiwari]]
|rowspan=4 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Satna Lok Sabha constituency|Satna]]
|[[Upadhiya S. D.]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Chattarpur Datiya [[Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Titamgarh]]
|[[Motilal Malvi]]
|-
|[[Ram Sahai Tiwari]]
|}

==[[Anglo-Indian|Nominated]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!Party
|-
|1
| rowspan="2" |[[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|Anglo Indian]]
|None
|[[Frank Anthony]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|2
|None
|[[A. E. T. Barrow]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|}

[[File:Members of first lok sabha.jpg|center|thumb|1256x1256px|Members Of The 1st Lok Sabha, 4th Sep 1956]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Parliament of India}}

[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957|*List]]
[[Category:Lists of members of the Lok Sabha by term|1]]

1970 Indian Rajya Sabha elections

2022-11-27T04:50:26Z

LeiaChippindall: Shared a new page on the website.

#REDIRECT [[1970 Rajya Sabha elections]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
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Foreign relations of India

2022-02-17T08:19:53Z

LeiaChippindall: Just published an influential work.

{{Short description|Overview of the foreign relations of India}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
[[File:Diplomatic relations of India.svg|thumb|300px|{{Legend|#101992|Countries with whom India has diplomatic relations}}{{Legend|red|India}}]]{{Politics of India}}

[[India]], officially the Republic of India, has full diplomatic relations with 201 states, including [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], the [[Holy See]], and [[Niue]]. {{NoteTag|Including all 193 UN member countries and 8 [[Dependent territory|dependencies]].}}<ref>{{cite web|title=MEA {{!}} Briefs on Foreign Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/foreign-relations.htm|access-date=10 November 2021|website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref> The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] (MEA) is the [[government agency]] responsible for the conduct of foreign relations of India. With the world's [[List of countries by military expenditures|third largest military expenditure]], [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|second largest armed force]], [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|fifth largest economy]] by GDP nominal rates and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|third largest economy]] in terms of purchasing power parity, India is a prominent [[regional power]] and a rising superpower.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank, International Comparison Program database: GDP, PPP (current international $) |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_PPP.pdf |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://www.nbr.org/publication/partnering-with-india-regional-power-global-hopes/ |first=Terisita C |last=Schaffer |title=Strategic Asia 2008–09 |chapter=Partnering with India: Regional Power, Global Hopes |publisher=NBR |year=2008 |access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>

According to the MEA, the main purposes of Indian diplomacy include protecting India's national interests, promoting friendly relations with other states, and providing consular services to "foreigners and Indian nationals abroad."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission & Vision {{!}} About Us {{!}} Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/mission-and-vision.htm |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.mea.gov.in |language=english}}</ref> In recent decades, India has pursued an expansive foreign policy, including the [[Neighbourhood first policy|neighborhood-first policy]] embodied by [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] as well as the [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]] to forge more extensive economic and strategic relationships with other East Asian countries. It has also maintained a policy of [[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|strategic ambiguity]], which involves its "[[no first use]]" nuclear policy and its neutral stance on the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].

India is a member of several intergovernmental organizations, such as the [[United Nations]], the [[Asian Development Bank]], [[BRICS]], and the [[G-20]]. which is widely considered the main economic locus of emerging and developed nations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asia to play bigger role on world stage: report - People's Daily Online |url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807025553/http://en.people.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=en.people.cn}}</ref> India exerts a salient influence as the founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ipsnews.net/2005/07/g8-summit-developing-countries-stand-firm-by-kyoto-protocol/ |title=G8 SUMMIT: Developing Countries Stand Firm by Kyoto Protocol |work=Inter Press Service |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> India has also played an important and influential role in other international organisations, such as the [[East Asia Summit]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Analysts Say India'S Power Aided Entry Into East Asia Summit. {{pipe}} Goliath Business News |url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4519133/ANALYSTS-SAY-INDIA-S-POWER.html |access-date=21 November 2009 |publisher=Goliath.ecnext.com}}</ref> [[World Trade Organization]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Guebert |first=Alan |title=Guebert: WTO talks show declining U.S. clout |url=https://www.pjstar.com/x1906041915/Guebert-WTO-talks-show-declining-U-S-clout |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=Journal Star}}</ref> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF),<ref>{{cite web |title=Emerging economies eye IMF power |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=149&dir=2007/October/Friday26 |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=MmegiOnline}}</ref> [[G8+5]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Alford |first=Peter |title=G8 plus 5 equals power shift |work=The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23978188-2703,00.html |url-status=dead |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135056/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23978188-2703,00.html |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> and [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Brazil, South Africa – the power of three |agency=Inter Press Service |url=https://www.bilaterals.org/?india-brazil-south-africa-the-9969 |access-date=16 August 2020 |via=bilaterals.org}}</ref> India is also a member of the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. As a former [[British Raj|British colony]], India is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and continues to maintain relationships with other Commonwealth countries.

==History==
{{Main|History of Indian foreign relations}}
{{see also|Indus–Mesopotamia relations|Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations|Indo-Roman relations|Indo-Roman trade relations|Indian maritime history}}
India's relations with the world have evolved since the [[British Raj]] (1857–1947) when the [[British Empire]] took responsibility for handling external and defence relations. When India gained independence in 1947, few Indians had experience in making or conducting foreign policy. However, the country's oldest political party, the [[Indian National Congress]], had established a small foreign department in 1925 to make overseas contacts and to publicise its independence struggle. From the late 1920s on, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], who had a long-standing interest in world affairs among independence leaders, formulated the Congress's stance on international issues. As Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs from 1947, Nehru articulated India's approach to the world.

India's international influence varied over the years after independence. Indian prestige and moral authority were high in the 1950s and facilitated the acquisition of developmental assistance from both East and West. Although the prestige stemmed from India's nonaligned stance, the nation was unable to prevent Cold War politics from becoming intertwined with interstate relations in South Asia. On the intensely debated Kashmir issue with Pakistan, India lost credibility by rejecting United Nations' calls for a plebiscite in the disputed area.<ref>Itty Abraham, "From Bandung to NAM: Non-alignment and Indian foreign policy, 1947–65." ''Commonwealth & Comparative Politics'' 46.2 (2008): 195–219.</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, India's international position among developed and developing countries faded during wars with China and Pakistan, disputes with other countries in South Asia, and India's attempt to match Pakistan's support from the United States and China by signing the [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation]] in August 1971. Although India obtained substantial Soviet military and economic aid, which helped to strengthen the nation, India's influence was undercut regionally and internationally by the perception that its [[Indo–Russia relations#India and the Soviet Union|friendship with the Soviet Union]] prevented a more forthright condemnation of the Soviet presence in Afghanistan. In the late 1980s, India improved relations with the United States, other developed countries, and China while continuing close ties with the Soviet Union. Relations with its South Asian neighbours, especially Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, occupied much of the energies of the Ministry of External Affairs.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/india/122.htm India – Foreign Relations]. Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

Even before independence, the [[Government of India|Indian colonial government]] maintained semi-autonomous diplomatic relations. It had colonies (such as the [[Colony of Aden|Aden Settlement]]), that sent and received full missions.<ref>[http://www.hcindia-au.org/india_australia.html High Commission of India in Australia: India Australia Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013123624/http://hcindia-au.org/india_australia.html }}. Hcindia-au.org (20 April 2011). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India was a founder member of both the [[League of Nations]]<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm First Assembly, Geneva, 15 November – 18 December 1920]. Indiana.edu (18 December 1920). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and the United Nations.<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml UN list of members by admission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712192515/http://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml }}. United Nations. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> After India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, it soon joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and strongly supported independence movements in other colonies, like the [[Indonesian National Revolution]].<ref>http://old.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20080717.B08 {{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The [[partition of India|partition]] and various [[territorial dispute]]s, particularly that over [[Kashmir dispute|Kashmir]], would strain its [[Indo-Pakistani relations|relations with Pakistan]] for years to come. During the [[Cold War]], India adopted a foreign policy of [[neutrality (international relations)|not aligning]] itself with any major [[power (international)|power bloc]]. However, India developed close [[Indo–Russia relations#India and the Soviet Union|ties with the Soviet Union]] and received extensive military support from it.

The end of the Cold War significantly affected India's foreign policy, as it did for much of the world. The country now seeks to strengthen its diplomatic and economic ties with the United States,<ref name="autogenerated4">[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/03/20060302-13.html Fact Sheet: United States and India: Strategic Partnership]. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov (22 February 2006). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://ibef.org/india/indiachina.aspx India and ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704031220/http://www.ibef.org/india/indiachina.aspx }}. Ibef.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the [[European Union]] [[trading bloc]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/india/intro/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502024635/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/india/intro/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=The EU's relations with India – Overview|archive-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> Japan,<ref>[http://www.ibef.org/india/indiajapan.aspx India and Japan]. Ibef.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Israel,<ref>[http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2004/issue4/jv8no4a6.html India-Israel Partnership] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822044835/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2004/issue4/jv8no4a6.html }}. Meria.idc.ac.il. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Mexico,<ref>[http://mexico.foreignpolicyblogs.com/category/international-relations/ Mexico " International Relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017050323/http://mexico.foreignpolicyblogs.com/category/international-relations/ }}</ref> and Brazil.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/sep/13pmnam.htm India, Brazil ink nine agreements]. Rediff.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India has also forged close ties with the member states of the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]],<ref>[http://www.ibef.org/india/indiaasean.aspx India & Asean]. Ibef.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the [[African Union]],<ref name="autogenerated1">Terral, Jim. (4 April 2008) [http://worldreport.cjly.net/2008/04/india-2nd-largest-importer-of.html World Report: "India 2nd largest importer of conventional weapons," Business Standard, 14 February 2008]. Worldreport.cjly.net. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the [[Arab League]]<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/top3mset/56915 Indo-Arab relations; an account of India's relations with the Arab World from ancient up to modern times]. Worldcat.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and Iran.<ref name="neighbourhood">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749743 |title=India elsewhere |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

Though India continues to have a military relationship with Russia,<ref>[http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=591 Prospects for India-Russia Security Relations – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050512052559/https://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=591 }}. Carnegieendowment.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Israel has emerged as India's second-largest military partner<ref name="autogenerated1"/> while India has built a strong strategic partnership with the United States.<ref name="autogenerated4"/><ref name="assamtribune.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb1507%5Cedit1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070616041613/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb1507%5Cedit1|url-status=dead|title=The Assam Tribune Online|archive-date=16 June 2007|website=archive.is}}</ref> The [[foreign policy of Narendra Modi]] indicated a shift towards focusing on the Asian region and, more broadly, trade deals.

==Policy==
[[File:Diplomatic missions of India.PNG|thumb|300px|{{legend|#23B14B|India}} {{legend|#2F3699|States with a present and permanent Indian diplomatic mission}}]]India's foreign policy has always regarded the concept of neighbourhood as one of widening concentric circles, around a central axis of historical and cultural commonalities.<ref name="autogenerated3">[http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/fp(intro).htm Introduction to India's Foreign Policy, Embassy of India – Washington, DC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727023942/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/fp(intro).htm }}. Indianembassy.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

As many as 44 million people of Indian origin live and work abroad and constitute an important link with the mother country. An important role of India's foreign policy has been to ensure their welfare and well-being within the framework of the laws of the country where they live.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenway |first=Phil |title=UKMoney.net and Indianembassy.org |url=https://www.ukmoney.net/indianembassy-org/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=UK Money |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Role of the Prime Minister===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru at the UN General Assembly, New York, 1948.jpg|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the 1st Prime Minister of India, addressing the United Nations {{small|(1948)}}]]
[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], India's first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], promoted a strong personal role for the Prime Minister but a weak institutional structure. Nehru served concurrently as Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs; he made all major foreign policy decisions himself after consulting with his advisers and then entrusted the conduct of international affairs to senior members of the Indian Foreign Service. He was the main founding father of the Panchsheel or the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence]].

His successors continued to exercise considerable control over India's international dealings, although they appointed separate ministers of external affairs.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert |last=Sherrod |title=Nehru:The Great Awakening |journal=The Saturday Evening Post |volume=236 |pages=60–67 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |publisher=Panchsheel Publishers |page=131 |last=Bhatia |first=Vinod |title=Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him |year=1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |page=261 |last1=Dua |first1=B. D. |first2=James |last2=Manor |title=Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India |year=1994 |isbn=0-7748-0480-7}}</ref>

India's second prime minister, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] (1964–66), expanded the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (sometimes called the Prime Minister's Secretariat) and enlarged its powers. By the 1970s, the Office of the Prime Minister had become the de facto coordinator and supra-ministry of the Indian government. The enhanced role of the office strengthened the prime minister's control over foreign policymaking at the expense of the Ministry of External Affairs. Advisers in the office provided channels of information and policy recommendations in addition to those offered by the Ministry of External Affairs. A subordinate part of the office—the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW)—functioned in ways that significantly expanded the information available to the prime minister and his advisers. The RAW gathered intelligence, provided intelligence analysis to the Office of the Prime Minister, and conducted covert operations abroad.

The prime minister's control and reliance on personal advisers in the Office of the Prime Minister was particularly strong under the tenures of [[Indira Gandhi]] (1966–77 and 1980–84) and her son, Rajiv (1984–89), who succeeded her, and weaker during the periods of coalition governments. Observers find it difficult to determine whether the locus of decision-making authority on any issue lies with the Ministry of External Affairs, the Council of Ministers, the Office of the Prime Minister, or the prime minister himself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html |title=BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 4(5) |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060413024002/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html |archive-date=13 April 2006 }}</ref>

The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] is however free to appoint advisers and special committees to examine various [[foreign policy]] options and areas of interest.{{Citation needed}} In a recent instance, [[Manmohan Singh]] appointed [[K. Subrahmanyam]] in 2005 to head a special [[Government of India|government]] task force to study 'Global Strategic Developments' over the next decade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/05/stories/2005110502491300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013094001/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/05/stories/2005110502491300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2006 |title=National : Task force constituted |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The Task Force submitted its conclusions to the Prime Minister in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/presentation/columnisthome/inder-malhotra/china-a-long-view.aspx |title=Enjoy the difference |work=The Asian Age |location=India |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818075849/http://www.asianage.com/presentation/columnisthome/inder-malhotra/china-a-long-view.aspx |archive-date=18 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2006/09/19/1909india-us-unique.html |title=India-US strategic partnership has unique scope |publisher=News.indiainfo.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617051302/http://news.indiainfo.com/2006/09/19/1909india-us-unique.html |archive-date=17 June 2011 }}</ref> The report has not yet been released in the [[public domain]].

===Ministry of External Affairs===

The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] is the Indian government's [[Government agency|agency]] responsible for the foreign relations of India. The Minister of External Affairs holds cabinet rank as a member of the [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Council of Ministers]].[[File:Bush meets Pranab Mukherjee.jpg|thumb|[[Pranab Mukherjee]], the former [[Finance Minister of India]] and former [[President of India]] with [[List of Presidents of the United States#Living former presidents|former US President]] [[George W. Bush]] in 2008.]]

[[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]] is the current Minister of External Affairs. The Ministry has a [[Minister of State]] [[V Muraleedharan]]. The [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Indian Foreign Secretary]] is the head of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) and therefore, serves as the head of all Indian (ambassadors) and high commissioners.<ref>[http://meaindia.nic.in/ Ministry of External Affairs website]. Meaindia.nic.in (29 October 2011). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> [[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]] is the current Foreign Secretary of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=MEA {{!}} About MEA : Profiles : Foreign Secretary |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/fs.htm |website=www.mea.gov.in |access-date=8 June 2022 |language=english}}</ref>

===Act East Policy===
{{main|Indian Look East policy}}
In the [[post Cold War era|post-Cold War era]], a significant aspect of India's foreign policy is the Look East Policy. During the cold war, India's relations with its Southeast Asian neighbours were not strong. After the end of the cold war, the government of India particularly realised the importance of redressing this imbalance in India's foreign policy. Consequently, the Narsimha Rao government in the early nineties of the last century unveiled the look east policy. Initially, it focused on renewing political and economic contacts with the countries of East and South-East Asia.

At present,{{when}} under the [[Look East policy (India)|Look East Policy]], the Government of India is giving special emphasis on the economic development of the backward northeastern region of India taking advantage of a huge market of ASEAN as well as of the energy resources available in some of the member countries of ASEAN like Burma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=jan1907\edit2|publisher=Assam Tribune|title=Assam Tribune articles}} {{Dead link}}</ref> The look-east policy was launched in 1991 just after the end of the cold war, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. After the start of liberalisation, it was a very strategic policy decision taken by the government in foreign policy. To quote Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "it was also a strategic shift in India's vision of the world and India's place in the evolving global economy".

The policy was given an initial thrust with the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao visiting China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Singapore and India becoming an important dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992. Since the beginning of this century, India has given a big push to this policy by becoming a summit-level partner of ASEAN (2002) and getting involved in some regional initiatives such as the [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation|BIMSTEC]] and the Ganga–Mekong Cooperation and now becoming a member of the [[East Asia Summit|East Asia Summit (EAS)]] in December 2005.<ref name="indianmba.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianmba.com/Occasional_Papers/OP104/op104.html |title=India's Look-East Policy |publisher=Indianmba.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429113146/http://www.indianmba.com/Occasional_Papers/OP104/op104.html |archive-date=29 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, India has forged a closer partnership with Western powers. In the 1990s, India's economic problems and the demise of the bipolar world political system forced India to reassess its foreign policy and adjust its foreign relations. Previous policies proved inadequate to cope with the serious domestic and international problems facing India. The end of the Cold War gutted the core meaning of nonalignment and left Indian foreign policy without significant direction. The hard, pragmatic considerations of the early 1990s were still viewed within the nonaligned framework of the past, but the disintegration of the Soviet Union removed much of India's international leverage, for which relations with Russia and the other post-Soviet states could not compensate. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, India improved its relations with the United States, Canada, France, Japan, and Germany. In 1992, India established formal diplomatic relations with Israel and this relationship grew during the tenures of the [[National Democratic Alliance|National Democratic Alliance (NDA)]] government and the subsequent [[United Progressive Alliance|United Progressive Alliance (UPA)]] governments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembassy.co.il/India-Israel%20Bilateral%20relations.htm |title=Embassy of India – India-Israel Bilateral relations |publisher=Indembassy.co.il |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310185904/http://www.indembassy.co.il/India-Israel%20Bilateral%20relations.htm |archive-date=10 March 2009 }}</ref>

In the mid-1990s, India attracted the world's attention to Pakistan-backed [[terrorism in Kashmir]]. The [[Kargil War]] resulted in a major diplomatic victory for India. The United States and European Union recognised the fact that the Pakistani military had illegally infiltrated Indian territory and pressured Pakistan to withdraw from Kargil. Several anti-India militant groups based in Pakistan were labelled as [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist groups]] by the United States and [[European Union]].

[[File:BRICS heads of state and government hold hands ahead of the 2014 G-20 summit in Brisbane, Australia (Agencia Brasil).jpg|thumb|India has often represented the interests of developing countries on various international platforms. Shown here are [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Narendra Modi]], [[Dilma Rousseff]], [[Xi Jinping]], and [[Jacob Zuma]], 2014.]]
In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons for the second time (see [[Pokhran-II]]) which resulted in several US, Japanese and European sanctions on India. India's then defence minister, [[George Fernandes]], said that India's [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear programme]] was necessary as it provided a deterrence to potential Chinese nuclear threat. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fe/daily/19990511/fex10031.html Beyond Pokharan II] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929065309/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fe/daily/19990511/fex10031.html }}. Expressindia.com (11 May 1999). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

After [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, Indian intelligence agencies provided the US with significant information on [[Al-Qaeda]] and related groups' activities in Pakistan and Afghanistan. India's extensive contribution to the [[War on Terror]], coupled with a surge in its economy, has helped India's diplomatic relations with several countries. Over the past three years, India has held numerous joint military exercises with US and European nations that have resulted in a strengthened US-India and EU-India [[Bilateralism|bilateral relationship]]. India's bilateral trade with Europe and the United States had more than doubled in the five years since 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=253537|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714035540/http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=253537|url-status=dead|title=PPI: U.S. Exports to India Have Doubled Since 2003|archive-date=14 July 2010}}</ref>

India has been pushing for reforms in the UN and WTO with mixed results. India's candidature for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is currently backed by several countries including France, Russia,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4069453.stm South Asia – Putin backs India's UN seat bid]. BBC News (4 December 2004). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the United Kingdom,<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/UNSC_without_India_unrealistic_Brown/articleshow/2972896.cms UNSC without India unrealistic – The Economic Times]. ''The Economic Times''. (22 April 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Germany, Japan, Brazil,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421023145/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/17/stories/2008041762061400.htm India & World: "Working together for Security Council seat"]. The Hindu (17 April 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/categories/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141812/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/news/stories/200804/s2219356.htm?tab=australia|url-status=dead|title=Categories|archive-date=16 December 2008|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> and UAE.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article906055.ece News National UNSC permanent seat is India's right : UAE]. The Hindu (23 November 2010). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> In 2004, the United States signed a [[India Nuclear Cooperation Promotion Act|nuclear cooperation agreement]] with India even though the latter is not a part of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]]. The US argued that India's strong nuclear non-proliferation record made it an exception, however, this has not persuaded other [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] members to sign similar deals with India. During a state visit to India in November 2010, US President [[Barack Obama]] announced US support for [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India|India's bid for permanent membership to UN Security Council]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-08/india/28260141_1_bid-for-permanent-seat-unsc-permanent-member |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103212320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-08/india/28260141_1_bid-for-permanent-seat-unsc-permanent-member |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |location=India |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Obama endorses India's bid for permanent seat in UNSC }}</ref> as well as India's entry to [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]], [[Wassenaar Arrangement]], [[Australia Group]] and [[Missile Technology Control Regime]].<ref name="aje20101106">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/11/2010116132349390763.html |title=Obama seeks expanded India-US trade |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="voa20101106">{{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Obama-Calls-For-More-Trade-with-India-106817488.html |title=Obama in Mumbai Calls India Market of the Future |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |access-date=7 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107033806/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Obama-Calls-For-More-Trade-with-India-106817488.html |archive-date=7 November 2010 }}</ref> As of January 2018, India has become a member of [[Wassenaar Arrangement]], [[Australia Group]] and [[Missile Technology Control Regime]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/boost-for-nsg-membership-as-india-gains-entry-into-australia-group/articleshow/62567229.cms|title=NSG membership: Boost for NSG membership, as India gains entry into 'Australia Group' |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Strategic partners==

India's growing economy, strategic location, a mix of friendly and diplomatic foreign policy and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|large and vibrant diaspora]] has won it more allies than enemies.<ref>India as an Emerging Power – By Sumit Ganguly {{ISBN|0-7146-5386-1}}</ref> India has friendly relations with several countries in the [[developing world]]. Though India is not a part of any major military alliance, it has a close strategic and military relationship with most of its fellow major powers.

Countries considered India's closest include the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref>{{cite web |title=India among UAE's best friends: Emirati envoy |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1242126/amp |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> [[Russia|Russian Federation]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071017105030/http://saag.org/papers2/paper144.html Russia Strategic cooperation]. Web.archive.org (17 October 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> [[Israel]],<ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.westerndefense.org/bulletins/Dec-01.htm India and Israel: Dawn of a New Era] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728173613/http://www.westerndefense.org/bulletins/Dec-01.htm }}. Westerndefense.org (1 January 2011).Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Afghanistan,<ref name="CFR"/> France,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024093747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-19/india/27817161_1_prachanda-indian-maoists-baburam-bhattarai "Indian Maoists haven't evolved"] ''The Times of India''</ref> Bhutan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0701/S00057.htm |title=Bhutanese Refugees: Trapped and Tantalized |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Bangladesh,<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263804 The Fish Swims Upriver] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024191146/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263804 }}. http://www.outlookindia.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and the United States. Russia is the largest supplier of military equipment to India, followed by Israel and France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_338826.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202114013/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_338826.html|url-status=dead|title=Biggest Air Show ends in India|archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> According to some analysts, Israel is set to overtake Russia as India's largest military and strategic partner.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=110713&contrassID=2&subContrassID=5&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y&itemNo=110713 "Looking out for number one"]{{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Amnon Barzilai</ref> The two countries also collaborate extensively in the sphere of counter-terrorism and space technology.<ref>[http://www.topnews.in/india-attains-spy-satellite-israel-2142462 "India Attains Spy Satellite From Israel2"]. Topnews.in (21 March 2009). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India also enjoys strong military relations with several other countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070809144645/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alliance/documents/Homepage/Paper-Jaffrelot.pdf Internet Archive Wayback Machine]. Web.archive.org (9 August 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Japan,<ref>[http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/india/partner0504.html "Japan-India Partnership in a New Asian Era: Strategic Orientation of Japan-India Global Partnership"]. MOFA. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Singapore, Brazil, South Africa and Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/20080726/2607301.htm |title=Defence: India turns to Israel & Italy |website=centralchronicle.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140032/http://www.centralchronicle.com/20080726/2607301.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> In addition, India operates an [[Farkhor Air Base|airbase]] in Tajikistan,<ref>[http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080715/FOREIGN/513386311/1103/NEWS&Profile=1103 New Delhi looks to Asia for energy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234710/http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080715/FOREIGN/513386311/1103/NEWS%26Profile%3D1103 }}. Thenational.ae. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> signed a landmark defence accord with Qatar in 2008,<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/security-pact-with-qatar-gives-india-gulf-toehold/384406/ "Security pact with Qatar gives India Gulf toehold"]. ''The Indian Express''. (12 November 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and has leased out [[Assumption Island]] from [[Seychelles]] to build a naval base in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-seychelles-agree-to-lease-assumption-island-for-infrastructure-development-2067859 |title=India, Seychelles agree to lease Assumption Island for 'infrastructure development' |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

India has also forged relationships with developing countries, especially South Africa, Brazil,<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/17/business/sxpesek.php Brazil finds a belated ally in India]. International Herald Tribune (29 March 2009). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and Mexico.<ref>[http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=8330 India looks for key to Nafta in Mexico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044658/http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=8330 }}. Bilaterals.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> These countries often represent the interests of developing countries through economic forums such as the [[G8+5]], [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA]] and [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]. India was seen as one of the standard bearers of the developing world and claimed to speak for a collection of more than 30 other developing nations at the [[Doha Development Round]].<ref name=nixes/><ref name="bbc_doha">{{cite news |title=Dismay at collapse of trade talks |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7532302.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref> [[Indian Look East policy]] has helped it develop greater economic and strategic partnerships with [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|Southeast Asian countries]], South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. India also enjoys friendly relations with the [[Persian Gulf states|Persian Gulf countries]] and most members of the [[African Union]].

The Foundation for National Security Research in New Delhi published ''India's Strategic Partners: A Comparative Assessment'' and ranked India's top strategic partners with a score out of 90 points: Russia comes out on top with 62, followed by the United States (58), France (51), UK (41), Germany (37), and Japan (34).<ref>{{cite web |last=Panda |first=Ankit |title=Why Does India Have So Many 'Strategic Partners' and No Allies? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/11/why-does-india-have-so-many-strategic-partners-and-no-allies/ |publisher=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref>

===Partnership agreements===

India has signed strategic partnership agreements with more than two dozen countries/supranational entities listed here in the chronological order of the pacts:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:1em auto;"
|+ Agreements
|-
! S.no.
! Country
! Year of Agreement signed
! Reference
|-
|1
|{{FRA}}
|1997
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/hollandes-republic-day-visit-and-indiafrance-ties/article8175735.ece |title=Deepening the French connection |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2
|{{RUS}}
|2000
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/for-russia-deepening-friendship-with-india-is-a-top-foreign-policy-priority/article4232857.ece |title=For Russia, deepening friendship with India is a top foreign policy priority |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|3
|{{GER}}
|2001
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianembassy.de/pages.php?id=37 |title=Bilateral Relations – Embassy of India, Berlin – Germany |publisher=Indianembassy.de |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425164052/https://www.indianembassy.de/pages.php?id=37 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 4
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|2003
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7703/IndiaMauritius+Joint+Statement |title=India-Mauritius Joint Statement |publisher=Mea.gov.in |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|5
|{{IRN}}
|2003
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/1644 |title=Iran-India Strategic Partnership Needs Resuscitation {{pipe}} South Asia Analysis Group |publisher=Southasiaanalysis.org |date=3 November 2014 |access-date=1 December 2016 }}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|6
|{{UK}}
|2004
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hcilondon.in/pages.php?id=19 |title=Welcome to High Commission of India, London, UK |publisher=Hcilondon.in |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322074919/https://www.hcilondon.in/pages.php?id=19 |archive-date=22 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|7
|{{USA}}
|2004
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/36290.htm |title=United States – India Joint Statement on Next Steps in Strategic Partnership |publisher=2001-2009.state.gov |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|8
|{{RWA}}
|2017
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/27915/DECLARATION+ON+STRATEGIC+PARTNERSHIP+BETWEEN+INDIA+AND+RWANDA|title=DECLARATION ON STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND RWANDA|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|9
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|2005
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7067/Joint+Declaration+between+the+Republic+of+India+and+the+Republic+of+Indonesia|title=Joint Declaration between the Republic of India and the Republic of Indonesia|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|10
|{{CHN}}
|2005
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Apr/125627.htm |title=China, India to Build Strategic Partnership |publisher=China.org.cn |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|11
|{{BRA}}
|2006
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/india-brazil-to-elevate-relations-to-strategic-partnership/article3074952.ece |title=India, Brazil to elevate relations to strategic partnership – Today's Paper |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|12
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|2007
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thayer |first=Carl |title=India and Vietnam Advance Their Strategic Partnership |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/india-and-vietnam-advance-their-strategic-partnership/ |access-date=1 December 2016 |publisher=The Diplomat}}</ref>
|-
|13
|{{OMN}}
|2008
| <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6V2KCgAAQBAJ&q=oman+india+strategic+partnership&pg=PA475 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy – Google Books |access-date=1 December 2016|isbn=9780191061196 |last1=Malone |first1=David M. |last2=Raja Mohan |first2=C. |last3=Raghavan |first3=Srinath }}</ref>
|-
|14
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|2009
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembsofia.org/en/joint-declaration-on-strategic-partnership-between-india-and-kazakhstan/ |title=Joint Declaration on Strategic Partnership between India and Kazakhstan – Embassy of India, Sofia (Bulgaria) |publisher=Indembsofia.org |access-date=1 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006151349/https://www.indembsofia.org/en/joint-declaration-on-strategic-partnership-between-india-and-kazakhstan/ |archive-date=6 October 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|15
|{{AUS}}
|2009
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Earl |first=Greg |url=http://www.lowyinstitute.org/issues/india-australia-relations |title=India Australia Relations |publisher=Lowy Institute |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|16
|{{MYS}}
|2010
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/4764/Joint+Statement+on+the+Framework+for+the+IndiaMalaysia+Strategic+Partnership |title=Joint Statement on the Framework for the India-Malaysia Strategic Partnership |publisher=Mea.gov.in |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|17
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|2010
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/22752/India+Republic+of+Korea+Joint+Statement+for+Expansion+of+the+Strategic+Partnership |title=India- Republic of Korea Joint Statement for Expansion of the Strategic Partnership |publisher=Mea.gov.in |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|18
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|2010
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Saudi Arabia Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Saudi_Arabia_Bilateral_Brief_for_website_-_28_January_2013.pdf |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|19
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|2011
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/580/India+and+Uzbekistan+declare+Strategic+Partnership |title=India and Uzbekistan declare Strategic Partnership |publisher=Mea.gov.in |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|20
|{{flagcountry|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}
|2011
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-15161776 |title=Afghanistan and India sign 'strategic partnership' – BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|21
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}
|2012
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/20454/Joint+Statement+on+Strategic+Partnership+between+the+Republic+of+India+and+the+Republic+of+Tajikistan|title=Joint Statement on Strategic Partnership between the Republic of India and the Republic of Tajikistan|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|22
|{{ISR}}
|2017
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-israel-elevate-their-ties-to-strategic-partnership/articleshow/59461930.cms|title=PM Modi in Israel: India, Israel elevate their ties to strategic partnership |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|23
|{{JAP}}
| 2014
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|title=Business News Live, Share Market News - Read Latest Finance News, IPO, Mutual Funds News|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
|24
|{{flag|Seychelles}}
|2014
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/3588/Five+agreements+signed+as+Seychelles+President+Michel+begins+state+visit+in+India|title=Five agreements signed as Seychelles President Michel begins state visit in India|website=seychellesnewsagency.com}}</ref>
|-
|25
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|2015
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Joint-statement-for-India-Mongolia-strategic-partnership/articleshow/47315412.cms|title=Joint statement for India-Mongolia strategic partnership |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|26
|{{SGP}}
|2015
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-singapore-enter-into-strategic-partnership/article7913143.ece|title=India, Singapore enter into strategic partnership|first=Prashanth|last=Chintala|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|27
|{{UAE}}
|2015
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/where-does-india-uae-strategic-partnership-leave-pakistan-2396814.html|title=How India's strategic partnership with UAE will hit Pakistan where it hurts – Firstpost|website=firstpost.com}}</ref>
|-
|28
|{{EU}}
|2004
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/38_4/EUChinaandEUIndia |title=EU–China and EU–India: A Tale of Two Strategic Partnerships {{pipe}} Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |publisher=Idsa.in |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|29
|{{flag|ASEAN}}
|2012
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/singapore_headlines/2012/201212/news_20121221.html|title=Straits Times: Asean and India now strategic partners|website=mfa.gov.sg}}</ref>
|-
|30
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|2023
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-and-egypt-upgrade-relationship-to-strategic-partnership-11674651911356.html|title= Egypt and India now strategic partners|website=livemint.com}}</ref>
|}

===Future agreements===
Currently, India is taking steps towards establishing strategic partnerships with [[Canada]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-canada-hold-strategic-dialogue-discuss-nuclear-cooperation/articleshow/23006241.cms |title=India, Canada hold strategic dialogue, discuss nuclear cooperation |work=The Economic Times |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> and [[Argentina]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Argentina Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Argentina_Mar_2013.pdf |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> Although India has not signed any formal strategic partnership agreements with [[Bhutan]] and [[Qatar]], its
foreign ministry often describes relations with these countries as 'strategic'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of External Affairs Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/21385_Annual_Report_2012-2013_English.pdf |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/security-pact-with-qatar-gives-india-gulf-toehold/384406/|title=Security pact with Qatar gives India Gulf toehold – Indian Express|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Africa==
{{Further|Africa–India relations}}

;Algeria
{{Main|Algeria-India relations}}'''Burkina Faso'''

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 1962<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian Information Volume 4, Issue 23 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=1962 |pages=216}}</ref>
;Burundi
{{Main|Burundi-India relations}}

*[[Burundi]] has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mae.gov.bi/en/burundi-embassies-abroad/|title = Burundi Embassies Abroad}}</ref>
*[[India]] is represented in Burundi by its embassy in [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mae.gov.bi/en/foreign-missions-in-burundi-with-residence-abroad/|title=Foreign Missions in Burundi with Residence Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Burundi}}</ref>
*Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/20619/list+of+documents+signed+during+the+state+visit+of+president+of+burundi|title=List of Documents signed during the State Visit of President of Burundi|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>

;Chad
;Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 1975<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian Foreign Policy: Annual Survey |publisher=Foreign Policy Research Centre |year=1975 |pages=140}}</ref>
;Comoros
{{Main|Comoros-India relations}}

*Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Comoros_Relations.pdf|title=India Comoros Relations}}</ref>
*Both countries are full members of the [[Indian-Ocean Rim Association]].

;Congo
{{Main|India–Republic of the Congo relations}}

;DR Congo
{{Main|Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations}}

;Ethiopia
{{Main|Ethiopia–India relations}}

India and Ethiopia have warm bilateral ties based on mutual cooperation and support. India has been a partner in Ethiopia's developmental efforts, training Ethiopian personnel under its [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme|ITEC programmer]], providing it with several [[Line of credit|lines of credit]] and launching the [[Pan-African e-Network project]] there in 2007. The Second [[India–Africa Forum Summit]] was held in [[Addis Ababa]] in 2011. India is also Ethiopia's second-largest source of [[foreign direct investments]].

;Egypt
{{Main|Egypt–India relations}}

[[File:Nasser and his children with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (01).jpg|thumb|Abdel Nasser and his children with Jawaharlal Nehru. In 1955, Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser and India under Jawaharlal Nehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the Commonwealth of Nations.|213x213px]]
Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts between [[Saad Zaghloul]] and [[Mohandas Gandhi]] on the common goals of their respective movements of independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembcairo.com/Web%20Pages/gandhi.aspx |title=Embassy of India, Cairo |publisher=Indembcairo.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503193003/http://www.indembcairo.com/Web%20Pages/gandhi.aspx |archive-date=3 May 2010 }}</ref> In 1955, Egypt under [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]] and India under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became the founders of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. In 1967, following the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]], India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi described the visit of President [[Anwar al-Sadat]] to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured fertilisers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organic chemicals, and leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobacco, lentils, pharmaceutical products and transport equipment. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertiliser plant with another Indian company. In 2004 the [[GAIL|Gas Authority of India Limited]] bought 15% of Egypt's Nat Gas distribution and marketing company. In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750 million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.<ref>Egypt State Information Service: [http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Activity/000001/0401050400000000000964.htm Mubarak starts historic visit to India to boost strategic partnership between the two countries] {{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> After the [[Arab Spring]] of 2011, with ousting of Hosni Mubarak, Egypt asked for the help of India in conducting nationwide elections.{{Citation needed}}

;Gabon
{{Main|Gabon–India relations}}

Gabon maintains an embassy in New Delhi. The Embassy of India in [[Kinshasa]], Democratic Republic of Congo is jointly accredited to Gabon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eoi.gov.in/kinshasa/|title=Embassy of India Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo|website=eoi.gov.in}}</ref>

;Ghana
{{Main|Ghana–India relations}}

Relations between [[Ghana]] and India are generally close and cordial mixed with economic and cultural connections. Trade between India and Ghana amounted to US$818 million in 2010–11 and is expected to be worth US$1 billion by 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=India aims to double trade with W. Africa |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/article3624588.ece |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |first=Sujay |last=Mehdudia}}</ref> Ghana imports automobiles and buses from India and companies like [[Tata Motors]] and [[Ashok Leyland]] have a significant presence in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Motors to sell cars in Ghana |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75595 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123010427/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75595 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2013 |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ashok Leyland delivers 100 buses to Ghanaian firm |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ashok-leyland-delivers-100-buses-to-ghanaian-firm/476962/ |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=Business Standard }}</ref> Ghanaian exports to India consist of [[gold]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] and timber while Indian exports to Ghana comprise [[Pharmaceutical industry in India|pharmaceuticals]], agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, plastics, steel and cement.<ref name="mea" />

The Government of India has extended $228 million in [[Line of credit|lines of credit]] to Ghana which has been used for projects in sectors like agro-processing, fish processing, waste management, rural electrification and the expansion of Ghana's railways.<ref name="ghanabizmedia">{{cite web |title=Evolving India-Africa commerce relations: Ghana's lot |url=http://www.ghanabizmedia.com/ghanabizmedia/july-2012-diplomatic-relations/716-evolving-india-africa-commerce-relations-ghanas-lot.html |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416211607/http://www.ghanabizmedia.com/ghanabizmedia/july-2012-diplomatic-relations/716-evolving-india-africa-commerce-relations-ghanas-lot.html |archive-date=16 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India has also offered to set up an India-Africa Institute of Information Technology (IAIIT) and a Food Processing Business Incubation Centre in Ghana under the [[India–Africa Forum Summit]].<ref name="mea" />

India is among the largest foreign investors in [[Economy of Ghana|Ghana's economy]]. At the end of 2011, Indian investments in Ghana amounted to $550 million covering some 548 projects.<ref name="ghanabizmedia" /> Indian investments are primarily in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors of Ghana while Ghanaian companies manufacture drugs in collaboration with Indian companies. The IT sector in Ghana too has a significant Indian presence in it. India and Ghana also have a Bilateral Investment Protection Agreement between them.<ref>{{cite book |title=Doing Business in Ghana |year=2012 |publisher=KPMG |location=Accra |pages=15, 21 |url=http://www.kpmg.com/GH/en/Documents/Doing%20business%20in%20Ghana%20-2012.pdf}}</ref> India's [[Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers|Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilisers]] is in the process of setting up a fertiliser plant in Ghana at Nyankrom in the [[Shama District]] of the [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western Region of Ghana]]. The project entails an investment of US$1.3 billion and the plant would have an annual production capacity of 1.1 million tones, the bulk of which would be exported to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Ghana to finalise gas price |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/7edyfKWDEn5JBcrNYaqODN/India-Ghana-to-finalize-gas-price.html |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=HT Mint }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Work On Ghana-India Fertilizer Project To Begin At Nyankrom |url=http://news.moneygh.com/pages/agriculture/201207/354.php |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=Ghana Money |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122005413/http://news.moneygh.com/pages/agriculture/201207/354.php |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> There are also plans to develop a sugar processing plant entailing an investment of US$36 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=India to establish fertiliser plant in Ghana |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/11121-india-to-establish-fertilizer-plant-in-ghana |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=Daily Graphic |archive-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205141039/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/11121-india-to-establish-fertilizer-plant-in-ghana |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Bharti Airtel]], [[Tata Motors]] and [[Tech Mahindra]] are amongst the major Indian companies in Ghana.<ref name="ghanaian-chronicle">{{cite news |title=High Commissioner calls on Indian firms to invest in Ghana |url=http://ghanaian-chronicle.com/high-commissioner-calls-on-indian-firms-to-invest-in-ghana/ |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=The Chronicle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429135257/http://ghanaian-chronicle.com/high-commissioner-calls-on-indian-firms-to-invest-in-ghana/ |archive-date=29 April 2015 }}</ref>

There are about seven to eight thousand Indians and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Persons of Indian Origin]] living in Ghana today with some of them having been there for over 70 years.<ref name="mea">{{cite web |title=India-Ghana Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Ghana-January-2012.pdf |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> Ghana is home to a growing [[Hinduism in Ghana|indigenous Hindu population]] that today numbers 3000 families. [[Hinduism]] first came to Ghana only in the late 1940s with the [[Sindhis|Sindhi traders]] who migrated here following [[Partition of India|India's Partition]]. It has been growing in Ghana and neighbouring Togo since the mid-1970s when an African Hindu monastery was established in Accra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghana's unique African-Hindu temple |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10401741 |access-date=1 January 2013 |publisher=BBC }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hinduism spreads in Ghana, reaches Togo |url=http://www.indiaafricaconnect.in/index.php?param=news/3610/india-in-africa/117 |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723005509/http://www.indiaafricaconnect.in/index.php?param=news%2F3610%2Findia-in-africa%2F117 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Ivory Coast
{{Main|India–Ivory Coast relations}}

The bilateral relations between India and [[Ivory Coast]] have expanded considerably in recent years as India seeks to develop an extensive commercial and strategic partnership in the [[West Africa]]n region. The Indian diplomatic mission in [[Abidjan]] was opened in 1979. Ivory Coast opened its resident mission in New Delhi in September 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation//11fr05.pdf |title=Foreign Relations of India-Ivory Coast |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] |access-date=2 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226070642/http://www.meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation//11fr05.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref> Both nations are currently fostering efforts to increase trade, investments and economic cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4791381.stm |title=India to put $1bn in African oil |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 October 2008 }}</ref>

;Kenya
{{Main|India–Kenya relations}}

As littoral states of the Indian Ocean, trade links and commercial ties between India and Kenya go back several centuries. Kenya has [[Indians in Kenya|a large minority of Indians]] and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Persons of Indian Origin]] living there who are descendants of labourers who were brought in by the British to construct the [[Uganda Railway]] and [[Gujarati merchants]].<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIA – KENYA BILATERAL RELATIONS |url=http://www.hcinairobi.co.ke/Pages/Kenya_india_overview.html |publisher=High Commission of India, Nairobi |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828121542/http://www.hcinairobi.co.ke/Pages/Kenya_india_overview.html |archive-date=28 August 2012 }}</ref>
India and Kenya have growing trade and commercial ties. Bilateral trade amounted to $2.4 billion in 2010–2011 but with Kenyan imports from India accounting for $2.3 billion, the [[balance of trade]] was heavily in India's favour. India is Kenya's sixth-largest trading partner and the largest exporter to Kenya. Indian exports to Kenya include [[Pharmaceutical industry in India|pharmaceuticals]], [[steel]], machinery and [[Automobile industry in India|automobiles]] while Kenyan exports to India are primary commodities such as [[soda ash]], vegetables and [[tea]]. Indian companies have a significant presence in Kenya with Indian corporates like the [[Tata Group]], [[Essar Group]], [[Reliance Industries]] and [[Bharti Airtel]] operating there.

;Lesotho
{{Main|India–Lesotho relations}}

India operates a High Commission in Pretoria which serves Lesotho and Lesotho operates a residential mission in India. Lesotho and India have strong ties. Lesotho has backed India's bid for a [[G4 nations|Permanent UN seat]] and has also recognized Jammu and Kashmir as a part of India. India exported US$11 Million to Lesotho in the 2010–2011 year while only importing US$1 Million in goods from Lesotho. Since 2001, an Indian Army Training Team has trained several soldiers in the [[Lesotho Defence Force|LDF]].

;Liberia
{{Main|India–Liberia relations}}

The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Liberia have expanded on growing bilateral trade and strategic cooperation. India is represented in Liberia through its embassy in [[Abidjan]] ([[Ivory Coast]]) and an active honorary consulate in [[Monrovia]] since 1984. Liberia was represented in India through its resident mission in New Delhi which subsequently closed due to budgetary constraints.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |url=http://www.indemabj.com/index.html |title=Embassy of India |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |access-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005023417/http://www.indemabj.com/index.html |archive-date=5 October 2011 }}</ref>

;Libya
{{Main|India-Libya relations}}

;Mauritania
{{Main|India-Mauritania relations}}

India is represented in Mauritania by its embassy in [[Bamako]], [[Mali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29916/pradeep+kumar+gupta+concurrently+accredited+as+the+next+ambassador+of+india+to+the+lslamic+republic+of+mauritania|title = Pradeep Kumar Gupta concurrently accredited as the next Ambassador of India to the lslamic Republic of Mauritania}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.embassyofindiabamako.gov.in/page/ma-indian/|title=Embassy of India, Bamako, Mali : Indian Community in Mauritania|website=embassyofindiabamako.gov.in}}</ref> India also has an honorary consulate in [[Nouakchott]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.embassyofindiabamako.gov.in/page/ma-cgi/|title=Embassy of India, Bamako, Mali : Honorary Consul of India|website=embassyofindiabamako.gov.in}}</ref>

;Mauritius
{{Main|India–Mauritius relations}}

The relations between India and Mauritius existed since 1730, diplomatic relations were established in 1948 before Mauritius became an independent state.<ref name="issuu">{{cite news |url=https://issuu.com/pravasitoday/docs/march_2010_e-magazine?mode=window&pageNumber=6 |title=A Perspective for Future |first=Mookhesswur |last=Choonee |page=4 |newspaper=Issuu |access-date=22 September 2012}}</ref> The relationship is very cordial due to cultural affinities and long historical ties that exist between the two nations. More than 68% of the Mauritian population are of [[Indian people|Indian]] origin, most known as [[Mauritian of Indian origin|Indo-Mauritian]]. The economic and commercial corporation has been increasing over the years. India has become Mauritius' largest source of imports since 2007 and Mauritius imported US$816 million worth of goods in the April 2010 – March 2011 financial year. Mauritius has remained the largest source of [[Foreign direct investment|FDI]] for India for more than a decade with FDI equity inflows totalling US$55.2 billion in the period April 2000 to April 2011. India and Mauritius co-operate in combating piracy which has emerged as a major threat in the [[Indian Ocean]] region and support India's stand against terrorism.<ref name="defi1">{{cite web |url=http://www.defimedia.info/news-sunday/interview/item/5260-india-special-report-%E2%80%93-tp-seetharam-%E2%80%98mauritius-has-remained-the-largest-source-of-fdi-for-india-for-more-than-a-decade%E2%80%99.html?tmpl=component&print=1 |title=India Special Report – T.P. Seetharam : Mauritius has remained the largest source of FDI for India for more than a decade |publisher=Le Defimedia |access-date=22 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220001203/http://www.defimedia.info/news-sunday/interview/item/5260-india-special-report-%E2%80%93-tp-seetharam-%E2%80%98mauritius-has-remained-the-largest-source-of-fdi-for-india-for-more-than-a-decade%E2%80%99.html?tmpl=component&print=1 |archive-date=20 February 2014 }}</ref>

The relationship between Mauritius and India date back to the early 1730s, when artisans were brought from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="issuu" /> Diplomatic relations between India and Mauritius were established in 1948. Mauritius maintained contacts with India through successive Dutch, French and British rule. From the 1820s, Indian workers started coming to Mauritius to work on sugar plantations. From 1833 when slavery was abolished by [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], large numbers of Indian workers began to be brought into Mauritius as [[Indentured servant|indentured labourers]]. On 2 November 1834, the ship named 'Atlas' docked in Mauritius carrying the first batch of Indian indentured labourers.

;Morocco
{{main|India–Morocco relations}}

Morocco has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]. It also has an Honorary Consul based in [[Mumbai]]. India operates an embassy in [[Rabat]]. Both nations are part of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm |title=NAM Member States |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm |archive-date=9 December 2010 }}</ref>

In the United Nations, India supported the decolonisation of Morocco and the Moroccan freedom movement. India recognised Morocco on 20 June 1956 and established relations in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moroccoembassyin.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514064232/http://www.moroccoembassyin.org/morocco-india.html|title=Gambling Secrets | Card Games | Slots | Betting - moroccoembassyin.org|archive-date=14 May 2012}}</ref> The Ministry of External Affairs of the [[Government of India]] states that "India and Morocco have enjoyed cordial and friendly relations and over the years bilateral relations have witnessed significant depth and growth."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50044502 |title=Sorry for the inconvenience. |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

The [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] promotes Indian culture in Morocco.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureholidays.com/embassy/indian-embassy-morocco.html|title=Rabat Morocco Embassy Of India In Charia Michiifen Agdal|website=cultureholidays.com}}</ref> Morocco seeks to increase its trade ties with India and is seeking Indian investment in various sectors<ref name=da>{{cite web |url=http://www.dayafterindia.com/detail.php?headline=content&catid=1851 |title=Morocco proposes to spice up bilateral relations with India |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221171241/http://www.dayafterindia.com/detail.php?headline=content&catid=1851 |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> The bilateral relations between India and Morocco strengthened after the Moroccan Ambassador to India spent a week in [[Srinagar]], the capital city of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. This showed Moroccan solidarity with India regarding Kashmir.<ref name=da />

;Mozambique
{{main|India–Mozambique relations}}

India has a [[high commissioner]] in [[Maputo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hicomind-maputo.org/ |title=High Commission of India, Maputo |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005180001/http://www.hicomind-maputo.org/ |archive-date=5 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Mozambique has a high commissioner in [[New Delhi]].

;Namibia
{{main|India–Namibia relations}}

Relations between India and Namibia are warm and cordial.<ref name="Mha.gov.in">[http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/08fr03.pdf Indo-Namibian Relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313200039/http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/08fr03.pdf }} Ministry of External Affairs of India, September 2010</ref>

India was one of [[SWAPO]]'s earliest supporters during the [[Namibian War of Independence|Namibian liberation movement]]. The first SWAPO embassy was established in India in 1986. India's observer mission was converted to a full [[High Commissioner]] on Namibia's Independence Day of 21 March 1990.<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> India has helped train the [[Namibian Air Force]] since its creation in 1995. The two countries work closely in mutual multilateral organisations such as the [[United Nations]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. Namibia supports the [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India|expansion]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]] to include a permanent seat for India.<ref name="Mha.gov.in" />

In 2008–09, trade between the two countries stood at approximately US$80 million. Namibia's main imports from India were drugs and pharmaceuticals, chemicals, agricultural machinery, automobile and automobile parts, glass and glassware, and plastic and linoleum products. India primarily imported nonferrous metals, ores, and metal scraps. Indian products are also exported to neighbouring South Africa and re-imported to Namibia as South African imports. Namibian diamonds are often exported to European diamond markets before being again imported to India. In 2009, the first direct sale of Namibian diamonds to India took place.<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> In 2008, two Indian companies won a US$105 million contract from [[NamPower]] to lay a [[high-voltage direct current]] bi-polar line from [[Katima Mulilo]] to [[Otjiwarongo]].<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> Namibia is a beneficiary of the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme|Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme]] for telecommunications professionals from developing countries.

India has a [[high commissioner]] in [[Windhoek]]<ref>[http://www.highcommissionofindia.web.na/ High Commission of India in Namibia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703041544/http://www.highcommissionofindia.web.na/ }}</ref> and Namibia has a high commissioner in [[New Delhi]]. Namibia's high commissioner is also accredited for Bangladesh, the Maldives and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nhcdelhi.com/|title=High Commission of the Republic of Namibia in the Republic of India|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314141542/http://nhcdelhi.com/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Nigeria
{{Main|India–Nigeria relations}}

India has close relations with this oil-rich West African country. Twenty percent of India's crude oil needs are met, by Nigeria. {{convert|40000|oilbbl/d}} of oil, is the amount of oil, that India receives from Nigeria. Trade, between these two countries stands at $875 million in 2005–2006. Indian companies have also invested in manufacturing, [[pharmaceuticals]], iron ore, steel, information technology, and communications, amongst other things. Both India and Nigeria, are members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Group of 77|G-77]], and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Former Nigerian President, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] was the guest of honour, at the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] parade, in 1999, and the Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Nigeria in 2007 and addressed the Nigerian Parliament.

;Rwanda
{{Main|India–Rwanda relations}}

Indo-Rwandan relations are the foreign relations between the [[India|Republic of India]] and the [[Rwanda|Republic of Rwanda]]. India is represented in Rwanda through its honorary consulate in [[Kigali]]. Rwanda has been operating its [[Embassy]] in [[New Delhi]] since 1998 and appointed its first resident Ambassador in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/mystart.php?id=50049960 |title=India-Rwanda Relations |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref>

;Seychelles
{{main|India–Seychelles relations}}

'''India–Seychelles relations''' are bilateral relations between the [[India|Republic of India]] and the [[Seychelles|Republic of Seychelles]]. India has a [[High Commissioner|High Commission]] in [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] while Seychelles maintains a High Commission in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=High Commission of India, Seychelles |url=http://www.seychelles.net/hicomind/ |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref>

;South Africa
{{Main|India–South Africa relations}}

[[File:Gandhi group South-Africa.jpg|thumb|right|Mahatma Gandhi (middle row centre) with the leaders of the non-violent resistance movement in South Africa.]]
India and South Africa, have always had strong relations even though India revoked diplomatic relations in protest of the apartheid regime in the mid-20th century. The history of British rule connects both lands. There is a large group of [[Indian South Africans]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], spent many years in South Africa, during which time, he fought for the rights of the ethnic Indians. [[Nelson Mandela]] was inspired by Gandhi. After India's independence, India strongly condemned [[apartheid]] and refused diplomatic relations while apartheid was conducted as state policy in South Africa.

The two countries, now have close economic, political, and sports relations. Trade between the two countries grew from $3 million in 1992–1993 to $4 billion in 2005–2006, and aim to reach trade of $12 billion by 2010. One-third of India's imports from South Africa is [[gold bar]]. Diamonds, that are mined from South Africa, are polished in India. Nelson Mandela was awarded the [[Gandhi Peace Prize]]. The two countries are also members of the [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]], with Brazil. India hopes to get large amounts of [[uranium]], from resource-rich South Africa, for India's growing civilian nuclear energy sector.

;South Sudan
{{Main|India–South Sudan relations}}

India recognised South Sudan on 10 July 2011, a day after South Sudan became an independent state. Right now, relations are economic. Pramit Pal Chaudhuri wrote in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' that South Sudan "has other{{Clarify}} attractions. As the Indian Foreign Ministry's literature notes, South Sudan is reported to have "some of the largest oil reserves in Africa outside Nigeria and Angola".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-stake-in-South-Sudan/Article1-718966.aspx |title=India's stake in South Sudan |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027185931/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-stake-in-South-Sudan/Article1-718966.aspx |archive-date=27 October 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> An article in ''[[The Daily Telegraph|''The Telegraph'']]'' reported that South Sudan is "one of the poorest [countries] in the world, [but] is oil rich. Foreign ministry officials said New Delhi has [a] keen interest in increasing its investments in the oil fields in South Sudan, which now owns over two-thirds of erstwhile united Sudan's oil fields."<ref name=Greets>{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/india-greets-south-sudan/cid/368757 |title=India greets South Sudan |work=The Telegraph |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref>

In return for the oil resources that can be provided by South Sudan, India said it was willing to assist in developing infrastructure, training officials in health, education, and rural development. "We have compiled a definite road map {{sic|using|nolink=y}} which India can help South Sudan."<ref name=Greets/>

;Sudan
{{Main|India–Sudan relations}}

Indo-Sudanese relations have always been characterised as longstanding, close, and friendly, even since the early development stages of their countries. At the time of Indian independence, Sudan had contributed 70,000 pounds, which was used to build part of the National Defence Academy in Pune. The main building of NDA is called Sudan Block. The two nations established diplomatic relations shortly after India became known as one of the first Asian countries to recognise the newly independent African country. India and Sudan also share geographic and historical similarities, as well as economic interests. Both countries are [[British Empire|former British colonies]], and remotely border Saudi Arabia using a body of water. India and Sudan continue to have cordial relations, despite issues such as [[India–Israel relations|India's close relationship with Israel]], India's solidarity with Egypt over border issues with Sudan, and Sudan's intimate bonds with Pakistan and Bangladesh. India had also contributed some troops as United Nations peacekeeping force in [[Darfur]].

;Togo
{{Main|India–Togo relations}}

Togo opened its embassy in New Delhi in October 2010. The High Commission of India in Accra, Ghana is concurrently accredited to Togo. Togolese President [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] made an official state visit to India in September 1994. During the visit, the two countries agreed to establish Joint Commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Togo_Relations.pdf|title=India Togo Relations}}</ref>

;Uganda
{{Main|India–Uganda relations}}

India and Uganda established [[diplomatic relations]] in 1965 and each maintains a [[High Commissioner]] in the other's capital. The Indian High Commission in [[Kampala]] has concurrent accreditation to Burundi and Rwanda. Uganda hosts a large Indian community and India–Uganda relations cover a broad range of sectors including political, economic, commercial, cultural, and scientific cooperation.<ref>{{cite web |title=High Commission of India in Kampala |url=http://hcikampala.co.ug/ |access-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107123636/http://hcikampala.co.ug/ |archive-date=7 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Relations between India and Uganda began with the arrival of over 30,000 Indians in Uganda in the 19th century who were brought there to construct the [[Uganda Railway|Mombasa–Kampala railway line]]. Ugandan independence activists were inspired in their struggle for Ugandan independence by the success of the [[Indian independence movement]] and were also supported in their struggle by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="enteruganda">{{cite news |title=India is Uganda's biggest investor, trading partner |url=http://www.enteruganda.com/brochures/indianaindeday.html |newspaper=New Vision |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122092723/http://www.enteruganda.com/brochures/indianaindeday.html |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="hcikampala">{{cite web |title=India-Uganda Relations |url=http://www.hcikampala.co.ug/downloads/India-UgandaRelations.pdf |publisher=High Commission of India in Kampala |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124062736/http://www.hcikampala.co.ug/downloads/India-UgandaRelations.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 }}</ref>
Indo-Ugandan relations have been good since Uganda's independence except during the regime of [[Idi Amin]]. Amin in 1972 [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expelled]] over 55,000 [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|people of Indian origin]] and 5,000 Indians who had formed the commercial and [[Economy of Uganda|economic backbone of the country]] accusing them of exploiting native Ugandans.<ref name="hcikampala" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Idi Amin under Indian scanner |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/idi-amin-under-indian-scanner/article3300020.ece |access-date=27 December 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |first=Rajiv |last=Bhatia}}</ref> Since the mid-1980s when [[President of Uganda|President]] [[Yoweri Museveni]] came to power, relations have steadily improved. Today some 20,000 Indians and PIOs live or work in Uganda.<ref name="hcikampala" /> Ethnic tensions between Indians and Ugandans have been a recurring issue in bilateral relations given the role of Indians in the Ugandan economy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ugandan Minister assures Indian business his country is safe |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/0tncw3bBIkgIyGxK7YAPdP/Ugandan-Minister-assures-Indian-business-his-country-is-safe.html |access-date=27 December 2012 |newspaper=HT Mint }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uganda killing: four held |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/17/stories/2007041703501300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125115004/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/17/stories/2007041703501300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=27 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

;Zambia
{{Main|India–Zambia relations}}

;Zimbabwe
{{Main|India–Zimbabwe relations}}

;African Union

As of the year 2011, India's total trade with Africa is over US$46 billion and its total investment is over US$11 billion with a US$5.7 billion line of credit for executing various projects in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/pugmarks-in-a-dragon-den/271997 |title=Pugmarks In A Dragon Den |work=Outlook India |access-date=16 August 2020 }}</ref>

India has had good relationships with most sub-Saharan African nations for most of its history. In the Prime Minister's visit to Mauritius in 1997, the two countries secured a deal to new Credit Agreement of [[Indian rupee|INR]] 105 million (US$3 million) to finance the import by Mauritius of capital goods, consultancy services and consumer durable from India. The government of India secured a rice and medicine agreement with the people of Seychelles. India continued to build upon its historically close relations with Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Visits from political ministers from Ethiopia provided opportunities for strengthening bilateral cooperation between the two countries in the fields of education and technical training, water resources management and development of small industries. This has allowed India to gain benefits from nations that are forgotten by other Western Nations. The South African President, [[Thabo Mbeki]] has called for a strategic relationship between India and South Africa to avoid imposition by Western Nations. India continued to build upon its close and friendly relations with Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Minister of Foreign Affairs arranged for the sending of Special Envoys to each of these countries during 1996–97 as a reaffirmation of India's assurance to strengthening cooperation with these countries in a spirit of South-South partnership. These relations have created a position of strength with African nations that other nations may not possess.<ref>{{cite web |author=Embassy of India |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/africa.htm |title=Africa (South of Sahara): India's foreign policy |publisher=Indianembassy.org |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991005002809/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/africa.htm |archive-date=5 October 1999 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Americas==
India's commonalities with developing nations in Latin America, especially Brazil and Mexico have continued to grow. India and Brazil continue to work together on the [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|reform of the Security Council]] through the [[G4 nations]] while having also increased strategic and economic cooperation through the [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]]. The process of finalizing a [[Preferential Trade Agreement]] (PTA) with [[MERCOSUR]] (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay) is on the itinerary and negotiations are being held with Chile.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/India-Mercosur_PTA_to_be_ratified/articleshow/2216138.cms |title=India-Mercosur PTA to be ratified- International Business-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] was the guest of honor at the 2004 [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebrations in New Delhi.<ref>[http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm Indian embassy] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120907043713/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm }}. Indian embassy (30 November 2004). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

===North===
;Antigua and Barbuda
{{Main|Antigua and Barbuda–India relations}}

Both countries have established diplomatic relations and have an Extradition Arrangement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/leta.htm|title=MEA – List of Extradition Treaties/Arrangements|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Images/CPV/AntiguaBarbuda.pdf|title=Antigua Barbuda}}</ref>

;Barbados
{{Main|Barbados–India relations}}

India and Barbados established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1966 (the date of Barbados' national independence).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Pananma.pdf|title=Archived copy|last=Anlicor|website=foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=23 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823064558/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Pananma.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> On that date, the government of India gifted Barbados the throne in Barbados' national [[Barbados House of Assembly|House of Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.barbadosparliament.com/main_page_content/show_content/7 |title=The House of Assembly |publisher=The Barbados Parliament |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> India is represented in Barbados through its embassy in Suriname<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/October.pdf|title=Archived copy|website=foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060527/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/October.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembassysuriname.com/ |title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Paramaribo, Suriname |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50047550 Barbados India Relations] (Note: to view this file, convert the extension of php to pdf.)</ref> and an Indian consulate in [[Holetown]], [[Saint James, Barbados|St. James]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Germany.pdf|title=Arhicved copy|website=foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060532/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Germany.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011–12 the Indian-based firm Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, established the American University of Barbados (AUB), as the island's first Medical School for international students. In 2015 the governments of Barbados and India signed a joint Open Skies Agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2015/10/31/barbados-signs-air-services-agreement-with-india/|title=Barbados signs air services agreement with India|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101235439/http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2015/10/31/barbados-signs-air-services-agreement-with-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Today around 3,000 persons from India call Barbados home. Two-thirds are from India's Surat district of Gujarat known as Suratis. Most of the Suratis are involved in trading. The rest are of Sindhis ancestry.

;Belize
{{Main|Belize–India relations}}

India has an Honorary Consulate in [[Belize City]] and Belize has an Honorary Consulate in [[New Delhi]]. Bilateral trade stood at US$45.3 Million in 2014 and has steadily increased since. [[Belize]] and India have engaged in dialogue in [[Central American Integration System]] (SICA) discussing anti-terrorism, climate change and food security. India signed a [[Tax Information Exchange Agreement]] in 2013 with Belize. India also provides Belize with US$30 Million as part of its foreign aid commitment to SICA countries. Citizens of Belize are eligible for scholarships in Indian universities under [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].

The two nations share a close cultural link due to Belize's large East Indian Population, estimated at 4% of the total population.

;Canada
{{Main|Canada–India relations}}

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi welcomes the Prime Minister of Canada, Mr. Justin Trudeau and his Family, at the Ceremonial Reception, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on February 23, 2018.jpg|thumb|Canadian Prime Minister, [[Justin Trudeau]] receiving a welcome ceremony in [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], [[New Delhi]], with [[PM Narendra Modi]] along with his family. {{small|(2018)}}]]
Indo-Canadian relations are the longstanding bilateral relations between India and Canada, which are built upon a "mutual commitment to democracy", "pluralism", and "people-to-people links", according to the government of Canada. In 2004, bilateral trade between India and Canada was at about C$2.45 billion. However, the botched handling of the [[Air India Flight 182|Air India investigation]] and the case, in general, suffered a setback to Indo-Canadian relations. India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test led to connections between the two countries being frozen, with allegations that India broke the terms of the [[Colombo Plan]]. Although [[Jean Chrétien]] and [[Roméo LeBlanc]] both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again halted after the Pokhran-II tests.
[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2017_-_Colnect_732906_-_Diwali_-_Joint_Issue_With_Canada.jpeg|left|thumb|Stamp of India - 2017 - Diwali - Joint Issue With Canada]]
Canada-India relations have been on an upward trajectory since 2005. Governments at all levels, private-sector organisations, academic institutes in two countries, and people-to-people contacts—especially diaspora networks—have contributed through individual and concerted efforts to significant improvements in the bilateral relationship.

The two governments have agreed on important policy frameworks to advance the bilateral relationship. In particular, the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (signed in June 2010) and the current successful negotiations of the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) constitute a watershed in Canada-India relations.

The two governments have attempted to make up for lost time and are eager to complete CEPA negotiations by 2013 and ensure its ratification by 2014. After the conclusion of CEPA, Canada and India must define the areas for their partnership which will depend on their ability to convert common interests into common action and respond effectively for steady cooperation. For example, during "pull-aside" meetings between Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[Stephen Harper]] at the G-20 summit in Mexico in June 2012, and an earlier meeting in Toronto between External Affairs Minister S. M. Krishna and John Baird, the leaders discussed developing a more comprehensive partnership going beyond food security and including the possibility of tie-ups in the energy sector, hydrocarbon.

;Cuba
{{main|Cuba–India relations}}

Relations between India and Cuba are close and warm. Both nations are part of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Cuba has repeatedly called for a more "democratic" representation of the United Nations Security Council and supports India's candidacy as a permanent member of a reformed Security Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembassyhavana.org/?q=en/node/9 |title=Ind Embassy Havana |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228012957/http://www.indembassyhavana.org/?q=en%2Fnode%2F9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fidel Castro]] said that "The maturity of India..., its unconditional adherence to the principles which lay at the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement give us the assurances that under the wise leadership of [[Indira Gandhi]] (the former [[Prime Minister of India]]), the non-aligned countries will continue advancing in their inalienable role as a bastion for peace, national independence and development..."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30179977.ece |title=50 years of friendship |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=Frontline}}</ref>

India has an embassy in Havana, the capital of Cuba which opened in January 1960. This had particular significance as it symbolised Indian solidarity with the Cuban revolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cubaminrex.cu/english/currentissues/Excellent%20Relations%20Between.htm |title=Excellent Relations Between Cuba and India {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Acknolwedged}} |access-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119065056/http://www.cubaminrex.cu/English/currentissues/Excellent%20Relations%20Between.htm |archive-date=19 January 2013 }}</ref> India had been one of the first countries in the world to have recognised the new Cuban government after the [[Cuban Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049866 |title=Sorry for the inconvenience. |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114213901/http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049866 |archive-date=14 November 2011 }}</ref>

Cuba has an embassy in [[New Delhi]], the Indian capital.<ref>http://www.cubadiplomatica.cu/india/EN/{{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

;Jamaica
{{Main|India–Jamaica relations}}

Relations between India and Jamaica are generally cordial and close. There are many cultural and political connections inherited from British colonial rule, such as membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], parliamentary democracy, the English language and cricket.<ref name="hcikingston.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.hcikingston.com/indjam.html |title=India High Commission: India - Jamaica Relations |access-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618034820/http://www.hcikingston.com/indjam.html |archive-date=18 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Jamaica-July-2012.pdf|title=Foreign relations. Jamaica}}</ref>

Both nations are members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[United Nations]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], and Jamaica supports India's candidacy for permanent membership in a reformed UN Security Council.

During the British era, Indians voluntarily went to jobs in Jamaica and the West Indies. This has created a considerable population of people of Indian origin in Jamaica. India has a [[High Commission]] in Kingston,<ref name="hcikingston.com"/> whilst Jamaica has a consulate in New Delhi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congenjamaica-ny.org/jamaicancommissions/ |title=Jamaican High Commissions |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221180723/http://www.congenjamaica-ny.org/jamaicancommissions/ |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and plans to upgrade it to a High Commission soon.

;Mexico
{{Main|India–Mexico relations}}

[[File:Budistas en México D.F., México, 2013-10-16, DD 122.JPG|thumb|[[Indian Mexicans|Indians]] in [[Mexico City]]]]
Mexico is a very important and major economic partner of India. Nobel Prize laureate and ambassador to India [[Octavio Paz]] wrote his book ''In Light of India'' which is an analysis of Indian history and culture.<ref>{{cite book |title=In Light of India (9780151002221): Octavio Paz: Books |isbn=0151002223 |url=https://archive.org/details/inlightofindia00pazo |last1=Paz |first1=Octavio |year=1997 }}</ref> Both nations are [[regional power]]s and members of the [[G-20 major economies]].
* India has an embassy in [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiainmexico.gov.in |title=Embassy of India, Mexico |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref>
* Mexico has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and a consulate in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/india/ |title=Embajada de México en India |author=César A. Quezada S |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref>

;Nicaragua
{{Main|India–Nicaragua relations}}

Bilateral relations between [[India]] and [[Nicaragua]] have been limited to [[Central American Integration System|SICA]] dialogue and visits by Nicaraguan Ministers to India. India maintains an honorary consul general in Nicaragua,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?159/159/0|title=MEA – Indian Missions Abroad – Indian Mission|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> concurrently accredited to the Indian embassy in Panama City and Nicaragua used to maintain an embassy in India but was reduced to an honorary consulate general in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy6083/|title=Consulate General of Nicaragua in New Delhi, India|website=embassypages.com}}</ref> the current Foreign minister [[Samuel Santos López]] visited India in 2008 for the SICA-India Foreign ministers' meeting and in 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/22078/Visit+of+Foreign+Minister+of+Nicaragua+Mr+Samuel+Santos+Lopez+to+India+August+1923+2013|title=Visit of Foreign Minister of Nicaragua, Mr. Samuel Santos Lopez to India (August 19–23, 2013)|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> for high-level talks with the then External Affairs Minister [[Salman Khurshid]] which also expanded bilateral trade with the two countries reaching a total of US$60.12 million during 2012–13.

;Panama
{{Main|India–Panama relations}}

Bilateral relations between Panama and India have been growing steadily, reflecting the crucial role the [[Panama Canal]] plays in global trade and commerce. Moreover, with over 15,000 Indians living in Panama, diplomatic ties have considerably increased over the past decade.

The opening of the expanded Canal in 2016 is expected to provide new prospects for maritime connectivity. In seeking to rapidly strengthen trade relations such as the flow of trade triples between the two countries, India is keen to leverage these transit trade facilities in Panama to access the wider market of [[Latin America]]. Along with pursuing a free trade agreement, India wants to promote investment in various sectors of Panama's economy, including the banking and maritime industry and the multimodal centre of the [[Colón Free Trade Zone]].<ref>[http://www.centralamericadata.com/en/article/home/Economic_Relations_Between_India_and_Panama . Central America Data (27 February 2012). Retrieved 15 January 2014]</ref>

;Paraguay
{{Main|India–Paraguay relations}}

The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and Paraguay have been traditionally strong due to strong commercial, cultural and strategic cooperation. India is represented in Paraguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires in Argentina. India also has an Honorary Consul-General in Asuncion. Paraguay opened its embassy in India in 2005.<ref>^ http://www.paraguayembassy.in/news.php{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113064702/http://www.paraguayembassy.in/news.php}}</ref>

;Trinidad & Tobago
{{Main|India–Trinidad and Tobago relations}}

Bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago have considerably expanded in recent years with both nations building strategic and commercial ties. Both nations formally established diplomatic relations in 1962.<ref name="High Commission of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Bilateral Relations">{{cite web |url=http://hctt.net/about-br/ |title=About Us: Bilateral Relations, India |publisher=The High Commission of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803070757/http://hctt.net/about-br/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Both nations were part of the [[British Empire]]; India supported the independence of Trinidad and Tobago from British rule and established its diplomatic mission in 1962 – the year that Trinidad and Tobago officially gained independence. They possess diverse natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

The Republic of India operates a High Commission in [[Port of Spain]], whilst the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago operates a High Commission in New Delhi.

;United States of America
{{Main|India–United States relations}}

Before and during the Second World War, the United States under [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] gave strong support to the Indian independence movement despite being allies to Britain.<ref>Foster Rhea Dulles, and Gerald E. Ridinger. "The Anti-Colonial Policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt." ''Political Science Quarterly'' (1955): 1–18. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2145412 in JSTOR]</ref><ref>Kenton J. Clymer, ''Quest for freedom: the United States and India's independence'' (2013).</ref> [[India–United States relations|Relations]] between India and the United States were lukewarm following Indian independence, as India took a leading position in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and received [[Indo–Russia relations#India and the Soviet Union|support from the Soviet Union]]. The US provided support to India in 1962 during its war with China. For most of the [[Cold War]], the USA tended to have warmer relations with Pakistan, primarily as a way to contain Soviet-friendly India and to use Pakistan to back the Afghan [[Mujahideen]] against the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet occupation of Afghanistan]]. An [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation]], signed in 1971, also positioned India against the USA.

[[File:Indira and Nixon.JPG|thumb|US President [[Richard Nixon]] and Prime Minister of India [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1971. They had a deep personal antipathy that coloured bilateral relations.|268x268px]]

After the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], India made considerable changes to its foreign policy. It developed a close relationship with the Soviet Union and started receiving massive military equipment and financial assistance from the USSR. This harmed the Indo-US relationship. The United States saw Pakistan as a counterweight to pro-Soviet India and started giving the former military assistance. This created an atmosphere of suspicion between India and the US. The Indo-US relationship suffered a considerable setback when [[Soviet–Afghan War|the Soviets took over Afghanistan]] and India overtly supported the Soviet Union.
[[File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg|thumb|225x225px|[[Kamala Harris]] is the [[List of vice presidents of the United States|49th Vice President]] of the United States. She is the first female, the first [[Person of color|person of colour]], as well as the first [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] vice president.]]
Relations between India and the United States came to an all-time low during the early 1970s. Despite reports of [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|atrocities in East Pakistan]], and being told, most notably in the ''[[Blood telegram]]'', of genocidal activities being perpetrated by Pakistani forces, the US. Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] and US President [[Richard Nixon]] did nothing to discourage then-Pakistani President [[Yahya Khan]] and the [[Pakistan Army]]. Kissinger was particularly concerned about Soviet expansion into South Asia as a result of a treaty of friendship that had recently been signed between India and the Soviet Union and sought to demonstrate to the People's Republic of China the value of a tacit alliance with the United States.<ref name="nixonarchive">Gandhi, Sajit (ed.), [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ The Tilt: The US and the South Asian Crisis of 1971: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 79]</ref> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], [[Indian Armed Forces]], along with the [[Mukti Bahini]], succeeded in liberating [[East Pakistan]] which soon declared independence. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of [[West Pakistan]] would mean total Soviet domination of the region and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China. To demonstrate to China the ''bona fides'' of the United States as an ally, and in direct violation of the Congress-imposed sanctions on Pakistan, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through Jordan and Iran,<ref name="Shalom">Shalom, Stephen R., [http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971]</ref> while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan.

When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon sent the {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|6}} to the [[Bay of Bengal]], a move deemed by the Indians as a nuclear threat. The ''Enterprise'' arrived at the station on 11 December 1971. On 6 and 13 December, the [[Soviet Navy]] dispatched two groups of ships, armed with nuclear missiles, from [[Vladivostok]]; they trailed US [[Task Force 74]] into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also sent nuclear submarines to ward off the threat posed by USS ''Enterprise'' in the Indian Ocean.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html Cold war games] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915093344/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html }}. Bharat-rakshak.com (12 December 1971). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

Though American efforts had no effect in turning the tide of the war, the incident involving USS ''Enterprise'' is viewed as the trigger for India's subsequent [[India and weapons of mass destruction|interest in developing nuclear weapons]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Dhirendra |title=India's lopsided science |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=32–36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAwAAAAAMBAJ&q=Dhirendra&pg=PA32|bibcode=1991BuAtS..47d..32S |doi=10.1080/00963402.1991.11459973 }}</ref> American policy towards the end of the war was dictated primarily by a need to restrict the escalation of the war on the Western sector to prevent the 'dismemberment' of West Pakistan.<ref name="St.Dept">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm U.S. State Department]. State.gov. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Years after the war, many American writers criticised the White House policies during the war as being badly flawed and ill-serving to the interests of the United States.<ref>The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissenger and American Foreign Policy by Jussi M. Hanhimeaki Page 156, Published by Oxford University Press US</ref> India carried out [[Smiling Buddha|nuclear tests]] a few years later resulting in sanctions being imposed by the United States, further drifting the two countries apart. In recent years, Kissinger came under fire for comments made during the Indo-Pakistan War in which he described Indians as "bastards".<ref>Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48529.htm 150. Conversation Among President Nixon, the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), and the President's Chief of Staff (Haldeman), Washington] 5 November 1971, 8:15–9:00 am</ref> Kissinger has since expressed his regret over the comments.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4640773.stm |title=South Asia {{pipe}} Kissinger regrets India comments |publisher=BBC News |date=1 July 2005 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>

;After the Cold War
Since the end of the [[Cold War]], India-USA relations have improved dramatically. This has been fostered by the fact that the United States and India are both democracies and have a large and growing trade relationship. During the [[Gulf War]], the [[economy of India]] went through an extremely difficult phase. The Government of India [[Economic liberalism|adopted liberalised economic systems]]. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, India improved diplomatic relations with the members of [[NATO]], particularly Canada, France, and Germany. In 1992, India established formal diplomatic relations with Israel.

In recent years, India-United States relations have still improved significantly during the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]] since 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Modi changed the India–US relationship|url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/05/10/how-modi-changed-the-india-us-relationship/|access-date=28 July 2021|website=East Asia Forum|language=en}}</ref>

;Pokhran tests reaction
{{See also|India–United States relations#Pokhran Tests|Pokhran-II}}
In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons which resulted in several US, Japanese and European sanctions on India. India's then defence minister, [[George Fernandes]], said that India's [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear programme]] was necessary as it provided a deterrence to some potential nuclear threats. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001. India has categorically stated that it will never use weapons first but will defend itself if attacked.
[[File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_in_a_Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America,_Mr._Joe_Biden,_at_White_House,_in_Washington_DC,_USA_on_September_24,_2021_(6).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Narendra Modi in a bilateral meeting with U.S. President Joe Biden, at the White House]]
The economic sanctions imposed by the United States in response to India's nuclear tests in May 1998 appeared, at least initially, to seriously damage Indo-American relations. President [[Bill Clinton]] imposed wide-ranging sanctions according to the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act]]. US sanctions on Indian entities involved in the nuclear industry and opposition to international financial institution loans for non-humanitarian assistance projects in India. The United States encouraged India to sign the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] (CTBT) immediately and without condition. The United States also called for restraint in missile and nuclear testing and deployment by both India and Pakistan. The non-proliferation dialogue initiated after the 1998 nuclear tests has bridged many of the gaps in understanding between the countries.

===South===
;Argentina
{{Main|Argentina–India relations}}

[[File:Rabindranath_Tagore_and_Victoria_Ocampo.jpg|thumb|Nobel Laurate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and Argentine writer [[Victoria Ocampo]] on the grounds of [[Villa Ocampo]]]]
Formal relations between both countries were first established in 1949. India has an embassy in [[Buenos Aires]] and Argentina has an embassy in New Delhi. The current Indian Ambassador to Argentina (concurrently accredited to Uruguay and Paraguay) is [[R Viswanathan]].
According to the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] of the [[Government of India]], "Under the 1968 Visa agreement, (Argentine) fees for transit and tourist visas have been abolished. Under the new visa agreement signed during the Argentine Presidential visit in October 2009, it has been agreed that five-year multi-entry business visas would be given free of cost. The Embassy of India in Buenos Aires gives Cafe Con Visa (coffee with visa) to Argentine visitors. The applicants are invited for coffee and a visa is given immediately. This has been praised by the Argentine media, public and the Foreign Minister himself."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=500410027 |title=Sorry for the inconvenience. |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

;Brazil
{{Main|Brazil–India relations}}

[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and the Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee receiving the Chief Guest of this year's Republic Day Parade and the visiting President of the Federative Republic of Brazil Mr. Luiz Inacio.jpg|alt=|thumb|The President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] and the Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] receiving the Chief Guest, the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Mr. Luiz Inacio Lula Da Silva]] on Republic Day Parade-2004]]
Relations between Brazil and India have been extended to diverse areas such as science and technology, pharmaceuticals and space as both are member nations of [[BRICS]]. The two-way trade in 2007 nearly tripled to US$3.12 billion from US$1.2 billion in 2004. India attaches tremendous importance to its relationship with this Latin American giant and hopes to see the areas of cooperation expand in the coming years.

Both countries want the participation of developing countries in the UNSC permanent membership since the underlying philosophy for both of them are: UNSC should be more democratic, legitimate and representative – the G4 is a novel grouping for this realization.

Brazil and India are deeply committed to [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA]] (South-South cooperation) initiatives and attach utmost importance to this trilateral cooperation between the three large, multi-ethnic, multi-racial and multi-religious developing countries, which are bound by the common principle of pluralism and democracy.

;Bolivia
{{main|Bolivia–India relations}}

;Chile
{{main|Chile–India relations}}

;Colombia
{{Main|Colombia–India relations}}

Both countries established diplomatic ties on 19 January 1959. Since then, the relationship between the two countries has been gradually increasing with more frequent diplomatic visits to promote political, commercial cultural and academic exchanges. Colombia is currently the commercial point of entry into Latin America for Indian companies.<ref name=minrelextcol>[http://www.minrelext.gov.co/WebContentManager/webapp/display.jsp?sid=9902&pid=7256 {{in lang|es}} Colombian ministry of foreign affairs: Colombia-India relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216114159/http://www.minrelext.gov.co/WebContentManager/webapp/display.jsp?sid=9902&pid=7256 }} Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 14 December 2007.</ref>

;Ecuador
{{main|Ecuador–India relations}}

;Guyana
{{main|Guyana–India relations}}

;Paraguay
{{main|India–Paraguay relations}}

;Peru
{{main|India–Peru relations}}

;Suriname
{{main|India–Suriname relations}}

;Uruguay
{{main|India–Uruguay relations}}

;Venezuela
{{main|India–Venezuela relations}}

Diplomatic relations between India and Venezuela were established on 1 October 1959.<ref name="Embassy of Venezuela">{{cite web|title=Diplomatic Relations|url=http://www.embaveneindia.com/|website=Embassy of Venezuela, New Delhi|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111065032/http://embaveneindia.com/|archive-date=11 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> India maintains an embassy in [[Caracas]], while Venezuela maintains an embassy in [[New Delhi]].

There have been several visits by heads of state and government, and other high-level officials between the countries. President [[Hugo Chávez]] visited New Delhi on 4–7 March 2005.<ref name="Embassy of Venezuela"/> Chávez met with Indian President [[APJ Abdul Kalam]] and Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]. The two countries signed six agreements including one to establish a Joint Commission to promote bilateral relations and another on cooperation in the hydrocarbon sector. Foreign Minister [[Nicolás Maduro]] visited India to attend the First Meeting of the India-CELAC Troika Foreign Ministers meeting in New Delhi on 7 August 2012.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web|title=India-Venezuela Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Venezuela_July_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113021153/http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Venezuela_July_2016.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Election Commission of India (ECI) and the National Electoral Council (CNE) of Venezuela signed an MoU during a visit by Indian Election Commissioner V S Sampath to Caracas in 2012. The Minister of State for Corporate Affairs visited Venezuela to attend the state funeral of President Chavez in March 2013.<ref name="MEA2016"/> The President and Prime Minister of India expressed condolences on the death of Chávez. The [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Parliament, observed a minute's silence to mark his death. Ambassador Smita Purushottam represented India at the swearing-in ceremony of Chávez's successor Nicolás Maduro on 19 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=India – Venezuela Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryQuickLink/706_Bilateral_Brief_1_August_2013.pdf|website=Embassy of India, Caracas|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511181402/http://mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryQuickLink/706_Bilateral_Brief_1_August_2013.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Citizens of Venezuela are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEA2016"/><ref>{{cite web|title=ITEC|url=http://www.embindia.org/eoi.php?id=ITEC|website=Embassy of India, Caracas|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108192305/http://www.embindia.org/eoi.php?id=ITEC|archive-date=8 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Asia==
===Central===
{{Further|Connect Central Asia}}

;Kazakhstan
{{Main|India–Kazakhstan relations}}
India is working towards developing strong relations with this resource-rich Central Asian country. The Indian oil company, [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] has got oil exploration and petroleum development grants in Kazakhstan. The two countries are collaborating in [[petrochemical]]s, information technology, and space technology. Kazakhstan has offered India five blocks for oil and gas exploration. India and Kazakhstan, are to set up joint projects in construction, minerals and metallurgy. India also signed four other pacts, including an extradition treaty, in the presence of President [[Pratibha Patil|Prathibha Patil]] and her Kazakh counterpart [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]. Kazakhstan will provide [[Uranium]] and related products under the MoU between Nuclear Power Corp. of India and Kazatomprom. These MoU also open possibilities of joint exploration of uranium in Kazakhstan, which has the world's second-largest reserves, and India building atomic power plants in the Central Asian country.

;Kyrgyzstan
{{Main|India–Kyrgyzstan relations}}

;Tajikistan
{{Main|India–Tajikistan relations}}
Diplomatic relations were established between India and Tajikistan following Tajikistan's independence from the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, which had been friendly with India. Tajikistan occupies a strategically important position in Central Asia, bordering Afghanistan, the People's Republic of China and separated by a small strip of Afghan territory from Pakistan. India's role in fighting the Taliban and Al-Qaeda and its strategic rivalry with both China and Pakistan have made its ties with Tajikistan important to its strategic and security policies. Despite their common efforts, bilateral trade has been comparatively low, valued at US$12.09 million in 2005; India's exports to Tajikistan were valued at US$6.2 million and its imports at US$5.89 million. India's military presence and activities have been significant, beginning with India's extensive support of the anti-Taliban [[Northern Alliance|Afghan Northern Alliance]] (ANA). India began renovating the [[Farkhor Air Base]] and stationed aircraft of the Indian Air Force there. The [[Farkhor Air Base]] became fully operational in 2006, and 12 MiG-29 bombers and trainer aircraft are planned to be stationed there.

;Turkmenistan
{{Main|India–Turkmenistan relations}}
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Turkmenistan.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Turkmenistan]]

;Uzbekistan
{{main|India–Uzbekistan relations}}
India has an embassy in Tashkent. Uzbekistan has an embassy in New Delhi. Uzbekistan has had a great impact on Indian culture mostly due to the [[Mughal Empire]] which was founded by [[Babur]] of [[Ferghana]] (in present-day Uzbekistan) who created his empire southward first in Afghanistan and then in India.

===East===
;China
{{Main|China–India relations}}
{{See also|India–Tibet relations|Hong Kong–India relations}}

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|A Chinese container ship unloads cargo at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] in India. Bilateral trade between the two countries has surpassed US$65 billion by 2015 making China the single largest trading partner of India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431 |title=Indo-China trade to surpass $60 bn before 2010 |newspaper=Business Standard India |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>|220x220px]]

[[File:Liu Shaoqi and Indira Gandhi.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Liu Shaoqi]], the then [[Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Chairman]] of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee]] of the [[National People's Congress]] with [[Indira Gandhi]] when she was the President of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Indo-China trade to surpass $60 bn before 2010|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431|access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>]]Despite lingering suspicions remaining from the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], the 1967 [[Nathu La and Cho La incidents]], and continuing boundary disputes over [[Aksai Chin]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], Sino-Indian relations have improved gradually since 1988. Both countries have sought to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties, and normalise relations.<ref>John W. Garver, ''Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century'' (2001), post 1950</ref>

A series of high-level visits between the two nations have helped improve relations. In December 1996, [[President of the People's Republic of China|PRC President]] [[Jiang Zemin]] visited India during a tour of South Asia. While in New Delhi, he signed with the Indian Prime Minister a series of confidence-building measures for the disputed borders. Sino-Indian relations suffered a brief setback in May 1998 when the Indian Defence minister justified the country's nuclear tests by citing potential threats from the PRC. However, in June 1999, during the [[Kargil War|Kargil]] crisis, then-External Affairs Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] visited Beijing and stated that India did not consider China a threat. By 2001, relations between India and the PRC were on the mend, and the two sides handled the move from [[Tibet]] to India of the 17th [[Karmapa]] in January 2000 with delicacy and tact. In 2003, India formally recognised Tibet as a part of China, and China recognised [[Sikkim]] as a formal part of India in 2004.

Since 2004, the economic rise of both China and India has also helped forge closer relations between the two. Sino-Indian trade reached US$65.47 billion in 2013–14, making China the single largest trading partner of India.<ref>{{cite news |first=Saibal |last=Dasgupta |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2706372,prtpage-1.cms |title=China is India's largest trade ally – International Business – Biz |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> The increasing economic reliance between India and China has also bought the two nations closer politically, with both India and China eager to resolve their boundary dispute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=291668 |title=news.outlookindia.com |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425231736/http://outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=291668 |archive-date=25 April 2005 }}</ref> They have also collaborated on several issues ranging from [[WTO]]'s [[Doha Development Round|Doha round]] in 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329920 |title=US blames India, China for blocking Doha talks |newspaper=Business Standard India |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> to regional [[free trade agreement]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2798864,prtpage-1.cms |title=India, China to work on FTA recommendations- Foreign Trade-Economy-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Similar to [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]], India and China have also agreed to cooperate in the field of civilian [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011555490100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013173555/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011555490100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2008 |title=Front Page : India, China to promote cooperation in civil nuclear energy |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> However, China's economic interests have clashed with those of India.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Global |first=IndraStra |title=Gauging India's Response to OBOR |url=http://www.indrastra.com/2017/07/Gauging-India-s-Response-to-OBOR-003-07-2017-0013.html |journal=IndraStra |issn=2381-3652}}</ref> Both countries are the largest Asian investors in Africa<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30143539_ITM |title=Article: India, China top Asian FDI list in Africa. {{pipe}} AccessMyLibrary – Promoting library advocacy |publisher=AccessMyLibrary |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> and have competed for control over their large natural resources.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200711160462.html Africa: China's Africa Overture Needs Common Touch], 16 November 2007</ref>

There was a tense situation due to the soldiers' [[2017 China–India border standoff|stand-off in Doklam]], Bhutan; but that was resolved early.<ref name="Hindustan Times"/> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the President of the People's Republic of China, Mr. Xi Jinping, during G20 Summit 2016, in Hangzhou, China on September 04, 2016.jpg|thumb|The Current Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi and President of China [[Xi Jinping]], at G7 Summit, [[China]] {{small|(2016)}}|left]]Relations were lost due to [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley skirmishes]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Kiran|title=India and China face off along disputed Himalayan border|work=[[The Nikkei]]|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-China-face-off-along-disputed-Himalayan-border|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|title=India-China border row: Air forces hold formation in Ladakh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indiachina-border-row-air-forces-hold-formation-in-ladakh-101617138487983.html|access-date=31 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and [[Timeline of the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|its progress]]. India ceased imports of Chinese products.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandey|first=Neelam|title=Traders' body calls for boycott of 3,000 Chinese products over 'continued' border clashes|url=https://theprint.in/india/traders-body-calls-for-boycott-of-3000-chinese-products-over-continued-border-clashes/442885/|access-date=23 April 2021|publisher=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Various measures were taken, such as several contracts with the Chinese companies involved in railways, networks and several items productions, which were cancelled in response.<ref>{{cite web|title=States, PSUs back off from Chinese contracts; new orders also scarce as India calls for China boycott|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/economic-face-off-states-psus-lead-china-hit-back/2000090/|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
The outbreak of the [[Covid-19 pandemic in India|Coronavirus pandemic]] from Wuhan also hampered the relations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|title=As pandemic unfolded, ties with China came under severe stress: Jaishankar|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/as-pandemic-unfolded-relationship-with-china-has-come-under-severe-stress-jaishankar-11604170323934.html|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|The Mint]]|language=en}}</ref> Following the straining of the bonds, both sides blamed each other for the conflict on LAC.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mohan|first=Geeta|title=China accuses Indian troops of firing first during Monday's skirmish at LAC|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-accuses-indian-troops-of-firing-first-during-monday-s-skirmish-at-lac-1719832-2020-09-08|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> On 29–30 August, it was reported that China had allegedly attempted to cross LAC to attain important hilltops, which was filed by Indian troops, as they were an advantage of acquiring important tops near LAC.<ref>{{cite web|title=China Made 2nd Provocative Action on Aug 31, While Talks to Resolve Aug 30 Face-Off Were On|url=https://thewire.in/security/china-lac-india-pangong-tso-lake-standoff|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> India banned more than 250 Chinese apps,<ref>{{cite web|last=Arora|first=Devesh|title=Complete list of 267 Chinese apps banned in India: PUBG Mobile, TikTok, AliExpress and more|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/technology/news-list-of-all-chinese-apps-banned-in-india-2020-667131|access-date=23 April 2021|website=indiatvnews.com|publisher=[[India TV]]|language=en}}</ref> and on 16 October, it banned the import of ACs, Refrigerators and Coolers from China.<ref>{{cite web|title=India bans import of air conditioners with refrigerants in blow to China|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/india-air-conditioner-ban-dgft-domestic-manufacturing-boost-china-1732184-2020-10-16|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> Several core commanders' negotiations and talks were held,<ref>{{cite web|title=India-China meeting of Army Commanders on June 06, 2020|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32746/IndiaChina_meeting_of_Army_Commanders_on_June_06_2020|access-date=23 April 2021|website=mea.gov.in|publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]}}</ref> which resulted in nothing other than vague promises then. [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes#In media|Cross-media blaming]] was common.

There was even a conference held in [[Moscow]], Russia, on 5 September between the Defence Minister of India, [[Rajnath Singh]] and Chinese Army General, [[Wei Fenghe]], but that also ended up with no success.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|title=Foreign ministers of Russia, India, China meet in Moscow|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/foreign-ministers-of-russia-india-china-meet-in-moscow/articleshow/78041123.cms|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref> The recent meeting of the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad-alliance]] was also questioned by China,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|title=Quad summit {{!}} Small cliques will destroy international order, says China|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/quad-summit-small-cliques-will-destroy-international-order-says-china/article34076342.ece|access-date=23 April 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> but was then downed by India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quad Summit Shows India Ready to Reciprocate China Policy of Containing Us Even As It Engages Us|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/quad-summit-shows-india-ready-to-reciprocate-china-policy-of-containing-us-even-as-it-engages-us-3532205.html|access-date=23 April 2021|website=news18.com|publisher=[[News 18]]|language=en}}</ref>

In mid-January 2021, it was reported that both countries had finally agreed upon the de-escalation from their positions. Footage of Chinese troops removing tents/barracks was released. Both countries also agreed that India would move back to Finger-3, while China retained its position back to Finger-8, and also declared the area from Finger-3 to Finger-8 to be "[[No man's land]]".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|title=Explained {{!}} The disengagement plan between India and China along the LAC|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-the-disengagement-plan-between-india-and-china-along-the-lac/article33841285.ece|access-date=23 April 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;Japan
{{Main|India–Japan relations}}
[[File:Malabar 07-2 exercise.jpg|thumb|Two Japanese Naval warships took part in [[Malabar 2007]] off India's western coast, one of the few such multilateral exercises Japan has ever taken part in symbolising close military cooperation between India and Japan.|220x220px]]

India-Japan relations have always been strong. India has culturally influenced Japan through [[Buddhism]]. During [[World War II]], the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] helped [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]]'s [[Indian National Army]]. Relations have remained warm since India's independence, despite Japan imposing [[International sanctions|sanctions]] on India after the 1998 [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests (the sanctions were removed in 2001).
[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2002_-_Colnect_834423_-_India_Japan_50th_Anniversary_Diplomatic_Relations.jpeg|left|thumb|Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 834423 - India Japan 50th Anniversary Diplomatic Relations]]
<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2001/09/09/national/japan-ready-to-lift-sanctions-on-india/ "Japan ready to lift sanctions on India"] – The [[Japan Times]], 9 September 2001.</ref> Japanese companies, like [[Sony]], [[Toyota]], and [[Honda]], have manufacturing facilities in India, and with the growth of the Indian economy, India is a big market for Japanese firms. The most prominent Japanese company to have a big investment in India is automobiles giant [[Suzuki]] which is in partnership with Indian automobile company [[Maruti Suzuki]], the largest car manufacturer in India. Honda was also a partner in "[[Hero MotoCorp|Hero Honda]]", one of the largest motorcycle sellers in the world (the companies split in 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_hero-honda-split-after-26-years_1482149 |title=Hero, Honda split after 26 years}}</ref>).
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi meeting Japanese PM Shinzo Abe.jpg|thumb|Former PM Shinzo Abe and PM Narendra Modi |220x220px]]

According to Former Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]]'s ''arc of freedom'' theory, it is in Japan's interests to develop closer ties with India, the world's most populous democracy, while its relations with China remain chilly. To this end, Japan has funded many infrastructure projects in India, most notably in [[New Delhi]]'s metro subway system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pinr.com/maintenance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024174544/http://pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=706&language_id=1|url-status=dead|title=Maintenance {{pipe}} Pinr - Local Business Directory|archive-date=24 October 2007|website=pinr.com}}</ref> In December 2006, then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]'s visit to Japan culminated in the signing of the "Joint Statement Towards Japan-India Strategic and Global Partnership". Indian applicants were welcomed in 2006 to the JET Programme, starting with just one slot available in 2006 and 41 in 2007. Also, in 2007, the [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]] took part in a naval exercise in the Indian Ocean, known as [[Exercise Malabar|Malabar 2007]], which also involved the naval forces of India, Australia, Singapore and the United States.

In October 2008, Japan signed an agreement with India under which it would grant the latter a low-interest loan worth US$4.5 billion to construct a high-speed rail line between Delhi and Mumbai. This is the single largest overseas project being financed by Japan and reflects a growing economic partnership between the two.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5giqHnL_f6-aawPmSTcHokJyngxbg |title=AFP: Boosting ties, Japan offers India record loan for railway |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104181200/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5giqHnL_f6-aawPmSTcHokJyngxbg |archive-date=4 November 2008 }}</ref> India and Japan signed a security cooperation agreement<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028024542/http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2008 |title=Pakistan: Now or Never? " Blog Archive " India, Japan in security pact; a new architecture for Asia? {{pipe}} Blogs {{pipe}} |work=Reuters.com |date=25 October 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> in which both will hold military exercises, police the Indian Ocean and conduct military-to-military exchanges on fighting [[terrorism]], making India one of only three countries, the other two being the United States and Australia, with which Japan has such a security pact.<ref name="blogs.reuters.com">{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-Japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |work=Reuters |title=India, Japan in security pact; a new architecture for Asia? |access-date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301213612/http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are 25,000 Indians in Japan as of 2008.

;Mongolia
{{Main|India–Mongolia relations}}
The relations between India and Mongolia are still at a nascent stage and Indo-Mongolian cooperation is limited to diplomatic visits, the provision of soft loans and financial aid and collaborations in the IT sector.

India established diplomatic relations in December 1955. India was the first country outside the Soviet bloc to establish diplomatic relations with Mongolia. Since then, there have been treaties of mutual friendship and cooperation between the two countries in 1973, 1994, 2001 and 2004.

;North Korea
{{main|India–North Korea relations}}
India and North Korea have growing trade and diplomatic relations. India had a fully functioning embassy in Pyongyang which was closed down due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] [[COVID-19 in North Korea|in the host country]] while North Korea still operates an embassy in [[New Delhi]]. India has said that it wants the "reunification" of Korea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049826 |title=Sorry for the inconvenience. |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405025720/http://www.mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049826 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;South Korea
{{Main|India–South Korea relations}}
[[File:Narendra Modi and the President of the Republic of South Korea, Mr. Moon Jae-in take Delhi Metro ride on the way to inaugurate the Samsung manufacturing plant, World’s Largest Mobile Factory, in Noida, Uttar Pradesh.JPG|left|thumb|The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the President of the Republic of South Korea, Mr. [[Moon Jae-in]] take [[Delhi Metro]] ride on the way to inaugurate the Samsung manufacturing plant, World's Largest Mobile Factory, in [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].]]
[[File:Stamp of India - 2019 - Colnect 882632 - Joint Issue with South Korea.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of India - 2019 - Joint Issue with South Korea commemorating relationship when Queen Suro, or [[Heo Hwang-ok|Princess Heo]], travelled from the kingdom of Ayodhya to Korea.]]
The cordial relationship between the two countries extends back to 48AD, when Queen Suro, or [[Heo Hwang-ok|Princess Heo]], travelled from the kingdom of Ayodhya to Korea.<ref name="NDTV">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134322/http://www.ndtv.com/features/showfeatures.asp?id=813&frmsrch=1&txtsrch=korea%2Ckim%2Cdynasty NDTV article]. Web.archive.org (29 September 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> According to the [[Samguk Yusa]], the princess had a dream about a heavenly king who was awaiting heaven's anointed ride. After Princess Heo had the dream, she asked her parents, the king and queen, for permission to set out and seek the man, which the king and queen urged with the belief that god orchestrated the whole fate.<ref name="Samguk">Iryeon, pp. 161–164. (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) (1972). Samguk Yusa. Seoul: Yonsei University Press. {{ISBN|89-7141-017-5}}.</ref> Upon approval, she set out on a boat, carrying gold, silver, a tea plant, and a stone which calmed the waters.<ref name="NDTV"/> Archeologists discovered a stone with two fish kissing each other, a symbol of the [[Geumgwan Gaya|Gaya kingdom]] that is unique to the [[Mishra]] royal family in [[Ayodhya]], India. This royal link provides further evidence that there was an active commercial engagement between India and Korea since the queen's arrival in Korea.<ref name="NDTV"/> Current descendants live in the city of Gimhae as well as abroad in the America states of New Jersey and Kentucky. Many of them became prominent and well-known around the world like President [[Kim Dae-jung|Kim Dae Jung]] and Prime Minister [[Kim Jong-pil]]. The relations between the countries have been relatively limited, although much progress arose during the three decades. Since the formal establishment of diplomatic ties between the two countries in 1973, several trade agreements have been reached. Trade between the two nations has increased exponentially, exemplified by the $530 million during the fiscal year of 1992–1993, and the $10 billion during 2006–2007.<ref name="IDSA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070521072455/http://www.idsa.in/publications/stratcomments/RohitPattnaik220906.htm IDSA publication]. Web.archive.org (21 May 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> During the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], South Korean businesses sought to increase access to the global markets and began trade investments with India.<ref name="IDSA"/> The last two presidential visits from South Korea to India were in 1996 and 2006,<ref name="blue house">{{cite web|url=http://www.president.go.kr/cwd/kr/archive/popup_archive_print.php?meta_id=diplomacy_2004_03_1&id=e40ef57671fb72a4b3269f7d|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015633/http://www.president.go.kr/cwd/kr/archive/popup_archive_print.php?meta_id=diplomacy_2004_03_1&id=e40ef57671fb72a4b3269f7d|url-status=dead|title=Blue House commentary|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> and the embassy works between the two countries are seen as needing improvements.<ref name="joongang">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050309194250/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200310/06/200310062328421439900090309031.html Joong-ang Daily News article]. Web.archive.org (9 March 2005). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Recently, there have been acknowledgements in the Korean public and political spheres that expanding relations with India should be a major economic and political priority for South Korea. Much of the economic investments of South Korea have been drained into China;<ref name="chosun">[http://www.chosun.com/editorials/news/200611/200611170385.html Chosun news article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180513/http://www.chosun.com/editorials/news/200611/200611170385.html }}. Chosun.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> however, South Korea is currently the fifth largest source of investment in India.<ref name="FICCI KOREA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080221061403/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/korea/koreacommercialrelation.htm FICCI i nfo]. Web.archive.org (21 January 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> To [[The Times of India]], President [[Roh Moo-hyun]] voiced his opinion that cooperation between India's software and Korea's IT industries would bring very efficient and successful outcomes.<ref name="blue house"/> The two countries agreed to shift their focus to the revision of the visa policies between the two countries, expansion of trade, and establishment of [[free trade agreement]] to encourage further investment between the two countries. Korean companies such as [[Lucky Goldstar|LG]], [[Hyundai Motor Group|Hyundai]] and [[Samsung]] have established manufacturing and service facilities in India, and several Korean construction companies won grants for a portion of the many infrastructural building plans in India, such as the "National Highway Development Project".<ref name="FICCI KOREA"/> Tata Motor's purchase of [[Daewoo]] Commercial Vehicles at the cost of $102 million highlights India's investments in Korea, which consist mostly of subcontracting.<ref name="FICCI KOREA"/>

===South===
{{further|Neighbourhood first policy}}

;Afghanistan
{{Main|Afghanistan–India relations}}

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of Afghanistan, Dr. Mohammad Ashraf Ghani, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on September 19, 2018.JPG|thumb|Indian PM Narendra Modi, hosting [[President of Afghanistan]], [[Ashraf Ghani]], in [[New Delhi]] {{small|(2018)}}|right]]
Bilateral relations between India and Afghanistan have been traditionally strong and friendly. While India was the only South Asian country to recognise the Soviet-backed [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] in the 1980s, its relations were diminished during the [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Afghan civil wars]] and the rule of the Islamist [[Taliban]] in the 1990s.<ref name="RED">{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/07/world/india-to-provide-aid-to-government-in-afghanistan.html |title=India to Provide Aid to Government in Afghanistan |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Barbara |last=Crossette }}</ref> India aided the overthrow of the Taliban and became the largest regional provider of humanitarian and reconstruction aid.<ref name="CFR">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/14969/ |title=India's Northern Exposure |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303135744/http://www.cfr.org/publication/14969/ |archive-date=3 March 2008 }}</ref><ref name="IP">{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/04/B5BFE0BE-ED5D-43DE-A768-99A6AB1E6C5C.html |title=Kabul's India ties worry Pakistan |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> The new democratically elected Afghan government strengthened its ties with India in the wake of persisting tensions and problems with Pakistan, which is continuing to shelter and support the Taliban.<ref name="CFR"/><ref name="IP"/> India pursues a policy of close cooperation to bolster its standing as a regional power and contains its rival Pakistan, which it maintains is supporting Islamic militants in Kashmir and other parts of India.<ref name="CFR"/> India is the largest regional investor in Afghanistan, having committed more than US$3 billion for reconstruction purposes.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080060107&type=News India, Afghanistan united against terror] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508223623/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080060107&type=News }}, 4 August 2008</ref> After the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] collapsed, India [[Operation Devi Shakti|participated in the evacuation of non-Muslim minorities]] and provided food aid to Taliban-ruled Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taliban Commend India for Sending Humanitarian Aid to Afghanistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-commend-india-for-sending-humanitarian-aid-to-afghanistan/6386809.html |website=VOA }}</ref>

;Bangladesh
{{Main|Bangladesh–India relations}}

[[File:Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Ms. Sheikh Hasina and the Chief Minister of West Bengal (2).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]], along with [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|PM of Bangladesh]], [[Sheikh Hasina]], and [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Mamata Banerjee]], in an agreement between Indian and Bangladeshi Government, with [[Minister of External Affairs (India)]], [[S. Jaishankar]], and Bangladesh Govt. officials]]

India was the second country to recognise Bangladesh as a separate and independent state, doing so on 6 December 1971. India fought alongside the Bangladeshis to liberate Bangladesh from West Pakistan in 1971.

Bangladesh's relationship with India has been difficult in terms of [[Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border|border killing]], irrigation and land border disputes post-1976. However, India has enjoyed a favourable relationship with Bangladesh during governments formed by the Awami League in 1972 and 1996. The recent solutions to land and maritime disputes have taken out irritants in ties.

[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg|thumb|Lt Gen [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|Niazi]] signing the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|Instrument of Surrender]] under the gaze of Lt Gen [[Jagjit Singh Aurora|Aurora]], effectively ending [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and creating the new state of [[Bangladesh]].|left]]

At the outset, India's relations with Bangladesh could not have been stronger because of India's unalloyed support for independence and opposition against Pakistan in 1971. During the independence war, many refugees fled to India. When the struggle of resistance matured in November 1971, India also intervened militarily and may have helped bring international attention to the issue through [[Indira Gandhi]]'s visit to Washington, D.C. Afterwards India furnished relief and reconstruction aid. India extended recognition to Bangladesh before the end of the war in 1971 (the second country to do so after Bhutan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Bhutan-not-India-was-first-to-recognize-Bangladesh/articleshow/45434808.cms|title=Bangladesh independende: Bhutan, not India, was first to recognize Bangladesh |website=The Times of India}}</ref>) and subsequently lobbied others to follow suit. India also withdrew its military from the land of Bangladesh when [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] requested [[Indira Gandhi]] to do so during the latter's visit to Dhaka in 1972.{{Citation needed}}

[[File:Stamp of India - 1973 - Colnect 372292 - Flower with Flag - Map of Bangladesh.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of India - 1973- Flower with Flag - India commemorating the [[Creation of Bangladesh|creation of Republic of Bangladesh.]]]]

Indo-Bangladesh relations have been somewhat less friendly since the [[15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|fall of the Mujib government]] in August 1975.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2003/01/22/edbow_ed3__2.php For Bangladesh: India is causing trouble], International Herald Tribune, 22 January 2003</ref> over the years over issues such as [[New Moore, or South Talpatti|South Talpatti Island]], the [[Tin Bigha Corridor]] and access to Nepal, the [[Farakka Barrage]] and water sharing, border conflicts near [[Tripura]] and the construction of a fence along most of the border which India explains as security provision against migrants, insurgents and terrorists. Many Bangladeshis feel India likes to play "big brother" to smaller neighbours, including Bangladesh. Bilateral relations warmed in 1996, due to a softer Indian foreign policy and the new [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]] Government. A 30-year water-sharing agreement for the [[Ganges]] River was signed in December 1996, after an earlier bilateral water-sharing agreement for the Ganges River lapsed in 1988. Both nations also have cooperated on the issue of flood warnings and preparedness. The Bangladesh Government and tribal [[Insurgency|insurgents]] signed a peace accord in December 1997, which allowed for the return of tribal refugees who had fled to India, beginning in 1986, to escape violence caused by an insurgency in their homeland in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. The [[Bangladesh Army]] maintains a very strong presence in the area to this day. The army is increasingly concerned about the growing problem of the [[Plant cultivation|cultivation]] of [[illegal drugs]].

There are also small pieces of land along the border region that Bangladesh is diplomatically trying to reclaim. Padua, part of [[Sylhet Division]] before 1971, has been under Indian control since the war in 1971. This small strip of land was [[2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes|re-occupied by the BDR in 2001]] but later given back to India after the Bangladesh government decided to solve the problem through diplomatic negotiations. The Indian New Moore island no longer exists, but Bangladesh repeatedly claims it<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8584665.stm |title=Disputed Bay of Bengal island 'vanishes' say scientists |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> to be part of the Satkhira district of Bangladesh.

In recent years India has increasingly complained that Bangladesh does not secure its border properly. It fears an increasing flow of poor Bangladeshis and it accuses Bangladesh of harbouring Indian separatist groups like [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] and alleged terrorist groups. The Bangladesh government has refused to accept these allegations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Bangladesh-promises-India-all-help-against-insurgents/article14728781.ece|title=Bangladesh promises India all help against insurgents|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5183862.stm Dhaka dismisses Mumbai bomb claim], BBC World News, 15 July 2006</ref> India estimates that over 20 million [[Illegal immigration in India|Bangladeshis are living illegally in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030928/main1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News|website=The Tribune}}</ref> One Bangladeshi official responded that "there is not a single Bangladeshi migrant in India".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030217/edit.htm#3Problem|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Editorial|website=The Tribune}}</ref> Since 2002, India has been constructing an [[Indo-Bangladeshi barrier|India – Bangladesh Fence]] along much of the 2500-mile border.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |title=India fences off Bangladesh to keep out Muslim terror |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article589627.ece |work=The Sunday Times |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220120456/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article589627.ece |archive-date=20 February 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007}}</ref> The failure to resolve migration disputes bears a human cost for illegal migrants, such as imprisonment and health risks (namely [[HIV/AIDS]]).<ref name=ODI1>Fiona Samuels and Sanju Wagle 2011. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5733&title=hiv-aids-migration-emphasis-bangladesh-nepal-india Population mobility and HIV and AIDS: review of laws, policies and treaties between Bangladesh, Nepal and India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920024611/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5733&title=hiv-aids-migration-emphasis-bangladesh-nepal-india }}. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref>

India's prime minister Narendra Modi and his Bangladeshi counterpart [[Sheikh Hasina]] have completed a landmark deal redrawing their messy shared border and thereby solving disputes between India and Bangladesh. Bangladesh has also given India a transit route to travel through Bangladesh to its North East states. India and Bangladesh also have free trade agreement on 7 June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/india-bangladesh-seal-land-swap-deal-150606012711866.html|title=India and Bangladesh seal land-swap deal|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

Both countries solved their border dispute on 6 June 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-33733911|title=India and Bangladesh swap enclaves|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

To connect Kolkata with [[Tripura]] via Bangladesh through railway, the Union Government on 10 February 2016 sanctioned about 580 crore rupees. The project which is expected to be completed by 2017 will pass through Bangladesh.

The [[Agartala railway station|Agartala]]-[[Akhaura Junction railway station|Akhaura]] rail link between Indian Railway and Bangladesh Railway will reduce the current 1700 km road distance between Kolkata to Agartala via Siliguri to just 350 kilometer by railway.

The project ranks high on Prime Minister's [[Look East policy (India)|'Act East Policy']], and is expected to increase connectivity and boost trade between India and Bangladesh.

;Bhutan
{{Main|Bhutan–India relations}}
[[File:The King of Bhutan, His Majesty Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck meeting the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, at 7, Lok Kalyan Marg, in New Delhi on November 01, 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|The [[King of Bhutan]], [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], at [[7, Lok Kalyan Marg|Prime Minister's Residence]] with [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]] in [[New Delhi]] on 1 November 2017.]]
Historically, there have been close ties with India. Both countries signed a friendship treaty in 1949, where India would assist Bhutan in foreign relations. On 8 February 2007, the Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty was substantially revised under the Bhutanese King, [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]]. Whereas in the Treaty of 1949 Article 2 read as "The Government of India undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan. On its part, the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the Government of India regarding its external relations."

In the revised treaty it now reads as, "In keeping with the abiding ties of close friendship and cooperation between Bhutan and India, the Government of the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Government of the Republic of India shall cooperate closely with each other on issues relating to their national interests. Neither government shall allow the use of its territory for activities harmful to the national security and interest of the other". The revised treaty also includes in it the preamble "Reaffirming their respect for each other's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity", an element that was absent in the earlier version. The Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty of 2007 strengthens Bhutan's status as an independent and sovereign nation.

India continues to be the largest trade and development partner of Bhutan. Planned development efforts in Bhutan began in the early 1960s. The First Five Year Plan (FYP) of Bhutan was launched in 1961. Since then, India has been extending financial assistance to Bhutan's FYPs. The 10th FYP ended in June 2013. India's overall assistance to the 10th FYP was a little over Rs. 5000 crores, excluding grants for hydropower projects. India has committed Rs. 4500 crores for Bhutan's 11th FYP along with Rs. 500 crores as an Economic Stimulus Package.<ref name="mea.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bilateral_Briefs_of_Bhutan.pdf|title=Bilateral Briefs of Bhutan}}</ref>

The hydropower sector is one of the main pillars of bilateral cooperation, exemplifying mutually beneficial synergy by providing clean energy to India and exporting revenue to Bhutan (power contributes 14% to the Bhutanese GDP, comprising about 35% of Bhutan's total exports). Three hydroelectric projects (HEPs) totaling 1416 MW, (336 MW [[Chukha District|Chukha]] HEP, the 60 MW Kurichu HEP, and the 1020 MW Tala HEP), are already exporting electricity to India. In 2008 the two governments identified ten more projects for development with a total generation capacity of 10,000 MW. Of these, three projects totaling 2940 MW (1200 MW Punatsangchu-I, 1020 MW Punatsangchu-II and 720 MW Mangdechu HEPs) are under construction and are scheduled to be commissioned in the last quarter of 2017–2018. Out of the remaining 7 HEPs, 4 projects totaling 2120 MW (600 MW Kholongchhu, 180 MW Bunakha, 570 MW Wangchu and 770 MW Chamkarchu) will be constructed under a Joint Venture model, for which a Framework Inter-Governmental Agreement was signed between both governments in 2014. Of these 4 JV-model projects, pre-construction activities for Kholongchhu HEP have commenced.<ref name="mea.gov.in"/> [[Tata Power]] is also building a hydroelectric dam in Bhutan.

India had assisted Bhutan by [[2017 China–India border standoff|deploying its troops in Doklam in 2017]]- a territory claimed and controlled by the Bhutanese government- to resist a Chinese army's control and construction of military structures.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web|title=Blow by blow: A timeline of India, China face-off over Doklam|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/blow-by-blow-a-timeline-of-india-china-face-off-over-doklam/story-qBIEwZI7kUcXxNmCfHzHCP.html|access-date=23 April 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

;Maldives
{{Main|India–Maldives relations}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of Maldives, Mr. Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, in Male, Maldives on November 17, 2018.JPG|thumb|PM Narendra Modi meeting [[President of Maldives]], [[Ibrahim Mohamed Solih]], in [[Malé]] {{small|(2018)}}]]
India enjoys a considerable influence over Maldives' foreign policy and provides extensive security cooperation, especially after [[1988 Maldives coup d'état#Operation Cactus|Operation Cactus]] in 1988 during which India repelled Tamil mercenaries who invaded the country.

As a founder member in 1985 of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], which brings together [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]], the country plays a very active role in SAARC. The Maldives has taken the lead in calling for a South Asian Free Trade Agreement, the formulation of a Social Charter, the initiation of informal political consultations in SAARC forums, the lobbying for greater action on environmental issues, the proposal of numerous human rights measures such as the regional convention on child rights and for setting up a SAARC Human Rights Resource Centre. The Maldives is also an advocate of greater international profile for SAARC such as through formulating common positions at the UN.

India is starting the process to bring the island country into India's security grid. The move comes after the moderate Islamic nation approached New Delhi earlier this year over fears that one of its island resorts could be taken over by terrorists given its lack of military assets and surveillance capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/India-bringing-Maldives-into-its-security-net/501583 |title=India bringing Maldives into its security net |work=The Indian Express |location=India |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
India also signed an agreement with the Maldives in 2011 which is centred around the following:
* India shall permanently base two helicopters in the country to enhance its surveillance capabilities and ability to respond swiftly to threats. One helicopter from the Coast Guard was handed over during [[A. K. Antony]]'s visit while another from the Navy will be cleared for transfer shortly.
* Maldives has coastal radars on only two of its 26 atolls. India will help set up radars on all 26 for seamless coverage of approaching vessels and aircraft.
* The coastal radar chain in the Maldives will be networked with the Indian coastal radar system. India has already undertaken a project to install radars along its entire coastline. The radar chains of the two countries will be interlinked and a central control room in India's Coastal Command will get a seamless radar picture.
* The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) will carry out regular Dornier sorties over the island nation to look out for suspicious movements or vessels. The Southern Naval Command will facilitate the inclusion of Maldives into the Indian security grid.
* Military teams from Maldives will visit the tri-services Andaman & Nicobar Command (ANC) to observe how India manages security and surveillance of the critical island chain.

;Nepal
{{Main|India–Nepal relations}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Nepal, Shri K.P. Sharma Oli, on the sidelines of the 4th BIMSTEC Summit, in Kathmandu, Nepal on August 31, 2018.JPG|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]], with Former [[Prime Minister of Nepal]], [[KP Sharma Oli]], in BIMSTEC Summit 2018 at [[Kathmandu]].]]

Relations between India and Nepal are close yet fraught with difficulties stemming from border disputes, geography, economics, the problems inherent in big power-small power relations, and common ethnic and linguistic identities that overlap the two countries borders. In 1950 New Delhi and [[Kathmandu]] initiated their intertwined relationship with the [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship|Treaty of Peace and Friendship]] and accompanying secret letters that defined security relations between the two countries, and an agreement governing both bilateral trade and trade transiting Indian soil. The 1950 treaty and letters stated that "neither government shall tolerate any threat to the security of the other by a foreign aggressor" and obligated both sides "to inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighboring state likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two governments", and also granted the Indian and Nepali citizens right to get involved in any economic activity such as work and business-related activity in each other's territory. These accords cemented a "special relationship" between India and Nepal that granted Nepalese in India the same economic and educational opportunities as Indian citizens.

Relations between India and Nepal reached their lowest in 1989 when India imposed a 13-month-long economic blockade on Nepal. Indian PM Narendra Modi visited Nepal in 2014, the first by an Indian PM in nearly 17 years.

In 2015, a blockade of the India-Nepal border affected relations. The blockade is led by ethnic communities angered by Nepal's recently promulgated new constitution.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news |title=UN: Nepal blockade puts millions of children at risk |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34968252 |access-date=25 December 2015 |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, the Nepalese government accuses India of deliberately worsening the embargo, but India denies it.<ref name="bbc.com"/>

India [[Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake#India|aided Nepal]] during the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|2015 Kathmandu earthquake]] with the financial aid of $1 billion and launched [[Operation Maitri]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=India announces $1 billion aid for rebuilding Nepal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-announces-1-billion-aid-for-rebuilding-nepal/articleshow/47810366.cms|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Local_Nepalese_and_Army_persons_being_evacuated_by_An_Indian_Air_Force_(IAF)_Mi-17_V5_helicopter_of_directions_of_Nepalese_authority_as_part_of_relief_&_rescue_operations_following_a_recent_massive_earthquake_in_Nepal.jpg|thumb|Local Nepalese and Army persons are being evacuated by the Indian Air Force (IAF) Mi-17 V5 helicopter at the directions of Nepalese authority as part of relief & rescue operations following the 2015 Kathmandu Earthquake.]]

The relations were strained during mid-2020, when it was reported that a firing took place by the Nepalese police across the Indo-Nepalese border of Bihar on 12 July.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ramashankar|title=India Nepal border news: One killed, two injured in firing by Nepal police near border {{!}} Patna News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/one-killed-two-injured-in-shootout-at-india-nepal-border-in-bihars-sitamarhi/articleshow/76337313.cms|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Nepal|Nepalese Prime Minister]] [[KP Sharma Oli]] commented about [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|the pandemic of Coronavirus]] that the "Indian virus was deadlier" than the one which [[COVID-19 pandemic|spread from Wuhan]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|title=Indian coronavirus more lethal than Chinese: Nepal PM K P Sharma Oli|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/coronavirus-coming-from-india-more-lethal-than-those-from-china-italy-oli/articleshow/75850117.cms|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> As time progressed, certain claims were also made on the Indian territories, for example, [[Kalapani territory|Kalapani]], [[Kuthi Valley|Limpiyadhura]] and [[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]] of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Controversy over old map of Nepal in Oli's Dussehra greeting card|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/controversy-over-old-map-of-nepal-in-kp-oli-dussehra-greeting-card-6878975/|access-date=24 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Similarly, the claims were also made culturally, when it was said that Hindu God [[Rama|Ram]] was Nepalese, that he was born in [[Thori]], west of [[Birgunj]], and that [[Ayodhya]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] was fake.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sujeet Jha|first=Geeta Mohan|title=Lord Ram was Nepali, India set up a 'fake Ayodhya', claims Nepal PM KP Oli|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lord-ram-was-nepali-india-set-up-a-fake-ayodhya-claims-nepal-pm-kp-oli-1700220-2020-07-13|access-date=24 April 2021|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> Rules were made strict for [[Indian Nepalis|Indians in Nepal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepal amends citizenship law for Indians, cites Indian laws to justify change|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/nepal-amends-citizenship-law-for-indians-cites-indian-laws-to-justify-change/609491|access-date=24 April 2021|website=timesnownews.com|language=en|publisher=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> along with banning some Indian media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepal bans transmission of private Indian news channels for allegedly 'hurting national sentiments'|url=https://scroll.in/latest/967062/nepal-bans-transmission-of-private-indian-news-channels-for-allegedly-hurting-national-sentiments|access-date=24 April 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
Indian media stated that the actions of the Oli government were souring the relations, "and these were being done on the direction of China and propelled by Chinese ambassador [[Hou Yanqi]]". Speculations were made that since China could not handle India directly, in the aftermath of the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|LAC skirmish]], it was lurking and trapping its neighboring countries and provoking them against India. In August, there were reports about the Chinese "illegal occupations" in Nepal's border states' areas.<ref>{{Cite news|title=China occupies Nepal village, land; deafening silence from Oli govt|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/china-occupies-nepal-village-land-deafening-silence-from-oli-govt/articleshow/76539082.cms|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>

;Pakistan
{{Main|India–Pakistan relations}}
[[File:Nehrujinnah.jpg|thumb|279x279px|[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawahar Lal Nehru]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Muhammed Ali Jinnah]] walking in the grounds of Government House, [[Shimla|Simla]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref name=":0" />]]
Despite historical, cultural and ethnic links between them, relations between India and Pakistan have been "plagued" by years of mistrust and suspicion ever since the [[partition of India]] in 1947. The principal source of contention between India and its western neighbour has been the [[Kashmir conflict]]. After an invasion by [[Pashtuns|Pashtun tribesmen]] and Pakistani paramilitary forces, the Hindu Maharaja of the [[Dogras|Dogra]] Kingdom of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Hari Singh]], and its Muslim Prime Minister, [[Sheikh Abdullah]], signed an [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] with New Delhi. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|First Kashmir War]] started after the [[Indian Army]] entered [[Srinagar]], the capital of the state, to secure the area from the invading forces. The war ended in December 1948 with the [[Line of Control]] dividing the erstwhile princely state into territories administered by Pakistan (northern and western areas) and India (southern, central and northeastern areas). Pakistan contested the legality of the Instrument of Accession since the Dogra Kingdom has signed a [[standstill agreement]] with it. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] started following the failure of Pakistan's [[Operation Gibraltar]], which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the [[Tashkent Declaration]]. India and Pakistan [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|went to war]] again in 1971, this time the conflict being over [[East Pakistan]]. The [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|large-scale atrocities]] committed there by the Pakistan army led to millions of Bengali refugees pouring over into India. India, along with the [[Mukti Bahini]], defeated Pakistan and the Pakistani forces surrendered on the eastern front. The war resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. In 1998, India carried out the [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests which was followed by Pakistan's [[Chagai-I]] tests. Following the [[Lahore Declaration]] in February 1999, relations briefly improved. A few months later, however, Pakistani paramilitary forces and [[Pakistan Army]], infiltrated in large numbers into the [[Kargil district]] of Indian Kashmir. This initiated the [[Kargil War]] after India moved in thousands of troops to successfully flush out the infiltrators. Although the conflict did not result in a full-scale war between India and Pakistan, relations between the two reached an all-time low which worsened even further following the involvement of Pakistan-based terrorists in the hijacking of the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] in December 1999. Attempts to normalise relations, such as the [[Agra summit]] held in July 2001, failed. An [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|attack on the Indian Parliament]] in December 2001, which was blamed on Pakistan, which had condemned the attack<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1707865.stm |title=SOUTH ASIA {{pipe}} Indian parliament attack kills 12 |publisher=BBC News |date=13 December 2001 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> caused a [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff|military standoff between the two countries]] which lasted for nearly a year raising fears of [[nuclear warfare]]. However, a peace process, initiated in 2003, led to improved relations in the following years.

Since the initiation of the peace process, several confidence-building measures (CBMs) between India and Pakistan have taken shape. The [[Samjhauta Express]] and [[Delhi–Lahore Bus]] service are two of these successful measures which have played a crucial role in expanding people-to-people contact between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/08/04/top13.htm |title=Pakistan, India inch closer to agreement: People-to-people contact -DAWN – Top Stories; 04 August, 2004 |publisher=DAWN |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140030/http://www.dawn.com/2004/08/04/top13.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> The initiation of the [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus]] service in 2005 and the opening of a historic trade route across the Line of Control in 2008 further reflects increasing eagerness between the two sides to improve relations. Although bilateral trade between India and Pakistan was a modest US$1.7 billion in March 2007, it is expected to cross US$10 billion by 2010. After the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], India sent aid to affected areas in Pakistani Kashmir and Punjab as well as Indian Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/01/business/AS-FIN-India-Pakistan-Trade.php |title=Search – Global Edition – The New York Times |work=International Herald Tribune |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>

The [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] seriously undermined the relations between the two countries. India alleged Pakistan harbouring militants on their soil, while Pakistan vehemently denied such claims.

A new chapter started in India-Pakistan relations when a new [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA government]] took charge in Delhi after victory in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 election]] and invited [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] members' leaders to an oath-taking ceremony. Subsequently, the visit of the Indian prime minister on 25 December informally wished Pakistani Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] on his Birthday and participate in his daughter's wedding. It was hoped that the relationship between the neighbour will improve but an [[2016 Uri attack|attack]] on an Indian army camp by Pakistani infiltrators on 18 September 2016<ref>{{cite news|title=Militants attack Indian army base in Kashmir 'killing 17'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37399969|access-date=18 September 2016|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> and a subsequent [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|surgical strike by India]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|title=India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024056/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> aggravated the already strained relationship between the nations.
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Nawaz Sharif, at Raiwind, in Pakistan on December 25, 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]] meeting Former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], [[Nawaz Sharif]], at [[Raiwind]], [[Pakistan]] {{small|(2015, last formal dialogue)}}]]

A SAARC summit scheduled in Islamabad was called off because of a boycott by India and other SAARC members subsequently.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saarc summit collapses after India and three other members pull out|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/saarc-summit-collapses-after-india-and-3-other-members-pull-out/story-kIMWfSqirGLzB6MEfuS3CN.html|access-date=24 April 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

The relationship took a further nosedive after another [[Pulwama attack|attack on CRPF in February 2019]] by a terrorist associated with the Pakistan-based terror organisation, [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], when the terrorist rammed his vehicle packed with explosives against a bus carrying [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF soldiers]] in Pulwama, Kashmir, killing 40.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms|title=Pulwama terror attack today: 40 CRPF jawans martyred in IED blast in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama |website=The Times of India}}</ref> India blamed Pakistan which was denied by the Pakistani establishment. India retaliated with [[2019 Balakot airstrike|an airstrike on Balakot]], a region claimed and controlled by Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chengappa|first=Raj|title=Balakot: How India planned IAF airstrike in Pakistan {{!}} An inside story|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20190325-balakot-airstrikes-pulwama-terror-attack-abhinandan-varthaman-narendra-modi-masood-azhar-1478511-2019-03-15|access-date=24 April 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

A new chapter in peace was ignited when it was suddenly declared that a back-door peace settlement over ceasing the cross-border firing across LOC was signed between the armies of both sides, and a steady growth in the countries coming together was observed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Secret India-Pakistan peace roadmap brokered by top UAE royals|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/secret-india-pakistan-peace-roadmap-brokered-by-top-uae-royals/articleshow/81625837.cms?from=mdr|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>

;Sri Lanka
{{Main|India–Sri Lanka relations}}

Bilateral relations between Sri Lanka and India have enjoyed historically a good relationship. The two countries share near-identical racial and cultural ties. According to traditional Sri Lankan chronicles ([[Dipavamsa]]), Buddhism was introduced into Sri Lanka in the 4th century BCE by Venerable [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahinda]], the son of Indian Emperor [[Ashoka]], during the reign of Sri Lanka's King [[Devanampiyatissa|Devanampiya Tissa]]. During this time, a sapling of the [[Bodhi Tree]] was brought to Sri Lanka and the first monasteries and Buddhist monuments were established.[[File:The former President of Sri Lanka, Mr. Mahinda Rajapaksa meeting the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on September 12, 2018.JPG|thumb|The Former President of Sri Lanka, at [[7, Lok Kalyan Marg|Prime Minister's Residence]], [[New Delhi]] with [[PM Narendra Modi]] {{small|(2018)}}]]Nevertheless, relations [[Independence of Sri Lanka|post-independence]] were affected by the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]] and by the failure of [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|Indian intervention]] during the civil war as well as India's support for Tamil Tiger militants. India is Sri Lanka's only neighbour, separated by the [[Palk Strait]]; both nations occupy a strategic position in South Asia and have sought to build a common security umbrella in the Indian Ocean.<ref name="SRI">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/735963.stm India's Sri Lankan scars]. BBC News (4 May 2000). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

India-Sri Lanka relations have undergone a qualitative and quantitative transformation in the recent past. Political relations are close, trade and investments have increased dramatically, infrastructural linkages are constantly being augmented, defence collaboration has increased and there is a general, broad-based improvement across all sectors of bilateral cooperation. India was the first country to respond to Sri Lanka's request for assistance after the tsunami in December 2004. In July 2006, India evacuated 430 Sri Lankan nationals from Lebanon, first to Cyprus by Indian Navy ships and then to Delhi and Colombo by special Air India flights.

There exists a broad consensus within the Sri Lankan polity on the primacy of India in Sri Lanka's external relations matrix. Both the major political parties in Sri Lanka, the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] and the [[United Nationalist Party]] have contributed to the rapid development of bilateral relations in the last ten years. Sri Lanka has supported India's candidature to the permanent membership of the UN Security Council.<ref>[http://mea.gov.in/foreignrelation/srilanka.htm Brief on India-Sri Lanka Relations], Ministry of External Affairs (BSM Division: Sri Lanka)</ref>

[[File:Map of India WV.svg|thumb|India and its neighbor countries.|left]]

;SAARC
Certain aspects of India's relations within the subcontinent are conducted through the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC). Its members other than India are [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Established in 1985, SAARC encourages cooperation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics control and anti-terrorism.

SAARC has intentionally stressed these "core issues" and avoided more divisive political issues, although the political dialogue is often conducted on the margins of SAARC meetings. In 1993, India and its SAARC partners signed an agreement to gradually lower tariffs within the region. Forward movement in SAARC has come to a standstill because of the tension between India and Pakistan, and the SAARC Summit originally scheduled for, but not held in, November 1999 has not been rescheduled. The Fourteenth SAARC Summit was held during 3–4 April 2007 in New Delhi. The 19th SAARC summit that was scheduled to be held in Islamabad [[19th SAARC summit|was cancelled]] due to terrorist acts, particularly the [[2016 Uri attack|Uri attack]].

[[File:Members of BIMSTEC.svg|thumb|Members of BIMSTEC.]]
;BIMSTEC
[[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation]] is now an "organization of member states" that are littorals of the Bay of Bengal or adjacent to it. The BIMSTEC member states – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand – are among the major South and Southeast Asia countries dependent on the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mostofa |first=Shafi Md |title=BIMSTEC Gets a New Lease of Life |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/bimstec-gets-a-new-lease-of-life/ |publisher=The Diplomat}}</ref> India and some other countries, frustrated by the obstacles in SAARC's efforts to promote regional cooperation, have been working to make BIMSTEC the premier vehicle in this regard.<ref>{{cite web |title=BIMSTEC gets a makeover as SAARC fails to show promise |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/bimstec-gets-a-makeover-as-saarc-fails-to-show-promise-382144 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

====Southeast====
;Brunei
{{main|Brunei–India relations}}
[[Brunei]] has a high commission in [[New Delhi]], and India has a high commission in [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]. Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].

;Cambodia
{{main|Cambodia–India relations}}
Both nations have been in friendly relations.

;Indonesia
{{Main|India–Indonesia relations}}
[[File:Sukarno with children and Nehru.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]] with [[Sukarno]], [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] and [[Guruh Sukarnoputra]], Indonesia, 1950.|240x240px|left]]
The ties between Indonesia and India date back to the times of the [[Ramayana]],<ref>[http://www.melali-indonesia-tours.in/bollywood.php Ramayana to Bollywood, Indonesia Loves India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831124741/http://melali-indonesia-tours.in/bollywood.php }}. Melali-indonesia-tours.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> "Yawadvipa" ([[Java]]) is mentioned in India's earliest epic, the Ramayana. Sugriva, the chief of [[Rama]]'s army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of [[Sita]].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465 |title=History of Ancient India |last=Kapur |first=Kamlesh |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=9788120749108 |year=2010 |page=465}}</ref> Indonesians had absorbed many aspects of Indian culture since almost two millennia ago. The most obvious trace is the large [[List of loanwords in Indonesian#From Sanskrit|adoption of Sanskrit into the Indonesian language]]. Several Indonesian [[toponymy]] has Indian parallel or origin, such as [[Madura]] with [[Mathura]], [[Serayu]] and [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]] rivers, [[Kalingga]] from [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga Kingdom]], and [[Yogyakarta|Ngayogyakarta]] from [[Ayodhya]]. Indianised [[Hindu]]–[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdoms, such as [[Kalingga]], [[Srivijaya]], [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], [[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda]], [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri]], [[Singhasari]] and [[Majapahit]] were the predominant governments in Indonesia, and lasted from 200<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daceband.com/read_blog/20112/indonesia |title=Daceband.com |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221170706/http://daceband.com/read_blog/20112/indonesia |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> to the 1500s, with the last remaining being in [[Bali]]. An example of profound Hindu-Buddhist influences in [[History of Indonesia|Indonesian history]] is the 9th-century [[Prambanan]] and [[Borobudur]] temples.[[File:Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Indonesia President Joko Widodo address the media in Jakarta, 2018.jpg|thumb|PM Narendra Modi meets Indonesian President [[Joko Widodo]], in Jakarta {{small|(2018)}}]]In 1950, the first President of Indonesia – [[Sukarno]] called upon the peoples of Indonesia and India to "intensify the cordial relations" that had existed between the two countries "for more than 1000 years" before they had been "disrupted" by colonial powers.<ref>Foreign Policy of India: Text of Documents 1947–59 (p.54)</ref> In the spring of 1966, the foreign ministers of both countries began speaking again of an era of friendly relations. India had supported Indonesian independence and Nehru had raised the Indonesian question in the [[United Nations Security Council]].

India has an embassy in Jakarta<ref>[http://www.embassyofindiajakarta.org/ Embassy of India in Jakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809200704/http://embassyofindiajakarta.org/ }}. Embassyofindiajakarta.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and Indonesia operates an embassy in Delhi.<ref>[http://www.indonesianembassy.org.in/ Indonesian Embassies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021194537/http://www.indonesianembassy.org.in/ }}. Indonesianembassy.org.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India regards Indonesia as a key member of [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]]. Today, both countries maintain cooperative and friendly relations. India and Indonesia are one of the few (and also one of the largest) [[democracy|democracies]] in the Asian region which can be projected as a real democracy.<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/19229647/IndiaIndonesia-Strategic-Partnership India-Indonesia Strategic Partnership]. Scribd.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>{{better source needed}} Both nations had agreed to establish a strategic partnership.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/bhaskar-balakrishnan/article1143458.ece Getting closer to Indonesia]. ''Business Line''. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> As fellow Asian democracies that share common values, it is natural for both countries to nurture and foster strategic alliances. Indonesia and India are member states of the [[G-20 major economies|G-20]], the [[E7 (countries)|E7]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and the United Nations.

;Laos
{{main|India–Laos relations}}

In recent years, India has endeavoured to build relations, with this small [[Southeast Asia]]n nation. They have strong military relations, and India shall be building an Airforce Academy in Laos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-to-set-up-air-force-academy-in-laos/355204/ |title=India to set up Air Force Academy in Laos |work=The Indian Express |location=India |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>

;Malaysia
{{main|India–Malaysia relations}}
[[File:Stamp of India - 1981 - Colnect 208638 - IOCOM Submarine Telephone Cable.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of India - IOCOM Submarine Telephone Cable]]
India has a high commission in [[Kuala Lumpur]], and Malaysia has a high commission in New Delhi. Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the [[Asia Cooperation Dialogue|Asian Union]]. India and Malaysia are also connected by various cultural and historical ties that date back to antiquity. The two countries are on friendly terms with each other and Malaysia harbours a small population of [[Malaysian Indian|Indian immigrants]]. [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohamad]] the fourth and longest-serving Prime Minister of Malaysia is of Indian origin. His father Mohamad Iskandar, is a Malayalee Muslim who migrated from [[Kerala]] and his mother Wan Tampawan, is a [[Ethnic Malays|Malay]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahathir: Riwayat Gagah Berani |first=J. Victor |last=Morais|author-link=John Victor Morais |translator=Abdul Razak bin Haji Abdul Rahman |publisher=Arenabuku |year=1982 |pages=1–Kuasa Yang Merjudikan Seorang Budak Itu Bewasa, Bab 1}}</ref>

Relations escalated when the Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad questioned the action of [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revocating the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]] and on [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|CAA-NRC protests]]. The relations continue to be diminished, also during the palm oil export from Malaysia to India.

Even with the [[2020 Malaysian political crisis|new government in power]], currently, there seems no recovery, as former [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]] still favored Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/mahathir-admits-malaysias-ties-with-india-strained-due-to-his-kashmir-remarks-6545011/|title=Mahathir admits Malaysia's ties with India strained due to his Kashmir remarks|access-date=7 August 2020|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

;Myanmar
{{Main|India–Myanmar relations}}
[[File:The Prime_Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the State Counsellor of Myanmar, Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi at the Joint Press Statement, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on October 19, 2016 (3).jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the State Counsellor of Myanmar, [[Aung San Suu Kyi|Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi]] at the Joint Press Statement, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on 19 October 2016.]]

India established diplomatic relations after Burma's independence from Great Britain in 1948. For many years, Indo-Burmese relations were strong due to cultural links, flourishing commerce, common interests in regional affairs and the presence of a significant [[Burmese Indians|Indian community]] in Burma.<ref name="VJ">[https://web.archive.org/web/20010522142628/http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 Burma shows India the road to Southeast Asia]. ''Asia Times''. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India provided considerable support when Myanmar struggled with regional [[insurgency|insurgencies]]. However, the overthrow of the democratic government by the [[Military of Burma]] led to strains in ties. Along with much of the world, India condemned the suppression of democracy and Myanmar ordered the [[Burmese Indians|expulsion]] of the Burmese Indian community, increasing its [[isolationism|isolation from the world]].<ref name="VJ" /><ref name="VQR">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE4DA163AF937A15754C0A96E948260 Years of Isolation Produced Intensely Poor Nation]. New York Times (24 July 1988). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Only China maintained close links with Myanmar while India supported the [[National League for Democracy|pro-democracy movement]].<ref name="VJ" /><ref name="G">Bhaumik, Subir. (26 September 2007) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7013975.stm India-Burma ties]. BBC News. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=42065 Realism in India-Burma relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034744/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=42065 }}. Financialexpress.com (15 September 2003). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

However, due to geopolitical concerns, India revived its relations and recognised the [[military junta]] ruling Myanmar in 1993, overcoming strains over drug trafficking, the suppression of democracy and the rule of the [[State Peace and Development Council|military junta]] in Myanmar. Myanmar is situated to the south of the states of [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in [[Northeast India]]. and the proximity of the People's Republic of China gives strategic importance to Indo-Burmese relations. The Indo-Burmese border stretches over 1,600 kilometers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010522142628/http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 |url-status=unfit |archive-date=22 May 2001 |title=Asia Times: Myanmar shows India the road to Southeast Asia |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> and some insurgents in [[North-east India]] seek refuge in Myanmar. Consequently, India has been keen on increasing military cooperation with Myanmar in its counter-insurgency activities. In 2001, the [[Indian Army]] completed the construction of a major road along its border with Myanmar. India has also been building major roads, highways, ports and pipelines within Myanmar in an attempt to increase its strategic influence in the region and also to counter China's growing strides in the [[Indochina]] peninsula. Indian companies have also sought active participation in oil and natural gas exploration in Myanmar. In February 2007, India announced a plan to develop the [[Sittwe]] port, which would enable ocean access from Indian Northeastern states like [[Mizoram]], via the [[Kaladan River]].

India is a major customer of Burmese oil and gas. In 2007, Indian exports to Myanmar totaled US$185 million, while its imports from Myanmar were valued at around US$810 million, consisting mostly of oil and gas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=1374 |title=Why India shifts its policy on Burma :: KanglaOnline ~ Your Gateway |publisher=Kanglaonline.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135458/http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=1374 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India has granted US$100 million credit to fund highway infrastructure projects in Myanmar, while US$57 million has been offered to upgrade Burmese railways. A further US$27 million in grants has been pledged for road and rail projects.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081105/jsp/opinion/story_10057616.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081105/jsp/opinion/story_10057616.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2008 |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) {{pipe}} Opinion {{pipe}} The absent neighbour |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota, India |date=5 November 2008 |access-date=1 August 2010 |first=Krishnan |last=Srinivasan}}</ref> India is one of the few countries that has provided military assistance to the Burmese junta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/categories/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141806/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/news/stories/200804/s2206676.htm|url-status=dead|title=Categories|archive-date=16 December 2008|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> However, there has been increasing pressure on India to cut some of its military supplies to Burma.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innercitypress.com/un1att102108.html |title=Investigative Reporting from the United Nations |publisher=Inner City Press |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Relations between the two remain close which was evident in the aftermath of [[Cyclone Nargis]], when India was one of the few countries whose relief and rescue aid proposals were accepted by Myanmar's junta.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/14/AR2008051400506_pf.html |title=Burma to Allow 160 Asian Aid Workers |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>

India maintains embassies in Rangoon and consulate generals in Mandalay.

;Philippines
{{main|India–Philippines relations}}
[[File:Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Philippines President Rodrigo Roa Duterte meeting in Manila, 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Philippines President Rodrigo Roa Duterte meeting in Manila, 2017]]

Through the [[Srivijaya]] and [[Majapahit]] empires, [[Hinduism in the Philippines|Hindu influence]] has been visible in Philippine history from the 10th to 14th centuries. During the 18th century, there was robust trade between Manila with the [[Coromandel Coast]] and Bengal, involving Philippine exports of tobacco, silk, cotton, indigo, sugar cane and coffee.
[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2009_-_Colnect_271465_-_Ganges_River_Dolphin_Platanista_gangetica_Whale_Shark_Rh.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of Ganges River Dolphin (''Platanista gangetica'') and Whale Shark (''Rhincodon typus''), 2009, India-Philippines joint issue.|left]]
Formal diplomatic relations between the Philippines and India were established on 16 November 1949. The first Philippine envoy to India was the late Foreign Secretary Narciso Ramos. Seven years after India's independence in 1947, the Philippines and India signed a Treaty of Friendship on 11 July 1952 in Manila to strengthen the friendly relations existing between the two countries. Soon after, the Philippine Legation in New Delhi was established and then elevated to an embassy. However, due to foreign policy differences as a result of the bipolar alliance structure of the Cold War, the development of bilateral relations was stunted. It was only in 1976 that relations started to normalise when [[Aditya Vikram Birla|Aditya Birla]], one of India's successful industrialists, met with then-President Ferdinand E. Marcos to explore possibilities of setting up joint ventures in the Philippines.

Today, like India, the Philippines is the leading voice-operated business process outsourcing (BPO) source in terms of revenue (US$5.7) and number of people (500,000) employed in the sector. In partnership with the Philippines, India has 20 IT/BPO companies in the Philippines. Philippines-India bilateral trade stood at US$986.60 million in 2009. In 2004 it was US$600 million. Both countries aim to reach US$1 billion by 2010. 60,000 Indians are living in the Philippines. The Philippines and India signed in October 2007 the Framework for Bilateral Cooperation which created the PH-India JCBC. It has working groups in trade, agriculture, tourism, health, and renewable energy, a regular policy consultation mechanism and security dialogue.

;Singapore
{{Main|India–Singapore relations}}
[[File:RSS Formidable (68) and INS Brahmaputra (F 31).jpg|thumb|Singapore Navy frigate RSS ''Formidable'' (68) steams alongside the [[Indian Navy]] frigate INS ''Brahmaputra'' (F-31) in the Bay of Bengal. Singapore is one of India's strongest allies in South East Asia.]]
India and Singapore share long-standing cultural, commercial and strategic relations, with Singapore being a part of the "[[Greater India]]" cultural and commercial region. More than 300,000 people of Indian Tamil "[[தமிழ்]]" origin live in Singapore. Following its independence in 1965, Singapore was concerned with China-backed communist threats as well as domination from Malaysia and Indonesia and sought a close strategic relationship with India, which it saw as a counterbalance to [[People's Republic of China|Chinese influence]] and a partner in achieving regional security.<ref name="SO">{{cite web |title=IPCS Special Report – India-Singapore Relations |url=http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-41.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606205724/http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-41.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2007 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> Singapore had always been an important strategic trading post, giving India trade access to [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] and the Far East. Although the rival positions of both nations over the [[Vietnam War]] and the [[Cold War]] caused consternation between India and Singapore, their relationship expanded significantly in the 1990s;<ref name="SO"/> Singapore was one of the first to respond to the [[Indian Look East policy]] of expanding its economic, cultural and strategic ties in Southeast Asia to strengthen its standing as a [[regional power]].<ref name="SO"/> Singapore, and especially, the Singaporean Foreign Minister, [[George Yeo]], have taken an interest, in re-establishing the ancient Indian university, [[Nalanda University]].{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Stamp of India - 2015 - Colnect 637813 - Istana.jpeg
| width1 = 160
| image2 = Stamp of India - 2015 - Colnect 637814 - Rashtrapathi Bhavan.jpeg
| width2 = 160
| footer = India Singapore Joint Issue - 2015 - Commemorating relationship.
| caption1 = [[The Istana]]
| caption2 = [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
}}

Singapore is the 8th largest source of investment in India and the largest among ASEAN member nations.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="J">{{cite web |title=India-Singapore Economic and Commercial Relations |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/singapore/singapore-commercialrelations.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219015332/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/singapore/singapore-commercialrelations.htm |archive-date=19 February 2007 |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> It is also India's 9th biggest trading partner as of 2005–06.<ref name="SO"/> Its cumulative investment in India totals US$3 billion as of 2006 and is expected to rise to US$ 5 billion by 2010 and US$ 10 billion by 2015.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="O">{{cite web |title=India, Singapore ink pact |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG02Df03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050703001651/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG02Df03.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=3 July 2005 |work=[[Asia Times]] |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="GV">{{cite web |title=India, Singapore trade to touch $50 bn by 2010 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/30/stories/2005063002400700.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |location=India |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> [[Economic liberalisation in India|India's economic liberalisation]] and its "Look East" policy have led to a major expansion in bilateral trade, which grew from US$2.2 billion in 2001 to US$ 9–10 billion in 2006 – a 400% growth in five years – and to US$50 billion by 2010.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="O"/><ref name="GV"/> Singapore accounts for 38% of India's trade with ASEAN member nations and 3.4% of its total foreign trade.<ref name="SO"/> India's main exports to Singapore in 2005 included petroleum, gemstones, jewellery, and machinery and its imports from Singapore included electronic goods, organic chemicals and metals. More than half of Singapore's exports to India are basically "re-exports" – items that had been imported from India.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="J"/>

;Thailand
{{Main|India–Thailand relations}}
[[File:Emerald Buddha Temple - 2017-06-11 (073).jpg|thumb| The mural of the Temple of the Emerald Buddha depicting Ninlaphat (Nila in Ramayana) a monkey soldier, serves as a bridge during an event in [[Ramakien]] ("Glory of Rama"), a Thai version of the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]].]]

India's [[Indian Look East policy]], saw India grow relations with [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] countries including Thailand, and Thailand's Look West policy, also saw it grow its relations with India. Both countries are members of [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation|BIMSTEC]]. Indian Prime Ministers [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], and [[Manmohan Singh]], have visited Thailand, which was reciprocated by contemporary Thai Prime Ministers [[Chatichai Choonhavan]], [[Thaksin Sinawatra]], and [[Surayud Chulanont]]. In 2003, a [[Free trade area|Free Trade Agreement]] was signed between the two countries. India is the 13th largest investor in Thailand. The spheres of trade are in [[chemicals]], [[pharmaceuticals]], textiles, nylon, tyre cord, real estate, rayon fibres, paper-grade pulps, steel wires, and rods. However, [[IT service management|IT services]], and manufacturing, are the main spheres. Through Buddhism, India has culturally influenced Thailand. The Indian epics, [[Mahabharata]], and [[Ramayana]], are popular and are widely taught in schools as part of the curriculum in Thailand. The example can also be seen in temples around Thailand, where the story of Ramayana and renowned Indian folk stories are depicted on the temple wall. Thailand has become a big tourist destination for Indians.

Moreover, India and Thailand have been culturally linked for centuries and India has had a deep influence on Thai culture. There are a substantial number of words in Thai that are borrowed from Sanskrit, India's classical language. Pali, which was the language of Magadha and is a medium of Theravada, is another important root of Thai vocabulary. Buddhism, the major religion of Thailand, itself originates from India. The Hindu story of Ramayana is also well known throughout Thailand in the name Ramakien.

;Timor-Leste
{{main|East Timor–India relations}}
Both nations have friendly and collateral relations.

;Vietnam
{{Main|India–Vietnam relations}}
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru with Ho Chi Minh.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (left) and Vietnamese President Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi]]

India supported Vietnam's independence from France, opposed US involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] and supported the unification of Vietnam. India established official diplomatic relations in 1972 and maintained friendly relations, especially in the wake of Vietnam's hostile relations with the People's Republic of China, which had become India's strategic rival.<ref name="IPCS">{{cite web |title=India and Vietnam in changing East Asia |url=http://ipcs.org/southeastasia_publications2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=2278&country=1016&status=article&mod=a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607034939/http://www.ipcs.org/southeastasia_publications2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=2278&country=1016&status=article&mod=a |archive-date=7 June 2007 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref>

India granted the "[[Most favoured nation]]" status to Vietnam in 1975<ref name="IPCS"/> and both nations signed a bilateral trade agreement in 1978 and the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) on 8 March 1997.<ref name="FCCI">{{cite web |title=India – Vietnam Economic and Commercial Relations |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/vietnam/vietnamcommercialrelation.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210040001/http://ficci.com/international/countries/vietnam/vietnamcommercialrelation.htm |archive-date=10 December 2007 |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> In 2007, a fresh joint declaration was issued during the state visit of the [[Prime Minister of Vietnam]] [[Nguyen Tan Dung]].<ref name="VN">{{cite web |title=Vietnam, India issue joint declaration on strategic partnership |url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/2007/07/715169/ |publisher=VietNamNet Bridge |access-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141740/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/2007/07/715169/ |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> Bilateral trade has increased rapidly since the liberalisation of the economies of both Vietnam and India.<ref name="IPCS"/> India is the 13th-largest exporter to Vietnam, with exports having grown steadily from US$11.5 million in 1985–86 to US$395.68 million by 2003.<ref name="FCCI"/> Vietnam's exports to India rose to US$180 million, including agricultural products, handicrafts, textiles, electronics and other goods.<ref name="IV">{{cite web |title=India-Vietnam: Developing a Strategic Partnership |url=http://www.asianaffairs.com/may2008/cdrfiles/india_vietnam.pdf. |format=PDF |publisher=Asian Affairs |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2006, the volume of bilateral trade expanded at 20–30% per annum to reach $1 billion by 2006.<ref name="HL">{{cite news |title=Vietnam favours FTA with India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070761171600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017114352/http://hindu.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070761171600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2007 |access-date=16 June 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="HTA">{{cite web |title=Vietnam PM urges greater trade ties with India |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070752021000.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |location=India |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216142207/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070752021000.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Continuing the rapid pace of growth, bilateral trade is expected to rise to $2 billion by 2008, two years ahead of the official target.<ref name="HTA"/><ref name="VL">{{cite web |title=Trade with India to reach US $2 billion in 2008 |url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/05/trade-with-india-to-reach-us2-billion.html |publisher=Vietnam Business Finance |access-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505072912/http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/05/trade-with-india-to-reach-us2-billion.html |archive-date=5 May 2008 }}</ref> India and Vietnam have also expanded cooperation in information technology, education and collaboration of the respective national [[space program]]mes.<ref name="VN"/> Direct air links and lax [[visa (document)|visa]] regulations have been established to bolster tourism.<ref>{{cite web |title=India, Vietnam to start direct flights |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/10/18/stories/2004101801780500.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |location=India |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-date=28 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928085100/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/10/18/stories/2004101801780500.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

India and Vietnam are members of the [[Mekong–Ganga Cooperation]], created to develop to enhance close ties between India and nations of Southeast Asia. Vietnam has supported India's bid to become a permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]] and join the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|Indo-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC).<ref name="HL2">{{cite web |title=Vietnam backs India for APEC membership |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/11/08/stories/0308000c.htm |work=The Hindu |location=India |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135044/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/11/08/stories/0308000c.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> In the 2003 joint declaration, India and Vietnam envisaged creating an "Arc of Advantage and Prosperity" in Southeast Asia;<ref name="VN"/> to this end, Vietnam has backed a more important relationship and role between India and the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) and its negotiation of an Indo–ASEAN [[Free trade area|free trade agreement]].<ref name="IPCS"/><ref name="VN"/> India and Vietnam have also built strategic partnerships, including extensive cooperation in developing [[nuclear power]], enhancing regional security and fighting terrorism, [[transnational crime]] and drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Vietnam sign MoU for bilateral cooperation on security |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/India_Vietnam_sign_MoU_for_bilateral_cooperation_on_security/articleshow/2895191.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="VN"/><ref name="IV"/>

;ASEAN
India's interaction with [[ASEAN]] during the Cold War was very limited. India declined to get associated with ASEAN in the 1960s when full membership was offered even before the grouping was formed.<ref name="indianmba.com"/>

It is only with the formulation of the Look East policy in the last decade (1992), India started giving this region due importance in the foreign policy. India became a sectoral dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992, a full dialogue partner in 1995, a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in 1996, and a summit-level partner (on par with China, Japan and Korea) in 2002.

The first India–ASEAN Business Summit was held in New Delhi in October 2002. The then Prime Minister [[A B Vajpayee|A. B. Vajpayee]] addressed this meeting and since then this business summit has become an annual feature before the India–ASEAN Summits, as a forum for networking and exchange of business experiences between policymakers and business leaders from ASEAN and India.

Four India-ASEAN Summits, first in 2002 at Phnom Penh (Cambodia), second in 2003 at Bali, Indonesia, third in 2004 at Vientiane, Laos, and the fourth in 2005 at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, have taken place.
[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2018_-_Colnect_760545_-_ASEAN_India_Summit_Delhi_2018_-_Shared_Heritage_of_Ramayana.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of India - ASEAN India Summit Delhi 2018 - Shared Heritage of Ramayana.]]
The following agreements have been entered into with ASEAN:
* Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation (for establishing an FTA in a time frame of 10 years) was concluded in Bali in 2003.
* An ASEAN-India Joint Declaration for Cooperation to Combat International Terrorism has been adopted.
* India acceded to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) in 2003, on which ASEAN was formed initially (in 1967).
* The agreement on "India-ASEAN Partnership for Peace, Progress and Shared Prosperity" was signed at the 3rd ASEAN-India Summit in November 2004.
* Setting up of Entrepreneurship Development Centres in ASEAN member states – Cambodia, Burma, Laos, and Vietnam. (The one in Laos is already functional)

The following proposals were announced by the Prime Minister at the 4th ASEAN-India Summit:
* Setting up centres for English Language Training (ELT) in Cambodia, Laos, Burma and Vietnam.
* Setting up a telemedicine and tele-education network for Cambodia, Burma, Laos and Vietnam.
* Organising special training courses for diplomats from ASEAN countries.
* Organising an India-ASEAN Technology Summit in 2006.
* Organising education fairs and road shows in ASEAN countries.
* Conducting an India-ASEAN IT Ministerial and Industry Forum in 2006.

The ASEAN region has an abundance of natural resources and significant technological skills. These provide a natural base for the integration between ASEAN and India in both trade and investment. The present level of bilateral trade with ASEAN of nearly US$18 billion is reportedly increasing by about 25% per year. India hopes to reach the level of US$30 billion by 2007. India is also improving its relations with the help of other policy decisions like offers of lines of credit, better connectivity through the air (open skies policy), and rail and road links.<ref name="indianmba.com"/>

===West===
;Armenia
{{main|Armenia–India relations}}

India established diplomatic relations with Armenia in December 1992. It wasn't recognised by some countries including Pakistan, which most of the nations did. As of the earliest days of the silk route, there have been strong cultural, moral and ancient other traditional relations among the nations. It fully supports India's bid for a permanent seat in [[United Nations Security Council|UNSC]] and even completely supports India on [[Kashmir conflict]]s. There exists a small community of [[Armenians in India]] while there is also a small community of Indians.

;Azerbaijan
{{main|Azerbaijan–India relations}}

India has an embassy in [[Baku]] and Azerbaijan has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]. Both have been connected through ancient cultural links and trade routes (especially the [[Silk Road|Silk Route]]).

;Bahrain
{{Main|Bahrain–India relations}}

India is a close ally of Bahrain, the Kingdom along with its GCC partners are (according to Indian officials) among the most prominent backers of India's bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council,<ref>'India against Security Council membership without veto', Web India, 29 December 2004</ref> and Bahraini officials have urged India to play a greater role in international affairs. For instance, over concerns about Iran's nuclear programme Bahrain's Crown Prince appealed to India to play an active role in resolving the crisis.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2789056.ece Bahrain accuses Iran of nuclear weapons lie] [[The Times]], 2 November 2007</ref>

Ties between India and Bahrain go back generations, with many of Bahrain's most prominent figures having close connections: poet and constitutionalist [[Ebrahim Al-Arrayedh]] grew up in Bombay, while 17th-century Bahraini theologians Sheikh [[Salih Al-Karzakani]] and Sheikh Ja'far bin Kamal al-Din were influential figures in the Kingdom of [[Golkonda]]<ref>Juan Cole, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C&pg=PA45 Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam], IB Tauris, 2002 p. 45</ref> and the development of Shia thought in the sub-continent.

Bahraini politicians have sought to enhance these long-standing ties, with Parliamentary Speaker [[Khalifa Al Dhahrani]] in 2007 leading a delegation of parliamentarians and business leaders to meet the then Indian President [[Pratibha Patil]], the then opposition leader [[L K Advani]], and take part in training and media interviews.<ref>[http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=201397 MPs on goodwill visit to India...] Gulf Daily News, 29 November 2007</ref> Politically, it is easier for Bahrain's politicians to seek training and advice from India than it is from the United States or other Western alternatives.

Adding further strength to the ties, [[Sheikh Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa]] visited India during which MOUs and bilateral deals worth $450 million were approved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/bahrain-seeks-to-boost-ties-with-india-during-king-hamad-al-khalifa-s-first-visit-485144 |title=Bahrain seeks to boost ties with India during King Hamad Al Khalifa's first visit |work=NDTV.com |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> India expressed its support for Bahrain's bid for a non-permanent seat in the [[United Nations Security Council|UNSC]] in 2026–27.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Bahrain to back each other for UN seat |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/india-bahrain-to-back-each-other-for-un-seat/article1-461854.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313025500/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/india-bahrain-to-back-each-other-for-un-seat/article1-461854.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2014 }}</ref>

;Cyprus
{{main|Cyprus–India relations}}

* Cyprus has a High Commission in [[New Delhi]] and 2 honorary consulates (in [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/highcom/highcom_newdelhi.nsf/DMLindex_en/DMLindex_en?OpenDocument|title=High Commission of Cyprus in India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093712/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/highcom/highcom_newdelhi.nsf/DMLindex_en/DMLindex_en?OpenDocument|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* India has a High Commission in [[Nicosia]].<ref>[http://www.hcinicosia.org.cy/ Indian high commission in Nicosia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115024604/http://www.hcinicosia.org.cy/ }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120225131239/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/210EAF74262E6F34C22571E100240EC8/$file/India.pdf?OpenElement Cypriot Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with India]
India supported Cyprus during its struggle for independence from British colonial rule. India supported the Greeks in Cyprus during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and lobbied for the international recognition of the Government of Nicosia as the sole legal representative of the entire nation. India has consistently supported and voted for a peaceful resolution of the Cyprus dispute at the United Nations.

;Georgia
{{main|Georgia–India relations}}

* Georgia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=691&lang_id=|title=Georgian embassy in India|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623122401/http://india.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=691&lang_id=|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* India is represented in Georgia through its embassy in [[Yerevan]] ([[Armenia]]) and an honorary consulate in [[Tbilisi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.am/ |title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Yerevan, Armenia |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220230759/http://www.indianembassy.am/ |archive-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111116052839/http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=373&lang_id=ENG Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with India]

;Iran
{{Main|India–Iran relations}}

[[File:Tagore Iran.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Rabindranath Tagore]] as a guest of [[Majles|Iran's parliament]] in the 1930s.|left]]
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi with President of Iran Hassan Rouhani.jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]] with Former [[President of Iran]], [[Hassan Rouhani]], in [[Tehran]]. {{small|(2016)}}]]

Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on 15 March 1950.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81006985/Politic/Iran,_India_relations_span_centuries_marked_by_meaningful_interactions |title=Iran, India relations span centuries marked by meaningful interactions |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> After the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979, Iran withdrew from [[Central Treaty Organization|CENTO]] and dissociated itself from US-friendly countries, including Pakistan, which automatically meant an improved relationship with the Republic of India.

Currently, the two countries have friendly relations in many areas. There are significant trade ties, particularly in crude oil imports into India and diesel exports to Iran. Iran frequently objected to Pakistan's attempts to draft anti-India resolutions at international organisations such as the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]]. India welcomed Iran's inclusion as an observer state in the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] regional organisation. [[Lucknow]] continues to be a major centre of Shiite culture and Persian study in the subcontinent.

In the 1990s, India and Iran both supported the [[Northern Alliance]] in Afghanistan against the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban regime]]. They continue to collaborate in supporting the broad-based anti-Taliban government led by [[Hamid Karzai]] and backed by the United States.

However, one complex issue in Indo-Iran relations is the issue of Iran's nuclear programme. In this intricate issue, India tries to make a delicate balance. According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar|Rejaul Laskar]], an Indian expert on international relations, "India's position on Iran's nuclear programme has been consistent, principled and balanced, and makes an endeavour to reconcile Iran's quest for energy security with the international community's concerns on proliferation. So, while India acknowledges and supports Iran's ambitions to achieve energy security and in particular, its quest for peaceful use of nuclear energy, it is also India's principled position that Iran must meet all its obligations under international law, particularly its obligations under the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and other such treaties to which it is a signatory"<ref>Beyond Historical Linkages, [http://www.geopolitics.in/jan2012.aspx Geopolitics, January 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234710/http://www.geopolitics.in/jan2012.aspx }}; Page 71</ref>

Following an attack on an Israeli diplomat in India in February 2012, the [[Delhi Police]] contended that the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had some involvement in the attack. This was subsequently confirmed in July 2012, after a report by the Delhi Police found evidence that members of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had been involved in the 13 February bomb attack in the capital.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130129164215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-30/delhi/32941054_1_israeli-diplomat-houshang-afshar-irani-mohammad-reza-abolghasemi "Cops name Iran military arm for attack on Israeli diplomat"], "Times of India", 30 July 2012</ref>

;Iraq
{{Main|India–Iraq relations}}

Iraq was one of the few countries in the Middle East with which India established diplomatic relations at the embassy level immediately after its [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947.<ref name="US">{{cite web|url=http://www.issi.org.pk/journal/2003_files/no_2/article/7a.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135457/http://www.issi.org.pk/journal/2003_files/no_2/article/7a.htm|title=US-Iraq War: India's Middle East policy|archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> Both nations signed the "Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship" in 1952 and an agreement of cooperation on cultural affairs in 1954.<ref name="US"/> India was amongst the first to recognise the [[Ba'ath Party]]-led government, and Iraq remained neutral during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. However, Iraq sided alongside other Persian Gulf states in supporting Pakistan against India during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], which saw the creation of Bangladesh.<ref name="US"/> The eight-year-long [[Iran–Iraq War]] caused a steep decline in trade and commerce between the two nations.<ref name="US"/>

During the 1991 [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], India remained neutral but permitted refuelling for US aircraft.<ref name="US"/> It opposed [[Sanctions against Iraq|UN sanctions on Iraq]], but the period of war and Iraq's isolation further diminished India's commercial and diplomatic ties.<ref name="US"/> From 1999 onwards, Iraq and India began to work towards a stronger relationship. Iraq had supported India's right to conduct [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear tests]] following its [[Pokhran-II|tests of five nuclear weapons]] on 11 and 13 May 1998.<ref name="US"/> In 2000, the then-[[Vice-President of Iraq]] [[Taha Yassin Ramadan]] visited India, and on 6 August 2002 President Saddam Hussein conveyed Iraq's "unwavering support" to India over the [[Kashmir conflict]] with Pakistan.<ref name="US"/><ref name="X">[http://english.people.com.cn/english/200011/30/eng20001130_56499.html India, Iraq Agree on Cooperation]. ''People''.cn (30 November 2000). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India and Iraq established joint ministerial committees and trade delegations to promote extensive bilateral cooperation.<ref name="FICCI">{{cite web|url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/iraq/iraqcommercialrelation.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227224506/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/iraq/iraqcommercialrelation.htm|title=Iraq Economic and Commercial Relations|archive-date=27 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="IS">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/15459739.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141937/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/15459739.cms|title=Iraq prizes ties with India: Saddam|website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> Although initially disrupted during the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], diplomatic and commercial ties between India and the new democratic government of Iraq have since been normalised.<ref name="IS"/>

;Israel
{{Main|India–Israel relations}}

[[File:Beni-israel-india-2.jpg|thumb|A Beni-Israel family in Bombay|left]]

The establishment of Israel at the end of World War II was a complex issue. Based on its own experience during partition, when 14 million people were displaced<ref>{{cite web |title=Rupture in South Asia |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf |publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies |first=Crispin |last=Bates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> and an estimated 200,000 to 500,000 people were killed in Punjab Province,<ref>{{cite web |title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes |first=Paul R. |last=Brass |author-link=Paul Brass |work=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf |year=2003 |page=75 (5(1), 71–101) |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414153300/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> India had recommended a single state, as did Iran and Yugoslavia (later to undergo its genocidal partition). The state could allocate Arab- and Jewish-majority provinces to prevent the partition of historic Palestine and prevent widespread conflict.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf3.html#a |title=Myths & Facts – Partition |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>{{better source needed}} But, the final UN resolution recommended the partition of Mandatory Palestine into Arab and Jewish states based on religious and ethnic majorities. India opposed this in the final vote as it did not agree with the concept of partition based on religion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/partition.html |title=United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>{{better source needed}}

Due to the security threat from a US-backed Pakistan and its nuclear programme in the 1980s, Israel and India started a clandestine relationship that involved cooperation between their respective intelligence agencies.<ref name="RAW-MOSSAD">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm RAW and MOSSAD, the Secret Link],''rediff.com''</ref> Israel shared India's concerns about the growing danger posed by Pakistan and nuclear proliferation to Iran and other Arab states.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6170145/A.Q.-Khan-boasts-of-helping-Irans-nuclear-programme.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6170145/A.Q.-Khan-boasts-of-helping-Irans-nuclear-programme.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=A.Q. Khan boasts of helping Iran's nuclear programme |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=21 November 2009 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the press meet with the Prime Minister of Israel, Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu, in Jerusalem, Israel on July 05, 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]], with Former Prime Minister of Israel, [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], during a press meet, in [[Jerusalem]], {{small|(2017)}}]]Since the establishment of full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992, India has improved its relationship with the Jewish state. India is regarded as Israel's strongest ally in Asia, and Israel is India's second-largest arms supplier. Since India achieved its [[Indian independence movement|independence in 1947]], it has supported Palestinian self-determination. India recognised Palestine's statehood following Palestine's [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|declaration]] on 18 November 1988<ref name="unesdoc.unesco.org">{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000827/082711eo.pdf|title=Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> and [[India–Palestine relations|Indo-Palestinian relations]] was first established in 1974.<ref name="meaindia.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/palestine.pdf |title=MEA – MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126020231/http://meaindia.nic.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/palestine.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This has not adversely affected India's improved relations with Israel.

India entertained the Israeli Prime Minister in a visit in 2003,<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/sharon.htm Ariel Sharon's India visit],''rediff.com''</ref> and Israel has entertained Indian dignitaries such as Finance Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] in diplomatic visits. India and Israel collaborate in scientific and technological endeavours. Israel's Minister for Science and Technology has expressed interest in collaborating with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) towards using satellites to better manage land and other resources. Israel has also expressed interest in participating in ISRO's [[Chandrayaan-1|Chandrayaan]] Mission involving an uncrewed mission to the moon.<ref name="TimesofIndia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040119221313/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/25/stories/2003122502231200.htm Israel plans thrust on science and technology collaboration], ''The Times of India'', 24 December 2003</ref> On 21 January 2008, India successfully launched an Israeli spy satellite into orbit from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota space station]] in southern India.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7199736.stm "India launches Israeli satellite"], BBC News Online, 21 January 2008</ref> [[File:Narendra Modi visit to Israel, July 2017 (5803).jpg|thumb|Narendra Modi's warm visit to Israel, hugging Former President [[Reuven Rivlin]] in 2017]]

Israel and India share intelligence on terrorist groups. They have developed close defence and security ties since establishing diplomatic relations in 1992. India has bought more than $5 billion worth of Israeli equipment since 2002. In addition, Israel is training Indian military units and in 2008 was discussing an arrangement to give Indian commandos instruction in counter-terrorist tactics and urban warfare.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-indiaisrael29-2008nov29,0,440564.story Israel says Mumbai attackers targeted its citizens], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 29 November 2008</ref> In December 2008, Israel and India signed a memorandum to set up an Indo-Israel Legal Colloquium to facilitate discussions and exchange programmes between judges and jurists of the two countries.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104032824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-31/india/27896422_1_legal-systems-india-and-israel-israeli-president India, Israel set up bilateral legal colloquium]. ''The Times of India'' (31 December 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

Following the Israeli invasion of [[2006 Lebanon War|Lebanon in 2006]], India stated that the Israeli use of force was "[[International reactions to the 2006 Lebanon War#India|disproportionate and excessive]]".<ref>[http://www.kuna.net.kw/home/story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=886234 LD Lebanon Reactions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195951/http://www.kuna.net.kw/home/story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=886234 }}, Kuwait News Agency</ref>

The India-Israel relationship has been very close and warm under the premiership of [[Narendra Modi]] since 2014. In 2017, he was the first ever Prime Minister of India to visit Israel.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Here's why Hindu nationalists aspire to Israel's "ethnic democracy"|url=https://qz.com/india/1551356/what-explains-modis-bonhomie-with-israels-netanyahu/|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Quartz|language=en}}</ref>

;Lebanon
{{main|India–Lebanon relations}}

India and Lebanon enjoy cordial and friendly relations based on many complementarities such as a political system based on parliamentary democracy, non-alignment, human rights, commitment to a just world order, regional and global peace, a liberal market economy and a vibrant entrepreneurial spirit. India has a peacekeeping force as part of the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] (UNIFIL). One infantry battalion is deployed in Lebanon and about 900 personnel are stationed in the Eastern part of [[Southern Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pallam-raju-to-visit-indian-peacekeepers-in-lebanon_10093673.html |title=Pallam Raju to visit Indian peacekeepers in Lebanon |publisher=Thaindian.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801091806/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pallam-raju-to-visit-indian-peacekeepers-in-lebanon_10093673.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The force also provided non-patrol aid to citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/inDepthNews/idUSEIC54708020061026?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=Indian UN vet treats animal victims of Lebanon war |work=Reuters |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
India and Lebanon have had very good relations since the 1950s.

;Oman
{{Main|India-Oman relations}}

India–Oman relations are foreign relations between India and the Sultanate of Oman. India has an embassy in Muscat, Oman. The Indian consulate was opened in Muscat in February 1955 and five years later it was upgraded to a consulate general and later developed into a full-fledged embassy in 1971. The first Ambassador of India arrived in Muscat in 1973. Oman established its embassy in New Delhi in 1972 and a consulate general in Mumbai in 1976.

$5.6 bn Oman-India energy pipeline plans progressing: Fox Petroleum Group envisions a roughly five-year timeframe for the execution of the pipeline project.<ref name="omanobserver.om">{{cite web |url=http://omanobserver.om/5-6-bn-oman-india-energy-pipeline-plans-progressing/ |title=$5.6 bn Oman-India energy pipeline plans progressing | Oman Observer |access-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701012600/http://omanobserver.om/5-6-bn-oman-india-energy-pipeline-plans-progressing/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 }}</ref>

Ajay Kumar, the chairman and managing director of Fox Petroleum, based in New Delhi, which is an associate company of Fox Petroleum FZC in the UAE, said that Mr. Modi had "fired the best weapon of economic development and growth". "He has given a red carpet for global players to invest in India," Mr. Kumar added. "It will boost all sectors of the industry – especially for small-scale manufacturing units and heavy industries too."

<ref name="omanobserver.om"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/modi-reveals-plan-to-attract-foreign-investment-into-india|title=Modi reveals plan to attract foreign investment into India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/modi-and-the-sino-indian-game-for-iranian-gas/|title=Modi and the Sino-Indian Game for Iranian Gas|first=Micha'el Tanchum, The|last=Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/CONS_282811.html|title=$5.6bn Oman-India pipeline plans on track|website=tradearabia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bgs-group.eu/our-events.html |title=Our events |access-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901104335/http://www.bgs-group.eu/our-events.html |archive-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lngcongress.com/|title=5th International LNG Congress|website=lngcongress.com}}</ref>

;Saudi Arabia
{{Main|India–Saudi Arabia relations}}

Bilateral relations between India and Saudi Arabia have strengthened considerably owing to cooperation in regional affairs and trade. Saudi Arabia is the one of largest suppliers of oil to India, which is one of the top seven trading partners and the 5th biggest investor in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="CH">{{cite news|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/-india-saudi-arabia-to-better-understanding-108060200074_1.html |title=India, Saudi Arabia to better understanding |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

India was one of the first nations to establish ties with the [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|Third Saudi State]]. During the 1930s, India heavily funded [[Nejd]] through financial subsidies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kostiner |first=Joseph |title=The making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: from chieftaincy to monarchical state |publisher=Oxford University Press US, 1993 |isbn=9780195074406|year=1993 }}</ref>
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi in conversation with King Salman bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Narendra Modi in conversation with [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|King Salman bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud]] of Saudi Arabia]]
India's strategic relations with Saudi Arabia have been affected by the latter's close ties with Pakistan.<ref name="SO2">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4645836.stm |title=Saudi king on rare visit to India |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=BBC News }}</ref> Saudi Arabia supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] at the expense of its relations with India.<ref name="VA2">
{{cite book |first=Prithvi Ram |last=Mudiam |title=India and the Middle East |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiamiddleeast00prit/page/88 88–94] |publisher=British Academic Press |year=1994 |isbn=1-85043-703-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiamiddleeast00prit/page/88 }}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]]'s close relations with India also served as a source of consternation.<ref name="SO2"/><ref name="VA2"/> During the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] (1990–91), India officially maintained [[Neutral country|neutrality]]. Saudi Arabia's close military and strategic ties with Pakistan have also been a source of continuing strain.<ref name="SO2"/><ref name="VA2"/>

Since the 1990s, both nations have taken steps to improve ties. Saudi Arabia has supported granting [[observer status]] to India in the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) and has expanded its cooperation with India to fight [[terrorism]].<ref name="new era">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4655268.stm |title="New era" for Saudi-Indian ties |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=BBC News }}</ref> In January 2006, King [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] made a special visit to India, becoming the first Saudi monarch in 51 years to do so.<ref name="SO2"/> The Saudi king and former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] signed an agreement forging a strategic energy partnership that was termed the "Delhi Declaration".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/India-Saudi-Arabia-sign-strategic-energy-pact-Long-term-contracts-planned-for-crude-supplies/article20196973.ece |title=India, Saudi Arabia sign strategic energy pact |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=Business Line}}</ref> The pact provides for a "reliable, stable and increased volume of crude oil supplies to India through long-term contracts."<ref name="DG">{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/01/27/news/international/india_saudi.dj/ |title=India, Saudi Arabia in energy deal |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Both nations also agreed on joint ventures and the development of oil and natural gas in public and private sectors.<ref name="DG"/> An Indo-Saudi joint declaration in the Indian capital [[New Delhi]] described the king's visit as "heralding a new era in India-Saudi Arabia relations".<ref name="new era"/>

;Syria
{{main|India–Syria relations}}

[[File:Syrian_Christian_Women_in_Kerala_(1912).jpg|thumb|Syrian Christian Women in Kerala (1912)]]
Bilateral relations between India and [[Syria]] are historic and the two have ancient civilizational ties. Both countries were on the [[Silk Road]] through which civilizational exchanges took place for centuries. [[Syriac Christianity]], originating in ancient Syria, spread further to the East and created the first [[Christianity in India|Christian]] communities in ancient India. The ancient Syriac language among the Syrian Christians of Kerala was also brought to Kerala by St Thomas in the 1st century CE. Even today the language continues to be taught in colleges and universities in Kerala.

A common nationalism and secular orientation, membership of NAM and similar perceptions on many issues further strengthened the bond between the two states. India supported "Syria's legitimate right to regain the occupied Golan Heights". In turn, this was reciprocated with Syrian recognition that Kashmir is a bilateral issue as well as general support of India's concerns and even candidature at various international forums.

;Turkey
{{Main|India–Turkey relations}}

Due to controversial issues such as Turkey's close relationship with Pakistan, relations between the two countries have often been blistered at certain times, but better at others. India and Turkey's relationship alters from unsureness to collaboration when the two nations work together to combat terrorism in Central and South Asia, and the Middle East. India and Turkey are also connected by history, seeing as they have known each other since the days of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and seeing as India was one of the countries to send aid to Turkey following its [[Turkish War of Independence|war of independence]]. The Indian real estate firm GMR has invested in and is working towards the modernisation of [[Istanbul]]'s [[Sabiha Gökçen International Airport]].

The relations took a nose-dive after [[President of Turkey|Turkish President]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] spoke against India on the [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir issue]] and supported Pakistan, during his address at [[United Nations General Assembly]] after Pakistan PM [[Imran Khan]], in September 2019. In February 2020, he visited Islamabad and held talks with Imran Khan, on "improving and bolding the relations with Islamabad". At the end of the month, during the [[2020 Delhi riots|riots in Delhi]] and [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|CAA-NRC protests]] in India, he criticized the government for its policies. He also criticized the move of the Indian Government on the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley skirmishes with China]] on [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]].

;United Arab Emirates
{{Main|India–United Arab Emirates relations}}

[[File:India Republic Day 2017 Crown Prince.jpg|thumb|The President, [[Pranab Mukherjee|Shri Pranab Mukherjee]] and the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the Chief Guest of the Republic Day, The Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, Deputy Supreme Commander of U.A.E. Armed Forces, General [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], at [[Rajpath]], on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017, in New Delhi.]]

India–United Arab Emirates relations refer to the bilateral relations that exist between the Republic of India and the United Arab Emirates. After the creation of the Federation in 1971, India-UAE relations flourished. Today UAE and India share political, economic and cultural links. There are over a million Indians in the United Arab Emirates, being by far the largest migrant group in the country.[1] A large Indian expatriate community resides and engages in the UAE in economically productive activities and has played a significant role in the evolution of the UAE. In 2008–09, India emerged as the largest trade partner of the UAE with bilateral trade between the two countries exceeding US$44.5 billion. [9] UAE and India are each other's main trading partners. The trade totals over $75 billion (AED275.25 billion).

;Arab states of the Persian Gulf

India and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]] enjoy strong cultural and economic ties. This is reflected in the fact that more than 50% of the oil consumed by India comes from the Persian Gulf countries<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/India_Gulf_share_special_relationship/articleshow/2700623.cms |title=India, Gulf share special relationship- Indicators-Economy-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> and Indian nationals form the largest expatriate community in the Arabian peninsula.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.meforum.org/article/1019 |title=Saudi Arabia Woos China and India :: Middle East Quarterly |journal=Middle East Quarterly |publisher=Meforum.org |access-date=21 November 2009|last1=Pant |first1=Harsh V. }}</ref>{{better source needed}} The annual remittance by Indian expatriates in the region amounted to US$20 billion in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/28/world/fg-kerala28 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |last=Daragahi |first=Borzou |title=Bringing home a new Islam |location=Vengara |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504080613/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/28/world/fg-kerala28}}</ref> India is one of the largest trading partners of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|CCASG]] with non-oil trade between India and [[Dubai]] alone amounting to US$19 billion in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/Foreign_Trade/India-Dubai_trade_records_74_rise/articleshow/3093800.cms |title=India-Dubai trade records 74% rise- Foreign Trade-Economy-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141849/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/Foreign_Trade/India-Dubai_trade_records_74_rise/articleshow/3093800.cms |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> The Persian Gulf countries have also played an important role in addressing India's energy security concerns, with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait regularly increasing their oil supply to India to meet the country's rising energy demand. In 2005, Kuwait increased its oil exports to India by 10% increasing the net oil trade between the two to US$4.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Oil.html |title=Kuwait Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis – Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal |publisher=Eia.doe.gov |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119055216/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Oil.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 }}</ref> In 2008, Qatar decided to invest US$5 billion in India's energy sector.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111261371200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218070835/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111261371200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2008 |title=Front Page : Qatar to invest $5 billion in India |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

India has maritime security arrangements in place with Oman and Qatar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111258230100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083247/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111258230100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2008 |title=Front Page : Navy foils bid to hijack Indian ship in Gulf of Aden |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In 2008, a landmark defence pact was signed, under which India committed its military assets to protect "Qatar from external threats".<ref>[http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/AC643928791FF4F2652574FE00466484?OpenDocument Open Document] {{Dead link}}</ref>
There has been progress in a proposed deep-sea gas pipeline from Qatar, via Oman, to India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Priyanka |url=http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=2245 |title=A Qatar-to-India Pipeline? |work=Energy Tribune |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226125132/http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=2245 |archive-date=26 February 2012 }}</ref>

==Europe==
;Albania
{{main|Albania–India relations}}

;Austria
{{main|Austria–India relations}}

Austria–India relations refers to the bilateral ties between Austria and India. Indo-Austrian relations were established in May 1949 by the first [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and the [[Chancellor of Austria]] [[Leopold Figl]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/75126/Project_docs/Austria_Profile.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 January 2013 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509125655/http://www.ficci.com/international/75126/Project_docs/Austria_Profile.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Historically, Indo-Austrian ties have been particularly strong and India intervened in June 1953 in Austria's favour whilst negotiations were going on with the Soviet Union about the Austrian State Treaty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/embassy/new-delhi/bilateral-relations/india.html |title=Austrian Foreign Ministry → Embassy → New Delhi → India |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> There is a fully functioning Indian embassy in Vienna, Austria's capital, which is concurrently accredited to the United Nations offices in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delhigate.com/in2delhi/missions.htm |title=List of Missions and Posts of India Abroad |access-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905214613/http://delhigate.com/in2delhi/missions.htm |archive-date=5 September 2008 }}</ref> Austria is represented in India by its embassy and Trade Commission in New Delhi, India's capital, as well as honorary consulates in Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Goa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.advantageaustria.org/in/oesterreich-in-india/netzwerk/network.en.html |title=Austrian Representatives in India |work=Advantage Austria |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221170235/http://www.advantageaustria.org/in/oesterreich-in-india/netzwerk/network.en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Belarus
{{main|Belarus–India relations}}

Belarus has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.mfa.gov.by/en/ |title=Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Republic of India |publisher=India.mfa.gov.by |access-date=2022-08-05 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427104940/https://india.mfa.gov.by/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 14 May 1992, India has an embassy in [[Minsk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indembminsk.org/ |title=Ind Emb Minsk |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116092305/http://www.indembminsk.org/?page=3760 |archive-date=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Belgium
{{main|Belgium–India relations}}

Belgium has an [[Embassy of Belgium, New Delhi|embassy in New Delhi]], consulates in [[Chennai]] and [[Mumbai]], and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.diplomatie.belgium.be/en/embassy-and-consulates|title=Embassy and consulates}}</ref>
India has an [[Embassy of India, Brussels|embassy in Brussels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassybrussels.gov.in/|title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Belgium, Luxembourg & European Union|website=indianembassybrussels.gov.in}}</ref>

;Bosnia and Herzegovina
{{main|Bosnia and Herzegovina–India relations}}

;Bulgaria
{{main|Bulgaria–India relations}}

Bulgaria has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/delhi/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501072933/http://www.mfa.bg/delhi/|url-status=dead|title=Bulgarian embassy in New Delhi|archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> India has an embassy in [[Sofia]].<ref>[http://www.indembsofia.org/ Indian embassy in Sofia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719032901/http://www.indembsofia.org/ }}. Indembsofia.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

;Croatia
{{main|Croatia–India relations}}

Since February 1995, Croatia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and an honorary consulate in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/diplomatic-directory/diplomatic-missions-and-consular-offices-of-croatia/india-new-delhi,143.html|title=MVEP • Diplomatic Missions and Consular Offices of Croatia • India, New Delhi|website=mvep.hr}}</ref> Since 28 April 1996, India has an embassy in [[Zagreb]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.hr/ |title=Indian embassy in Zagreb |publisher=Indianembassy.hr |access-date=11 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424131308/http://www.indianembassy.hr/ |archive-date=24 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Czech Republic
{{main|Czech Republic–India relations}}

Czech-Indian relations were established in 1921 by a consulate in Bombay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.czechindia.com/en/history-of-relations|title=History of Relations – Czech-Indian Chamber of Commerce|first=Santiaco.cz – tvorba WWW stranek, programovani|last=citaty|website=czechindia.com|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104349/http://www.czechindia.com/en/history-of-relations|archive-date=6 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Czech Republic has an embassy in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://czech-republic.visahq.com/embassy/India/ |title=Czech Republic Embassy in India |publisher=VisaHQ |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827155630/http://czech-republic.visahq.com/embassy/india |archive-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Consulates of the Czech Republic in India are in [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]. India has an embassy in Prague.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visatoindia.com/indian-embassy-in-czech-republic.html |title=Embassy of India, Czech Republic |work=Visa to India |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004131727/http://www.visatoindia.com/indian-embassy-in-czech-republic.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Denmark
{{main|Denmark–India relations}}

Denmark has an embassy in [[New Delhi]], and India has an embassy in [[Copenhagen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambnewdelhi.um.dk/en |title=Danish Embassy in New Delhi |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark |access-date=14 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132543/http://www.ambnewdelhi.um.dk/en |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indian-embassy.dk/mainPages/home.asp |title=Indian Embassy in Copenhagen |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy |access-date=14 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730054224/http://www.indian-embassy.dk/mainPages/home.asp |archive-date=30 July 2011 }}</ref>

[[Tranquebar]], a town in the southern Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], was a Danish colony in India from 1620 to 1845. It is spelled ''Trankebar'' or ''Tranquebar'' in [[Danish language|Danish]], which comes from the native [[Tamil language|Tamil]], Tarangambadi, meaning "place of the singing waves". It was sold, along with the other Danish settlements in mainland India, most notably [[Serampore]] (now in [[West Bengal]]), to [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] in 1845. The [[Nicobar Islands]] were also colonised by Denmark until sold to the British in 1868, who made them part of the British Indian Empire.
[[File:The_Denmark_Tavern_of_Serampore_in_West_Bengal.jpg|thumb|The Denmark Tavern of Serampore in West Bengal]]
[[File:Henning_Holck-Larsen_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|242x242px|India released a stamp commemorating [[Henning Holck-Larsen]], founder of [[Larsen & Toubro]].|left]]
After Independence in 1947, Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s visit to Denmark in 1957 laid the foundation for a friendly relationship between India and Denmark that has endured ever since. The [[Bilateralism|bilateral relations]] between India and Denmark are cordial and friendly, based on synergies in political, economic, academic and research fields. There have been periodic high-level visits between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indian-embassy.dk/others/DENMARK_MISSION_WEBSITE_OCT_2010.pdf/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309050205/http://www.indian-embassy.dk/others/DENMARK_MISSION_WEBSITE_OCT_2010.pdf|url-status=dead|title=indian-embassy.dk – Just another WordPress site|archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref>

[[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]], former [[Prime Minister of Denmark]], accompanied by a large business delegation, paid a [[state visit]] to India from 4 to 8 February 2008. He visited [[Infosys]], [[Biocon]] and [[IIM Bangalore]] in [[Bangalore]] and [[Agra]]. He launched an 'India Action Plan', which called for strengthening of the political dialogue, strengthening of cooperation in trade and investments, research in science and technology, [[energy]], [[climate]] and [[Environmental policy|environment]], culture, education, student exchanges and attracting skilled manpower and IT experts to Denmark for short periods. The two countries signed an Agreement for the establishment of a Bilateral Joint Commission for Cooperation.

In July 2012, the [[Government of India]] decided to scale down its diplomatic ties with Denmark after that country's refusal to appeal in their Supreme Court against a decision of its lower court rejecting the extradition of [[Purulia arms drop case]] prime accused Kim Davy a.k.a. [[Niels Holck]]. Agitated over Denmark's refusal to act on India's repeated requests to appeal in their apex court to facilitate Davy's [[extradition]] to India, the government issued a circular directing all senior officials not to meet or entertain any Danish diplomat posted in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-to-scale-down-diplomatic-ties-with-Denmark/Article1-887814.aspx |title=India to scale down diplomatic ties with Denmark |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509045043/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-to-scale-down-diplomatic-ties-with-Denmark/Article1-887814.aspx |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref>

;Estonia
{{Main|Estonia–India relations}}

India's first recognition of Estonia came on 22 September 1921 when the former had just acquired membership in the [[League of Nations]]. India re-recognised Estonia on 9 September 1991 and diplomatic relations were established on 2 December of the same year in [[Helsinki]]. Neither country has a resident ambassador. Estonia is represented in India by an Embassy in New Delhi one honorary consulate in [[Mumbai]]. India is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland) and an honorary consulate in [[Tallinn]].

;France
{{Main|France–India relations}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158346 - India France Joint Issue - Rooster Motif 15th Century Sketc.jpeg
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| image2 = Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158347 - India France Joint Issue - Peacock Motif 19th Century Minak.jpeg
| width2 = 160
| footer = India France Joint Issue - 2003 - Commemorating relationship.
| caption1 = Rooster Motif 15th Century Sketch
| caption2 = Peacock Motif 19th Century Minakari
}}

France and India established diplomatic relations before India's [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence from the British Empire]] on 17 February 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Indian_Information/0fCFzLGjiLMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=India+and+France+to+Exchange+Ambassadors&pg=PA195&printsec=frontcover |title=Indian Information Volume 20 |publisher=1947 |pages=196 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref> France's Indian possessions were returned to India after a treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in May 1956. On 16 August 1962, India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held. [[Pondicherry]] and the other enclaves of Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam came to be administered as the Union Territory of Puducherry on 1 July 1963.

France, Russia and Israel were the only countries that did not condemn [[Pokhran-II|India's decision to go nuclear in 1998]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/reaction.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 November 2001 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011123140851/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/reaction.htm |archive-date=23 November 2001 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2003, France became the largest supplier of nuclear fuel and technology to India and remains a large military and economic trade partner. India's candidacy for permanent membership in the UN Security Council has found very strong support from former French President Nicolas Sarkozy. The Indian Government's decisions to purchase French {{sclass2|Scorpène|submarine|1}}s worth US$3 billion and 43 [[Airbus]] aircraft for [[Air India]] worth US$2.5 billion have further cemented the strategic, military and economic cooperation between India and France.

France's decision to ban schoolchildren from wearing headdresses and veils had the unintended consequence of affecting Sikh children who have been refused entry into public schools. The Indian Government, citing the historic traditions of the Sikh community, has requested French authorities to review the situation to not exclude Sikh children from education.

President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] and [[François Hollande]] visited India in January 2008 and 2016 respectively as the Chief Guest of the annual [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] parade in New Delhi. France was the first country to sign a nuclear energy cooperation agreement with India; this was done during Prime Minister Singh's visit, following the waiver by the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]. During the [[Bastille Day]] celebrations on 14 July 2009, a detachment of 400 Indian troops marched alongside the French troops and the then [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] Manmohan Singh was the guest of honour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090714-france-honours-india-bastille-day-military-parade |title=France honours India in Bastille Day military parade |publisher=France 24 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715132038/http://www.france24.com/en/20090714-france-honours-india-bastille-day-military-parade |archive-date=15 July 2009}}</ref>

;Finland
{{main|Finland–India relations}}

India has an embassy in [[Helsinki]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.fi/ |title=Home – Embassy of India – Finland and Estonia |work=Embassy of India |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223092020/http://www.indianembassy.fi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Finland has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and three honorary consulates in [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finland.org.in/public/default.aspx?contentid=77955|title=Embassy – Embassy of Finland, New Delhi : Embassy|website=finland.org.in}}</ref>

;Germany
{{Main|Germany–India relations}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-09709-0002, Dresden, Ankunft eines indischen Gaststudenten.jpg|thumb|Arrival of the first Indian student to Dresden, East Germany, in 1951|256x256px]]
During the [[Cold War]] India maintained diplomatic relations with both West Germany and East Germany. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the reunification of Germany, relations have further improved.

Germany is India's largest trade partner in Europe. Between 2004 and 2013, Indo-German trade grew in volume but dropped in importance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tracking India's bilateral trade with Germany, Europe's powerhouse |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/statsguru-tracking-india-s-bilateral-trade-with-germany-europe-s-powerhouse-115101200051_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard }}</ref> According to Indian Ministry of Commerce MX data: Total trade between India and Germany was $5.5 billion (3.8% share of Indian trade and ranked 6) in 2004 and $21.6 billion (2.6% share of Indian trade and ranked 9) in 2013. Indian exports to Germany were $2.54 billion (3.99% ranked 6) in 2004 and $7.3billion (2.41% ranked 10) in 2013. Indian imports from Germany were $2.92 billion (3.73% ranked 6) in 2004 and $14.33 billion (2.92% ranked 10) in 2013.

[[File:Be Indian Embassy 01.jpg|thumb|left|Embassy of the Republic of India in [[Berlin]] (2008)]]

Indo-German ties are transactional. The strategic relationship between Germany and India suffers from sustained anti-Asian sentiment,<ref name="2014 World Service Poll">[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf 2014 World Service Poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002222058/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf }} [[BBC]]</ref> {{Citation needed|reason=Does not claim anti-Asian sentiment}} [[institutionalized discrimination]] against minority groups,<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany's neo-Nazi investigation exposes institutional racism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/13/germany-neo-nazi-investigation-institutional-racism |newspaper=The Guardian }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Salentin |first1=Kurt |title=Determinants of Experience of Discrimination in Minorities in Germany |publisher=University of Bielefeld, Germany |edition=International Journal of Conflict and Violence |url=http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/viewFile/19/19 |ref=J C V : Vol. 1 (1) 2007, pp. 32 – 50 |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234711/http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/viewFile/19/19 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Wage Discrimination and Occupational Segregation of Foreign Male Workers in Germany |publisher=Zentrumjiir Europiiische Wirtschajtsjorschung (ZEW) |url=http://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp9504.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Yentl Solari |first1=Sarah |title=German Nationality: An Illustration of Institutionalized Discrimination |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |hdl=10919/32117 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32117 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026032556/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-093141/unrestricted/Thesis.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2015 |type=Thesis |url-status=dead }}</ref> and xenophobic incidents against Indians in Germany. The [[Mügeln#Mügeln mob attack|2007 Mügeln mob attack on Indians]] and the [[Leipzig University internship controversy|2015 Leipzig University internship controversy]] have clouded the predominantly commercial-oriented relationship between the two countries. Stiff competition between foreign manufactured goods within the Indian market has seen machine tools, automotive parts and medical supplies from German ''[[Mittelstand]]'' ceding ground to high-technology imports manufactured by companies located in [[ASEAN]] & [[BRICS]] countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=How much is 'Made in Germany' really worth? |url=http://www.dw.de/how-much-is-made-in-germany-really-worth/a-17372908 |publisher=Deutsche Welle }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German machinery manufacturers face Chinese challenge |url=http://automotiveproductsfinder.com/APFCONTENT/articles/german-machinery-manufacturers-face-chinese-challenge.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150407164448/http://automotiveproductsfinder.com/APFCONTENT/articles/german-machinery-manufacturers-face-chinese-challenge.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2015 |issue=October 2013 |publisher=Automotive Products Finder}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German machine tool industry aims to catch up with Japan in Thailand |url=http://www.vdw.de/bin/load_file_inter.pl?p_bereich=presse_info&p_paket_id=16&p_dok_id=6959&p_sprache=e&p_typ=att |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101902/http://www.vdw.de/bin/load_file_inter.pl?p_bereich=presse_info&p_paket_id=16&p_dok_id=6959&p_sprache=e&p_typ=att |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |publisher=VDW (German Machine Tool Builders' Association) }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The future of German mechanical engineering |url=http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/dotcom/client_service/Automotive%20and%20Assembly/PDFs/Updated%20VDMA%20reports/VDMA_ENGLISH_FINAL.ashx |issue=July 2014 |publisher=McKinsey & Company}}</ref> The [[Volkswagen emissions scandal]] drew the spotlight on corrupt behaviour in German boardrooms<ref>{{cite news |title='Made in Germany' lies in the 'gutter' after Volkswagen caught cheating |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11880921/Made-in-Germany-lies-in-the-gutter-after-Volkswagen-caught-cheating.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11880921/Made-in-Germany-lies-in-the-gutter-after-Volkswagen-caught-cheating.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=VW scandal more proof something is rotten in European corporations |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/vw-scandal-is-more-proof-that-something-is-rotten-in-european-corporations-2015-09-22 |publisher=Market Watch }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German Cheats |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/leyen-plagarism-germany-gutenberg-scandal/ |work=Politico }}</ref> and brought back memories of the [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft|HDW]] bribery scandal surrounding the procurement of {{sclass|Shishumar|submarine|1}}s by the Indian Navy. The India-Germany strategic relationship is limited by the insignificance of German geopolitical influence in Asian affairs. Germany has no strategic footprint in Asia. Germany like India is working towards gaining permanent seats in the [[United Nations Security Council]].

;Greece
{{Main|Greece–India relations}}

[[File:Deities on the coins of Agathocles of Bactria.jpg|alt=|thumb|Greek and Indian deities on the coinage of [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]], circa 180 BCE. Besides the Greek god [[Zeus]], the Indian deities have been variously identified as the [[Buddha]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Vasudeva]] or [[Balarama]].|223x223px]]
For the Ancient Greeks "India" (Greek: Ινδία) meant only the upper Indus until the time of Alexander the Great. Afterwards, "India" meant to the Greeks most of the northern half of the Indian subcontinent. The Greeks referred to the Indians as "Indói" (Greek: Ἰνδοί), literally meaning "the people of the Indus River". Indians called the Greeks Yonas or "Yavanas" from Ionians.
[[Indo-Greek kingdoms]] were founded by the successor of Alexander the Great. (Greek conquests in India)
The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] was a manual written in Greek for navigators who carried trade between Roman Empire and other regions, including ancient India. It gives detailed information about the ports, routes and commodities. The Greek ethnographer and explorer of the Hellenistic period, [[Megasthenes]] was the ambassador of [[Seleucus I]] in India. In his work, Indika (Greek: Ινδικά), he wrote the history of Indians and their culture. Megasthenes also mentioned the prehistoric arrival of the God [[Dionysus]] and [[Herakles]] (Megasthenes' Herakles) in India.

There is now tangible evidence indicating that the settlement of Greek merchants in Bengal must have begun as early as the beginning of the seventeenth century.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://elinepa.org/three-centuries-of-hellenic-presence-in-bengal |title = Three Centuries of Hellenic Presence in Bengal|date = 31 December 2005}}</ref> Dimitrios Galanos (Greek: Δημήτριος Γαλανός, 1760–1833) was the earliest recorded Greek Indologist. His translations of Sanskrit texts into Greek made knowledge of the philosophical and religious ideas of India available to many Europeans. A "Dimitrios Galanos" Chair for Hellenic Studies was established at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India in September 2000.

In modern times, diplomatic relations between Greece and India were established in May 1950. The new Greek Embassy building in New Delhi was inaugurated on 6 February 2001.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tomilson |first1=C |title=Greek leader says earthquake could bring together India, Pakistan |url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/0F891F6D412BD726?p=AWNB |access-date=1 February 2017 |publisher=Associated Press Archive }}</ref> As of 2020, the relationship between the two countries is closer than ever and is considered historical and strategic by both parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/10/30/india-greece-historical-friendship/|title=Indian FM Emphasizes 'historical Friendship' With Greece As Bilateral Ties Rapidly Foster}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/11/15/indian-fm-greece-strategic-partner/|title=Indian FM: Greece Is Our Strategic Partner|first=Paul|last=Antonopoulos}}</ref>{{bsn}}

;Hungary
{{main|Hungary–India relations}}

The Indian embassy is located in [[Budapest]].

;Iceland
{{Main|Iceland–India relations}}

Iceland and India established diplomatic relations in 1972. The Embassy of Iceland in London was accredited to India and the Embassy of India in [[Oslo]], Norway, was accredited to Iceland. However, it was only after 2003 that the two countries began close diplomatic and economic relationships.<ref name="Inauguration of the Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi"/> In 2003, [[President of Iceland]] [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson]] visited India on a diplomatic mission. This was the first visit by an Icelandic President to India. During the visit, Iceland pledged support to New Delhi's candidature for a permanent seat in the [[United Nations Security Council]] thus becoming the first [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] country to do so. This was followed by an official visit of [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] to Iceland in May 2005.<ref name="My background helps me: Kalam">{{cite news |last=Prasad |first=K. V. |title=My background helps me: Kalam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/30/stories/2005053014431200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115104755/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/30/stories/2005053014431200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2006 |location=Chennai, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 September 2008}}</ref> Following this, a new embassy of Iceland was opened in New Delhi on 26 February 2006.<ref name="Inauguration of the Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/1748|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003172058/http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/1748|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2006 |title=Inauguration of the Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi |publisher=Icelandic Foreign Service |access-date=28 September 2008}}</ref> Soon, an [[Indian Navy]] team visited Iceland on a friendly mission.<ref name="Indian Navy Team in Iceland">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/2929 |title=Indian Navy Team in Iceland |publisher=Icelandic Foreign Service |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203003017/http://www.iceland.org./in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/2929 |archive-date=3 December 2008 }}</ref> [[Gunnar Pálsson]] is the ambassador of Iceland to India. The Embassy's area of accreditation, apart from India includes Bangladesh, Indonesia, the Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius and Nepal.<ref name="About the Embassy">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/about-the-embassy/ |title=About the Embassy |publisher=Icelandic Foreign Service |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928072152/http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/about-the-embassy/ |archive-date=28 September 2008 }}</ref> India appointed [[S. Swaminathan]] as the first resident ambassador to Iceland in March 2008.<ref name="Shri S. Swaminathan to be India's first resident Ambassador to Iceland">{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2008/09/03pr01.htm |title=Shri S. Swaminathan to be India's first resident Ambassador to Iceland |publisher=NIC India Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410162813/http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2008/09/03pr01.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>
* India has an embassy established in 2006 in [[Reykjavík]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianembassy.is/|title=Home – Embassy of India – Iceland|website=Embassy of India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100148/http://indianembassy.is/|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Iceland has an embassy established in 2005 in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/in/|title=Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi|website=iceland.is|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510220153/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/in|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Ireland
{{Main|India–Ireland relations}}

Indo-Irish relations picked up steam during their respective campaigns for independence from the British Empire. Political relations between the two states have largely been based on socio-cultural ties, although political and economic ties have also helped build relations. Indo-Irish relations were greatly strengthened by [[Pandit Nehru]], [[Éamon de Valera]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[W. B. Yeats]], [[James Joyce]], and, above all, [[Annie Besant]]. Politically, relations have not been cold or warm. Mutual benefit has led to economic ties that are fruitful for both states.{{Citation needed}} Visits by government leaders have kept relations cordial at regular intervals.
[[File:Annie_Besant,_LoC.jpg|thumb|Annie Besant, one of the founders of the [[Banaras Hindu University]], was regarded as a champion of human [[freedom]], she was an ardent supporter of both Irish and Indian [[Self-governance|self-rule]] and the first woman president of the [[Indian National Congress]]]]
* India has an embassy in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.ie/|title=Acasa – Indi|website=Indi}}</ref>
* The Republic of Ireland has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>[http://web.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52432 Embassy of Republic of Ireland in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727184941/http://web.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52432 }}</ref>

;Italy
{{Main|India–Italy relations}}

India maintains an embassy in [[Rome]] and a consulate-general in [[Milan]]. Italy has an embassy in [[New Delhi]], and consulate-generals in [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].

Indo-Italian relations have historically been cordial. In recent times, their state has mirrored the political fortunes of [[Sonia Gandhi|Sonia Maino-Gandhi]], the Italian-born leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] and ''de facto'' leader of the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA government]] of [[Manmohan Singh]].
[[File:Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg|thumb|Indian Sikh soldiers in the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]]]]
Since 2012 the relationship has been affected by the ongoing [[Enrica Lexie case]]: two Indian fishermen were killed on the Indian fishing vessel ''St. Antony'' as a result of gunshot wounds following a confrontation with the Italian oil tanker ''Enrica Lexie'' in international waters, off the [[Kerala]] coast.

After a period of tension, in 2017 [[Prime Minister of Italy|Italian Prime Minister]] [[Paolo Gentiloni]] visited India and met his [[Prime Minister of India|Indian counterpart]] [[Narendra Modi]]; they held extensive talks to strengthen the political cooperation and to boost the bilateral trade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/narendra-modi-holds-talks-with-italian-pm-paolo-gentiloni/articleshow/61337356.cms?from=mdr|title=Narendra Modi holds talks with Italian PM Paolo Gentiloni|work=The Economic Times|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>

There are around 150,000 people of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian Origins]] living in Italy. Around 1,000 Italian citizens reside in India, mostly working on behalf of Italian industrial groups.

;Lithuania
{{main|India–Lithuania relations}}

;Luxembourg
{{Main|India–Luxembourg relations}}

Relations were established in 1947, following India's independence. Luxembourg operates an Embassy in [[New Delhi]] whilst India operates a Consulate General in [[Luxembourg City]]. Bilateral Trade stood at US$37 Million in 2014 and trade continues to grow every year. Diplomats from both countries have visited the other several times. In 2019, Luxembourg plans to host the annual [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] and open an economic mission in India.

;Malta
{{main|India–Malta relations}}

Malta opened a [[High Commission of Malta, New Delhi]] in [[New Delhi]] in 2007. Malta also has an honorary consulate in Mumbai. India is represented in Malta by its high commission in [[Valletta]].

;Moldova
{{main|India–Moldova relations}}

The Indian embassy to Moldova is accredited by [[Bucharest]], Romania. Moldova maintains an honorary consulate in [[New Delhi]] and a consulate in [[Mumbai]].
Both countries have taken steps to deepen their ties, which are still maintained at a modest level. Both countries have been found supporting each other on many international platforms like the United Nations through reciprocal support mechanisms. India-Moldova bilateral trade has been rather modest.

;Monaco
{{main|India–Monaco relations}}

;Netherlands
{{Main|India–Netherlands relations}}

India–Netherlands relations refer to foreign relations between India and the [[Netherlands]]. India maintains an embassy in [[The Hague]], Netherlands and the Netherlands maintains an [[embassy]] in [[New Delhi]] and a [[consulate general]] in [[Mumbai]]. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Indian_Information/0fCFzLGjiLMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Netherland+and+India+exchange+ambassadors&pg=PA406&printsec=frontcover |title=Indian Information Volume 20 |publisher=1947 |pages=406 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>

;Norway
{{Main|India–Norway relations}}

In 2012, [[Trond Giske]] met with Minister of Finance [[Pranab Mukherjee]], to save<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dagsavisen.no/samfunn/-har-gjort-det-vi-kan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421121412/http://www.dagsavisen.no/samfunn/-har-gjort-det-vi-kan/|url-status=dead|title=Redningsforsøk: Trond Giske mener forsøket på å redde Telenors investeringer i India er "den største saken" han noen gang har arbeidet med. |archive-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> [[Telenor]]'s investments to put forth Norway's "strong wish" that there must not be a waiting period between the confiscation of telecom licenses and the re-sale of those.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/okonomi/Giske---India-kjenner-vare-argumenter-na-6802047.html|title=Giske: – India kjenner våre argumenter nå}}</ref> The leader of [[Telenor]] attended the meeting.

;North Macedonia
{{main|India–North Macedonia relations}}

Mother Teresa, honoured in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta became an Indian citizen in 1951, and was born in Skopje (in present-day North Macedonia) in 1910. India has an embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria jointly accredited to the Republic of Macedonia. Both Macedonia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]] and [[Bangalore]].

;Poland
{{main|India–Poland relations}}

Historically, relations have generally been close and friendly, characterised by understanding and cooperation on the international front.<ref name="Indo-Polish relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.pl/iprelation.html |title=Indo-Polish relations |publisher=Embassy of India in Poland. |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031031155652/http://www.indianembassy.pl/iprelation.html |archive-date=31 October 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* India has an embassy in [[Warsaw]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indembwarsaw.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903232122/http://www.indembwarsaw.in/index.php/en/|url-status=dead|title=Indian Embassy: Discover Home and Help in Warsaw, Poland|archive-date=3 September 2015|website=indembwarsaw.in}}</ref>
* Poland has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl/en/|title=Embassy of the Republic of Poland in New Delhi|website=newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080849/http://www.newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Portugal
{{Main|India–Portugal relations}}

India and Portugal have a long history of relations ever since the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese colonisation]] in [[British Raj]].

;Russia
{{Main|India–Russia relations}}Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1947<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Indian_Information/0fCFzLGjiLMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Netherland+and+India+exchange+ambassadors&pg=PA406&printsec=frontcover |title=Indian Information Volume 20 |publisher=1947 |pages=406 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>[[File:Indo-Russian Talk December, 2021.jpg|thumb|Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] with Russian President Vladimir Putin. India and Russia enjoy strong strategic and military relations. {{small|(New Delhi, 2021)}}]]

India's ties with the Russian Federation are time-tested and based on continuity, trust and mutual understanding. There is a national consensus in both countries on the need to preserve and strengthen India-Russia relations and further consolidate the strategic partnership between the two countries. A Declaration on Strategic Partnership was signed between present Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] and former Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in October 2000 the partnership is also referred to asa '''"special and privileged strategic partnership"'''.

Russia and India have decided not to renew the 1971 Indo-Soviet Peace and Friendship Treaty and have sought to follow what both describe as a more pragmatic, less ideological relationship. Russian President Yeltsin's visit to India in January 1993 helped cement this new relationship. Ties have grown stronger with President Vladimir Putin's 2004 visit. The pace of high-level visits has since increased, as discussed in major defence purchases. Russia is working on the development of the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]], which will be capable of producing 1000 MW of electricity. [[Gazprom]] is working for the development of oil and natural gas, in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. India and Russia, have collaborated extensively, on space technology. Other areas of collaboration include software, [[Ayurveda]], etc. India and Russia, have set a determination in increasing trade to $10 billion. Cooperation between clothing manufacturers of the two countries continues to strengthen. India and Russia signed an agreement on joint efforts to increase investment and trade volumes in the textile industry in both countries. In signing the document included representatives of the Russian Union of Entrepreneurs of Textile and Light Industry Council and apparel exports of India (AEPC). A cooperation agreement provides, inter alia, the exchange of technology and know-how in textile production. For this purpose, a special Commission on Affairs Textile (Textile Communication Committee). Counter-terrorism techniques are also in place between Russia and India. In 2007 President Vladimir Putin was the guest of honour at the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebration on 26 January 2007. 2008, has been declared by both countries as the Russia-India Friendship Year. Bollywood films are quite popular in Russia. The Indian public sector oil company [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] bought [[Imperial Energy Corporation]] in 2008. In December 2008, during President Medvedev's visit, to New Delhi, India and Russia, signed a nuclear energy cooperation agreement. In March 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed an additional 19 pacts with India which included civilian nuclear energy, space and military cooperation and the final sale of Admiral Gorshkov (Aircraft Carrier) along with MiG-29K fighter jets.

During the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|2014 Crimean crisis]], India refused to support American sanctions against Russia and one of India's national security advisers [[Shivshankar Menon]] was reported to have said "There are legitimate Russian and other interests involved and we hope they are discussed and resolved."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Russian-interests-in-Crimea-legitimate-India/articleshow/31557852.cms |title=Russian interests in Crimea 'legitimate': India |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref>

On 7 August 2014, India and Russia held a joint counter-terrorism exercise near the Moscow boundary with China and Mongolia. It involved the use of tanks and armoured vehicles.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/armies-of-india-russia-to-hold-joint-counter-terror-exercise-250598 |title=Armies of India, Russia to hold joint counter-terror exercise |work=NDTV.com |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=28 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328012948/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/armies-of-india-russia-to-hold-joint-counter-terror-exercise-250598 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

India and Russia have so far conducted three rounds of INDRA exercises. The first exercise was carried out in 2005 in Rajasthan, followed by Prshkov in Russia. The third exercise was conducted at Chaubattia in Kumaon Hills in October 2010.<ref name="ndtv.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-russia-joint-army-exercise-underway-61987 |title=India-Russia joint Army exercise underway |work=NDTV.com |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

;Romania
{{main|India–Romania relations}}

India has an embassy in [[Bucharest]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassyofindia.ro/|title= Indian embassy in Bucharest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720011954/http://www.embassyofindia.ro/ |archive-date=20 July 2009|access-date= 12 November 2011}}</ref> and an honorary consulate in [[Timișoara]]. Romania has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]].<ref>[http://newdelhi.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en Romanian embassy in New Delhi]. Newdelhi.mae.ro. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

;Serbia
{{main|India–Serbia relations}}

* India has an embassy in [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassyofindiabelgrade.org/|title= Indian embassy in Belgrade|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410030741/http://www.embassyofindiabelgrade.org/ |archive-date=10 April 2009|access-date= 12 November 2011}}</ref>
* Serbia has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in [[Chennai]].<ref>[http://www.embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in/ Serbian embassy in New Delhi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828111812/http://www.embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in/ }}. Embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
* The relations are seen as one of the closest for both nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/India/index_e.html|title= Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623145837/http://mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/India/index_e.html|archive-date=23 June 2011 }}</ref>

;Slovakia
{{main|India–Slovakia relations}}

India has an embassy in [[Bratislava]] and Slovakia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].

;Slovenia
{{main|India–Slovenia relations}}

* India has an embassy in [[Ljubljana]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080519160858/http://www.indianembassy.si/ Embassy of India in Ljubljana]. Indianembassy.si. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
* Slovenia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newdelhi.embassy.si/index.php?id=37&L=1|title=Embassy of the Republic of Slovenija New Delhi|website=newdelhi.embassy.si}}</ref>

;Spain
{{Main|India–Spain relations}}

Diplomatic ties with Spain started in 1956.<ref>[http://www.embassyindia.es/IndianEmbassy/IndianEmbassy/IndexBase/index2.php?lang=eng&key=relationindiaspain Embajada de la India en España – Embassy of India in Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903221716/http://www.embassyindia.es/IndianEmbassy/IndianEmbassy/IndexBase/index2.php?lang=eng&key=relationindiaspain }}. Embassyindia.es. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> The first Spanish embassy was established in Delhi in 1958. India and Spain have had a cordial relationship with each other, especially after the establishment of democracy in Spain in 1978. Spain has been a main tourist spot for Indians over the years. Many presidents including [[Pratibha Patil|Prathibha Patil]] visited Spain. The royal family of Spain has always liked the humble nature of the Indian government and they have thus paid several visits to India. There was no direct flight from India to Spain but it all changed in 1986 when Iberian travels started to fly directly from Mumbai to Madrid. However, it was stopped in 22 months. In 2006 this issue of the direct flight was reconsidered to improve the ties between India and Spain. "[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]" was shot completely in Spain in 2011. The tourism ministry of Spain is using this movie to promote tourism to Spain in India.

;Sweden
{{Main|India–Sweden relations}}

*India has an embassy in [[Stockholm]], which is also accredited to [[Latvia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassy.se/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309012532/http://www.indianembassy.se/index.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2008|title=Embassy of India, Sweden & Latvia|website=indianembassy.se}}</ref>
*Sweden has an embassy in New Delhi, which is also accredited to Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives. It has three honorary consulates in Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swedenabroad.com/en-GB/Embassies/New-Delhi/About-us/The-Embassy/|title=Swedish Embassy in New Delhi}}</ref>

;Switzerland
{{main|India–Switzerland relations}}

* Switzerland has an embassy in New Delhi and a consulate in [[Bangalore]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>[http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/asia/vind/embnd.html Embassy New Delhi]. Eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
* India has an embassy in [[Bern]] and consulates in [[Geneva]] and [[Zurich]].<ref>[http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/asia/vind/achind.html Representations in Switzerland]. Eda.admin.ch (14 October 2011). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
India is one of Switzerland's most important partners in Asia. Bilateral and political contacts are constantly developing, and trade and scientific cooperation between the two countries are flourishing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfae.ch/eda/en/home/recent/media/single.html?id=41355|title=Error|website=dfae.ch}}</ref> Switzerland was the first country in the World to sign a Friendship treaty with India in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tsr.ch/info/suisse/3433893-la-presidente-indienne-pratibha-devisingh-patil-sera-en-suisse-lundi-et-mardi-pour-une-visite-d-etat.html |title=La présidente indienne Pratibha Devisingh Patil sera en Suisse lundi et mardi pour une visite d'Etat |work=rts.ch |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

;Ukraine
{{Main|India–Ukraine relations}}

Diplomatic relations between India and Ukraine were established in January 1992. The Indian Embassy in [[Kyiv]] was opened in May 1992 and Ukraine opened its mission in New Delhi in February 1993. The Consulate General of India in [[Odesa]] functioned from 1962 until its closure in March 1999.
* India has an embassy in [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://embassyofindiaukraine.in/index.php|title=Embassy of India, Kyiv, Ukraine|website=embassyofindiaukraine.in}}</ref>
* Ukraine has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.mfa.gov.ua/en/index/city/id/139|title=Embassy of Ukraine in India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072802/http://india.mfa.gov.ua/en/index/city/id/139|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and an honorary consulate in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.mfa.gov.ua/en/index/city/id/139|title=Ukrainian Consulate in India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072802/http://india.mfa.gov.ua/en/index/city/id/139|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;United Kingdom
{{Main|India–United Kingdom relations}}
[[File:PM Modi addressing the UK parliament.jpg|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] addressing the [[British Parliament]] {{small|(2015)}}]]
UK& India has a high commission in London and two consulates-general in [[Birmingham]] and [[Edinburgh]].<ref>[http://hcilondon.in/contactus.php High Commission of India in the UK] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115052916/http://hcilondon.in/contactus.php }}</ref> The United Kingdom has a high commission in New Delhi and five deputy high commissions in [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukinindia.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/other-locations/ |title=British High Commission New Delhi – GOV.UK |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Since 1947, India's relations with the United Kingdom have been bilateral, as well as through the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] framework. Although the Sterling Area no longer exists and the Commonwealth is much more an informal forum, India and the UK still have many enduring links. This is in part due to the significant number of people of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian origin]] living in the UK. The large South Asian population in the UK results in steady travel and communication between the two countries. The [[British Raj]] allowed for both cultures to imbibe tremendously from the other. The English language and cricket are perhaps the two most evident British exports, whilst in the UK food from the Indian subcontinent is very popular.<ref name="Curry">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/northwest/series1/curry.shtml |title=THE NATION'S FAVOURITE DISH |publisher=BBC |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> The United Kingdom's favourite food is often reported to be [[Indian cuisine]], although no official study reports this.<ref name="Curry"/>

Economically the relationship between Britain and India is also strong. India is the second largest investor in Britain after the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/6717/945/ |title=India becomes second largest investor in Britain |publisher=ITWire |first=Sufia |last=Tippu |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017132253/http://itwire.com.au/content/view/6717/945/ |archive-date=17 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6599693.stm |title=Indian investment in London jumps |publisher=BBC |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Britain is also one of the largest investors in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Randeep |title=British minister defends £825m aid to help India's poor |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/19/britain-aid-to-india-825m |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>

;Vatican City & the Holy See
{{main|Holy See–India relations}}

Formal bilateral relations between India and Vatican City have existed since 12 June 1948. An Apostolic Delegation existed in India from 1881. The Holy See has a [[Apostolic Nunciature to India|nunciature in New Delhi]] whilst India has accredited its embassy in [[Bern]], Switzerland to the Holy See as well. India's Ambassador in Bern has traditionally been accredited to the Holy See.

The connections between the [[Catholic Church]] and India can be traced back to the apostle [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], who, according to tradition, came to India in 52 CE in the 9th century, the patriarch of the Nestorians in [[Persia]] sent bishops to India. There is a record of an Indian bishop visiting [[Rome]] in the early part of the 12th century.

The [[diplomatic mission]] was established as the [[Apostolic Delegation]] to the East Indies in 1881, and included [[Ceylon]], and was extended to [[Malacca|Malaca]] in 1889, then to Burma in 1920, and eventually included [[Goa]] in 1923. It was raised to an Internunciature by Pope [[Pius XII]] on 12 June 1948 and to a full Apostolic Nunciature by [[Pope Paul VI]] on 22 August 1967.

There have been three Papal visits to India. The first Pope to visit India was [[Pope Paul VI]], who visited [[Mumbai]] in 1964 to attend the [[Eucharistic Congress]]. Pope [[John Paul II]] visited India in February 1986 and November 1999. Several Indian dignitaries have, from time to time, called on the Pope in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]. These include Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1981 and Prime Minister [[I. K. Gujral]] in September 1987. [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], Prime Minister, called on the Pope in June
2000 during his official visit to Italy. Vice-President [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] represented the country at the funeral of Pope John Paul II.

;European Union
{{Main|India–European Union relations}}

[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi with the President European Council Donald Tusk, and the President European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker, at the EU-INDIA Summit.jpg|thumb|Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] with the president of the [[European Council]] [[Donald Tusk]], and the president of the [[European Commission]] [[Jean-Claude Juncker]], at the EU-India Summit, [[Brussels]], 2016]]

India was one of the first countries to develop relations with the European Union. The Joint Political Statement of 1993 and the 1994 Cooperation Agreement were the foundational agreements for the bilateral partnership. In 2004, India and European Union became "Strategic Partners". A Joint Action Plan was agreed upon in 2005 and updated in 2008. India-EU Joint Statements were published in 2009 and 2012 following the India-European Union Summits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/india/index_en.htm|title=EEAS – European External Action Service – European Commission|website=EEAS – European External Action Service}}</ref>

India and the European Commission initiated negotiations on a ''Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement'' (BTIA) in 2007. Seven rounds of negotiations have been completed without reaching a Free Trade Agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indembassy.be/pages.php?id=59|title=India-EU Trade Economic and Technological cooperation|publisher=Indian Mission to EU|access-date=4 March 2015|archive-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222103812/http://www.indembassy.be/pages.php?id=59|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to the Government of India, trade between India and the EU was $57.25 billion between April and October 2014 and stood at $101.5 billion for the fiscal period of 2014–2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU ups FTA ante with eye on India's vibrant business climate |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/46577442.cms |agency=ET Bureau |newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref>

The European Union is India's second largest trade bloc, accounting for around 20% of Indian trade ([[Gulf Cooperation Council]] is the largest trade bloc with almost $160 billion in total trade<ref>{{cite news |title=Gulf Arab nations seek India to rein in Iran |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Gulf-Arab-nations-seek-India-to-rein-in-Iran/articleshow/15792288.cms?referral=PM |agency=TNN |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>). India was the European Union's [[List of the largest trading partners of the European Union|8th largest trading partner]] in 2010. EU-India trade grew from €28.6 billion in 2003 to €72.7 billion in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/india/|title=India – Trade|publisher=European Commission}}</ref>

France, Germany and UK collectively represent the major part of EU-India trade.<ref name="EU and BRIC">{{cite news |title=A range of statistics to compare the EU with Brazil, Russia, India and China |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=STAT/12/80&format=PDF&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |access-date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=EUROPA |year=2010}}</ref> Annual trade in commercial services tripled from €5.2billion in 2002 to €17.9 billion in 2010.<ref name="India-EU Bilateral Trade">{{cite web |url=http://www.ficci-ineupf.com/trade.html |title=India-EU Bilateral Trade Relations |publisher=ficci-ineupf.com |access-date=25 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014015842/http://ficci-ineupf.com/trade.html |archive-date=14 October 2014 }}</ref>
Denmark, Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands are the other more prominent European Union countries that trade with India.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU: Relations with other Asian partners |url=http://www.ecfr.eu/scorecard/2015/china/46 |publisher=European Council for Foreign Relations }}</ref><ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/countries/india/index_en.htm Bilateral trade relations with India] European Commission</ref>

==Oceania==
;Australia
{{Main|Australia–India relations}}

India & Australia are both Commonwealth members. Sporting and cultural ties are significant. Australian cricketers often undertake large commercial ventures in India, enhanced with the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]], and, to a lesser degree, the [[Indian Cricket League|ICL]]. Bollywood productions enjoy a large market in Australia. In 2007, PM [[John Howard]] visited Mumbai and its entertainment industry, in efforts to increase [[Tourism in India]] to Australia.<ref>[http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2007/12/bollywood-makes-minister-job-easier.html Bollywood makes minister Soni's job easier] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907003119/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2007/12/bollywood-makes-minister-job-easier.html }}. Realbollywood.com (26 December 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

[[File:Australia vs India.jpg|thumb|[[One-day International]] cricket match between Australia and India, [[MCG]] January 2004|220x220px]]

There are ongoing strategic attempts to form an "Asian NATO" with India, [[Japan]], the [[United States|US]] and [[Australia]] through the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Quad Leaders' Joint Statement: "The Spirit of the Quad" |url=https://whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/12/quad-leaders-joint-statement-the-spirit-of-the-quad/ |website=The White House |publisher=Government of United States |access-date=4 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nayak |first1=Bhabani Shankar Dr |title=Disenchanted India and Beyond: Musings on the Lockdown Alternatives |year=2021 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-7936-4280-6 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFA3EAAAQBAJ}}</ref> During the first decade of the 21st century, the deepening of strategic relations between the two nations was prevented by a range of policy disagreements, such as India's refusal to sign the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|NPT]] and Australia's consequent refusal to provide India with [[uranium]]. Australia's parliament later allowed for the sale of uranium to India, following changes in government.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-06/prime-minister-tony-abbott-seals-uranium-deal-in-india/5724368 . Australian Broadcasting Corporation.au (6 September 2014). Retrieved 20 February 2018.]</ref> Closer strategic cooperation between India, Japan, the United States and Australia also began during the second half of the 2010s, which some analysts attributed to a desire to balance Chinese initiatives in the Indo-Pacific region.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/02/19/business/australia-u-s-india-japan-talks-establish-alternative-chinas-belt-road-initiative-report/|work=The Japan Times|access-date=20 February 2018|title=Japan, U.S., Australia and India look to establish alternative to China's Belt and Road Initiative}}</ref>

;Cook Islands
{{main|Cook Islands–India relations}}

;Fiji
{{Main|Fiji–India relations}}

[[Fiji]]'s relationship with the Republic of India is often seen by observers against the backdrop of the sometimes tense relations between its [[Fijians|indigenous people]] and the 44 percent of the population who are of [[Indians in Fiji|Indian descent]]. India has used its influence in international forums such as the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and United Nations on behalf of ethnic Indians in Fiji, lobbying for [[International sanctions|sanctions]] against Fiji in the wake of the [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|1987 coups]] and the [[2000 Fijian coup d'état|2000 coup]], both of which removed governments, one dominated and one led, by Indo-Fijians.

;Kiribati
{{main|India–Kiribati relations}}

;Marshall Islands
{{main|India–Marshall Islands relations}}

;Micronesia
{{main|India–Federated States of Micronesia relations}}

;Nauru
{{main|India–Nauru relations}}

India and [[Nauru]] relations have been established since the island nation's independence in 1968. Leaders of both countries have been meeting on the sidelines of some of the international forums of which both nations are part such as the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement. India is one of the largest donors to the island by improving the education ministry and creating transportation and computer connections for the MPs and the [[Speaker of the Parliament of Nauru]]. There were numerous visits by the [[President of Nauru]] to the republic to further strengthen ties and cooperation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Nauru-January-2012.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012648/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Nauru-January-2012.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;New Zealand
{{main|India–New Zealand relations}}

Bilateral relations were established between India and New Zealand in 1952.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hicomind.org.nz/hcinz/india-new-zealand/bilateral-relations/|title=Bilateral Relations|website=hicomind.org.nz|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721235929/http://www.hicomind.org.nz/hcinz/india-new-zealand/bilateral-relations/|archive-date=21 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> India has a High Commission in [[Wellington, New Zealand|Wellington]] with an [[Honorary consul|Honorary Consulate]] in [[Auckland]], while New Zealand has a High Commission in [[New Delhi]] along with a [[Consulate]] in [[Mumbai]], [[trade office]]s in New Delhi and Mumbai and an Honorary Consulate in [[Chennai]].
[[File:India_Vs_New_zealand_One_day_International,_10_December_2010_(6159914657).jpg|thumb|India Vs New Zealand One Day International, 10 December 2010. Cricket is hugely popular in both nations and is seen as a connection between them.]]
India–New Zealand relations were cordial but not extensive after [[Partition of India|Indian independence]]. More recently, New Zealand has shown interest in extending ties with India due to [[Economy of India|India's impressive GDP growth]].

;Niue
{{main|India–Niue relations}}

;Palau
{{main|India–Palau relations}}

;Papua New Guinea
{{main|India–Papua New Guinea relations}}

India and Papua New Guinea established relations in 1975, following PNG's independence from Australia. Since 1975, relations have grown between the two nations. India maintains a High Commission in [[Port Moresby]] while Papua New Guinea maintains a High Commission in [[New Delhi]] In the 2010 Fiscal Year, Trade between the two nations grew to US$239 Million. PNG has sent numerous military officers and students to be trained and educated in India's academies and universities respectively. In recent years, India and PNG have signed an Economic Partnership Agreement, allowing India to further invest in PNG's infrastructure, telecommunications and educational institutions.

;Samoa
{{Main|India–Samoa relations}}

Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mfat.gov.ws/embassies/countries-with-established-diplomatic-relations-with-samoa/|title=Samoa Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade is under construction|website=mfat.gov.ws}}</ref>

;Solomon Islands
{{main|India–Solomon Islands relations}}

;Tonga
{{main|India–Tonga relations}}

;Tuvalu
{{main|India–Tuvalu relations}}

;Vanuatu
India has its High Commission in Wellington, New Zealand, accredited to Vanuatu.

==De Facto==

;Kosovo
{{Main|India–Kosovo relations}}
Since its [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declaration of independence]] from [[Serbia]], [[Kosovo]] sought recognition from the major of the world's most influential countries, among them, India. [[India's reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|Indian views regarding the developments]] followed initial constringent to comment but dismissed to give recognition of statehood. There are almost negligible interactions.

;Palestine
{{Main|India–Palestine relations}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the President of the State of Palestine, Mr. Mahmoud Abbas, at the joint Press meet, at Ramallah, Palestine on February 10, 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]], [[Narendra Modi]] and the [[President of the State of Palestine]], [[Mahmoud Abbas]], at [[Ramallah]], where Shree Modi received the [[Grand Collar of the State of Palestine]], {{small|(the highest civilian honour of the State of Palestine, 2018)}}]]
After India achieved its [[Indian independence movement|independence in 1947]], the country moved to support Palestinian self-determination following the [[Partition of India|partition]] of India. In light of a religious partition between India and Pakistan, the impetus to boost ties with [[Muslim]] states around the world was a further tie to India's support for the [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] cause. Though it started to waver in the late 1980s and 1990s, as the recognition of Israel led to diplomatic exchanges, the ultimate support for the Palestinian cause, was still an underlying concern.
Beyond the recognition of Palestinian self-determination ties have been largely dependent upon socio-cultural bonds, while economic relations were neither cold nor warm.

India recognised Palestine's statehood following its [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|declaration]] on 18 November 1988;<ref name="unesdoc.unesco.org"/> although relations were first established in 1974.<ref name="meaindia.nic.in"/>

PNA President Abbas paid a State visit to India in September 2012, during which India pledged $10 million as aid. Indian officials said it was the third such donation, adding that New Delhi was committed to helping other development projects. India also pledged support to Palestine's bid for full and equal membership of the UN.

;Taiwan
{{Main|India–Taiwan relations}}
India recognized the Republic of China (R.O.C) from 1947 to 1950. On 1 April 1950, India officially recognised the People's Republic of China (P.R.C) as "China" and continued to recognise the PRC's "One China" policy in which the island of Taiwan is a part of the Chinese territory. However, the bilateral relations between India and Taiwan have improved since the 1990s despite both nations not maintaining official diplomatic relations. Taiwan and India maintain non-governmental interaction via [[India-Taipei Association]] and Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre respectively. In July 2020, the Indian government appointed a top career diplomat, Joint Secretary Gourangalal Das, the former head of the U.S. division in India's Ministry of External Affairs, as its new envoy to Taiwan.

==International organizations==
India participates in the following international organisations:<ref>CIA World Fact Book https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html }}</ref>
* AALCO – [[Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization]]
* ADB – [[Asian Development Bank]]
* AfDB – [[African Development Bank]] (non-regional members)
* AG – [[Australia Group]]
* [[ASEAN Regional Forum]]
* [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] (dialogue partner)
* BIMSTEC – [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation]]
* BIS – [[Bank for International Settlements]]
* BRICS – [[BRICS|Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa]]
* [[Commonwealth of Nations]]
* CERN – [[CERN|European Organization for Nuclear Research]]<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/India-becomes-Associate-member-of-CERN/article17050579.ece | title=India becomes Associate member of CERN| newspaper=The Hindu| date=17 January 2017| last1=Prasad| first1=R.}}</ref>
* CP – [[Colombo Plan]]
* EAS – [[East Asia Summit]]
* FAO – [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]
* [[G4 nations|G-4]]
* [[Group of 15|G-15]]
* [[G-20 major economies|G-20]]
* [[Group of 24|G-24]]
* [[Group of 77|G-77]]
* IAEA – [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]
* IBRD – [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (World Bank)
* ICAO – [[International Civil Aviation Organization]]
* ICC – [[International Chamber of Commerce]]
* ICRM – [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]]
* IDA – [[International Development Association]]
* IEA – [[International Energy Agency]]
* IFAD – [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]]
* IFC – [[International Finance Corporation]]
* IFRCS – [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]]
* IHO – [[International Hydrographic Organization]]
* ILO – [[International Labour Organization]]
* IMF – [[International Monetary Fund]]
* IMO – [[International Maritime Organization]]
* IMSO – [[International Mobile Satellite Organization]]
* Interpol – [[Interpol|International Criminal Police Organization]]
* IOC – [[International Olympic Committee]]
* IOM – [[International Organization for Migration]] (observer)
* IPEEC – [[International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation]]
* IPU – [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]
* ISA – [[International Solar Alliance]]
* ISO – [[International Organization for Standardization]]
* ITSO – [[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization]]
* ITU – [[International Telecommunication Union]]
* ITUC – [[International Trade Union Confederation]] (the successor to ICFTU (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions) and the WCL (World Confederation of Labour))
* LAS – [[Arab League|League of Arab States]] (observer)
* MIGA – [[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]]
* MTCR – [[Missile Technology Control Regime]]
* NAM – [[Non-Aligned Movement]]
* OAS – [[Organization of American States]] (observer)
* OPCW – [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]
* PCA – [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]]
* PIF – [[Pacific Islands Forum]] (partner)
* SAARC – [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]]
* SACEP – [[South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme]]
* SCO – [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (member)
* UN – [[United Nations]]
** UNAIDS- [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]]
** UNCTAD – [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]]
** UNDOF – [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force]]
** [[UNESCO]] – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
** UNHCR – [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]
** UNIDO – [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]]
** UNIFIL – [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]]
** UNMEE – [[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea]]
** UNMIS – [[United Nations Mission in Sudan]]
** UNOCI – [[United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire]]
** MONUSCO – [[MONUSCO|United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* UNWTO – [[World Tourism Organization]]
* UPU – [[Universal Postal Union]]
* WA – [[Wassenaar Arrangement]]
* WCL – [[World Confederation of Labour]]
* WCO – [[World Customs Organization]]
* WFTU – [[World Federation of Trade Unions]]
* WHO – [[World Health Organization]]
* WIPO – [[World Intellectual Property Organization]]
* WMO – [[World Meteorological Organization]]
* WTO – [[World Trade Organization]] [[File:Modi at the 69th UN general assembly.jpg|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]], The current [[Prime Minister of India]], addressing the 69th [[United Nations General Assembly|UNGA]], in 2014]]

;India and the Commonwealth

India became independent within the [[British Commonwealth]] in August 1947 as the [[Dominion of India]] after the [[partition of India]] into India and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. King George VI, the last [[Emperor of India]] became the [[Emperor of India|King of India]] with the [[Governor-General of India]] as his viceregal representative.

India became the very first [[Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth republic]] on 26 January 1950, as a result of the [[London Declaration]].

;Non-Aligned Movement

{{Main|India and the Non-Aligned Movement}}
[[File:Brijunska_deklaracija_1956._(spomen-ploča_u_muzeju).jpg|thumb|Memorial stone plaque dedicated to Brijuni Declaration of the Non-Aligned Movement, signed on 19 July 1956, exhibited in the Brijuni Museums, Republic of Croatia]]
India played an important role in the multilateral movements of colonies and newly independent countries that developed into the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].
[[Non-Aligned Movement|Nonalignment]] had its origins in India's [[colonial India|colonial]] experience and the nonviolent [[Indian independence movement]] led by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], which left India determined to be the master of its fate in an international system dominated politically by [[Cold War]] alliances and economically by Western [[capitalism]] and Soviet [[communism]]. The principles of nonalignment, as articulated by Nehru and his successors, were the preservation of India's freedom of action internationally through refusal to align India with any bloc or alliance, particularly those led by the United States or the [[Soviet Union]]; nonviolence and international cooperation as a means of settling international disputes. Nonalignment was a consistent feature of Indian foreign policy by the late 1940s and enjoyed strong, almost unquestioning support among the Indian elite.

The term "Non-Alignment" was coined by [[V. K. Krishna Menon|V K Menon]] in his speech at the UN in 1953 which was later used by Indian Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] during his speech in 1954 in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for [[China–India relations]], which were first put forth by [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|PRC Premier]] [[Zhou Enlai]]. Called [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence|Panchsheel]] (five restraints), these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:
# ''Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty''
# ''Mutual non-aggression''
# ''Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs''
# ''Equality and mutual benefit''
# ''Peaceful co-existence''

[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s concept of nonalignment brought India considerable international prestige among newly independent states that shared India's concerns about the military confrontation between the [[superpower]]s and the influence of the former colonial powers. [[New Delhi]] used nonalignment to establish a significant role for itself as a leader of the newly independent world in such multilateral organisations as the [[United Nations]] (UN) and the Nonaligned Movement. The signing of the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation between India and the Soviet Union in 1971 and India's involvement in the internal affairs of its smaller neighbours in the 1970s and 1980s tarnished New Delhi's image as a nonaligned nation and led some observers to note that in practice, nonalignment applied only to India's relations with countries outside South Asia.

;Quad Alliance
{{Main|Quadrilateral Security Dialogue}}

The '''Quadrilateral Security Dialogue''' ('''QSD''', also known as the '''Quad''') is an informal strategic dialogue between the [[United States]], [[India]], [[Japan]] and [[Australia]] that is maintained by talks between member countries. The dialogue was initiated in 2007 by [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister]] [[Shinzo Abe]], with the support of [[Vice President of the United States|American Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]], [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Prime Minister]] [[John Howard]] and Former [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]. The dialogue was paralleled by joint military exercises of an unprecedented scale, titled [[Malabar (naval exercise)|Exercise Malabar]]. The diplomatic and military arrangement was widely viewed as a response to increased Chinese economic and military power.
[[File:P20210924AS-1147-2 (51707173079).jpg|thumb|From left to right: Prime Minister of Japan [[Yoshihide Suga]], Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]], President of United States [[Joe Biden]] and Prime Minister of Australia [[Scott Morrison]] in [[White House]], USA.]]
On 12 March 2021, '''the first summit meeting''' was held virtually between [[President of the United States|U.S President]] [[Joe Biden]], Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Japanese Prime Minister [[Yoshihide Suga]] and Australian Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]].

;United Nations

{{Main|India and the United Nations}}

India was among the original members of the [[United Nations]] that signed the [[Declaration by United Nations]] at Washington on 1 January 1942 and also participated in the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] in [[San Francisco]] from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions to implementing the goals of the [[United Nations Charter|Charter]] and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.int/india/india%20&%20un/introduction.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111110428/http://www.un.int/india/india%20%26%20un/introduction.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref> India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of its [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialised agencies]] and organisations. India has contributed troops to [[United Nations peacekeeping]] efforts in [[Korea]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ias.sagepub.com/content/13/2/21.abstract |title=The Role of India in the Korean War* |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213194704/http://ias.sagepub.com/content/13/2/21.abstract |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://congress.aks.ac.kr/korean/files/2_1358402525.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111101749/http://congress.aks.ac.kr/korean/files/2_1358402525.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Egypt and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]] in its earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the [[Ethnic violence in South Sudan (2011–present)|South Sudan conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25456862 |title=BBC News Indian UN peacekeepers killed in S Sudan attack |publisher=BBC News |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> India has been [[List of members of the United Nations Security Council|a member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] for eight terms (a total of 16 years).<ref>{{cite web|title=Fact Check: This is not India's first time as UNSC chief|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/fact-check/story/fact-check-this-is-not-indias-first-time-as-unsc-chief-1837646-2021-08-06|access-date=27 August 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> India is a member of the [[G4 states|G4]] group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the security council and advocate in favour of [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|the reformation of the UNSC]]. India is also part of the [[Group of 77]].

;World Trade Organization

Described by the WTO's former chief, [[Pascal Lamy]], as one of the organisation's "big brothers",<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-is-among-big-brothers-of-wto-pascal-lamy/articleshow/3373292.cms |title=India is among 'big brothers' of WTO: Pascal Lamy |work=The Economic Times |access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> India was instrumental in bringing down the [[Doha Development Round]] of talks in 2008.<ref name=nixes>{{cite news|url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/india-nixes-wto-deal-to-cut-tariffs/article4222319/ |title=India nixes WTO deal to cut tariffs |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> It has played an important role in representing as many as 100 developing nations during WTO summits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/28/business/EU-WTO-Trade-Talks.php |title=EU WTO Trade Talks |work=International Herald Tribune |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>

==Former==
;Soviet Union

{{Main|India–Soviet Union relations}}

[[Image:1984 CPA 5493.jpg|thumb|Soviet Stamp celebrating [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation|Indo-Soviet friendship & Cooperation]]|246x246px]]
The [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the emergence of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) had major repercussions for Indian foreign policy. Substantial trade with the former Soviet Union plummeted after the Soviet collapse and has yet to recover. Longstanding military supply relationships were similarly disrupted due to questions over financing, although Russia continues to be India's largest supplier of military systems and spare parts.

The relationship with USSR was tested (and proven) during the 1971 war with Pakistan, which led to the subsequent liberation of Bangladesh. Soon after the victory of the Indian Armed Forces, one of the foreign delegates to visit India was [[Sergey Gorshkov|Admiral S.G. Gorshkov]], Chief of the Soviet Navy. During his visit to Mumbai (Bombay), he came on board INS ''Vikrant''. During a conversation with Vice Admiral Swaraj Prakash, Gorshkov asked the Vice Admiral, "Were you worried about a battle against the American carrier?" He answered himself: "Well, you had no reason to be worried, as I had a Soviet nuclear submarine trailing the American task force all the way into the Indian Ocean."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/history/1971war/9-cold-war.html |title=Cold War Games
|website=bharat-rakshak.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702234406/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/history/1971war/9-cold-war.html |archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref>

;Yugoslavia
{{main|India–Yugoslavia relations}}

[[India]] had formal relations with the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] until 1992 with the [[Breakup of Yugoslavia]].

==Border disputes==
{{Main|List of disputed territories of India}}
India's territorial disputes with neighbouring Pakistan and the People's Republic of China have played a crucial role in its foreign policy. India is also involved in minor [[territorial dispute]]s with neighbouring Bangladesh, Nepal and Maldives. India currently maintains two [[Indian Antarctic Program|manned stations]] in Antarctica but has made some unofficial [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|territorial claims]], which are yet to be clarified.

India is involved in the following border disputes:

;Nepal
Kalapani village of India is claimed by [[Nepal]] and [[Susta territory|Susta]] village in [[Nawalparasi district]] of Nepal is claimed by India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://scroll.in/article/831576/as-a-river-changed-its-course-a-village-on-the-india-nepal-border-became-disputed-territory |title= As a river changed its course, a village on the India-Nepal border became disputed territory|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> The dispute between India and Nepal involves about {{cvt|75|km2|-1}} of area in Kalapani, where China, India, and Nepal meet. Indian forces occupied the area in 1962 after China and India fought their border war. Three villages are located in the disputed zone: Kuti [Kuthi, 30°19'N, 80°46'E], Gunji, and Knabe. India and Nepal disagree about how to interpret the 1816 Sugauli treaty between the British East India Company and Nepal, which delimited the boundary along the Maha Kali River (Sarda River in India). The dispute intensified in 1997 as the Nepali parliament considered a treaty on the hydroelectric development of the river. India and Nepal differ as to which stream constitutes the source of the river. Nepal regards the Limpiyadhura as the source; India claims the Lipu Lekh. Nepal has reportedly tabled an 1856 map from the British India Office to support its position. The countries have held several meetings about the dispute and discussed jointly surveying to resolve the issue.<ref>''The Kathmandu Post'', 16 July 1997, 2 July 1997, 31 May 1996;''The Hindustan Times'' (Delhi), 9 June 1997, p. 13; Xinhua 11 April 1997</ref> Although the Indo-Nepali dispute appears to be minor, it was aggravated in 1962 by tensions between China and India. Because the disputed area lies near the Sino-Indian frontier, it gains strategic value.<ref>[http://www.boundaries.com/India.htm International Boundary Consultants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407111722/http://www.boundaries.com/India.htm }}. Boundaries.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

;Pakistan
[[File:Indus river.svg|thumb|Indus and tributaries]]
* The unresolved [[Kashmir conflict]] and the status of Kashmir with India: Pakistan claims that it is a disputed territory with India, meanwhile Pakistan claims its side of the disputed territory and calls it "[[Azad Kashmir]]".
*Dispute over Sir Creek and the [[maritime boundary]] regarding the Rann of Kachchh area of the southern tip of Sindh.
* Water-sharing problems with Pakistan over the Indus River (Wular Barrage). ''([[Indus Waters Treaty]])''

;China
* India claims [[Aksai Chin]] and [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]], as part of [[Ladakh]].
* [[China]] claims most of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a contested disputed territory of [[north-east India]] by not recognising the [[McMahon Line]].
Two regions are claimed by both India and China. Aksai Chin is in the disputed territory of [[Ladakh]], at the junction of [[India]], [[Tibet]] and [[Xinjiang]], India claims the 38,000-square-kilometre territory, currently administered by China after [[Sino-Indian War]]. India also considers the cessation of [[Trans-Karakoram Tract|Shaksam Valley]] to China by Pakistan as illegal and a part of [[Kashmir conflict|its territory]].
[[Arunachal Pradesh]] is a state of India in the country's northeast, bordering on [[Bhutan]], [[Myanmar|Burma]] and China's [[Tibet]], though it is under Indian administration since [[Simla Accord (1914)|1914]], China claims the 90,000-square-kilometre area as [[South Tibet]]. Also, the boundary between the [[North India]]n states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] with China's [[Tibet]] is not properly demarcated with some portions under the de facto administration of India.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/china/borderdisputes.html CBC News: China]. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

==Diplomatic relations with India through philately==

List of countries commemorating anniversaries of diplomatic relations with India through philately

{| class="wikitable"
|- "
! Year !! Country !! Anniversary Milestone !! Type !! Sub type !! Image !! Date of issue
|-
| 1972 || {{USSR}} || 25th Anniversary|| Postal Stationery || Unilateral Issue || || 1972
|-
| 2000 || {{CHN}} || 50th Anniversary|| Postal Stationery || Unilateral Issue || || 1 Apr 2000
|-
| 2002 || {{JPN}} || 50th Anniversary || Stamp || Unilateral Issue || || 26 Apr 2002
|-
| 2002 || {{KOR}} || 30th Anniversary || Stamp || Joint Issue || || 10 Dec 2003
|-
| 2003 || {{RSA}} || 10th Anniversary || Stamp || Unilateral Issue || || 16 Oct 2003
|-
| 2007 || {{JPN}} || Japan - India Friendship || Stamp || Unilateral Issue || || 23 May 2007
|-
| 2008 || {{ETH}} || 60th Anniversary || Stamp || Unilateral Issue|| || 30 Dec 2008
|-
| 2009 || {{PHI}} || 60th Anniversary || Stamp || Joint Issue || || 16 Nov 2009
|-
| 2010 || {{CUB}} || 50th Anniversary|| Stamp|| Unilateral Issue|| || 10 Feb 2010
|-
| 2012 || {{ISR}} || 20th Anniversary|| Stamp||Joint Issue || || 5 Nov 2012
|-
| 2012 || {{RUS}} || 60th Anniversary|| Postal Stationery||Unilateral Issue || || 2012
|-
| 2013 || {{PER}} || 50th Anniversary|| Stamp||Unilateral Issue |||| 19 Mar 2013
|-
| 2013 || {{KAZ}} || 20th Anniversary|| Stamp|| Unilateral Issue|| ||2 Jul 2013
|-
| 2014 || {{BUL}} || 60th Anniversary|| Postal Stationery|| Unilateral Issue|| || 2014
|-
| 2014 || {{MMR}} || The Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence by Myanmar, China & India|| Stamp + Postal Stationery|| Unilateral Issue|| || 2014
|-
| 2016 || {{OMN}} ||60th Anniversary || Stamp|| Unilateral Issue|| ||5 Ap 2016
|-
| 2017 || {{MLD}} || 25th Anniversary|| Postal Stationery|| Unilateral Issue|| || 2017
|-
| 2017 || {{RUS}} || 70th Anniversary|| Postal Stationery|| Unilateral Issue|| || 2017
|-
| 2017 || {{BLR}} || 25th Anniversary|| Stamp|| Joint Issue|| || 12 Sep 2017
|-
| 2018 || {{BRA}} ||70th Anniversary || Stamp|| Unilateral Issue|| || 2 Oct 2018
|-
| 2018 || {{BHU}} ||50th Anniversary || Stamp|| Unilateral Issue|| || 21 Feb 2018
|-
| 2018|| {{GEO}} || 25th Anniversary|| Stamp|| Unilateral Issue|| || 14 Jun 2018
|-
| 2018 || {{MUS}} || 50th Anniversary|| Stamp|| Unilateral Issue|| || 18 Aug 2018
|-
| 2018 || {{SRB}} || 70th Anniversary|| Stamp|| Joint Issue|| || 15 Sep 2018
|-
| 2019 || {{IDN}} || 70th Anniversary|| Stamp (Personalized)|| Unilateral Issue|| || 2019
|-
| 2019 || {{COL}} ||60th Anniversary ||Stamp || Unilateral Issue|| || 28 Jan 2019
|-
| 2019 || {{AFG}} ||Friendship ||Stamps || Unilateral Issue|| || 2019
|-
| 2020 || {{CHN}} || 70th Anniversary|| Postal Stationery || Unilateral Issue || || 1 Apr 2020
|-
| 2020 || {{MNG}} || 65th Anniversary ||Stamp || Unilateral Issue|| || 24 Dec 2020
|-
| 2021|| {{BAN}} || 50th Anniversary || Stamp|| Joint Issue|| ||27 Mar 2021
|-
| 2021 || {{GER}} || 70th Anniversary|| Stamp|| Joint Issue|| || 10 Jun 2021
|-
| 2021 || {{SEN}} || 60th Anniversary|| Stamp|| Unilateral Issue|| || 5 Nov 2021
|-
| 2021 || {{TJK}} || 75th Anniversary of India's Independence|| Stamp|| Unilateral Issue|| ||16 Sep 2021
|-
| 2022 || {{IRQ}} || Iraqi - India relations|| Stamp|| Unilateral Issue|| ||17 Feb 2022
|-
| 2022 || {{CUB}} || 75th Anniversary of India's Independence|| Postmark|| Unilateral Issue|| ||27 Jun 2022
|-
| 2022 || {{UAE}} || 75th Anniversary of India's Independence|| Stamp|| Joint Issue|| ||30 Jun 2022
|-
| 2022 || {{BLR}} || 30th Anniversary|| Postal Stationery || Unilateral Issue|| ||3 Aug 2022
|-
| 2022 || {{EGY}} || 75th Anniversary of India's Independence|| Stamp || Unilateral Issue|| ||18 Aug 2022
|-
| 2022 || {{PER}} || 75th Anniversary of India's Independence|| Stamp || Unilateral Issue|| ||26 Aug 2022
|-
| 2022 || {{AND}} || 75th Anniversary of India's Independence|| Stamp || Unilateral Issue|| ||3 Oct 2022
|-
| 2022 || {{MLD}} || 75th Anniversary of India's Independence|| Postmark || Unilateral Issue|| ||7 Oct 2022
|-
| 2022 || {{SRB}} || 75th Anniversary of India's Independence|| Postmark || Unilateral Issue|| ||29 Nov 2022
|-
| 2022 || {{CYP}} || 75th Anniversary of India's Independence|| Stamp (Personalized)|| Unilateral Issue|| ||29 Dec 2022
|-
| 2023 || {{KGZ}} || 30th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations|| Stamp || Unilateral Issue|| ||30 Jan 2023
|-
| 2023 || {{LUX}} || 75 Years of Friendship Between Luxembourg and India || Miniature Sheet || Joint Issue|| ||15 Mar 2023
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[India and the United Nations]]
* [[India and the Non-Aligned Movement]]
* [[Cold War in Asia#India]], 1947-1991
* [[List of diplomatic missions in India]]
* [[List of diplomatic visits to India]]
* [[List of Republic of India extradition treaties]]
* [[Research and Analysis Wing]]
* [[Visa policy of India]]
* [[Visa requirements for Indian citizens]]

==Notes==
=== Explanatory notes ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box}}
{{refbegin|2}}
* Abraham, Itty. "From Bandung to NAM: Non-alignment and Indian foreign policy, 1947–65." ''Commonwealth & Comparative Politics'' 46.2 (2008): 195–219.
* Bajpai, Kanti, Selina Ho, and Manjari Chatterjee Miller, eds. ''Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations'' (Routledge, 2020). [https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Handbook-China-India-Relations-Bajpai-ebook/dp/B0855JQYJJ/ excerpt]
* Basrur, Rajesh. ''Subcontinental Drift: Domestic Politics and India’s Foreign Policy'' (Georgetown University Press, 2023). {{ISBN|9781647122843}}
* Brands, H. W. ''India and the United States: The Cold Peace'' (1990) [https://archive.org/details/indiaunitedstat00bran online]
* Bradnock, Robert W. '' India's Foreign Policy Since 1971'' (1990) 128pp; by a geographer
* Budhwar, Prem K. "India-Russia relations: Past, Present and the future." ''India Quarterly'' 63.3 (2007): 51–83.
* Budhwar, Prem K. et al. "India-Canada Relations: a Roller-Coaster Ride." ''Indian Foreign Affairs Journal'' 13.1 (2018): 1–50. essays by seven experts.[http://www.associationdiplomats.org/publications/ifaj/Vol%2013/13.1/IFAJ-13.1-DEBATE.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303073210/http://www.associationdiplomats.org/publications/ifaj/Vol%2013/13.1/IFAJ-13.1-DEBATE.pdf }}
* Chacko, Priya. ''Indian foreign policy: the politics of postcolonial identity from 1947 to 2004'' (Routledge, 2013).
* Chakma, Bhumitra, ed. ''The politics of nuclear weapons in South Asia'' (Ashgate, 2011).
* Chaudhuri, Rudra. ''Forged In Crisis: India and the United States since 1947'' (2014)
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{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170102080612/https://www.mea.gov.in/foreign-relations.htm Briefs on India's Bilateral Relations, Ministry of External Affairs]
* [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17778/indias_foreign_policy.html Harvard University homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417003013/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17778/indias_foreign_policy.html }} India's Foreign Policy, [[Xenia Dormandy]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090831193028/http://www.mrecic.gov.ar/portal/seree/ditra/in.html List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and India (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)]
* [http://www.ibsanews.com IBSA – India, Brazil, South Africa – News and Media]

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of the Commonwealth of Nations}}
{{Asia topic|Foreign relations of}}

[[Category:Foreign relations of India| ]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]