Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

M. H. Kania

2026-05-07T08:42:16Z

Legalwikieditor: Created the info more to come

{{short description|23rd Chief Justice of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madhukar Hiralal Kania
| image = [[File: Justice M.H. Kania.jpg|alt|250px]]
| alt =
| caption =
| order = 23rd
| office = Chief Justice of India
| term_start = 13 December 1991
| term_end = 17 November 1992
| nominator = 
| appointer = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1927|11|18}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|2|1|1927|11|18}}
| death_place =
| education = B.A.(Hons.), LL.B.
| predecessor = [[Kamal Narain Singh|K.N. Singh]]
| successor = [[Lalit Mohan Sharma|L.M. Sharma]]
| spouse = Rupa Kania
| office2 = [[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Bombay High Court|24th Chief Justice]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
| appointer2 = [[Zail Singh]]
| nominator2 = [[P. N. Bhagwati]]
| term_start2 = 23 June 1986
| term_end2 = 30 April 1987
| successor2 = [[Chittatosh Mookerjee]]
| predecessor2 = [[Konda Madhava Reddy]]
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| appointer1 = [[Zail Singh]]
| nominator1 = [[R. S. Pathak]]
| term_start1 = 1 May 1987
| term_end1 = 12 December 1991
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Mumbai]]
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
| appointer3 = [[V. V. Giri]]
| nominator3 = [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]
| term_start3 = 4 November 1969
| term_end3 = 22 June 1986
| relations = [[H. J. Kania]] (Uncle)
}}

'''Madhukar Hiralal Kania''' (18 November 1927 – 1 February 2016) was an Indian judge who served as the 23rd [[Chief Justice of India]], serving from 13 December 1991 until his retirement on 17 November 1992. He was born in [[Bombay]]. His uncle, Sir [[H.J. Kania|Harilal Jekisundas Kania]], was the first Chief Justice of India. As Chief Justice of India, he administered the oath of office to the [[List of presidents of India|9th President of India]] [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]].

== Biography ==
Kania was educated at Fellowship School, St. Xavier's High School, [[Elphinstone College]] and the [[Government Law College, Mumbai]]. He enrolled in an advocate on 1 November 1949 at Bombay High Court. He practiced mainly in civil suits and commercial matters in the [[High Court]] and the Bombay City Civil Court, Bombay. He also appeared for the state of [[Maharashtra]] in civil suits in the Bombay City Civil Court. He was Assistant Government Pleader for the State of [[Maharashtra]] in the Bombay City Civil Court from 5 December 1964 to 15 January 1967. He was government pleader for the State of [[Maharashtra]] in the Bombay City Civil Court from 16 January 1967 to 3 November 1969. He was appointed additional judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] from 14 November 1969 and as permanent Judge of that high court on 2 November 1971. In June 1986 he was appointed Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court. In May 1987, he was appointed a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]], and became the [[Chief Justice of India]] in December 1991.

Over the course of his Supreme Court tenure, Kania authored 107 judgments and sat on 454 benches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M.H. Kania |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/m-h-kania/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.scobserver.in/judges/m-h-kania/ Biography], scobserver.in. Accessed 16 April 2024.
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Madhukar-Hiralal-Kania/tributeshow/50825100.cms Obituary], timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Accessed 16 April 2024.

==Links==
*[https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?bhcpar=amdldGlkPTk0JnBhZ2Vubz0x Biography], bombayhighcourt.nic.in. Accessed 16 April 2024.

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{succession box | before = [[Kamal Narain Singh]] | title = [[Chief Justice of India]] | years =13 December 1991– 17 November 1992| after =[[Lalit Mohan Sharma]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Justices of India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kania, M. H.}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

[[ml:മധുകർ ഹരിലാൽ കനിയ]]

INS Savitri

2026-05-06T11:55:19Z

Legalwikieditor:

{{Short description|Sukanya class patrol vessel of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}{{italic title|string=Savitri}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Savitri during sea deployment.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Savitri'' during sea deployment
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country =
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Savitri''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| builder = [[Mazagon Dock Limited]]
| laid_down =
| launched = 23 May 1989
| acquired =
| commissioned = 27 November 1990
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = [[Sukanya class patrol vessel]]<ref name=in-sukanya/>
| type =
| tonnage =
| displacement = 1,890 tons (full load)<ref name=in-sukanya>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/opv_sukanya.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |accessdate=2009-08-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619084015/http://indiannavy.nic.in/opv_sukanya.htm |archivedate=2009-06-19 }}</ref>
| length = 101 metres
| beam = 11.5 metres
| height =
| draught =
| draft =
| depth =
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power =
| propulsion = 2 × [[diesel engine]]s, {{convert|12800|bhp|kW|-1|abbr=on}}, 2 shafts
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|21|kn|km/h|0}}
| range = {{convert|7000|nmi|km|-3}} at {{convert|15|kn|km/h|0}}
| endurance =
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| boats =
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| troops =
| complement = 70
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *1 × Racal Decca 2459 search radar
*1 BEL 1245 navigation radar
| EW =
| armament = *1 × 40 mm, 60-cal [[Bofors]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*2 × 12.7 mm [[machine guns]]
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 [[HAL Chetak]]
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Savitri'' (P53)''' is a [[Sukanya class patrol vessel]] of the [[Indian Navy]]. She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category|INS Savitri (P53)}}
{{reflist}}

{{Sukanya-class patrol vessel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Savitri (P53)}}
[[Category:Sukanya-class patrol boats]]
[[Category:1989 ships]]

{{india-mil-stub}}
{{mil-ship-stub}}

Gul-e-Bakavali (1924 film)

2026-05-04T05:18:33Z

Legalwikieditor: adding initial biography from scratch

{{Short description|Indian silent film by Kanjibhai Rathod}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gul-e-Bakavali
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Kanjibhai Rathod]]
| writer = Mohanlal Dave{{sfn|Sengupta|2019|p=17n16, "Mohanlal Dave, the most prolific scenario writer from the silent era, was paid 1,200 rupees per script at Kohinoor Film Company. His success had inspired many young writers to send scripts regularly to film studios (Bhaumik, 2001, pp. 80-81). His script of Gul-e-Bakavali is the only extant script from the silent era (Dharamsey, 2012)"}}
| producer = [[Kohinoor Film Company]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Zubeida]]
* [[Khalil (actor)|Khalil]]
* [[Fatma Begum]]
* [[Sultana (actress)|Sultana]]
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|1924|03| |ref1={{Sfn|Thomas|2015|p= [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WHrmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59n4]}}}}
| country = [[British India]]
| language = Silent
| runtime = 7997 ft (approx. 140 minutes)
| based_on = The legend of Gul-e-Bakavali
}}
'''Gul-E-Bakavali''' ({{literal translation|Flower of Bakavali}}) is a 1924 Indian [[Silent film|silent]] fantasy film written in Gujarati by Mohanlal Dave, directed by [[Kanjibhai Rathod]], and produced by the [[Kohinoor Film Company]].{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1977-IA724 245]}} The film stars [[Zubeida]] as Bakavali and [[Khalil (actor)|Khalil]] as Taj-ul-Mulk.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|2016|p=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=88mSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21–22], "Made with silent stars Zubeida and Khalil, who with Sulochana were India's first real movie stars, it adapted a well known theme from the Parsee stage: the folklore adventure. It drew on legends associated with the mythic flower Gul, the fairy Bakavali, and the eastern prince Taj-ul-Mulk, who wants the flower to cure his blind father. The legend itself varies from Persia to Kashmir, but takes its contemporary form from the theatre. Especially popular on the Parsee stage were scenes in which Taj-ul-Mulk faces his villainous brothers who have stolen the flower and turned Bakavali to stone, and her spectacular human re-birth."}} The film's story adapts a popular legend centered on a mystical flower believed to have healing powers, and a prince who seeks it to cure his father's blindness. Gul-E-Bakavali is described by film scholars as the 'first all-India super hit'{{Sfn|Thomas|2015|p=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WHrmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 9], The first all-India super hit, a storm across the country in 1924, was Gul-e-Bakavali (The Bakavali Flower, Kanjibhai Rathod), a fantasy film that was made and released a year before Douglas Fairbanks's Hollywood film Thief of Bagdad (Raoul Walsh, 1924) arrived to captivate India's audiences}}{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|2016|p=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=88mSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21], Gul-e-Bakavali was almost certainly the first truly national commercial hit in India}} and among the most successful silent films.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p=245–6, One of the most successful silent films tells the legend of the fairy Bakavali (Zubeida), her deivi pushp (or divine flower) Gul known for its healing powers, and the Eastern prince Taj-ul-Mulk (Khalil), who wants the flower to cure his blind father}}<ref>{{cite web | last=Gooptu | first=Sharmistha | title=Hundred years of Indian cinema | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 June 2012 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/hundred-years-of-indian-cinema/articleshow/13854661.cms | access-date=8 July 2025|quote=There was also the genre of films like Gul-e-Bakavali (1924), inspired by the popular Parsi theatres of Bombay and Calcutta, and which also became the first blockbuster talkies.}}</ref>

The film was structured into 97 scenes and included elaborate fantasy elements distinct from the mythological themes common in Rathod and Dave's earlier works like ''[[Bhakta Vidur]]''.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p=245–246, "This version, made in 97 scenes, featured Kohinoor superstars Zubeida and Khalil. It was one of the first films to embrace the folk-fantasy mode as opposed to e.g. Rathod and Dave's mythologicals (Bhakta Vidur, Mahasati Ansuya, both 1921)."}} According to some sources, ''Gul-E-Bakavali'' ran in theatres for more than fourteen weeks and achieved unprecedented success by breaking all the records that came before it.<ref>_
*{{harvnb|Gangar|2013|p=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC&pg=PT84 90]}}
*{{harvnb|Sawhney|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=36MJEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1916 31]}}</ref> Though the original 1924 version of the film was lost, it survives in popular memory through its several regional remakes.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|2016|p=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=88mSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21]}}

== Cast ==
The cast has been listed below:{{sfn|Dharamsey|2012|p=196–7}}
* [[Zubeida]] as Bakavali
* [[Khalil (actor)|Khalil]] as Taj-ul-Mulk
* [[Fatma Begum]]
* [[Sultana (actress)|Sultana]] as Memudu
* Noor Mohamed
* Savita
* Jamna as Lakhi
* Usha Rani

== Origin and adaptations ==
The story of Gul-E-Bakavali is based on a legend with multiple origins.{{sfn|Sawhney|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=36MJEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1916 31]}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA121 121]}} [[Rauf Parekh]] considers the tale to be of [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] origin.<ref name="dawn2023">{{cite news | last=Parekh | first=Rauf | title=Literary Notes: Gul-i-Bakawali & Gulzar-i-Naseem: a classical tale of Indo-Iranian origin | website=Dawn | date=2 October 2023 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1778898 | access-date=27 December 2025}}</ref> According to Parthasarathy and Aleem, "Some scholars suggest an origin in older oral folk traditions in either [[West Bengal|Bengal]] or [[Assam]], but the general consensus places it in [[Rewa district|Rewa]] or the wider [[Bagelkhand]] region of present-day Madhya Pradesh."<ref name="scroll2024" /> The legend's popularity largely attributed to Nihal Chand Lahori's translation of [[Izzatullah Bengali|Izzat Ali Bengali]]'s Persian narrative, influenced by [[John Gilchrist (linguist)|John Gilchrist]] at [[Fort William College]] in [[Calcutta]] in the early 19th century.<ref name="scroll2024">{{cite news | last1=Parthasarathy | first1=Adhiraj |first2=Mohammed Abdul |last2=Aleem| title=Persian prose meets pulp fiction: How an 18th-century fairy tale became a multilingual phenomenon | website=[[Scroll.in]] | date=4 August 2024 | url=https://scroll.in/article/1071528/persian-prose-meets-pulp-fiction-how-an-18th-century-fairy-tale-became-a-multilingual-phenomenon | access-date=8 July 2025|archive-date=22 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822041128/https://scroll.in/article/1071528/persian-prose-meets-pulp-fiction-how-an-18th-century-fairy-tale-became-a-multilingual-phenomenon}}</ref> In 1838–39, [[Daya Shankar Kaul Nasim|Daya Shankar Kaul Naseem Lakhnavi]], a Kashmiri Pandit, versified the tale in Urdu as a masnavi titled ''Gulzar-i-Naseem'', first published in 1844.<ref name="dawn2023" />{{sfn|Mukherjee|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA122 122]}}

Following the 1924 film directed by Kanjibhai Rathod, Gul-e-Bakavali was adapted into several Indian and Pakistani films.<ref>{{cite book | last=Siddique | first=Salma | title=Evacuee Cinema: Bombay and Lahore in Partition Transit, 1940–1960 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | date= 2023 | isbn=978-1-009-17552-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zWcEAAAQBAJ | page=205–6|quote=The story of Taj-ul-Mulk's adventurous quest for the miracle flower Bakawali had its earliest known film version, Gul Bakavali (1924, Bombay), made by the Kohinoor Film Company. This was followed by its remake as a talkie in 1932 by Saroj Company. Remade in the subcontinent several times since and in several languages, Lahore got its Punjabi version by the city's cinema seth, [[Dalsukh M. Pancholi|Dalsukh Pancholi]], in 1938. The Gul Bakavali of Pakistan was released in 1961 on the fourth anniversary of the 'Green Revolution, the first military coup of Pakistan in 1957, and was advertised as the latest 'revolution in Film Industry of Pakistan' for introducing colour technology into local films.}}</ref> Some of them are the 1935 Tamil version starring V.A. Chellappa and [[T.P. Rajalakshmi]], the 1938 Telugu version directed by Kallakoori Sathasiva Rao featuring [[B. Jayamma]], the 1955 Tamil version starring [[M.G. Ramachandran]], and the 1962 Telugu film [[Gulebakavali Katha]] starring [[N.T. Rama Rao]]. Hindi versions were released in 1932, 1947, 1956, and 1963.<ref>{{cite web | last=Guy | first=Randor | title=Blast from the past – Gulebakavali (1955)| website=[[The Hindu]] | date=30 October 2010 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Gulebakavali-1955/article15798231.ece | access-date=8 July 2025|archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103224654/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Gulebakavali-1955/article15798231.ece}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
A shooting script of ''Gul-e-Bakavali (1924)'' was discovered in the personal archive of film historian Virchand Dharamsey. The script, preserved in a bound notebook, contains detailed production information such as scene descriptions, shot lengths, intertitles, and others.{{Sfn|Mukherjee |2020|p=123–124, "A shooting script for the silent film Gul-e-Bakavali (Kanjibhai Rathod, 1924) was recently translated and published in the peer-reviewed journal Bio-Scope: South Asian Screen Studies. Part of the personal collection of film historian Virchand Dharamsey, this script consists of a bound notebook, 20 x 15.5 cm, with approximately 160 pages of Gujarati script handwritten by the screenwriter Mohanlal Dave. It gives the location, characters, scene description, shot size, shot length, and dialog inter-titles in separate columns for each scene."}} In 2012, it was translated and published in the peer-reviewed journal ''[[BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies]]'', and it is considered the only known surviving script of its kind from India's silent film era.{{sfn|Nelmes|Selbo|2015|p=84, "In 2012, parts of 'the only film script available from India's entire silent cinema era', Gul-e-Bakavali (Kanjibhai Rathod, 1924), were published in BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies"}}{{Sfn|Mukherjee|2020|p=124}}{{sfn|Dharamsey|2012|p=175}} Film scholar Debashree Mukherjee notes, citing ''Kaushik Bhaumik'', that the existence of such a document demonstrates that structured and technically detailed screenwriting practices were present at least in some films of Indian silent cinema, countering earlier views that such films lacked formal scripting.{{Sfn|Mukherjee|2020|p=124, "The discovery of the Gul-e-Bakavali script is historic because, as Kaushik Bhaumik emphasizes, "Not only is it the first (and so far only) film script available for the silent film era in India, it also proves that, contrary to the opinions of respondents to the Indian Cinemato-graph Committee, 1927-1928, at least some silent films had detailed scripts"}} However, scholar Rakesh Sengupta suggests that such isolated archival findings, while valuable, cannot be treated as proof of a sequential historiography of screenwriting.{{sfn|Sengupta|2021|p=7}} Rashmi Sawhney regards the film as the first 'secular' film of Bombay cinema.{{sfn|Sawhney|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=36MJEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1916 31]}}

== See also ==
Some later adaptations:
* [[Gul-E-Bakawali (1939 film)]], 1939 Indian Punjabi-language film
* [[Gulebakavali (1955 film)]], 1955 Indian Tamil-language film
* [[Gulebakavali Katha]], 1962 Indian Telugu-language film

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book | last1=Rajadhyaksha | first1=Ashish | last2=Willemen | first2=Paul | title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema | publisher=[[Routledge]] | date=2014 | isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ}} [https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja Alt URL]
* {{cite journal |first=Virchand | last=Dharamsey |interviewer-last1=Bhaumik |interviewer-first1=Kaushik |translator-last1=Parikh |translator-first1=Ananya | title=The Script of Gul-e-Bakavali (Kohinoor, 1924) | journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies | volume=3 | issue=2 | date=2012 | issn=0974-9276 | doi=10.1177/097492761200300206 | pages=175–207 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097492761200300206 | url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book | last=Mukherjee | first=Debashree | title=Bombay Hustle: Making Movies in a Colonial City | publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] | date=2020 | isbn=978-0-231-55167-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfzDDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last=Thomas | first=Rosie | title=Bombay before Bollywood: Film City Fantasies | publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] | date=2015 | isbn=978-1-4384-5677-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHrmBgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last=Rajadhyaksha | first=A. | title=Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-872309-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88mSDAAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book | last=Sawhney | first=Rashmi | editor-last1=Mehta | editor-first1=Monika | editor-last2=Mukherjee | editor-first2=Madhuja | title=Industrial Networks and Cinemas of India: Shooting Stars, Shifting Geographies and Multiplying Media | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | date=2020 | isbn=978-1-000-29331-9 | chapter=Fatma Begum, South Asia's 'First' Female Director: Resurrections from Media and Legal Archives | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36MJEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last=Gangar | first=Amrit | editor-last1=Gokulsing | editor-first1=K. | editor-last2=Dissanayake | editor-first2=Wimal | title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas | publisher=[[Routledge]] | date= 2013 | isbn=978-1-136-77291-7 | chapter=Gujarati cinema: Stories of sant, sati, shethani and sparks so few | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC}}
* {{cite journal | last=Sengupta | first=Rakesh | title=Writing from the Margins of Media: Screenwriting Practice and Discourse During the First Indian Talkies | journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies | volume=9 | issue=2 | date=2019 | issn=0974-9276 | doi=10.1177/0974927618813480 | pages=1–20 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0974927618813480 | url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book | last1=Nelmes | first1=J. | last2=Selbo | first2=J. | title=Women Screenwriters: An International Guide | publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]] | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-137-31237-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2ekCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last= Mukherjee|first= Sujit|date= 1998|title= A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC|location= |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn= 9788125014539}}
* {{cite journal | last=Sengupta | first=Rakesh | title=Towards a Decolonial Media Archaeology: The Absent Archive of Screenwriting History and the Obsolete Munshi | journal=Theory, Culture & Society | volume=38 | issue=1 | date=2021 | issn=0263-2764 | doi=10.1177/0263276420930276 | doi-access=free | pages=3–26 }}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0256062}}

[[Category:1924 films]]
[[Category:Indian silent films]]
[[Category:Silent fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Films based on fairy tales]]
[[Category:Kohinoor Film Company films]]
[[Category:1924 Indian films]]

Romani language

2026-04-23T16:12:42Z

Legalwikieditor:

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani people}}
{{redirect|Romanes|people with the surname|Romanes (surname)}}
{{Distinguish|Romanian language|Roman language (disambiguation){{!}}Roman language|Romang language|Romansh language|}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Romani
| altname = {{hlist|Romany|Romanes|Roma}}
| nativename = ''{{lang|rom|rromani ćhib}}''
| speakers = {{sigfig|4.581890|2}} million
| ethnicity = [[Romani people|Romani]]
| date = 2015
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Romany languages |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romany-languages |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name=e25rom>{{e25|rom|Romany}}</ref>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western Indo-Aryan]]
| dia1 = [[Balkan Romani]] (including [[Zargari Romani]])
| dia2 = [[Carpathian Romani]]
| dia4 = [[Northern Romani dialects|Northern Romani]] (including [[Finnish Kalo language|Kalo]], [[Baltic Romani]], [[Sinte Romani]], [[Romnimus]], [[Angloromani]])
| dia5 = [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]]
| glotto = roma1329
| glottorefname = Romani
| protoname = [[Early Romani]]
| minority = {{plainlist}}
* {{AUT}}<ref>{{cite web |title=3rd Report of the Republic of Austria pursuant to Article 15 (1) of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |url=https://www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at/dam/jcr:ff7ca8f3-477f-4a6b-88e3-bf4c436490e1/LanguagesCharter.pdf |publisher=Federal Chancellery, Constitutional Service, Austria |access-date=2022-11-11 |date=2011}}</ref>
* {{BIH}}<ref name="charter">{{Cite web |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations | title=Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages}}</ref>
* {{COL}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alphaomegatranslations.com/foreign-language/four-languages-you-didnt-know-were-spoken-in-colombia/|title= Four Languages You Didn't Know Were Spoken in Colombia|date= 24 November 2015}}</ref>
* {{FIN}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oikeusministerio.fi/muut-kielet | title=Romanikieli ja karjalan kieli }}</ref>
* {{GER}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional- und Minderheitensprachen |publisher=Federal Ministry of the Interior |location=Berlin |year=2008 |url=http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Broschueren/2008/Regional_und_Minderheitensprachen.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |access-date=2012-08-12 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403102145/http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Broschueren/2008/Regional_und_Minderheitensprachen.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |archive-date=April 3, 2012 }}</ref>
* {{HUN}}<ref>{{cite web |title=National and Ethnic Minorities in Hungary |work=Facts About Hungary |url=http://www.mfa.gov.hu/NR/rdonlyres/CF48B3CE-8F48-4DD1-AB4B-F27155B84927/0/etnimag.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |access-date=2015-12-23 |language=hu |format=PDF |archive-date=2017-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011140312/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/NR/rdonlyres/CF48B3CE-8F48-4DD1-AB4B-F27155B84927/0/etnimag.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{KOS}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kv.sapientia.ro/data/miremir_pres/andrea_najvirtova_lars_burema.pdf|title=Assessing Minority Language Rights in Kosovo |publisher=[[Sapientia University]] |access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref>
* {{MNE}}<ref name="charter"/>
* {{MKD}}<ref name="charter"/>
* {{NED}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Welke erkende talen heeft Nederland? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/vraag-en-antwoord/erkende-talen-nederland |website=Rijksoverheid |access-date=24 March 2020 |language=nl-NL |date=11 January 2016}}</ref>
* {{NOR}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Nasjonale minoriteter |trans-title=National minorities |author=Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation |publisher=Norwegian Government Security and Service Organisation |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/tema/urfolk-og-minoriteter/nasjonale-minoriteter/id1404/ |website=regjeringen.no |date=4 June 2018 |access-date=2019-04-08 |language=no}}</ref>
* {{POL}}<ref name="charter"/>
* {{ROU}}<ref name="charter"/>
* {{RUS}}<ref name="charter"/>
* {{SRB}}<ref name="charter"/>
* {{SVK}}<ref name="charter"/>
* {{SWE}}<ref name="charter"/>
* {{UKR}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/670-2024-п |title=Про затвердження переліку мов національних меншин (спільнот) та корінних народів України, яким загрожує зникнення |date=7 June 2024 |website=Official webportal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine}}</ref>
{{endplainlist}}
| agency =
| iso2 = rom
| iso3 = rom
| lc1 = rmn
| ld1 = [[Balkan Romani]]
| lc2 = rml
| ld2 = [[Baltic Romani]]
| lc3 = rmc
| ld3 = [[Carpathian Romani]]
| lc4 = rmf
| ld4 = [[Finnish Kalo language|Finnish Kalo]]
| lc5 = rmo
| ld5 = [[Sinte Romani]]
| lc6 = rmy
| ld6 = [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]]
| lc7 = rmw
| ld7 = [[Welsh Romani language|Welsh Romani]]
| lc8 = rmq
| ld8 = [[Spanish Romani language|Spanish Romani]]
| notice = ipa
}}
[[File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg|thumb|right|{{center|Balkan Romani, Caló, Central Romani, Sinte Romani and Vlax Romani
are classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.}}]]
[[File:Lang Status 60-DE.svg|thumb|right|{{center|Baltic Romani and Kalo Finnish Romani are classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.}}]]
{{Romani people}}
'''Romani''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɒ|m|ə|n|i|,_|ˈ|r|oʊ|-}} {{respell|ROM|ə|nee|,_|ROH|-}};<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170202051633/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/romany "Romany"] in Oxford Living Dictionaries</ref><ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Romany "Romany"] in Merriam-Webster's Dictionary</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/romany?a=british "Romany"] in Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary</ref><ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> also '''Romanes''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɒ|m|ə|n|ɪ|s}} {{respell|ROM|ən|iss}},<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Romanes "Romanes"] in ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''; [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/romanes "Romanes"] in [[Dictionary.com]].</ref> '''Romany'''; {{langx|rom|rromani ćhib|links=no}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] macrolanguage of the [[Romani people]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Romani
|website=Ethnologue
| publisher = [[SIL International]]
| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/romani
| access-date = September 15, 2013
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = April 15, 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190415220730/https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/romani
}}</ref> The largest Romani dialects are [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]] (about 500,000 speakers),<ref name="rmy_ethno">{{cite web
| title = Romani, Vlax
| publisher = [[SIL International]]
| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmy
|website=Ethnologue
| access-date = August 12, 2012
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923031525/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmy |archive-date= Sep 23, 2012 }}</ref> [[Balkan Romani]] (600,000),<ref name="rmn_ethno">{{cite web
| title = Romani, Balkan
| publisher = [[SIL International]]
|website=Ethnologue
| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmn
| access-date = August 12, 2012
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919115717/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmn |archive-date= Sep 19, 2012 }}</ref> and [[Sinte Romani]] (300,000).<ref name="rmo_ethno">{{cite web
| title = Romani, Sinte
| publisher = [[SIL International]]
| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmo
|website=Ethnologue
| access-date = August 12, 2012
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929065652/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmo |archive-date= Sep 29, 2012 }}</ref> Some Romani communities speak [[mixed language]]s based on the surrounding language with retained Romani-derived vocabulary – these are known by linguists as [[Para-Romani]] varieties, rather than dialects of the Romani language itself.<ref>{{harvp|Matras|2006}} "In some regions of Europe, especially the western margins (Britain, the Iberian peninsula, Scandinavia), Romani-speaking communities have given up their language in favor of the majority language, but have retained Romani-derived vocabulary as an in-group code. Such codes, for instance Angloromani (Britain), Caló (Spain), or Rommani (Scandinavia) are usually referred to as Para-Romani varieties."</ref>

The differences between the various varieties can be as large as, for example, the differences between the [[Slavic languages]].{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1993|p=23}}

== Name ==
Speakers of the Romani language usually refer to the language as ''{{lang|rom|rromani ćhib}}'' "the Romani language" or ''{{lang|rom|rromanes}} (adverb)'' "in a Rom way". This derives from the Romani word ''{{lang|rom|rrom}}'', meaning either "a member of the (Romani) group" or "husband". This is also the origin of the term "Roma" in English, although some Romani groups refer to themselves using other [[demonym]]s (e.g. 'Kaale', 'Sinti').<ref name= hancock>{{cite journal|last=Hancock |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Hancock |title=A glossary of Romani terms |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=45 |number=2 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=329–344 |doi=10.2307/840853 |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/31217/GlossaryRomaniTerms.pdf?sequence=1 |jstor=840853}}</ref>

== Classification ==
In the 18th century, it was shown by comparative studies that Romani belongs to the Indo-European language family.<ref name="mluvnice">Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998). [http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf ''Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely)''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}. Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4. {{ISBN|80-7044-205-0}}: "V 18. století bylo na základě komparatistických výzkumů jednoznačně prokázáno, že romština patří do indoevropské jazykové rodiny a že je jazykem novoindickým." ("In the 18th century, it was conclusively proved on the basis of comparative studie that Romani belongs to the Indo-European language family and is a New-Indian language.")</ref>
In 1763 István Vályi, a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] pastor from [[Satu Mare]] in [[Transylvania]], was the first to notice the similarity between Romani and [[Indo-Aryan languages]] by comparing the Romani dialect of [[Győr]] with the language (perhaps [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]) spoken by three [[Sri Lanka]]n students he met in the Netherlands.<ref>Marcel Courthiade, “Appendix Two. Kannauʒ on the Ganges, cradle of the Rromani people”, in Donald Kenrick, ''Gypsies: from the Ganges to the Thames''. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press, 2004, p. 105.</ref> This was followed by the linguist Johann Christian Christoph Rüdiger (1751–1822) whose book ''{{lang|de|Von der Sprache und Herkunft der Zigeuner aus Indien}}'' (1782) posited that Romani was descended from [[Sanskrit]]. This prompted the philosopher [[Christian Jakob Kraus]] to collect linguistic evidence by systematically interviewing the Roma in [[Königsberg]] prison. Kraus never published his findings, but they may have influenced or laid the groundwork for later linguists, especially [[August Pott]] and his pioneering ''{{lang|de|Darstellung der Zigeuner in Europa und Asien}}'' (1844–45).

By the mid-nineteenth century the linguist and author [[George Borrow]] was able to state categorically his findings that it was a language with its origins in India, and he later published a glossary, ''Romano Lavo-lil''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Borrow |first1=George |title=Romano Lavo-Lil: Word Book of the Romany; Or, English Gypsy Language |date=1873 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |pages=3–10 |quote=The Gypsy language, then, or what with some qualification I may call such, may consist of some three thousand words, the greater part of which are decidedly of Indian origin, being connected with the Sanscrit or some other Indian dialect; the rest consist of words picked up by the Gypsies from various languages in their wanderings from the East.}}</ref> Research into the way the Romani dialects branched out was started in 1872 by the [[Slavic studies|Slavicist]] [[Franz Miklosich]] in a series of essays. However, it was the philologist [[Ralph Lilley Turner|Ralph Turner]]'s 1927 article "The Position of Romani in Indo-Aryan" that served as the basis for the integration of Romani into the history of Indian languages.

Romani is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] that is part of the [[Balkan sprachbund]]. Romani is the only [[Indo-Aryan languages#New Indo-Aryan|Indo-Aryan]] language, other than [[Domari language|Domari]], to be spoken exclusively outside the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name = "intro">Schrammel, Barbara; Halwachs, Dieter W. (2005). "Introduction". ''General and Applied Romani Linguistics - Proceeding from the 6th International Conference on Romani Linguistics'' (München: LINCOM): p. 1. {{ISBN|3-89586-741-1}}.</ref> The Romani language has considerable influence from [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Byzantine Greek]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Arienne |date=2023-04-03 |title=Romani |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Romani/ |journal=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The Romani language |url=https://www.museuvirtualgitano.cat/en/language/the-romani-language/ |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=Museu Virtual del Poble Gitano a Catalunya |language=}}</ref> [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]] influence is also notable, but is principally limited to grammar and [[phonology]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Romani and Slavic Contact |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/ESLO/COM-032594.xml |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online |doi=10.1163/2589-6229_eslo_com_032594|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Romani is sometimes classified in the [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Zone]] or [[Indo-Aryan languages#Northwestern Zone|Northwestern Zone]] Indo-Aryan languages, and sometimes treated as a group of its own.<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095558613 |website=Oxford Reference |access-date=23 March 2023 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=R L |title='THE POSITION OF ROMANI IN INDO-ARYAN': A REPLY TO DR. J. SAMPSON |journal=Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society |volume=6 |date=1927 |pages=129–138 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000105045235&view=1up&seq=153 }}</ref>
Romani shares a number of features with the Central Zone languages.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}} The most significant [[isogloss]]es are the shift of Old Indo-Aryan ''r̥'' to ''u'' or ''i'' ([[Sanskrit]] ''{{lang|sa|śr̥ṇ-}}'', Romani ''{{lang|rom|šun-}}'' 'to hear') and ''kṣ-'' to ''kh'' (Sanskrit ''{{lang|sa|akṣi}}'', Romani ''{{lang|rom|j-akh}}'' 'eye').{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}} However, unlike other Central Zone languages, Romani preserves many dental clusters (Romani ''{{lang|rom|trin}}'' 'three', ''{{lang|rom|phral}}'' 'brother', compare [[Hindi]] ''{{lang|hi-Latn|tīn}}'', ''{{lang|hi-Latn|bhāi}}'').{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}} This implies that Romani split from the Central Zone languages before the [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan period]].{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}} However, Romani shows some features of New Indo-Aryan, such as erosion of the original nominal case system towards a nominative/oblique dichotomy, with new grammaticalized case suffixes added on.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}} This means that the Romani exodus from India could not have happened until late in the first millennium.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}}

Many words are similar to the [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and [[Lambadi]] languages spoken in large parts of India. Romani also shows some similarity to the Northwestern Zone languages.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}} In particular, the grammaticalization of enclitic pronouns as person markers on verbs (''{{lang|rom|kerdo}}'' 'done' + ''{{lang|rom|me}}'' 'me' → ''{{lang|rom|kerdjom}}'' 'I did') is also found in languages such as [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Shina language|Shina]].{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}} This evidences a northwest migration during the split from the Central Zone languages consistent with a later migration to Europe.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}}

Based on these data, [[Yaron Matras]]{{sfn|Matras|2006}} views Romani as "kind of Indian hybrid: a central Indic dialect that had undergone partial convergence with northern Indic languages."{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}}

In terms of its grammatical structures, Romani is conservative in maintaining almost intact the Middle Indo-Aryan present-tense person concord markers, and in maintaining consonantal endings for nominal case – both features that have been eroded in most other modern Indo-Aryan languages.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}}

Romani shows a number of phonetic changes that distinguish it from other Indo-Aryan languages – in particular, the devoicing of voiced aspirates (''bh dh gh'' > ''ph th kh''), shift of medial ''t d'' to ''l'', of short ''a'' to ''e'', initial ''kh'' to ''x'', rhoticization of retroflex ''ḍ, ṭ, ḍḍ, ṭṭ, ḍh'' etc. to ''r'' and ''ř'', and shift of inflectional ''-a'' to ''-o''.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}}

After leaving the Indian subcontinent, Romani was heavily affected by contact with European languages.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}} The most significant of these was [[Medieval Greek]], which contributed lexically, phonemically, and grammatically to Early Romani (10th–13th centuries).{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}} This includes inflectional affixes for nouns, and verbs that are still productive with borrowed vocabulary, the shift to [[VO language|VO word order]], and the adoption of a preposed definite article.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}} Early Romani also borrowed from [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}}

Romani and [[Domari language|Domari]] share some similarities: agglutination of postpositions of the second layer (or case marking clitics) to the nominal stem, concord markers for the past tense, the neutralisation of gender marking in the plural, and the use of the oblique case as an accusative.<ref>{{harvp|Matras|2002|p=48}}. "Striking nonetheless are the grammatical similarities between Romani and Domari: the synthetisation of Layer ii affixes, the emergence of new concord markers for the past tense, the neutralisation of gender marking in the plural, and the use of the oblique case as an accusative."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Matras|2006|p=760}}. "The morphology of the two languages is similar in other respects: Both retain the old present conjugation in the verb (Domari kar-ami 'I do'), and consonantal endings of the oblique nominal case (Domari ''{{lang|rmt|mans-as}}'' 'man.OBL', ''{{lang|rmt|mans-an}}'' 'men.OBL'), and both show agglutination of secondary (Layer II) case endings (Domari ''{{lang|rmt|mans-as-ka}}'' 'for the man'). It had therefore been assumed that Romani and Domari derived form the same ancestor idiom, and split only after leaving the Indian subcontinent."</ref> This has prompted much discussion about the relationships between these two languages. Domari was once thought to be the "sister language" of Romani, the two languages having split after the departure from the Indian subcontinent, but more recent research suggests that the differences between them are significant enough to treat them as two separate languages within the Central Zone ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]) group of languages. The Dom and the Rom therefore likely descend from two different migration waves out of India, separated by several centuries.<ref name="What_is_Domari">{{cite web |title=What is Domari? |publisher=[[University of Manchester]] |url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/files/21_domari.shtml |website=Romani Project |access-date=2008-07-23 |archive-date=2010-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120230316/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/files/21_domari.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ROMANI_ORIGINS">{{cite web |title=On romani origins and identity |url=http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true |first1=Ian |last1=Hancock |website=RADOC|access-date=2008-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717140132/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true |archive-date=2011-07-17}}</ref>

{{Rom-Dom numerals}}

== History ==
{{main|Early Romani}}

The first attestation of Romani is from 1542 AD in western Europe.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}} The earlier history of the Romani language is completely undocumented, and is understood primarily through comparative linguistic evidence.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=History}}

Linguistic evaluation carried out in the nineteenth century by Pott (1845) and Miklosich (1882–1888) showed the Romani language to be a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), not a [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan]] (MIA), establishing that the ancestors of the Romani could not have left India significantly earlier than 1000 AD.

The principal argument favouring a migration during or after the transition period to NIA is the loss of the old system of nominal case, and its reduction to just a two-way case system, nominative vs. oblique. A secondary argument concerns the system of gender differentiation. Romani has only two [[grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine and feminine). Middle Indo-Aryan languages (named MIA) generally had three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and some modern Indo-Aryan languages retain this old system even today.

It is argued that loss of the neuter gender did not occur until the transition to NIA. Most of the neuter nouns became masculine while a few feminine, like the neuter {{lang|pra|अग्नि}} (''{{lang|pra-Latn|agni}}'') in the [[Prakrit]] became the feminine {{lang|hi|आग}} (''{{lang|hi-Latn|āg}}'') in [[Hindi]] and ''{{lang|rom|jag}}'' in Romani. The parallels in grammatical gender evolution between Romani and other NIA languages have been cited as evidence that the forerunner of Romani remained on the Indian subcontinent until a later period, perhaps even as late as the tenth century.

There is no historical proof to clarify who the ancestors of the Romani were or what motivated them to emigrate from the [[Indian subcontinent]], but there are various theories. The influence of [[Greek language|Greek]], and to a lesser extent of [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and the [[Iranian languages]] (like [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]) points to a prolonged stay in [[Anatolia]], Armenian highlands/Caucasus after the departure from South Asia. The latest territory where Romani is thought to have been spoken as a mostly unitary linguistic variety is the [[Byzantine Empire]], between the 10th and the 13th centuries. The language of this period, which can be reconstructed on the basis of modern-day dialects, is referred to as ''[[Early Romani]]'' or ''Late Proto-Romani''.{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=19}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Beníšek |first=Michael |date=2020 |chapter=The Historical Origins of Romani |page=18 |editor1-last=Matras |editor1-first=Yaron |editor2-last=Tenser |editor2-first=Anton |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]}}</ref>

The [[Mongol invasion of Europe]] beginning in the first half of the thirteenth century triggered another westward migration. The Romani arrived in [[Europe]] and afterwards spread to the other continents. The great distances between the scattered Romani groups led to the development of local community distinctions. The differing local influences have greatly affected the modern language, splitting it into a number of different (originally exclusively regional) dialects.

Today, Romani is spoken by small groups in 42 European countries.<ref name="ema">{{cite web |title=Gypsy, Roma and Traveller Achievement |publisher=Ethnic Minority Achievement |url=http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/ethnicminorities/raising_achievement/gypsy_travellerachievement/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608120021/http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/ethnicminorities/raising_achievement/gypsy_travellerachievement/ |archive-date=2009-06-08 |access-date=August 12, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A project at [[Manchester University]] in England is transcribing Romani dialects, many of which are on the brink of extinction, for the first time.<ref name="ema" />

== Dialects ==
[[File:Romany dialects Europe.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Dialects of the Romani language]]
Today's dialects of Romani are differentiated by the vocabulary accumulated since their departure from [[Anatolia]], as well as through [[sound change|divergent phonemic evolution]] and grammatical features. Many Roma no longer speak the language or speak various new [[contact language]]s from the local language with the addition of Romani vocabulary.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2vDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics|page=90|isbn=978-3-030-28105-2 |last1=Matras |first1=Yaron |last2=Tenser |first2=Anton |date=10 December 2019 |publisher=Springer }}</ref>

Dialect differentiation began with the dispersal of the Romani from the Balkans around the 14th century and on, and with their settlement in areas across Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Dialect diversity}} The two most significant areas of divergence are the southeast (with epicenter of the northern Balkans) and west-central Europe (with epicenter Germany).{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Dialect diversity}} The central dialects replace ''{{lang|rom|s}}'' in grammatical paradigms with ''{{lang|rom|h}}''.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Dialect diversity}} The northwestern dialects append ''{{lang|rom|j-}}'', simplify ''{{lang|rom|ndř}}'' to ''{{lang|rom|r}}'', retain ''{{lang|rom|n}}'' in the nominalizer ''{{lang|rom|-ipen}}'' / ''{{lang|rom|-iben}}'', and lose adjectival past-tense in intransitives (''{{lang|rom|gelo}}'', ''{{lang|rom|geli}}'' → ''{{lang|rom|geljas}}'' 'he/she went').{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Dialect diversity}} Other isoglosses (esp. demonstratives, 2/3pl perfective concord markers, loan verb markers) motivate the division into Balkan, Vlax, Central, Northeast, and Northwest dialects.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Dialect diversity}}

Matras (2002, 2005) has argued for a theory of geographical classification of Romani dialects, which is based on the diffusion in space of innovations. According to this theory, [[Early Romani]] (as spoken in the Byzantine Empire) was brought to western and other parts of Europe through population migrations of Rom in the 14th–15th centuries. These groups settled in the various European regions during the 16th and 17th centuries, acquiring fluency in a variety of contact languages. Changes emerged then, which spread in wave-like patterns, creating the dialect differences attested today. According to Matras, there were two major centres of innovations: some changes emerged in western Europe (Germany and vicinity), spreading eastwards; other emerged in the Wallachian area, spreading to the west and south. In addition, many regional and local isoglosses formed, creating a complex wave of language boundaries. Matras points to the prothesis of ''{{lang|rom|j-}}'' in ''{{lang|rom|aro}}'' > ''{{lang|rom|jaro}}'' 'egg' and ''{{lang|rom|ov}}'' > ''{{lang|rom|jov}}'' 'he' as typical examples of west-to-east diffusion, and of addition of prothetic ''{{lang|rom|a-}}'' in ''{{lang|rom|bijav}}'' > ''{{lang|rom|abijav}}'' as a typical east-to-west spread. His conclusion is that dialect differences formed in situ, and not as a result of different waves of migration.<ref>Norbert Boretzky: Kommentierter Dialektatlas des Romani. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2004 p. 18–26</ref>

According to this classification, the dialects are split as follows:
* [[Northern Romani dialects]] in western and northern Europe, southern Italy and the Iberian peninsula<ref name="matras_proceedings">{{cite journal |last1=Matras |first1=Yason |year=2005 |title=The classification of Romani dialects: A geographic-historical perspective |journal=General and Applied Romani Linguistics - Proceeding from the 6th International Conference on Romani Linguistics |publisher=LINCOM |url=http://languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/YM/downloads/Matras,%20Y.%20(2005)%20The%20classification%20of%20Romani%20dialects.pdf |editor1-first=Barbara |editor1-last=Schrammel |editor2-first=Dieter W. |editor2-last=Halwachs |editor3-first=Gerd |editor3-last=Ambrosch |access-date=14 September 2013 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921134453/http://languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/YM/downloads/Matras,%20Y.%20(2005)%20The%20classification%20of%20Romani%20dialects.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Central Romani dialects]] from southern [[Poland]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]], [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] and southeastern [[Austria]]<ref name="matras_proceedings"/>
* [[Balkan Romani|Balkan Romani dialects]], including the Black Sea coast dialects<ref name="matras_proceedings"/>
* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani dialects]], chiefly associated with the historical Wallachian and Transylvanian regions, with outmigrants in various regions throughout Europe and beyond<ref name="matras_proceedings"/>

[[SIL Ethnologue]] has the following classification:
{{tree list}}
* Romani
** [[Balkan Romani]]
*** Arlija
*** Dzambazi
*** Tinners Romani
** [[Northern Romani dialects|Northern Romani]]
*** [[Baltic Romani]]
**** Estonian Romani
**** Latvian Romani (Lettish Romani)
**** North Russian Romani
**** Polish Romani
**** White Russian Romani
*** [[Carpathian Romani]] (Central Romani)
**** East Slovak Romani
**** Moravian Romani
**** West Slovak Romani
*** [[Finnish Kalo language|Finnish Kalo Romani]]
*** [[Sinte Romani]]
**** Abbruzzesi
**** Serbian Romani
**** Slovenian-Croatian Romani
*** [[Welsh-Romani language|Welsh Romani]]
** [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]]
*** Churari (Churarícko, Sievemakers)
*** Eastern Vlax Romani (Bisa)
*** Ghagar
*** Grekurja (Greco)
*** [[Kalderash Romani language|Kalderash]] (Coppersmith, Kelderashícko)
*** Lovari (Lovarícko)
*** Machvano (Machvanmcko)
*** North Albanian Romani
*** Sedentary Bulgaria Romani
*** Sedentary Romania Romani
*** Serbo-Bosnian Romani
*** South Albanian Romani
*** Ukraine-Moldavia Romani
*** Zagundzi
{{tree list/end}}

In a series of articles (beginning in 1982) linguist [[Marcel Courthiade]] proposed a different kind of classification. He concentrates on the dialectal diversity of Romani in three successive strata of expansion, using the criteria of phonological and grammatical changes. Finding the common linguistic features of the dialects, he presents the historical evolution from the first stratum (the dialects closest to the Anatolian Romani of the 13th century) to the second and third strata. He also names as "pogadialects" (after the ''{{lang|rom|[[Pogadi]]}}'' dialect of [[Great Britain]]) those with only a Romani vocabulary grafted into a non-Romani language (normally referred to as [[Para-Romani]]).

A table of some dialectal differences:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! First stratum
! Second stratum
! Third stratum
|-
| {{lang|rom|phirdom, phirdyom}} {{lang|rom|phirdyum, phirjum}}
| {{lang|rom|phirdem}}
| {{lang|rom|phirdem}}
|-
| {{lang|rom|guglipe(n)/guglipa}} {{lang|rom|guglibe(n)/gugliba}}
| {{lang|rom|guglipe(n)/guglipa}} {{lang|rom|guglibe(n)/gugliba}}
| {{lang|rom|guglimos}}
|-
| {{lang|rom|pani}} {{lang|rom|khoni}} {{lang|rom|kuni}}
| {{lang|rom|pai, payi}} {{lang|rom|khoi, khoyi}} {{lang|rom|kui, kuyi}}
| {{lang|rom|pai, payi}} {{lang|rom|khoi, khoyi}} {{lang|rom|kui, kuyi}}
|-
| {{lang|rom|ćhib}}
| {{lang|rom|shib}}
| {{lang|rom|shib}}
|-
| {{lang|rom|jeno}}
| {{lang|rom|zheno}}
| {{lang|rom|zheno}}
|-
| {{lang|rom|po}}
| {{lang|rom|po/mai}}
| {{lang|rom|mai}}
|}

The first stratum includes the oldest dialects: ''{{lang|rom|Mećkari}}'' (of [[Tirana]]), ''{{lang|rom|Kabuʒi}}'' (of [[Korça]]), ''{{lang|rom|Xanduri}}'', ''{{lang|rom|Drindari}}'', ''{{lang|rom|Erli}}'', ''{{lang|rom|Arli}}'', ''{{lang|rom|Bugurji}}'', ''{{lang|rom|Mahaʒeri}}'' (of [[Pristina]]), ''{{lang|rom|Ursari}}'' (''{{lang|rom|Rićhinari}}''), ''{{lang|rom|Spoitori}}'' (''{{lang|rom|[[Xoraxane]]}}''), ''{{lang|rom|Karpatichi}}'', ''{{lang|pl|Polska Roma}}'', ''{{lang|fi|Kaale}}'' (from [[Finland]]), ''{{lang|rom|Sinto-manush}}'', and the so-called ''[[Baltic countries|Baltic]] dialects''.

In the second there are ''{{lang|rom|Ćergari}}'' (of [[Podgorica]]), ''{{lang|rom|Gurbeti}}'', ''{{lang|rom|Jambashi}}'', ''{{lang|rom|Fichiri}}'', ''{{lang|rom|Filipiʒi}}'' (of [[Agia Varvara]])

The third comprises the rest of the Romani dialects, including ''{{lang|rom|Kalderash}}'', ''{{lang|rom|Lovari}}'', ''{{lang|rom|Machvano}}''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/factsheets-on-romani-language-6-0-dialects-dialectology-i-/1680aac45f|title=Dialects / Dialectology I.}}</ref>

===Mixed languages===
{{Main|Para-Romani}}

Some Roma have developed [[mixed language]]s (chiefly by retaining Romani [[lexical item]]s and adopting second language grammatical structures), including:
* in [[Northern Europe]]
** [[Angloromani language|Angloromani]] (in England)
** [[Scottish Cant]] (in Lowland Scotland)
** [[Scandoromani language|Scandoromani]] (in Norway & Sweden)
* in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], [[Italy]] and [[France]]:
** [[Erromintxela language|Erromintxela]] (in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]])
** [[Caló language|Caló]] (in [[Portugal]], [[Brazil]] and [[Spain]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/10/07/ciganos-no-brasil-uma-historia-de-multiplas-discriminacoes-invisibilidade-e-odio | title=Coluna | Ciganos no Brasil: Uma história de múltiplas discriminações, invisibilidade e ódio | date=7 October 2021 }}</ref>
** [[Sinti-Manouche|Manouche]] (a variant of Sinte Romani in France and its Mediterranean borders from Spain to Italy)
* in [[Southeast Europe]]
** [[Romano-Greek language|Romano-Greek]]
** [[Romano-Serbian language|Romano-Serbian]]

== Geographic distribution ==
Romani is the only Indo-Aryan language spoken almost exclusively in Europe.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Definitions}}

The most concentrated areas of Romani speakers are found in the [[Balkans]] and central Europe, particularly in Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Slovakia.<ref name="termcoord">{{Cite web |last=termcoord |title=Romani {{!}} Terminology Coordination Unit |work=Terminology Coordination Unit |date=17 April 2015 |url=https://termcoord.eu/2015/04/romani/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Although there are no reliable figures for the exact number of Romani speakers, the estimated amount of Romani speakers in the European Union is around 3.5 million, this makes it the largest spoken minority language in the European Union.<ref name="termcoord"/>
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col1left defaultright"
|+L1 Romani speakers by country
!Country
!Romani speakers
!%
!Year
!Ref
|-
|{{Flag|Albania}}
|4,025
|0.14
|2011
|<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.instat.gov.al/media/3058/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf |title=Albania Population and Housing Census 2011 |date=2012 |publisher=INSTAT}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|5,766
|0.16
|2013
|<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/Knjiga2/K2_B_E.pdf |title=Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina ETHNICITY/NATIONAL AFFILIATION, RELIGION AND MOTHER TONGUE |date=2019 |publisher=Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina |location=Sarajevo |at=Population by ethnicity/national affiliation, mother tongue, and sex |language=Bosnian, English}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bulgaria}}
|227,974
|3.90
|2021
|<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/Census2021-ethnos_en.pdf |title=ETHNO-CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION |date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Croatia}}
|15,269
|0.40
|2021
|<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://podaci.dzs.hr/media/3hue4q5v/popis_2021-stanovnistvo_rh.xlsx |title=Population by Mother Tongue - Detailed Classification - 2021 Census |date=2021 |publisher=Croatian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Czechia}}
|28,102
|0.27
|2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=persons with one or two mother tongues |url=https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt&z=T&f=TABULKA&skupId=4329&katalog=33524&pvo=SLD21010-KR&pvo=SLD21010-KR&str=v111&evo=v97_!_SLD21F1010-H2_1 |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=vdb.czso.cz}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Hungary}}
|23,192
|0.28
|2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=1.1.6. Ethnicity, mother tongue |url=https://nepszamlalas2022.ksh.hu/en/results/final-data/tables/nsz2022-1.1.6-eng.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905173411/https://nepszamlalas2022.ksh.hu/en/results/final-data/tables/nsz2022-1.1.6-eng.xlsx |archive-date=2024-09-05 |access-date=2025-06-09 |publisher=Hungary Central Statistical Office}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Kosovo}}
|5,597
|0.35
|2024
|<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://askapi.rks-gov.net/Custom/bffbac3c-f325-4b18-b0e3-755dcb4cccf0.pdf |title=Population and Housing Census in Kosovo |date=2024 |publisher=Kosovo Agency of Statistics |publication-date=}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Lithuania}}
|1,973
|0.07
|2021
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Population by Mother Tongue in Municipality |url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/9601028/Population_by_mother_tongue_in_municipality.xlsx |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Statistics Lithuania}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Moldova}}
|7,574
|0.28
|2014
|<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://statistica.gov.md/files/files/Recensamint/Recensamint_pop_2014/Rezultate/Tabele/Caracteristici_populatie_RPL_2014_rom_rus_eng.xls |title=Characteristics - Population 1 (population by districts, sex, age, ethnicity, language) |date=2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Montenegro}}
|4,658
|0.76
|2021
|<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/TABELA_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_ENG.xlsx |title=Population of Montenegro by National, i.e. Ethnical Affiliation, Religion, Mother Tongue, and Language a Person Usually Speaks |date=2021 |at=Table 3. Population of Montenegro by mother tongue, by municipalities}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|North Macedonia}}
|31,721
|1.86
|2021
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total resident population in the Republic of North Macedonia by mother tongue and sex, Census 2021 |url=https://makstat.stat.gov.mk/PXWeb/sq/33d388c5-78f0-46f3-994c-7b36c6f3b1a2 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=PxWeb |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Poland}}
|7,284
|0.02
|2021
|<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last= |title=Język używany w domu - dane NSP 2021 dla kraju i jednostek podziału terytorialnego |trans-title=Language used at Home - 2021 Census Data for the Country and by Territorial Unit |url=https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/6536/10/1/1/jezyk_uzywany_w_domu_-_dane_nsp_2021_dla_kraju_i_jednostek_podzialu_terytorialnego.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230130306/https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/6536/10/1/1/jezyk_uzywany_w_domu_-_dane_nsp_2021_dla_kraju_i_jednostek_podzialu_terytorialnego.xlsx |archive-date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Romania}}
|199,050
|1.20
|2021
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Таблица 6. Население по родному языку |trans-title=Table 6. Population by Native Language |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab6_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121014417/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab6_VPN-2020.xlsx |archive-date=2023-01-21 |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Federal State Statistics Service |language=Russian}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|141,785
|0.11
|2021
|<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |title=Таблица 6. Население по родному языку |trans-title=Table 6. Population by Native Language |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab6_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121014417/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab6_VPN-2020.xlsx |archive-date=2023-01-21 |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Federal State Statistics Service |language=Russian}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Serbia}}
|79,687
|1.27
|2022
|<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/media/31366/7_stanovnistvo-prema-maternjem-jeziku.xls |title=Population by mother tongue, by municipalities and cities |date=2022 |publisher=Statistical Institute of Serbia}}</ref><ref group="note">Excluding [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija]], which is [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|under the de facto control of Kosovo since 2008]]. </ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Slovakia}}
|100,526
|1.96
|2021
|<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Таблица 6. Население по родному языку |trans-title=Table 6. Population by Native Language |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab6_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121014417/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab6_VPN-2020.xlsx |archive-date=2023-01-21 |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Federal State Statistics Service |language=Russian}}</ref>
|}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== Status ==
{{See also|Romani language standardization}}

The language is recognized as a minority language in many countries. At present the only places in the world where Romani is employed as an official language are the [[Republic of Kosovo]] (only regionally, not nationally)<ref>[[Constitution of Kosovo]]: [http://kushtetutakosoves.info/repository/docs/Constitution.of.the.Republic.of.Kosovo.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113028/http://kushtetutakosoves.info/repository/docs/Constitution.of.the.Republic.of.Kosovo.pdf|date=2017-10-11}} (PDF; 244 kB), page 8</ref> and the [[Šuto Orizari Municipality]] within the administrative borders of [[Skopje]], [[North Macedonia]]'s capital.

Portions and selections of [[Bible translations into Romani|the Bible have been translated to many different forms of the Romani language]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics |isbn=9783030281052 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2vDDwAAQBAJ&dq=Portions+and+selections+of+the+Bible+have+been+translated+to+many+different+forms+of+the+Romani+language.+Gypsy&pg=PA460 |editor1-last=Matras |editor1-first=Yaron |editor2-last=Tenser |editor2-first=Anton |date=10 December 2019 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]}}</ref> The entire Bible has been translated to [[Kalderash Romani language|Kalderash Romani]].<ref>E.g. {{cite web |title=E ROMAII BIBLIA 2020 (KĂLDĂRĂRIHKO) — Matei 1 — O lill la viçako le Isusohko Xristostosohko |website=Global Bible |url=https://romani.global.bible/bible/5b33f590e29c94fc-01/MAT.1 |access-date=2021-11-23}}</ref>

Attempts to publish in Romani were undertaken in the interwar [[Soviet Union]] (using the [[Cyrillic script]]) and in socialist [[Yugoslavia]].<ref>Kamusella, T. Language in Central Europe's History and Politics: From the Rule of cuius regio, eius religio to the National Principle of cuius regio, eius lingua? ''Journal of Globalization Studies''. Volume 2, Number 1, May 2011 [http://www.sociostudies.org/journal/articles/140661/]</ref>

Some traditional communities have expressed opposition to codifying Romani or having it used in public functions.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Definitions}} However, the mainstream trend has been towards standardization.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Definitions}}

Different variants of the language are now in the process of being codified in those countries with high Romani populations (for example, [[Slovakia]]). There are also some attempts currently aimed at the creation of a [[Romani language standardization|unified standard language]].

A standardized form of Romani is used in Serbia, and in Serbia's autonomous province of Vojvodina, Romani is one of the officially recognized languages of minorities having its own radio stations and news broadcasts.

In Romania, a country with a sizable [[Romani people in Romania|Romani minority]] (3.3% of the total population), there is a unified teaching system of the Romani language for all dialects spoken in the country. This is primarily a result of the work of [[Gheorghe Sarău]], who made Romani textbooks for teaching Romani children in the Romani language.<ref>[https://www.romarchive.eu/en/literature/childrens-literature/childrens-literature/ Children's literature]</ref> He teaches a purified, mildly [[prescriptive]] language, choosing the original Indo-Aryan words and grammatical elements from various dialects. The pronunciation is mostly like that of the dialects from the first stratum. When there are more variants in the dialects, the variant that most closely resembles the oldest forms is chosen, like ''{{lang|rom|byav}}'', instead of ''{{lang|rom|abyav}}'', ''{{lang|rom|abyau}}'', ''{{lang|rom|akana}}'' instead of ''{{lang|rom|akanak}}'', ''{{lang|rom|shunav}}'' instead of ''{{lang|rom|ashunav}}'' or ''{{lang|rom|ashunau}}'', etc.

An effort is also made to derive new words from the vocabulary already in use, ''i.e.'', ''{{lang|rom|xuryavno}}'' (airplane), ''{{lang|rom|vortorin}}'' (slide rule), ''{{lang|rom|palpaledikhipnasko}}'' (retrospectively), ''{{lang|rom|pashnavni}}'' (adjective). There is an ever-changing set of borrowings from [[Romanian language|Romanian]] as well, including such terms as ''{{lang|rom|vremea}}'' (weather, time), ''{{lang|rom|primariya}}'' (town hall), ''{{lang|rom|frishka}}'' (cream), ''{{lang|rom|sfïnto}}'' (saint, holy). [[Hindi]]-based [[neologism]]s include ''{{lang|rom|bijli}}'' (bulb, electricity), ''{{lang|rom|misal}}'' (example), ''{{lang|rom|chitro}}'' (drawing, design), ''{{lang|rom|lekhipen}}'' (writing), while there are also [[English language|English]]-based neologisms, like ''{{lang|rom|printisarel}}'' < "to print".

Romani is now used on the internet, in some local media, and in some countries as a medium of instruction.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Definitions}}

In 2024, Romani was added to [[Google Translate]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://romea.cz/en/world/the-romani-language-is-finally-in-google-translate-one-of-110-languages-added-in-the-biggest-expansion-of-the-program-ever|title= The Romani language is finally in Google Translate, one of 110 languages added in the biggest expansion of the program ever|date= 30 June 2024}}</ref>

== Orthography ==
{{Main|Romani alphabets}}

[[File:Brno,_Káznice_Cejl,_báseň_v_romštině.jpg|thumb|Romani poem by Jan Döme Horváth printed on wall at Cejl prison, [[Brno]]]]
Historically, Romani was an exclusively unwritten language;{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Definitions}} for example, Slovak Romani's orthography was codified only in 1971.<ref>Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998). [http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf ''Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely)''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}. Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem: p. 4. {{ISBN|80-7044-205-0}}. "U nás k tomu došlo v roce 1971, kdy jazyková komise při tehdy existujícím Svazu Cikánů-Romů (1969–1973) přijala závaznou písemnou normu slovenského dialektu romštiny."</ref>

The overwhelming majority of academic and non-academic literature produced currently in Romani is written using a Latin-based orthography.<ref>{{harvp|Matras|2002|p=254}}</ref>


The proposals to form a unified Romani alphabet and one standard Romani language by either choosing one dialect as a standard, or by merging more dialects together, have not been successful – instead, the trend is towards a model where each dialect has its own writing system.<ref name="errc">{{cite web |last=Matras |first=Yaron |date=11 March 2005 |title=The Future of Romani: Toward a Policy of Linguistic Pluralism |url=http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2165 |publisher=[[European Roma Rights Centre]]}}</ref> Among native speakers, the most common pattern is for individual authors to use an orthography based on the writing system of the dominant contact language: thus [[Romanian language|Romanian]] in [[Romania]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] in [[Hungary]] and so on.

To demonstrate the differences, the phrase /romani tʃʰib/, which means "Romani language" in all the dialects, can be written as ''{{lang|rom|románi csib}}'', ''{{lang|rom|románi čib}}'', ''{{lang|rom|romani tschib}}'', ''{{lang|rom|románi tschiwi}}'', ''{{lang|rom|romani tšiw}}'', ''{{lang|rom|romeni tšiv}}'', ''{{lang|rom|romanitschub}}'', ''{{lang|rom|rromani čhib}}'', ''{{lang|rom|romani chib}}'', ''{{lang|rom|rhomani chib}}'', ''{{lang|rom|romaji šjib}}''<ref name="mluvnice"/> and so on.

A currently observable trend, however, appears to be the adoption of a loosely English- and Czech-oriented orthography, developed spontaneously by native speakers for use online and through email.<ref>{{harvp|Matras|2002|p=257}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
The following is the core sound inventory of Romani. {{highlight|Gray phonemes|#CCC}} are only found in some dialects.

Loans from contact languages often allow other non-native phonemes.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=The sound system}}

===Consonants===
The Romani sound system is not highly unusual among European languages. Its most marked features are a three-way contrast between unvoiced, voiced, and aspirated stops, and the presence in some dialects of a second rhotic {{angbr|ř}}.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=The sound system}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Consonants{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=The sound system}}{{Sfn|Matras|2002|p=57-58}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Elšík |first1=Viktor |title=The Southern Central (ahi-imperfect) Romani dialects of Slovakia and northern Hungary |last2=Hübschmannová |first2=Milena |last3=Šebková |first3=Hana |publisher=Klagenfurt: Drava |year=1999 |location=In Dieter W. Halwachs and Florian Menz (eds.), Die Sprache der Roma: Perspektiven der Romani-Forschung in Österreich im interdisziplinären und internationalen Kontext |pages=277–390}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan=2| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-]] [[Postalveolar consonant|alveolar]]
!([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-]])[[Alveolo-palatal consonant| palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|style="background:#CCC;"| {{IPA link|ɲ}} {{grapheme|ň}}
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=3| [[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|t͡s}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{grapheme|č}}
|style="background:#CCC;"| {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}} {{grapheme|ć}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| style="background:#CCC;"| {{IPA link|d͡z}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} {{grapheme|dž}}
|style="background:#CCC;"| {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}} {{grapheme|dź}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} {{grapheme|čh}}
|style="background:#CCC;"| {{IPA link|t͡ɕʰ}} {{grapheme|ćh}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Fricative]]
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|f}}
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|style="background:#CCC;"| {{IPA link|ɕ}} {{grapheme|ś}}
| {{IPA link|x}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|v}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}} {{grapheme|ž}}
|style="background:#CCC;"| {{IPA link|ʑ}} {{grapheme|ź}}
|style="background:#CCC;"| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
| colspan="5" style="background:#CCC;" | {{IPA link|rː}}, {{IPA link|ɽ}}, {{IPA link|ɻ}}, {{IPA link|ʀ}} {{grapheme|ř}}{{efn|Only retained in some dialects. Realized as uvular {{IPAblink|ʀ}}, long trill {{IPAblink|rː}}, or retroflex {{IPAblink|ɽ}} {{IPAblink|ɻ}}.}}
|
|}
{{notelist}}

Eastern and Southeastern European Romani dialects commonly have palatalized consonants {{IPA|[Cʲ]}}, either distinctive or allophonic.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=The sound system}}

In some varieties such as Slovak Romani, at the end of a word, [[Final obstruent devoicing|voiced consonants become voiceless]] and aspirated ones lose aspiration.<ref name="mluvnice"/> Some examples:

{| class="wikitable"
! word final
! mid word
|-
| {{lang|rom|gad}} {{IPA|[ɡat]}} {{gloss|shirt}}
| {{lang|rom|gada}} {{IPA|[ɡada]}} {{gloss|shirts}}
|-
| {{lang|rom|ačh!}} {{IPA|[at͡ʃ]}} {{gloss|stop!}}
| {{lang|rom|ačhel}} {{IPA|[at͡ʃʰel]}} {{gloss|(he, she) stops}}
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Vowels{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=The sound system}}{{Sfn|Matras|2002|p=58-59}}
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
|style="background:#CCC;"| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
|style="background:#CCC;"| {{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

Vowel length is often distinctive in Western European Romani dialects.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=The sound system}}

===Stress===
Conservative dialects of Romani have final stress, with the exception of some unstressed affixes (e.g. the vocative ending, the case endings added on to the accusative noun, and the remoteness tense marker).{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=The sound system}} Central and Western European dialects often have shifted stress earlier in the word.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=The sound system}}

== Lexicon ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Romani word<ref>{{cite book|title=Gypsy-English, English-Gypsy Concise Dictionary|author=Atanas Slavov|date=1999 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |isbn=978-0-7818-0775-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHYaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA17}}</ref>
! English translation
! Etymology
|--
| {{lang|rom|pani}}
| [[wikt:water|water]]
| Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|pānīya}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|पानीय}}), compare Hindi {{Transliteration|hi|pānī}} ({{wikt-lang|hi|पानी}}), Nepali ({{lang|ne|पानी}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|manro}}
| [[wikt:bread|bread]]
| Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|maṇḍaka}} ({{lang|sa|मण्डक}}) {{gloss|kind of bread}}, compare Sindhi {{Transliteration|sd|mānī}} ({{lang|sd-Arab|مَانِي}}), Newari {{Transliteration|new|mari}} ({{lang|new|मरि}}) {{gloss|bread}}
|--
| {{lang|rom|tato}}
| [[wikt:warm|warm]]
| Sanskrit {{lang|sa-Latn|tapta}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|तप्त}}), compare Rajasthani {{Transliteration|raj|tātō}} ({{lang|raj|तातो}}), Nepali ({{wikt-lang|ne|तातो}}), Bhojpuri {{Transliteration|bh|tātal}} ({{lang|bh|तातल}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|ladž}}
| [[wikt:shame|shame]]
| Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|lajjā}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|लज्जा}}), compare Assamese {{Transliteration|as|laz}} ({{wikt-lang|as|লাজ}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|jakh}}
| [[wikt:eye|eye]]
| Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|akṣi}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|अक्षि}}), compare Gujarati {{Transliteration|gu|āṅkh}} ({{wikt-lang|gu|આંખ}}), Nepali {{Transliteration|ne|āṅkhā}} ({{wikt-lang|ne|आँखा}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|čhuri}}
| [[wikt:knife|knife]]
| Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|kṣurī}} ({{lang|sa|क्षुरी}}), compare Hindi {{Transliteration|hi|churī}} (छुरी)
|--
| {{lang|rom|thud}}
| [[wikt:milk|milk]]
| Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|dugdha}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|दुग्ध}}), compare Hindi {{Transliteration|hi|dūdh}} ({{lang|hi|दूध}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|kham}}
| [[wikt:sun|sun]]
| Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|gharma}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|घर्म}}) {{gloss|heat, sweat}}, cognate with Persian {{Transliteration|fa|garm}} ({{lang|fa|گرم‎}}); compare Bhojpuri, Haryanvi {{Transliteration|hi|ghām}} ({{lang|hi|घाम}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|phuv}}
| [[wikt:earth|earth]]
| Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|bhūmi}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|भूमि}}), compare Hindi {{Transliteration|hi|bhū}} ({{wikt-lang|hi|भू}}), Assamese {{Transliteration|as|bhũi}} ({{wikt-lang|as|ভূঁই}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|pučhel}}
| [[wikt:to ask|to ask]]
| Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|pṛcchati}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|पृच्छति}}), compare Hindi {{Transliteration|hi|puch}} (पुँछ)
|--
| {{lang|rom|avgin}}
| [[wikt:honey|honey]]
| Persian {{Transliteration|fa|angabīn}} ({{wikt-lang|fa|انگبین}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|mol}}
| [[wikt:wine|wine]]
| Persian {{Transliteration|fa|[[Persian wine|may]]}} ({{wikt-lang|fa|می}}), compare Urdu {{Transliteration|ur|mul}} ({{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|مے|ur}}}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|ambrol}}
| [[wikt:pear|pear]]
| Persian {{Transliteration|fa|amrūd}} ({{wikt-lang|fa|امرود}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|čerxaj}}
| [[wikt:star|star]]
| Persian {{Transliteration|fa|čarx}} ({{wikt-lang|fa|چرخ}}) {{gloss|sky}}
|--
| {{lang|rom|zumavel}}
| [[wikt:to try|to try]], [[wikt:to taste|to taste]]
| Persian {{Transliteration|fa|āzmūdan}} ({{wikt-lang|fa|آزمودن}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|rez}}
| [[wikt:vine|vine]]
| Persian {{Transliteration|fa|raz}} ({{lang|fa|رز}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|vordon}} / {{lang|rom|verdo}}
| [[wikt:cart|cart]]
| Ossetian {{Transliteration|os|wærdon}} ({{lang|os|уæрдон}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|grast}} / {{lang|rom|graj}} (north)
| [[wikt:horse|horse]]
| Armenian {{Transliteration|hy|grast}} ({{wikt-lang|hy|գրաստ}}) {{gloss|sumpter, sorry horse}}; compare Bengali {{lang|hy-Latn|ghora}} ({{wikt-lang|bn|ঘোড়া}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|morthi}}
| [[wikt:skin|skin]]
| Armenian {{Transliteration|hy|mortʰi}} ({{wikt-lang|hy|մորթի}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|ćekat}} / {{lang|rom|ćikat}}
| [[wikt:forehead|forehead]]
| Armenian {{Transliteration|hy|čakat}} ({{wikt-lang|hy|ճակատ}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|xumer}}
| [[wikt:dough|dough]]
| Armenian {{Transliteration|hy|xmor}} ({{wikt-lang|hy|խմոր}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|pativ}}
| [[wikt:honor|honor]]
| Armenian {{Transliteration|hy|pativ}} ({{wikt-lang|hy|պատիվ}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|khilǎv}}
| [[wikt:plum|plum]]
| Georgian {{Transliteration|ka|kʰliavi}} ({{wikt-lang|ka|ქლიავი}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|camla}}
| [[wikt:chestnut|chestnut]]
| Georgian {{Transliteration|ka|tsabli}} ({{wikt-lang|ka|წაბლი}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|khoni}}
| [[wikt:fat|fat]]
| Kartvelian, for example Georgian {{Transliteration|ka|koni}} ({{wikt-lang|ka|ქონი}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|camcali}}
| [[wikt:eyelash|eyelash]]
| Georgian {{Transliteration|ka|tsamtsami}} ({{wikt-lang|ka|წამწამი}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|drom}}
| [[wikt:road|road]]
| Greek {{Transliteration|el|drómos}} ({{wikt-lang|el|δρόμος}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|stǎdi}}
| [[wikt:hat|hat]]
| Greek {{Transliteration|el|skiádi}} ({{lang|el|σκιάδι}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|xoli}} / {{lang|rom|xolǐn}}
| [[wikt:gall|gall]], [[wikt:anger|anger]]
| Greek {{Transliteration|el|kholí}} ({{wikt-lang|el|χολή}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|zervo}}
| [[wikt:left|left]]
| Greek {{Transliteration|el|zervós}} ({{lang|el|ζερβός}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|xinel}}
| [[wikt:to defecate|to defecate]]
| Greek {{Transliteration|el|khýnō}} ({{wikt-lang|el|χύνω}}) {{gloss|to empty}}
|--
| {{lang|rom|puška}}
| [[wikt:gun|gun]]
| Slavic {{Transliteration|ru|puška}} ({{wikt-lang|ru|пушка}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|praxos}}
| [[wikt:dust|dust]], [[wikt:ash|ash]]
| Slavic {{lang|cs|prach}} / {{lang|sl|prah}} ({{wikt-lang|ru|прах}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|ulica}}
| [[wikt:street|street]]
| Slavic {{Transliteration|ru|ulica}} ({{wikt-lang|ru|улица}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|košnica}}
| [[wikt:basket|basket]]
| Bulgarian {{Transliteration|bg|košnica}} ({{wikt-lang|bg|кошница}})
|--
| {{lang|rom|guruša}} (north)
| [[wikt:penny|penny]]
| Polish {{wikt-lang|pl|grosz}}
|--
| {{lang|rom|kaxni}} / {{lang|rom|khanǐ}}
| [[wikt:hen|hen]]
| Czech {{wikt-lang|cs|kachna}} {{gloss|duck}}
|--
| {{lang|rom|raca}}
| [[wikt:duck|duck]]
| Romanian {{wikt-lang|ro|rață}}, compare Slovene {{wikt-lang|sl|ráca}}
|--
| {{lang|rom|mačka}}
| [[wikt:cat|cat]]
| Slavic {{wikt-lang|sh-Latn|mačka}}
|--
| {{lang|rom|mangin}} / {{lang|rom|mandǐn}}
| [[wikt:treasure|treasure]]
| Turkish {{lang|tr|[[mangır]]}} {{gloss|penny}}, through a [[Tatar language|Tatar]] dialect.
|--
| {{lang|rom|bèrga}} (North)
| [[wikt:mountain|mountain]]
| German {{wikt-lang|de|Berg}}
|--
| {{lang|rom|niglo}} (Sinti)
| [[wikt:hedgehog|hedgehog]]
| German {{wikt-lang|de|Igel}}
|--
| {{lang|rom|gàjza}} (Sinti)
| [[wikt:goat|goat]]
| [[Alemannic German]] {{wikt-lang|gsw|Geiss}}
|--
|} 

==Morphology==
===Nominals===
Nominals in Romani are nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals.<ref name="mluvnice"/> Some sources describe articles as nominals.

The indefinite article is often borrowed from the local contact language.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}

==== Types ====
General Romani is an unusual language, in having two classes of nominals, based on the historic origin of the word, that have a completely different morphology. The two classes can be called ''inherited'' and ''borrowed'',<ref name="mluvnice"/> but this article uses names from Matras (2006),{{sfn|Matras|2006}} ''ikeoclitic'' and ''xenoclitic''. The class to which a word belongs is obvious from its ending.

===== Ikeoclitic =====
The first class is the old, Indian vocabulary (and to some extent [[Persian language|Persian]], Armenian and Greek loanwords).<ref name="mluvnice"/> The ikeoclitic class can also be divided into two sub-classes, based on the ending.{{sfn|Matras|2006}}

====== Nominals ending in o/i ======
The ending of words in this sub-class is -o with masculines, -i with feminines, with the latter ending triggering palatalisation of preceding ''d, t, n, l'' to ''ď, ť, ň, ľ''.<ref name="mluvnice"/>

Examples:<ref name="mluvnice"/>
*masculine
**'''{{lang|rom|o čhavo}}''' – the son
**'''{{lang|rom|o cikno}}''' – the little
**'''{{lang|rom|o amaro}}''' – our (m.)
*feminine
**'''{{lang|rom|e rakľi}}''' – non-romani girl
**'''{{lang|rom|e cikňi}}''' – small (note the change n > ň)
**'''{{lang|rom|e amari}}''' – ours (f.)

====== Nominals without ending ======
All words in this sub-class have no endings, regardless of gender.

Examples:{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974}}
*masculine
**'''{{lang|rom|o phral}}''' – the brother
**'''{{lang|rom|o šukar}}''' – the nice (m.)
**'''{{lang|rom|o dad}}''' – the father
*feminine
**'''{{lang|rom|e phen}}''' – the sister
**'''{{lang|rom|e šukar}}''' – the nice (f.) – same as m.
**'''{{lang|rom|e daj}}''' – the mother

===== Xenoclitic =====
The second class is loanwords from [[European languages]].<ref name="mluvnice"/>{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974}}{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=73}} (Matras adds that the morphology of the new loanwords might be borrowed from Greek.)

The ending of borrowed masculine is -os, -is, -as, -us, and the borrowed feminine ends in -a.

Examples from Slovak Romani:<ref name="mluvnice"/>{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974}}
*masculine
**'''{{lang|rom|o šustros}}''' – shoemaker
**'''{{lang|rom|o autobusis}}''' – bus
**'''{{lang|rom|o učiteľis}}''' – teacher (m.)
*feminine
**'''{{lang|rom|e rokľa/maijka}}''' – shirt
**'''{{lang|rom|e oblaka/vokna }}''' – window
**'''{{lang|rom|e učiteľka}}''' – teacher (f.)

==== Basics of morphology ====
Romani has two [[grammatical gender]]s (masculine / feminine) and two numbers (singular / plural).{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}

All nominals can be singular or plural.{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974|p=4|loc=V1,3}}

==== Cases ====
Nouns are marked for any of eight cases; [[nominative case|nominative]], [[vocative case|vocative]], [[accusative case|accusative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]], [[locative case|locative]], [[ablative case|ablative]], and [[instrumental case|instrumental]]. The former three are formed by inflections on the noun itself, but the latter five are marked by adding postpositions to the accusative, used as an "indirect root".<ref name="mluvnice"/>

The vocative and nominative are a bit "outside" of the case system<ref name="seb52">Šebková, Žlnayová 1998, p. 52–54</ref> as they are produced only by adding a suffix to the root.

Example: the suffix for singular masculine vocative of ikeoclitic types is '''{{lang|rom|-eja}}'''.<ref>Šebková, Žlnayová 1998, p. 47</ref>{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974|p=31|loc=V2,1}}
*'''{{lang|rom|čhaveja!}}''' – you, boy (or son)!
*'''{{lang|rom|cikneja!}}''' – you, little one!
*'''{{lang|rom|phrala!}}''' – brother!

The oblique cases disregard gender or type: ''{{lang|rom|-te}}'' / ''{{lang|rom|-de}}'' (locative), ''{{lang|rom|-ke}}'' / ''{{lang|rom|-ge}}'' (dative), ''{{lang|rom|-tar/-dar}}'' (ablative), ''{{lang|rom|-sa(r)}}'' (instrumental and [[comitative]]), and ''{{lang|rom|-ker-}}'' / ''{{lang|rom|-ger-}}'' (genitive).{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}

Example: The endings for o/i ending nominals are as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! sg. nom.
! sg. acc.
! sg. voc.
! pl. nom.
! pl. acc.
! pl. voc.
|-
! 'boy' (masculine)
| ''{{lang|rom|čhav-o}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|čhav-es}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|čhav-eja}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|čhav-e}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|čhav-en}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|čhav-ale}}''
|-
! 'woman' (feminine)
| ''{{lang|rom|řomn-i}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|řomn-ja}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|řomn-ije}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|řomn-ja}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|řomn-jen}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|řomn-ale}}''
|}

Example: the suffix for indirect root for masculine plural for all inherited words is ''{{lang|rom|-en}}'',<ref name="seb52"/>{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974|p=43|loc=V4}} the dative suffix is ''{{lang|rom|-ke}}''.<ref>Šebková, Žlnayová 1998, p. 76–78</ref>{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974|p=60|loc=V7}}
*'''{{lang|rom|o xuxur}}''' – mushroom
*'''{{lang|rom|xuxuren}}''' – the indirect root (also used as accusative)
*'''{{lang|rom|Nilaj phiras xuxurenge.}}''' – In the summer we go on mushrooms (meaning picking mushrooms)

There are many [[declension class]]es of nouns that decline differently, and show dialectal variation.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}

Parts of speech such as adjectives and the article, when they function as attributes before a word, distinguish only between a nominative and an indirect/oblique case form.<ref>Šebková, Žlnayová 1998, p. 52</ref> In the Early Romani system that most varieties preserve, declinable adjectives had nominative endings similar to the nouns ending in ''-o'' (masculine ''-o'', feminine ''-i'') but the oblique endings ''-e'' in the masculine, ''-a'' in the feminine. The ending ''-e'' was the same regardless of gender. So-called athematic adjectives had the nominative forms ''-o'' in the masculine ''and'' the feminine and ''-a'' in the plural; the oblique has the same endings as the previous group, but the preceding stem changes by adding the element ''-on-''.{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=95}}

==== Agreement ====
Romani shows the typically Indo-Aryan pattern of the genitive agreeing with its head noun.

Example:
* ''{{lang|rom|čhav-es-ker-o phral}}'' – 'the boy's brother'
* ''{{lang|rom|čhav-es-ker-i phen}}'' – 'the boy's sister'.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}

Adjectives and the definite article show agreement with the noun they modify.

Example:
* ''{{lang|rom|mir-o dad}}'' – 'my father'
* ''{{lang|rom|mir-i daj}}'' – 'my mother'.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Syntax}}

=== Verbs ===
Romani derivations are highly synthetic and partly agglutinative. However, they are also sensitive to recent development – for example, in general, Romani in Slavic countries show an adoption of productive [[lexical aspect|aktionsart]] morphology.{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=117}}

The core of the verb is the lexical root, verb morphology is suffixed.{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=117}}

The verb stem (including derivation markers) by itself has non-perfective aspect and is present or subjunctive.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}

==== Types ====
Similarly to nominals, verbs in Romani belong to several classes, but unlike nominals, these are not based on historical origin. However, the loaned verbs can be recognized, again, by specific endings, which are Greek in origin.{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=117}}

===== Irregular verbs =====
Some words are irregular, like ''{{lang|rom|te jel}}'' – to be.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.ru/books?id=6bxBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|title= The Typology and Dialectology of Romani|page=107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.ru/books?id=Q2vDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|title= The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics|page=35}}</ref>

===== Class I =====
The next three classes are recognizable by suffix in 3rd person singular.

The first class, called I.,<ref name="mluvnice"/>{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974|p=20|loc=V1}} has a suffix ''{{lang|rom|-el}}'' in 3rd person singular.

Examples, in 3 ps. sg:{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974|p=20|loc=V1}}
*''{{lang|rom|te kerel}}'' – to do
*''{{lang|rom|te šunel}}'' – to hear
*''{{lang|rom|te dikhel}}'' – to see

===== Class II =====
Words in the second category, called II.,<ref name="mluvnice"/>{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974|p=20|loc=V1}} have a suffix ''{{lang|rom|-l}}'' in 3rd person singular.

Examples, in 3 ps. sg:{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974|p=20|loc=V1}}
*''{{lang|rom|te džal}}'' – to go
*''{{lang|rom|te ladžal}}'' – to be ashamed, shy away.
*''{{lang|rom|te asal}}'' – to laugh
*''{{lang|rom|te paťal}}'' – to believe
*''{{lang|rom|te hal}}'' – to eat

===== Class III =====
All the words in the third class are semantically causative passive.{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974|p=57|loc=V4,1}}

Examples:{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974|p=54|loc=S}}
*''{{lang|rom|te sikhľol}}'' – to learn
*''{{lang|rom|te labol}}'' – to burn
*''{{lang|rom|te marďol}}'' – to be beaten
*''{{lang|rom|te pašľol}}'' – to lie

===== Borrowed verbs =====
Borrowed verbs from other languages are marked with affixes taken from Greek tense/aspect suffixes, including ''{{lang|rom|-iz-}}'', ''{{lang|rom|-in-}}'', and ''{{lang|rom|-is-}}''.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}

==== Morphology ====
The Romani verb has three persons and two numbers, singular and plural. There is no verbal distinction between masculine and feminine.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://rm.coe.int/factsheets-on-romani-language-4-0-forms-morphology/1680aac45d|title= Forms / Morphology 4.0}}</ref>

Romani tenses are, not exclusively, present tense, future tense, two past tenses (perfect and imperfect), present or past conditional and present imperative.

Depending on the dialect, the suffix ''{{lang|rom|-a}}'' marks the present, future, or conditional.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}} There are many perfective suffixes, which are determined by root phonology, valency, and semantics: e.g. ''{{lang|rom|ker-d-}}'' 'did'.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}

There are two sets of personal conjugation suffixes, one for non-perfective verbs, and another for perfective verbs.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}} The non-perfective personal suffixes, continued from [[Middle Indo-Aryan]], are as follows:{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Non-perfective personal suffixes
!
! 1
! 2
! 3
|-
! sg.
| ''{{lang|rom|-av}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|-es}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|-el}}''
|-
! pl.
| ''{{lang|rom|-as}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{lang|rom|-en}}''
|}

These are slightly different for consonant- and vowel-final roots (e.g. ''{{lang|rom|xa-s}}'' 'you eat', ''{{lang|rom|kam-es}}'' 'you want').{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}

The perfective suffixes, deriving from late Middle Indo-Aryan [[enclitic]] pronouns, are as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Perfective personal suffixes
!
! 1
! 2
! 3
|-
! sg.
| ''{{lang|rom|-om}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|-al}}'' / ''{{lang|rom|-an}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|-as}}''
|-
! pl.
| ''{{lang|rom|-am}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|-an}}'' / ''{{lang|rom|-en}}''
| ''{{lang|rom|-e}}''
|}

Verbs may also take a further remoteness suffix whose original form must have been ''{{lang|rom|-as(i)}}'' and which is preserved in different varieties as ''{{lang|rom|-as}}'', ''{{lang|rom|-ahi}}'', ''{{lang|rom|-ys}}'' or ''{{lang|rom|-s}}''.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}} With non-perfective verbs this marks the imperfect, habitual, or conditional.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}} With the perfective, this marks the [[pluperfect]] or counterfactual.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}

===== Class I =====
All the persons and numbers of present tense of the word ''{{lang|rom|te kerel}}'' in East Slovak Romani.<ref name="szl38">Šebková, Žlnayová 1998, p. 38</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!scope="col" | sg
!scope="col" | pl
|-
!scope="row" | 1.ps
|''{{lang|rom|me kerav}}''
|''{{lang|rom|amen keras}}''
|-
!scope="row" | 2.ps
|''{{lang|rom|tu keres}}''
|''{{lang|rom|tumen keren}}''
|-
!scope="row" | 3.ps
|''{{lang|rom|jov kerel}}''
|''{{lang|rom|jon keren}}''
|}

Various tenses of the same word, all in 2nd person singular.<ref name="mluvnice"/>
*present – ''{{lang|rom|tu keres}}''
*future – ''{{lang|rom|tu kereha}}'' (many other dialects use a future particle such as ''ka'' preceding the imperfective form: ''{{lang|rom|tu ka keres}})''
*past imperfect = present conditional – ''{{lang|rom|tu kerehas}}''
*past perfect – ''{{lang|rom|tu kerďal}}'' (''{{lang|rom|ker}}'' + ''{{lang|rom|d}}'' + ''{{lang|rom|'al}}'')
*past conditional – ''{{lang|rom|tu kerďalas}}'' (''{{lang|rom|ker}}'' + ''{{lang|rom|d}}'' + ''{{lang|rom|'al}}'' + ''{{lang|rom|as}}'')
*present imperative – ''{{lang|rom|ker!}}''

===== Class II =====
All the persons and numbers of present tense of the word ''{{lang|rom|te paťal}}'' in East Slovak Romani.<ref name="szl38"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!scope="col" | sg
!scope="col" | pl
|-
!scope="row" | 1.ps
|''{{lang|rom|me paťav}}''
|''{{lang|rom|amen paťas}}''
|-
!scope="row" | 2.ps
|''{{lang|rom|tu paťaha}}''
|''{{lang|rom|tumen paťan}}''
|-
!scope="row" | 3.ps
|''{{lang|rom|jov paťal}}''
|''{{lang|rom|jon paťan}}''
|}

Various tenses of the word ''{{lang|rom|te chal}}'', all in 2nd person singular.<ref name="mluvnice"/>
*present – ''{{lang|rom|tu džas}}''
*future – ''{{lang|rom|tu džaha}}''
*past imperfect = present conditional – ''{{lang|rom|tu džahas}}''
*past perfect – ''{{lang|rom|tu džaľom}}'' (irregular – regular form of ''{{lang|rom|tu paťas}}'' is ''{{lang|rom|tu paťaňom}}'')
*past conditional – ''{{lang|rom|tu džaľahas}}''
*present imperative – ''{{lang|rom|džaľa!}}''

===== Class III =====
All the persons and numbers of present tense of the word ''{{lang|rom|te pašľol}}'' in East Slovak Romani.<ref name="mluvnice"/> Note the added ''{{lang|rom|-uv-}}'', which is typical for this group.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!scope="col" | sg
!scope="col" | pl
|-
!scope="row" | 1.ps
|''{{lang|rom|me pašľuvav}}''
|''{{lang|rom|amen pašľuvas}}''
|-
!scope="row" | 2.ps
|''{{lang|rom|tu pašľos}}''
|''{{lang|rom|tumen pašľon}}''
|-
!scope="row" | 3.ps
|''{{lang|rom|jov pašľol}}''
|''{{lang|rom|jon pašľon}}''
|}

Various tenses of the same word, all in 2nd person singular again.<ref name="mluvnice"/>
*present – ''{{lang|rom|tu pašľos}}''
*future – ''{{lang|rom|tu pašľa}}''
*past imperfect = present conditional – ''{{lang|rom|tu pašľas}}''
*past perfect – ''{{lang|rom|tu pašľiľal}}'' (''{{lang|rom|pašľ}}'' + ''{{lang|rom|il}}'' + ''{{lang|rom|'al}}'')
*past conditional – ''{{lang|rom|tu pašľiľalas}}'' (''{{lang|rom|pašľ}}'' + ''{{lang|rom|il}}'' + ''{{lang|rom|'al}}'' + ''{{lang|rom|as}}'')
*present imperative – ''{{lang|rom|pašľuv!}}''<ref>Šebková, Žlnayová 1998, p. 107</ref>

==== Valency ====
[[Valency (linguistics)|Valency]] markers are affixed to the verb root either to increase or decrease valency.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}} There is dialectal variation as to which markers are most used; common valency-increasing markers are ''{{lang|rom|-av-}}'', ''{{lang|rom|-ar-}}'', and ''{{lang|rom|-ker}}'', and common valency-decreasing markers are ''{{lang|rom|-jov-}}'' and ''{{lang|rom|-áv-}}''.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}} These may also be used to derive verbs from nouns and adjectives.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Morphology}}

Romani makes use of [[Valency (linguistics)#Changing valency|valency-changing]] morphology which increases or decreases the valency of its verbs.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Verb derivational morphology and event structure in Romani |url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495744 |publisher=University of Manchester |date=2008 |degree=Ph.D. |first=Barbara |last=Schrammel}}</ref>

== Syntax ==
Romani syntax is quite different from most Indo-Aryan languages, and shows more similarity to the [[Balkan languages]].{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Syntax}}

Šebková and Žlnayová, while describing Slovak Romani, argues that Romani is a [[free word order]] language<ref name="mluvnice"/> and that it allows for [[theme-rheme structure]], similarly to Czech, and that in some Romani dialects in East Slovakia, there is a tendency to put a verb at the end of a sentence.

However, Matras describes it further.{{sfn|Matras|2002|pp=167–168}} According to Matras, in most dialects of Romani, Romani is a [[VO language]], with [[subject-verb-object|SVO]] order in contrastive sentences and [[verb-subject-object|VSO]] order in thetic sentences.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Syntax}} The tendency of some dialects to put the verb in final position may be due to Slavic influence.

Examples, from Slovak Romani:{{sfn|Hübschmannová|1974|p=7|loc=par 1,1}}
* ''{{lang|rom|Odi kuči šilaľi.}}'' – This cup is cold.
* ''{{lang|rom|Oda šilaľi kuči.}}'' – This is a cold cup.

Clauses are usually [[finite clause|finite]].{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Syntax}} Relative clauses, introduced by the [[relativizer]] ''kaj'', are postponed.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Syntax}} Factual and non-factual complex clauses are distinguished.{{sfn|Matras|2006|loc=Syntax}}

== Romani in modern times ==
Romani has lent several words to English such as ''pal'' (ultimately from Sanskrit ''{{lang|sa-Latn|bhrātar}}'' "brother"<ref name=OEED>Hoad, TF (ed.) ''Oxford Concise Dictionary of Etymology'' (1996) Oxford University Press {{ISBN|0-19-283098-8}}</ref>). Other Romani words in general British slang are ''gadgie'' (man),<ref name=Beal/> ''shiv'' or ''chiv'' (knife).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4i3zV4vnBAC&dq=gypsy+british+slang+shiv+or+chiv+(knife)&pg=PA372 |title=Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins |page=372 |isbn=978-0199547937 |last1=Cresswell |first1=Julia |date=9 September 2010|publisher=OUP Oxford }}</ref> Urban British slang shows an increasing level of Romani influence,<ref name=Beal>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eV9MyzOnBi8C&q=british+slang+romani+influence&pg=PA80 |title=Urban North-Eastern English |first=Joan C. |last=Beal |date=31 March 2012 |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |isbn=9780748664450 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> with some words becoming accepted into the lexicon of standard English (for example, ''[[chav]]'' from an assumed Anglo-Romani word,<ref name=Beal/> meaning "small boy", in the majority of dialects).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tréguer |first=Pascal |date=2017-10-03 |title=the Romany origin of the British 'chav' |url=https://wordhistories.net/2017/10/03/origin-of-chav/ |website=word histories |language=en-GB |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530132423/https://wordhistories.net/2017/10/03/origin-of-chav/ |archive-date= May 30, 2023 }}</ref> There are efforts to teach and familiarise [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax-Romani]] to a new generation of Romani so that Romani spoken in different parts of the world are connected through a single dialect of Romani. The Indian Institute of Romani Studies, [[Chandigarh]] published several Romani language lessons through its journal ''Roma'' during the 1970s.<ref name="lee">{{Cite book|last=Lee |first=Ronald |date=2005 |title=Learn Romani: Das-dúma Rromanes |location=Hatfield |publisher=[[University of Hertfordshire Press]] |isbn=1-902806-44-1}}</ref>

Occasionally loanwords from other [[Indo-Iranian languages]], such as [[Hindi language|Hindi]], are mistakenly labelled as Romani due to surface similarities (due to a shared root), such as ''cushy'', which is from [[Urdu]] (itself a loan from [[Persian language|Persian]] ''{{lang|fa-Latn|xuš}}'') meaning "excellent, healthy, happy".<ref name=OEED/>

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Balkan Romani]]
* [[Bohemian Romani]]
* [[Carpathian Romani]]
* [[Domari language]]
* [[Finnish Kalo language]]
* [[Laiuse Romani language]]
* [[Lotegorisch]]
* [[Parya language]]
* [[Romani alphabets]]
* [[Romani language standardization]]
* [[Zargari Romani]]
* [[Gens du voyage (France)]]{{colend}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== General and cited sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Hübschmannová |first=Milena |author-link=Milena Hübschmannová |date=1974 |title=Základy Romštiny |language=cs |trans-title=Basics of the Romani language |location=Praha |publisher=Academia Praha}}
* {{cite book |last=Hübschmannová |first=Milena |author-link=Milena Hübschmannová |date=1993 |title=Šaj pes dokaveras - Můžeme se domluvit |language=cs |trans-title=Shaj pes dovakeras - We can make an agreement |location=Olomouc |publisher=Pedagogická fakulta UP Olomouc |isbn=80-7067-355-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Matras |first=Yaron |year=2002 |title=Romani: A Linguistic Introduction |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-02330-0}}
* {{cite web |last=Matras |first=Yaron |date=October 2005 |title=The status of Romani in Europe |location=[[University of Manchester]] |url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/1/statusofromani.pdf |access-date=2012-08-12 |archive-date=2019-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503035937/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//downloads/1/statusofromani.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Matras |first=Yaron |year=2006 |title=Romani |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics |edition=Second |editor-first=Keith |editor-last=Brown |location=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier |url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf |access-date=2012-08-12 |archive-date=2017-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011141138/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf |url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://www.academia.edu/44717923/C_101B_PAPER_THE_SYSTEM_OF_PERSONAL_PRONOUNS_IN_THE_ROMANI_DIALECT_IN_AND_AROUND_KARDZHALI Iliev, Iv. I. Armak. The System of the Personal Pronouns in the Romani Dialect in and around Kardzhali, Bulgaria], Ivan G. Iliev
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Albert Thomas |title=An American-Romani Vocabulary |year=1915 |editor-first=George Fraser |editor-last=Black |edition=reprint |publisher=[[New York Public Library]], 1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/anamericanroman01librgoog |quote=New York Public Library. |access-date=24 April 2014}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Gipsies |volume=12 |pages=37–43; see page 40 |quote= Origin and Language of the Gipsies.... |last1=Gaster |first1=Moses |author-link=Moses Gaster}}
* Walter Simson. ''A History of the Gipsies: with specimens of the Gipsy language. Edited, with preface, introduction, and notes, and a disquisition on the past, present and future of Gipsydom'', by James Simson. London: Sampson Low & Marston, 1865. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nHOjolXmEygC A History of the Gipsies with Specimens of the Gipsy Language by Walter Simson]
* Peter Bakker, [[Milena Hübschmannová]]. ''What Is the Romani Language?''. Hatfield: University Of Hertfordshire Press, 2000.
* [https://archive.org/details/zincalioraccount00borr The Zincali : or, An account of the Gypsies of Spain; with an original collection of their songs and poetry], by [[George Borrow]] (1842)
* [https://archive.org/details/zincaliaccountof00borruoft The Zincali, an account of the Gypsies of Spain (1907)]
* [https://archive.org/details/elgitanismohist00quingoog El gitanismo : historia, costumbres, y dialecto de los gitanos]
* [https://archive.org/details/emboemajarlucas29470gut Embéo e Majaró Lucas]
* John Sampson. ''The dialect of the gypsies of Wales : being the older form of British Romani preserved in the speech of the clan of Abram Wood.'' Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1926. xxiii, 230 p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y7FBAAAAYAAJ&dq=John+Sampson+gypsies+Wales&pg=PR7 The Dialect of the Gypsies of Wales: Being the Older Form of British Romani Preserved in the Speech of the Clan of Abram Wood]

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=rmy|Vlax Romani}}
{{Incubator|code=rmn|language=Balkan Romani}}
{{Incubator|code=rmc|language=North Central Romani}}
{{Wiktionary|Appendix:Romani Swadesh list}}
* [https://rm.coe.int/roma-history-factsheets-eng/1680a2f2f8 Factsheets on Romani Language]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130113082255/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/ Romani project at Manchester University], with a collection of downloadable papers about the Romani language and a collection of links to Romani media
* [http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/romani_bookmarked.pdf Outline of Romani Grammar] – [[Victor Friedman|Victor A. Friedman]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19991012034120/http://geocities.com/SoHo/3698/rom.htm Partial Romani/English Dictionary] – Compiled by Angela Ba'Tal Libal and Will Strain
* [http://romani.uni-graz.at/romlex/lex.xml ROMLEX Lexical Database] of different dialects of Romani
* [http://mahimahi.uchicago.edu/media/faculty/vfriedm/188Friedman05.pdf "Romani language in Macedonia in the Third Millennium: Progress and Problems"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510104619/http://mahimahi.uchicago.edu/media/faculty/vfriedm/188Friedman05.pdf |date=2013-05-10 }}, [[Victor Friedman]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020072019/http://www.balkanethnology.org/files/library/Viktor/Friedman_4.pdf "The Romani Language in the Republic of Macedonia: Status, Usage and Sociolinguistic Perspectives], Victor Friedman.
* [[:rmy:Sherutni patrin|Romani Wikipedia (head page)]]
* [https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/roma/source/romanieurope_en.pdf Romani]
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Blue Line (Bhoj Metro)

2026-04-22T11:01:04Z

Legalwikieditor:

{{Short description|Mass transit system in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Blue Line
| color = {{rcr|Bhoj Metro|Blue}}
| logo =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| other_name = Bhopal Metro
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Bhoj Metro]]
| status = Approved
| locale = [[Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh]], India
| start = Bhadbhada Chouraha
| end = Ratnagiri Chouraha
| stations = {{ubl|13 (Approved)}}
| daily_ridership =
| mapcolor = Blue
| owner = [[Government of India]] [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| operator = [[Madhya Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| character = Elevated
| stock = [[Alstom]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Alstom commences production of rolling stock for Bhopal, Indore Metro Project|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/gujarat-alstom-commences-production-of-rolling-stock-for-bhopal-indore-metro-project20230314204418/|website=www.aninews.in|access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref>
| linelength = {{convert|13 |km|abbr=on}} (Approved)
| tracklength = {{ubl|13 (Approved)}}
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| electrification = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| speed = {{ubl|{{cvt|84|km/h}} (Top)|{{cvt|32|km/h}} (average)}}
| map = {{Bhoj Metro blue Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Blue Line''' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: ब्लू लाइन) is an under-construction metro rail line of the [[Bhoj Metro]], a [[rapid transit]] system in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. This line consists of 13 metro stations from Bhadbhada Chauraha to Ratnagiri Tiraha with a total distance of 12.915 km. Bhopal's Blue Line was earlier designated as the Red Line. Its Bogda Pul Station (interchange with Orange Line) will be built as part of Package BH-03.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=Bids Invited for Bhopal Metro Blue Line's Civil Work (BH05) |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2023/06/03/bids-invited-for-bhopal-metro-blue-lines-civil-work-bh05/ |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhopal Metro – Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/bhopal-metro-information-route-maps-fares-tenders-updates/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven firms compete for Civil Contract BH05 of Bhopal Metro Blue Line {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/seven-firms-compete-for-civil-contract-bh05-of-bhopal-metro-blue-line |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-29 |title=Major push to Metro work likely after poll code ends |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bhopal-metro-project-gains-momentum-after-model-election-code-ends/articleshow/110514099.cms |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Stations ==
Following is a list of stations on this route:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="8" style="background:#{{rcr|Bhoj Metro|blue}};" | Blue Line
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Layout
|-
!English
![[Hindi]]
|-
|1
|Bhadbhada Chauraha
|भदभदा चौराहा
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|2
|Depot Chauraha
|डिपो चौराहा
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|3
|Jawahar Chowk
|जवाहर चौक
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|4
|Roshanpura Chauraha
|रोशनपुरा चौराहा
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|5
|Minto Hall
|मिंटो हॉल
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|6
|Lilly Talkies
|लिल्ली टॉकीज़
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|7
|Pul Bogda
|पुल बोग्दा
|Approved
|{{rcb|Bhoj Metro|Orange|croute}} (under-condtruction)
|Elevated
|-
|8
|Prabhat Chauraha
|प्रभात चौराहा
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|9
|Govindpura
|गोविंदपुरा
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|10
|JK Road
|जेके रोड
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|11
|Indrapuri
|इंद्रपुरी
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|12
|Piplani ([[BHEL Township, Bhopal|BHEL Township]])
|पिपलानी (भेल टाउनशिप)
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|13
|Ratnagiri Chouraha
|रत्नागिरी चौराहा
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rapid transit lines in India]]

Behat Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:08Z

Legalwikieditor: Put up new stub...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Behat
| constituency_no = 1
| map_image = 1-Behat.svg
| mla = [[Umar Ali Khan]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = [[Naresh Saini]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saharanpur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
}}
'''Behat Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Saharanpur district]] and one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 23 January 2014|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Behat Assembly constituency came into existence in 2008 as a result of the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008". Prior to 2008, this constituency was served / represented by the [[Muzaffarabad Assembly constituency|Muzaffarabad]] Assembly constituency.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |title=Behat Assembly constituency Election Result 2022 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/behat.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Mahaveer Singh Rana]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Naresh Saini]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Umar Ali Khan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party }}" |
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Behat<ref name="election2022"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Umar Ali Khan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:134513}}
|percentage = 47.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Naresh Saini]]
|votes = {{formatnum:96633}}
|percentage = 34.34
|change = {{increase}}6.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rais Malik
|votes = {{formatnum:45075}}
|percentage = 16.02
|change = {{decrease}}12.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1117}}
|percentage = 0.4
|change = {{decrease}}0.23
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:37880}}
|percentage = 13.47
|change = {{increase}}3.34
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:281373}}
|percentage = 75.58
|change = {{increase}}0.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing = {{increase}}47.81
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Behat<ref name="2017 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2017 Election Results |url=http://www.wikivillage.in/blog/list-of-mlas-in-uttar-pradesh/naresh-saini-mla-from-constituency-uttar-pradesh/ |access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Naresh Saini]]
|votes = {{formatnum:97035}}
|percentage = 38.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahaveer Singh Rana]]
|votes = {{formatnum:71449}}
|percentage = 28.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Muhammad Iqbal
|votes = {{formatnum:71019}}
|percentage = 28.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rana Aditya Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4187}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1576}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25586}}
|percentage = 10.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:252559}}
|percentage = 75.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}6.9
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Behat<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Mahaveer Singh Rana]]
|votes = 70,274
|percentage = 31.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Naresh Saini]]
|votes = 69,760
|percentage = 31.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Umar Ali Khan]]
|votes = 47,366
|percentage = 21.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder ten candidates
|votes = 33,722
|percentage = 15.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 514
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 221,122
|percentage = 72.9
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

==Notes==
* {{note|Constituency|}}Behat Assembly constituency came into existence in 2008. Prior to 2008, this constituency was served / represented by Muzaffarabad Assembly constituency which now ceases to exist.

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Goverdhan Mehta

2026-04-19T14:47:22Z

Legalwikieditor: adding the entry w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian chemist (born 1943)}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=December 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Goverdhan Mehta
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|6|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Jodhpur State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Rajasthan]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = [[Organic Chemistry]]
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[University of Hyderabad]] (1977–1998) | [[Indian Institute of Science]] (1998–2010) | [[University of Hyderabad]] (2010–present )}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[BITS Pilani]] | [[Pune University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = Dr. Sukh Dev
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards = {{ublist | 1978 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] (Chemical Sciences) | 1999 Officer of the [[Order of Academic Palms]] (France)| 2001 [[Padma Shri]]| 2004 Knight of the [[Legion of Honour]] (France)| 2005 [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS)| 2016  Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] }}
}}
'''Goverdhan Mehta''' (born 26 June 1943) is an Indian researcher and scientist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Keinan |first=Ehud |date=2023-03-31 |title="Scientific temper reflects the high values of science: truth seeking, objectivity and honesty" - An interview with Prof. Goverdhan Mehta |journal=AsiaChem Magazine |volume=3 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.51167/acm00053|doi-access=free }}</ref> From 1998-2005 he was the director of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc). Previously from 1977-1998, Mehta was a professor of chemistry and vice-chancellor at the [[University of Hyderabad]]. Mehta has authored over 550 research papers.<ref name=":0" />

== Education ==
Mehta received his BSc and MSc from the [[BITS Pilani]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani) 2018">{{cite web | title=Prof. Goverdhan Mehta | website=Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani) | date=28 November 2018 | url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/GoverdhanMehtaDAA2011 | access-date=5 April 2021 | archive-date=25 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725111857/https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/GoverdhanMehtaDAA2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and PhD from [[Pune University]] in 1967.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize: an inspiration for international recognitions|journal=Current Science|date=25 July 2014|volume=107|issue=2|page=164|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/107/02/0163.pdf|access-date=2015-07-28}}</ref> His post-doctoral research was at the [[Michigan State University]] under Prof. Don Farnum and at the [[Ohio State University]] under Prof. Paul G. Gassman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chemistry.uohyd.ac.in/gm.htm|access-date=2023-01-10|website=University of Hyderabad School of Chemistry|title=Goverdhan Mehta}}</ref>

== Work ==
He joined IIT Kanpur in 1969 and remained there until 1977. From 1977 to 1998, he was Professor of Chemistry at the [[University of Hyderabad]] and from 1998 to 2010, he was a professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] Bangalore.<ref name="IISc 2003">{{cite web | title=INDIAN RESEARCH INFORMATION NETWORK SYSTEM | website=IISc | date=12 August 2003 | url=http://irins.inflibnet.ac.in/ | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> Since 2010, he is university distinguished professor and holds the Dr. Kallam Anji Reddy Chair at Department of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, India. From 2010-2018, Mehta was the Lilly-Jubilant Chair Professor at Department of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, India.

Mehta has authored more than 550 research papers. He is a recipient of over 40 honorary doctorates from India/abroad and has delivered over 300 invited/plenary/award lectures at Universities/Institutions across the world. He has been a member of the scientific advisory council to the prime minister and also the scientific advisory committee to the Cabinet.<ref name="SACC">{{cite web |url=http://psa.gov.in/uniquepages/singlepage_new.asp?ID=4| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612040949/http://psa.gov.in/uniquepages/singlepage_new.asp?ID=4 | archive-date=12 June 2007 | title=:: Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India :: }}</ref>

== Academic and Professional positions ==
* Research associate, [[Michigan State]] and the [[Ohio State]] Universities, US,1967–1969
* Lecturer and assistant professor, [[Indian Institute of Technology]], Kanpur, 1969–1977
* Professor, [[University of Hyderabad]], Hyderabad 1977–1998, Founder Dean 1977–1986
* Honorary professor, [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]], 1990–2009
* Visiting professor, [[University of Notre Dame]], Indiana, USA, Jun-1990
* Srinivasa Ramanujan Research Professor, [[Indian National Science Academy]], 1992–1997
* Vice-chancellor, [[University of Hyderabad]], 1994–98
* Professor, Department of Organic Chemistry, [[Indian Institute of Science]], 1998–2005
* Director, [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore, 1998–2005
* Tarrant Distinguished Professor, [[University of Florida, Gainesville]], USA, Jun-2002
* CSIR Bhatnagar Fellow, [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore, 2005–2010
* National Research Professor, 2009–2014
* Lilly-Jubilant Chair Professor, University of Hyderabad, 2010–2018
* Dr. Kallam Anji Reddy Chair, University of Hyderabad, 2018–

== Awards ==
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in Chemical Sciences awarded by CSIR (1978)<ref name="Home">{{cite web | title=Awardee Details: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | website=Home | url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=186 | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
* Basudev Bannerji Medal & Prize awarded by [[Indian Chemical Society]] (1979)<ref name="Indian Chemical society">{{cite web | url=https://indianchemicalsociety.com/uploaded_files/List%20of%20the%20various%20Endowment%20Awards%20and%20the%20previous%20Awardees%20of%20the%20respective%20Awards.pdf|title=List of the various Endowment Awards and the previous Awardees of the respective Awards}}</ref>
* Science & Technology Award of Rajasthan Government (1980)
* Professor R.D. Desai Medal & Prize awarded by [[Indian Chemical Society]] (1982)<ref name="Indian Chemical society"/>
* FICCI Award in Physical Sciences (1983)
* Golden Jubilee Commemoration Medal (Chemical Sciences) awarded by [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1989)<ref name="Indian National Science Academy">{{cite web | title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail | website=Indian National Science Academy | url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N83-0448 | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
* G.D. Birla Award for Excellence in Science (1992)
* Goyal Prize in Chemical Sciences awarded by Sri Kala Ram Trust (1994)
* Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru National Award for Excellence in Science awarded by MP Government (1994)
* [[Humboldt Prize]] (Humboldt-Forschungspreis) awarded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany (1995) (first in India)<ref name="International Science Council 2002">{{cite web | title=Professor Goverdhan Mehta named ICSU President-Elect | website=International Science Council | date=25 September 2002 | url=https://council.science/current/press/professor-goverdhan-mehta-named-icsu-president-elect/ | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
* Acharya P.C. Ray Medal awarded by [[Indian Chemical Society]] (1995)
* Dr. Y. Nayudamma Gold Medal awarded by Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences (now Telangana Academy of Sciences) (1998)
* [[Padma Shri]] awarded by Government of India (2001)<ref name="Srivastava 2016">{{cite web | last=Srivastava | first=Shilpika | title=Goverdhan Mehta conferred Cross of the Order of Merit, Germany's prestigious award | website=Jagranjosh.com | date=26 February 2016 | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/goverdhan-mehta-conferred-cross-of-the-order-of-merit-germanys-prestigious-award-1456470889-1 | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
* TWAS Medal awarded by [[World Academy of Sciences]] (2001)<ref name="TWAS Medal">{{cite web |url=https://twas.org/opportunity/twas-medal-lectures |title=TWAS Medal Lectures |website=The World Academy of Sciences|date=30 June 2023 }}</ref>
* Millennium Plaque of Honour awarded by [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (2002)
* C V Raman Medal awarded by [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2003)<ref name="Indian National Science Academy" />
* [[Legion of Honour]] awarded by Republic of France (2004)<ref name="University of Mysore 2020">{{cite web | title=Vijnana Bhavan University of Mysore | website=University of Mysore | date=28 June 2020 | url=https://uni-mysore.ac.in/vijnanabhavan/goverdhan-mehta-bio.html | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
* Rajvotsava Award by Karnataka Government (2004)
* Centenary Prize awarded by [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] (2005)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rsc.org/prizes-funding/prizes/find-a-prize/centenary-prizes/previous-winners | title=Centenary Prizes - previous winners }}</ref>
* Trieste Science Prize awarded by [[World Academy of Sciences]] (2007)<ref name="Indian Express 2007">{{cite web | title=Organic molecules win Prof Mehta Trieste prize | website=Indian Express | date=7 May 2007 | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/organic-molecules-win-prof-mehta-trieste-prize/30301/ | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
* G M Modi Award for Innovative Science and Technology (2007)<ref name="Gujarmal Modi Science Award">{{cite web | url=https://www.iifaindia.org/award_gmma.html | title=IIFA - Gujar Mal Modi Award for Science & Technology }}</ref>
* [[H. K. Firodia Award]] for Science & Technology (2010)<ref name="Edubilla.com">{{cite web | title=Goverdhan Mehta | website=Edubilla.com | url=http://www.edubilla.com/award/h-k-firodia-awards/goverdhan-mehta/ | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
* Distinguished Alumnus Award from [[BITS Pilani]] (2011)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/GoverdhanMehtaDAA2011 | title=Prof. Goverdhan Mehta | access-date=25 July 2020 | archive-date=25 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725111857/https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/GoverdhanMehtaDAA2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (2016)<ref name="The Hindu BusinessLine 2016">{{cite web | title=Goverdhan Mehta conferred Germany's prestigious award | website=The Hindu BusinessLine | date=23 February 2016 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/goverdhan-mehta-conferred-germanys-prestigious-award/article8272329.ece | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
* [[INSA]] Medal for Promotion and Service to Science (2017)<ref name="Indian National Science Academy" />
* Dr Sukh Dev ICS Centennial Jubilee Award awarded by [[Indian Chemical Society]] (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianchemicalsociety.com/uploaded_files/FinalProgram.pdf|title=Final Program}}</ref>

== Fellowships ==
* Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="INSA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N83-0448|title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail|website=www.insaindia.res.in}}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="IASc">{{Cite web|url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1979007|title=Indian Academy of Sciences|website=fellows.ias.ac.in}}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="NASI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.nic.in/#|title=The National Academy of Sciences, India - Home|website=www.nasi.nic.in}}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[World Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="TWAS">{{Cite web|url=https://twas.org/directory|title=TWAS Directory|website=TWAS}}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[Royal Society]]<ref name="Royal Society">{{Cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/goverdhan-mehta-11942/|title=Goverdhan Mehta|website=royalsociety.org}}</ref>
* Foreign Member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="RAS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ras.ru/members/personalstaff/foreignmembers.aspx?fmem=13|title=Иностранные члены РАН|website=www.ras.ru}}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[World Innovation Foundation]] (WIF)
* Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]
* Fellow of [[Indian Chemical Society]]
* Fellow of the Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences (now Telangana Academy of Sciences)
* Founding Member of Society for Scientific Values

== Important positions ==
* President of [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1999-2001)<ref name="Anon. 2022">{{cite web |title=Goverdhan Mehta | date=22 February 2022 | url=https://newstaging.piramal.com/about-us/board-of-directors/piramal-enterprises/prof-goverdhan-mehta/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222200745/https://newstaging.piramal.com/about-us/board-of-directors/piramal-enterprises/prof-goverdhan-mehta/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=22 February 2022 | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
* Co-chair (with Bruce Alberts of US NAS) of the Inter Academy Council (IAC) (2000-2005)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.interacademies.org/|title=The Interacademy Partnership}}</ref>
* President, [[Chemical Research Society of India]] (2002-2005)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://crsi-india.org/council-members-2002-2005/| title=Council Members 2002-2005 – Chemical Research Society of India}}</ref>
* President, [[Association of Indian Universities]] (2003)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aiu.ac.in/PRESIDENT.php | title=President | AIU }}</ref>
* President of [[International Council of Science|ICSU]] (2005-2008)<ref name="ICSU">{{cite web | url=https://council.science/current/press/professor-goverdhan-mehta-named-icsu-president-elect/ | title=Professor Goverdhan Mehta named ICSU President-Elect | date=25 September 2002 }}</ref>
* Chairperson, [[National Accreditation and Assessment]] (NAAC) (2006-2012)
* Jury Member for Physical Sciences, [[Infosys Prize]] (2012–2015)<ref name="Infosys Prize">{{cite web | title=Jury 2014 | website=Infosys Prize | url=https://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/jury/jury-2014.asp | access-date=22 February 2022 | archive-date=22 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222200959/https://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/jury/jury-2014.asp | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Chairman, board of governors, [[Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur]] (2014-2018)
* Chairman, [[Indian Statistical Institute]], Kolkata (2016-2020)<ref name="ISI Kolkata">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isical.ac.in/~repro/history/public/?page=chairman| title=An Annotated Chronological History of ISI }}</ref>
* Chairperson, Council of Management, [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (JNCASR) (2018-2022)<ref name="JNCASR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jncasr.ac.in/index.php/about/management|title=Council of Management|website=Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Science Research}}</ref>
* Member, board of directors, [[Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilsresearch.org/about_us.php?id=111 |title=:: Institute of Life Sciences :: |publisher=Ilsresearch.org |access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref>
* Chairman and member, [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Panel on Chemistry (1983–93)
* Member, Science & Engineering Research Council (SERC) (1984–90), (1994–97)
* Member, Scientific Advisory Committee, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (1984–88)
* Member, Government of India Scientific Commission on Bhopal Gas Leakage (1985–87)
* Chairman, National Committee for IUPAC (1991–93)
* Member, India-European Union (EU) Round Table of Eminent Persons

== Controversy ==
In 2006, the US Government refused Mehta a visa; this decision was strongly criticised by Indian and American scientists. The US ambassador to India David Mulford offered his apology to Mehta.
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/22/AR2006022202446.html |title=Scientist's Visa Denial Sparks Outrage in India |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mehta|first1=Goverdhan|title=Stereochemical Reassignment of Mehta and Kundu's Spiculoic Acid A Analogue|journal=Organic Letters|date=28 October 2006|volume=8|issue=24|pages=5537–40|doi=10.1021/ol062361a|pmid=17107066}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|last1=Curly|first1=Arrow|title=Spiculoic Acid|url=https://curlyarrow.blogspot.in/2006/11/spiculoic-acid-sort-of.html|website=curlyarrow.blogspot.in|access-date=2006-11-12|date=12 November 2006}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|last1=Totally|first1=Synthetic|title=Spiculoic Acid A Controversy|url=http://totallysynthetic.com/blog/?p=357|publisher=totallysynthetic.com|access-date=2006-11-15}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna11522158|title=Scientific body denounces U.S. visa rules|website=NBC News|date=23 February 2006 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna11546142|website=[[NBC News]] |title=U.S. Issues visa and apology to scientist |date=24 February 2006 }}</ref>

==Publications==
* {{cite journal | last1=Mehta | first1=Goverdhan | last2=Murthy | first2=A. Narayana | last3=Reddy | first3=D. Sivakumar | last4=Reddy | first4=A. Veera | title=A general approach to linearly fused triquinane natural products. Total syntheses of (.+-.)-hirsutene, (.+-.)-coriolin, and (.+-.)-capnellene | journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | volume=108 | issue=12 | year=1986 | issn=0002-7863 | doi=10.1021/ja00272a046 | pages=3443–3452| bibcode=1986JAChS.108.3443M }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Mehta | first1=Goverdhan | last2=Padma | first2=S. | title=D2h-bishomohexaprismane ("garudane"). Design of the face-to-face 2 + 2 dimer of norbornadiene | journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | volume=109 | issue=23 | year=1987 | issn=0002-7863 | doi=10.1021/ja00257a076 | pages=7230–7232| bibcode=1987JAChS.109.7230M }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Mehta | first1=Goverdhan | last2=Khan | first2=Faiz Ahmed | title=Electronic control of .pi.-facial selectivities in nucleophilic additions to 7-norbornanones | journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | volume=112 | issue=16 | year=1990 | issn=0002-7863 | doi=10.1021/ja00172a047 | pages=6140–6142| bibcode=1990JAChS.112.6140M }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Mehta | first1=Goverdhan | last2=Reddy | first2=S. Hari Krishna | title=Golcondane: A Novel, Caged, Nonacyclic C20H24-Hydrocarbon ofD2d Symmetry | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English | publisher=Wiley | volume=32 | issue=8 | year=1993 | issn=0570-0833 | doi=10.1002/anie.199311601 | pages=1160–1161}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Mehta | first1=Goverdhan | last2=Singh | first2=S. Robindro | title=Total Synthesis of (±)-Merrilactone A | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition | publisher=Wiley | volume=45 | issue=6 | date=30 January 2006 | issn=1433-7851 | doi=10.1002/anie.200503618 | pages=953–955| pmid=16381043 }}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|http://chemistry.uohyd.ac.in/gm.htm}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{FRS 2005}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Goverdhan}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Directors of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2004]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]
[[Category:Indian fellows of the Royal Society]]

Kulothunga III

2026-04-16T07:43:37Z

Legalwikieditor: put up new entry

{{Short description|Chakravartin of Chola Empire from 1178 to 1218}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kulothunga III
| title = [[Chakravartin|Chakravartigal]] KoParakesarivarman
| image = Third Kulothunga cholan.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption = Statue of Kulothunga III at [[Brihadisvara Temple]].
| succession = [[Chola Empire|Chola Emperor]]
| reign = {{circa|7 July 1178}}–1218{{efn|Kulothunga III became king on either 6, 7, or 8 July 1178.<ref name="p264">{{cite web | publisher=Kitabistam, Allahabad| title=Full text of "Historical Inscriptions Of Southern India" | website=Internet Archive | date=23 October 2016 | url=https://archive.org/stream/historicalinscri035270mbp/historicalinscri035270mbp_djvu.txt | access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref>}}
| predecessor = [[Rajadhiraja II]]
| successor = [[Rajaraja III]]
| spouse = Bhuvanamuludaiyal
| spouse-type = Empress
| house = [[Cholas]]
| father = Sangama Chola <ref>{{cite book|title=Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336|author=N. Subrahmanian|publisher=Ennes|page=187|year=1993}}</ref> (aka) Nēriyudaiperumal
| mother = Unknown
| birth_name = Kumara Kulothungan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kanchipuram]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = 1218
| death_place = [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Jayankondam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Chola]]
}}

{{Chola history}}
[[File:Kulothunga Chola III statchu in penneswaraar temple, peneswara madam villege krishnagiri district.jpg|thumb|Statue of Kulothunga III and his Queen Bhuvanamuludaiyal at [[Penneswaraar Temple]].]]
'''Kulothunga III''' was a [[Chola Empire|Chola]] emperor who ruled from {{circa|7 July 1178}} to 1218. He ascended the throne after succeeding his elder brother [[Rajadhiraja Chola II|Rajadhiraja II]]. Kulothunga Chola III gained success in war against his traditional foes. He gained victories in war against the [[Hoysalas]], [[Pandyas]] of Madurai, [[Chera Dynasties|Cheras]] of Venad, the [[List of Sri Lankan monarchs|Sinhalese kings]] of Polonnaruwa, as well as the [[Telugu Chodas|Telugu Cholas]] of [[Velanadu]] and [[Nellore]]. He also restored Chola control over [[Karur]], which were ruled by the [[Adigaman]] chiefs as vassals of the Cholas. He drove out the [[Hoysalas]] under [[Veera Ballala II]] who had made inroads in the Gangavadi and adjoining areas of Tagadur in Kongu country in an effort expand their territory. However, during the last two years of his reign, he lost in war to the resurgent [[Pandyas]], heralded a period of steady decline and ultimately, demise of the [[Cholas]] by 1280 CE.<ref name="SastriHistory178" /> Kulottunga III had alliances with the Hoysalas. The Hoysala king Veera Ballala married a Chola queen called Cholamahadevi and gave his daughter Somaladevi in marriage to Kulottunga III.<ref>{{cite book|title=History and Culture of Karnataka Early Times to Unification|author=Kadati Reddera Basavaraja|publisher=Chalukya Publications|page=131}}</ref>

According to Sastri, "By his personal ability, Kulothunga Chola III delayed the disruption of the Chola empire for about a generation, and his reign marks the last great epoch in the history of Chola architecture and art as he himself is the last of the great Chola monarchs."<ref name="SastriHistory178"/> He is credited with building a number of temples, including the [[Sarabeswara]] Temple at Tribhuvanam in [[Kumbakonam]] district, Tamil Nadu, as well as the renovation and repairs to the two temples proclaimed as tutelary deities of the Cholas, namely the [[Shiva]] temple at [[Chidambaram]] and the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Sri Ranganathaswami Temple]] of [[Srirangam]]. Kulothunga Chola III is also renowned for his patronage of art and literature. In some of his numerous inscriptions, including those at the Srirangam temple, Kulothunga Chola III has described in his inscriptions his pride in wearing the crown of the [[Suryavamsha|race of the Sun]] to which the Chola emperors derived lineage from.<ref name="SastriHistory178"/>

==Military campaigns==
[[File:Kulothunga3 territories.png|thumb|[[Chola dynasty|Chola]] territory under Kulothunga III. ''c.1219 CE''|left]]
The reign of Kulothunga Chola III is a story of the triumph of the personal ability of the monarch against the forces of disruption that were steadily increasing in their number and in the intensity of their action. Kulothunga Chola III brought order to the besieged kingdom and reversed the weakness in the [[Chola]] administration that had set in during the rule of his predecessors [[Rajaraja Chola II]] and [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]].<ref name="SastriHistory178">Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p. 178</ref> During the rule of his predecessors [[Rajaraja Chola II]] and his successor [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]] between 1146–1178 CE, the hold of the central administration over the outlying parts of the empire was becoming less firm; and even at the centre, the administrative system was beginning to betray signs of weakness. Everywhere feudatory chieftains were becoming more and more assertive. The growing independence of the central power on the part of feudatories noticed in the reign of [[Rajaraja Chola II]] became more pronounced under [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]]. The Sambuvaraya, Kadavaraya, Malaiyaman chieftains and the Telugu-Chodas of [[Nellore]] were making wars and alliances in the northern half of the Chola kingdom without any reference to the ruling monarch.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', pp. 176–177</ref>

===Campaigns against the Pandyas(1182 CE, 1188–89 and 1205 CE)===
[[Pandya]] affairs first claimed the attention of Kulothunga Chola III. The civil war in the Pandya country had not yet settled when he came to the throne, and the Chola forces were still involved in active fighting there. Kulothunga Chola III succeeded for the best part of his reign to continue the Chola hegemony on the [[Pandya]] kingdom. Parakramabahu of [[Sri Lanka]], known as Ilangai in Tamil, renewed his efforts against the [[Cholas]] and even persuaded [[Pandya]] Emperor Vira Pandya to make common cause with him. Vikrama Pandya sought the help of Kulothunga Chola III against Vira Pandya, which led to an invasion of the [[Pandyan]] kingdom by Kulothunga Chola III. The battle resulted in the defeat of the [[Pandya]] and [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] forces, Vira Pandya was driven into exile, and Vikrama Pandya was installed on the throne of [[Madurai]]. This campaign ended before 1182. From his exile, with the aid of his allies, Vira Pandya made another effort to retrieve his fortune, but the attempt was stopped by Kulothunga Chola III on the battlefield of [[Nettur]]. Thence, Vira Pandya fled to [[Ceylon]]'.<ref name="SastriHistory178"/> This was Kulothunga Chola III's first campaign in the [[Pandyan]] kingdom and he met with unprecedented success. The success in this war culminated in there being "no further fighting as both the ruler of [[Venad]] and Vira Pandya made up their minds to submit to Kulothunga Chola III and offered their obeisance to the open ''durbar'' (court) at [[Madurai]], where [[Chola]] emperor performed a "Virabhishekam" and anointment of war heroes, who contributed to the [[Chola]] victory against the [[Pandyas]] and their allies from [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] and [[Venad]] kingdoms."<ref name="SastriHistory178"/>

Between 1185–1186, Kulothunga Chola III undertook a second campaign against the [[Pandya]] King Vira Pandya following a rebellion by him and non-payment of tribute to his [[Chola]] overlord. This time, however, [[Pandya]] King Vira Pandya did not get the usual support from the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] and [[Venad]] kingdoms. Kulothunga Chola III also seems to have grown from strength to strength, for in his first ten years, in addition to his feuds against his traditional enemies the [[Pandya]] and [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] kingdoms, he was able to reign on his traditional feudatories, who had taken advantage of the relatively weaker authority of Kulothunga Chola III's predecessors [[Rajaraja Chola II]] and [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]] and had started to assert their independence.<ref name=SastriAdvanced296>Nilakanta Sastri, ''Advanced History of India'', p. 296</ref><ref name="South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil (4 pts. in 2)">''South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil (4 pts. in 2)''</ref>

But even after attaining success while vanquishing the combined armies of his enemies, Kulothunga Chola III showed remarkable poise and dexterity in his conduct and treatment of the defeated adversaries. After being caught with his allies on the battlefield after trying to overthrow the [[Cholas]] from his exile, 'Vira Pandya was treated better than he had a right to expect. His life was spared and he was allowed some land and other wealth suited to his new station'. Possibly, Kulothunga Chola III also had a hand in the identification and enthronement of the next [[Pandya]] monarch Vikrama [[Pandya]] after his victory over Vira [[Pandya]].<ref name="SastriHistory178"/>

A few years after Kulothunga Chola III's campaigns in [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]] country to quell [[Hoysala]] incursions and restoration of [[Chola]] power in the area, the [[Pandya]] ruler Jatavarman Kulasekhara Pandyan, who 'succeeded Vikrama Pandyan in 1190 to the throne in [[Madurai]], provoked Kulothunga Chola III by his insubordination. About 1205, Kulothunga Chola III led a third expedition into the Pandya country, sacked the capital and demolished the coronation hall of the [[Pandya]]'.<ref name="SastriHistory178"/> The act of demolishing the Coronation Hall of a vanquished enemy is interpreted by historians as either being a conduct indicative of the weakness of his own position,<ref name="SastriHistory178"/> or recognition by the [[Cholas]] of the steadily increasing power from 1150 CE of the [[Pandyas]], who in any case never reconciled themselves to [[Chola]] suzerainty or domination, but were for the most part powerless in changing their subordinate position. The last quarter of the period 1150–1225 CE, in which [[Chola]] kings [[Rajaraja Chola II]], [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]] and Kulothunga Chola III were prominent figures marks some high-points in terms of preservation and extension of traditional [[Chola]] territories between 1150–1200 CE, while the last part marks the emergence as the paramount imperial power of the [[Pandyas]], culminating in their becoming the most powerful empire in the region between [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] in the north, [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] in the east, the [[Konkan]] and [[Mysore]] plateau on the west and south west, and [[Kanniyakumari]] and [[Eelam]] or [[Ceylon]] in the south and south east respectively. The rise of the [[Pandyas]] between 1215–1230 CE contrasted directly with the decline of the [[Cholas]] which started during the last part of Kulothunga Chola III's reign, mainly between 1214–1217 CE.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, ''Advanced History of India'', p. 302</ref>

===War with Hoysalas (1187–1188 to 1215 CE)===
After the second Pandya war, Kulothunga Chola III undertook campaign in Kongu to check the growth of [[Hoysala]] power in that quarter.<ref name="SastriHistory178"/> Apparently, [[Hoysala]] King [[Veera Ballala II]] I tried to extend his rule beyond the [[Kaveri]]-[[Tungabhadra]] basin northwards to the Malaprabha basin in [[Kannada]] country. He had gained some success initially against the [[Western Chalukya]] King [[Someshvara IV]] and against the [[Yadava]]-Seuna Dynasty King Bhillama, both of whom he defeated in battle. However, [[Veera Ballala II]] had to face hostility initially between 1175–1180 CE from mainly the sons and successors of the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuri]] king Bijjala of Tardavadi including Sovideva, Someshvara and Sangama between 1175–1185 CE. Though after the rule of King Bijjala, the Kalachuri had not been as strong and ruled in quick succession till 1183 CE, however, they succeeded in keeping up the hostilities against Hoysala Ballala II.<ref name=SastriAdvanced296/> The Kalachuris continued to war against the [[Hoysalas]] under [[Veera Ballala II]] (1173–1220).<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', pp. 179–180</ref> Faced with reverses from his enemies in the north [[Kannada]] country, [[Hoysala]] [[Veera Ballala II]] tried to expand his territory eastwards and made some inroads into the areas adjoining the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]] country like Tagadur which were administered by Adigaiman chiefs as vassals of the [[Cholas]].

As a result, by 1186–87, Kulothunga Chola III who wound up his expedition against the [[Pandyan]] kingdom, had to deal immediately with the incursion of the [[Hoysala]] [[Veera Ballala II]]. Kulothunga Chola III set off for 'Kongu to check the growth of [[Hoysala]] power in that quarter. He fought successfully against [[Veera Ballala II]] in 1187–88, re-established [[Chola]] suzerainty over [[Adigaman]] chiefs of Tagadur, defeated a [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] ruler in battle and performed a ''virabhisheka'' in Karuvur in 1193. His relations with [[Hoysala]] Veera Ballala II seem to have become friendly afterwards, for Ballala married a Chola princess'.<ref name="SastriHistory178"/> Kulothunga Chola III's successful diplomacy with the [[Hoysalas]] would stand him in good stead in periods of difficulty during the last part of his rule, by which time the [[Pandyan]] empire grew into the paramount power in both [[South India]] and [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, ''Advanced History of India'', pp. 299–300</ref>

Following his successful campaigns against [[Pandyan]]s of [[Madurai]], [[Eelam]] or [[Sri Lanka]], [[Chera Dynasties|Cheras]] of [[Karur]] and the kings of [[Venad]], Kulothunga Chola III proudly proclaimed in his inscriptions as the conqueror of these regions and the 'crowned head of the [[Pandya]]'. Thus, in terms of military achievements, Kulothunga Chola III rivalled his predecessors. Also, his rule, which was the third longest among the [[Chola]] emperors, being for 40 years after [[Parantaka Chola I]] (52 years), [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (50 years) was for the most part (1178–1215) peaceful, stable and prosperous as borne out in his numerous inscriptions found in [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]], [[Telugu people|Telugu]] and [[Kannada people|Kannada]] countries.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, ''Advanced History of India'', p. 300–301</ref>

===Wars in the Telugu country (1187–1208 CE)===
In [[Vengi]], about the end of the reign of [[Rajaraja Chola II]], the Velanadu or [[Velanati Chodas|Velanati Cholas]] had declared their independence. They were followed by the Nellore branch of the [[Telugu Chodas]] which began with Beta, a feudatory of [[Vikrama Chola]]. The Velanati and Nellore Chodas had strongly aligned with [[Vikrama Chola]] in his war with the [[Western Chalukya]] ruler [[Someshvara III]] in 1125–1126, which led to the recovery of [[Vengi]] after its short occupation by the [[Western Chalukyas]] under [[Vikramaditya VI]] in 1118–1119. The successor of [[Rajaraja Chola II]], [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]] had very little control over [[Nellore]] and Northern Circar areas in Telugu country.<ref name="SastriHistory181">Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p. 181</ref>

However, Kulothunga Chola III, after his accession in 1178 immediately focussed on recovery of Vengi by reigning in the Velanadu and Nellore Chodas and bringing them back into the [[Chola]] fold. The exact years and details of Kulothunga Chola III's campaigns in Nellore against the [[Nellore Chodas]], followed by the war against the Velanadu Chodas are not available. 'But', what is clear is that 'there was a recovery under Kulothunga Chola III, whose sway was acknowledged by the Telugu Choda rulers Nallasiddha, and his brother Tammu Siddha, from 1187 to the end of Kulothunga Chola III's reign. There was, however, an interlude during which Nallasiddha occupied Kanchi in 1192–93'.<ref name="SastriHistory181"/> This was the time between 1187–88 to 1191–92, when Kulothunga Chola III was waging wars against [[Hoysala]] [[Veera Ballala II]] in the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]] and [[Kannada]] countries, against the [[Chera Dynasties|Cheras]] of [[Venad]], twice against the [[Pandyas]], who were also aided by the king of [[Eelam]] or [[Ceylon]]. Being away to the west and south of the Chola country, the hold of Kulothunga Chola III over [[Kanchipuram]], immediately after subduing the Nellore Chodas, was perhaps, not as strong. He also could not turn attention towards the occupation of [[Kanchipuram]] by Nallasiddha, the Nellore Choda ruler as 'Kulothunga Chola III first had to wind up his campaigns against the Hoysalas, the two wars against the Pandyas and Cheras of Venad, all of which, owing to his valour, leadership and war skills ended successfully', and hence, could not immediately lead an expedition against the Nellore Choda ruler Nallasiddha.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, ''Advanced History of India'', p. 301</ref> However, Kulothunga III met with equally successful results against the Nellore Chodas, as he did in his wars against the Hoysalas, Pandyas aided by the kings of Eelam, and the Cheras in his previous war campaigns, even though there indeed was an interlude of 18 to 20 months between 1193–1195 CE. In 1195 CE Kulothunga Chola III invaded the areas controlled by Nallasiddha Choda and his feudatories, both in the Telugu country, ostensibly with an eye on his subsequent campaign to recover [[Vengi]] from the Velanadu Chodas, and 'in [[Kanchipuram]]'.<ref>Nilakanata Sastri, ''Advanced History of India'', pp. 301–302</ref> The twin attacks on the Telugu Choda positions were a complete success and ultimately Nallasiddha Choda 'was driven out of [[Kanchipuram]] by Kulothunga Chola III in 1196'.<ref name="SastriHistory181"/>

Apparently, there was peace for nearly ten years from 1196 CE, following the quelling in war by Kulothunga Chola III of his rivals and feudatories like Hoysalas, Pandyas, Cheras of Venad, and finally the Telugu Chodas. The Telugu Chodas were to acknowledge suzerainty of the Cholas up to 1216–18 CE. This interlude allowed Kulothunga Chola III to consolidate on his war gains and concentrate on administration and development work in the [[Chola]] territories. He had also by this time initiated construction work on the famous [[Kampaheswarar Temple, Thirubuvanam|Sarabeswarar temple]] at [[Thirubuvanam, Thanjavur|Tribhuvanam]], near [[Kumbakonam]] in [[Thanjavur]] district.

In his inscriptions, Kulothunga Chola III also lists [[Vengi]] across the Northern Circars, which is the area comprising modern [[Prakasam district|Prakasham]], the [[West Godavari]] and [[East Godavari]] districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. 'Kulothunga Chola III waged war once again in the north in 1208 CE when he claims to have subdued Vengi'.<ref name="SastriHistory181"/> Further, Kulothunga Chola III also claims to have 'entered' [[Warangal]], capital of the [[Kakatiya]] kingdom, which 'was ruled at the time by the powerful monarch [[Ganapati (Kakatiya dynasty)|Ganapati]]'.<ref name="SastriHistory181"/> This is a pointer to the fact that Kulothunga Chola III did venture northwards to [[Vengi]] and on the way back there was a skirmish with the [[Kakatiya]] forces, which did not lead to any territorial loss to the [[Cholas]]. In any case, there is no inscriptional or epigraphical evidence left by the [[Kakatiyas]] claiming to have subdued the [[Cholas]] under Kulothunga Chola III.

===Loss to the Pandyas (1216–1217 CE) and decline of the Cholas (1217–1280 CE)===
In the war against the Jatavarman Kulasekhara in 1205, Kulothunga Chola III had demolished the coronation hall of the [[Pandyas]] at [[Madurai]],<ref name="SastriHistory178"/> although he followed up his action by restoring the defeated [[Pandya]] ruler back to the throne. However, as the future events proved, 'the success of Kulothunga Chola III was by no means complete and the seed was thrown for a war of revenge'.<ref name="SastriHistory178"/> Besides, the other wars waged before and after his [[Pandya]] invasions had also drained both the aging Kulothunga Chola III physically, and also his treasury. After the first expedition against the Pandyas between it was mainly between 1192–1205 CE that Kulothunga Chola III had to undertake his expeditions against the [[Hoysalas]], Nellore Chodas in Kanchi, Velanadu Chodas at Vengi, followed by a skirmish with the [[Kakatiyas]] between [[Rajahmundry]] and Visaiyavadai (modern [[Vijayawada]]), followed by his third victorious expedition against the [[Pandyas]] in 1205 against Jatavarman Kulasekhara Pandyan. In 1208 CE, Kulothunga Chola III again led an expedition, this time against the Velanadu Chodas. As a consequence, there was overall peace in the [[Chola]] dominions, between 1208–1215 CE, after the recovery of [[Vengi]] from the Velanadu Chodas. During this period, Kulothunga Chola III concentrated on some developmental activities in his country, including construction, repair and restoration activities in temples and other religious places. He was reassured mainly because his enemies and feudatories had been brought under control and their loyalty had been secured. There was no rebellion from the [[Pandyas]], intrusions from the Nellore or Velanadu Chodas had stopped and the kingdoms of [[Eelam]]([[Ceylon]]) and [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] also had been subdued.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, ''Advanced History of India'', p. 303</ref>

Kulothunga Chola III apparently failed to notice that the [[Pandya]] princes, who always administered their territory by dividing it among themselves, were more or less united at most times, though they did not have the military strength to overwhelm and overcome the [[Cholas]] in war. This was also due to the Pandyas also not having a strong leadership who could mobilize his resources and forces so as to carve out a niche or distinct identity as a powerful kingdom in [[South India]]. However, it appears there was a change in approach of the, [[Cholas]], who from the times of [[Kulothunga Chola I]], adopted a policy of letting the defeated kings to rule without there being a [[Chola]] representative to administer those provinces despite subjugating the Pandyas and [[Chera Dynasties|Cheras]] in [[South India]]. This policy reversed the practice followed mainly from the times of [[Raja Raja Chola I]] and his son [[Rajendra Chola I]] who, after defeating the [[Pandyas]] and conquering [[Madurai]], sent a Chola prince to directly rule the Pandya country with the royal titles Chola-[[Pandyan]]. 'After the conquest of the Pandya country by [[Kulothunga Chola I]], the princes of the local royal family were allowed to rule as they liked, subject to the vague suzerainty of the Cholas'.<ref name="SastriHistory176">Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p. 176</ref> An important reason for this was the involvement of the Chola kings in the periodic but many a times fierce succession disputes that arose among the Pandya princes leading 'to the intervention of the Chola and [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] rulers on opposite sides, which brought no good to either' kingdom.<ref name="SastriHistory176"/> One such prominent war in the Pandyan country took place 'soon after the installation of [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]] (1163–1178 CE)', and 'out of the ashes of this civil war arose the [[Pandya]] power which in its renewed strength soon swallowed both the [[Chola]] and [[Demographics of Sri Lanka|Ceylonese]] kingdoms'.<ref name="SastriHistory176"/>

Some political setbacks although not in terms of loss of territory in wars, adversely affected the [[Cholas]] during the reign of Kulothunga Chola III itself. While he recovered [[Vengi]] with ease in 1208 CE from the Velanadu Chodas, their power in any case had disappeared after 1186 CE and their territories had been divided among five chieftains. Ultimately [[Ganapatideva]], the powerful [[Kakatiya]] monarch, had made their country subordinate to his rule by 1214 CE.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p. 200</ref> The subsequent defeat of the [[Telugu Cholas]] by the [[Kakatiya]] [[Ganapatideva]] in 1216 also immensely handicapped Kulothunga Chola III, for the services of his erstwhile subordinates and feudatories were no longer available to him.<ref name="SastriHistory176"/>

As a consequence, 'towards the close of reign, the [[Pandya]] reprisal overwhelmed him' and heralded the decline of the [[Cholas]] which continued till the demise of the [[Chola]] empire in 1280 CE.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p. 179</ref> In 1216 CE, 'Jatavarman Kulasekhara, whom Kulothunga Chola III had humiliated in a signal manner in 1205, was followed on the throne, more than ten years later, by his younger brother, [[Maravarman Sundara Pandya]], who wanted to avenge the wrongs he had shared with brother and invaded the [[Chola]] country soon after his accession'. Kulothunga Chola III, having ruled for almost 40 years, was aging and did not have the support of his erstwhile feudatories and subordinates at this time.

The zeal and determination of [[Maravarman Sundara Pandya]] under whom the [[Pandyas]] would gradually but firmly revive and become the paramount power in South India under his capable successors, and 'the swiftness of the attack rendered [[Chola]] resistance feeble'.<ref name="SastriHistory192193">Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', pp. 192–193</ref> In the absence of any allies to support him against the [[Pandyas]], Kulothunga Chola III had the ignominy of seeing [[Thanjavur]] and [[Uraiyur]] being sacked by the forces of [[Maravarman Sundara Pandya]]. Kulothunga Chola III and his son, ''yuvaraja'' [[Rajaraja Chola III]] were driven into exile.

It was now [[Maravarman Sundara Pandya]]'s turn to repeat the act of Kulothunga Chola III, in performing a ''virabhishekam'' in the coronation hall of the [[Cholas]] at Ayirattali in [[Thanjavur]] district. The [[Pandya]] monarch did not stop at this, he marched up to [[Chidambaram]] where he worshipped at the famous shrine of [[Nataraja]]. On his way back, [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan]] fixed his camp at Pon Amaravati in [[Pudukottai]]. At this time, Kulothunga Chola III appealed for aid to [[Hoysala]] [[Veera Ballala II]], with whom the [[Chola]] monarch had marital alliance. [[Veera Ballala II]] responded quickly, and 'sent an army under his son [[Vira Narasimha II]] to [[Srirangam]]. [[Maravarman Sundara Pandya]], therefore, had to make peace with the [[Cholas]] and restore the [[Chola]] kingdom to Kulothunga Chola III and [[Rajaraja Chola III]], after they made formal submission at Pon Amaravati and acknowledged him as suzerain. This was the beginning of the second empire of the [[Pandyas]] though it was not yet quite the end of that of the [[Cholas]].<ref name="SastriHistory192193"/> The wheel of fortune had thus, turned a full circle during the last part of Kulothunga III's reign itself, and from being the powerful suzerains of the once-dominated [[Pandyas]], it was the turn of [[Cholas]] to remain dominated and subservient to their arch-enemy, during the best part of their remaining existence between 1217 CE to 1280 CE. The period 1217–1280 CE was a period was a period of continuous decline of the [[Cholas]] which is also characterized by the steady and constant growth of the renewed power of the [[Pandyas]]. Kulothunga Chola III and his son [[Rajaraja Chola III]] became tribute-paying subordinates of [[Maravarman Sundara Pandya]]. The aging Kulothunga Chola III did not live long after sustaining defeat against the [[Pandyas]] and died in 1218 CE. He was succeeded by his son and heir-apparent [[Rajaraja Chola III]] (1218–1256 CE).

==Administration and architecture==
[[File:Iswara sivar.jpg|thumb|Iswara sivar guru of Kulothunga III]]
Kulothunga Chola III was a great builder and his reign is a noteworthy period in Chola architecture. Among many well known constructions, He initiated commissioned the [[Sarabeswara]] or Kampahareswara temple at Tribhuvanam near [[Kumbakonam]] which is considered a great specimen of [[Dravidian Architecture]]. Its general design resembles the [[Brihadisvara Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]], but the temple of Sarabeswara still has several significant features that distinguish it from their earlier models i.e. the [[Brihadisvara Temple]]s at both [[Thanjavur]] and [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]].<ref>'The Colas', p.398-399, K.A.Nilakanta Sastri (1955)</ref> The temple also contains an excellent series of [[Ramayana]] reliefs on its walls and was consecrated by Kulothunga Chola III's spiritual guru, Isvarasiva. Besides this temple, Kulothunga also contributed to the extension and renovation of many temples around his kingdom. He also constructed a large number of public buildings, most of which were religious structures, which are enumerated in his inscriptions found at [[Pudukkottai]], Tamil Nadu and in another Sanskrit inscription engraved around the central shrine of Kampahareswara Temple at Tirubhuvanam on the outskirts of [[Kumbakonam]] in [[Thanjavur District]], Tamil Nadu. This temple is also called the Tribhuvanavireswara temple in his inscriptions.<ref name="The Colas' p.399">'The Colas', p.399, K.A.Nilakanta Sastri (1955)</ref>

Kulothunga Chola III also erected the mukha-mandapa of Sabhapati, the gopura of Goddess Girindraja (Sivakami) and the verandah around the enclosure (''prakara harmya'') in the Siva Temple of [[Chidambaram]].<ref name="The Colas' p.399"/> He also improved and expanded the great [[Shiva]] temples at [[Tiruvidaimarudur]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambareswarar Temple]] at [[Kanchipuram]] and the Halahalasya Temple at [[Madurai]]. In addition, the Rajarajeswara ([[Airavateswara temple]]) at [[Darasuram]] received Kulothunga Chola III's devoted attention. At the [[Shiva]] temple at [[Thiruvarur]], Kulothunga Chola III built the sabha mandapam and the big gopura of the shrine of Valmikeswara.<ref name="The Colas' p.399"/>

Kulothunga Chola III was keenly aware of the secular religious traditions of the [[Chola]] monarchy. Contrary to popular impression, the [[Chola]] kings, despite constructing some of the largest temples for [[Shiva|Siva]], nonetheless considered the [[Nataraja]] temple of [[Chidambaram]], called ''Periya Koil'' or "big temple" in Saivite parlance as well as the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Sri Ranganathaswami Temple]] of [[Srirangam]], also called ''Periya Koil'' or simply "big temple" in Vaishnavite parlance as their "Kuladhanams" or tutelary deities which attests their secular outlook in religious matters. Such a declaration was made for the first time in the inscriptions of the second [[Chola]] emperor [[Aditya I]], which was also repeated by his son [[Parantaka Chola I]] and this was also repeated by Kulothunga Chola III (in his inscription No. 133) at the Sri Ranganathaswami Temple at Srirangam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_24/introduction.html|title=South Indian Inscriptions - Inscriptions collected during the year 1908-09|website=Whatisindia.com|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_24/vikrama_chola.html#kulottunga_3|title=South Indian Inscriptions - Inscriptions collected during the year 1908-09|website=Whatisindia.com|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> "Siddhanta Ratnakara", a theological treatise, was written and composed by Shri Srikantha Sambhu, father of Isvarasiva, the spiritual guide of Kulothunga Chola III during the reign of this monarch.<ref name="The Colas' p.399"/>

In the 23rd and 24th years of Kulothunga's reign there was a widespread famine in the Chola kingdom. Kulothunga organised relief by ordering construction of tanks and river embankments. Kulothunga died some time in 1218 and [[Rajaraja Chola III]] became the Chola king.

== Inscriptions ==

The inscriptions of Kulottunga III mostly begin with the introduction ''Puyal vaayttu valam peruga''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tirumal̤avāḍi Temple: History and Culture Through the Ages|author=C. Mookka Reddy|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation, 1986|page=44}}</ref> His achievements are mentioned incrementally, viz., he claims to have taken Madurai and the crowned head of [[Pandya]] are found as early as the 4th year, to this Ilam (Sri Lanka) is added in the 10th year and then followed by [[Karuvur]] in the 16th year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280), Parts 1070-1280|author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam, B. Natarajan, Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran|publisher=Mudgala Trust, 1979|pages=287–288}}</ref> He also had the alias ''Tribhuvanaviradeva'' and bore the title ''Tribhuvanachakravarthi''.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} An inscription from the Mahalingswami temple in Tiruvidaimarudur dated in the 28th year of the king's reign refers to the 16th year of his predecessor Sungadavirtha Kulottunga Chola I. Among the places mentioned is Vikramasolanallur in Tiruvalundur nadu a sub-division of Jayangondachola valanadu.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=308}}</ref> The king and his namesake, Kulottunga I are both mentioned together in an inscription of their successor Rajaraja III.<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings, Volume 1, Proceedings, International Association of Tamil Research, Proceedings, National Education (Indian Schools) Development Council|author=International Association of Tamil Research, National Education (Indian Schools) Development Council, University of Malaya (1962-1966)|publisher=International Association of Tamil Research; [distributors: Department of Indian Studies, University of Malaya, 1968|page=350}}</ref> An inscription from Govindaputtur dated in the sixteenth year of Kulottunga III mentions that as per a sanction accorded in the seventh year of Periyadevar [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]] a garden of areca-palms was made a ''devadana''(gift) to the temple. Further it states that an inquiry was held in regards to the management of this gift.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Oriental Institute, Volume 29|author=Oriental Institute (Vadodara, India)|publisher=Oriental Institute, 1979|page=80}}</ref>

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chola]]|before=[[Rajadhiraja Chola II]]|after=[[Rajaraja Chola III]] |years=1178–1218 CE}}
{{s-end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Commons category|Kulothunga III}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:1218 deaths]]
[[Category:Chola emperors]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Chini Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T22:38:05Z

Legalwikieditor: adding first data w/ refs.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chini
|type= SLA
|state = Himachal Pradesh
|established = 1952
|abolished = 1957
|electors = 12,235
|mla = Gopal Chand
|party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district = [[Solan district|Solan]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Chini Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Gopal Chand || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chini<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,146 |percentage=55.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahadur Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=912 |percentage=44.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=234 |percentage=11.37% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,058 |percentage=16.82% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,235 }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coords|30.994|77.052|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Solan district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1952]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 disestablishments in India]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Arshdeep Singh (field hockey)

2026-04-13T06:24:18Z

Legalwikieditor: Put up bio...

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Arshdeep Singh
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|10|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar district|Leharka]], [[Punjab, India]]
| height =
| position = Forward
| currentclub = Hockey Punjab
| clubs1 = Roundglass Punjab Club
| years1 =
| clubs2 = Hockey Punjab
| years2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2024–2025
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 = 17
| nationalgoals1 = 9
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 2
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2025 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|2025 Tamil Nadu]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2024 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024 Muscat]]}}
}}
'''Arshdeep Singh''' (born 10 October 2004)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Arshdeep Singh - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindia.org/players/arshdeep-singh-profile-13407 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=hockeyindia.org}}</ref> is an Indian [[field hockey]] player. He plays for the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national team]] as a forward. He is registered with the [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railway Sports Promotion Board]], Roundglass Punjab Hockey Club and Hockey Punjab in the domestic tournaments and [[Hyderabad Toofans]] in the [[Hockey India League]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-31 |title=Hockey: Farmer's son Arshdeep Singh impresses in the HIL to earn Indian team call-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/arshdeep-singh-farmers-son-hockey-hil-india-call-up-9808463/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HIL: Arshdeep Singh's twin strikes sink UP Rudras, lifts Hyderabad Toofans to 3-1 win |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/hil-arshdeep-singhs-twin-strikes-sink-up-rudras-lifts-hyderabad-toofans-to-3-1-win20250125224757/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Singh is from Leharka, near Amritsar, Punjab. His father is a farmer. He is doing his graduation at [[Lyallpur Khalsa College]], Jalandhar.<ref name=":1" /> He started with Malwa Hockey Academy in [[Ludhiana]] before joining the Roundglass Punjab Hockey Club Academy. His brother Yugraj Singh, also a hockey player, encouraged him to play hockey.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-08 |title=2 hockey players from Ludhiana-based academy make it to India junior squad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/2-hockey-players-from-ludhiana-based-academy-make-it-to-india-junior-squad-101715189178697.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610024135/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/2-hockey-players-from-ludhiana-based-academy-make-it-to-india-junior-squad-101715189178697.html |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh is selected for the National camp ahead of the [[FIH Pro League]] 2024-2025. He was in the Indian junior team that toured Europe from 18 to 31 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Men Jr {{!}} Indian Hockey National Teams - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindia.org/national-team/india-men-jr-profile-12 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=hockeyindia.org}}</ref> He is also part of the Indian team that won the [[2024 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Hoceky Cup]] at [[Muscat]], Oman. Earlier, he played the 2024 [[Sultan of Johor Cup]] at Johor Bahru, Malaysia, where the Indian team won a bronze medal.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Sports links}}
* [https://hockeyindia.org/players/arshdeep-singh-profile-13407 Arshdeep Singh] at [[Hockey India]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Arshdeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Men's field hockey forwards]]
[[Category:Hockey India League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Aanand Vardhan

2026-04-11T10:20:24Z

Legalwikieditor:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aanand Vardhan
| other_names = Aanand Vardhan
| birth_place = [[India]]
| education =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1996{{ndash}}2004 2023{{ndash}}present
| relatives = [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
}}

'''Aanand Vardhan''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. He has appeared in more than twenty films as a child actor.<ref name="chitramala">{{cite web|title=Popular child artist Aanand Vardhan set to make his entry on silver screen as a hero|url=http://www.chitramala.in/popular-child-artist-anand-vardhan-set-to-make-his-entry-on-silver-screen-as-a-hero-231866.html|website=chitramala.in|date=18 July 2016|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="ap2tg">{{cite web|title=This is how child actor Aanand Vardhan looks like now|url=https://www.ap2tg.com/child-actor-Aanand-vardhan-look-like-now/|website=ap2tg.com|accessdate=22 August 2016}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He debuted in a lead role with ''[[Nidurinchu Jahapana]]'' (2025).

==Early life==
He is the grandson of the famous playback singer [[P. B. Srinivas]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/09/07/stories/2003090700940200.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="telugumoviesadda">{{cite web|title=Anand Vardhan A Child Actor, Now Coming As Hero|url=http://telugumoviesadda.in/anand-vardhan-child-actor-now-coming-as-hero/|website=telugumoviesadda.in|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> His father is a chartered accountant. His father used to frequently tell him stories from [[Ramayana]], so he learnt them by heart, and coincidentally started his child artist career with a role in ''[[Ramayanam (1997 film)|Ramayanam]]''. His grandfather also wanted to see him as an actor.<ref name="sakshi">{{cite web|last1=విలేఖరి|title=సాక్షి|url= http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/i-am-acting-with-amitabh-bachchan-at-the-age-of-6-years-old-says-269492|website=sakshi.com|date=23 August 2015|publisher=జగతి పబ్లికేషన్స్|accessdate=14 July 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
He was 4 years old when he acted in the film ''[[Ramayanam (1997 film)|Ramayanam]]''. He played the roles of [[Valmiki]] and [[Hanuman|Bala Hanuman]].<ref name=sakshi/>

He made his feature film debut as a child actor in ''[[Priyaragalu]]'' starring [[Jagapathi Babu]] and [[Soundarya]].<ref name="chitramala"/> He played significant roles in the hit films ''[[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|Suryavamsam]]'', ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]'' and ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]''. He acted with [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]. He also acted with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the Hindi remake of ''[[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|Suryavamsam]]''.<ref name="telugumoviesadda" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taneja |first=Parina |date=2019-08-21 |title=Amitabh Bachchan's grandson Ananda Vardhan in Sooryavansham has grown up into handsome Telugu actor |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-amitabh-bachchan-s-grandson-ananda-vardhan-in-sooryavansham-has-grown-up-into-handsome-telegu-actor-543789 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

He graduated with Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science & Engineering from CMR College of Engineering & Technology, [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], India in 2012.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" |1997
|''[[Priyaragalu]]''
|Kushulu alias Kusha Lav
| rowspan="7" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Bala Ramayanam|Ramayanam]]''
|Valmiki & Hanuman
|
|
|-
|''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]''
|Chinnu
|
|
|-
|''[[Pelli Pandiri]]'' || Young Prakash
| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
|''[[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|Suryavamsam]]''
|Junior Harichandra Prasad
|
|
|-
|''[[Maavidaakulu]]''
|Cable
|
|
|-
|''[[Pelli Peetalu]]''
|Babloo
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1999
|''[[Sooryavansham]]''
|Chhote Thakur Bhanupratap Singh a.k.a. Sonu
|[[Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=बड़ा होकर ऐसा दिखता है 'सूर्यवंशम' में अमिताभ बच्चन यानी ठाकुर भानुप्रताप का पोता, बदल गया है पूरा लुक {{!}} Amitabh Bachchan's grandson Ananda Vardhan in Sooryavansham |url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/amitabh-bachchan-s-grandson-ananda-vardhan-in-sooryavansham-7421275/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Preyasi Rave]]''
| Nani
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Tirumala Tirupati Venkatesa]]''
|Mrugaraju
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]''
|Anandavardhan
|[[Kannada]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]''
|Young Chanti
| rowspan="5" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
|2002
|[[Indra (2002 film)|''Indra'']]
|Indra's nephew
|
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Toli Choopulone]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Nenunnanu]]''
|Young Venu
|
|
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Nidurinchu Jahapana]]'' || Veeru
|Debut in a lead role||
|}

==Awards==
* 1997: [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor]] {{ndash}} ''[[Priyaragalu (film)|Priyaragalu]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aanand Vardhan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Anshu Prakash

2026-04-07T14:10:39Z

Legalwikieditor: Put up data

{{Short description|Civil Servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anshu Prakash
| office = Telecom secretary
| term_end = 30 September 2021
| term_start = 1 August 2019
| predecessor = [[Aruna Sundararajan]]
| successor = K.Rajaraman
| office1 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Delhi]]
| lieutenant_governor1 = [[Anil Baijal]]
| predecessor1 = M. M. Kutty
| successor1 = [[Vijay Kumar Dev]]
| term_end1 = 18 November 2018
| term_start1 = 4 December 2017
| 2blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata1 = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1961|09|20}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[Delhi University]] [[Faculty of Management Studies – University of Delhi]]
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| profession = [[Civil servant]]
}}

'''Anshu Prakash''' (born 20 September 1961; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Aṃśu Prakāśa}}) is a retired 1986 batch [[civil servant]] of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) cadre of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]-[[Goa]]-[[Mizoram]]-[[Union territory|Union Territories]] (AGMUT) cadre. He served as the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Delhi]] from 4 December 2017 to 18 November 2018. He also served as secretary in the telecom department of the [[Ministry of Communications (India)]] from 1 August 2019 to 30 September 2021 .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Anshu Prakash {{!}} Department of Telecommunications {{!}} Ministry of Communication {{!}} Government of India|url=https://dot.gov.in/whoswho/shri-anshu-prakash|access-date=2021-03-28|website=dot.gov.in}}</ref>

== Education ==
Prakash completed his [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[economics]] from the [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] at the [[University of Delhi]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14829&PageId=|title=Anshu Prakash - Executive Record Sheet|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-delhi-chief-secretary-anshu-prakash-5071186/|title=Who is Delhi Chief Secretary Anshu Prakash?|date=20 February 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=20 February 2018|agency=Express Web Desk|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=70274541}}</ref> and also has an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA degree]] from [[Faculty of Management Studies – University of Delhi]] at the University of Delhi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Prakash has served in various key positions for both the [[Government of India]] and the governments of his cadre, such as [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Government of Delhi|Delhi]], [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] (Health and Family Welfare), additional commissioner in the now-trifurcated [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]], chairman and managing director of [[Delhi Transport Corporation]], secretary of [[New Delhi Municipal Council]], Registrar of Cooperative Societies in the [[Government of Delhi|Government of NCT of Delhi]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] of a [[List of districts of Goa|district]] in the [[Government of Goa]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and as [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] and Financial Adviser in the Ministry of Rural Development, [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|additional secretary]] in Department of Heavy Industries of [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]], [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|joint secretary]] in [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], and as a director in the Department of Economic Affairs of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance and Company Affairs]] in the [[Government of India|Indian government]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He has also served as, on different occasions, as the [[Private Secretary|private secretary]] of the [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]] and the [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Chief Secretary of Delhi ===
Prakash was appointed as the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of Delhi in December 2017,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/centre-names-anshu-prakash-as-delhis-new-chief-secretary/article21245173.ece|title=Centre names Anshu Prakash as Delhi's new Chief Secretary|date=2 December 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 February 2018|agency=Staff Reporter|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/anshu-prakash-appointed-delhi-chief-secretary-1098315-2017-12-01|title=Anshu Prakash appointed Delhi chief secretary|date=1 December 2017|website=[[India Today]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0254-8399|access-date=20 February 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/anshu-prakash-appointed-delhi-chief-secretary/story-UB5MDe7T1Z4F4EqL4DDb1K.html|title=Anshu Prakash appointed Delhi chief secretary|date=1 December 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=20 February 2018|agency=HT Correspondent|publication-place=[[Delhi]]}}</ref> he assumed that office on 5 December 2017.<ref name=":0" /> He was transferred to the department of telecommunication on 18 November 2018.

== Controversies ==
Prakash was allegedly manhandled by [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) in February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-chief-secretary-anshu-prakash-alleges-assault-at-arvind-kejriwals-home-by-2-mlas-1814773|title=Delhi Chief Secretary Alleges Assault At Arvind Kejriwal's Home By 2 MLAs: 10 Points|last=Basu|first=Snigdha|date=20 February 2018|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=Deepshikha|website=[[NDTV]]|publication-place=[[Delhi]]|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-chief-secretary-assault-case-live-updates-anshu-prakash-assaulted-arvind-kejriwal-aap-bjp-congress-5071066/|title=Delhi Chief Secretary Anshu Prakash'assault' case LIVE UPDATES: IAS body up in arms, AAP calls press meet at 4 pm|date=20 February 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=20 February 2018|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=70274541}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/bjp-says-delhi-cs-assaulted-at-arvind-kejriwal-s-residence-aap-denies-allegation/story-ZCXtDMAKZt3xNEJuRu7JDK.html|title=Delhi chief secretary allegedly assaulted at Kejriwal's residence, IAS officers protest|date=20 February 2018|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=20 February 2018|agency=HT Correspondent|publication-place=[[Delhi]]}}</ref> AAP countered Prakash's claim by saying that he had stated "He is not responsible to the chief minister or the MLAs", adding that Prakash had "used bad language against some MLAs and left without answering any questions".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aap-mlas-assaulted-me-delhi-chief-secretary/article22810256.ece|title=AAP MLAs assaulted me: Delhi Chief Secretary|date=February 21, 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=October 10, 2018|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|others=Staff Reporter|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14829&PageId= Executive record sheet as maintained by the Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions of the Government of India]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Anshu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Faculty of Management Studies – University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]

Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation

2026-04-04T12:37:55Z

Legalwikieditor: added page per standard format for accuracy

{{Short description|Local civic body in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation
|native_name_lang=te| coa_pic = GVMC Logo.png
| coa_res =200px
| coa_alt =Logo of GVMC
| coa_caption =[[Emblem|Emblem of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| body =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1979}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visakha.in/visakhapatnam-history.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421130136/http://www.visakha.in/visakhapatnam-history.html|archive-date=21 April 2012|title=Visakhapatnam History, Visakha.in provides Visakhapatnam history, vizag history and visakha history timeline}}</ref>
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| party2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| leader3 = Ketan Garg, IAS
| seats = '''98'''
| last_election1 = 10 March 2021
| next_election1 = ''TBH''
| structure1 =

| session_res =
| meeting_place = Tenneti Bhavan, [[Ramnagar, Visakhapatnam|Ramnagar]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| website = {{URL|https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-greater-visakhapatnam-municipal-corporation|GVMC website}}
| motto = City of Destiny
}}

The '''Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC)''' is the civic body that governs [[Visakhapatnam]], the largest city of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Its jurisdiction encompasses an area of {{Convert|640|sqkm|sqmi}}.<ref name="GVMC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gvmc.gov.in/wss/static_content/Introduction.jsp |title=Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation: Introduction |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128034907/http://www.gvmc.gov.in/wss/static_content/Introduction.jsp |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://www.dtcp.ap.gov.in/webdtcp/pdf/List%20of%20ULBs.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808132411/http://www.dtcp.ap.gov.in/webdtcp/pdf/List%20of%20ULBs.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also part of the planning body of the [[Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile|url=https://www.gvmc.gov.in/gvmc/|publisher=Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131130838/http://www.gvmc.gov.in/gvmc/|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Established in the year 1979, the executive power of the GVMC is vested in the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]], an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer appointed by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. In January 2021, the number of wards were increased to 98 from 81 earlier.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jan 5, 2020|title=Now, GVMC area to be reorganised into 98 wards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/now-gvmc-area-to-be-reorganised-into-98-wards/articleshow/73103101.cms|access-date=2021-02-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> On 28 April 2025, Peela Srinivasa Rao from 96th ward of '''GVMC''' elected as new mayor of Visakhapatnam after no-confidence motion on previous mayor has successfully passed in the council.

==History==
Visakhapatnam is one of the earliest municipalities in the southern region of India. It was first established as a municipality in 1858, later established as a corporation in 1979. On 21 November 2005 [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] released a Government Order to form a Greater Municipal Corporation with the merger of [[Gajuwaka|Gajuwaka Municipality]] and 32 other Gram Panchayats.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-07 |title=GVMC to form 'area sabhas' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gvmc-to-form-area-sabhas/article2694389.ece |access-date=2022-11-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the year 2005 it was officially declared as ''Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation'',<ref name="Potnuru">{{Cite web |last=Potnuru |first=Vasu |date=2021-03-03 |title=Visakhapatnam: Elections never on time here! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-elections-never-on-time-here-675082 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> and it was the first Greater municipal corporation in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=https://gvmc.gov.in/gvmc/index.php/layout/introduction|publisher=Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation|access-date=21 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406052926/http://www.gvmc.gov.in/gvmc/index.php/layout/introduction|archive-date=6 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh First Greater Municipal Corporation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/29/stories/2005112919420300.htmn|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-11-29|access-date=29 November 2005}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Subsequently in 2017 the [[Anakapalle|Anakapalli]] and the [[Bheemunipatnam|Bheemili]] municipalities were incorporated into GVMC raising the wards from 72 to 81 according to the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite news |title=Merger of Anakapalli and Bheemili municipalities|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gvmc-wards-up-from-72-to-81/article19505492.ece|work=The Hindu|date=17 August 2017|access-date=17 August 2017}}</ref>

== Administration and about==

The area of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is {{convert|681.96|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} spread across [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] and [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]] districts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vizag metro gets in-principle nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Vizag-Metro-Rail-DPR-gets-in-principle-nod/articleshow/28158834.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vizag tops the list of most populated districts in AP |url=https://www.yovizag.com/vizag-highest-population-rate-andhra-pradesh/ |work=Yo Vizag}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Clean Visakha Green Visakha: Abstract|year=2018|pages=168–172|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12946/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Now, GVMC area to be reorganised into 98 wards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/now-gvmc-area-to-be-reorganised-into-98-wards/articleshow/73103101.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stakes high for 1st GVMC polls following merger of Bheemili&Anakapalli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/stakes-high-for-1st-gvmc-polls-following-merger-of-bheemili-anakapalli/articleshow/81317968.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The corporation is administered by an elected body headed by the mayor.

== List of mayors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Sno.
!Mayor
!DY Mayor
!Portrait
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
!colspan=2 |Party
!Notes
!{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! colspan="9" |Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (VMC)
!
|-
|1.
|N.S.N.Reddy
|
|
|1981
|1986
|5 years
|rowspan="1" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|First mayor of VMC
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-24 |title=Tributes paid to ex-Mayor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/tributes-paid-to-ex-mayor/article32433294.ece |access-date=2022-11-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" |'''Elections not held (1986 - 1987)'''
|-
|2.
|[[D. V. Subba Rao]]
|
|
|1987
|1992
|5 years
|rowspan="1" |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-20 |title=Former Visakhapatnam Mayor Subba Rao passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Former-Visakhapatnam-Mayor-D.V.-Subba-Rao-passes-away/article60321198.ece |access-date=2022-11-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" |'''Elections not held (1992 - 1995)'''
|-
|3.
|[[Sabbam Hari]]
|
|
|1995
|2000
|5 years
|rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopal |first=B. Madhu |date=2021-05-03 |title=Sabbam Hari dies of COVID-related complications |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sabbam-hari-dies-of-covid-related-complications/article34475335.ece |access-date=2022-11-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|4.
|Rajana Ramani
|
|
|2000
|2005
|5 years
|First women mayor of VMC
|<ref name="Potnuru"/>
|-
! colspan="9" |Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC)
|-
| colspan="9" |'''Elections not held (2005 - 2007)'''
|-
|1.
|P.Janardhan
|K.Dorababu
|
|2007
|2012
|5 years
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=1 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|First mayor of GVMC
|<ref name="Potnuru"/>
|-

| colspan="9" |'''Elections not held (2012 - 2021)'''
|-
|2.
|Golagani Hari Venkata Kumari
|J.Sridhar K.Satheesh
|
|2021
|April 2025
|4 years
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|rowspan=1 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|First women mayor of GVMC
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-18 |title=Golagani Hari Venkata Kumari is Vizag Mayor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/golagani-hari-venkata-kumari-is-vizag-mayor/article34098822.ece |access-date=2022-11-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gilai |first=Harish |date=2025-04-19 |title=NDA wins no-confidence motion against Vizag Mayor from YSRCP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/nda-wins-no-confidence-motion-against-vizag-mayor/article69468257.ece |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandari |first=Pavan |date=2025-04-19 |title=TDP, Jana Sena, BJP alliance wins Visakhapatnam Mayor election |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/tdp-jana-sena-bjp-alliance-wins-visakhapatnam-mayor-election-964132 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|3.
|Peela Srinivasa Rao
|JSP (D.Govindareddy)
|
|April 2025
|
|
|rowspan="1" |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|
|
|}

== Wards ==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+
!Zone<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=GVMC gets two new zones as A.P. govt. approves rejig proposal|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gvmc-gets-two-new-zones-as-ap-govt-approves-rationalisation-proposal/article70093275.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=2025-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925135324/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gvmc-gets-two-new-zones-as-ap-govt-approves-rationalisation-proposal/article70093275.ece|archive-date=2025-09-25|language=en}}</ref>
!Ward Number
!Ward Name
!Areas Covered
!Assembly Constituency<ref name=":1" />
! valign="top" |Councillor Name and Address<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=GREATER VISAKHAPATNAM MUNICIPAL CORPORATION ELECTED COUNCIL MEMBERS DETAILS |url=https://www.gvmc.gov.in/image_uploads/GVMC%20Corporators%20Ward%20wsie%20Area%20details.pdf}}</ref>
!Political Group<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Bheemunipatnam Zone
|1
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT. AKKARAMANI PADMA, D.NO.7-42-160/1 SANGIVALASA, BHEEMILI, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Bheemunipatnam Zone
|2
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT. GADU CHINNI KUMARI LAKSHMI, D.NO.12-21-43/2, KALIGOTLAVARI VEEDHI, CHINNABAZAR, BHEEMILI, VSP.
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Bheemunipatnam Zone
|3
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT. GANTA APPALAKONDA D.NO14-15-295, YEGUVAPETA, BHEEMILI, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Bheemunipatnam Zone
|4
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SRI DOWLAPALLI YEDUKONDALA RAO, D.NO.2-138, PEDDA UPPADA, CHEPALUPPADA POST, BHEEMILI, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Madhurawada Zone
|5
|
|
|Bheemunipatnam Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.MOLLI HEMALATHA D.NO.24-124, MAINROAD, BOTTAVANIPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM-48
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Madhurawada Zone
|6
|
|
|Bheemunipatnam Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.MUTTHAMSETTI PRIYANKA D.NO. 13-27-25, NEAR BUS STOP, BHEEMILI, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Madhurawada Zone
|7
|
|
|Bheemunipatnam Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.PILLA MANGAMMA D.NO: 1-159/B/1, PILAKAVANIPALEM, NEAR WATER TANK, MADHURAWADA, VISAKHAPATNAM
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Madhurawada Zone
|8
|
|
|Bheemunipatnam Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI LODAGALA APPA RAO, D.NO 5-116, GOLLALAYENDADA, NEAR MASHIDH, VISAKHAPATNAM
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|East Zone
|9
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT. KORUKONDA VENKATA RATNA SWATHI, D.NO. 1-149, JODUGULLAPALEM, VISALAKSHINAGAR, VISAKHAPATNAM,
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|East Zone
|10
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT. MADDELA RAMA LAKSHMI, D.NO 5-217, VIVEKANANDA NAGAR, OLD DAIRY FARM, VSP.
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|East Zone
|11
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.GOLAGANI HARI VENKATA KUMARI, D.NO.18-97, PEDAGADILI, NEAR SIVALAYAM TEMPLE ARILAOVA, VISAKHAPATNAM- 530040.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|East Zone
|12
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.AKKARAMANI ROHINI, D.NO.7-42-122/6, SANGIVALASA(V), CHITTIVALASA POST, BHEEMILI, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|East Zone
|13
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.KELLA SUNITHA, D.NO.16-164/1, PANDU RANGA PURAM, ARILOVA COLONY, VISAKHAPATNAM- 530040
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|14
|
|
|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI KATARI ANIL KUMAR RAJU, FLAT NO:301, IIIRD FLOOR, MK’S KODANDARAMAYYA ENCLAVE, MADHURA NAGAR, VISAKHAPATNAM-16
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|East Zone
|15
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT. APPARI SRIVIDYA, D.NO.55-16-29, HB COLONY POST OFFICE LANE, VISAKHAPATNAM-22
| valign="top" |INDEPE N DENT
|-
|East Zone
|16
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT. MOLLI LAKSHMI D.NO. 53-32-1, KRM COLONY, SEETHAMMADAHRA, VISAKHAPATNAM- 530012.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|East Zone
|17
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.GEDALA(BANTUBILLI) LAVANYA D.NO. 4-20-14/1, DALAI VARI STREET, PEDA WALTAIR, VISAKHAPATNAM-17.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|East Zone
|18
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.GOLAGANI MANGAVENI D.NO.2-4-13, SECTOR-9, MVP COLONY VSP-530017.
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|East Zone
|19
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT. NOLLI NOOKARATNA D.NO.5-1-128, WALTAIR DEPO, PEDAJALARIPETA, VSP- 530017.
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|East Zone
|20
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT. NAKKELLA LAKSHMI D.NO.10-31-174/1, GOLLALAPALEM, BHEMUNIPATNMA-531163
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|East Zone
|21
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI CHENNUBOINA VAMSI KRISHNA SRINIVAS, D.NO. 9-7-40/7/2, LAXMI NAGAR LAYOUT, SIVAJIPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|East Zone
|22
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI PEETHALA L.V. NARAYANA MURTHY, D.NO. 9-5-53/2/1, PEETHALA VANI PALEM, SIVAJIPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |JANA - SEN A
|-
|East Zone
|23
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI GUDLA VIJAYA SAI D.NO.53-6-41, MADDILAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|24
|
|
|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.SADI PADMAVATHI (PADMA REDDY), D.NO. 51-2-3/12, NAKAVANIPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|25
|
|
|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI SARIPALLI GOVINDA RAJULA VENKATA APPARAO, D.NO. 50-81-65, SEETHAMPETA MAIN ROAD, VISAKHAPATNAM,
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|26
|
|
|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.MUKKA SRAVANI D.NO.49-32-12/2, RAMA KRISHNA NAGAR, AKKAYAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|South Zone
|27
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI GOLAGANI VEERA RAO D.NO. 48-2-17, SRINAGAR, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|East Zone
|28
|
|
|Visakhapatnam East Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.PALLA APPALAKONDA D.NO.10-11-33/1, RAM NAGAR BAJAR DOWN, VISAKHAPATNAM,
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|South Zone
|29
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI VURIKITI NARAYANARAO D.NO.14-10-5, RAMAJOGIPETA, MAHARANIPETA, VISAKHAPATNAM
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|South Zone
|30
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.KODURU APPALARATNA D.NO.18-55-3/2, THADI VEEDI, MAHARANIPETA, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|South Zone
|31
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI J BIPIN KUMAR JAIN D.NO 9-12-24/9, SAI SREE SADAN, 4TH FLOOR, VIP ROAD, CBM COMPOUND, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRC P
|-
|South Zone
|32
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI KANDULA NAGARAJU D.NO. 33-4-6, KNR VILLA, ALLIPURAM, VISAKHAPATNAM-4
| valign="top" |INDEPE N DENT
|-
|South Zone
|33
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.BEESETTI VASANTHA LAKSHMI, D.NO.31- 34-93, BANGARAMMA METTA, ALLIPURAM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |JANASE N A
|-
|South Zone
|34
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.THOTA PADMAVATHI D.NO:31-31-5, SAI BABA STREET, DABAGARDENS, VSP- 530020
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|South Zone
|35
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI VILLURI BASKAR RAO D.N.8-42-16, THAMILA VEEDHI, CHINNA WALTAIR, VISAKHAPATNAM- 530017
| valign="top" |INDEPE N DENT
|-
|South Zone
|36
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.MASIPOGU MARRY JONES D.NO.19-24-5, RANGIREEJU VEEDHI, POORNA MARKET, VSP-530001.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|South Zone
|37
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI CHENNA JANAKI RAM D.NO.20-51-4 AVN COLLEGE ROAD DOWN RELLI STREET, VSP.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|South Zone
|38
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.GODI VIJAYA LAKSHMI D.NO.25-8-7/1 VASANTHARAO VARI VEEDHI SKML TEMPLE, VSP.
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|South Zone
|39
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI MOHAMMED SADIQ D.NO.24-49-39 AMBUSARANG STREET, OLD POST OFFICE, VSP 530001
| valign="top" |INDEPE N DENT
|-
|West Zone
|40
|
|
|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI GUNDAPU NAGESWARA RAO D.NO.71-48-97 AKASC COLONY MALAKAPURAM VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|South Zone
|41
|
|
|Visakhapatnam South Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SMT.KODIGUDLA POORNIMA D.NO.34-10-37, DAYAS STREET GNANAPURAM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|North Zone
|42
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT. ALLA LEELAVATHI D.NO.44-5-14/2, GANESH STREET, THATICHETLAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|43
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT.PEDDISETTY USHA SREE D.NO.44-39-16 NANDAGIRI NAGAR, VISAKHAPATNAM- 16.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|44
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI BANALA SATYA SURYA SRINIVASA RAO, D.NO. 44-34-30/5 NANDAGIRI NAGAR AKKAYYAPALEM, VSP-16
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|45
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI KAMPA HANOKU, D.NO. 9-6-75/9 PENT HOUSE, ANAND RESIDENCY, VSP- 17
| valign="top" |YSR CP
|-
|North Zone
|46
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI KATUMURI SATISH D.NO. 49-54-4/2E, HIGHPLACE APTS, BS LAYOUT, 4TH TOWN POLICE STATION, SEETHAMMADHARA, VSP - 13
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|47
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT.KANTIPAMU KAMESWARI D.NO.36-94-277/7, ARUNDATI NAGAR, KANCHARAPALEM, VSP - 8
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|48
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT.GANKALA KAVITHA D.NO. 36-93-81/A, INDIRA NAGAR, KANCHARA PALEM, VSP - 8
| valign="top" |BJP
|-
|North Zone
|49
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT.ALLU SANKARA RAO D.NO.37-11-65/3, GROUNDFLOOR-4, VIGNESWARA APARTMENT - 1, PR GARDENS, GVMC WARD NO 49, VISAKHAPATNAM - 530007
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|50
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI VAVILAPALLI PRASAD D.NO. 39-16-58, MADHAVADHARA, INDUSTRIAL ESTATE POST, VISAKHAPATNAM – 530007
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|51
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI REYYI VENKATA RAMANA D.NO.39-30-7, GANDHI NAGAR, MARRIPALEM, MADHAVADHARA AREA, VISAKHAPATNAM – 530018
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|West Zone
|52
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI JIYYANI SRIDHAR D.NO.8-15-92/7, SANTHI NAGAR, NAD POST, VISAKHAPATNAM-530009
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|53
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SRI BARKAT ALI D.No.38-30-123/39, G.N. MANSON, FLATNO- 508, ALLIPURAM, MARRIPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|54
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT.CHALLA RAJINI D.No.38-39-29/1, BAPUJI NAGAR, 104 AREA, VISAKHAPATNAM-530007
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|North Zone
|55
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT.KARAJADA VENKATA NAGA SASIKALA, D.No.49-53-10/9(17), NANDINI APARTMENT, B.S. LAYOUT, VISAKHAPATNAM-530013.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|West Zone
|56
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI SARAGADAM RAJA SEKHAR, D.NO.35-18-15, GAVARA KANCHARAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM - 530008
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|West Zone
|57
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT.MURRU VANI D.No.57-25-5/6, TUMMADA PALEM, KANCHARAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|West Zone
|58
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT.GULIGINTHALA LAVANYA D.No. 64-20-14, SRIHARIPURAM MALKAPURAM POST VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|West Zone
|59
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT.PURRE POORNA SRI D.No.65-4-419, SANTHIGIRI COLONY, GAJUWAKA BUS DEPOT, VISAKHAPATNAM
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|West Zone
|60
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI PINDI VENKATA SURESH D.No.60-33-84/1, AMBEDKAR COLONY, MALKAPURAM, VISAKHAPATNAM-530011
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|West Zone
|61
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI KONATALA SUDHA D.No.61-4-49/3, BODDALA APTS, RAMAKRISHNAPURAM, MALKAPURAM, VISAKHAPATNAM-530011
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|West Zone
|62
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI BALLA LAKSHMANA RAO D.No.71-31-407, TRINADHAPURAM MALKAPURAM, VSP-530011
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|West Zone
|63
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI GALLA POLIPALLI D.No. 71-31-1160/1, CHINTALALOVA, GANDHIGRAM, VISAKHAPATNAM-530005
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|64
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI DALLI GOVINDA RAJU D.No.17-1-2/2, PEDAGANTYADA, VISAKHAPATNAM
| valign="top" |JANA- SENA
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|65
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI BODDU NARASIMHA PATRUDU, D.No.22-116-41/5, DAYAL NAGAR, PEDAGANTYADA, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|66
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI IMRAN MOHAMMED D.No. 12-45-2/1, FATHIMA STREET, BC ROAD, NEW GAJUWAKA, Visakhapatnam.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|67
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI PALLA SRINIVASA RAO, D.No.9-8-117/1, Gandhi Nagar, Gajuwaka, VSP,26
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|68
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT.GUNDAPU VENKATA SAI ANUSHA, D.No. 2-25-17, Mindhi, BHPV, VSP-12
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|69
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI KAKI GOVINDA REDDY, D.No.5-16-60/1, Santoshi Matha Street, Tunglam, BHPV, VSP-12
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|70
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI URUKUTI RAMACHANDRARAO S/O, APPARAO URUKUTI, D.NO:8-13-17/1, GOKUL NAGAR, OLD GAJUWAKA, VISAKHAPATNAM-530026.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|71
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI RAJANA RAMA RAO D.No.26-9-36, CHINA GANTAYADA, SC COLONY GAJUWAKA VIZAG -26
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|72
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI APPARI JOSEPH STALIN, S/O SURYANARAYAN MURTHY (LATE), D.No.26-30-4, CHAITANYANAGAR, GAJUWAKA, VISAKHAPATNAM – 530026
| valign="top" |CPI
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|73
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT.BHUPATHIRAJU SUJATHA D.No.24-81-5/1, SANATHNAGAR, NEAR SLOKA SCHOOL, GAJUWAKA VISAKHAPATNAM.-530026.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|74
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI TIPPALA VAMSI REDDY D.No.22-89-7, SIDDESWARAM, PEDHAGANTYADA, GAJUWAKA, VISAKHAPATNAM-530044
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|75
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT. PULI LAKSHMIBAI D.No.20-18-02, NELLIMUKKU, PEDHAGANTYADA, RH COLONY, VISAKHAPATNAM-530044
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|76
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI SRINIVASA RAO GANDHAM D.No. 14-6-20/5 WILIMMS GARDENS, B C ROAD, GAJUWAKA VSP 26
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Aganampudi Zone
|77
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT.BATTU SURYA KUMARI D.No.7-97, BATTU DODDI, PITTAVANIPALEM, VSP
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Aganampudi Zone
|78
|
|
|
| valign="top" |DR BODDU GANGARAO D.NO.9-37-15, PITHAPURAM COLONY, VISAKHAPATNAM- 530003
| valign="top" |CPI(M)
|-
|Aganampudi Zone
|79
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SRI ROUTHU SRINIVASU D.NO.12-30, VINAYAKA NAGAR, LANKELAPALEM, PARVADA MANDAL, VSP-19
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Anakapalli Zone
|80
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT.NEELIMA KONATHALA D.NO.17-2-14, KARRIPEDDAYYA GARI VEEDHI, GAVARAPALEM, ANAKAPALLI, VSP – 531002
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Anakapalli Zone
|81
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT.PEELA LAKSHMI SOWJANYA D.NO.15-19-10, WOMENS COLLEGE VEEDHI, GAVARAPALEM, ANAKAPALLI, VSP - 531 002
| valign="top" |YSR CP
|-
|Anakapalli Zone
|82
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT.SUNEETHA MANDAPATI D.NO.3-3-65, NARASINGARAOPETA, ANAKAPALLI, VISAKHAPATNAM - 531001
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Anakapalli Zone
|83
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT.JAJULA PRASANNALAKSHMI D.NO.4-9-16, MIRIYALA COLONY, ANAKAPALLI, VSP DIST. PIN CODE 531001
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Anakapalli Zone
|84
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT.MADAMSETTY CHINATHALLI D.NO.1-56, CHINA TADI, PARAWADA, VSP DIST. PIN CODE 531001
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Aganampudi Zone
|85
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT.ILLAPU VARA LAKSHMI "PLOT NUM:166-167 PHARMACITY COLONY, LEMARTHY AGRAHARAM AGANAMPUDI VIZAG- 530046
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|86
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI LELLA KOTESWARA RAO, D.NO.31-6-11 SHATHAVAHANA NAGAR, KURMANNAPALEM, VADLAPUDI, VIZAG-46
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Gajuwaka Zone
|87
|
|
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gujuwaka Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI BONDA JAGANNADHAM D.NO.28-15-9, R H COLONY, VADLAPUDI(POST), VISAKHAPATNAM-530046
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Pendurthi Zone
|88
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SRI MOLLI MUTYALU D.NO.2-101 VEDULA NARAVA, SABBAVARAM(M), VISAKHAPATNAM- 530046
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|West Zone
|89
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI.DADI VENKATA RAMESWARA RAO, D.NO.3-20/1, KOTHA PALEM, GOPALPATNAM, VISAKHAPATNAM - 530027
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|West Zone
|90
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SRI BOMMIDI RAMANA D.NO.58-21-5/1, PLOT NO.TF-1, SURYA SUNDARA ENCLAVE, APSEB COLONY, BUTCHIRAJU PALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM - 530027
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|West Zone
|91
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT.KUNCHE JOTHSNA D.NO.38-20-43/3, 104 AREA, MARRIPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM - 530018
| valign="top" |YSR CP
|-
|West Zone
|92
|
|
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]]
| valign="top" |SMT.BEHARA VENKATA SWARNA LATHA SIVA DEVI, DO.NO.14-7, R.R.V.PURAM, GOPALAPATNAM, VISAKHAPATNAM, AP. PIN: 530029.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Pendurthi Zone
|93
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SRI RAPARTHI TRIVENI VARA PRASAD RAO D.NO.8-58, NAIDU THOTA, VEPAGUNTA POST, PENDURTHI, VISAKHAPATNAM, AP-530047.
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Pendurthi Zone
|94
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SRI BALLA SRINIVASA RAO D.NO.4-29, BALLA STREET, VEPAGUNTA, VISAKHAPATNAM- 530047
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Pendurthi Zone
|95
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SRI MUMMANA DEMUDU D.NO. 10-156 SAVITRI NAGAR, CHINNAMUSIDIWAD, PENDURTHI, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |YSRCP
|-
|Pendurthi Zone
|96
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SRI PEELA SRINIVASA RAO D.NO. 1-89-3 BRAHMANA VEEDI, NEAR RAMALAYAM, PENDURTHI, VISAKHAPATNAM
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Pendurthi Zone
|97
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SMT.SENAPATHI VASATHA D.NO. 10-150/5 SAVITRI NAGAR, CHINNAMUSIDIWADA, PENDURTHI, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |TDP
|-
|Madhurawada Zone
|98
|
|
|Bheemunipatnam Assembly Constituency
| valign="top" |SRI PISINI VARAHA NARASIMHAM, D.NO.3-219 KAPU VEEDI, ADAVI VARAM, SIMHACHALAM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
| valign="top" |TDP
|}

== Functions ==

Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="vi9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="vi10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorizing use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential, and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system, and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically disabled, old age and gender biased people.{{clarify|date=October 2022}}
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="vi11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="vi12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="vi13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===

Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==Zones==
GVMC is divided by 8 Zones and each Zone had a Zonal Commissioner <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gvmc.gov.in|title=GVMC Zones|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118112616/http://www.gvmc.gov.in/|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Zone
!Location
|-
|Zone 1
|[[Bheemunipatnam]]
|-
|Zone 2
|[[Madhurawada]]
|-
|Zone 3
|[[Asilmetta]]
|-
|Zone 4
|[[Suryabagh]]
|-
|Zone 5
|[[Gnanapuram]]
|-
|Zone 6
|[[Gajuwaka]]
|-
|Zone 7
|[[Anakapalli]]
|-
|Zone 8
|[[Vepagunta]]
|}

==Awards and achievements==
* Best Municipal Corporation Award by [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite news|title=best municipal corporation|url=http://visakhapatnam.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/awards-achievements|access-date=15 February 2016|work=cdma ap|date=31 July 2013|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>
* Cleanest Religious City Award by ''[[India Today]]'' (2015)
* Smart Campus Award (2018)<ref>{{cite news|title=smart campus award|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/smart-campus-award-for-gvmc/article24535589.ece|access-date=28 July 2018|work=the hindu|date=31 July 2018|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>
* Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP) (2011)<ref>{{cite news|title=best service award|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gvmc-receives-jnnurm-award/article2713894.ece|access-date=12 July 2016|work=the hindu|date=14 December 2011|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>
* Smart City Project Award (social aspects) (2018)<ref>{{cite news|title=Smart City Project Award |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-07-28/GVMC-bags-Smart-City-Award/401609|access-date=28 July 2018|work=hans india|date=29 July 2018|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>
* 3rd Cleanest City of India by [[Swachh Survekshan 2017]].<ref>{{cite news|title=3rd Cleanest City of India by Award|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/may/05/visakhapatnam-adjudged-third-cleanest-city-in-india-1601243.html|access-date=18 May 2017|work=hans india|date=19 May 2017|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>
* 5th Cleanest City of India (2016)<ref>{{cite news|title=5th Cleanest City of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/The-fifth-cleanest-Visakhapatnam-has-promises-to-keep-/articleshow/51380019.cms|access-date=13 May 2016|work=The Times of India|date=19 March 2016|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>
* 1st place in Andhra Pradesh Green Awards (2017)<ref>{{cite news|title=1st place in Andhra Pradesh Green Awards|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/gvmc-bags-first-prize-in-ap-green-awards-2017/article24250144.ece|access-date=25 June 2018|work=the hindu|date=27 June 2018|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>

== Municipal elections ==

=== 2021 elections ===
{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!colspan=2|Party Name
!Symbol
!Won
!Change
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|105px]]
|58
|{{no change}}
|-
!2
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]
|30
|{{no change}}
|-
!3
|bgcolor=#C1C1C1|
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|
|4
|{{no change}}
|-
!4
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jana Sena Party}}"|
|[[Jana Sena Party]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_glass_tumbler.svg|45px]]
|3
|{{no change}}
|-
!5
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|1
|{{no change}}
|-
!6
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
|1
|{{no change}}
|-
!7
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|1
|{{no change}}
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]

== Notes ==
The corporation has a total of 95,580 [[street lights]] under its administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=GVMC CM Dash board |url=http://core.ap.gov.in/CMDashBoard/UserInterface/Power/GVMCForm.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113040902/http://core.ap.gov.in/CMDashBoard/UserInterface/Power/GVMCForm.aspx |archive-date=13 November 2016 |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://visakhapatnam.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}

{{Visakhapatnam}}
{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh|Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government of Visakhapatnam]]

Madhosh (1994 film)

2026-03-27T04:30:21Z

Legalwikieditor: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2014}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madhosh
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| producer = [[Tahir Hussain]]
| writer =Madan Joshi (dialogues)
| screenplay = {{ubl|Vikram Bhatt|Salim Raza}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Faisal Khan]]|Anjali Jathar|[[Dilip Dhawan]]}}
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cinematography =Sameer Arya
| editing =B. Prasad
| studio = {{ubl|Tahir Hussain Enterprises|T. V. Films}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1994|02|04|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Madhosh''''' ({{Translation|"Drunk" or "Intoxicated"}}) is a 1994 Indian film directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]] and produced by [[Tahir Hussain]]. The film is Tahir Hussain's son [[Faisal Khan]]'s debut as a leading actor, having previously played bit parts in his brother [[Aamir Khan]]'s films ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' and ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]''. The film also stars [[Anjali Jathar]] in her film debut, [[Kiran Kumar]], [[Dilip Dhawan]] and [[Supriya Pathak]].

==Cast==
*[[Faisal Khan]] as Suraj
*[[Anjali Jathar]] as Anjali
*[[Dilip Dhawan]] as Suraj's father
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Anjali's father
*[[Supriya Pathak]] as Anjali's aunt
*[[Deven Bhojani]] as Suraj's friend
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as Suraj's friend

==Soundtrack==
[[Anand–Milind]] scored the music while [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]] authored the lyrics. The music wasn't successful, but is considered one of the best musical scores from the duo.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Dushamani Chhodo Sanam"<ref>{{cite web|title=Dushamani Chhodo Sanam — Faisal Khan — Madhosh — Bollywood Songs — Sadhana Sargam| via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaNokuh1Blc|accessdate=2014-06-30}}</ref>
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 2
| "Tere Mere Mere Tere"
| Udit Narayan, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 3
| "Dekho To Jaane Jaana"
| Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
| 4
| "Beparwah Bahut Din Ghoome"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], Udit Narayan
|-
| 5
| "Mere Sanam Suno Zara"<ref>{{cite web|title=Mere Sanam Suno Zara — Faisal Khan — Madhosh — Bollywood Songs — Sadhana Sargam| via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhZHm5TOWWk|accessdate=2014-06-30}}</ref>
| Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam
|-
| 6
| "Bewafa Sangdil"
| Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0398170}}

{{Vikram Bhatt}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vikram Bhatt]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Shylan

2026-03-25T19:14:39Z

Legalwikieditor: Put Up A Pg

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Shylan
| caption = Shylan in 2023
| image = File:Shylanat2023.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|3|29}}
| birth_place = [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[poet]], [[short story writer]], film critic, [[columnist]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| alma_mater = [[N. S. S. College, Manjeri|NSS College, Manjeri]]
| nationality = Indian
| spouse =
| children =
| notableworks = Rashtramee Mamsa Nooru Nooru Yatragal Vettaikkaran
| awards =
| yearsactive = 2003–present
| native_name =
}}

'''Shylan Sailendrakumar''' (born 29 March 1975), known by his pen name '''Shylan''', is a [[Malayalam|Malayalam language]] poet from [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sree |first=Parvathy |date=27 November 2019 |title=ശൈലനും കവിതകളും |pages=Special edition 2, 3 |work=Malayala Manorama}}</ref> He is also a film critic, who has been reviewing movies for online publications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2016 |title=The Agni Shylan of Poems |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/interviews/kavithayude-agnishailan.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=22 October 2022 |title=കവി ശൈലൻ എന്ന സഞ്ചാരി പുതിയ യാത്രാ പുസ്തകവുമായി ഷാര്‍ജയിലെത്തുന്നു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/global-malayali/gulf/2022/10/28/poet-shylan-introduces-his-new-book-in-sibf-2022.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Shylan was born on 29 March 1975 in [[Malappuram]], Kerala. He completed his education from [[N. S. S. College, Manjeri|NSS College, Manjeri]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=P. K |first=Sadhik |date=5 December 2022 |title=ശൈലൻ്റെ നൂറുനൂറു യാത്രകൾ |journal=Madhyamam Weekly |pages=37, 38, 39}}</ref> Shylan started writing in some [[List of Malayalam-language newspapers|periodicals in Malayalam]] in the early 2000s{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}. His first book titled ''Nishkasithante Easter'' was published in 2003. Shylan was noticed{{By whom|date=January 2026}}for bringing new styles and vocabularies in Malayalam poems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2022 |title=Shylan's poem 'Abhyudagramschi' {{!}} Indian Express Malayalam |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/literature/shylan-poem-abhyudagramsci-673925/lite/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com}}</ref> ''Vettaikkaran'', which is a collection of poems written by Shylan was published in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parvathy |first=Sree |date=31 January 2017 |title=സൈലൻസർ നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട ബുള്ളറ്റ് പോലെ ഈ കവിതകൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/bookreview/vettaikkaran.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref> In 2022, '''Rashtramee Mamsa''<nowiki/>', another collection of poems by Shylan was published.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ജയശീലന്‍ |first=ഡോ പി ആര്‍ |date=2022-09-13 |title=ബുക് റിവ്യൂ: രാഷ്ട്രമീ-മാംസ; കവിതയല്ല വിഷയം, കവിതയിലേക്കുള്ള വഴിയാണ്, ഡോ. പി ആര്‍ ജയശീലന്‍ |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/book-excerpts/shylans-rashtra-meemamsa-book-review-by-dr-p-r-jayasheelan-92460 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.reporterlive.com |language=ml}}</ref> This was critically acclaimed for highlighting the contemporary issues in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. C |first=Abdul Nasar |date=28 June 2022 |title=ചോദ്യങ്ങളുടെ തൊണ്ടില്‍ തടഞ്ഞു നില്‍ക്കുന്ന പത്തേമാരികളും |url=https://truecopythink.media/shailan-new-age-poetry-mc-abdul-nassar-writes |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=truecopythink.media |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=rasheed |date=8 August 2022 |title=രാഷ്ട്രമീ- മാംസ: അധികാരത്തിന്റെ ഫുള്‍സൈസ് നടനകേളികള്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/literature-magazine/books-reading-shylans-anthology-of-poems-by-n-sasidharan-rgakqf |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> The same year, Shylan's first travelogue titled as ''Nooru Nooru Yatragal'' was published at the [[Sharjah]] International book festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title='നൂറുനൂറു യാത്രകൾ' പ്രകാശനം ചെയ്തു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/nooru-nooru-yathrakal-book-by-shylan-released-k-p-ramanunni-1.8017129 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=4 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=സഞ്ജിത്ത് |first=ജസിത |date=10 November 2022 |title=ശൈലന്‍റെ നൂറു നൂറുയാത്രകള്‍ |url=https://www.thecue.in/popular-read/global-malayali/it-wasnt-a-planned-trip-never-says-author-shylan |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=The Cue |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=പുസ്തകോത്സവത്തിൽ വ്യത്യസ്തമായി ഓഡിയോ ബുക്ക് റിലീസ് |url=https://timeskerala.com/kerala/Audio-book-release-in-contrast-to-the-book-festival/cid9684325.htm |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=timeskerala.com |language=ml}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

*Love eXXXperiences of a scoundrel poet -2010<ref>{{Cite web |last=ശൈലൻ |date=2022-02-01 |title=തീരാജനാലകൾ -കവിത {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/literature/poetry/malayalam-poem-madhyamam-weekly-923217 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref>
*Rashtramee_maamsa -2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=ശൈലൻ |date=2022-06-13 |title=രാഷ്ട്രമീമാംസ {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/literature/poetry/madhyamam-weekly-poems-1022442 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref>
*Nooru Nooru Yathrakal -2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=ശൈലന്‍ എന്ന കവിത {{!}} വി. അബ്ദുള്‍ ലത്തീഫ് |url=https://webzine.truecopy.media/shaylan-enna-kavitha-reading-a-poet-byv-abdul-latheef-packet-51 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=True Copy Webzine |language=ml}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2023: R Manoj Memorial Poetry Award – ''Rashtramee Maamsa''<ref>{{Cite web |last=vishnu.kv |title=ശൈലന്‌റെ 'രാഷ്ട്രമീ-മാംസ'യ്ക്ക് ആർ മനോജ് സ്മാരക കവിത പുരസ്‌കാരം |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/literature-magazine/writer-shylan-bags-r-manoj-memorial-poetry-award-for-his-new-book-rashtramee-mamsa-vkv-s4xksi |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=Shylan: ആർ മനോജ് സ്മാരക കവിത പുരസ്‌കാരം ശൈലന്‌റെ 'രാഷ്ട്രമീ-മാംസ'യ്ക്ക് |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/kerala/shylan-bags-r-manoj-memorial-poetry-award-for-his-book-rashtramee-mamsa-172219 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
*2023: Kanjikavu Kunjikrishnan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram– ''Rashtramee Maamsa''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Shylan: കാഞ്ഞിക്കാവ് കുഞ്ഞികൃഷ്ണൻ സ്മാരക കവിതാപുരസ്കാരം
|url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kozhikode/news/kozhikode-1.8990453 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Mathrubhumi News |language=ml}}</ref>
*2024: Shravasti Award – ''Rashtramee Maamsa''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Shylan: ശ്രാവസ്തി കവിതാ പുരസ്കാരം ശൈലന്റെ 'രാഷ്ട്രമീ_മാംസ'യ്ക്ക്
|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/local-news/rashtramee-mamsa-by-shylan-gets-shravasti-poetry-award-afe-s7ccye |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Asianet News |language=ml}}</ref>
*2025: [[Pala Narayanan Nair]] Award'' – Rashtramee Maamsa''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=മധുപാലിനും ശൈലനും ഡോ. വിനീത വിജയനും പാലാ സാഹിത്യപുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/pala-literary-award-madhupal-shylan-vineetha-vijayan-1.10886432 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
*2025: Rachana Sahitya Award'' – Rashtramee Maamsa''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-15 |title=Rashtramee Mamsa: രചന സാഹിത്യ പുരസ്‌കാരം ശൈലൻ്റെ 'രാഷ്ട്രമീ_മാംസ' യ്ക്ക് |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/kerala/shylans-anthology-of-poem-rashtramee-mamsa-got-rachana-sahitya-award-222647 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
*2025: Udaya Sahitya Award'' – Rashtramee Maamsa''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=ഉദയ സാഹിത്യ പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/thrissur-1.10126909 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Newspaper |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shylan}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian film critics]]

New Saraighat Bridge

2026-03-18T12:08:53Z

Legalwikieditor: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox bridge
| fetchwikidata = coordinates
| name = New Saraighat Bridge 2nd Saraighat Bridge
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = New Saraighat.jpg
| caption = New Saraighat Bridge (Left) and [[Saraighat Bridge]] (right)
| image_size =
| carries = Motor vehicles
| crosses = [[Brahmaputra River]]
| locale = [[Pandu, Guwahati|Pandu]]–[[Amingaon]], [[Assam]], India
| maint = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
| id =
| designer =
| design = [[Beam bridge]]
| material =
| spans =
| pierswater =
| mainspan =
| length = {{Convert|1.49|km|abbr=on}}
| width = {{Convert|12.9|m|abbr=on}}
| height =
| load =
| clearance =
| below =
| traffic =
| begin = 2007
| complete = 2016
| open = 28 January 2017
| closed =
| toll =
| map_type =
| map_image =
| coordinates =
}}

The '''New Saraighat Bridge''', also referred to as the '''2nd Saraighat Bridge''' is a [[beam bridge]] in [[India]] that connects the North bank of Assam to the South bank of Assam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/archive/assam-a-reason-to-cheer-after-10-years-of-waiting-2nd-saraighat-bridge-finally-inaugurated/|title=Assam: A reason to cheer! After 10 years of waiting, 2nd Saraighat Bridge finally inaugurated|website=The Northeast Today}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The bridge spans the [[Brahmaputra River]] and was built besides the [[Old Saraighat Bridge]] from [[Pandu, Guwahati]] in the south to [[Amingaon]] in the north. The construction of the bridge started in 2007. The total length of the bridge is 1,493.58 metres and it had a cost of Rs 475 crore to complete the bridge. It was constructed by India's largest civil engineering company, Gammon India Limited.

The three lane road bridge was inaugurated by Union minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] in the presence of Union Minister of State for Railways [[Rajen Gohain]], Minister of Commerce and Industry, Transport and Parliamentary Affairs [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]], Minister of PWD, Fisheries and Excise [[Parimal Suklabaidya]], Minister [[Keshab Mahanta]] and many other ministers on 28 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/second-saraighat-bridge-river-brahmaputra-open-january-28/|title=Second Saraighat Bridge over river Brahmaputra to open on January 28|date=19 January 2017|website=The News Mill}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Brahmaputra River#Bridges|List of bridges on Brahmaputra River]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Saraighat}}
{{Hydrography of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Bridges in Assam]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Brahmaputra River]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

{{India-bridge-struct-stub}}

Statue of B. R. Ambedkar, Hyderabad

2026-03-17T14:38:46Z

Legalwikieditor:

{{Short description|Colossal statue of B. R. Ambedkar in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox monument
|name = '''Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Statue'''
|image = 125 feet Ambedkar Statue in Hyderabad, Telangana (cropped).jpg
|caption = 125 feet Ambedkar Statue in Hyderabad, Telangana
|location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
|designer = [[Ram V. Sutar]]
|type = [[Statue]]
|material = Steel, brass, bronze, and concrete
|length =
|width = {{Convert|45.5|ft|m}}
|height = {{plainlist |
* '''Statue''': {{Convert|125|ft|m}}
* '''Including Base''': {{Convert|175|ft|m}}
}}
|begin = 14 April 2016
|complete = 13 April 2023
|open = 14 April 2023
|dedicated_to = [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
|map_image =
|map_caption =
|map_width =
|coordinates =
|lat =
|long =
|extra =
}}

The '''Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Statue''' is a {{Convert|125|ft|m}} statue located in [[Hyderabad]], the capital city of [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-14 |title=KCR unveils 125-ft tall bronze statue of Dr B R Ambedkar on his 132nd birth anniversary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/ambedkar-statue-telangana-kcr-8555733/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Details ==
The statue is {{Convert|125|ft|m}} tall and stands on a {{Convert|50|ft|m}} high plinth, thus its total height is {{Convert|175|ft|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nichenametla, DHNS |first=Prasad |title=KCR unveils 125-ft Ambedkar statue built at cost of Rs 146 cr |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kcr-unveils-125-ft-ambedkar-statue-built-at-cost-of-rs-146-cr-1209820.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-14 |title=KCR unveils 125-ft tall bronze statue of Dr B R Ambedkar on his 132nd birth anniversary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/ambedkar-statue-telangana-kcr-8555733/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> After the ''[[Statue of Social Justice]]'' in Vijayawada, this is the tallest statue of [[B. R. Ambedkar]] in the world. It is the fifth tallest, and third tallest standing statue in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana CM KCR unveils 125-ft-tall Ambedkar statue in Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/telangana-cm-kcr-unveil-125-feet-tall-br-ambedkar-statue-hyderabad-132-birth-anniversary-2359891-2023-04-14 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=India Today |date=14 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:CM KCR, Prakash Ambedkar infront of 125 feet Ambedkar Statue in Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|CM [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], [[Prakash Ambedkar]] in front of 125 feet Ambedkar Statue in Hyderabad on 14 April 2023]]

The then Chief Minister of Telangana [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]] laid the foundation stone of Ambedkar's 125 feet tall statue on 14 April 2016 on the occasion of his 125th birth anniversary. The foundation stone was laid in 2016, but the construction of the statue began in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Roushan |date=2023-04-14 |title=K Chandrasekhar Rao to unveil India's tallest Ambedkar statue in Hyderabad today |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/k-chandrasekhar-rao-to-unveil-indias-tallest-ambedkar-statue-in-hyderabad-today/articleshow/99476534.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After 7 years, the CM unveiled this giant statue of Ambedkar on 14 April 2023 on the occasion of his 132nd birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nichenametla, DHNS |first=Prasad |title=KCR unveils 125-ft Ambedkar statue built at cost of Rs 146 cr |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kcr-unveils-125-ft-ambedkar-statue-built-at-cost-of-rs-146-cr-1209820.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The statue was designed by [[Ram V. Sutar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayachandran |first=Apoorva |title=Telangana CM KCR unveils 125-ft-tall Ambedkar statue in Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/telangana-cm-kcr-unveil-125-feet-tall-br-ambedkar-statue-hyderabad-132-birth-anniversary-2359891-2023-04-14 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=India Today |date=14 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The memorial is spread over an area of 11.8 acres. It has a grand statue, foundation building, a replica of the Indian Parliament, museum, library, conference hall and other structures. The cost for the entire monument was around Rs. 146.5 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana CM KCR unveils 125-ft-tall Ambedkar statue in Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/telangana-cm-kcr-unveil-125-feet-tall-br-ambedkar-statue-hyderabad-132-birth-anniversary-2359891-2023-04-14 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=India Today |date=14 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The foundation stone (replica of Parliament House) on which the statue is installed is three storeyed and has a total built up area of 26,258 square feet. This memorial has a museum which has many articles and pictures depicting the life history of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. There is also a library related to audio-visuals of Ambedkar's life.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The entire campus spread over 11.8 acres is decorated with 2.93 acres of landscape and greenery. There are two lifts for visitors to the top of the platform to reach the feet of Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar. In the statue, Babasaheb is depicted holding the Constitution in his hand. 791 tonnes of stainless steel and 9 tonnes of brass have been used for this statue.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

There is the [[Telangana Secretariat|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Telangana State Secretariat]] beside the statue.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==See also==
* ''[[Statue of Social Justice]]'', Vijayawada
* [[Statue of Equality (Ambedkar)|''Statue of Equality'']], Mumbai
* [[Ambedkar Memorial Park]]
* [[Dr. Ambedkar National Memorial]]
* [[List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|125 feet Ambedkar Statue, Hyderabad}}

{{Statues in India}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}

[[Category:Colossal statues in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Statues of B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Museums in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Buddhist buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Dalit culture]]
[[Category:Dalit monuments]]
[[Category:Tourism in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]

Khoja Wajid

2026-03-14T17:22:57Z

Legalwikieditor: put up data...

{{Short description|Bengali-Armenian merchant (died 1759)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Khoja Wajid
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 18th century
| birth_place = Bengal Subah, Mughal Empire
| death_date = 1759
| death_place = Murshidabad, [[Bengal Subah]]
| occupation = Merchant, court official
| known_for = Prominent Armenian merchant of Bengal and associate of Nawab [[Siraj-ud-Daulah|Siraj ud-Daulah]]
| employer = Nawab of Bengal
| title = Court merchant and intermediary
| relations = Armenian merchant community of Bengal
}}

'''Khoja Wajid'''{{Efn|[[Khawaja|Khoja]] was used as a title by wealthy Armenian merchants. Sushil Chaudhury suggests that Wajid/Wazeed may be a form of the Armenian name Avet/Avetik. Some sources call him "Muhammed Wajid" and Dutch records frequently refer to him as a "Moor Merchant." Wajid may have added Muhammed to his name to enhance his business prospects, but, in Chaudhury's view, there is no evidence that he was a Muslim.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=155|loc=n. 36}} Bhaswati Bhattacharya, on the other hand, considers it likely that Wajid or his father had converted to Islam at some point.{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2005|p=295}}}} (also spelled '''Wazid''', '''Wazeed'''; d. 1759) was a wealthy [[Armenian merchantry|Armenian merchant]] who played a prominent role in the economic and political life of [[Bengal]] in the 1740s and 1750s.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=150}}

He was the son of Khoja Mahmet Fazel, another notable [[Armenians|Armenian]] merchant.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=151}} Based in the port town of [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hughli]], he used his business prowess and influence at the court of the [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawab of Bengal]] to consolidate his commercial empire, gaining control over the economy of [[Bihar]] and establishing highly profitable monopolies over the trade of [[Potassium nitrate|saltpeter]] and salt.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|pp=152-153}} He also controlled most of the [[opium]] trade.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|pp=152-153}} After consolidating his control over Bengal's inland trade, he expanded his operations to maritime commerce and acquired a trading fleet which, according to Sushil Chaudhury, "dominated the Asian maritime trade of Hughli."{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|pp=153-154}} He had extensive business connections with the [[French Indies Company|French]], [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] and [[East India Company|English]] trading companies in India.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=151}} In the early 1740s, Wajid became the official representative of the Armenian merchants of Bengal at the court of the [[faujdar]] of Hughli, later gaining a place at the court of the nawab in [[Murshidabad]].{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=151}} By the early 1750s, he had become a political figure of great influence and a close ally of Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] and his successor [[Siraj ud-Daulah]].{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=155}} When Siraj came into conflict with the English, Wajid was sent as the nawab's emissary to negotiate with the English prior to the [[Siege of Calcutta]].{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=156}} Wajid's commercial interests suffered after the English sacked Hughli, ostensibly in retaliation for Siraj's capture of Calcutta.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=156}} Seeking to restore his fortunes, Wajid advised the nawab to ally with the French against the British, but fell out of favor at court when this plan failed.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=157}} He was one of the last to join the conspiracy against Siraj ud-Daulah in May 1757.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=157}}

Wajid's commercial empire was destroyed after the English victory at [[Battle of Plassey|Plassey]] and the establishment of East India Company rule in Bengal. Wajid was targeted by the English, who long resented his monopolistic control of trade in Bengal and suspected him of conspiring with the French.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|pp=157-158}} He was deprived of his monopolies and lost his position as a supplier to the European companies.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|pp=157-158}} Seeing that he had no chance of restoring his position while Bengal was under British rule, Wajid incited the Dutch to invade Bengal.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=158}} After the failure of this plot, Wajid was arrested by the order of Governor [[Robert Clive]] and poisoned himself in prison.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=158}} He was succeeded by Khoja Petruse as the leader of the Armenian community in Bengal.{{Sfn|Chaudhury|2007|p=159}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Bhaswati |date=2005 |title=Armenian European Relationship in India, 1500-1800: No Armenian Foundation for European Empire? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165093 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=277–322 |issn=0022-4995}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaudhury |first=Sushil |url=https://books.openedition.org/editionsmsh/11283 |title=Les Arméniens dans le commerce asiatique au début de l'ère moderne |publisher=Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme |year=2007 |isbn=978-2-7351-1204-3 |editor-last=Chaudhury |editor-first=Sushil |location=Paris |chapter=Armenians in Bengal Trade and Politics in the 18th Century |editor-last2=Kévonian |editor-first2=Kéram |chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/editionsmsh/11388?lang=en}}

[[Category:1759 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century merchants]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:Indian people of Armenian descent]]

12th South Indian International Movie Awards

2026-03-05T07:12:27Z

Legalwikieditor: Put up a stub

{{Short description|2024 award ceremony in Dubai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 12
| award = South Indian International Movie Awards
| image =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Excellence in [[South Indian cinema]]
| date = 14–15 September 2024
| site = [[Dubai World Trade Centre|World Trade Centre]], [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
| host = {{ubl|[[Adil Ibrahim]]|[[Bhavana Balakrishnan]]|[[Pearle Maaney]]|[[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]]|[[Simran Choudhary]]|[[Sathish]]|[[Shubra Aiyappa]]|[[Sudigali Sudheer]]}}
| producer =
| director =
| organizer = Vibri Media Group
| best_film = Telugu {{ndash}} ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'' Tamil {{ndash}} ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' Malayalam {{ndash}} ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]'' Kannada {{ndash}} ''[[Kaatera]]''
| most_awards = ''[[Hi Nanna]]'' (6)
| most_nominations = ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' and ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' (11)
| channel = {{ubl
| [[Gemini TV]] (Telugu)
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] (Tamil)
| [[Surya TV]] (Malayalam)
| [[Udaya TV]] (Kannada)
}}
| network = [[Sun TV Network]]
| last = [[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|11th]]
| next = [[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|13th]]
| award_link = South Indian International Movie Awards
}}

The '''12th South Indian International Movie Awards''' is an awards event that took place at the [[Dubai World Trade Centre]] in [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates, on 14{{Ndash}}15 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-09-04 |title=SIIMA 2024 goes to Dubai; will be held at Dubai World Trade Centre on September 14 and 15 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/siima-2024-goes-dubai-will-held-dubai-world-trade-centre-september-14-15/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=SIIMA 2024: A Star-Studded Celebration of South Indian Cinema at Dubai World Trade Centre |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/siima-2024-date-venue |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> The ceremony (12th [[SIIMA]]) recognized and honored the best films and performances from [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films released in 2023, along with special honours for lifetime contributions and a few special awards.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-07-17 |title=SIIMA 2024 Date, Venue and Time |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/south-indian-international-movie-awards-siima-2024-nominations-1810812 |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> The nominations were announced in late-July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-17 |title=SIIMA 2024 Nominations Revealed: Nani's Dasara and Rajinikanth Starrer Jailer Lead with 11 Nominations Each |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/siima-2024-nominations-revealed-nanis-dasara-and-rajinikanth-starrer-jailer-lead-with-11-nominations-each-enn24071700580 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Rajinikanth's Jailer and Nani's Dasara bag 11 nominations each, Mrunal Thakur's Hi Nanna follows |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siima-awards-2024-full-list-nominations-rajinikanth-jailer-nani-dasara-mrunal-thakur-hi-nanna-9460441/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The first day of the ceremony (14 September 2024) awarded the best films and performances from the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] cinema,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Dasara, Hi Nanna, Kaatera and Sapta Sagaradaache Ello win big on Day 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/lite/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024 winners: Nani, Mrunal Thakur, Shruti Haasan, Rakshit Shetty and others |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/siima-awards-2024-winners-nani-mrunal-thakur-shruti-haasan-rakshit-shetty-and-others-101726377747271-amp.html |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> whereas on the second day (15 September 2024), best films and performances from the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] cinema were awarded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=SIIMA 2024 Winners List: Aishwarya Rai, Vikram and Tovino Thomas Win Big, Jailer Wins Best Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/siima-2024-winners-aishwarya-rai-vikram-tovino-thomas-best-actor-jailer-best-film-9052120.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-09-16 |title=SIIMA 2024 (Tamil & Malayalam): Aishwarya Wins Big for PS II, Tovino Thomas Shines as Best Actor; Full List of Winners inside |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/siima-2024-tamil-full-list-of-winners-inside-enn24091600997 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> [[Simran Choudhary]] and [[Sudigali Sudheer]] have hosted the Telugu cinema segment. [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] and [[Shubra Aiyappa]] have hosted the Kannada cinema segment. [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]] and [[Sathish]] have hosted the Tamil cinema segment. [[Adil Ibrahim]] and [[Pearle Maaney]] have hosted the Malayalam cinema segment.

''[[Hi Nanna]]'' is the most awarded film with six awards followed by [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']] with five, [[2018 (film)|''2018'']], [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']], [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']], ''[[Kaatera]]'' and ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' with four, [[Maaveeran (2023 film)|''Maaveeran'']], ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'', and ''[[Romancham]]'' with three. ''[[Hi Nanna]]'' is the most awarded Telugu film followed by [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]. [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']] is the most awarded Tamil film followed by [[Maaveeran (2023 film)|''Maaveeran'']] and ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''. [[2018 (film)|''2018'']] is the most awarded Malayalam film followed by ''[[Romancham]]''. ''[[Kaatera]]'' and ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' are the most awarded Kannada films followed by [[Kaiva (2023 film)|''Kaiva'']].

[[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']] received the maximum acting awards, they are, [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]], [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]] and [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]. ''Dasara'' and ''[[Hi Nanna]]'', featuring [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] in the lead, won ten awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Nani's films shine at SIIMA Awards 2024, see full list of winners here |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/nani-s-films-shine-at-siima-awards-2024-see-full-list-of-winners-here-2024-09-15-952197 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Main awards and nominees ==
Winners are listed first, highlighted in '''boldface'''.

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable" |
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|Best Film
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Tamil|Tamil]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]] –''''' '''Shine Screens'''
** [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']] – Mass Movie Makers
** [[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']] – [[Sri Venkateswara Creations#Dil Raju Productions|Dil Raju Productions]]
** [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']] – Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Cinemas
** ''[[Hi Nanna]]'' – Vyra Entertainments
** [[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']] – [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]], [[Sukumar Writings]]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']] – [[Sun Pictures]]'''
** [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']] – [[Seven Screen Studio]]
** ''[[Maamannan]]'' – [[Red Giant Movies]]
** ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' – [[Madras Talkies]], [[Lyca Productions]]
** ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]'' – [[Grass Root Film Company]], [[RS Infotainment]]
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Kannada|Kannada]]
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Malayalam]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Kaatera]] –''''' '''[[Rockline Venkatesh|Rockline Entertainements]]'''
** ''[[Aachar & Co]]'' – [[PRK Productions]]
** [[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|''Kousalya Supraja Rama'']] – Kourava Production House, Shashank Cinemas
** [[Kranti (2023 film)|''Kranti'']] – Media House Studio
** ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' – [[Paramvah Studios]]
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]'' – [[Mammootty|Mammootty Kampany]]'''
** [[2018 (film)|''2018'']] – Kavya Film Company, PK Prime Production
** ''[[Iratta]]'' – Appu Pathu Pappu Production House, Martin Prakkat Films
** ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]'' – [[Wayfarer Films]]
** [[Neru (film)|''Neru'']] – [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Director
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Tamil|Tamil]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Srikanth Odela]] – [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]'''
** [[Anil Ravipudi]] – ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
** [[K. S. Ravindra|Bobby Kolli]] – ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
** [[Gopichand Malineni]] – ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
** Karthik Varma Dandu – [[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
** [[Sai Rajesh]] – [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Nelson Dilipkumar]] – [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]'''
** [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] – [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]
** [[Mani Ratnam]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
** [[Mari Selvaraj]] – ''[[Maamannan]]''
** [[S. U. Arun Kumar]] – ''[[Chithha]]''
** [[Vetrimaaran]] – ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Kannada|Kannada]]
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Malayalam]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Hemanth M. Rao]] – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'''''
** [[Akash Srivatsa]] – ''[[Shivaji Surathkal 2]]''
** [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]] – [[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|''Kousalya Supraja Rama'']]
** [[Tharun Sudhir]] – ''[[Kaatera]]''
** [[V. Harikrishna]] – [[Kranti (2023 film)|''Kranti'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Jude Anthany Joseph]] – [[2018 (film)|''2018'']]'''
** [[Jeethu Joseph]] – [[Neru (film)|''Neru'']]
** [[Jeo Baby]] – ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
** [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] – ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]''
** [[Priyadarshan]] – ''[[Corona Papers]]''
|-
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82;" !align="center"|Best Cinematographer
|-
! style="background:#efac00;" !align="center"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer (Telugu)|Telugu]]
! style="background:#efeb00;" !align="center"|Tamil
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Bhuvan Gowda]] – ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'''''
** Dasaradhi Sivendra – ''[[Mangalavaaram]]''
** Rajeev Dharavath – ''[[Month of Madhu]]''
** [[Sathyan Sooryan]] – [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]
** [[Shamdat]] – [[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Theni Eswar]] – ''[[Maamannan]]'''''
** [[Manoj Paramahamsa]] – [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]
** [[Ravi Varman]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
** [[R. Velraj]] – ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
** [[Vijay Kartik Kannan]] – [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]
|-
! style="background:#00def3;" ! align="center"| Kannada
! style="background:#4df300;" ! align="center"| Malayalam
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''Shwet Priya Naik – [[Kaiva (2023 film)|''Kaiva'']]'''
** A. J. Shetty – [[Kabzaa (2023 film)|''Kabzaa'']]
** Advaitha Gurumurthy – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]''
** Mahendra Simha – [[Ghost (2023 film)|''Ghost'']]
** Shekhar S – [[Bad Manners (2023 film)|''Bad Manners'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Akhil George]] – [[2018 (film)|''2018'']]'''
** Jinto George – ''[[Chaaver]]''
** Muhammed Rahil – ''[[Kannur Squad]]''
** Sharan Velayudhan – ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]''
** [[Theni Eswar]] – ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]''
|-
|}

=== Acting ===
{| class="wikitable" |
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|Best Actor
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Tamil]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Nani (actor)|Nani]] – [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]'''
** [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] – ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
** [[Chiranjeevi]] – ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
** [[Dhanush]] – [[Sir (2023 film)|''Sir'']]
** [[Sai Dharam Tej]] – [[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'''''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]
** [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] – ''[[Chithha]]''
** [[Sivakarthikeyan]] – [[Maaveeran (2023 film)|''Maaveeran'']]
** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]
** [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] – ''[[Maamannan]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Kannada]]
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA for Best Actor – Malayalam|Malayalam]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Rakshit Shetty]] – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'''''
** [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] – ''[[Kaatera]]''
** [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] – ''[[Gurudev Hoysala]]''
** [[Raj B. Shetty]] – [[Toby (film)|''Toby'']]
** [[Ramesh Aravind]] – ''[[Shivaji Surathkal 2]]''
** [[Shiva Rajkumar]] – [[Ghost (2023 film)|''Ghost'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Tovino Thomas]] – [[2018 (film)|''2018'']]'''
** [[Basil Joseph]] – ''[[Falimy]]'', ''[[Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham]]''
** [[Joju George]] – ''[[Iratta]]''
** [[Mammootty]] – ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]'', ''[[Kannur Squad]]'', ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]''
** [[Mohanlal]] – [[Neru (film)|''Neru'']]
** [[Suresh Gopi]] – [[Garudan (2023 film)|''Garudan'']]
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|Best Actress
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Tamil]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Keerthy Suresh]] – [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]'''
** [[Mrunal Thakur]] – ''[[Hi Nanna]]''
** [[Payal Rajput]] – ''[[Mangalavaaram]]''
** [[Samyuktha (actress, born 1995)|Samyuktha]] – [[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
** [[Shruti Haasan]] – ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
** [[Sreeleela]] – ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Nayanthara]] – ''[[Annapoorani: The Goddess of Food]]'''''
** [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
** [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] – [[Farhana (film)|''Farhana'']]
** [[Keerthy Suresh]] – ''[[Maamannan]]''
** [[Meetha Raghunath]] – [[Good Night (2023 film)|''Good Night'']]
** [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] – [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Kannada]]
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA for Best Actress – Malayalam|Malayalam]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Chaithra J. Achar]] – [[Toby (film)|''Toby'']]'''
** [[Meghana Raj]] – ''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]''
** [[Megha Shetty]] – [[Kaiva (2023 film)|''Kaiva'']]
** [[Rachita Ram]] – [[Kranti (2023 film)|''Kranti'']]
** [[Rukmini Vasanth]] – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
** Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy – ''[[Aachar & Co]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Anaswara Rajan]] – ''[[Neru (film)|Neru]]'''''
** [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] – ''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]''
** [[Jyothika]] – ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
** [[Darshana Rajendran]] – ''[[Purusha Pretham]]''
** [[Manju Warrier]] – ''[[Ayisha (film)|Ayisha]]''
** [[Vincy Aloshious]] – [[Rekha (2023 film)|''Rekha'']]
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|Best Actor in a Supporting Role
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|Tamil
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Dheekshith Shetty]] – [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]'''
** [[Angad Bedi]] – ''[[Hi Nanna]]''
** [[Brahmanandam]] – ''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]''
** [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] – ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
** [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1989)|Ravi Krishna]] – [[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
** [[Viraj Ashwin]] – [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Vasanth Ravi]] – [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]'''
** [[M. S. Bhaskar]] – [[Parking (2023 film)|''Parking'']]
** [[R. Sarathkumar]]– ''[[Varisu]]''
** [[S. J. Suryah]] – [[Mark Antony (2023 film)|''Mark Antony'']]
** [[Vadivelu]] – ''[[Maamannan]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA for Best Actor – Malayalam|Malayalam]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Naveen Shankar]] – ''[[Hondisi Bareyiri]]'''''
** Aravind Iyer – ''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]''
** Gopal Krishna Deshpande – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]''
** Harshil Koushik – ''[[Aachar & Co]]''
** [[Rangayana Raghu]] – ''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''Hakkim Shah – ''[[Pranaya Vilasam]]'''''
** [[Alexander Prasanth]] – ''[[Purusha Pretham]]''
** [[Jagadish]] – ''[[Falimy]]''
** [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] – [[2018 (film)|''2018'']]
** [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] – [[Neru (film)|''Neru'']]
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress (Telugu)|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|Tamil
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''Kiara Khanna – ''[[Hi Nanna]]'''''
** [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] – ''[[Writer Padmabhushan]]''
** Shreya Navile – ''[[Month of Madhu]]''
** Soniya Singh – [[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
** [[Sriya Reddy]] – ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
** [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] – ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Saritha]] – [[Maaveeran (2023 film)|''Maaveeran'']]'''
** [[Abarnathi]] – ''[[Irugapatru]]''
** Mullai Arasi – ''[[Are You Ok Baby?]]''
** [[Nadhiya]] – [[Let's Get Married (2023 film)|''Let's Get Married'']]
** [[Raichal Rabecca]] – [[Good Night (2023 film)|''Good Night'']]
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"|Malayalam
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Samyukta Hornad]] – [[Toby (film)|''Toby'']]'''
** [[Archana Kottige]] – ''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare]]''
** [[Chaithra J. Achar]] – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]''
** Kaavya Sha – ''David''
** Sathvika Appaiah – [[Baang (film)|''Baang'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Manju Pillai]] – ''[[Falimy]]'''''
** [[Aima Rosmy Sebastian]] – ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]]''
** [[Poornima Indrajith]] – [[Thuramukham (2023 film)|''Thuramukham'']]
** [[Remya Nambeesan]] – ''[[B 32 Muthal 44 Vare]]''
** [[Tanvi Ram]] – [[2018 (film)|''2018'']]
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|Tamil
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Duniya Vijay]] – ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]'''''
** [[Arjun Rampal]] – ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
** [[Arvind Swamy]] – [[Custody (2023 film)|''Custody'']]
** [[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
** [[Shine Tom Chacko]] – [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Arjun Sarja]] – ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'''''
** [[Fahadh Faasil]] – ''[[Maamannan]]''
** [[Mysskin]] – ''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]''
** [[Vinayakan]] – ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''
** [[Sunil Sukhada]] – ''[[Por Thozhil]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"|Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"|Malayalam
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''Ramesh Indira – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]{{Efn|The award was taken by Hemanth M. Rao}}'''''
** Kaliprasad K P – ''[[Hondisi Bareyiri]]''
** [[Naveen Shankar]] – ''[[Gurudev Hoysala]]''
** [[Raj Deepak Shetty]] – [[Toby (film)|''Toby'']]
** Ugram Manju – [[Kaiva (2023 film)|''Kaiva'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''Vishnu Agasthya – ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]]'''''
** [[Arjun Radhakrishnan]] – ''[[Kannur Squad]]''
** [[Biju Menon]] – ''[[Garudan (2023 film)|Garudan]]''
** [[Vinay Rai]] – ''[[Christopher (film)|Christopher]]''
** [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]] – ''[[King of Kotha]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|Best Comedian
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu)|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|Tamil
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''Vishnu Oi – [[Mad (film)|''Mad'']]'''
** Jeevan Kumar – ''[[Keedaa Cola]]''
** [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] – [[Samajavaragamana (film)|''Samajavaragamana'']]
** Racha Ravi – [[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']]
** [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] – [[Rangabali (film)|''Rangabali'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Yogi Babu]] – ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'''''
** [[Yogi Babu]] – ''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]''
** [[Redin Kingsley]] – ''[[Conjuring Kannappan]]''
** [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] – [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]
** [[Vadivelu]] – ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]''
** [[VTV Ganesh]] – [[Dada (2023 film)|''Dada'']]
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA for Best Actor – Malayalam|Malayalam]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''Anirudh Acharya – ''[[Aachar & Co]]'''''
** Dharmanna Kadur – ''[[Garadi (film)|Garadi]]''
** [[Kuri Prathap]] – ''Nata Bhayankara''
** Manju Pavagada – ''Vesha''
** [[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]] – ''[[Raghavendra Stores]]''
** [[Nagabhushana]] – ''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Arjun Ashokan]] and [[Sajin Gopu]] – ''[[Romancham]]'''''
** [[Althaf Salim]] – ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]''
** [[Sajin Cherukayil]] – ''[[Padmini (2023 film)|Padmini]]''
** [[Sandeep Pradeep]] – ''[[Falimy]]''
|-
|}

=== Debut ===
{| class="wikitable" |
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|Best Debut Actor
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Tamil|Tamil]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sangeeth Sobhan]] – [[Mad (film)|''Mad'']]'''
** Abhiram Daggubati – [[Ahimsa (2023 film)|''Ahimsa'']]
** Narne Nithin – ''Mad''
** Ram Nithin – ''Mad''
** Virat Karrna – ''[[Peddha Kapu 1]]''

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Hridhu Haroon]] – [[Thugs (film)|''Thugs'']]'''
** Kartheekeyan Santhanam – [[Fight Club (2023 film)|''Fight Club'']]
** Shakthi Mithran – ''[[Yaathisai]]''
** Shyam Selvan – ''[[Margazhi Thingal]]''
** Venkat Senguttuvan – ''[[Mathimaran]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Kannada|Kannada]]
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Malayalam|Malayalam]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''Shishir Baikady – ''[[Daredevil Musthafa]]'''''
** Prajwal B. P. – ''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare]]''
** Praveer Shetty – ''Siren''
** Rajesh Dhruva – ''Sri Balaji Photo Studio''
** Sriyaan Mysuru – ''Bembidada Navika''

| valign="top" |
* '''Siju Sunny – ''[[Romancham]]'''''
** Devadath V. S. – [[O.Baby (film)|''O.Baby'']]
** [[Kalaiyarasan]] – [[Thankam (film)|''Thankam'']]
** Munish Sharma – ''[[Ramachandra Boss & Co]]''
** Shersha Sherief – ''[[Little Miss Rawther]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Debut Actress
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Tamil|Tamil]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]] – [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]'''
** [[Gayatri Bhardwaj]] – ''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]''
** [[Iswarya Menon]] – [[Spy (2023 film)|''Spy'']]
** Pragathi Srivatsava – ''[[Peddha Kapu 1]]''
** Sakshi Vaidya – ''[[Gandeevadhari Arjuna]]''
** [[Yukti Thareja]] – [[Rangabali (film)|''Rangabali'']]

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Preethi Asrani]] – ''[[Ayothi]]'''''
** Malavika Manoj – [[Joe (2023 film)|''Joe'']]
** Monisha Mohan Menon – [[Fight Club (2023 film)|''Fight Club'']]
** Naksha Saran – ''[[Margazhi Thingal]]''
** [[Nimisha Sajayan]] – ''[[Chithha]]''
** [[Saniya Iyappan]] – ''[[Irugapatru]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Kannada|Kannada]]
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam|Malayalam]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''Aradhana Ram – ''[[Kaatera]]'''''
** Amrutha Prem – ''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
** Hrithika Srinivas – ''Aparoopa''
** Risha Gowda – ''Crazy Keerthy''
** Vrusha Patil – ''Love''

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Anjana Jayaprakash]] – ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]'''''
** Abhirami Bose – [[Phoenix (2023 film)|''Phoenix'']]
** Anagha Maya Ravi – ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
** Bhama Arun – [[Madanolsavam (2023 film)|''Madanolsavam'']]
** [[Zarin Shihab]] – ''[[B 32 Muthal 44 Vare]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Debut Director
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Shouryuv]] – ''[[Hi Nanna]]'''''
** Kalyan Shankar – [[Mad (film)|''Mad'']]
** Shanmukha Prasanth – ''[[Writer Padmabhushan]]''
** [[Srikanth Odela]] – [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]
** Sumanth Prabhas – ''[[Mem Famous]]''
** [[Venu Yeldandi]] – [[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']]

| valign="top" |
* '''Vignesh Raja – ''[[Por Thozhil]]'''''
** Ganesh K. Babu – [[Dada (2023 film)|''Dada'']]
** Ramkumar Balakrishnan – [[Parking (2023 film)|''Parking'']]
** Vinayak Chandrasekaran – [[Good Night (2023 film)|''Good Night'']]
** Yashwanth Kishore – [[Kannagi (2023 film)|''Kannagi'']]

|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''Nithin Krishnamurthy – ''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare]]'''''
** Ramenahalli Jagannatha – ''[[Hondisi Bareyiri]]''
** Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy – ''[[Aachar & Co]]''
** Shashank Soghal – ''[[Daredevil Musthafa]]''
** Vishal Atreya – ''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]''
** Umesh K. Krupa – ''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
|
* '''Rohit M. G. Krishnan – ''[[Iratta]]'''''
** [[Jithu Madhavan]] – ''[[Romancham]]''
** [[Roby Varghese Raj]] – ''[[Kannur Squad]]''
** Nahas Hidayath – ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]]''
** Nikhil Muraly – ''[[Pranaya Vilasam]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Debut Producer
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''Mohan Cherukuri, Murthy K. S., Vijender Reddy Teegala (Vyra Entertainments) – ''[[Hi Nanna]]'''''
** [[Ajay Bhupathi]], Swathi Reddy Gunupati, Suresh Varma M. (A Creative Works, Mudhra Media Works) – ''[[Mangalavaaram]]''
** K. Vivek Sudhanshu, Saikrishna Gadwal, Srinivas Kaushik Nanduri, Sripad Nandiraj, Upendra Varma (VG Sainma) – ''[[Keedaa Cola]]''
** Prabu Raja, Yeshwanth Daggumati (Kalaahi Media) – ''[[Pindam]]''
** Siddharth Rallapalli (Waltair Productions) – ''[[Pareshan]]''

| valign="top" |
* '''Magesh Raj Pasilian, Nazerath Pasilian, Yuvaraj Ganesan (Million Dollar Studios, MRP Entertainment) – [[Good Night (2023 film)|''Good Night'']]'''
** Aditya (Reel Good Films) – [[Fight Club (2023 film)|''Fight Club'']]
** Deepak Segal, C. V. Sarathi, Mukesh R. Mehta, Poonam Mehra, [[Sameer Nair]], Sandeep Mehra ([[Applause Entertainment]], E4 Experiments, Eprius Studio) – ''[[Por Thozhil]]''
** Girish, Manoj (Kavi Creations) – ''[[Paramporul]]''
** M. V. M Velmohan, Sakshi Singh Dhoni, Sharmila J. Rajaa, Vikas Hasija ([[MS Dhoni#Dhoni Entertainment|Dhoni Entertainment]]) – [[Let's Get Married (2023 film)|''Let's Get Married'']]

|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''Ravindra Kumar (Abhuvanasa Creations) – [[Kaiva (2023 film)|''Kaiva'']]'''
** Arvind S. Kashyap, Nithin Krishnamurthy, Prajwal B. P., Varun Gowda (Gulmohur Films, Varrun Studios) – ''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare]]''
** Chethan Nanjundaiah, [[Pannaga Bharana]], Spurti Anil (Anvit Cinemas, PB Studios) – ''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]''
** Ramenahalli Jagannatha (Sunday Cinemas) – ''[[Hondisi Bareyiri]]''
** [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] (AppleBox Studios) – ''[[Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye]]''
|
*'''[[Girish Gangadharan]], Joby George, [[Johnpaul George]] (Guppy Films) – ''[[Romancham]]'''''
**Jagadish Palanisamy, Sudhan Sundaram (Passion Studios, The Route) – ''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]''
**Naisam Salam (Naisam Salam Productions) – ''[[Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham]]''
**[[Priyadarshan]] (Four Frames Sound Company) – ''[[Corona Papers]]''
**[[Vijay Kiragandur]] ([[Hombale Films]]) – [[Dhoomam (2023 film)|''Dhoomam'']]
|}

=== Music ===
{| class="wikitable" |
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|Best Music Director
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; width:50%; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] – [[Hi Nanna (soundtrack)|''Hi Nanna'']] and [[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']]'''
** [[Devi Sri Prasad]] – ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
** [[Santhosh Narayanan]] – [[Dasara (soundtrack)|''Dasara'']]
** [[Thaman S]] – ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
** [[Vijai Bulganin]] – [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Anirudh Ravichander]] – [[Jailer (soundtrack)|''Jailer'']] and [[Leo (soundtrack)|''Leo'']]'''
* [[A. R. Rahman]] – [[Ponniyin Selvan: II (soundtrack)|''Ponniyin Selvan: II'']]
* [[Ilaiyaraaja]] – ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
* [[Nivas K. Prasanna]] – [[Takkar (2023 film)|''Takkar'']]
* [[Santhosh Narayanan]] – ''[[Chithha]]''{{Efn|Only one song}} and ''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]''

|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|valign="top|
* '''[[V. Harikrishna]] – ''[[Kaatera]]'''''
** [[Bindhumalini]] – ''[[Aachar & Co]]''
** [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
** [[Ravi Basrur]] – [[Kabzaa (2023 film)|''Kabzaa'']]
** [[Vasuki Vaibhav]] – ''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
|
* '''[[Vishnu Vijay]] – ''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]'''''
** [[Justin Prabhakaran]] – ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]''
** Nobin Paul – [[2018 (soundtrack)|''2018'']]
** [[Sam C. S.|Sam C. S]] – ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]]''
** [[Sushin Shyam]] – ''[[Romancham]]''
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Lyricist
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist (Telugu)|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Anantha Sriram]] – "O Rendu Prema Meghaalila" from [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]'''
** [[Bhaskarabhatla]] – "Nuvvu Navvukuntu" from [[Mad (film)|''Mad'']]
** [[Kasarla Shyam]] – "Ooru Palletooru" from [[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']]
** [[Krishna Kanth]] – "Adigaa" from [[Hi Nanna (soundtrack)|''Hi Nanna'']]
** [[Sri Mani]] – "Ori Vaari" from [[Dasara (soundtrack)|''Dasara'']]

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Vignesh Shivan]] – "Rathamaarey" from [[Jailer (soundtrack)|''Jailer'']]'''
** [[Ilaiyaraaja]] – "Kaattumalli" from ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
** [[Ku Karthik]] – "Nira" from [[Takkar (2023 film)|''Takkar'']]
** [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] – "Unakku Thaan" from ''[[Chithha]]''
** [[Yugabharathi]] – "Nenjame Nenjame" from [[Maamannan (soundtrack)|''Maamannan'']]
|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] – "Tagaru Palya Title Track" from ''[[Tagaru Palya]]'''''{{Efn|The award was taken by Umesh K. Krupa}}
** [[Chethan Kumar (director)|Chethan Kumar]] – "Pasandaagavne" from ''[[Kaatera]]''
** Dhananjay Ranjan – "Sapta Saagaradaache Ello Title Track" from ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
** Kinnal Raj – "Namaami Namaami" from [[Kabzaa (2023 film)|''Kabzaa'']]
** Prithvi – "Mellage" from ''[[Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye]]''
|
* '''[[Manu Manjith]] – "Neela Nilave" from ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]]'''''
** [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anvar Ali]] – "Ennum En Kaaval" from ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
** [[Muhsin Parari]] – "Premakkathu Pattu" from ''[[Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham]]''
** Vaisakh Sugunan – "Thathamma Chelolu" from [[Madanolsavam (2023 film)|''Madanolsavam'']]
** [[Vinayak Sasikumar]] – "Roohe" from [[Neru (film)|''Neru'']]
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Male Playback Singer
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer (Telugu)|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Ram Miriyala]] – "Ooru Palletooru" from [[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']]'''
** Adithya RK, [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]] – "Almost Padipoyindhe Pilla" from ''[[Das Ka Dhamki]]''
** [[Anurag Kulkarni]] – "Samayama" from [[Hi Nanna (soundtrack)|''Hi Nanna'']]
** [[Rahul Sipligunj]] – "Ayyayyo" from ''[[Mem Famous]]''
** [[Sid Sriram]] – "Aradhya" from [[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sean Roldan]] – "Naan Gaali" from [[Good Night (2023 film)|''Good Night'']]'''
** [[Anirudh Ravichander]] – "Badass" from [[Leo (soundtrack)|''Leo'']]
** [[Haricharan]] – "Chinnanjiru Nilave" from [[Ponniyin Selvan: II (soundtrack)|''Ponniyin Selvan: II'']]
** [[Vijay Yesudas]] – "Nenjame Nenjame" from [[Maamannan (soundtrack)|''Maamannan'']]
** [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] – "Rathamaarey" from [[Jailer (soundtrack)|''Jailer'']]

|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Kapil Kapilan]] – "Sapta Saagaradaache Ello Title Track" from ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'''''
** Adithya RK – "Oh Kavana" from ''[[Hondisi Bareyiri]]''
** [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] – "Hostel Hudugaru Protest Song" from ''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare]]''
** [[Haricharan]] – "Arre Idu Entha Bhavane" from ''[[Gurudev Hoysala]]''
** [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]] – "Yaava Janumada Gelathi" from ''[[Kaatera]]''
|
* '''[[K. S. Harisankar]] – "Venmegham" from [[2018 (soundtrack)|''2018'']]'''
** [[G. Venugopal]] – "Ennum En Kaaval" from ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
** [[Kapil Kapilan]] – "Neela Nilave" from ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]]''
** Mithun Jayaraj – "Naruchiriyude" from ''[[Pranaya Vilasam]]''
** Vidyadharan Master – "Love You Muthe" from [[Padmini (2023 film)|''Padmini'']]
|-
! colspan="2" ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Female Playback Singer
|-
! ! style="background:#efac00; text-align:center;"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu)|Telugu]]
! ! style="background:#efeb00; text-align:center;"|Tamil
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Shakthisree Gopalan]] – "Ammaadi" from [[Hi Nanna (soundtrack)|''Hi Nanna'']]'''{{Efn|The award was received was Shakthisree on 15 September 2024 during the Tamil cinema segment}}
** [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]] – "Chamkeela Angeelesi" from [[Dasara (soundtrack)|''Dasara'']]
** Harika Narayan – "Ravanasura Anthem" from ''[[Ravanasura]]''
** Sahiti Chaganti, Satya Yamini – "Maa Bava Manobhavalu" from ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
** [[Shweta Mohan]] – "Mastaaru Mastaaru" from [[Sir (2023 film)|''Sir'']]

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Shakthisree Gopalan]] – "Aga Naga" from [[Ponniyin Selvan: II (soundtrack)|''Ponniyin Selvan: II'']]'''
** [[Ananya Bhat]] – "Kaattumalli" from ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
** [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]] – "Maamadura" from ''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]''
** Karthika Vaidyanathan – "Kangal Edho" from ''[[Chithha]]''
** [[Shweta Mohan]] – "Vaa Vaathi" from ''[[Vaathi]]''

|-
! ! style="background:#00def3; text-align:center;"| Kannada
! ! style="background:#4df300; text-align:center;"| Malayalam
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Mangli]] – "Pasandaagavne" from ''[[Kaatera]]'''''
** Aishwarya Rangarajan – "Pushpavati" from [[Kranti (2023 film)|''Kranti'']]
** Srilakshmi Belmannu – "Kadalanu Kano Horatiro" from ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]''
** Sunidhi Ganesh – "Doori Laali" from ''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]''
** Vijayalaxmi Mettinahole – "Radha Radha" from [[Kabzaa (2023 film)|''Kabzaa'']]
|
* '''[[Anne Amie]] – "Thinkal Poovin" from ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]'''''
** [[Mridula Warrier]] – "Nerukayil Nin Nerukayil" from ''[[Neeraja]]''
** [[Pushpavathy Poypadathu]] – "Haalaake Maarunne" from ''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]''
** Shikha Prabhakaran – "Thaaraattayi" from ''[[Iratta]]''
** [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Kalapakkaara" from ''[[King of Kotha]]''
|-
|}

== Critics choice awards ==
'''Telugu cinema'''

* [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]] – [[Anand Deverakonda]] – ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''
* [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress]] – [[Mrunal Thakur]] – ''[[Hi Nanna]]''
* Best Director – [[Sai Rajesh]] – [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]

'''Tamil cinema'''

* [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]] – [[Sivakarthikeyan]] – [[Maaveeran (2023 film)|''Maaveeran'']]
* [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]] – [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
* Best Director – [[S. U. Arun Kumar]] – ''[[Chithha]]''

'''Kannada cinema'''

* [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]] – [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] – ''[[Gurudev Hoysala]]''
* [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress]] – [[Rukmini Vasanth]] – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''

'''Malayalam cinema'''

* [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor]] – [[Joju George]] – ''[[Iratta]]''
* [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress]] – [[Jyothika]] – ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''

== Special awards ==
* [[SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award]] – [[Vijayakanth]]{{Efn|Awarded posthumously; Received by his wife Premalatha Vijayakanth}}
* Excellence in Cinema Award – [[Shiva Rajkumar]]{{Efn|For his contributions to [[Kannada cinema]] for 50 years}}
* Celebrating 20 Years In Cinema – [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamannaah Bhatia Explains The Reason Why She Missed Her SIIMA Award|website=Times Now|date=18 September 2024|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/tamannaah-bhatia-explains-the-reason-why-she-missed-her-siima-award-article-113436105|access-date=18 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Richa|title=Tamannaah Bhatia missed her award due to this fiasco|website=www.ndtv.com|date=17 September 2024|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tamannaah-bhatia-missed-her-award-due-to-this-fiasco-6586924|access-date=18 September 2024}}</ref>
* Sensation of the Year – [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]
* Rising Star Award – [[Sundeep Kishan]]
* Promising Actor (Telugu) – Sumanth Prabhas – ''[[Mem Famous]]''
* Entertainer of the Year (Telugu) – [[Shruti Haasan]]
* Emerging Producer of the Year (Tamil) – Kannan Ravi Group – ''[[Raavana Kottam]]''
* Extraordinary Performer of the Year (Tamil) – [[S. J. Suryah]]
* Most Promising Actor (Tamil) – [[Kavin Raj]] – [[Dada (2023 film)|''Dada'']]
* Entertainer of the Year (Kannada) – [[Shiva Rajkumar]]{{Efn|For his Kannada films ''[[Kabzaa (2023 film)|Kabzaa]]'', ''[[Ghost (2023 film)|Ghost]]'' and Tamil film ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''.}}
* Promising Actress (Kannada) – Vrusha Patil – ''Love''
* Emerging Producer of the Year (Kannada) – Anvit Cinemas and PB Studios – ''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]''

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Films with multiple nominations
! Nominations !! Film
|-
! rowspan="2" |11
|[[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]
|-
| [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]
|-
!10
|''[[Hi Nanna]]''
|-
! rowspan="4" |8
|[[2018 (film)|''2018'']]
|-
|''[[Kaatera]]''
|-
|[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]
|-
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
|-
! rowspan="4" |7
|''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
|-
|''[[Maamannan]]''
|-
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
|-
|[[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
|-
! rowspan="7" |6
|''[[Aachar & Co]]''
|-
|[[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]
|-
|[[Mad (film)|''Mad'']]
|-
|[[Neru (film)|''Neru'']]
|-
|''[[Romancham]]''
|-
|''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
|-
|''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
|-
! rowspan="11" |5
|[[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']]
|-
|''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
|-
|''[[Chithha]]''
|-
|''[[Hondisi Bareyiri]]''
|-
|''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare]]''
|-
|[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|''Maaveeran'']]
|-
|''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]''
|-
|''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]]''
|-
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]''
|-
|''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
|-
|''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]''
|-
! rowspan="9" |4
|''[[Falimy]]''
|-
|[[Good Night (2023 film)|''Good Night'']]
|-
|''[[Iratta]]''
|-
|[[Kabzaa (2023 film)|''Kabzaa'']]
|-
|[[Kaiva (2023 film)|''Kaiva'']]
|-
|''[[Kannur Squad]]''
|-
|[[Kranti (2023 film)|''Kranti'']]
|-
|[[Toby (film)|''Toby'']]
|-
| ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
|-
! rowspan="9" |3
|[[Fight Club (2023 film)|''Fight Club'']]
|-
|''[[Gurudev Hoysala]]''
|-
|''[[Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham]]''
|-
|''[[Mangalavaaram]]''
|-
|''[[Mem Famous]]''
|-
|''[[Month of Madhu]]''
|-
|''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]''
|-
|''[[Por Thozhil]]''
|-
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|-
! rowspan="28" |2
|''[[B 32 Muthal 44 Vare]]''
|-
|[[Dada (2023 film)|''Dada'']]
|-
|''[[Daredevil Musthafa]]''
|-
|''[[Corona Papers]]''
|-
|[[Garudan (2023 film)|''Garudan'']]
|-
|[[Ghost (2023 film)|''Ghost'']]
|-
|''[[Irugapatru]]''
|-
|''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]''
|-
|''[[Keedaa Cola]]''
|-
|''[[King of Kotha]]''
|-
|[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|''Kousalya Supraja Rama'']]
|-
|[[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']]
|-
|[[Let's Get Married (2023 film)|''Let's Get Married'']]
|-
|[[Madanolsavam (2023 film)|''Madanolsavam'']]
|-
|''[[Margazhi Thingal]]''
|-
|[[Padmini (2023 film)|''Padmini'']]
|-
|[[Parking (2023 film)|''Parking'']]
|-
|''[[Peddha Kapu 1]]''
|-
|''[[Pranaya Vilasam]]''
|-
|''[[Purusha Pretham]]''
|-
|[[Rangabali (film)|''Rangabali'']]
|-
|''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]''
|-
|[[Sir (2023 film)|''Sir'']]
|-
|''[[Shivaji Surathkal 2]]''
|-
|''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]''
|-
|''[[Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye]]''
|-
|[[Takkar (2023 film)|''Takkar'']]
|-
|''[[Writer Padmabhushan]]''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Films with multiple awards
! Awards !! Film
|-
!6
|''[[Hi Nanna]]''{{Efn|Including a non-competitive award ([[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu]])}}
|-
!5
|[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]
|-
! rowspan="5" |4
|[[2018 (film)|''2018'']]
|-
|[[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]{{Efn|Including two non-competitive awards ([[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu]] and SIIMA Critics Award for Best Director – Telugu)}}
|-
|[[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]
|-
|''[[Kaatera]]''
|-
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |3
|[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|''Maaveeran'']]''{{Efn|Including a non-competitive award ([[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil]])}}''
|-
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]{{Efn|Including a non-competitive award ([[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil]])}}''
|-
|''[[Romancham]]''
|-
! rowspan="7" |2
|[[Good Night (2023 film)|''Good Night'']]
|-
|''[[Iratta]]''
|-
|[[Kaiva (2023 film)|''Kaiva'']]
|-
|[[Mad (film)|''Mad'']]
|-
|''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]''
|-
|''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]]''
|-
|[[Toby (film)|''Toby'']]
|}

== Presenters and performers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Performer
!Work
|-
|[[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| rowspan="9" |Dance
|-
|Ashok Galla
|-
|[[Avika Gor]]
|-
|[[Faria Abdullah]]
|-
|[[Kavya Thapar]]
|-
|[[Neha Shetty]]
|-
|[[Pooja Hegde]]
|-
|[[Shanvi Srivastava]]
|-
|[[Shriya Saran]]
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.siima.in/}}
* {{IMDb event|id=0001781|year=2024|event=12th South Indian International Movie Awards}}
{{South Indian International Movie Awards}}

[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards]]
[[Category:2023 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:September 2024 in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:2024 Indian film awards]]

Madurai Veeran (1956 film)

2026-03-04T04:58:17Z

Legalwikieditor: Created new details w/ refs

{{short description|1956 film by D. Yoganand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madurai Veeran
| image = Madurai Veeran (1956 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[D. Yoganand]]
| screenplay = [[Kannadasan]]
| producer = [[Lena Chettiar]]
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[P. Bhanumathi]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
| cinematography = M. A. Rehman
| editing = V. B. Natarajan
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| studio = Krishna Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1956|04|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = {{INR}}1 crore{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=105}}
}}

'''''Madurai Veeran '''''({{translation|The Warrior of Madurai}}) is a 1956 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical fiction|historical]] [[action film]] directed by [[D. Yoganand]], written by [[Kannadasan]], and produced by [[Lena Chettiar]]. Based on the folklore legend turned deity [[Madurai Veeran|of the same name]], it stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as the eponymous character, with [[P. Bhanumathi]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] playing his love interests. [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[N. S. Krishnan]] and [[T. A. Mathuram]] play supporting roles.

''Madurai Veeran'' was the second film based on the legend after a 1939 film. It was released on 13 April 1956, during [[Puthandu]] (Tamil New Year). The film became a major success, and had a theatrical run of over 200 days, thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]]. It was also a milestone in the careers of Ramachandran and Padmini, and led to many more similar films being made.

== Plot ==
A baby is born to the chieftain of Varanavasi, but with an unlucky mark destined to bring doom to the state. Acting as per the dictates of the astrologer, the baby is abandoned in the forest. A cobbler and his wife discover the baby in the forest, and bring him up as their son. They name him Veeran, meaning warrior, because he did not cry even though he was around forest animals.

Veeran grows up to be a brave and noble youth. He chances to save Bommi, the princess of Thottiyam from being drowned in the Cauvery. Bommi falls in love with him. Though Veeran doesn't reciprocate initially, he perceives the depth of her love gradually after Bommi comes riding on an elephant dressed as a man and saves Veeran from being trampled to death. Bommi's uncle, the cowardly Narasappan finds his schemes of marrying Bommi falling apart. Citing Veeran's low birth, Narasappan causes the lovers undue hardships. Due to opposition from Bommi's father, Veeran arrives and carries the princess away. Finally the King of Tiruchi, from whom Narasappan had sought assistance, declares that Veeran and Bommi are not guilty of any crime and sanctifies their union in wedlock. And being impressed with Veeran's valour, the King appoints him as the commander of the army.

Thirumalai Nayakar of Madurai appeals to Tiruchi to help curb the menace of a gang of robbers that was terrorising the people of Madurai. Veeran is sent to Madurai and he is appointed Nayakar's commander. There he sees Vellaiyamma, the beautiful court dancer and is impressed with her virtues and skills. Suitable disguised, Veeran and Vellaiyamma gain entry into the Azhagar Malai den of the thieves. With the help of hidden soldiers, they manage to capture most of the robbers and recover the plundered loot.

Nayakar, who wants to make Vellaiyamma his concubine, is furious when he hears that Vellaiyamma is in love with Veeran. And his mind further poisoned by the evil Narasappan and his former commander Kutilan, the King accuses Veeran of treason and orders a hand and leg of Veeran to be severed. Before the sentence is carried out Veeran recognises in the crowd the leader of the thieves Sangilikaruppan, and puts him to death in a quick encounter. Satisfied that he has now accomplished his mission, Veeran subjects himself to the mutilation. And as his soul leaves his body soon after, Bommi and Vellaiyamma unite with him in the heavenly abode.

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=20%}}
;Male cast
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as [[Madurai Veeran|Veeran]]
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Narasappan<ref name="IE review" />
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as Veeran's foster father{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=346–347}}
* P. S. Venkatachalam as Saint
*[[Kuladeivam Rajagopal]]
* Kallapart Natarajan
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Thirumalai Nayakar
* Ma. Balasubramaniam as King Bomman
* Tirupathisamy as Chokkan
{{col-break|width=40%}}
;Female cast
* [[P. Bhanumathi]] as Bommi{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=346}}
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Vellaiyamma
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] as Veeran's foster mother{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=346–347}}
* [[E. V. Saroja]] as Killi

;Dance
* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]
* [[Kusalakumari]]
* ''Maadi'' Lakshmi
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
The folklore legend turned deity [[Madurai Veeran]]'s first appearance on screen was in a [[List of Tamil films of the 1930s|1939 film]] with the same name.{{sfn|Velayutham|2008|p=150}}{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=121}} Another attempt to make a film based on the legend was made in the late 1940s by Naveena Pictures, with [[P. U. Chinnappa]] set to star; this did not materialise.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 1947 |title=Madurai Veeran |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YNc-AAAAIBAJ&pg=6376%2C1110336 |access-date=31 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=8 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Lena Chettiar]] of Krishna Pictures later successfully managed to produce one, also titled ''Madurai Veeran'', with [[D. Yoganand]] as director.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=346}} However, Chettiar was not credited as producer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |title=Memories of Madras: Its Movies, Musicians & Men of Letters |publisher=Creative Workshop |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-928961-7-5 |editor-last=Gopal |editor-first=T. S. |location=Chennai |pages=208}}</ref> The screenplay for this version was written by [[Kannadasan]], who also served as lyricist. Art direction was handled by Ganga, editing by V. B. Natarajan,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and the cinematography by M. A. Rehman.{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=121}}

[[M. G. Ramachandran]], who starred as the title character,<ref name="IE review" /> initially refused to act in the film because it had mythological references, but joined after being urged by [[R. M. Veerappan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2009 |title=NSK a comedian with social awareness |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ldquoNSK-a-comedian-with-social-awarenessrdquo/article16616234.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624153557/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ldquoNSK-a-comedian-with-social-awarenessrdquo/article16616234.ece |archive-date=24 June 2018 |access-date=24 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He felt that the character of Velliaiyamma was "poorly depicted" in the original legend, and suggested changes to her screen depiction, to which the producer assented.{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=77}} The character was portrayed by [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2006 |title=The very best of Padmini |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/26sd5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627054520/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/26sd5.htm |archive-date=27 June 2018 |access-date=27 June 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |at=slide 5}}</ref> in her first film opposite Ramachandran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2017 |title=நாட்டியப் பேரொளி பத்மினி |url=http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2017/jun/12/actress-padmini-2719164.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622094918/http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2017/jun/12/actress-padmini-2719164.html |archive-date=22 June 2018 |access-date=22 June 2018 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The final cut of the film was 165 minutes.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=346}}

== Themes and influences ==
Tamil historian [[Sachi Sri Kantha]] noted that various Ramachandran films reflect the 1950s trend of films being "costume dramas" that focus on princes and folk heroes, citing ''Madurai Veeran'' as an example.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=30 September 2014 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 21 {{!}} Generativity in DMK Party of 1950s |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-21/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914123951/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-21/ |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen]], in ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'', compare it to Ramachandran's earlier films like ''[[Malaikkallan]]'' (1954) and ''[[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum]]'' (1956) as they are also [[Robin Hood]]-inspired, and because [[P. Bhanumathi]] plays a [[damsel in distress]] in them.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=60}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 1956 |title=Madurai Veeran |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/madurai-veeran/zcb3ZS30Um0_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120200320/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/madurai-veeran/zcb3ZS30Um0_ |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Summa Kidantha Sothukku Kashtam" is based on "Yeruvaaka Saagaaro Ranno Chinnanna", composed by [[Master Venu]] for the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Rojulu Marayi]]'' (1955).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=31 July 2014 |title=Rojulu Maaraayi (1955) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/rojulu-maaraayi-1955/article6268472.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625051023/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/rojulu-maaraayi-1955/article6268472.ece |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=25 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[A. V. Meiyappan]], distributor of ''Rojulu Marayi''{{'}}s Tamil remake ''[[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1956 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]]'' (1956), which re-used "Yeruvaaka Saagaaro Ranno Chinnanna" as "Kallam Kabadam Theriyadhavane" (also known as "Yerupooti Povaye Anne Sinnanne"), sued Lena Chettiar, accusing him of stealing the tune of his film song. [[V. L. Ethiraj]], a renowned lawyer, appeared for Chettiar. The judge observed that the tune of both songs were based on folklore music, and no-one could claim a right of ownership to such music. The case was dismissed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2013 |title=திண்ணை! |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/paddy/15359 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180720063445/http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=15359&ncat=2 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |access-date=20 July 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Aadal Kaaneero" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Charukesi]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=121}} and attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shankar |first=Bala |date=28 June 2018 |title=MLV, a thinking vocalist |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/a-thinking-vocalist/article24278716.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707054239/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/a-thinking-vocalist/article24278716.ece |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=7 July 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A remix of "Vaanga Machan Vaanga" was recorded by [[Hiphop Tamizha]] for the 2019 film ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2019 |title='Vanga Machan Vanga' song from STR's upcoming film released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vanga-machan-vanga-song-from-strs-upcoming-film-released/articleshow/67658882.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190202035756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vanga-machan-vanga-song-from-strs-upcoming-film-released/articleshow/67658882.cms |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=1 February 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Senthamizha
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| extra1 = [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
| length1 = 2:56
| title2 = Nadagamellam
| lyrics2 = Kannadasan
| extra2 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Jikki]]
| length2 = 3:44
| title3 = Avarkkum Enakkum
| lyrics3 = Kannadasan
| extra3 = [[P. Bhanumathi]]
| length3 = 2:49
| title4 = Kadamaiyile
| lyrics4 = Kannadasan
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length4 = 5:16
| title5 = Aadal Kaaneero
| lyrics5 = [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]
| extra5 = M. L. Vasanthakumari
| length5 = 5:53
| title6 = Summa Kidantha
| lyrics6 = [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]
| extra6 = [[P. Leela]], Jikki
| length6 = 4:10
| title7 = Kundruthor Adi Varum
| lyrics7 = Udumalai Narayana Kavi
| extra7 = P. Leela
| length7 = 4:18
| title8 = Vaanga Machan Vaanga
| note8 = Duet
| lyrics8 = [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]
| extra8 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Leela
| length8 = 3:00
| title9 = Vaanga Machan Vaanga
| note9 = Solo
| lyrics9 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra9 = P. Leela
| length9 = 3:01
| title10 = Echu Pizhaikkum
| lyrics10 = Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| extra10 = T. M. Soundararajan, Jikki
| length10 = 3:44
| total_length = 38:51
}}

== Release ==
''Madurai Veeran'' was released on 13 April 1956,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> during [[Puthandu]] (Tamil New Year).<ref name="IE review" /> The film was a major success, running for over 100-days in all the 36 theatres it was screened at.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=2 September 2011 |title=Following a star |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/following-a-star/article2418144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605052459/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/following-a-star/article2418144.ece |archive-date=5 June 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It ran for over 200 days at the Madurai-based Chinthamani Theatre (the longest run for a film starring Ramachandran to that point), thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Annamalai |first=S. |date=30 June 2017 |title=Many firsts for MGR happened in Madurai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/many-firsts-for-mgr-happened-in-madurai/article19187651.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702125736/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/many-firsts-for-mgr-happened-in-madurai/article19187651.ece |archive-date=2 July 2017 |access-date=21 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{efn|A silver jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 25 weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=D. |date=3 May 2011 |title=MGR continues to live in the minds of Madurai people |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/mgr-continues-to-live-in-the-minds-of-madurai-people/article1987423.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627102156/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/mgr-continues-to-live-in-the-minds-of-madurai-people/article1987423.ece |archive-date=27 June 2017 |access-date=22 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>}} According to R. Kannan, author of ''MGR: A Life'', the film grossed over {{INRConvert|1|c|year=1956}}.{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=105}} It was later dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Sahasaveerudu''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2 June 2013 |title=A legend in his life time |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/a-legend-in-his-life-time/article4773899.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625135549/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/a-legend-in-his-life-time/article4773899.ece |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=25 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
On the day of its release, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called ''Madurai Veeran'' a "should-not-be-missed" film. The reviewer praised the performances of Ramachandran, [[T. S. Balaiah]], Bhanumathi and Padmini, the comedy sequences featuring [[N. S. Krishnan]] and [[T. A. Mathuram]], Yoganand's direction, the dialogue and music, concluding, "[''Madurai Veeran''] makes one interested right from the beginning to the finish."<ref name="IE review" /> ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' too printed a positive review,<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Apr 1956 |title=விமர்சனம் {{!}} மதுரை வீரன் |trans-title=Reviews {{!}} Madurai Veeran |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_10_20_20_4/55.jp2/full/1000,1322/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518111955/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_10_20_20_4/55.jp2/full/1000,1322/0/default.jpg |archive-date=2025-05-18 |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=[[Swadesamitran]] |pages=55 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> as did Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', for the writing, direction and music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=22 April 1956 |title=மதுரை வீரன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1956-04-22/page/n31/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240909080635/https://archive.org/details/kalki1956-04-22/page/n31/mode/2up |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=30–31 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Historical accuracy ==
Although ''Madurai Veeran'' is based on a legend, it has been criticised for taking liberties, primarily with the depiction of the title character. Film historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]] noted that the film did not depict Veeran as a direct descendant of backward parents, rather as "a baby born in the royal family who is left in the forest and brought up by a [[Dalit]] couple", mainly to appease fans.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=23 January 2016 |title=New voices but not enough noise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/New-voices-but-not-enough-noise/article14015881.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707054829/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/New-voices-but-not-enough-noise/article14015881.ece |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=7 July 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Athiyaman, founder of Athi Thamizhar Peravai, which published the book ''Madurai Veeran Unmai Varalaaru'', also criticised the film for distorting Veeran's Dalit identity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=2 September 2015 |title=The ban police is back as the Tamil Nadu government clamps down on two more books |url=https://scroll.in/article/752708/the-ban-police-is-back-as-the-tamil-nadu-government-clamps-down-on-two-more-books |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707055448/https://scroll.in/article/752708/the-ban-police-is-back-as-the-tamil-nadu-government-clamps-down-on-two-more-books |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=7 July 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Madurai Veeran'' emerged a milestone both in the careers of Ramachandran and Padmini.{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=105}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=29 September 2006 |title=Beauty, charm, charisma |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/beauty-charm-charisma/article3230823.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010133751/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/beauty-charm-charisma/article3230823.ece |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=21 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film's enormous earnings led to it becoming a precursor for many more similar films, but none equalled the success of ''Madurai Veeran''.{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=122}} It was also one of the few films where the lead character played by Ramachandran dies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=22 December 2013 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 13 {{!}} Climax to Stage Drama Career |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-13/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180815064651/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-13/ |archive-date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> He avoided doing such roles since the late 1960s after his ''[[Paasam]]'' (1962) failed commercially since fans could not accept his character's death in that film.{{sfn|Rajanayagam|2015|p=41}} Dalit historian Stalin Rajangam believed that [[Arunthathiyar]]s (a subsect of Dalits) began supporting Ramachandran after he acted as Veeran.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=13 August 2017 |title=Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan in politics: What a new book on MGR says about TN politics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-in-politics-what-a-new-book-on-mgr-says-about-tn-politics/story-tntFE8E0Nu3Gul8vBJjPSN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720055849/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-in-politics-what-a-new-book-on-mgr-says-about-tn-politics/story-tntFE8E0Nu3Gul8vBJjPSN.html |archive-date=20 July 2018 |access-date=20 July 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1956 – மதுரை வீரன் – கிருஷ்ண பிக்சர்ஸ்-சாகசவீருடு (தெ-டப்) |trans-title=1956 – Madurai Veeran – Krishna Pictures-Sahasaveerudu (te-dub) |url=http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956-cinedetails23.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621075742/http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956-cinedetails23.asp |archive-date=21 June 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |date=13 April 1956 |title=Mathurai Veeran |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560413&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=21 June 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |isbn=978-93-86495-88-4 |location=Chennai}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ |title=MGR: A Life |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-93-86495-88-4 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajanayagam |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FHeCQAAQBAJ |title=Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-138-82203-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsR8AgAAQBAJ |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-203-93037-3 |editor-last=Velayutham |editor-first=Selvaraj}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{D. Yoganand}}

[[Category:1950s historical action films]]
[[Category:1956 Indian films]]
[[Category:1956 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1956 controversies]]
[[Category:1956 films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Yoganand]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films produced by Lena Chettiar]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mrugaya (1989 film)

2026-03-03T21:05:39Z

Legalwikieditor: expanded content

{{Short description|1989 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mrugaya
| image = Mrugaya (1989 film).png
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| producer = KRG
| writer = [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Thilakan]] [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| cinematography = V. Jayaram
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio = KRG Enterprises
| distributor = KRG Release
| released = {{Film date|1989|12|23|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Mrugaya''''' (English: ''The Hunt'') is a 1989 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[thriller drama film]] written by [[A. K. Lohithadas]] and directed by [[I. V. Sasi]]. The film stars [[Mammootty]] and [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]] in the lead role, with [[Thilakan]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Lalu Alex]], and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] in supporting roles. It tells the story of Varunni (Mammootty), the uncultured and drunkard hunter, who arrives in the village to kill a man-eating leopard. The film won two [[Kerala State Film Award]]s.<ref>Roshith, Sivalakshmi. (2013-04-30) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514031315/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Cinema-is-a-serious-business-after-all-says-I-V-Sasi/2013/04/30/article1567713.ece Cinema is a serious business, after all, says I V Sasi]. The New Indian Express. Retrieved on 2014-05-18.</ref> The leopard, used in a number of scenes in the film, was lent by animal trainer Govindarajan Naidu. Sasi had said that the climax fight scene with the leopard was done by Mammootty himself without dupes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/mammootty-leopard-dupes-mrugaya-iv-sasi/ | title=Mammootty faced the leopard without dupes in Mrugaya : IV Sasi | date=11 October 2016 }}</ref>

The film was a commercial success and the character of Varunni attained cult status. Mammootty's different look and natural acting helped in the movie's success.<ref>[http://mathrubhumi.com/movies/web_special/234054/ ഇന്ത്യന്‍ സിനിമയില്‍ ഇനി ഈ 'പുലിക്കുട്ടി'യുണ്ടാകില്ല, Web Special – Mathrubhumi.comMovies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102111/http://mathrubhumi.com/movies/web_special/234054/ |date=24 December 2013 }}. Mathrubhumi.com (2011-12-02). Retrieved on 2014-05-18.</ref>

== Plot ==
The story takes place in a Highrange village, terrorised by the frequent attacks of a man-eating [[leopard]]. Tired of waiting for help from the authorities, the villagers under Reverend Father Panangodan and Philipose Muthalali decide to hire a hunter. The hunter whom they wanted had recently died. Hence, his son, Varunni, is summoned to the village. The uncultured life of Varunni soon became a headache for the village. The villagers try to avoid Varunni who is a drunkard.

However, a woman named Bhagyalakshmi (whose mother was killed by the leopard) befriends Varunni. This relation makes Thomaskutty, who is in love with Bhagyalakshmi, jealous. Seeing Varunni talking to Bhagyalakshmi, Thomaskutty gets angry and starts fighting with Varunni. In the fight, Thomaskutty accidentally slips and falls from the top of the cliff. Varunni feels responsible for the death of Thomaskutty and confesses secretly to Father Panangodan. Father Panangodan realises the big heart inside Varunni. He decides to protect Varunni despite the objections from the villagers and arranges a livelihood for him. Varunni gradually starts to help the villagers and the family of Thomaskutty. The villagers also develop a soft corner for Varunni. Meanwhile, the leopard again comes to the village, and Varunni fails to kill it after Philipose's son-in-law Antony and his friend Kunjachan cheats them and tries to kill him. The leopard escapes with a wound. Soon, Kunjachan dies after suffering from [[rabies]].

The preparations for the betrothal of Thomaskutty's sister, Annamma, go on but the groom fails to show up at the function. At the directions of Father Panangodan, Varunni decides to marry Annamma. This makes Bhagyalakshmi, who was in love with Varunni, jealous. On the eve of the wedding, she informs Annamma that Varunni had killed Thomaskutty. Varunni gets exposed on the wedding day and flees to his hut. On reaching the hut, Varunni finds his dog barking alarmingly. He concludes that the dog has [[rabies]] and kills it. Soon he spots the leopard at the top of his hut and realizes that his dog was actually warning him about the leopard. Though injured, Varunni manages to kill the leopard with an axe. The villagers celebrate the death of the leopard. However, the police soon arrive and arrest Varunni for murdering Thomaskutty. He confesses to Annamma that he accidentally killed Thomaskutty.

== Cast ==
* [[Mammootty]] as Varunni
* [[Thilakan]] as Father Panangodan
* [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]] as Bhagyalakshmi
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Annamma
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as [[Advocate]] Ramankutty
* [[Lalu Alex]] as Anthony
* [[Sankaradi]] as Shankunni
* [[Kuthiravattom Pappu]] as Kunju Abdullah
* [[Jagannatha Varma]] as Philipose Muthalali
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as Kunjachan
* [[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Pillai
* [[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh]] as Thomaskutty
* [[Kunjandi]] as Kuriachan
* [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] as Selina
* [[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Radhamani
* Kousalya as Zeenath
* [[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Yashoda

==Release==
The film was released on 23 December 1989.

===Box office===
The film was both commercially blockbuster and critically acclaimed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iv-sasi-malayalam-cinemas-trailblazer-and-king-box-office-70523?amp|title=IV Sasi, Malayalam cinema's trailblazer and king of the box office|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=25 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=C S Venkiteswaran|title=Trendsetting titan|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/trendsetting-titan/article9947168.ece/|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 November 2017|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-v-sasi-has-been-a-trendsetter-in-the-film-industry/article19924652.ece|title=The End of an Epoch|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

==Music==
The lyrics for this movie were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] and the music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].

===Tracks===

* ''Orikkal Niranjum'' sung by [[KJ Yesudas]]
*''Oru Nadam'' sung by [[K J Yesudas]] [[K.S.Chithra]]

==Accolades==
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] – [[I. V. Sasi|IV Sasi]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] – [[Mammootty]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0271648|title=Mrigaya}}

{{I. V. Sasi}}
{{A. K. Lohithadas}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]
[[Category:Films about animal hunting]]

Tahaan

2026-03-03T11:54:07Z

Legalwikieditor: Updated article with clearer structure

{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Tahaan – A Boy With a Grenade
|image = Tahaan_Poster.jpg
|caption =
|writer = Santosh Sivan Ritesh Menon Paul Hardart
|starring = Purav Bhandare [[Anupam Kher]] [[Sarika]] [[Rahul Bose]] [[Rahul Khanna]] [[Victor Banerjee]] [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]]
|director = [[Santosh Sivan]]
|producer = [[Shripal Morakhia]] Mubina Rattonsey
|editing = Shakti Hasija
|distributor = [[Culver Max Entertainment|SPE Films India]]<ref>{{cite web|title='Tahaan' to travel at 8 film festivals worldwide|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=24 September 2008|access-date=3 July 2022|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/tahaan-to-travel-at-8-film-festivals-worldwide/articleshow/3522782.cms|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906133935/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/tahaan-to-travel-at-8-film-festivals-worldwide/articleshow/3522782.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|released = {{Film date|2008|09|05|df=y}}
|runtime =
|language = Hindi
|budget =
|cinematography = Santosh Sivan
|music = Taufique Qureshi
|country = [[India]]
}}

'''''Tahaan – A Boy With a Grenade''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] drama film written and directed by [[Santosh Sivan]]. The film is based on the life of a young boy and his pet donkey.<ref name="release_date">{{cite web|title=Another Tale of the Vale|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Another-Tale-of-the-Vale/357148/|date=4 September 2008|accessdate=4 September 2008|last=Chakrabarti|first=Paromita|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406094430/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Another-Tale-of-the-Vale/357148/|archivedate=6 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is a fable-like journey of the [[:wikt:eponym|eponym]]ous eight-year-old boy, whose life revolves around the pursuit to find real purpose in his little world. The film stars Purav Bhandare as the young boy. The film stars Purav Bhandare, [[Anupam Kher]], [[Sarika]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Rahul Khanna]], [[Victor Banerjee]], and [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]]. It was filmed in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

== Plot ==
After salvaging money using various means, Tahaan reaches the moneylender to reclaim Birbal. He is told that old Subhan Dar ([[Anupam Kher]]) bought the donkey and went across the mountains in which Tahaan's father went missing. Gathering courage, Tahaan goes in search of the old man. He finds him, and he follows Subhan and his assistant Zafar ([[Rahul Bose]]) and their mule train, leading Birbal despite their protests. Although Subhan promises to return Birbal to Tahaan if he can win a race against the incompetent Zafar, when he wins, Subhan refuses to give him Birbal. Instead, Subhan gives the donkey to his eight-year-old nephew. Zafar tries to give Tahaan his sunglasses as a replacement for the donkey, but Tahaan does not accept the gift.

On his way back home, Tahaan encounters Idrees, a teenager who discourages him, saying that his efforts will not be sufficient to get Birbal back. Instead, he suggests doing him a favour. Tahaan is asked to take a package across the mountains in his onward journey. Upon seeing his eagerness, Idrees hands him over a grenade and says that when the time is right, he will be told what needs to be done. At a checkpoint, the package and grenade are not discovered due to the fact that the soldiers know and trust Subhan Darr. Tahaan is about to commit a terrorist act with the grenade and has already removed the pin when he changes his mind and throws it safely in a river. He then sees his father emerge from the building he almost blew up.
Subhan's nephew learns that Tahaan is fond of Birbal, and at his request, Subhan gives the donkey back to Tahaan.

==Cast==
*Purav Bhandare as Tahaan
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Subhan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tahaan-brings-back-memories-for-anupam-kher-1187927|title='Tahaan' brings back memories for Anupam Kher|date=5 September 2008|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906133932/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tahaan-brings-back-memories-for-anupam-kher-1187927|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Rahul Bose]] as Zafar
*[[Sarika]] as Haba, Tahaan's mother
*[[Victor Banerjee]] as, Tahaan's Grandfather
*[[Fatima Sana Shaikh]] as Zoya, Tahaan's elder sister
*[[Rahul Khanna]] as Kuku Saab
*[[Rasika Dugal]] as Nadira
*Ankush Dubey as Idrees
*Dheirya Sonech as Yasin
*Tavasvat Singh as Babina

== Production ==
After major commercial releases such as ''[[The Terrorist (1997 film)|The Terrorist]]'' (1999), ''[[Asoka (2001 film)|Asoka]]'' (2001), ''[[Anandabhadram]]'' (2005) and ''[[Before the Rains]]'' (2007), award-winning director [[Santosh Sivan]] got the idea for this film after reading a newspaper report. He formed a [[fable]]-like story from the report.<ref name="newspaper">{{cite web|title=Newspaper report inspired Sivan's Tahaan|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=94d3873e-2f12-4307-aea5-dd7c6bcf74e8&ParentID=8bcfda1f-d926-40ab-a4b0-c14631bce7de&MatchID1=2903&TeamID1=2&TeamID2=15&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=793&PrimaryID=2903&Headline=Newspaper+report+inspired+Sivan's+EMTahaan/EM|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411021928/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=94d3873e-2f12-4307-aea5-dd7c6bcf74e8&ParentID=8bcfda1f-d926-40ab-a4b0-c14631bce7de&MatchID1=2903&TeamID1=2&TeamID2=15&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=793&PrimaryID=2903&Headline=Newspaper+report+inspired+Sivan's+EMTahaan/EM|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|date=25 August 2008|accessdate=4 September 2008|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Since [[Kashmir]] is a strife-torn area, films are rarely picturised there. However, in the case of this film, Sivan thought that audiences can relate it to the film well.<ref name="newspaper"/> It was only after 18 years that a film was filmed in Kashmir.<ref name="kashmir">{{cite web|title='Tahaan', story of a Kashmiri boy |url=http://www.ptinews.com/pti\ptisite.nsf/0/0D871DB589DB0655652574B4002F80ED?OpenDocument |date=29 August 2008 |accessdate=4 September 2008 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

While filming in Pahalgam, Sivan realised to his surprise that children were comfortable with guns. It seemed to him that it was a part of everyday life for them.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web|title=Signature cinema|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/09/07/stories/2008090750210500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911060903/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/09/07/stories/2008090750210500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2008|date=7 September 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=8 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="hindu review">{{cite web|title=A week that offers some brilliant, responsible cinema |accessdate=7 September 2008|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2008090750490200.htm&date=2008/09/07/&prd=th&|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412090544/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2008090750490200.htm&date=2008/09/07/&prd=th&|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 April 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film makes eloquent use of [[Quran]]ic verses or ''azaan'', for which the director took help from research scholars in Kashmir.

<blockquote>When shooting there we only wanted to show the real life. I had heard some Quranic verses there at some [[Dargah]]. I thought I could use them to send a message of hope. I wanted to use the azaan for a nice purpose, a beautiful thing, not for any wrong deed... At the end I wanted to show the positive power of a dream.<ref name="The Hindu"/></blockquote>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tahaan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Taufique Qureshi & Kvanaa
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|09|03}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/tahaan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1116344055 |title=Tahaan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522112038/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tahaan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1116344055 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 38:04
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m=38|s=04}}

| title1 = Jee Lo
| extra1 = [[Adnan Sami]]
| lyrics1 = Mehboob
| length1 = 04:18

| title2 = Mastaan Mastaan
| note2 = Modern
| extra2 = Ritesh Menon
| lyrics2 = Mehboob
| length2 = 05:15

| title3 = Mastaan Mastaan
| note3 = Folk
| extra3 = Gulzar Ahmad Ganai
| lyrics3 = Fazil Kashmiri
| length3 = 03:39

| title4 = Chakhri
| note4 = Modern
| extra4 = Sumedha Karmahe
| lyrics4 = Mehboob
| length4 = 03:48

| title5 = Tahaan
| note5 = Victory Theme
| length5 = 01:16

| title6 = Tahaan
| note6 = The Beginning
| length6 = 02:05

| title7 = Ha Faqeero
| extra7 = Gulzar Ahmad Ganai
| lyrics7 = A.G. Madhosh
| length7 = 06:08

| title8 = Agony
| length8 = 00:47

| title9 = The Missing
| length9 = 01:34

| title10 = Hope
| length10 = 01:24

| title11 = Storytelling
| length11 = 01:08

| title12 = Shaft of Light
| length12 = 02:03

| title13 = Kashmiri Pundit's
| length13 = 01:19

| title14 = Idrees's
| note14 = Rebel Theme
| length14 = 01:24

| title15 = Dilemma
| length15 = 00:48

| title16 = Tahaan Theme
| note16 = Slow
| length16 = 01:08
}}

==Critical reception==
The film opened to generally positive reviews. Ziya Us Salam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' hailed the film as a 'visual poem' and "Responsible cinema, brilliant cinema."<ref name="hindu review"/> Raja Sen of [[Rediff]] gave it 4 out of 5 stars, calling it a "must-watch".<ref>{{cite web|title=Tahaan is a must-watch|accessdate=4 September 2008|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/05tahaan.htm|work=[[Rediff]]|archive-date=7 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907215629/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/05tahaan.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajiv Masand of [[CNN-IBN]] called it a "film of great virtue" and gave 3 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tahaan, a film of great virtue|accessdate=4 September 2008|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-tahaan-a-film-of-great-virtue/72971-8.html|archive-date=6 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906154738/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-tahaan-a-film-of-great-virtue/72971-8.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] called it a "film of first-rate performances".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review : Tahaan|accessdate=4 September 2008|url=http://www.desipundit.com/baradwajrangan/2008/09/06/review-tahaan-a-wednesday/|archive-date=11 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911235706/http://www.desipundit.com/baradwajrangan/2008/09/06/review-tahaan-a-wednesday/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Tahaan won a High Commendation in Children's Feature Film section at the 2009 [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]].<ref>[http://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/news_room/media_releases/2009_winners_announced "Tahaan Won high commendation at Asia Pacific Screen Awards, 2009,2010".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129015019/http://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/news_room/media_releases/2009_winners_announced |date=29 November 2009 }} asiapacificscreenawards.com.</ref>
*Tahaan Won Best feature film award, CIFEJ Award (Centre International du Film pour l' Enfant et la Jeunesse)and UNICEF Award at 11th Olympia International Film Festival for Children and Young People in 2008 held at [[Greece]]<ref>[http://www.neanikoplano.gr/contentdetails.asp?uid=29&title=11th%20Awards "Tahaan won best feature film award, 2009".]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} neanikoplano.gr.</ref>
*Tahaan won "The German Star of India award" at "Bollywood and Beyond" festival at [[Stuttgart]] Germany in 2009<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606131606/http://www.hindustantimes.com/cinema-news/dresscircle/Santosh-Sivan-unaware-of-Tahaan-honour-in-Germany/473497/Article1-435794.aspx "Tahaan won The German Star Of India award, 2009".] ''Hindustan Times''</ref>

==Festivals==
The film has gone to the following festivals:

=== 2008 ===
*Pusan
*Rome
*Cinekid
*London Film Festival
*Olympia Film Festival in Greece. (Winner of 3 awards at the festival)
*Amazonas in Brazil

=== 2009 ===
*Palm Springs Festival in the USA.
*Hong Kong International Film Festival
*Stockholm International Film Festival
*New York International Children's Film Festival
*Fribourg International Film Festival in Switzerland
*Cairo International Film Festival
*Seattle International Film Festival
*Titanic International Film Festival (Hungary)
*Movies that Matter (Amsterdam) Showcase sponsored by the Amnesty International.
*Munich Film Festival
*Stuttgart Festival

== Distribution ==
''Tahaan'' was picked up for US distribution by GKIDS.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tahaan|accessdate=26 September 2010|url=http://www.gkids.tv/tahaan/|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101132827/http://www.gkids.tv/tahaan/|archivedate=1 January 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film premiered at the Centerpiece Selection of the MIAAC Indian Film Festival,<ref>{{cite web|title=MIAAC Film Festival |accessdate=26 September 2010 |url=http://miaacfilmfest.org/schedule |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111154556/http://miaacfilmfest.org/schedule |archivedate=11 January 2010 }}</ref> as well as the Starz Denver Film Festival,<ref>{{cite web|title=Starz Denver Film Festival|accessdate=26 September 2010|url=http://www.denverfilm.org/festival/calendar/index.aspx?mode=1&GID=-1&date=11/21/2009&FID=49|archive-date=6 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106030946/http://www.denverfilm.org/festival/calendar/index.aspx?mode=1&GID=-1&date=11/21/2009&FID=49|url-status=live}}</ref> the St Louis Film Festival,<ref>{{cite web|title=St Louis Film Festival |accessdate=26 September 2010 |url=http://www.cinemastlouis.org/2009/sliff_schedule.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420010658/http://cinemastlouis.org/2009/sliff_schedule.html |archivedate=20 April 2010 }}</ref> the Three Rivers Film Festival,<ref>{{cite web|title=Three Rivers Film Festival|accessdate=26 September 2010|url=http://3rff.com/2009/calendar.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204055157/http://3rff.com/2009/calendar.html|archivedate=4 February 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the New York/San Francisco International Children's Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|title=San Francisco Film Society|accessdate=26 September 2010|url=http://www.sffs.org/Screenings-and-Events/Fall-Season/NY-SF-International-Childrens-Film-Festival.aspx|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917080935/http://sffs.org/Screenings-and-Events/Fall-Season/NY-SF-International-Childrens-Film-Festival.aspx|archivedate=17 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|54390}}

{{Santosh Sivan}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Santosh Sivan]]
[[Category:Films about donkeys]]

Sandhitha Velai

2026-03-03T04:33:12Z

Legalwikieditor: fixed article also and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sandhitha Velai
| image = Sandhitha Velai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ravichandran (Tamil film director)|Ravichandran]]
| writer = Ravichandran
| producer = Kaja Mohideen
| starring = [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Roja Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000|4|14|ref1=}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Sandhitha Velai''''' ({{translation|The Time We Met}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Ravichandran (Tamil film director)|Ravichandran]], his second film after ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]'' (1998). The film stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] in two roles. [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] and [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] play the female leads, while [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Moulee]], [[Chinni Jayanth]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Manivannan]], and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] play supporting roles alongside an ensemble cast. The film was released on 14 April 2000 during the Tamil New Year.

== Plot ==
Aadalarasu is an unemployed graduate living with his parents Gurumoorthy and Sujatha. Aadalarasu is kind-hearted; however, luck does not favour him in finding a suitable job. Gurumoorthy frequently scolds Aadalarasu for his unemployment. But Aadalarasu's mother remains supportive. Aadalarasu goes to Chennai for an interview and stays in his father's friend Sivaraman's home where he meets Thilaka, the only daughter of Sivaraman. Gurumoorthy and Sivaraman decide to have Aadalarasu and Thilaka marry, hoping that Aadalarasu would become responsible after the wedding. Thilaka agrees to this wedding as she could not refuse her father's request, however she does not like Aadalarasu. After the wedding, Thilaka discovers Aadalarasu's kind heart.

One day, Aadalarasu misses a train for an interview, irritating Gurumoorthy, and he scolds him for his irresponsibility. So Aadalarasu feels dejected, and leaves the house hoping to catch the train at some other station. However, in the train, Aadalarasu meets his doppelganger Thirunavukarasu whose health condition looks worse. Thirunavukarasu tells his story to Aadalarasu. Thirunavukarasu hails from a rich business family, however, he is usually lazy, which led to poor performance of his company. Also, Thirunavukarasu's sister's wedding is cancelled due to this. Thirunavukarasu gets drunk and meets with an accident. Later, Thirunavukarasu transforms and understands his responsibilities and decides to turn around the company. He also married Akalya. However, to his shock, it is revealed that the car accident had created some problem in health which was left unnoticed by the doctors earlier and it is too late to save him. Thirunavukarasu hides this truth from his family members. The story comes to present.

Thirunavukarasu asks Aadalarasu to take care of his family in his place if possible and dies in the train. Aadalarasu decides to fulfil Thirunavukarasu's final wish and goes to Chennai as Thirunavukarasu. Meanwhile, Thirunavukarasu's corpse is brought to Aadalarasu's home, startling Aadalarasu's family. They suspect that Aadalarasu killed himself. Aadalarasu’s mother dies as she could not accept the death of her son. Thilaka feels sad. However, she is convinced by Gurumoorthy to go to Chennai and start a fresh life by finding a job. Thilaka comes to Chennai and attends some interviews.

Aadalarasu substitutes Thirunavukarasu and turns around his company. Thirunavukarasu's transformation pleases his family. He also takes Akalya into the business and trains her. Aadalarasu requests his father to transfer all the properties and businesses to Akalya's name. One day, Akalya meets Thilaka who was her classmate during college days. Akalya feels sorry for the death of Thilaka's husband and offers her a job in their company. Thilaka visits Akalya's company hoping to be hired but is surprised that Aadalarasu is the MD. Aadalarasu is also shocked to see Thilaka. Aadalarasu reveals his identity to everyone. Akalya cries because her husband has died. Thirunavukarasu's family members thank Aadalarasu for fulfilling Thirunavukarasu's last wish. In the end, Aadalarasu joins with Thilaka.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Nadarajan aka Aadalarasu and Thirunaavukkarasu
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Thilaka
*[[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Akalya
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Gurumoorthy: Aadalarasu's father
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Aadalarasu's mother
*[[T. S. B. K. Moulee]] as Sivaraman: Thilaka's father
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Jeeva
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
*[[Manivannan]]
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
*[[Sonu Sood]] as Sandeep
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Vasu
*[[Ram G|Ramji]]
*[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]]
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]
*[[Bala Singh]]
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]]
*[[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]]
*[[Shakti Kumar]]
*[[Raju Sundaram]] in a special appearance
}}

== Production ==
The filming began in 1998 and was the second directorial work by Ravichandran. It was briefly delayed due to the selection of heroines. [[Isha Koppikar]] and then [[Suvalakshmi]] were selected for a role, but their refusal meant that Roja was signed. For another lead role, [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] was selected but due to date clashes, she too was replaced by Kausalya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simran replaced by Suvalaxmi |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/simran2.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818181632/http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/simran2.shtml |archive-date=18 August 2000 |access-date=2 December 2020 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref> There were rumours that the film was delayed because of Karthik experiencing trouble due to his health.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandya |title=Sandhiththa VaeLai: Sandhitha + VaeLai = Karthi + Kausi + Roja |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/2000/tnyspecial.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210005955/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/2000/tnyspecial.htm |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=16 February 2012 |website=Indolink}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 1999 |title=Karthik teams with Simran and Isha Gopigar in a new film |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/01-06-99/simran.htm4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104192522/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/01-06-99/simran.htm4 |archive-date=4 November 2004 |access-date=2 December 2020 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 1999 |title=It's Kausalya Now! |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/01-07-99/sunderc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041022225524/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/01-07-99/sunderc.htm |archive-date=22 October 2004 |access-date=2 December 2020 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Deva.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sandhitha Vellai (2000) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000234 |accessdate=2 December 2020 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |archive-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702103212/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000234 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| Ceylon Singala Penne || [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Sabesh || [[K. Subash]]
|-
| Chinna Ponnu || [[T. K. Kala]] || [[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| Kobapadathe Muniamma || Sabesh || Ponniyin Selvan
|-
| Pennkiliye || [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || rowspan=2|Vairamuthu
|-
| Vaa Vaa En Thalaiva || [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], P. Unnikrishnan, [[Shobana Vignesh|'Mahanadi' Shobana]]
|}

== Reception ==
Krishna Chidambaram of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' was critical of illogical sequences and was critical of Vijayakumar and Roja's acting but called Vivek's comedy the film's only positive aspect.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிதம்பரம் |first=கிருஷ்ணா |date=30 April 2000 |title=சந்தித்த வேளை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-04-30/page/32/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230622145642/https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-04-30/page/32/mode/2up |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=32 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The story is not new but director Ravichandran has tried to give enough pep to the proceedings through his effective screenplay."<ref>{{cite web |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=21 April 2000 |title=Film Review: Santhitha Vaelai |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015070403/http://www.hindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210222.htm |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "The lead artistes do try to give their best, but the insipid script and uninteresting narration lets them down. The story line is old and there is nothing exciting about the situations either. Ravichandran made a promising debut as film director in ‘Kannethire Thondrinal‘. But this film looks like the work of an amateur".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Sandhitha Velai |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov39.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030729115957/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov39.asp |archive-date=29 July 2003 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravichandran (Tamil film director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay

2026-02-28T21:59:24Z

Legalwikieditor: slightly expanded citations and corrected details based on references

{{short description|Bengali author from India (born 1935)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Sirshendu Mukhopadhyay - Kolkata 2014-02-07 8515.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = Mukhopadhyay in February 2014
| name = Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1935|11|2}}
| birth_place = [[Mymensingh]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shirshendu Mukhopad|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/campus/2008/04/02/feature_shirshendu.htm|access-date=2020-12-14|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref> [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<ref name=NTVBD>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-21|title=সবার পক্ষে লেখক হওয়া সম্ভব নয় : শীর্ষেন্দু মুখোপাধ্যায়|url=https://www.ntvbd.com/arts-and-literature/167323/সবার-পক্ষে-লেখক-হওয়া-সম্ভব-নয়--শীর্ষেন্দু-মুখোপাধ্যায়|access-date=2020-12-14|website=[[NTV (Bangladesh)]]|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=শীর্ষেন্দু মুখোপাধ্যায়ের ৮৬তম জন্মদিন|url=https://www.risingbd.com/feature/news/378675|access-date=2020-12-14|website=risingbd.com|language=bn}}</ref> (present-day [[Bangladesh]])
| occupation = Author, Teacher
| notable_works = Baithaki, Manabjamin, Durbin, Parthib
| alma_mater = [[Calcutta University]]
| awards = {{ubl|[[Ananda Purashkar]]|[[Sahitya Academy]]}}
| signature = Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay signature.jpg
}}

'''Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay''' (born 2 November 1935)<ref>{{Cite web |last=লেখা |date=2023-11-02 |title=কেন শীর্ষেন্দু মুখোপাধ্যায়ের লেখা পছন্দ করেন পাঠকেরা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/onnoalo/prose/ec02c16dn2 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> is a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] author from [[India]]. He has written stories for both adults and children.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Shirshendu+Mukhopadhyay&qt=results_page |title=Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay |access-date=26 March 2010 |publisher=WorldCat.org }}</ref> He is known for creating the relatively new fictional sleuths [[Goenda Baradacharan|Barodacharan]] and [[Shabor Dasgupta]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/CREST/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=CREST&BaseHref=TCRM%2F2010%2F11%2F06&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00900&AppName=1 |title=Sans successors, Feluda and Byomkesh still rule |author=Shreya Roy Chowdhury |website=timesofindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225200/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/CREST/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=CREST&BaseHref=TCRM%2F2010%2F11%2F06&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00900&AppName=1 |archive-date=2018-03-01 }}</ref>

== Life ==
Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay was born in [[Mymensingh]]<ref name=NTVBD/> (now in [[Bangladesh]]) on 2 November 1935. The Mukhopadhyays were originally from Bainkhara, [[Bikrampur]] (now [[Munshiganj]]). During [[Partition of India|partition]] his family migrated to Kolkata.<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/campus/2008/04/02/feature_shirshendu.htm A Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay Evening], ''The Daily Star'', 13 April 2008</ref> He spent his childhood in [[Bihar]] and many places in [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]] accompanying his father, who worked in the railways. He passed intermediate from the [[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College|Victoria College (now ABN Seal College)]], [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Behar]] before taking a Masters in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] from [[Calcutta University]].

Mukhopadhyay started his career as a school teacher and is now on the staff of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' at [[Kolkata]]. He is associated with the Bengali magazine ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/authors/texts/shirshendu.html |title=Sirshendu Mukhopadhyay (b. 1935) |access-date= 26 March 2010|publisher=Parabbas.com }}</ref>

== Film adaptions ==
Mukhopadhyay's novels were later adopted in movies.
* ''Hirer Angti'' was adapted into a movie ''[[Hirer Angti]]'' by [[Rituparno Ghosh]] in 1992.
* ''Nabiganjer Daityo'' was adapted into a movie ''[[Ajab Gayer Ajab Katha]]'' by [[Tapan Sinha]] in 1998.
* ''Patal Ghor'' was adapted into a movie ''[[Patalghar]]'' by Abhijit Choudhury in 2003.
* His short story ''"Dosar"'' was filmed by Rituparno Ghosh in B/W format into the film ''[[Dosar]]'' in 2006.
* ''Sadhubabar Lathi'' was adapted into a movie ''[[Sadhu Babar Lathi]]'' in 2008.
* In 2010, a film has been released named ''Banshiwala'', the script of which is adopted from the novel 'Banshiwala', written by him.
* ''[[Kagojer Bou]]'' was also adapted into a 2011 film by director [[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]].
* ''Gosainbaganer Bhoot'', adapted into a movie, ''[[Gosainbaganer Bhoot (film)|Gosainbaganer Bhoot]]'' in 2011.
* ''[[Chayamoy]]'', has been adapted into a movie by director [[Haranath Chakraborty]] in 2013.
* ''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' has been adapted into a movie by director [[Aparna Sen]] in 2013.
* ''[[Ashchorjyo Prodeep]]'' has been adapted into a movie by director [[Anik Dutta]] in 2013.
* ''Riṇ'' has been adapted into a movie named ''[[Ebar Shabor]]'' by director [[Arindam Sil]] in 2015.
* ''[[Eagoler Chokh]]'' has been adapted into a movie by director [[Arindam Sil]] in 2016.
* ''[[Aschhe Abar Shabor]]'' is a 2018 film and third installment of [[Goenda Shabor (film series)|Goenda Shabor film series]], is based on his story ''Prajapatir Mrityu O Punarjanmo''.
* ''[[Manojder Adbhut Bari]]'' is a 2018 film of [[Anindya Chatterjee]] is based on the novel in the same name.
* ''[[Bony (film)|Bony]]'' is a 2021 film based on the novel of the same name.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/koel-parambrata-come-together-for-a-new-thriller/articleshow/69789613.cms|title=Koel-Parambrata come together for a new thriller - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 June 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>
* [[Tirandaj Shabor]] is a 2022 film and fourth installment of [[Goenda Shabor|Goenda Shabor film series]], based on his novel ''Tirandaj''.

== Fiction ==
"Jal Taranga" was his first story published in the magazine "[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]" in 1959. After 7/8 years of writing story ''Ghunpoka'' was his first novel published in the annual [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] edition of the magazine ''Desh''. His first children's novel was called ''Manojder Adbhut Bari''.

=== Novel ===
*''Baithaki, Publisher: Smell of Books''
* ''Ghunpoka (ঘুণপোকা) (1967)''
* ''Parapar (পারাপার)''
* ''Ujan (উজান)''
* ''Rangin Sanko (রঙিন সাঁকো)''
* ''Phera (ফেরা)''
* ''Brishtir Ghran (বৃষ্টির ঘ্রাণ)''
* ''Basstop-e Keu Nei (বাসস্টপে কেউ নেই)''
* ''Din Jaay (দিন যায়)''
* ''Nayanshyama (নয়নশ্যামা)''
* ''Pherighaat (ফেরিঘাট)''
* ''Ashchorjo Bhromon (আশ্চর্য ভ্রমণ)''
* ''Jao Pakhi (যাও পাখি)''
* ''Jibanpatra (জীবনপাত্র)''
* ''Shyaola (শ্যাওলা)''
* ''Rawkter Bish (রক্তের বিষ)''
* ''Kagojer Bou (কাগজের বউ)''
* ''Shunyer Udyaan (শূন্যের উদ্যান)''
* ''Laal Neel Manush (লাল নীল মানুষ)''
* ''Fajal Ali Aschhe (ফজল আলী আসছে)''
* ''Khoy (ক্ষয়)''
* ''Nilu Hazrar Hatyaarahasya (নীলু হাজরার হত্যারহস্য)''
* ''Fulchor (ফুলচোর)''
* ''Shiulir Gandho (শিউলির গন্ধ)''
* ''Bhul Satya (ভুল সত্য)''
* ''Chhyamoyi (ছায়াময়ী)''
* ''Akranto (আক্রান্ত)''
* ''Jaal (জাল)''
* ''Durbeen (দূরবীন)''
* ''Adam Eve o Andhakaar (আদম ইভ ও অন্ধকার)''
* ''Santaru o Jalokonya (সাঁতারু ও জলকন্যা)''
* ''Madhab o tar Pariparshwik (মাধব ও তার পারিপার্শ্বিক)''
* ''Kancher Manush (কাঁচের মানুষ)''
* ''Bikeler Mrityu (বিকেলের মৃত্যু)''
* ''Manobjomin (মানবজমিন)''
* ''(গোলাপের কাঁটা)''
* ''(নানা রঙের আলো)''
* ''(চোখ)''
* ''(দৃশ্যাবলী)''
* ''(টানাপোড়েন)''
* ''(হারিয়ে যাওয়া)''
* ''(চুরি)''
* ''(কীট)''
* ''(ওয়ারিশ)''
* ''(গতি)''
* ''(পয়মন্ত)''
* ''(বাঘু মান্নার বরাত)''
* ''(দেশান্তরী)''
* ''(হৃদয়বৃত্তান্ত)''
* ''(তিথি)''
* ''(কাপুরুষ)''
* ''(চেনা-অচেনা)''
* ''(জোড়-বিজোড়)''
* ''(পার্থিব)''
* ''(হারানো মণি)''
* ''(পদক্ষেপ)''
* ''(মারীচ)''
* ''(গয়নার বাক্স)''
* ''(পিপুল)''
* ''(ঘরজামাই)''
* ''(হাটবার)''
* ''(দ্বিতীয় সত্ত্বার সন্ধানে)''
* ''(সম্পত্তি)''
* ''(ঋণ)''
* ''(অসুখের পরে)''
* ''(নীচের লোক উপরের লোক)''
* ''(আলোয় ছায়ায়)''
* ''(সিঁড়ি ভেঙে ভেঙে)''
* ''(একাদশীর ভূত)''
* ''(আলোর গল্প ছায়ার গল্প)''
* ''(প্রজাপতির মৃত্যু ও পুনর্জন্ম)''
* ''(পিদিমের আলো)''
* ''(জন্মান্তর)''
* ''(গুহামানব)''
* ''(কালো বেড়াল সাদা বেড়াল)''
* ''(দ্বিচারিণী)''
* ''(ঝাঁপি)''
* ''(তীরন্দাজ)''
* ''(নরনারী কথা)''
* ''(চক্র)''
* ''(পরিহাটির হরিণ)''
* ''(বাঁশিওয়ালা)''
* ''Dhonnobad Mastarmoshai (ধন্যবাদ মাস্টারমশাই)''

=== Children's (Adbhutuṛé Series) ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmJADwAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3&pg=PT176 |title=25ti Sera Bhoot |publisher=Parul Prakashani Private Limited |isbn=9789386186492 |access-date=June 27, 2019}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* ''Manojader Adbhut Baari'': His first work, about a teenage boy named Manoj and his weird family. The story revolves around a photo of Prince, Manoj's family, teachers and neighbours. First published in July 1978.
* ''Pagla Saheber Kabor''
* ''Bonny''
* ''Patashgarer Jangale''
* ''Boxer Ratan''
* ''Gourer Kabach''
* ''Patalghar''
* ''Haripurer Harek Kaando''
* ''Nabiganjer Daitya''
* ''Hirer Aangti'' ({{Translation|Diamond Ring}})
* ''Gajananer Kouto''
* ''Nababganjer Agantuk'' ({{Translation|The Stranger of Nababganj}})
* ''Kunjapukurer Kando''
* ''Nrisingha Rahasya''
* ''Raghab Babur Bari''
* ''Hetamgarher Guptodhon''
* ''Bhuture Ghori''
* ''Jhiler Dhare Bari''
* ''Sholo Nombor Fatik Ghosh''
* ''Dakater Bhaipo'' ({{Translation|The robber's nephew}})
* ''Mohan Rayer Banshi''
* ''Dudh Sayorer Deep''
* ''Golmal''
* ''Sonar Medel'' ({{Translation|Gold medal}})
* ''Chhayamoy''
* ''Chakropurer Chakkore''
* ''Ghorpyanche Prangobindo''
* ''Bipin Babur Bipod''
* ''Jhikorgachhay Jhonjhat''
* ''Harano Kakatua''
* ''Sadhu Babar Lathi'' ({{Translation|The Saint's stick}})
* ''Aghorgunjer Ghoralo Byapar''
* ''BotukBuror Choshma''
* ''Golmele Lok''
* ''Unhu''
* ''Ashtopurer Britanta''
* ''Advuture''
* ''Goshai Baganer Bhoot''
* ''Moynagorer Brittanto''
* ''Madan Tapadarer Bakso''
* ''Sarboneshe Bhul Anko''
* ''Bholu Jokhon Raja Holo''
* ''Habu Bhui Malir Putul''
* ''Nondi Barir Shakh''
* ''Jong Bahadur Singhor Nati''
* ''Asmanir Chor''
* ''Gor Hekimpurer Rajbari''
* ''Hirongorer Byaparsyapar''
* ''Asubabur Telescope''
* ''Ek Aschorjo Feriwala ''}}

== Awards ==
* Vidyasagar Award (1985) – for his contributions to children's literature
* [[Ananda Purashkar]] (1973 and 1990)
* [[Sahitya Akademi]] award (1989) for his novel ''Manabjamin''
* [[Banga Bibhushan]] award (2012)
* [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Majee Mondal|first=Suvodip|date=20 September 2021|title=Sahitya Akademi fellowship for Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sahitya-akademi-fellowship-for-shirshendu/articleshow/86351746.cms|access-date=September 20, 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[ABP Ananda]] Sera Bangali Award (Sera'r sera)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/west-bengal/kolkata/abp-ananda-sera-bengali-2022/cid/1394293|title=বাঙালির ছক-ভাঙা গরিমার স্পর্ধাকে কুর্নিশ|trans-title=|website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=25 December 2022|access-date=26 December 2022|location=Kolkata}}</ref>
* Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar'','' 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saurabh |date=2024-01-05 |title=Bengali Writer Shirshendu Mukyopadhyaya Receives 2023 Kuvempu Award |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bengali-writer-shirshendu-mukyopadhyaya-receives-2023-kuvempu-award/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
{{Portal|Children and Young Adult Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|1425586}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}

{{Goenda Shabor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyay, Shirshendu}}
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali detective fiction writers]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian crime fiction writers]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:People from Mymensingh District]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]

Bengali Muslim wedding

2026-02-22T01:03:13Z

Legalwikieditor: Put up new bio...

{{Short description|Bengali variant of Muslim wedding}}
{{Missing information|wedding rituals|date=July 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
[[File:Bengali-muslim-bride.jpg|thumb|Bengali Muslim wife performing wedding walk]]
[[File:Bengali wedding (05).JPG|thumb|Groom is praying according to [[Islamic marital practices|Muslim marriage rituals]]]]

A '''Bengali Muslim wedding''' ({{langx|bn|বাঙালি মুসলিম বিয়ে}}) feature distinctive religious rituals that take place over multiple days and are seen mainly among the [[Bengali Muslim]]s of [[Bangladesh]]<ref name="Urmi"/> and to a lesser extent among the Muslim population of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=D. P. |last2=Das |first2=Sanghamitra |last3=Banik |first3=Sudip Datta |title=Trends of Consanguineous Marriages in a Sunni Muslim Population of West Bengal, India |journal=Anthropologischer Anzeiger |date=2007 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=253–262 |doi=10.1127/anthranz/65/2007/253 |jstor=29542853 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29542853 |issn=0003-5548|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Urmi">{{cite book |last1=Rahman |first1=Urmi |last2=Smart! |first2=Culture |title=Bangladesh - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture |date=1 December 2014 |publisher=Kuperard |isbn=978-1-85733-696-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HelAwAAQBAJ&dq=Paan+Chini+Bengali+wedding&pg=PT10 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
{{Further|Islam in Bangladesh#History|Islam in West Bengal#History}}
Muslims first arrived in [[Bengal]] in the year 1204,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |edition=1 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9;brand=ucpress}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Iliyas Shah|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref> bringing their own cultural and religious traditions from [[Persia]], [[Arab World|Arabia]], and [[Turkestan]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Foundation |first1=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal#:~:text=Iranian%20culture%20was%20introduced%20in,548%2D60). |website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref><ref name="Shahida Akhter" /> Over time, they integrated with the local society, adopting various indigenous customs while maintaining their distinct identity. This cultural exchange influenced many aspects of life, including marriage rituals. One such tradition was ''[[Gaye Holud]]'', a turmeric ceremony rooted in [[Bengali Hindu wedding|Vedic (Hindu) rituals]], which became a part of Bengali Muslim weddings.<ref name="Shahida Akhter">{{cite web |last1=Akhter |first1=Shahida |title=Gaye Halud |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gaye_Halud |website=Banglapedia |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Samuel">{{cite journal |last1=Rozario |first1=Santi |last2=Samuel |first2=Geoffrey |title=Gender, religious change and sustainability in Bangladesh |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |date=1 July 2010 |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=354–364 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2010.02.009 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027753951000018X |issn=0277-5395|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Deshmukh |first1=Dr. Panjabrao |title=TURMERIC PRODUCTION IN INDIA : TRENDS AND DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS |url=https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/e876e01a-b49d-41af-b788-e061528d8971/content |website=krishikosh.egranth.ac.in}}</ref>

==Pre-wedding rituals==

===''Gaye Holud''===
{{Main|Gaye Holud}}
[[File:Gaye Holud, Dhaka, Bangladesh, JBI.jpg|250px|thumb|''Gaye Holud'' ceremony in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh]]
''Gaye Holud'' ({{langx|bn|গায়ে হলুদ}}), meaning "[applying] turmeric to [the] body," is a traditional Bengali pre-wedding ritual where the groom's family, without the groom, visits the bride's house on the morning of the ceremony to celebrate and perform the turmeric function. Both the bride's and groom's families apply turmeric paste during their respective ''Gaye Holud'' ceremonies on the wedding day. This tradition symbolises purification and marks the beginning of their new journey together.<ref name="BBA">{{cite journal |last1=Munshi |first1=Swayamdipta |title=SAARC Culture Journal Vol 9 2023 240719 180752 (1) |journal=SAARC Cultural Journal |date=1 January 2024 |volume=9 |page=32 |url=https://www.academia.edu/122479590 |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220113832/https://www.academia.edu/122479590/SAARC_Culture_Journal_Vol_9_2023_240719_180752_1_ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=S. M. Nazmul |last2=Naser |first2=M. Niamul |chapter=Role of traditional foods of Bangladesh in reaching-out of nutrition |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128200117000253 |title=Nutritional and Health Aspects of Food in South Asian Countries |publisher=Academic Press |pages=217–235 |date=1 January 2020 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-820011-7.00025-3 |isbn=978-0-12-820011-7 |access-date=28 January 2025 |archive-date=28 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128131349/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128200117000253 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alam |first1=Shariful |title=Nature and Causes of Conflict Regarding the Culture of Bangladesh and European Union (EU) |journal=Bangladesh Research Publications Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=157–166 |issn=1998-2003 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2291819 |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220111328/https://www.academia.edu/2291819/NATURE_AND_CAUSES_OF_CONFLICT_REGARDING_THE_CULTURE_OF_BANGLADESH_AND_EUROPEAN_UNION_EU_ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bengali Muslims incorporated this practice under names like ''Haldi Kota'' and ''Tilwayi''. This cultural blending reflects Bengal's history of religious and social harmony. Even today, ''Gaye Holud'' remains an essential part of Bengali Muslim weddings.<ref name="Shahida Akhter" /><ref name="Samuel" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Behera |first1=Deepak Kumar |title=Review of Belonging to Others. Cultural Construction of Womanhood among Muslims in a Village in Bangladesh |journal=Anthropos |date=1996 |volume=91 |issue=1/3 |pages=263–265 |jstor=40465309 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40465309 |issn=0257-9774}}</ref>

===''Meyeli Git''===
''Meyeli Git'' ({{langx|bn|মেইলী গীত|link=no}}) is a traditional folk song performed by rural women during social ceremonies and family gatherings. Women create and tune these songs themselves, conveying emotions of happiness, sorrow, and longing. They are often sung during wedding rituals such as gaye halud, bridal bathing, and farewells. Typically performed without instruments, they may occasionally feature percussion like the dhol or tom-tom. ''Meyeli Git'' reflects the cultural heritage of rural women, passing down stories and traditions across generations. These songs add a touch of humour through playful exchanges between the bride’s and groom’s families, enriching the celebratory atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khatun |first1=Shahida |title=Meyeli Git |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Meyeli_Git |website=Banglapedia}}</ref><ref name="Shahida Akhter" />

==Post-wedding rituals==
===''Bou Bhat''===
{{Main|Bou Bhat}}
{{See also|Walima}}
[[File:Wedding of Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|A Bengali bride on her Bou Bhat in Dhaka, Bangladesh]]
On the evening of the ''[[Bou Bhat]]'' ({{langx|bn|বউভাত|link=no}}) ritual, the groom's family hosts a reception to introduce the new bride to their relatives, friends, and neighbours. Guests arrive, present gifts to the bride, and enjoy a meal. The bride's family is honoured as the special guests of the occasion and arrives together in a procession known as ''Kone Jatri'' or the bridal party. The bridal party brings a list of items for the bride, groom, and the groom's family, known as ''Phul-Sajjar Tatwa''. This list includes dhotis for the elder male members, sarees for the elderly female members, food, fruits, sweets, and cosmetics such as powder, perfume, lac dye, vermilion, and flower ornaments. After the guests depart, the bride and groom share a meal with the groom's family.<ref name="BBA"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 November 2015|title=12 Things That Happen At A Bengali Wedding|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/12-things-that-happen-at-a-bengali-wedding-247614.html|access-date=2 October 2020|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929130500/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/12-things-that-happen-at-a-bengali-wedding-247614.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siddiqi |first1=Bulbul |title=Reconfiguring the gender relation: The case of the Tablighi Jamaat in Bangladesh |journal=Culture and Religion |date=June 2012 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=177–192 |doi=10.1080/14755610.2012.674956 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298498}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Pitha_for_Wedding-_Pakan,_Patishapta,_Bharandash.jpg|Varieties of [[Pitha]], a [[Bengali cuisine|Bengali sweet dish]], decorated to be sent as a gift to the bride's house.
File:Hand_of_Bride.jpg|A Bengali Muslim bride's hand adorned with [[Alta (dye)|alta]] on her ''Gaye Holud''
File:Hand of Bride with ring.jpg|Bride's hand with a large ring
File:Bengali Bride.jpg|A traditional Bengali bride on her ''Gaye Holud''
File:Creative wedding photography.jpg|A Bengali Muslim groom in traditional Sherwani
File:Wedding Photoshoot.jpg|A couple on their photo session in Western wedding attire
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Bengali Hindu wedding]]
* ''[[Gaye Holud]]''
* ''[[Bou Bhat]]''
* ''[[Shagorana]]''
* [[Islamic marital practices]]
* [[Culture of Bangladesh]]
* [[Culture of Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Bangladeshi wedding}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Wedding}}
[[Category:Culture of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Marriage, unions and partnerships in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Marriage in Asia|Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Marriage in Islam]]
[[Category:Weddings by culture]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]

UTC+05:30

2026-02-21T15:27:20Z

Legalwikieditor: quick expand citations after review and updated info

{{Short description|Time zone}}
{{Infobox time zone
| UTC = yes
}}

'''UTC+5:30''' is an identifier for a [[UTC offset|time offset]] of 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of [[Coordinated Universal Time]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kornberg |first=Sara |date= |title=Understanding UTC Offsets |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/utc-offsets.html |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=Time and Date}}</ref> The [[Indian Standard Time]], used in India, and the [[Sri Lanka Standard Time]], followed in Sri Lanka, are based on the same.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://24timezones.com/current_local/india_time.php |title=India time |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=24timezones }}</ref> and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://24timezones.com/current_local/sri_lanka_time.php |title=Sri Lanka Time |work=24timezones |access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref> It has the second-largest population among time zones, after [[UTC+08:00]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldtimeserver.com/learn/which-time-zone-has-the-biggest-population/|title=Which Time Zone Has the Biggest Population?|work=World Time Server|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The [[Nepal Standard Time]], followed by Nepal, used the time zone till 1986, when it switched to [[UTC+5:45]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/nepal/kathmandu|title=Kathmandu time|work=Time and Date|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Time in India]]
* [[Time in Sri Lanka]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}



{{Timezones}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Utc plus 05:30}}
[[Category:UTC offsets]]
[[Category:Time in India]]
[[Category:Time in Sri Lanka]]

Amarsinh Chaudhary

2026-02-16T10:32:35Z

Legalwikieditor: enhance intro based on references and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amarsinh Chaudhary
| image = Amarsinh Chaudhary Lok Sabha photo.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1941|7|31}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[Bombay Province]], [[British India]]
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|8|15|1941|7|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| constituency =
| term_start = 6 July 1985
| term_end= 9 December 1989
| order = 8th [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]]
| predecessor = [[Madhav Singh Solanki]]
| successor = [[Madhav Singh Solanki]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Gajraben and Nisha Gameti
| children = [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary|Tushar Chaudhary]], Tejas Chaudhary & Pragnesh Chaudhary
| footnotes =
| date=
| year =
}}
'''Amarsinh Bhilabhai Chaudhary''' (31 July 1941 – 15 August 2004) was an Indian politician. He became the first ''[[adivasi]]'' to serve as the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] when he took office in 1985.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Spodek|first=Howard|title=From Gandhi to Violence: Ahmedabad's 1985 Riots in Historical Perspective|journal=Modern Asian Studies|year=1989|volume=23|issue=4|pages=771–773|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00010209|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Career ==
Chaudhary was a civil engineer and served as government employee for short time. He became a Member of Legislative Assembly from Radhanpur Constituency in 1970. He became a junior minister under [[Ghanshyam Oza]] in 1972 and later served as minister in subsequent cabinets. He was elected to Gujarat Vidhan Sabha from Vyara in 1985, and was the [[Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]] from 1985 to 1989. In 1990 Vidhan Sabha elections, he lost to his namesake Amarsinh (Zinabhai) Chaudhary, an independent candidate, from [[Vyara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]. Amarsinh Zinabhai Chaudhary had been elected to Lok Sabha in 1971 from Mandvi on Congress ticket. Amarsinh (Bhilabhai) Chaudhary later served as President of the [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee]] between June 2001 and July 2002. In 2002, he was elected to Gujarat Vidhan Sabha from Khedbrahma constituency, and was elected leader of the Congress Legislature Party and leader of opposition in the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=th>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/16/stories/2004081605771100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912083224/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/16/stories/2004081605771100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2004|title=Amarsinh's death, an irreparable loss to State|author=Dasgupta, Manas|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2004}}</ref> He died in the middle of this term.

==Personal life==
Amarsinh Chaudhary was married to Gajraben and the couple had 3 children. In 1991, he married his companion Nisha Gameti without divorcing his first wife, and this caused a controversy with his first wife calling Nisha 'a venomous lady'. Nisha, on her part, had divorced her husband, with whom she had two children, in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahijrkar 15|first=Uday|title=Former Gujarat CM Amarsinh Chaudhary's second marriage creates a stir|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19911015-former-gujarat-cm-amarsinh-chaudharys-second-marriage-creates-a-stir-814940-1991-10-15|access-date=2021-09-06|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

His second wife [[Nisha Chaudhary]] was elected to Lok Sabha from Sabarkantha thrice in 1990s. She died in 2001. After her death, he refused to contest Lok Sabha election in 2004, saying that he wanted to stay in Gujarat politics. He died a few weeks after the Lok Sabha election.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Rajiv Jagubhai|title='I was against Vaghela only on principle' {{!}} Ahmedabad News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/i-was-against-vaghela-only-on-principle/articleshow/585539.cms|access-date=2021-09-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Politician [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]] is his son.

==Death==
Chaudhary was admitted to a hospital in Ahmedabad on 24 July 2004 for severe liver and kidney complications. He died of cardiac arrest on 15 August 2004 after a prolonged illness.<ref name=th/>

==References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031116011414/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/10/stories/14102061.htm "''Amarsinh Chaudhary is PCC chief''"] – article in [[The Hindu]] dated 9 June 2001
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421075538/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/07/14/stories/2002071406071000.htm "''Amarsinh Chaudhary resigns, Waghela may take over''"]}} – article in ''The Hindu'' dated 14 July 2002
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20030302113349/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/12/20/stories/2002122005191100.htm "''Amarsinh Chaudhary elected Gujarat CLP leader''"]}} article in ''The Hindu'' dated 20 December 2002
*[http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/aug/15guj.htm "''Former Gujarat CM Amarsinh Chaudhary no more''"] article on rediff.com dated 15 August 2004
*[http://www.newkerala.com/news-daily/news/features.php?action=fullnews&id=7875 "''India News> Amarsinh Chaudhary dies:''"] – article in newkerala.com dated 15 August 2004
*[http://news.newkerala.com/india-news/index.php?action=fullnews&id=7889 "''India News> Sonia condoles Amarsinh Chaudhary's death''"] – article in newkerala.com dated 15 August 2004

{{Chief Ministers of Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Amarsinh}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-INC-politician-stub}}

Abd-al-Ghaffar Mauvi

2026-02-13T13:51:10Z

Legalwikieditor: Put up a info

{{Short description|Indian Deobandi scholar (1866–1923)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|religion = [[Islam]]
|honorific_prefix = Maulana
|name = Abd-al-Ghaffar Mauvi
|image=
|birth_date = 1866
|birth_place = [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]],[[Mau district|Uttar Pradesh]]
|death_date = 1923 (aged 58)
|death_place =[[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]],[[Mau district|Uttar Pradesh]]
|alma_mater = Khanqah [[Gangoh]]
|main_interests = [[Hadith]]
|jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
|denomination = [[Sunni]]
|creed = [[Maturidi]]
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|occupation = [[Islamic scholar]], [[Muhaddith]]
|notable_works =
|influences=
|relatives =
}}
'''Abd-al-Ghaffar Mauvi''' or '''Abdul Ghaffar Mauwi''' (1866–1923) was an Indian Deobandi scholar.<ref>Ulama e Deoband{{cite web|title=Other Great Ulama of Deoband|url=https://dud.edu.in/index.php/en?id=18|access-date= 6 January 2024}}</ref> He served as a local Islamic teacher in Mau and Ballia districts, [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mufti Atiqur Rahman Azmi |title=Biography_Akabir:ShaykhAl-hadithFazlurRahmanAzmi|url=https://archive.org/details/akabir/ShaykhAl-hadithFazlurRahmanAzmiByMuftiAtiqurRahmanAzmi/mode/2up|access-date=2014-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The World's First Critical Edition of Sahih al-Bukhari |url=https://www.deoband.org/2022/01/biographical-notes/worlds-first-critical-edition-sahih-albukhari/}} retrieved 15 March 2025</ref><ref name="our publication1">{{cite web|title=Epitome of Humility: Shaykh Muhammad Ayyub A'zimi (Part…|url=https://www.deoband.org/2009/12/biographical-notes/epitome-of-humility-shaykh-muhammad-ayyub-azimi-part-one/|access-date=Jan 3, 2021}}</ref> He obtained certificates, in particular, in the field of [[hadith]] from the illustrious Maulana [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] in 1889.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rizwi |first1= Syed Mehboob|author1-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi|translator=Murtaz hussain F Qureshi|volume=2|title=The History Of Dar al Ulum Deoband 1981 Part 2 of 2|url=https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband1981VolumeTwo/page/n101/mode/2up|publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam |location=Darul Uloom Deoband |page=88}}</ref> His famous students, among others, were Allama [[Muhammad Ibrahim Balyawi]] and Maulana [[Habibur Rahman Azami|Habib al-Rahman al-A'zami]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Irfan Ullah|author2=Sajid Mehmood|title=Maulana Habib ur Rahman A l- Aazmi: Life and works (Biography)|journal=Burjis|volume=1|issue=1|year=2014|url=https://www.ustb.edu.pk/burjis/images/Articles_pdf/English_Article_1.pdf}}</ref> Maulana Abd al-Ghaffar Mauvi wrote approximately forty books including a few of them published.<ref name="our publication1"/><ref>Mawlana Abd al-Ghaffar Iraqi{{cite web|title=Books Catalogue November 2016|year =2016|page=6,9|url=https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/56282367/books-catalogue-november-2016}}retrieved 21 Feb 2024</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mauvi, Abd al-Ghaffar}}
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]
[[Category:19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:People from Mau]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi descent|*]]

Persian language in the Indian subcontinent

2026-01-28T18:17:56Z

Legalwikieditor:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox language
| name = Indian Persian
| nativename = {{lang|fa|{{nq|فارسیِ ھندی}}}}
| image =
| pronunciation = {{IPA|fa|fɑːɾˈsiː e hɪndi|}}
| states =
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
| fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western]]
| fam5 = [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern]]
| fam6 = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| ancestor = [[Old Persian]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Persian]]
| ancestor3 = [[Early New Persian]]
| ancestor4 = [[Classical Persian]]
| dia1 = [[#Bengal|Bengal Persian]]
| dia2 = [[#Deccan|Deccan Persian]]
| dia3 = [[#Indian Persian|North Indian Persian]]
| dia4 = [[#Kashmir|Kashmir Persian]]
| dia5 = [[#Punjab|Punjab Persian]]
| script = [[Persian alphabet]]
| isoexception = dialect
| ietf = fa-034
}}
[[File:India, Mughal, early 17th century - An Illuminated Folio from the Royal Manuscript of the Farhang-i Jahangiri ( - 2013.318.a - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|A page from the ''[[Farhang-i-Jahangiri]]'', a monumental dictionary compiled under [[Mughal Emperors]] [[Akbar]] and [[Jahangir]].<ref name=":4" /> Between the 10th and 19th centuries, Indian [[lexicography]] output consistently dwarfed that of [[Iran]].{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=149}}]] Before [[British Raj|British colonisation]], the [[Persian language]] was the [[lingua franca]] of the Indian subcontinent and a widely used official language in the northern India.{{Efn|This article uses the terms 'India' and 'Indian' in a [[Names of India|historical sense]] to refer to the Indian subcontinent; this is not to be confused with the modern-day country of [[India]] and its citizens.|name=India_historical|group=lower-alpha}} The language was brought into [[South Asia]] by various [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persianate]] and [[Afghans|Afghan]] empires and was preserved and patronized by local Indian dynasties from the 11th century, such as the [[Sayyid dynasty]], [[Tughlaq dynasty]], [[Khilji dynasty]], [[Mughal dynasty]], [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat sultanate]], and [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal sultanate]]. Initially it was used by Muslim dynasties of India but later started being used by non-Muslim empires too. For example, the [[Sikh Empire]], Persian held official status in the court and the administration within these empires. It largely replaced [[Sanskrit]] as the language of politics, literature, education, and social status in the subcontinent.<ref name=":2" />

The spread of Persian closely followed the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|political]] and [[Islam in South Asia|religious]] growth of [[Islam]] in the Indian subcontinent. However, Persian historically played the role of an overarching, often non-sectarian language connecting the diverse people of the region. It also helped construct a Persian identity, incorporating the Indian subcontinent into the transnational world of [[Greater Iran]], or [[Ajam]].{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=134 & 188}} Persian's historical role and functions in the subcontinent have caused the language to be compared to [[South Asian English|English]] in the modern-day region.{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=103}}

Persian began to decline with the gradual deterioration of the [[Mughal Empire]]. [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[English language|English]] replaced Persian as [[British Empire|British]] authority grew in the Indian subcontinent. Persian lost its official status in the [[East India Company]] in 1837, and fell out of currency in the subsequent [[British Raj]].

Persian's linguistic legacy in the region is apparent through its impact on the [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. It played a formative role in the emergence of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], and had a relatively strong influence on [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]. Other languages like [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], and [[Odia language|Odia]] also have a considerable amount of loan words from Persian.

== Background ==
{{Main|Turco-Persian tradition}}
Persian's arrival in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a larger trend in [[Greater Iran]]. In the aftermath of the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]], new Iranian-Islamic empires emerged, reviving Persian culture in a new Islamic context. This period is sometimes termed the [[Iranian Intermezzo]], spanning the 9th to 10th centuries, and reestablished in the Persian language the refinement and [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]] that [[Arabic]] had laid claim to. In the process, Persian adopted Arabic script and incorporated many Arabic words into its vocabulary, evolving into a new form known as [[New Persian]]. These developments were centred in the regions of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Transoxiana]].<ref name=":92">{{Citation|last=Green|first=Nile|title=The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca|pages=9–12|year=2019|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520300927}}</ref>

The empires employed [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Mamluk|slave warriors]] in their military, which exposed them to a Persianate culture. These warriors were able to rise up the ranks and gain political power; they began the synthesis of a Turco-Persian tradition, wherein Turkic rulers patronised the Persian language and culture.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Turko-Persia in historical perspective|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Robert L. Canfield, School of American Research|isbn=0-521-52291-9|location=Cambridge|pages=8 & 12|oclc=49737740}}</ref>

The resulting Turkic dynasties, such as the [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuks]] and [[Ghaznavids]], expanded outwards in search of new opportunities. Immediately adjacent to the lands of the Persians and Turks, the Indian subcontinent became a target for the Ghaznavid Empire, and New Persian (also referred to as [[Classical Persian]]) was carried along with them. This set a precedent for Persian's further growth in the subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Turko-Persia in historical perspective|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Robert L. Canfield, School of American Research|isbn=0-521-52291-9|location=Cambridge|pages=13–14|oclc=49737740}}</ref> The Turkic and Mongol dynasties that subsequently arrived in South Asia emulated this Persianised high culture since it had become the predominant courtly culture in Western and Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Turko-Persia in historical perspective|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Robert L. Canfield, School of American Research|isbn=0-521-52291-9|location=Cambridge|pages=15–20|oclc=49737740}}</ref> Similar developments in other regions of Asia led to the establishment of Persian as literary and official language in a region stretching from "China to the Balkans, and from Siberia to southern India", by the 15th century.<ref name=":93">{{Citation|last=Green|first=Nile|title=The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca|pages=1|year=2019|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520300927}}</ref> The arrival of Persian in the Indian subcontinent was hence no isolated event, and eventually positioned the region within a much larger Persian-speaking world.

==History==
{{Further|Indo-Persian culture|Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent}}

=== Arrival and Growth ===
The Ghaznavid conquests of the 11th century introduced Persian to the Indian subcontinent. As [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] established a power base in India, the centre of Persian literary patronage shifted from [[Ghazni|Ghazna]] to the [[Punjab]] alias ''Hind'' or the land east on the river Indus,<ref>Brard, Gurnam Singh Sidhu. "East of Indus: My memories of old Punjab." (2007).</ref> especially at the empire's second capital [[Lahore]]. This began a steady influx of Persian-speaking soldiers, settlers and literati from [[Iran]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], and other places of the Persianate world. This flow would stay largely uninterrupted for the next few centuries. Notable Persian poets of this early period include [[Abu-al-Faraj Runi]] and [[Masud Sa'd Salman]], both born in the Indian subcontinent.{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=103-104}}{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=133-134}} The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] expanded this territory, shifting Perso-Islamic influence further into the subcontinent and claiming [[Delhi]].

Virtually every Islamic power thereafter followed the Ghaznavids' practice of using Persian as a courtly language. Delhi became a major centre of Persian literary culture in [[Hindustan]] from the 13th century onwards, with the establishment of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] by the post-Ghurid [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluks]]. The successive [[Khalji dynasty|Khiljis]] and [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluqs]] sponsored many pieces of literature in the language; poet [[Amir Khusrau|Amir Khusrow]] produced much of his Persian work under their patronage.{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=103-104}} Between the 13th and 15th centuries, the Turkic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate encouraged the flow of eminent Persian-speaking personalities (such as poets, scribes, and holy people) into the subcontinent, granting them land to settle in rural areas. This flow was increased by the [[Mongol conquest of Central Asia|Mongol conquests of the Perso-Islamic world]], as many Persian elite sought refuge in North India. Hence the Persian language established itself in court and literature, but also through a sizeable population often associated with Islamic nobility.{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=133-134}} The Delhi Sultanate was largely the impetus for the spread of Persian, since its borders stretched deep into the subcontinent. In the wake of its gradual disintegration, the various outgrowths of the empire in regions as far as the [[Deccan]] and [[Bengal]] resultantly adopted Persian.{{Sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=16-17}}

Apart from courtly influence, Persian also spread through religion, particularly the Islamic faith of [[Sufism]]. Many Sufi missionaries to the subcontinent had Persian roots, and although they used local Indo-Aryan languages to reach their followers, they used Persian to converse amongst each other and write literature. This resulted in a diffusion process among the local followers of the faith. Sufi centres (''[[Khanqah]]'') served as focal points for this cultural interaction.{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=147-148}} Sufism also interacted with [[Hinduism]] through the [[Bhakti movement]]; Abidi and Gargesh speculate that this could have further introduced Persian to locals.{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=106}}

The language had a brief dormant period in the late 15th to early 16th century after the Delhi Sultanate was sacked by [[Timur]]. Afghan dynasties such as the [[Sur Empire|Suris]] and [[Lodi dynasty|Lodis]] gained control in the north of the subcontinent, and although Afghans at the time were a part of the Persianate world, these rulers were not well-acquainted with the language. In this era, empires all over the subcontinent began to employ [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]'s emerging predecessor ''Hindavi'' (also known as ''[[Dehlavi]]'' or ''[[Deccani language|Deccani]]'') as a language of the court. Work in Persian was however still produced, and Persian still featured in official documents. Notably, the Delhi Sultanate's official language was declared Persian by [[Sikandar Lodi]], which began a diffusion process outside Islamic nobility; [[Hindus]] for the first time began to learn the language for purposes of employment, and there is evidence of them even teaching the language in this period.{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=157-158}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dale|first=Stephen F.|title=Indo-Persian Historiography|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/india-xvi-indo-persian-historiography|access-date=|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref>{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=149 & 162}}

=== Height ===
[[File:Firman of Aurangzeb, The David Collections.jpg|thumb|A ''[[firman]]'' issued under Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], written in Persian. Hindus employed in the Mughal finance department were known to excel at writing these documents, which were used as exemplars in educational institutions.{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=106}}]]
Persian experienced a revival with the advent of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]] (1526–1857), under whom the language reached its zenith in the Indian subcontinent.{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=105}} The Mughals were of [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] origin; they were [[Turco-Mongols]], and had been Persianised to an extent. However, the early Mughal court preferred their ancestral [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] language. This linguistic situation began to change when the second Mughal Emperor [[Humayun]] reconquered India with the aid of [[Safavid Iran]], ushering many Iranians into the subcontinent. His successor [[Akbar]] developed these ties by granting these Iranians positions in the imperial service. He also undertook generous efforts to attract many Persian literati from Iran. Akbar's actions established Persian as the language of the Mughal court, transitioning the royal family out of the ancestral language (his own son and successor [[Jahangir]], for example, was more proficient in Persian than Turkic). Under Akbar, Persian was made the official language of the Mughal Empire, a policy it would retain till its demise. His pluralist rule resulted in many natives becoming more open to learning the language, and educational reforms were introduced in ''[[madrasas]]'' to improve Persian learning.{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=159-163}} The Mughal association with the Persian language continued with Akbar's successors; the literary environment created under them led [[Sa'ib]], a [[Shah Jahan]]-era poet at the Mughal court, to comment:{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=105}}

{{Verse translation|nīst dar irān zamīn sāmāne tahsile kamāl
tā nīamad suiye hindustān hinā rangīn nashud|There is not in the Persian land the requisite material for the perfection of art,
Until henna came to India it acquired no colour.}}
Under the Mughals, Persian took prominence as the language of culture, education, and prestige. Their policies resulted in a process of "Persianisation" by which many Indian communities increasingly adopted the language for social purposes.<ref name=":3">Kachru, Braj B (2008). "Introduction: languages, contexts, and constructs". In Kachru, Braj B; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S.N (eds.). ''Language in South Asia''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5-6. {{ISBN|1139465503}}</ref> Professions requiring Persian proficiency, previously occupied by Iranians and Turks, came to be shared with Indians. For example, groups such as the [[Kayastha]]s and [[Khatris]] came to dominate the Mughal finance departments; Indians taught Persian in ''[[madrasas]]'' alongside masters of the language from Iran. Moreover, the complete Persianisation of the Mughal administrative system meant that the language reached both urban centres as well as villages, and a larger audience for [[Persian literature]] developed.{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=165-166}}

In this way, Persian became a second language to many across North India; [[Muzaffar Alam]] contends that it neared the status of a first language.{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=166-167}} By the 18th century, many Indians in the north of the subcontinent had a "native speaker's competence in Persian".<ref>Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003), "A Long History of Urdu Literature, Part 1", in Pollock (ed.), ''Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia'', p. 849, {{ISBN|978-0-520-22821-4}}</ref>

=== Decline ===
Following [[Aurangzeb]]'s death, Persian began to fall into decline, being displaced by Urdu in the Mughal court.{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=107}} The arrival and strengthening of British political power added a growing influence of English as well. However, for a long time Persian was still the dominant language of the subcontinent, used in education, Muslim rule, the judiciary, and literature.{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=54}} While the [[East India Company]] used English in the higher levels of administration, it acknowledged the importance of Persian as a "language of command", and used it as the language of provincial governments and courts. Hence many British officials arriving in India learned Persian in colleges established by the Company. The teachers in these colleges were often Indian. In some cases, Britishers even took over as Persian professors, sidelining the role of the Indians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mir |first=Farina |date=2006 |title=Imperial policy, provincial practices |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460604300401 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=402 |doi=10.1177/001946460604300401 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=Conflicting Meanings of Persianate Culture: An Intimate Example from Colonial India and Britain|work=The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca|publisher=University of California Press|year=2019|isbn=9780520300927|editor-last=Green|editor-first=Nile|pages=226–228}}</ref>

Through the early 1800s, though the East India Company continued to use Persian and Hindustani officially, it increasingly began to favour vernacular languages over Persian in the administration and adjudication of the Indian population. This was due to the fact that Persian was no longer as widely understood in India. By the 1830s, the Company came to view Persian as an "impediment to good governance", culminating in a series of reforms; the [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] and [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay Presidencies]] dropped Persian from their administration in 1832, and in 1837, Act No. 29 mandated the abandonment of Persian in official proceedings throughout India in favour of vernacular languages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mir |first=Farina |date=2006 |title=Imperial policy, provincial practices |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460604300401 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=398–405 |doi=10.1177/001946460604300401 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref> English eventually replaced Persian in education as well, and the British actively promoted Hindustani as the means of common communication.{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=54}} Additionally, nationalistic movements in the subcontinent led to various communities embracing vernacular languages over Persian.<ref name=":9">{{Citation|last=Green|first=Nile|title=The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca|pages=48–49|year=2019|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520300927}}</ref> Still, Persian was not fully supplanted, and remained the language of "intercultural communication".{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=54}} Famed poet [[Mirza Ghalib]] lived during this transitional era, and produced many works in the language.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Casari|first=Mario|title=INDIA xiv. Persian Literature|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/india-xiv-persian-literature-in-india|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> As late as the 1930s, Persian was still a favoured college degree for [[Hindu]] students, despite the consolidation of English-medium education.{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=54}} [[Muhammad Iqbal|Muhammad Iqbal's]] prolific Persian work, produced during the turn of the 20th century, is considered the last great instance of the Indo-Persian tradition.{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=107}}

[[Nile Green]] asserts that the advent of printing technology in 19th-century British India also played a part in Persian's decline. While the printing press enabled the highest Persian textual output in the subcontinent's history, it also greatly amplified more widely spoken languages such as Hindustani and Bengali, exacerbating the shift towards vernacular languages in the region.<ref name=":9" />

== Regional use ==
This section gives a closer look at the use of Persian in selected regions, specifically those outside Central-Northern India, which was often the centre of Islamic power in the Indian subcontinent.

=== Punjab ===
[[File:Persian military manual written for the Fauj-i-Khas of the Sikh Empire, ca.1830's.jpg|thumb|Persian military manual written for the [[Fauj-i-Khas]] of the [[Sikh Empire]], ca.1830's]]
As the primary entry point and frontier region of the Indian subcontinent, the [[Punjab]] has had a long association with the Persian language. The name of the region is itself a Persian coinage (''panj-āb'', {{Translation|'five waters'}}).<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|title=Punjabi|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/punjabi-indo-aryan-language|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> Following the defeat of the [[Hindu Shahi]] dynasty, classical Persian was established as a courtly language in the region during the late 10th century under [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] rule.<ref name="google2">{{cite book|author=Mir|first=Farina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35|title=The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520262690|pages=35–36|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> After [[Lahore]] was made the second capital of the Ghaznavids, it played host to great poets in the court, and was settled by many Persian-speakers from the West. The first Indian-born Persian poet was from Lahore, as were the earliest notable figures in Indo-Persian literature, [[Masud Sa'd Salman]] and [[Abu-al-Faraj Runi]].{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=104}}{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=133-134}}

In the 13th century, [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha|Nasiruddin Qabacha]] declared himself independent of the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]. His dominion, the [[Sindh]], was conducive to Persian literary activity at the centres of [[Multan]] and [[Uch]], where [[Muhammad Aufi]] wrote the [[Lubab ul-Albab]].{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=133-134}}

Employed by [[Punjabis]] in literature, Persian achieved prominence in the region during the following centuries, as the region came under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals.<ref name="google2" /> The language of the [[Sikh gurus]] ([[Sant Bhasha]]) incorporated Persian, and some of their works were done entirely in the language; examples are the [[Zafarnama (letter)|''Zafarnama'']] and the [[Hikaaitaan|''Hikāyatān'']]. [[Sikhism]] has since retained many Persian elements in its religious vocabulary.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fenech|first1=Louis E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&q=principal+language|title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press (USA)|isbn=978-0199931453|page=239|quote=}}</ref><ref name=":10" />

Persian continued to act as a courtly language for various empires in Punjab through the early 19th century, and dominated most literary spheres. It served finally as the official state language of the [[Sikh Empire]], under which Persian literature such as the [[Zafarnamah Ranjit Singh|''Zafarnamah-e-Ranjit Singh'']] was produced, preceding [[Punjab Province (British India)|British conquest]] and the decline of Persian in South Asia.<ref name="google2" /> Persian-medium schools in the Punjab lasted until the 1890s.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Nile|url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004387287/BP000015.xml|title=The Antipodes of "Progress": A Journey to the End of Indo-Persian|date=2018-10-30|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-38728-7|pages=217|language=en|doi=10.1163/9789004387287_010}}</ref> Muhammad Iqbal, a Punjabi, was one of the last prolific writers of Persian in the subcontinent.

=== Kashmir ===
[[Kashmir]] was another region impacted heavily by Persian. Though it had long been a centre of [[Sanskrit]] literature, the language was in decline from the 13th century, due to internal social factors.<ref>{{Citation|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|title=Sanskrit Literary Culture from the Inside Out|work=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|pages=92–94|year=2003|editor-last=Pollock|editor-first=Sheldon}}</ref> Persian was introduced to the region in the 14th century, spreading through the [[Islam in Kashmir|Persianization and Islamisation of Kashmir]] by early Sufi saints such as [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]]. The emergence of the native [[Shah Mir dynasty]] shortly after saw Persian become the official language of administration. Some of its members, chiefly [[Zayn al-Abidin (sultan of Kashmir)|Zain-ul-Abidin]], patronised various kinds of literature.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Weber|first=Siegfried|title=Kashmir: Introduction|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kashmir-i-introduction|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref>

Persian enjoyed a superior position in the valley as prestige language from its early days. It retained its political and literary status for the next 500 years under the Mughals, Afghans, and Sikhs. Poetry, histories and biographies were among some of the works produced over these years, and many [[Kashmiris]] received an education in Persian for careers as accountants and scribes in government. [[Persians]] often migrated to [[Kashmir]], and the region was known in the Persianate world as ''Iran-e-saghir/ایران صغیر,'' means "Little Iran".<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Weber|first=Siegfried|title=Kashmir: Administration|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kashmir-iii-administration|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref>

The historical prevalence of Persian in the region is illustrated by the case of the [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s, who adopted Persian in place of their ancestral language Sanskrit, in order to make Hindu teachings more accessible to the population. They translated texts such as the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and [[Shiva Purana|''Shivapurana'']], even composing hymns in praise of [[Shiva]] through the medium of ''[[ghazal]]''.<ref name=":3" /> Some of the earliest Persian literature of the region in fact constituted such translations of Sanskrit works; under the Shah Mirs the monumental Sanskrit history of Kashmir ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' was translated into ''Bahr al-asmar,'' and the efforts of the Pandits added Hindu astronomical and medical treatises to the literature.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weber|first=Siegfried|title=Kashmir: Persian Language in Kashmir|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kashmir-ii-persian-language-in-kashmir|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

The advent of the [[Dogra dynasty]] (under British suzerainty) in 1849 led to the decline of Persian in Kashmir. Although they inherited and used a Persian administrative system, social changes brought by them led to Urdu being instituted as the language of administration in 1889.<ref name=":5" />

=== Bengal ===
[[File:Sharafnama of Nizami, Bengal.jpg|thumb|A Sharaf-Nama manuscript that was owned by the [[Sultan of Bengal]] [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]]. It shows [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] sharing his throne with Queen Nushabah.]]
Persian was introduced into [[Bengal]] through the [[Bengal Sultanate]],{{Sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=2}} established by the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] in the 14th century. During their rule, the language was spoken in the court and employed in administration. It was used primarily in urban centres such as [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], and [[Sonargaon]], having diffused into the elite population (Muslim and non-Muslim) through the administration.{{Sfn|D'Hubert|2019|p=95}} This led to a growing audience for Persian literature, indicated by famed Persian poet [[Hafez]], who referenced Bengal in a verse from his ''[[The Divān of Hafez|Diwan]]:''

{{Verse translation|''Šakkar-šakan šavand hama tūtīyān-e Hend''
''zīn qand-e Pārsī ke ba Bangāla mē-ravad''|All the parrots of India started crushing sugar
of this Persian candy that goes to Bengal.{{Sfn|D'Hubert|2019|p=94}}

|rtl1=|attr1=This verse is often partially attributed to Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]], but doubt has been cast on the historicity of such a claim.{{Sfn|D'Hubert|2019|p=100}}}}

However, Persian was not the sole language of governance; the majority of official documents were written in Arabic, as were most inscriptions.{{Sfn|D'Hubert|2019|p=95}} Coins were minted with Arabic text.{{Sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=17-18}} Notably, there is no evidence of significant Persian literary patronage under the Bengal Sultans; court poetry and creative texts were composed in the Bengali language instead. Persian literature mostly came from outside the court, such as the works of Sufism and the "popular literature" created by [[Bengali Muslims]].{{Sfn|D'Hubert|2019|p=95}}{{Sfn|D'Hubert|2019|p=107}}

In the 16th century, the Bengal region came under the Mughals to form the [[Bengal Subah]], and in this era Persian's impact was much more profound. Mughal rule brought a highly Persianised court and administration to Bengal, as well as an influx of Iranians and northern Indians. This established Persian as a language of public affairs and courtly circles, and an indispensable tool of social mobility. The Persian language became entrenched in the [[Bengali Hindu]] upper class, remaining into the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Kumkum|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195698800.001.0001/acprof-9780195698800|title=Mughal Culture and Persianization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Bengal|work=The Cultures of History in Early Modern India: Persianization and Mughal Culture in Bengal|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-569880-0|pages=8–10|ref=none}}</ref> The imposition of Mughal administration on the region also meant that the general populace came into contact with officers that did not know Bengali. This led to a diffusion process, as locals learned the Persian language in order to communicate with them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|date=December 15, 1989|title=Persian Muslim Elements in the History of Bengal|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal#pt1|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref>

=== Deccan ===
[[File:Persian Calligraphy c. 1640–60, Deccan, India.jpg|thumb|left|A Persian poem produced in the Deccan. 17th century.|346x346px]]
Although considerably distanced from North India, the Deccan was also a recipient of Persian's linguistic impact. Persianate culture was brought to the Deccan fleetingly through the efforts of the Delhi Sultanate in the early 14th century. Persian finally gained a foothold in the region with the establishment of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in 1347, which used the language for official purposes. The dynasty had a great interest in Persian culture, and several members were proficient in the language, producing their own literature. Literati from Northern India found themselves welcome at the court, and scholars from [[Iran]] were invited as well. ''Madrasas'' were built over the expanse of the kingdom, such as the [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa]] at Bidar, where Persian was taught.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|title=DECCAN: POLITICAL AND LITERARY HISTORY|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/deccan|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref>'' A notable poet patronised by the Bahmans was [[Abdul Malik Isami|Abdul Isami]], who wrote the first Persian history of the Muslim conquest of India titled ''[[Futuh-us-Salatin]]''.{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=109}} In spite of this, [[Richard M. Eaton|Richard Eaton]] writes that Persian was much less widely understood in the Deccan region than vernacular languages, and contrasts this situation with the Persian proficiency in the north of the subcontinent.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-71627-7|pages=142–144|oclc=226973152}}</ref>

During the turn of the 16th century, the Bahmani Sultanate splintered into the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]], which were also Persianate in culture. They used Persian as a courtly language, as well as for official and administrative purposes. The language received literary patronage; for example, Persian poet [[Muhammad Zuhuri]], author of the ''Sāqīnāmah'', was a prominent figure at [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II|Ibrahim Adil Shah II's]] court in [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]].''<ref name=":1" />'' However, the sultans simultaneously promoted regional languages such as [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Deccani language|Deccani]] (the southern variety of Hindustani), at times even using them in administration. For example, Alam writes that Telugu was the language of the sultan for the [[Qutub Shahis]], and that Persian was removed from the Bijapur Sultanate's administrative system by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] in favour of Marathi; these are corroborated by Eaton.{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=157-158}}''<ref name=":11" />''

[[Hyderabad State]], ruled by the [[Nizams of Hyderabad]], was one of the last important niches of Persian cultivation in the Indian subcontinent. The [[princely state]] used Persian as its official language until 1884, when it was phased out in favour of Urdu.''<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":1" />''

== Literature ==
A large corpus of [[Persian literature]] was produced by inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent. Prior to the 19th century, the region produced more Persian literature than Iran. This consisted of several types of works: poetry (such as ''[[rubaʿi]]'', [[Qasida|''qasidah'']]), panegyrics (often in praise of patron kings), epics, histories, biographies, and scientific treatises. These were written by members of all faiths, not just Muslims. Persian also was used for religious expression in the subcontinent, the most prominent example of which is [[Sufi literature]].<ref name=":4" />

This extended presence and interaction with native elements led to the Persian prose and poetry of the region developing a distinct, Indian touch, referred to as ''[[Sabk-i hindi|sabk-e-Hindi]]'' (Indian style) among other names. It was characterised by an ornate, flowery poetic style, and the presence of Indian vocabulary, phrases, and themes. For example, the monsoon season was romanticised in Indo-Persian poetry, something that had no parallel in the native Irani style. Due to these differences, Iranian poets considered the style "alien" and often expressed a derisive attitude towards ''sabk-e-Hindi''.{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=142-143}}{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=178}}{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=109-110}} Notable practitioners of ''sabk-e-Hindi'' were [[Urfi Shirazi]], [[Faizi]], [[Saib Tabrizi|Sa'ib]], and [[Abdul-Qādir Bedil|Bedil]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Lüsebrink |first1=Hans-Jürgen |title=Language, literary |date=2015-08-04 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-early-modern-history-online/*-COM_027842 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_027842 |access-date=2022-03-26 |last2=Reichmuth |first2=Stefan |author2-link=Stefan Reichmuth (academic) |last3=Schwarze |first3=Sabine |last4=Gil |first4=Alberto |last5=Rothmund |first5=Elisabeth |last6=Frenk |first6=Joachim |last7=Zieliński |first7=Bogusław |last8=Kończal |first8=Kornelia |last9=Schwarz |first9=Wolfgang F.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=109-110}}

Translations from other literary languages greatly contributed to the Indo-Persian literary corpus. Arabic works made their way into Persian (e.g. [[Chach Nama]]).{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=142}} Turkic, the older language of Islamic nobility, also saw translations (such as that of [[Chagatai language|Chagatai Turkic]] "[[Baburnama]]" into Persian). A vast number of Sanskrit works were rendered into Persian, especially under Akbar, in order to transfer indigenous knowledge; these included religious texts such as the [[Mahabharata]] ([[Razmnama]]), [[Ramayana]] and the four [[Vedas]], but also more technical works on topics like medicine and astronomy, such as ''[[Zij]]-e-Mohammed-Shahi.''<ref name=":4" />{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=105}} This provided Hindus access to ancient texts that previously only [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritised]], higher castes could read.{{Sfn|Alam|2003|p=166-167}}

== Influence on subcontinental languages ==
{{See also|Persian and Urdu}}
As a prestige language and lingua franca over a period of 800 years in the Indian subcontinent, Classical Persian exerted a vast influence over numerous Indic languages, which includes non-Indo-Aryan languages. Generally speaking, the degree of impact is seen to increase the more one moves towards the north-west of the subcontinent, i.e. the Indo-Iranian frontier. For example, the Indo-Aryan languages have the most impact from Persian; this ranges from a high appearance in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], to more moderate representation in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. The largest foreign element in the Indo-Aryan languages is Persian. Conversely, the [[Dravidian languages]] have seen a low level of influence from Persian.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|title=Persian Elements in Indian Language|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/india-xviii-persian-elements-in-indian-languages|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> They still feature loans from the language, some of which are direct, and some through Deccani (the southern variety of Hindustani), due to the Islamic rulers of the Deccan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=9781139435338|pages=478}}</ref>

[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] is a notable exception to this geographic trend. It is an Indo-Aryan lingua franca spoken widely across the [[Hindi Belt]] and [[Pakistan]], best described as an amalgamation of a [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]] linguistic base with Persian elements.<ref name=":2" /> It has two [[formal register]]s, the Persianised [[Urdu]] (which uses the Perso-Arabic alphabet) and the de-Persianised, Sanskritised [[Hindi]] (which uses [[Devanagari]]). Even in its vernacular form, Hindustani contains the most Persian influence of all the Indo-Aryan languages,<ref name=":7" /> and many Persian words are used commonly in speech by those identifying as "Hindi" and "Urdu" speakers alike. These words have been assimilated into the language to the extent they are not recognised as "foreign" influences. This is due to the fact that Hindustani's [[History of Hindustani|emergence]] was characterised by a Persianisation process, through patronage at Islamic courts over the centuries.<ref name=":8" /> Hindustani's Persian register Urdu in particular has an [[Persian and Urdu|even greater degree of influence]], going as far as to admit fully Persian phrases such as ''"makānāt barā-ē farōḵht"'' (houses for sale). It freely uses its historical Persian elements, and looks towards the language for [[neologism]]s.<ref name=":2" /> This is especially true in Pakistan (see [[#Contemporary]]).

The following Persian features are hence shared by many Indic languages but vary in the manner described above, with Hindustani and particularly its register Urdu bearing Persian's mark the most. It is also worth noting that due to the politicisation of language in the subcontinent, Persian features make an even stronger appearance among the Muslim speakers of the above languages.<ref name=":2" />

=== Vocabulary ===
{{About|the general impact of Persian on the Indic vocabulary|examples specific to Hindi-Urdu|Hindustani etymology|and|Hindustani vocabulary|section=yes}}The most significant result of Indo-Persian [[language contact]] has been the seepage of a vast and varied Persian vocabulary into the Indic lexicon, particularly the Indo-Aryan languages.

==== Loanwords ====
As the initial contact points of Persianate rule, administration and urban life provided the earliest types of loans in the Indo-Aryan languages. In this initial period, Persian words were often borrowed out of necessity, to describe newly-introduced foreign objects and concepts. Eventually however, Persian loans began to permeate the Indic languages on a broader level. Kuczkiewicz-Fraś identifies poets and Sufis as highly conducive to this process; these groups knew both Persian and local languages, facilitating contact between them and dispersing the same into their followers.{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=40-45}} The prestige status that Persian later attained under the Mughals resulted in Persian vocabulary being integrated more consciously (rather than out of necessity) into the Indo-Aryan languages.{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=51}}

Today, Persian loans are found in almost all spheres of usage, and nouns make up the largest portion of them.<ref name=":2" /> Many are used commonly in everyday speech.<ref name=":7" /> They often have an altered pronunciation when compared to modern [[Iranian Persian]]; this is partly because the Indic languages took in the older pronunciations of Classical Persian used by Persian speakers in the subcontinent (see [[#Contemporary]] section on the nature of this Indian Persian).<ref name=":2" /> [[Nativisation]] is also responsible for the differences in pronunciation, and is determined by the particular recipient language. One nativisation common to many languages is the elongation of the ''haa-e-mukhtafi'' in Persian to ''ā.'' Hence Classical Persian ''tāzah'' (fresh) became ''tāzā'', ''āinah'' (mirror) became ''āinā'' (in modern Iranian Persian, these are ''tāzeh'' and ''āineh'' respectively).{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=118}}{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=153-154}} Nativisation has also resulted in phonological changes (see [[#Phonology]] below). Outside of these differences, some loans may still appear strange to modern Persian either due to [[semantic shift]] or because the inherited word is now archaic in Persian.{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=117-118}}

A categorised list of Persian vocabulary found in the Indic languages is provided below, and is far from exhaustive:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Loan category
!Examples
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Nouns'''
|-
|Proper names
|Muslim names: ''[[Akhtar]]'', ''Nawaz'', ''[[Aftab]]'', ''Dilshad'', ''Shah Bano'', ''Zarina''
Non-Muslim names: ''Sikandar'', ''Bahadur'', ''Shah'', ''Chaman'', ''Roshan'', ''[[Zorawar (given name)|Zorawar]]'', ''Sarkar''
|-
|Titles
|''Khan Bahadur, Rai Bahadur, Yavar Jung, Salaar Jung''
|-
|Parts of the body
|''badan'' (body), ''khūn'' (blood), ''nākhūn'' (nail, of fingers and toes), ''sīnā'' (chest), ''dil'' (heart), ''chehrā'' (face), ''gardan'' (neck), ''zabān'' (tongue), ''halq'' (throat)
|-
|Place names
(Suffixes)
|[[-abad|-''ābād'']], [[-stan|-''stan'']], [[wikt:گنج|-''ganj'']], -''bagh'', -''sarāi'' (Hyderabad, Hazratganj, Arambagh, Mughalsarai)
|-
|Kinship terms
|''dāmād'' (son-in-law), ''bīvī'' (wife) ''shauhar'' (husband), ''birādar'' (brother), ''hamzulf'' (husband of sister-in-law)
|-
|Food
|''sabzī'' (vegetables), ''[[Naan|nān]]'' (bread), ''[[Korma|kormā]]'' (curry) ''[[Gosht|gōsht]]'' (meat), ''kīmā'' (minced meat), ''[[Tandoor|tandūri]]'' (roasted)
|-
|Clothing
|''paushāk'' (dress), ''pajāmā'' (pyjamas), ''kamīz'' (shirt), ''jeb'' (pocket), ''astar'' (inner, lining)
|-
|House
|''gusalkhānā'' (bathroom), ''pākhānā'' (toilet), ''bāwarchīkhānā'' (kitchen), ''darwāzā'' (door), ''diwār'' (wall)
|-
|Ornaments
|''zewar'' (ornaments), ''gulband'' (necklace), ''dastband'' (bracelet), ''pazeb'' (anklet)
|-
|Fruits
|''seb'' (apple), ''anār'' (pomegranate), ''angūr'' (grapes), ''nārangī'' (tangerine), ''bādām'' (almond), ''kishmish'' (raisin)
|-
|Vegetables
|''shalgam'' (turnip), ''qaddū'' (pumpkin), ''sakarqand'' (sweet potato)
|-
|Flora
|''cinār'' (plane tree), ''hinā'' (henna), ''banafshā'' (pansy), ''gulāb'' (rose), ''nīlofar'' (water lily), ''nargis'' (daffodil)
|-
|Fauna
|''sher'' (lion), ''khargosh'' (rabbit), ''bulbul'' (nightingale), ''bāz'' (falcon), ''kabutar'' (pigeon)
|-
|Professions
|''darzī'' (tailor), ''hajjām'' (barber), ''sabzī''-''farosh'' (greengrocer), ''khānsāmā'' (cook)
|-
|Agriculture
|''fasl'' (crop), ''paidāwār'' (yield), ''rabi'' (spring), ''khārīf'' (autumn), ''ābpashī'' (watering), ''nahar'' (canal), ''zamīn'' (land)
|-
|Time
|''rōz'' (day), ''sāl'' (year), ''zamānā'' (era)
|-
|Law
|''adālat'' (court), ''qānūn'' (law), ''dastūr'' (constitution), ''muddai'' (plaintiff), ''vakīl'' (lawyer), ''muakil'' (client), ''ahdnāma'' (testament), ''bayān'' (statement), ''giraftārī'' (arrest)
|-
|Administration
|''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkār]]'' (government), ''[[Durbar (court)|darbār]]'' (court), ''[[Padishah|bādshah]]'' (emperor), ''[[Grand Vizier|wazīr-i āzam]]'' (prime minister, grand vizier) ''[[Peshwa|pēshwā]]'' (Peshwa), ''[[Tehsildar|tehsīldār]]'' (tax collector), ''[[Zila (country subdivision)|zila]]'' (district)
|-
|Writing
|''qalam'' (pen), ''dawāt'' (inkpot), ''syāhi'' (ink), ''kāgaz'' (paper)
|-
|Religion (non-Arabic terms)
|''rōza'' (fasting), ''[[namāz]]'' (ritual prayer), [[khuda|''khudā'']] (God), ''paighambar'' (Prophet), ''bihisht'' (Paradise), ''dozax'' (Hell), [[Pir (Sufism)|''pīr'']] (Sufi master)
|-
|Measurement
|''[[Gaz (measure)|gaz]]'' (yard), ''mīl'' (a mile), ''man'' (a [[Maund (unit)|mound]]), ''ser'' (a [[Seer (unit)|seer]]), ''murabbā'' (square)
|-
|Military
|''[[Sepoy|sipāhī]]'' (soldier), ''fauj'' (army), ''top'' (gun/cannon), ''topchī'' (gunner), ''topkhānā'' (artillery)
|-
|Miscellaneous
|''āinā'' (mirror), ''bāzār'' (market)'', dōst'' (friend), ''shehar'' (city)
|-
! colspan="2" |Other
|-
|[[Modifiers]]''':'''
|''bilkul'' (surely/definitely), ''garm'' (hot), ''tāzā'' (fresh), ''āzād'' (free/independent)
|-
|Other [[function words]]:
|''ki'' (that), ''khud'' (oneself), ''agar'' (if), ''magar'' (but), ''lekin'' (but), ''afsōs'' (alas), ''shabāsh'' (well done)
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Sources in order of importance:{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=115-118}}'''<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Masica|first=Colin P.|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1991|isbn=0-521-23420-4|pages=71–73}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=237}}<ref name=":8" />
|}

===== Indirect loans =====
The Persian, Arabic, and Turkic languages that arrived in the subcontinent shared a sizeable amount of vocabulary due to historical factors surrounding Iran and Central Asia. However it is generally agreed that Persian, with its vast dominance in the Indian subcontinent, was the primary medium of transferring vocabulary from the other two languages.{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=235-236}}

The majority of Arabic words present in Indic languages entered through Persian; for example, the terms listed under "law" above are of Arabic origin, as are miscellaneous words like ''"lekin"'' and ''"qalam"''. This is due to the fact that a vast number of Arabic words had already been assimilated into Persian before it arrived in the Indian subcontinent (see [[#Background]]).{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=235-236}} The largest impact of Arabic in the Indic lexicon is religious terminology (not listed), and many of even these are through Persian.''{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=115-116}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Qutbuddin|first=Tahera|date=2007|title=Arabic in India: A Survey and Classification of Its Uses, Compared with Persian|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20297278|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=127|issue=3|pages=328|issn=0003-0279|jstor=20297278}}</ref>'' The influence of Persian mediation is observed in the semantic shift of Arabic words in the Indic lexicon; for example, ''"fursat"'' means 'opportunity' in Arabic, but the Indic languages have inherited the Persian-altered meaning 'leisure time'.''<ref name=":0" />'' For these reasons Persian linguistic influence is often termed 'Perso-Arabic'. It is however important to note that Persian being the ''exclusive'' vehicle for Arabic in the Indian subcontinent is not a surety, and direct loans from Arabic cannot be ruled out.{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=236-237}}

To a lesser extent, Turkic words also entered through Persian. In general it is unclear which Turkic words are Persian-mediated, and which direct, since Turkic was used (albeit to a limited extent) in the early medieval period of the subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Agnieszka.|first=Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Turkic+in+India+and+its+elements+in+Hindi&btnG=|title=Turkic in India and its elements in Hindi|date=2001|oclc=998228783}}</ref> Additionally, there is the reverse possibility that Turkic may have contributed some Persian words, since it itself had earlier been Persianised in a similar process to that of the Indic languages (see [[#Background]]).{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=235-236}}

==== Compounds ====
Persian has also contributed compound formations in Indic languages, wherein Persian words and affixes are combined with Indic roots:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Compound formations
|-
!Word/Affix
!Examples
|-
|''-khānā'' (house)
|''jelkhānā'' (jail), ''dākkhānā'' (post office), ''juākhāna'' (casino)
|-
|''-kār'' (doer)
|''kalākār'' (artist), ''patrakār'' (journalist), ''jānkār'' (one who knows)
|-
|''-dār'' (having)
|''phaldār'' (fruitbearing), ''dhuẽdār'' (smoky), ''dendār'' (debtor), ''bhāgīdār'' (partner)
|-
|''-bāz'' (with the quality of)
|''cālbāz'' (schemer), ''patangbāz'' (kite-flier), ''dhokebāz'' (traitor)
|-
|''be-'' (without)
|''becain'' (restless), ''beghar'' (homeless)
|-
|''nā-'' (non)
|''nāsamajh'' (without understanding), ''nākārā'' (jobless)
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Sources:'''{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=117}}<ref name=":2" />
|}

=== Phonology ===
Through loanwords, Persian has introduced the sounds ''q, kh, gh, z, f'' into many Indic languages. These have been nativised to ''k, kh, g, j, ph'' respectively (e.g. ''khud → khud, ghulām → gulām'')''.'' However, the original sounds are considered valid in these languages, with the original forms of ''z'' and ''f'' occurring very commonly. Scripts have also accommodated these sounds; [[Devanagari]] adds a dot (''[[nuqta]]'') under the native letters to indicate the Persian loan ({{Lang|hi|क़, ख़, ग़, ज़, फ़}}). Urdu retains ''q, kh, gh'' to a greater degree, regarding them as proper pronunciation (''talaffuz).'' The same is seen in formal contexts among those speakers of Punjabi, Bengali etc. that draw from Perso-Arabic elements, such as Muslims. Additionally, the sound /ʃ/, or "sh" appears in the Indo-Aryan languages largely due to the entry of Persian vocabulary (although it also appears in loans from Sanskrit).<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=148}}

=== Grammar ===
A lesser but notable impact of Persian is the transfer of simple grammatical structures. These are the ''[[ezāfe]]'' (''Salām-ē-Ishq, Shēr-ē-Bangla'') and ''-o-'' (''rōz-o-shab'')''.'' They inherit the same meaning as Persian, but are generally used in more formal, literary contexts. They appear in multiple impacted languages, but to varying extents, with the most usage occurring in the Hindustani register Urdu. Additionally, the conjunction ''ki/ke'' used extensively in these languages to mean "that" is drawn from Persian.<ref name=":2" />

In addition to the above features, Urdu in particular has inherited many prepositions from Persian, such as ''az'' (from), ''ba'' (to), ''bar'' (on), ''dar'' (in), as well as prepositional phrases like ''ba'd azan'' (afterwards).<ref name=":8" /> Urdu also displays the Persian practice of pluralising nouns by suffixing ''-ān'' or, less commonly, ''-hā.'' Due to the presence of such grammatical elements as well as an extensive repository of Perso-Arabic vocabulary, Urdu is able to admit fully Persian phrases.''<ref name=":2" />'' Note that Urdu here refers to a formal register of Hindustani, and hence such Persianised diction appears in the news, education etc. rather than common speech.

=== Writing systems ===
The prevalence of Persian also resulted in the [[Perso-Arabic]] script being adopted for several languages, such as Hindustani (as [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]), [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Punjabi]], and [[Kashmiri alphabet|Kashmiri]]. Their alphabets differ slightly to accommodate unique sounds not found in Persian.{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=119}}<ref>Bashir, Elena (2016). "Perso-Arabic adaptations for South Asian languages". In Bashir, Elena (ed.) ''The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia, Chapter 9.'' De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 803-804.</ref> Additionally, the [[Nastaliq]] calligraphic hand popularised by Persian is the main style used for writing Urdu and the main style used for writing Punjabi in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Indo-Aryan languages|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|others=[[Dhanesh Jain]], George Cardona|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|location=London|pages=58–59|oclc=648298147}}</ref><ref name=":8" />

== Contemporary ==
=== Indian Persian ===
{{Further|Persian phonology}}
The Persian language is now largely defunct in the Indian subcontinent. However, it still lingers in some scholarly and literary circles; for example, the [[University of Kashmir]] in [[Srinagar]] has been publishing the Persian-language journal ''Dānish'' since 1969.<ref name=":5" /> Some colleges and universities in [[India]], Pakistan, and [[Bangladesh]] offer Persian as a course of study.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Dhaka Department of Persian Language and Literature|url=https://www.du.ac.bd/academic/department_item/PERS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Karachi Department of Persian|url=https://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/persian/index.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maulana Azad National Urdu University Department of Persian|url=http://www.manuu.ac.in/Eng-Php/persiandept_profile.php}}</ref> Commenting on the state of the field in 2008, Abidi and Gargesh wrote that there was a "general lack of interest" in Persian studies.{{Sfn|Abidi|Gargesh|2008|p=109}}

Though Arabic largely dominates the realm of Islamic liturgy and theology in the Indian subcontinent, Persian can be seen in some religious spheres: the ''[[dhikr]]'' sessions of Sufism often employ Persian poetry in song, and the Sufi devotional music genre of ''[[qawwali]]'' also uses Persian in parallel with local languages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qutbuddin|first=Tahera|date=2007|title=Arabic in India: A Survey and Classification of Its Uses, Compared with Persian|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20297278|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=127|issue=3|pages=320|issn=0003-0279|jstor=20297278}}</ref> Famed ''qawwali'' singer [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] sang sometimes in Persian.

Indian Persian is linguistically the same as Modern Persian. However, when compared to modern Iranian Persian, it differs significantly in pronunciation. This is because the Persian spoken in the subcontinent is still the Classical Persian historically used as a lingua franca throughout the Persianate world. The most prominent difference is seen in the vowel system: in Iran, the language underwent some isolated developments to reach its present form, by which the eight-vowel system transformed into a six-vowel one. Indian Persian has continued to use the older system, and has hence has been called a "petrification" of Classical Persian. This is apparent in words like ''sher'' (lion, now ''shīr'' in Iran) and rōz (day, now ''rūz)''. Notably, the [[Dari|Dari Persian]] of [[Afghanistan]] also retains this old system. There have also been some changes in Indian Persian due to nativisation. Nasal vowels, which are not observed in Modern Persian, occur in the endings ''-ān'', ''-īn'', and ''-ūn'' (''mardāṅ, dīṅ, chūṅ'').<ref name=":8" />{{Sfn|Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|2012|p=125}}

The situation is summarised by Matthews, who says that Persian in the Indian subcontinent is usually pronounced as if it were Urdu. Recently, there have been efforts in the subcontinent to switch to using Persian as it is pronounced in Iran.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Matthews|first=David|title=Urdu|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/urdu|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref>

=== Sociopolitics ===
{{Main|Hindi–Urdu controversy|Hindustani language}}

Language has always been a dimension of Hindu-Muslim tension in the Indian subcontinent, and the Perso-Arabic elements in Indo-Aryan languages have played a part in this. In 19th-century British India, divisions on religious lines led to Hindu groups advocating to de-Persianise language, and Muslims embracing the Perso-Arabic element. Such tensions later contributed to the [[Partition of India]]. The most significant and lasting impact of the linguistic divide has been the emergence of Hindi and Urdu as two separate literary registers of Hindustani, both of which are recognised on national levels. Conscious attempts to alter language on such a basis have also been observed in other languages that have both Hindu and Muslim speech communities, such as Punjabi. Urdu has been undergoing further Persianisation in Pakistan, due to a need for new words and coinages to suit modern times.<ref name=":2" />

In the modern era, though Persian is in disuse, Persian loanwords have continued to move into regional languages through Hindustani. A notable example is that of Pakistan, where the imposition of Urdu as [[national language]] and its widespread use has led to a growing Perso-Arabic influence on Pakistan's [[Languages of Pakistan|indigenous languages]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>Bashir, Elena (2016). "The Northwest". In Bashir, Elena (ed.) ''The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia, Chapter 2.'' De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 284.</ref>

=== Zoroastrian Persians ===
{{Main|Parsis|Irani (India)|Zoroastrianism in India}}

The [[Parsis|Parsi community]] speaks a dialect of Gujarati which has been influenced by their ancestral language of Persian.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parsi|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pars1251|website=Glottolog}}</ref> In 1932, the first ever sound film in the Persian language, ''[[Lor Girl|Dokhtar-e-Lor]],'' was produced in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] by Parsi Indians. There is also a small population of Zoroastrian [[Irani (India)|Iranis]] in India, who migrated in the 19th century to escape religious persecution in [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Iran]] and speak a [[Zoroastrian Dari language|Dari dialect]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shastri|first=Padmaja|date=March 21, 2004|title=What sets Zoroastrian Iranis apart|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/what-sets-zoroastrian-iranis-apart/articleshow/572604.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Indo-Persian culture]]
*[[Dobhashi]]
*[[Lisan ud-Dawat]], Perso-Arab-influenced Gujarati
*[[Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments]] (book)

==Gallery==
<gallery caption="Persian manuscripts">
File:Firman of Dara Shikoh MET sf1997-205a.jpg|''Firman'' issued under Mughal Prince [[Dara Shikoh]], dated 1649-1650.
File:Marriage certificate of the last Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah II (r. 1837-57) to Zinat Mahal Begam, on 18 November 1840.jpg|Marriage certificate of last Mughal emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], 1840.
File:Arjun hits the target.jpg|Scene from a ''Razmnama'' manuscript: [[Arjuna]] hits the fish-eye target, [[Draupadi|Draupadi's]] [[swayamvara]].
File:"Krishna Holds Up Mount Govardhan to Shelter the Villagers of Braj", Folio from a Harivamsa (The Legend of Hari (Krishna)) MET DP231961.jpg|Page from a Persian translation of ''[[Harivamsa]]'', describing [[Krishna]] holding up [[Govardhan Hill|Mount Govardhana]].
File:Parrot addressing Khojasta in Tutinama commisioned by Akbar, c1556-1565.jpg|Page from a copy of the ''[[Tutinama]]''. While this copy was commissioned by Akbar, the ''Tutinama'' itself was a 14th century translation to Persian drawing from the Sanskrit ''[[Śukasaptati]]''.
File:Royal attendants of Babur and Humayun, going to see the Rhinoceros.jpg|Page from the Persian translation of Babur's memoirs, ''[[Baburnama]]''.
File:Tumanba Khan, His Wife, and His Nine Sons.jpg|Page from a copy of ''Chingiz Nama'' (Book of [[Genghis Khan|Genghis]]), itself an extract of the [[Jami al-Tawarikh]]. Commissioned under Akbar.
File:Hasht-Bihisht Amir Khusro Met 1.jpg|Folio from a copy of Amir Khusro's ''[[Hasht-Bihisht (poem)|Hasht-Bihisht]]'', dated 1597–98.
File:Calligraphic fragment in nasta'liq.jpg|Verses of the Beloved - love poetry by Munshi Ram, Bengal, 18th century.
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Citation|last=Alam|first=Muzaffar|title=The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan|work=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|year=2003|editor-last=Pollock|editor-first=Sheldon|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0520228219}}
*{{Citation|last1=Abidi|first1=S. A. H.|title=Persian in South Asia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511619069.007|work=Language in South Asia|pages=103–120|year=2008|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-61906-9|access-date=|last2=Gargesh|first2=Ravinder|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511619069.007|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Citation|last=Masica|first=Colin P.|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521299442}}
*{{Citation|last=Chatterjee|first=Kumkum|title=Mapping Early Modern Bengal: Polity, Culture, and the Literary Universe|work=The Cultures of History in Early Modern India: Persianization and Mughal Culture in Bengal|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195698800.001.0001|isbn=9780195698800}}
*{{Citation|last=D'Hubert|first=Thibaut|title=Persian at the Court or in the Village? The Elusive Presence of Persian in Bengal|work=The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca|year=2019|editor-last=Green|editor-first=Nile|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972100}}
*{{Citation|last=Kuczkiewicz-Fraś|first=Agnieszka|title=Perso-Arabic Loanwords in Hindustani, Part II: Linguistic Study|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291949945|year=2012|publisher=Archeobooks |isbn=9788376382944}}

== Further reading ==
*Chopra, R. M., The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, Iran Culture House, New Delhi, 2012.

== External links ==

* [http://www.perso-indica.net/ Perso-Indica] - Online research and publishing project on Indo-Persian treatises and translations
{{Persian language}}{{Languages of India}}{{Languages of Pakistan}}
[[Category:Languages of South Asia]]
[[Category:Cultural history of India]]
[[Category:Persian language]]
[[Category:Culture of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persian language in Pakistan]]

Hitu Kanodia

2026-01-25T02:18:46Z

Legalwikieditor: small edit

{{short description|Indian Actor and Politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hitu Kanodia
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Hitesh Kanodia
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|02|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Kanoda, [[Gujarat]], India
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end = 2022
| constituency = [[Idar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Idar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| yearsactive =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| homepage =
| spouse = {{marriage|Mona Thiba|2014}}
| mother = [[Naresh Kanodia]] (father) and Ratan Kanodia
| relatives = [[Mahesh Kanodia]] (uncle)
| occupation = Actor, politician
}}

'''Hitu Kanodia''' (born 21 February 1970) is [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati film]] actor and politician from [[Gujarat]], India.

==Biography==
Hitu Kanodia was born on 21 February 1970 to actor-politician [[Naresh Kanodia]] and Ratan Kanodia. He has studied 12th grade.<ref name=":0g">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=20 December 2017|title=This is my chance to represent good politics: Hitu Kanodia|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIA/2017/12/20&entity=Ar01902&sk=91FD7CCC&mode=text#|access-date=6 November 2020|website=epaper.timesgroup.com}}</ref><ref name="ON">{{Cite web|date=4 January 2020|title=Hitu Naresh Kanodia|url=https://ourneta.com/neta/hitu-naresh-kanodia/|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Our Neta|language=en-US}}</ref> He started his film career as a child artist. He has acted in over 100 Gujarati films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=25 November 2017|title=Gujarat elections: Actor who plays 'Vikas' in BJP's campaign video among 13 named in 5th list|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-elections-actor-hitesh-kanodia-who-plays-vikas-in-campaign-video-among-13-named-in-bjps-5th-list-4953489/|access-date=27 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

He contested from [[Kadi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kadi constituency]] in [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] but lost.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 November 2017|title=BJP releases fifth list of candidates for Guj polls|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/india/bjp-releases-fifth-list-of-candidates-for-guj-polls.html|access-date=27 October 2020|website=The Pioneer}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He was elected as a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] in [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017 election]] from [[Idar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Idar constituency]].<ref name="ON"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Hitu-Kanodia-joins-politics/articleshow/17429183.cms|title=Hitu Kanodia Joins Politics|work=The Times of India|last1=Malini |first1=Navya }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Hitu Kanodia at Rath Yatra in Idar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/hitu-kanodia-at-rath-yatra-in-idar/videoshow/70073274.cms|access-date=11 July 2019|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hitu Kanodia married actress Mona Thiba on 14 August 2014 in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Hitu and Mona marry in Ahmedabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/Hitu-Kanodia-married-actress-Mona-Thiba/articleshow/40313613.cms|access-date=27 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 August 2014|title=Gujarati actor Hitu Kanodia marries Mona Thiba|url=https://www.gujaratheadline.com/gujarati-actors-hitu-konidia-marries-mona-thiba/|access-date=27 October 2020|website=www.gujaratheadline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> They have a son, Rajveer, born in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 January 2017|title=Hitu-Mona share son's pics online|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/Hitu-The-Kanodias-share-son-Rajveers-pics-online/articleshow/47368022.cms|access-date=27 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Selected filmography ==

;As a child artist
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|
| Dholi
|
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|
|-
|
| Saiba Mora
|
|
|
|-
|
| Dhola Maru
|
|
|
|-
|
| Meru Mulade
|
|
|
|-
|
| Ujali Meraman
|
|
|
|-
|
|Vanzari Vav
|
|
|
|-
|
| Dharmo
|
|
|
|-
|
| Meru Mulade
|
|
|
|-
|
|Jog Sanjog
|
|
|
|-
|
| Lekhne mathe mekh
|
|
|
|-
|
| Sati Aur Bhagwan
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|
| Sanp tyan Jump
|
|
|
|-
|
| Vat, Vachan and Ver
|
|
|
|-
|
| Jugal jodi
|
|
|
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Meru Malan]]''
|
|
|
|-
|
| Raj Kunwar
|
|
|
|-
|}

;As an adult actor

{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="17" |2000
|Saajan Tane Mara Sam
|
| rowspan="42" |[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|
|-
|Mandanio morVahurani
|
|-
| Janmo Janam
|
|-
| Raj Ratan
|
|-
|Govaliyo
|
|-
| Lakhtarni ladi ne Vilayatno var
|
|-
|Senthinu sindoor
|
|-
| Ma te ma bija vagdana va
|
|-
| Man, Moti ne kach
|
|-
| Dadane Aangan Tulsi
|
|-
| Dikri to parki thapan kahevay
|
|
|-
|Me to dungar kleine ghar re karya
|
|
|-
| Kaydo
|
|
|-
| Vagi kale katar tara premni
|
|
|-
| Vaagya Preetuna Dhol
|
|
|-
| Rajveer – rahasyamay premktha
|
|
|-
| Chare disha cheharma
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2014
|''Nahi Re Chute Taro Saath''
|
|
|-
|''Vishwasghat''
|
|
|-
| ''Deewana Dushman''
|
|
|-
| Hal Bheru America
|
|
|-
| No tension
|
|
|-
|Nahin re chute taro saath
|
|
|-
| Daldu didhu me kartakna melama
|
|
|-
|Garibni dikri, sasariyama thikri
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[List of Gujarati films of 2022|2022]]
|''[[Raado]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/raado/movieshow/92202521.cms |title=Raado Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2026-01-22 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|''Madhav''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4"| [[List of Gujarati films of 2023|2023]]
| ''[[Vash (film)|Vash]]''
|Atharv
|
|-
| ''Hu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shubh Yatra]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[3 Ekka]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[List of Gujarati films of 2024|2024]]
|''Prem No Padkar''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kamthaan]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamthaan Movie Review: A laugh riot with some power-packed performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/kamthaan-review/movie-review/107343662.cms |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jagat (2024 film)|Jagat]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Nasoor (2024 Gujarati film)|Nasoor]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[List of Gujarati films of 2025|2025]]
|''Chhutachheda''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=ChhutachedaUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/chhutacheda/movieshow/117303036.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Taaro Thayo]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taaro Thayo (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/taaro-thayo/ET00426433?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Faati Ne?]]''
|Param Lal
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faati Ne? (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/faati-ne/ET00428340?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shubhchintak]]''
|Tejas
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shubhchintak (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/shubhchintak/ET00436798?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vash Level 2]]''
|Atharv
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-21 |title='Vash Level 2' OTT release confirmed: Streaming on THIS platform from October 22 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/vash-level-2-ott-release-confirmed-streaming-on-this-platform-from-october-22/articleshow/124716419.cms |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|
|''[[Misri (film)|Misri]]''
|PI
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/misri/movieshow/124302790.cms |title=Misri Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2026-01-22 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[List of Gujarati films of 2026|2026]]
|''[[Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/jai-kanhaiyalal-ki-motion-poster-release-shoot-starts-tomorrow-136072533.html |title='જય કનૈયાલાલ કી'નું મોશન પોસ્ટર રિલીઝ:'તારક મહેતા' ફેમ ધર્મેશ મહેતા સિદ્ધાર્થ રાંદેરિયા અને હિતુ કનોડિયાની ફિલ્મનું ડિરેક્શન કરશે |date=2 October 2025|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
* Award for Best Child Artist for the film "Meru Mulade" (1980–81)
* Award for Best Child Artist for the film "Jugal Jodi" (Combined with Bhavik Vyas) (1982–83)
* Award for Best Child Artist for the film "Ujali Meraman" (1985–86)
*Award for Best Actor for the film " Saajan Tane Mara Sam "

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanodia, Hitu}}
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Patan district]]
[[Category:Kanodia family]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]

Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-19T06:21:23Z

Legalwikieditor:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bhagalpur
| state = [[Bihar]]
| established = 1951
| assembly_cons = * [[Bihpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bihpur]]
* [[Gopalpur, Bihar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gopalpur]]
* [[Pirpainti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pirpainti]]
* [[Kahalgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kahalgaon]]
* [[Bhagalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]]
* [[Nathnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nathnagar]]
| incumbent_image = File:Ajay Kumar Mandal.jpg
| mp = [[Ajay Kumar Mandal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2019
| preceded_by = [[Shailesh Kumar Mandal]]
}}

'''Bhagalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bhagalpur]] in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]].

== Vidhan Sabha segments ==
Presently, Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:

{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|152
|[[Bihpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bihpur]]
|rowspan="6"| [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|Kumar Shailendra
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|153
|[[Gopalpur, Bihar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gopalpur]]
|[[Shailesh Kumar Mandal]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|154
|[[Pirpainti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pirpainti]]
|Murari Pasawan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]

|-
|155
|[[Kahalgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kahalgaon]]
|Shubhanand Mukesh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]

|-
|156
|[[Bhagalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]]
|Rohit Pandey
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|158
|[[Nathnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nathnagar]]
|Mithun Kumar Yadav
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
|-
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
The following is the list of the Members of Parliament elected from this Lok Sabha constituency
<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm|date=January 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former Members"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx|date=2008-06-16}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|Anoop Lal Mehta
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Kirai Mushahar
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |1952^
|[[J. B. Kripalani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Kirai Mushahar
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1957|1957]]
|[[Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1962|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Ramjee Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Chunchun Prasad Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Prabhas Chandra Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Subodh Roy (politician)|Subodh Ray]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2006^
| rowspan="2" |[[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|[[Shailesh Kumar Mandal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Ajay Kumar Mandal]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|rowspan="2” |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

^ by-poll

== Election results ==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhagalpur]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bhagalpur">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bhagalpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0426.htm# |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731182217/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0426.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Bhagalpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Bhagalpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/bhagalpur |accessdate=26 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126135854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/bhagalpur |archivedate=26 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar Mandal]]
|votes = 536,031
|percentage = 50.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ajeet Sharma]]
|votes = 4,31,163
|percentage = 40.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 31,803
|percentage = 2.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 1,04,868|percentage= 9.86|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,65,031|percentage=53.57|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhagalpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar Mandal]]
|votes = 6,18,254
|percentage = 59.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Shailesh Kumar Mandal|Shailesh Kumar (Bulo Mandal)]]
|votes = 3,40,624
|percentage = 32.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 31,567
|percentage =3.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Nurullah
|votes = 9,620
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Ashiq Ibrahimi
|votes = 9,572
|percentage =0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,77,630
|percentage = 26.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,43,182
|percentage =57.20
|change = -0.60
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

===2014 election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhagalpur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-23 |page=70 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Shailesh Kumar Mandal|Shailesh Kumar (Bulo Mandal)]]
|votes = 3,67,623
|percentage = 37.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
|votes = 3,58,138
|percentage = 36.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Abu Qaiser
|votes = 1,32,256
|percentage = 13.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Ramjee Mandal
|votes = 18,937
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Indradeo Kumar Singh
|votes = 12,710
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 11,875
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,485
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,74,016
|percentage = 57.80
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1957 election ===
* Banarshi Prasad Jhunjhunwala (INC) : 93,315 votes
* Chhabinath Singh (CPI) : 43,876

== See also ==
* [[Bhagalpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/bhagalpur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Bhagalpur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Bhagalpur Division topics}}

{{coord|25.2|87.0|display=title}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Bhagalpur district]]

Vijayanagar, Hubli

2026-01-15T12:35:05Z

Legalwikieditor: Put Up A Stub - done

{{notability|1=Places|date=January 2026}}
{{short description|Village in Dharwad district, Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vijaynagar
| native_name =
| settlement_type = Neighborhood
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| nickname =
| motto =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Karnataka
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Dharwad
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = Hubli
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| government_type =Municipal Corporation<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.hdmc.mrc.gov.in/en/council-members
| title = Council Members of Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation
| website = Official Website of HDMC
| publisher = Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation, Government of Karnataka
| language = en
| access-date = 26 July 2025
}}</ref>
| governing_body = [[Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7198<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://karnataka.census.gov.in/DCHB-PART-B/2908_PART_B_DCHB_DHARWAD.pdf
| title = District Census Handbook - Dharwad (Part B): Vijaynagara Data
| website = Census of India 2011 - Karnataka
| publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
| date = 2011
| access-date = 26 July 2025
}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2020<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://geoiq.io/places/580032---Hubli-Vijayanagar/wTcNb5rwOU
| title = Population Data for Hubli-Vijayanagar
| website = GeoIQ
| publisher = Frappe Technologies
| access-date = 26 July 2025
}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 =
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| postal_code = 580032<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://news.abplive.com/pincode/karnataka/dharwad/hubli-vijayanagar-pincode-580032.html
| title = Hubli-Vijayanagar Pincode 580032
| website = [[ABP Live]]
| publisher = ABP News Network
| access-date =26 July 2025
}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| website =
}}

'''Vijaynagar'''<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://kgis.ksrsac.in/kgisdocuments/PDF_KML_SHP1/PDF/pdf/District_Dharwad.pdf
| title = District Profile: Dharwad
| website = Karnataka Geographic Information System (K-GIS)
| publisher = Karnataka State Remote Sensing Applications Centre (KSRSAC)
| date =
| access-date = 26 July 2025
}}</ref> is a neighborhood of Hubli located in the [[India|Indian]] state of Karnataka.

==School==
*MJE SYS Lions English Medium School Vijayanagar, Hubli<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://kys.udiseplus.gov.in/#/schooldetail/5509270/11
| title = School Details: Lions English Higher Primary School, Vijaynagar Hubli (UDISE Code 29090603303)
| website = UDISE+ Portal
| publisher = Ministry of Education, Government of India
| access-date = 26 July 2025
| archive-date = 21 March 2025
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250321144759/https://kys.udiseplus.gov.in/#/schooldetail/5509270/11
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dharwad district]]

Ardhangini (2018 TV series)

2026-01-13T21:00:01Z

Legalwikieditor: brief expand page per standard format and improved wording for clarity

{{Other uses|Ardhangini (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ardhangini.jpg
| image_size = 300
| image_alt =
| caption = Title Poster
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator = [[Acropoliis Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| story = [[Star Jalsha Creative Team]]
| screenplay = [[Rishita Bhattacharya]] '''Dialogues''' [[Antara Banerjee]]
| director = [[Soumik Bose]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Nabanita Das]] [[Jeetu Kamal]] [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] [[Payel De]]
| judges =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "Ardhangini"
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Snigdha Basu]] [[Sani Ghose Ray]]
| editor =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Acropoliis Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.]]
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 307
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|01|08|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2018|11|18|df=y}}
| related = [[Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh, Piyaji]]
}}

'''''Ardhangini''''' is an Indian [[Bengali-language]] television drama series that was broadcast on [[Star Jalsha]] and [[Star Jalsha|Star Jalsha HD]] and streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The series debuted on 8 January 2018 and endedon 18 November 2018. This show comes from the house of Acropoliis Productions. The series is the official remake of [[Hindi]] drama ''[[Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh, Piyaji]]''.<ref name=":0" />

''Ardhangini'' tells the story about overcoming and embracing each other's differences in ideologies and embarking on a journey of love after marriage. The series was starring Nabanita Das as Ishwari, Jeetu Kamal as Ayush, [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as Umapati and [[Payel De]] as Ganga.

==Plot==
Umpati is a man deeply rooted to traditional value system and believes that men and women are born for separate duties. He is a famous Ayurveda Practitioner and dreams of an ideal, ritualistic wife who would share his values. Ishwari, conversely, is a free spirited, independent, empowered lady who is exceptionally talented and well trained in classical dance. She believes a woman is no less than a man. These two completely different personalities meet each other on a chilly morning at the holy Ghat across the Ganges in Haridwar. When two entirely different individuals, antipodal as personalities meet, their destinies having had a significant role to play, their respective worlds eventually come crashing down.

But at this point, they've seen a long and happy spell with each other overcoming many challenges thrown on the way to rediscover herself Ishwari is bound to perform the challenging task of a housemaid a consultant a care giver and finally a lover to prove herself as a worthy wife not only to her husband umapati but also to all her in laws. Next she comes across challenges posed by the jealous Ganga Umapati's childhood friend who secretly wants to become Umapati's wife but fails to do so and then comes challenges from Umapati's Aunt Mamoni who just cannot tolerate Ishwari and makes life very difficult for her, but Ishwari uses her intelligence to single-handedly prove her innocence against every accusation and thereafter bring out the real culprits of the misdeeds for which she is falsely implicated. All these family drama finally culminate to a happy point when Ishwari finally proves that Mamoni Umapati's own sister Anjali and Mamoni's son Vishnu are involved in a robbery in their own house.

After Mamoni Vishnu and Anjali are put behind bars by the Law peace returns to the Bhattacharya family and they start planning for Nandi and Dev's marriage to the daughters of the family Arati and Payel. After this the family decide to go to Haridawar. On the way disaster strikes as their train derails and the sole survivors of the accident are Ishwari and Kakamoni. Everyone else Thammi Boroboumoni, Payel, Arati, Nandi and Umapati die in the train accident on the other side Ishwari's mother also suffers a massive heart attack in Haridwar and is assumed to be dead. After gaining consciousness Ishwari sees Umapati die due to lack of proper treatment in front of her eyes. This causes her a deep trauma and she suffers from major amnesia and mentally is transported back to be 10 years old girl. This comes as a big challenge for Dr. Ayush who is treating Ishwari and is also her secret childhood admirer.

Later the story explored the life of a mentally unstable Ishwari after the sad demise of Umapati, the troubled yet exhilarating path that her life has taken on. Here comes Ayush, an old friend that adores Ishwari like no other, takes her by the hand and takes on the world with her, but then Ishwari in Episode 304 regains her memory and completely forgets Ayush and then leaves Ayush. Ayush tries to commit suicide but Ishwari comes back and stops him and tells him that she is not going to leave him with the serial ending on a happy note.

== Cast==
* [[Nabanita Das]] as Ishwari<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/more-new-serials-are-coming-up-apart-from-ardhangini-and-subhodrishti-dgtl-1.722643|title=More New Serials are coming up apart from ardhangini and subho drishti}}</ref>
* [[Jeetu Kamal]] as Ayush<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-jeetu-kamal-to-join-ardhangini/articleshow/65558433.cms|title=Actor Jeetu Kamal To Join Ardhangini|date=27 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as Dr. Umapati Bhattacharjee (Dead)
* [[Payel De]] as Ganga
* Dhrubojyoti Sarkar as Bishnu
* Tulika Basu as Komolika; Umapati's paternal aunt; Bishnu and Puja's mother
* Moyna Mukherjee as Iswari's mother
* [[Anuradha Roy (actress)|Anuradha Roy]] as Umapati's paternal grandmother (Dead)
* [[Bhaskar Banerjee]] as Raghunath Bhattacharjee, Komolika's husband, Bishnu and Puja's father; Umapati's paternal uncle
* [[Mithu Chakrabarty]] as Umapati's mother (Dead)
* Pinky Mallick as Iswari's peternal aunt; Dev's mother
* Arindam Banerjee as Iswari's peternal uncle; Dev's father
* Suvajit Kar
* Jagriti Goswami
* Manishankar Banerjee as Ayush's father
* Saswati Guha Thakurata as Ayush's mother
* Arpita Mukherjee as Ayush's elder sister
* Koushik Bhattacharya as Ayush's elder brother-in-law (flashback)
* Indranil Mallick as Ayush's younger brother
* Unknown as Ayush's elder brother
* [[Ayesha Bhattacharya]]
* Sourav Das

==Crew==
* Director - Soumik Bose
* Producer - Snigdha Basu, [[Sani Ghose Ray]]
* Screenplay - Rishita Bhattacharya
* Dialogue - Antara Banerjee
* Camera - Sandip
* Editing - Nilanjan
* Music Director - Indrashish

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh, Piyaji]]'' तू सूरज मैं सॉंझ, पियाजी
|3 April 2017
|[[StarPlus]]
|1 June 2018
|Original
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Ardhangini'' অর্ধাঙ্গিনী
|8 January 2018
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|18 November 2018
| rowspan="3" |Remake
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''[[Sarvamangala Mangalye]]'' ಸರ್ವಮಂಗಳ ಮಾಂಗಲ್ಯೇ
|30 July 2018
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|3 April 2020
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi (TV series)|Siva Manasula Sakthi]]'' சிவா மனசுல சக்தி
|30 January 2019
|[[Star Vijay]]
|14 March 2020
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/tv/ardhangini/s-1368 Ardhangini] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Acropoliis films]]

India After Gandhi

2026-01-13T06:51:21Z

Legalwikieditor: corrected citations additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Non-fictional book by Ramachandra Guha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox book
| name = India after Gandhi
| image = India After Gandhi Revised and Updated Edition.jpg
| caption = Cover of 10th anniversary edition
| author = [[Ramachandra Guha]]
| genre = [[Non-fiction]]
| subject = [[History of the Republic of India|History of India]]
| publisher = [[Ecco Press]] ([[HarperCollins]]) in the US, [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]] in India
| media_type = Print ([[hardcover]] and [[paperback]])
| country = India
| language = English
| release_date = 24 July 2007
| pages = 898 pp (First Edition), 919 pp (Revised and Updated Edition)
| isbn = 978-0-330-50554-3
| translator = Sushant Jha (Hindi)
}}

'''''India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy''''' is a non-fiction book by Indian historian [[Ramchandra Guha|Ramachandra Guha]]. First published by [[HarperCollins]] in August 2007.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|first=Amit|last=Chaudhuri|author-link=Amit Chaudhuri|date=21 April 2007|title=Review: India After Gandhi|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/apr/21/featuresreviews.guardianreview3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All in the Family | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/books/review/Chotiner-t.html?pagewanted=all | newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=26 August 2007 | first=Isaac | last=Chotiner | access-date=27 August 2018 }}</ref>

The book covers the history of the India after it gained independence from the [[British Empire|British]] in 1947.<ref name=":1" /> A revised and expanded edition was published in 2017.<ref>{{YouTube|id=HIdAuVT97og|Ramachandra Guha and Barkha Dutt - INDIA AFTER GANDHI, Delhi launch}}</ref>

==Background==
In November 1997, Peter Straus, then head of [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]], met Ramachandra Guha and suggested that he write a history of independent India. Straus had read an article by Guha in the Oxford journal ''Past and Present''. He suggested that since Indian historians typically stopped their narratives with Indian independence in 1947, a scholarly analysis of modern Indian history post-independence would be of interest. Guha signed a contract in March 1998, with a delivery date for the book specified for March 2002.<ref name="ScrollGuha">{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/844028/how-ramachandra-guha-came-to-write-india-after-gandhi-the-first-popular-post-1947-history |title=How Ramachandra Guha came to write 'India After Gandhi', the first popular post-1947 history |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |date=2017-06-18 |website=Scroll.in |access-date=2018-05-23}}</ref>

In writing the book, Guha consulted the private papers of several important Indian personalities, as well as newspaper records, housed at the [[Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]], New Delhi. The private papers of Indian independence activist and politician [[C Rajagopalachari]] and [[PN Haksar|P N Haksar]], [[Indira Gandhi]]'s principal secretary 1967 and 1973, were especially useful to Guha's research. Guha sent across his final draft to Straus in 2006, and the book was published in 2007.<ref name="ScrollGuha"/>

=== Expanded edition ===
Guha re-organized Part Five chronologically (in the earlier edition this section followed a thematic approach), removed a chapter (A People's Entertainments), added two chapters based entirely on new material (Progress and its Discontents & The Rise of the BJP Systems), and rewrote the epilogue (A 50–50 Democracy) for the 10th anniversary edition.

== Contents ==

* '''Prologue:''' Unnatural Nation
* '''Part One''': Picking up the Pieces

Freedom and Parricide—The Logic of Division—Apples in the Basket—A Valley Bloody and Beautiful—Refugees and the Republic—Ideas of India

* '''Part Two:''' Nehru's India

The Biggest Gamble in History—Home and the World—Redrawing the Map—The Conquest of Nature—The Law and the Prophets—Securing Kashmir—Tribal Trouble

* '''Part Three:''' Shaking the Centre

The Southern Challenge—The Experience of Defeat—Peace in Our Time—Minding the Minorities

* '''Part Four:''' The Rise of Populism

War and Succession—Leftward Turns—The Elixir of Victory—The Rivals—Autumn of the Matriarch—Life Without the Congress—Democracy in Disarray—This Son also Rises

* '''Part Five:''' A History of Events

Rights and Riots—A Multi-polar Polity—Rulers and Riches—Progress and its Discontents—The Rise of the BJP Systems

* '''Epilogue:''' A 50–50 Democracy

== Publication history ==

* First edition – 2007/2008
* 10th anniversary edition (2016/2017) – revised, expanded and updated (first updated edition)

=== Translations ===
''India After Gandhi'' was translated into [[Hindi]] as ''Bharat Gandhi Ke Baad'' by ''[[India Today]]'' journalist Sushant Jha New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bharat Gandhi Ke Baad|url=http://penguin.co.in/book/non-fiction/bharat/|access-date=7 January 2017|website=Penguin India}}</ref> This book has been translated into Hindi in two volumes as ''Bharat: Gandhi Ke Baad'' and ''Bharat: Nehru Ke Baad'' and published by Penguin. The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] version of the book is published in the name ''Indhiya varalaaru Gandhikku pin - Part 1 & 2'' by Kizhakku and translated by R. P. Sarathy. The [[Bengali language|Bengali]] version of the book is published in the name "গাঁধী-উত্তর ভারতবর্ষ" by Ananda Publishers Private Limited and translated by Ashish Lahiri.

== Reception ==
''India after Gandhi'' was chosen Book of the Year by ''[[The Economist]]'', ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' and ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Magazine]]'', among others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release|title=Poets Dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2011|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|date=2011-12-21|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award-2011.pdf|access-date=2011-12-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508031321/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award-2011.pdf|archive-date=2012-05-08}}</ref>

The book was one of the best non-fiction books of the decade (2010–2019) as per ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best non-fiction books of the decade|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/best-non-fiction-books-of-the-decade/article30413098.ece|work=The Hindu|date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

The book won the 2011 [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English|Sahitya Akademi Award for English]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:2007 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:HarperCollins books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]

Bari, Himachal Pradesh

2026-01-02T06:49:22Z

Legalwikieditor:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bari
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Bari Rohru Village.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Mahasu Pahari]] (Kochi)<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| leader_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.18
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 323
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 171207
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal_Pradesh|HP 10]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Literacy#India|literacy rate]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 65.02
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.1
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''Bari''' is a village in [[Rohru]] sub-district in [[Shimla district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] state, India.<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web |title=Bari |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=28880 |website=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=26 April 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180426164117/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=28880 |archivedate=26 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to [[2011 Census of India]], Bari had 75 families, and its population was 323, of which 169 were males while 154 were females. Population of children between age group of 0–6 was 37, which made up 11.46% of the total population. Average sex ratio and child sex ratio were 1.1 and 1.31 respectively. Its literacy rate was 65.02%. Male literacy stood at 71.6% while female literacy rate was 57.8%. Bari village had substantial population of [[scheduled castes]]. They constituted 27.25 % of the total population. The village did not have any scheduled tribe population.<ref name="2011 census" />

Total area of Bari was 2.18 km2, per 2011 Census of India.<ref name="Census Handbook">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Shimla |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0211_PART_B_DCHB_SHIMLA.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=27 April 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305035715/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0211_PART_B_DCHB_SHIMLA.pdf |archivedate=5 March 2017 |pages=410 |url-status=live}}</ref> There were 206 workers in the village, out of which 47.09% were main workers while 52.91% were marginal workers. Out of the main workers, 61 were cultivators while 18 were agricultural laborer.<ref name="2011 census" /> Bari's [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]] is 171207 and its postal head office is Rohru.<ref name="PIN">{{cite web |title=Find Pincode |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/findpincode.aspx |website=[[India Post]] |accessdate=27 April 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Shimla district]]

Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat

2025-12-31T19:29:34Z

Legalwikieditor: brief rework layout for accuracy further

{{Short description|1299–1304 Khalji military campaign}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat
| width =
| partof = Campaigns of [[Alauddin Khalji]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = June 1299–1304
| place = [[Gujarat]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Gujrat annexed by the Delhi Sultanate
| result = [[Delhi Sultanate]] victory
*Fall of [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]]
| status =
| combatants_header = Belligerents
| combatant1 = {{flag country|Delhi Sultanate}}
| combatant2 = [[Vaghela dynasty]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = {{Flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Alauddin Khalji]] {{Flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Ulugh Khan]] {{Flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]]
| commander2 = [[Karna II]]
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 34,000 • 20,000 infantry • 14,000 cavalry{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1967|p=625}}
| strength2 = 110,000 • 80,000 infantry • 30,000 cavalry<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=K. S. |author-link=K. S. Lal |url=http://archive.org/details/2015.98691.HistoryOfTheKhaljis12901320 |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |publisher=The Indian Press |year=1950 |location=Allahabad |page=84 |language=en}}</ref>
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = Light
| casualties2 = Heavy
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
<mapframe text="Locations of the major cities attacked during the 1299 invasion of Gujarat" width="400" height="400" zoom="5" longitude="72.96" latitude="23.32">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Asavalli", "description": "Identified with modern [[Ahmedabad]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.5713621, 23.0225050] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Anahilavada]]", "description": "Modern [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.1266255, 23.8493246] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Khambhat]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.6189845, 22.3180817] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Somanatha]]", "description": "Modern Somnath" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.3843721, 20.9060022] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Surat]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.8310607, 21.1702401] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "[[Delhi]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.2273958, 28.6618976] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
{{History of Gujarat}}
'''Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat''', also known as the '''Muslim conquest of Gujarat''', began in 1299 when the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent an army to ransack the [[Gujarat]] region of India, which was ruled by the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna]]. The Delhi forces plundered several major cities of Gujarat, including [[Anahilavada]] (Patan), [[Khambhat]], [[Surat]] and [[Somnath]]. Karna was able to regain control of at least a part of his kingdom in the later years. However, in 1304, a second invasion by Alauddin's forces permanently ended the Vaghela dynasty, and resulted in the annexation of [[Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate|Gujarat to the Delhi Sultanate]].

== Background ==

After becoming the [[Sultan of Delhi]] in 1296, [[Alauddin Khalji]] spent a few years consolidating his power. Once he had strengthened his control over the [[Indo-Gangetic plains]], he decided to invade Gujarat.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=82}} According to the [[Persians|Persian]] historian [[Wassaf]] ([[fl.]] 1299-1323), Alauddin invaded Gujarat because "the vein of the zeal of [[religion]] beat high for the subjection of [[Infidel|infidelity]] and destruction of [[Cult image|idols]]."{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1967|p=625}}

Gujarat was one of the wealthiest regions of India, because of its fertile soil and the [[Indian Ocean trade]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=82}} Moreover, a large number of Muslim traders lived in the [[Port city|port cities]] of Gujarat. Alauddin's conquest of Gujarat would make it convenient for the [[Muslim]] merchants of north India to participate in [[international trade]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=188}}

At that time, Gujarat was ruled by the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king Karnadeva (called Rai Karan by the Muslim chroniclers). According to the 14th century [[Jain]] chronicler [[Merutunga]]'s ''Vichara-shreni'', Karna's [[Nagar Brahmin|Nagara]] minister Madhava brought the invaders to Gujarat.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=192-193}} The 15th century text ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' also states that the Vaghela [[king]] had humiliated Madhava, killed his brother Keshava, and [[Kidnapping|abducted]] his wife. Seeking revenge, Madhava went to Delhi and urged Alauddin to help him wage a war against the Vaghela king.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=190}} This account is also supported by the 17th-century chronicler [[Munhot Nainsi]]. This account seems to be based on historical truth, and may explain why Alauddin could invade Gujarat without subjugating the kingdoms which acted as a [[buffer zone]] between Delhi and Gujarat.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=334}}{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=192-193}}

== 1299 invasion ==

=== March to Gujarat ===

On 25 February 1299, Alauddin ordered his army to prepare for the march to Gujarat.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=195}} According to [[Wassaf]], the army comprised 14,000 [[cavalry]] and 20,000 [[infantry]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1967|p=625}} One section of the army started its march from Delhi, led by [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]]. Another section, led by [[Ulugh Khan]], marched from [[Sindh]], attacking [[Jaisalmer]] along the way. The two sections met somewhere near [[Chittor]], and then marched to Gujarat through [[Mewar]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=83}} Different medieval chroniclers given different dates (ranging from 1298 to 1300) for the start of the Delhi army's march. An inscription found at [[Somnath]] clearly indicates that a battle took place there in June 1299. Hence, the invasion would have definitely started before this date.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=470}}

During this march, Alauddin's generals seem to have raided a portion of the [[Guhilas of Medapata|Guhila]] territory of Mewar. The Jain writer Jina Prabha Suri states that the Guhila king Samarasimha protected his territory from Alauddin's forces.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=84}} The 1439 Ranpur inscription describes one Bhuvanasimha as "the conqueror of [[Shri]] Allavadina Sultan". Bhuvanasimha belonged to the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] branch of the Guhilas, and may have served as a feudatory of Samarasimha. The Delhi army did not seem to have suffered any serious reverses against the Guhilas, as they were able to easily capture Gujarat sometime later. It appears that a column of the Delhi army carried out a light raid in the Guhila territory, and met with strong resistance.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=188}}

After crossing the [[Banas River]], Alauddin's forces captured a fort called Radosa.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=83}}

=== Invasion ===

The sudden invasion from Delhi appears to have been a surprise for the Vaghela king Karna. Alauddin's army captured Gujarat easily in a very short time, possibly indicating that Karna might have been unpopular among his subjects, or had an ineffective military and administrative setup.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=335}}

The Jain chronicler Jinaprabha Suri states that Ulugh Khan's forces defeated Karna's army at [[Ashapalli|Asapalli]] (present-day Ahmedabad).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=188}}

According to the 14th century writer [[Abdul Malik Isami|Isami]], Karna weighed his options: putting up a fight against the invaders or retiring into a fortress. Given his lack of adequate war preparation, his ministers advised him to leave the country and return after the departure of the invaders.{{sfn|Z. A. Desai|1975|p=13}} Historian A. K. Majumdar interprets Isami's writings to mean that Karna took shelter in a fort,{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=188}} but epigraphist [[Z. A. Desai]] notes that no such conclusion can be drawn from Isami's writings.{{sfn|Z. A. Desai|1975|p=13}}

According to Barani, Karna fled to [[Devagiri]], the capital of the neighbouring [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] kingdom. However, historian [[Peter Jackson (historian)|Peter Jackson]] believes that Barani's statement is inaccurate: Karna fled to Devagiri only during the later 1304 invasion.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=195}}

=== Plunder and massacre ===

On the third day after Karna fled his capital [[Anahilavada]] (modern Patan, called Nahrwala in Muslim chronicles), the invaders arrived in the city. According to Isami, the city abounded in valuable commodities, precious metals, and treasures: the invaders looted these, and also seized seven elephants.{{sfn|Z. A. Desai|1975|p=14}} Karna's wealth and his wives, including his chief queen Kamala Devi, were captured by the invaders.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=84}}

According to Jinaprabha, Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan destroyed hundreds of towns, including [[Ashapalli|Asapalli]] (modern [[Ahmedabad]]), [[Vanthali|Vanmanthali]] and [[Surat]]. The invaders also looted several monasteries, palaces and temples.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=85}} This account is also confirmed by the Delhi Sultanate chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]]. Isami states that the invading soldiers even dug out the treasures hidden underground by the locals.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=86}}

At the wealthy port city of [[Khambhat]], Nusrat Khan obtained a great amount of wealth from the local merchants and other rich people. There, he also forcibly obtained the slave [[Malik Kafur]], who later became a general of the Delhi Sultanate and led Alauddin's campaigns in [[Deccan]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=86}} According to [[Wassaf]], the Muslim army massacred people "unmercifully, throughout the impure land, for the sake of Islam".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1967|p=625}} The invaders plundered gold and silver "to an extent greater than can be conceived", besides a variety of [[precious stone]]s and [[textile]]s.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1999|p=105}} Wassaf summarizes the invasion as follows:

{{Quote box
|quote=They took captive a great number of handsome and elegant maidens amounting to 20,000, and children of both sexes, more than the pen can enumerate [...] In short, the Muhammadan army brought the country to utter ruin, and destroyed the lives of the inhabitants, and plundered the cities, and captured their offspring, so that many temples were deserted, and the idols were broken and trodden under foot."
|source=[[Wassaf]]{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1967|pp=625-626}}
|align=center
|qalign = center
|salign=right
}}

Wassaf also states that the invaders discovered a beautiful [[jasper]]-coloured stone with ornamental figures from the ruins of the destroyed temples. This stone was sculptured with verses from the [[Quran]], and placed at the entrance of the tomb shrine of Shaikh Murshid Abu Is'hak Ibrahim bin Shahriar.{{sfn|Henry Miers Elliot|1871|p=44}}

=== Desecration of Somnath ===

[[File:Somnath temple ruins (1869).jpg|thumb|left|[[Somnath temple]] ruins in 1869]]
One section of the invading army marched towards the reputed [[Somnath]] temple, hoping to plunder gold from there.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=84}} The temple had earlier been destroyed by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in the 11th century, but had since been re-built.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=85}}

The Delhi army met with resistance at Somnath. An inscription records that two "Vāja" warriors named Malasuta and Padamala died at the door of the Somanatha temple on 6 June 1299, while fighting the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s (the Turkic people).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=189}}

After subjugating the defenders, Alauddin's army demolished the temple. According to the contemporary chronicler [[Amir Khusrau]], the temple was bent into the direction of [[Kaaba]] ([[qibla]]).{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=334}} The invaders looted the temple's wealth, and carried its main idol to Delhi, where its fragments were thrown to be trampled under the feet of Muslims.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=85}}

Wassaf describes the destruction of the Somnath idol as follows: The idol was adorned with a jewel-studded gold crown and a pearl necklace, and was of "admirable workmanship". After looting the jewels, the Muslim soldiers decided to destroy the idol. The Hindus offered them a thousand pieces of gold to spare the idol, but the soldiers rejected the demand. The invaders cut off its perfumed limbs, destroyed it, and carried its fragments to Delhi. The entrance of the city's [[Jami Masjid]] was paved with these fragments.{{sfn|Henry Miers Elliot|1871|p=44}}

=== Mutiny near Jalore ===

Nusrat Khan and Ulugh Khan returned to Delhi with a huge amount of wealth and prisoners, including [[Malik Kafur]] and the Vaghela queen Kamala Devi. The individual soldiers in the Delhi army had also managed to gather their own loot.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=86}} When the army halted at [[Sankarna |Sakarne]] near [[Jalore]] on its way to Delhi, the generals ordered these soldiers to pay ''[[khums]]'' (one-fifth of the share of loot). Some of the soldiers tried to conceal the true amount of wealth looted by them, leading to disputes. The generals punished several soldiers. According to the 15th century text ''Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi'' (written by Yahya), these soldiers were put under bellows, forced to drink saline water, and beaten with fists and rods.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=87}}

As a result, a section of the army revolted against the generals. The mutineers were mostly "neo-Muslims", the Mongols (Mughals), who had converted to Islam recently. According to the 14th-century historian Isami, the revolt was led by Muhammad Shah, Kabhru, Yalhaq and Burraq. According to the 15th-century historian Yahya, it was led by Iljak, Kasri, Begi, Tamghan, Muhammad Shah, Timur Bagha, Shadi Bugha and Qutlugh Bugha.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=87}} In ''[[Nainsi ri Khyat]]'', the 17th-century chronicler [[Munhot Nainsi]] states that three days before the mutiny, the rebel leaders had met [[Samantasimha (Chahamana)|Samantasimha]], the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Chahamana]] ruler of Jalore. On the day of the mutiny, the rebels attacked the generals' camp from one side, while the Chahamana army attacked it from the other side.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|pp=38-39}} The veracity of Nainsi's account is doubtful, as he inaccurately states that Alauddin personally led the Delhi army during this campaign, and was present at the time of the mutiny.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=136}}

The mutiny began when the rebels murdered Malik A'izzudin, who was a brother of Nusrat Khan and the secretary of Ulugh Khan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=87}} The next day, around 2000-3000 of them attacked the camp of Ulugh Khan, who managed to escape, as he was in a [[toilet (room)|lavatory]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=335}} The attackers killed a son of Alauddin's sister, mistaking him for Ulugh Khan. Ulugh Khan escaped to Nusrat Khan's tent, where drums were beaten to assemble the loyal soldiers. These loyal soldiers forced the rebels to retreat.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=87}}

The rebellion was completely suppressed within 4 days. The mutiny had terrified the royal generals, who quickly resumed their march to Delhi, without making any further ''khums'' demands. Two of the rebel leaders — Muhammad Shah and Kabhru — sought asylum with [[Hammiradeva]], the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chahamana]] ruler of Ranastambhapura (modern [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]]). Two other rebel readers — Yalhaq and Burraq — sought shelter with the Vaghela king Karna.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=88}}

When Alauddin heard about the mutiny, he ordered the arrests of the wives and children of the mutineers in Delhi. Nusrat Khan meted out especially brutal punishment to the wives and children of the individuals who had murdered his brother A'izzudin.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=88}} The children were cut into pieces in front of their mothers, who were raped, humiliated and forced into prostitution.{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|p=147}} These brutal punishments shocked the chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], who declared that no religion allowed such acts.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=88}} According to him, the practice of punishing wives and children for the crimes of men started with this incident in Delhi.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=335}}

== 1304 invasion ==

Karna seems to have recaptured at least a part of his former territory in the later years. An inscription found at the Sampla village in Gujarat attests that he was ruling at Patan on 4 August 1304.{{sfn|H. G. Shastri|1989|p=122-123}} The Jain author [[Merutunga]] also states that he ruled up to 1304 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=189}}

The 14th century Muslim chronicler [[Isami (historian)|Isami]] also suggests that Karna managed to regain his power. According to Isami, Alauddin had handed over the administration of the newly captured [[Ranthambore Fort]] to Malik Shahin in 1301. But sometime later, Malik Shahin fled the fort because he was afraid of Karna, who ruled the neighbouring territory.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=371}} Karna was supported by the neo-Muslim Mongol ''[[emir|amirs]]'', who had rebelled against Alauddin's generals at Jalore.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=195}}

=== Accounts of various chroniclers ===

According to [[Amir Khusrau]]'s poem ''Ashiqa'', Karna and his queen Kamala Devi had a daughter named Devala Devi ("Dewal Di"). After the 1299 invasion, Kamala Devi was taken to Delhi, and inducted into Alauddin's [[harem]]. Eight years later, she requested Alauddin to get Devala Devi from Gujarat. Alauddin sent a message to Karna, and Karna agreed to oblige. He was preparing to send Devala Devi to Delhi with many presents, but then he came to know that a large Delhi army led by Ulugh Khan and Panchami had been sent to conquer Gujarat. He then sought asylum from the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] prince Shankaradeva ("Sankh Deo"), a son of [[Ramachandra of Devagiri]] ("Ram Deo"). Shankaradeva agreed to help him, but on the condition that he would marry Devala Devi. Karna unwillingly accepted the condition. But before he could send her to Devagiri, Panchami's army captured her. She was sent to Delhi, where fell in love with the 10-year old Khizr Khan. Despite objections from Khizr Khan's mother, the two later married.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=190}}

The 14th-century chronicler Isami gives a slightly different account of events. According to him, Alauddin's forces returned to Delhi after plundering Gujarat, and Karna re-occupied his capital. Later, Alauddin sent an army led by Malik Ahmad Jhitam (alias Qara Beg{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=400}}) and an officer named Panchmani.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=190}} When the invading army arrived at Patan, Karna fled to the Yadava kingdom ("Marhat" or Maharashtra), leaving behind his family and his army.{{sfn|Z. A. Desai|1975|p=13}} However, he failed to find asylum there, and moved on to the Kakatiya kingdom ("Tilang" or Telangana). The Kakatiya ruler [[Prataparudra|Rudradeva]] ("Luddar Dev") granted him asylum. Meanwhile, Malik Jhitam returned to Delhi with the wives and daughters of Karna, including Devala Devi. Alauddin granted Gujarat as an ''[[iqta']]'' to his brother-in-law [[Alp Khan]], who came from [[Multan]] and became the governor of Gujarat.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=190}} Isami does not mention Kamala Devi.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=194}}

[[Ziauddin Barani]], another 14th-century chronicler, does not mention the second invasion in his ''Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi''. He states that Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan plundered Gujarat, after Karna fled to the Devagiri. The two generals later returned to Delhi with the wives and daughters of Karna.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=190}} Barani, however, does not mention Devala Devi's name.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=194}} Another medieval writer Nizam ud-Din gives a similar account, and mentions the capture of Devala Devi ("Dewal"). But he ignores the rest of the ''Ashiqa'' narrative.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=191}} Like Isami, he does not mention Kamala Devi at all.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=194}}

The 16th-century historian [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]] follows Barani's account, but presents a part of the ''Ashiqa'' account as history, but does not mention Kamala Devi.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=191-195}} Bada'uni's contemporary Firishta combines all the previous accounts to present the following narrative: the first invasion of Gujarat was led by Alauddin's generals Aluf Khan (Alp Khan) and Nusrat Khan. They captured Kamala Devi ("Kowla Devy") and other wives and daughters of Karna, who sought shelter with [[Ramachandra of Devagiri]]. With Ramachandra's help, Karna became the ruler of a principality called [[Baglana]], located on the border of the Yadava territory. In 1308, Alauddin sent Malik Kafur to [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|subjugate Ramachandra]]. At this time, Kamala Devi requested him to bring her daughter Devala Devi ("Deval Devy") to Delhi. Malik Kafur reached Deccan, and asked Karna to surrender Devala Devi. However, Karna refused to do so and warded off the invaders in the mountain passes for two months. Ultimately, he decided to marry his daughter to Ramachandra's son Shankaradeva ("Shunkul Dev"). While an officer named Bhimadeva ("Bhim Deo") was escorting Devala to Shankaradeva, some Muslim soldiers visiting [[Ellora]] chanced upon his contingent. The Muslim soldiers captured Devala Devi, and took her to Aluf Khan. Ultimately, Devala Devi was sent to Delhi, where she married Khizr Khan.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=191}}

=== Historical accuracy ===

The most accurate among all these accounts seems to be that of Isami, who spent considerable time in the Deccan region. Amir Khusrau's ''Ashiqa'', which is of little historical value, states that the second invasion was led by Ulugh Khan (not Malik Jhitam). However, if the dates given by the 16th-century historian [[Firishta]] are accepted as correct, Ulugh Khan had already died by this time. On the other hand, Isami states that the invasion was led by Malik Jhitam.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=191}}

The ''Ashiqa'' states that a mother Kamala Devi asked Alauddin to snatch her young daughter from her biological father. It goes on to claim that Karna not only readily agreed to this demand, but also decided to send some presents with her to Delhi. These claims, which imply that the Vaghelas had no sense of honour and chastity, seem absurd. Even Bada'uni, who placed a high value on the historicity of ''Ashiqa'', chose to ignore these claims in his writings. Firishta also refused to repeat Khsurau's statement that Karna was preparing to send presents with his daughter to Delhi. Similarly, Khusrau's claim that Devala Devi fell in love with her father's biggest enemy seems unlikely.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=195}}

Also, it is unlikely that the Yadava king Ramachandra granted refuge to Karna. The Yadavas were enemies of the Chaulukyas-Vaghelas. Moreover, Ramachandra paid tribute to Alauddin in 1299, and some years later, even supported Alauddin's forces in their campaign against his other enemies, such as the [[Hoysalas]]. Considering all these points, Isami's statement that Karna had to seek refuge from the Kakatiyas seems correct.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=192}}

== See also ==
* [[Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |author-link=Abraham Eraly |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178 |year=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |page=178 }}
* {{cite book |author=Aditya Behl |title=Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379–1545 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PK7riKO6IN8C&pg=PA177 |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514670-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ashok Kumar Srivastava |title=The Chahamanas of Jalor |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |year=1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547206 |oclc=12737199 }}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book|author1=H. G. Shastri |title=A historical and cultural study of the inscriptions of Gujarat: from earliest times to the end of the Caulukya period (circa 1300 A.D.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dFHAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=B.J. Institute of Learning & Research |oclc=916953474 }}
* {{cite book |editor=Henry Miers Elliot |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians |volume=3: The Muhammadan Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psgNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA44 |year=1871 |publisher=Trübner and Co |oclc=967390088 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kanhaiya Lall Srivastava |title=The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206-1526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=9788121502245 |oclc=641485863 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |title=Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Aditya Prakashan |isbn=978-81-86471-72-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |chapter=Social Life: Hindu and Muslim Relations |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate |edition=Second |year=1967 |orig-year=1960 |location=Bombay |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=634843951 |title-link=The History and Culture of the Indian People }}
* {{cite book |author=Z. A. Desai |author-link=Z. A. Desai |chapter=A Persian-Sanskrit inscription of Karna Deva Vaghela of Gujarat |title=Epigraphia Indica: Arabic and Persian supplement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFtmAAAAMAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005500/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D02003020%26ct%3D12 Amir Khusrau's description] of the invasion, from ''Khazain ul-Futuh'' composed at Alauddin's court
* [https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_tazjiyatu_frameset.htm Wassaf's description] of the invasion, from ''Tazjiyatu-l Amsar wa Tajriyata-l Asar''

{{Alauddin Khalji}}

[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat]]

Motorcycle Diaries (film)

2025-12-27T10:25:11Z

Legalwikieditor: further adjusted formatting to improve readability and corrected details for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Rajesh Pillai]]

Telangana Shakuntala

2025-12-20T11:52:03Z

Legalwikieditor: adjust citations per sources and added references

{{Short description|Indian actress (1951–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Telangana Shakuntala.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Telangana Shakuntala
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 27 March 1951
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = 14 June 2014 (aged 63)
| death_place = Kompalli, [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| yearsactive = 1979–2014
| spouse =
| children = 2
| awards = [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] for [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (1980)
| occupation = Actress}}

'''Telangana Shakuntala''' (27 March 1951 – 14 June 2014) was an Indian actress who worked in the [[Telugu cinema]]. She was known chiefly for playing comedy and villainous characters in [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]]. Her performances in movies like ''[[Osey Ramulamma]]'', ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]'', ''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]'', ''[[Okkadu]]'' and ''[[Veede]]'' were well received. She also acted on television and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films, where she is known for her role as Sornakka in ''[[Dhool]]''. She was well known for her ability to speak in the [[Telangana]] and [[Rayalaseema]] dialects of the [[Telugu language]] and thus majority of her roles in Telugu cinema exhibited this.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana Shakuntala passes away|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-06-14/Telangana-Shakuntala-passes-away-98446|website=thehansindia.com|publisher=The Hans India|accessdate=16 June 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192949/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-06-14/Telangana-Shakuntala-passes-away-98446|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
She was born in a [[Maharastra|Maharastrian]] family in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Her father was an Army officer and her mother a housewife. She had four sisters.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

==Career==
She made her stage début in a play at [[Ravindra Bharathi]]. She did many plays after that. She started her film career by playing a character role in 1979 Telugu film, ''[[Maabhoomi|Maa Bhoomi]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=తెలంగాణ శకుంతల కన్నుమూత|url=http://namasthetelangaana.com/News/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3-%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B2-%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A4-1-1-374650.aspx|publisher=Namasthe Telangaana|accessdate=14 June 2014|archive-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616015148/http://namasthetelangaana.com/News/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3-%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B2-%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A4-1-1-374650.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> directed by [[Goutam Ghose]].

==Personal life==

She mainly acted in Telugu movies. Throughout her career she was acclaimed Marathi stage artist. She fell in love with the Telugu language when a touring stage troupe performed in her native village and she insisted on joining it. She was asked to learn the language to be able to perform well, which she mastered within a year. In one of the final interviews with MAATV, Shakunthala expressed that if she has a rebirth, she will be born in to a Telugu speaking family expressing her love for Telugu language.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana Shakunthala MAATV interview|website=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ErLPJooW1o|access-date=9 April 2015|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317005506/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ErLPJooW1o|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death==
Shakuntala suffered cardiac arrest at her [[Hyderabad]] home on the morning of 14 June 2014, five months after her 63rd birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aegindia.org/2014/06/tollywood-actress-telangana-shakuntala-died-of-cardiac-arrest-in-hyderabad/2156820.html |title=Tollywood Actress Telangana Shakuntala Died of Cardiac Arrest in Hyderabad |work=aegindia |accessdate=2016-02-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155412/http://www.aegindia.org/2014/06/tollywood-actress-telangana-shakuntala-died-of-cardiac-arrest-in-hyderabad/2156820.html |archivedate=14 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She was admitted to [[Narayana Hrudayalaya]] at around 2:30 AM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], where she was declared dead upon arrival.<ref name="bp">{{cite web|title=Telugu Film Actress Telangana Shakuntala passes away at 63|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/telugu-film-actress-telangana-shakuntala-passes-away-at-63/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=14 June 2014|archive-date=6 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706142012/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/telugu-film-actress-telangana-shakuntala-passes-away-at-63/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Best Actress, [[Nandi Award]] – 1980 for ''Kukka''

==Filmography==
{{expand list|date=December 2018}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
=== Telugu ===
* 1979 – ''[[Maabhoomi]]''
* 1980 – ''Kukka''
* 1983 – ''[[Moodu Mullu]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Aha Naa Pellanta (1987 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta]]''
* 1988 - ''[[Tiragabadda Telugubidda]]''
* 1989 - ''Gandipeta Rahasyam''
* 1990 – ''[[20va Sathabdam]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Seetharamayya Gari Manavaralu]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Erra Sainyam]]''
* 1996 – ''Coolanna''
* 1997 – ''[[Osey Ramulamma]]''
* 1998 – ''Yuvarathna Rana''
* 1998 – ''[[Sri Ramulayya]]''
* 1998 – ''[[Ganesh (1998 film)|Ganesh]]''
* 2000 – ''[[Sammakka Sarakka]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Pandanti Samsaram]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Athanu]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Bhadrachalam (film)|Bhadrachalam]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Kondaveeti Simhasanam]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Chandravamsam]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Neetho Cheppalani]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Vooru Manadiraa]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Nee Sneham]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Sandade Sandadi]]''
* 2003 – ''Amma Meeda Ottu''
* 2003 – ''[[Abhimanyu (2003 film)|Abhimanyu]]''
* 2003 – ''[[Veede]]''
* 2003 – ''[[Vishnu (2003 film)|Vichnu]]''
* 2003 – ''Sambu''
* 2003 – ''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]''
* 2003 – ''[[Charminar (2003 film)|Charminar]]''
* 2003 – ''Pellamto Panenti''
* 2003 – ''[[Simhachalam (film)|Simhachalam]]'' as Nizam Shantakumari
* 2003 – ''[[Okkadu]]''
* 2003 - ''[[Toli Choopulone]]''
* 2004 – ''[[Adavi Ramudu (2004 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]''
* 2004 – ''[[Donga Dongadi]]''
* 2004 – ''[[Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi]]''
* 2004 – ''[[Pallakilo Pellikoothuru]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Evadi Gola Vaadidhi]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Orey Pandu]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Sadaa Mee Sevalo]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Okkade]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Vennela]]''
* 2006 – ''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]''
* 2006 - ''[[Rajababu (2006 film)|Rajababu]]''
* 2006 – ''[[Sri Krishna 2006]]''
* 2006 – ''[[Oka V Chitram]]''
* 2006 – ''[[Valliddari Vayasu Padahare]]''
* 2006 – ''[[Sainikudu]]''
* 2006 – ''[[Annavaram (film)|Annavaram]]''
* 2007 – ''Aadivaram Adavallaku Selavu ''
* 2007 – ''[[Desamuduru]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]''
* 2007 – [[Thiru Ranga|''Julayi'']]
* 2007 – ''[[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Dubai Seenu]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Nava Vasantham]]''
* 2008 – ''[[Mallepuvvu]]''
* 2008 – ''Jabilamma''
* 2008 – ''Ankusham''
* 2008 – ''[[Kuberulu]]''
* 2008 – ''[[Siddu from Sikakulam]]''
* 2008 - ''[[Gorintaku (2008 film)|Gorintaku]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Thoranai|Pista]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Bendu Apparao R.M.P]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Current (2009 film)|Current]]''
* 2009 – ''Kavi''
* 2009 – ''Nirnayam''
* 2009 – ''[[A Aa E Ee (2009 Telugu film)|A Aa E Ee]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Evaraina Epudaina]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Maa Nanna Chiranjeevi]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Namo Venkatesa]]''
* 2010 – ''Bramhalokam To Yamalokam Via Bhulokam''
* 2010 – ''Okka Kshanam''
* 2010 – ''Andhra Kiran Bedi''
* 2010 – ''Komaram Bheem''
* 2010 – ''Chapter 6''
* 2010 – ''Sivangi''
* 2010 – ''[[Bindaas (2010 film)|Bindaas]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Ranga The Donga]]''
* 2010 – ''Neeku Naaku''
* 2010 – ''Glamour''
* 2010 – ''[[Kalyanram Kathi]]''
* 2010 – ''Buridi''
* 2010 – ''[[Panchakshari]]'' as Honey's paternal aunt
* 2010 – ''[[Happy Happy Ga]]''
* 2011 – ''Pilla Dorikithe Pelli''
* 2011 – ''[[Rajanna]]''
* 2012 – ''Ee Vesavilo O Prema Katha''
* 2012 – ''Guruvaram''
* 2012 – ''Aada Paandavulu''
* 2012 - ''[[All the Best (film)|All the Best]]''
* 2012 – ''Peoples War''
* 2013 – ''Naa Anevaadu''
* 2013 – ''Amma Yellamma''
* 2013 – ''Rayalaseema Express''
* 2013 - ''[[Jabardasth (film)|Jabardasth]]''
* 2013 – ''Sound Party''
* 2013 – ''Nirbaya Bharatham''
* 2013 – ''Emaindi Eevela''
* 2013 – ''[[Chandee]]''
* 2014 – ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda]]''
* 2014 – ''[[Malligadu Marriage Bureau]]''
* 2014 – ''[[Bhimavaram Bullodu]]''
* 2014 – ''Rajyadikaram''
* 2015 — ''Courier Boy Kalyan''(posthumously released)
{{div col end|4}}

=== Tamil ===
{{Colbegin}}
* 2003 – ''[[Dhool]]''
* 2004 - ''[[Super Da]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Madurai Veeran (2007 film)|Madurai Veeran]]''
* 2007 - ''[[Thiru Ranga]]''
* 2009 - ''[[Oru Kadhalan Oru Kadhali]]''

=== Kannada ===
* 2005 - ''[[Auto Shankar (film)|Auto Shankar]]''
* 2006 - ''[[Ajay (2006 film)|Ajay]]''
* 2009 - ''[[Kannadada Kiran Bedi]]''
{{Colend}}

=== Television ===

* 2000 - [[Santhi Nivasam (TV series)|''Santhi Nivasam'']]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1328049}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Actress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shakuntala, Telangana}}
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]

Biju Mathew

2025-12-16T19:57:33Z

Legalwikieditor: Refined content and updated sections

'''Biju Mathew''' is a [[New York City|New York]]-based labor organizer and intellectual. An immigrant from [[India]], he teaches [[Information Systems]] and [[American studies]] at [[Rider University|Rider University (New Jersey)]]. He co-founded the [[National Taxi Workers' Alliance|New York Taxi Workers Alliance]] in 1998, is a founding secretary of the National Taxi Workers Alliance, and president of the [[International Alliance of App-based Transport Workers|International Alliance of App-Based Transport Workers]]. As a writer, Mathew has published several academic articles as well as the 2005 book ''Taxi!: Cabs and Capitalism in New York City.''

== Immigrant/ Taxi Workers Organizing ==
In 1998, Mathew co-founded the New York Taxi Workers Alliance (NYTWA), along with [[Bhairavi Desai]], Javaid Tariq, and several others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New York Taxi Workers Alliance Records: NYU Special Collections Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/tamwag/wag_319/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=findingaids.library.nyu.edu |language=en-us}}</ref> NYTWA is a labor union representing immigrant taxi drivers in the US with over 26,000 members in NYC. The union primarily organizes yellow medallion lease drivers and has conducted several successful campaigns. In 2004, 2006, and 2012, it conducted fair hike–lease cap campaigns. In 2013–14, it set up a health and wellness fund for NYC taxi drivers. Its best known campaign came in November 2021, when, after three years of direct action, including a 15-day Hunger Strike, NYTWA reached an agreement with the City of New York and Marblegate Asset Management to restructure medallion mortgages, thereby saving many workers from falling into irretrievable debt.<ref>{{Cite web|title=#EndCabbieDebt|url=https://www.nytwa.org/debt-forgiveness|access-date=2022-01-31|website=New York Taxi Workers Alliance|language=en-US}}</ref> The campaign was widely covered in the media, including a cover story in ''[[The Nation]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crabapple|first=Molly|date=2021-12-13|title=How the Taxi Workers Won|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/taxi-driver-strike/|access-date=2022-01-31|issn=0027-8378}}</ref>

In 2011 the NYTWA and its sister organization, The Taxi Workers Alliance of Pennsylvania (TWAPA) became the founding affiliates of the National Taxi Workers Alliance (NTWA) of the [[AFL–CIO|AFL-CIO]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mission & History|url=https://www.nytwa.org/mission-and-history|access-date=2022-01-31|website=New York Taxi Workers Alliance|language=en-US}}</ref> The NTWA is the 57th chartered union of the AFL-CIO and the first new charter in over 50 years. The creation of NTWA is described as historic given its status as the first national union of independent contractor-workers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Drives Bhairavi Desai? |url=https://lux-magazine.com/article/bhairavi_desai_twa/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Lux Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Mathew is presently the secretary of the NTWA.

In January 2020, Mathew co-founded the [[International Alliance of App-based Transport Workers|International Alliance of App Based Transport Workers]] (IIATW), along with delegates from 23 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us – IAATW|url=https://iaatw.org/about-us/|access-date=2022-01-31|language=en-US}}</ref> Initially a member of the steering committee, he became president of IAATW in 2021.

== Political Education ==
Mathew has a long record of volunteer educational work. He is a co-founder and chair of the executive council of [[Lamakaan]], an open cultural space in [[Hyderabad, India]]. He serves on the board of the [[Brecht Forum|Brecht Forum, NY]]. He is also the co-founder of Youth Solidarity Summer, a South Asian youth education summer camp.

== Transnational Solidarity Campaigns ==
For over three decades, Mathew has worked with various civil society groups to uphold human rights and monitor human rights violations in India. After the [[2002 Gujarat riots]], in which reports estimated that more than 2,000 people, mostly Muslims, were killed by Hindu nationalist mobs, Mathew and several others founded the Campaign to Stop Funding Hate (CSFH), which tracked over US$6,000,000 being funneled to the [[Hindutva]] movement in India. This work is documented in a report titled “The Foreign Exchange of Hate.” CSFH has also investigated and published a report, “Unmistakably Sangh,” on Hindutva student organizations in the US.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unmistakably Sangh: The National Hindu Students Council and its Hindutva Agenda|url=http://hsctruthout.stopfundinghate.org/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=hsctruthout.stopfundinghate.org}}</ref> In 2005, he helped found the [[Coalition Against Genocide]] (CAG), a coalition of 40 organizations focused on minority rights in India, particularly justice for the victims of the [[2002 Gujarat riots]].

Mathew is also the co-founder of the Mining Zone Peoples Solidarity Group (MZPSG), which works on solidarity campaigns supporting movements opposing indiscriminate mining and consequent displacement in India. MZPSG supported a campaign against the anti-Posco campaign in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-06|title=The People's Movement Against POSCO - India|url=https://kairoscenter.org/peoples-movement-posco-india/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Kairos Center|language=en-US}}</ref> Its report documented inconsistencies in the claims of Posco India, the [[government of India]], and the government of [[Orissa]] in justifying the US$12,000,000 Posco-India project.

In 2020, Mathew co-founded India Civil Watch International, a membership-based civil rights monitoring and campaign organization based out of North America, which has over 200 members as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us – India Civil Watch International (ICWI)|url=https://indiacivilwatch.org/about-icwi/|access-date=2022-01-31|language=en-US}}</ref> ICWI has mounted campaigns addressing [[Facebook]]'s role in the spread of hate speech on its India platforms, and advocating for the release of activists detained as part of the [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence|Bhima-Koregaon]] conspiracy, among others.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rights groups push Facebook to release India human rights assessment|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/19/india-facebook-assessment/|access-date=2022-01-31|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhima Koregaon Campaign – India Civil Watch International (ICWI)|url=https://indiacivilwatch.org/issues-bk16/|access-date=2022-01-31|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Media and Publications ==
Mathew has authored numerous scholarly and journalistic publications on subjects ranging from labor to neoliberalism to communal violence. In 2005, he published ''Taxi! Cabs and Capitalism in New York City'' with [[The New Press]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Product Details|url=https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Cornell University Press|language=en-US}}</ref> The book, which draws heavily on Mathew's interaction with drivers, details the taxi workers' struggles in New York City from the 1920s to the present and discusses New York politics and policies and their effects on the taxi industry. It received positive reviews in publications including the ''[[Financial Times]]'' and has been described as a classic. It was republished in a new edition by [[Cornell University Press]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Product Details|url=https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Cornell University Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Between 1999 and 2011, Mathew hosted a weekly radio show for the [[WBAI]] station titled "Global Movements, Urban Struggles."<ref>{{Cite web|title=WBAI Radio - NYC|url=https://wbai.org/program.php?program=83|access-date=2022-01-31|website=wbai.org}}</ref> It featured discussions with activists focused on racial and economic justice around the world.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathew, Biju}}
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American Marxists]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian Marxists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist writers]]
[[Category:Rider University faculty]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Veloor Krishnankutty

2025-11-07T00:47:44Z

Legalwikieditor: basic adjusted content to improve readability also and updated info

{{Short description|Indian literary satirist}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Veloor Krishnankutty
| image = Veloor Krishnankutty.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|9|19}}
| birth_place = [[Veloor, Kottayam]], [[Travancore]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|8|22|1927|9|19}}
| death_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| years_active =
| occupation = Writer, screenwriter
| height =
| awards = 1974 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works]]
| spouse =
| children = Two daughters and a son
| parents = {{ubl|N. N. Kunjunni|Parvathi Amma}}
| website =
}}

'''N. K. Krishnankutty''', popularly known as '''Veloor Krishnankutty''' (19 September 1927 – 22 August 2003), was an Indian satirist of [[Malayalam literature]]. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademy]] awarded him their [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works|annual award for miscellaneous works]] in 1974.

== Biography ==
Veloor Krishnankutty was born on September 19, 1927<ref name="Dutt1999">{{cite book|author=Kartik Chandra Dutt|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA631|year=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|pages=631–}}</ref> in Velur in the present day [[Kottayam district]], then in [[Travancore]] to N. N. Kunjunni and Parvathi Amma.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

His education was at M. D. Seminary, Kottayam and [[CMS College Kottayam]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} His career started as a journalist in ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]'' where he used to write a column under the pen name ''Pathraparayanan'', and became the editor of the ''Deepika'' weekly.<ref name="Noted writer Veloor Krishnan Kutty passes away - Times of India">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Noted-writer-Veloor-Krishnan-Kutty-passes-away/articleshow/143150.cms |title=Noted writer Veloor Krishnan Kutty passes away - Times of India |website=The Times of India |access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> Later, he sat in the editorial board of ''Keraladhwani'' for eight years.<ref name="Veloor Krishnankutty - Veethi profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/veloor_krishnankutty-profile-8490-25.htm |title=Veloor Krishnankutty - Veethi profile |website=veethi.com |access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> He was also a member of the senate of the [[University of Cochin]] and the advisory boards of the All India Radio and the Institute of Children's Literature.<ref name="Dutt1999" />

In 1973, one of his books, ''[[Masappady Mathupillai]]'' was adapted into a film under the same name and he wrote the dialogues.<ref name="Maasappadi Maathupilla (1973)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=502 |title=Maasappadi Maathupilla (1973) |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> Noted filmmaker, [[K. G. George]] based his 1984 satire ''[[Panchavadi Palam]]'' on a book of Krishnankutty of the same name<ref name="Panchavadippaalam (1984)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1618 |title=Panchavadippaalam (1984) |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> and two years later, he wrote the story, screenplay and dialogues for ''[[Ambili Ammavan (film)|Ambili Ammavan]]''.<ref name="Ambili Ammaavan (1986)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1932 |title=Ambili Ammaavan (1986) |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> His book, ''Vela Manasilirikkatte'', fetched Krishnankutty the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works]] in 1974.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/others.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works |date=2019-04-03 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> He was also a recipient of other honours including [[E. V. Krishna Pillai]] Memorial Janma Satabdi Award and K. Karunakaran Memorial Seva Sangham Award.<ref name="Noted writer Veloor Krishnan Kutty passes away - Times of India" />

He died on August 22, 2003, at a private hospital in Kottayam where he had been admitted following renal complaints, survived his wife, two daughters and a son.<ref name="Noted writer Veloor Krishnan Kutty passes away - Times of India" />

== Books ==
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl. No !! Book's Name !! Publisher Details
|-
| 1 || Adapradhaman || Deepika Book Depot
|-
| 2 || Avalosunda || Resmi Printing and Publication, Ernakulam
|-
|3 || Akila Kerala Vayasans Club || N.B.S
|-
| 4 || Arimpara Devasya|| N.B.S
|-
| 5|| Athirthiyilekku || CISS Book House, Kottayam Printed SD Printing, Ernakulam.
|-
| 6|| Aalkoottathil Eliyamma || Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 7|| Aattavilakku|| Venus, Konni
|-
| 8|| Aadyathe Vishu|| M.S Book Depot, Kollam
|-
| 9|| Avivahitharkku maathram||
|-
| 10|| Aareyum Premikkathirikku||
|-
| 11|| Angane thanne|| Aarya Bharathi Publishers, Kottayam
|-
| 12|| Aasane Eruo|| Mangalam Publications, College Road, Kottayam
|-
| 13|| Aanavaal|| Sree Ramavilasam Press, Kollam
|-
| 14|| Edavazhiyil Kittuvasaan|| N.B.S
|-
| 15|| Erupathettu Kettu|| Narasinha Vilasam Press
|-
| 16|| Ettoliyovu|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 17|| Ennu Rokkam||
|-
| 18|| Eppam Lissy Ithile Varum|| N.B.S
|-
| 19|| Ettooli Sandesam|| Pusthakasaala, Alapuzha
|-
| 20|| Election Ettooppu|| Prabhath Book House, Trivandrum
|-
| 21|| Undayilla Vedi|| Royal Book Depot
|-
| 22|| Undittu Poyal Mathi|| Deepika Book House
|-
| 23|| Undappakru|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 24|| Enikku Nee Maatram|| Prabhath Printing & Publishing Company Ltd.
|-
| 25|| April Fool|| D C Books, Kottayam
|-
| 26|| Eliyamma Memorial|| Janatha Publications, kanhangad.
|-
| 27|| Ozhukkathu SankaraDas||
|-
| 28|| Oru Daivam Sthalam Vittu|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 29|| Kadha Prasnga Smaranakal|| Prabhath Printing & Publishing Company Ltd.
|-
| 30|| Kalyanam Kazhinjappol||
|-
| 31|| Kalyanikku Kambi Vannu|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 32|| Kathu kitty Nandi||
|-
| 33|| Kalyana Commission||
|-
| 34|| Klarammayude Kla|| Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam & National Book Stall, Kottayam
|-
| 35|| Kumbakarna Kurup|| Narasinha Vilasam Press
|-
| 36|| Kuthira Vaali|| P.K Brothers, Kozhikodu
|-
| 37|| Kunju Lekshmi & Sons|| Poorna Publications, Kozhikodu
|-
| 38|| Koriawala|| Sree Ramavilasam Press, Kollam
|-
| 39|| Kya Boltha Hai|| Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam & National Book Stall, Kottayam
|-
| 40|| Grahappizhakal|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 41|| Gas Trouble|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 42|| Than Paathi Sarkar Paathi|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 43|| Njekku Vilakku|| N.B.S
|-
| 44|| Nallaal|| Deepika Book House
|-
| 45|| Daivathe Thottal Thottavane Thattum|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 46|| Padhathi Kollam, Pakshe||
|-
| 47|| Parithapam Paachulla|| Poorna Publications, Kozhikodu
|-
| 48|| Pakkavada Paramu Nair||
|-
| 49|| Pukavali Paadilla|| Deepika Book Depot
|-
| 50|| Pathampuram||
|-
| 51|| Paalam Apakadathil|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 52|| Purampokkil Avaran||
|-
| 53|| Prakasam Akaleyanu|| Royal Book Depot, Kottayam
|-
| 54|| Bharya Ariyapremam||
|-
| 55|| Fruit Salad|| Keerthi Books, Kollam.
|-
| 56|| File Paampu|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 57|| Kettiyonte Kuttam|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 58|| Rameswaram Model||
|-
| 59|| Thenganayude Akilenthya Paryadanam|| Prabhath Book
|-
| 60|| Poovampazhathinte Niravum Karuthoru Marukum|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 61|| Pennennu Paranjal Pennalla|| P.K Brothers, Kozhikodu
|-
| 62|| Porikadala|| Modern Books, Kollam
|-
| 63|| Pennu Kaanal|| Royal Book Depot, Kottayam
|-
| 64|| Panchangam Undoo Panchangam|| Narasinha Vilasam Press
|-
| 65|| Biscuitukal||
|-
| 66|| Madhura Naranga|| N.B.S
|-
| 67|| Mathayude Suvishesham|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 68|| Masappadi Maathu pilla|| N.B.S
|-
| 69|| Masappadi Maathu pilla Ex.M.L.A|| Narasinha Vilasam Press
|-
| 70|| Masappadiyude Arakshithavastha|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 71|| Masappadiyude Vimochana Yaatra|| Narasinha Vilasam Press
|-
| 72|| Bahu:mantri Maasappadi Maathupilla|| Prabhath Printing & Publishing Company Ltd.
|-
| 73|| Masappadi Memorial||
|-
| 74|| Muthukkuda||
|-
| 75|| Muzhukkirukku|| P.K Brothers, Kozhikodu
|-
| 76|| Masappadiyude Berlin Yaatra|| N.B.S, Kottayam
|-
| 77|| Masappadi Productions|| N.B.S, Kottayam
|-
| 78|| Onnu Vechal Randu Kittum|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 79|| Laathikal Laathikal|| K&C Stores, Kunnamkulam.
|-
| 80|| Sanku Aliyan – I|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 81|| Sanku Aliyan – II|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 82|| Sesham Kazhchayil||
|-
| 83|| Sambalame Saranam|| Vidyarthimithram, Kottayam.
|-
| 84|| Sanidasakkaran|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 85|| Sabar Jal||
|-
| 86|| Sathyameva Jayathe||
|-
| 87|| Sangathi Nissaram|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 88|| Sindbad|| Thayyil Brothers
|-
| 89|| Second Saturday|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 90|| Computer Boy|| Royal Book Depot, Kottayam
|-
| 91|| Retired Aayi|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 92|| Nithya Kalyani Productions|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 93|| Ucha Bhashini|| K&C Stores, Kunnamkulam.
|-
| 94|| Rasnadi podi|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 95|| Jeevikkan Padichaval||
|-
| 96|| Sundari Darsanam|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 97|| Standard Oonu||
|-
| 98|| Vela Manasilirikkatte|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 99|| Veloor to Moscow|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 100|| Varum Oro Dasa||
|-
| 101|| Vividhodhesam Vasupilla|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 102|| German Kiss|| N.B.S, Kottayam
|-
| 103|| Germaniyum Oru Madammayum|| Prabhath Printing & Publishing Company Ltd.
|-
| 104|| Bra Bra Bri Bri|| Keerthi Books, Kollam
|-
| 105|| Hair Kooplicate|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 106|| Ganapathi Homam||
|-
| 107|| Vere Vishesham Onnumilla||
|-
| 108|| Chumbana Prakasanam|| Royal Book Depot, Kottayam
|-
| 109|| Jaathakavasal|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 110|| Mahilakale Oru Nimisham|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 111|| Ellam Imbamayam|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 112|| Ya Ya|| Royal Book Depot, Kottayam
|-
| 113|| Yours Faithfully|| Prabhath Printing & Publishing Company Ltd.
|-
| 114|| America Bahut Acha Hai|| Prabhath Printing & Publishing Company Ltd.
|-
| 115|| Bharyahidam|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 116|| I.G yude Makalude Kalyanam||
|-
| 117|| Kamalasanan and Co.|| N.B.S, Kottayam
|-
| 118|| Eliyamma C/o USA|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 119|| Ee Number Nilavil illa|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 120|| Kalyaniyamma Vaka Bharthavu|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 121|| Haasya Sahithyam||
|-
| 122|| Abhinava Haasya Nikhandu|| N.B.S, Kottayam
|-
| 123|| Hantha Saundaryame|| Labella Publishers, Palarivattom, Ernakulam
|-
| 124|| Oruthane Thanne Ninachirunnal||
|-
| 125|| Vellarikka Pattanam||
|-
| 126|| Kalyanam Cheythu Kodukkapedum|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 127|| Beauty Parlor|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 128|| Veenapoovile Sathwikahasyam|| Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 129|| Chiriyude Charithram|| Cultural Publication Department, Govt. of Kerala, Trivandrum
|-
| 130|| Adiyeda Avane|| Royal Book Depot, Kottayam
|-
| 131|| Alpam Ninnal Solpam Parayam|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 132|| Sangathi Nissaram|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 133|| Ammathaan Dhanyaril Dhanya|| Venus Press, Konni
|-
| 134|| Ellam Impamayam || Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 135|| Kettiyonte Kuttam || Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 136|| Pathu Chakkara Umma|| Royal Book Depot, Kottayam
|-
| 137|| Ningal Aavasyapettathu|| Royal Book Depot, Kottayam
|-
| 138|| Sarinu Ethra Makkalundu|| Royal Book Depot, Kottayam
|-
| 139|| Ulppirivukal || Prabhath Printing & Publishing Company Ltd.
|-
| 140|| Kanne Madanguka|| Prabhath Printing & Publishing Company Ltd.
|-
| 141|| Ennu Vaikunneram Naalu Mani|| Prabhath Printing & Publishing Company Ltd.
|-
| 142|| Engane Ayal Daivam Enthu Cheyyum || Prabhath Printing & Publishing Company Ltd.
|-
| 143|| Haasyam|| Narasimha Vilasam
|-
| 144|| Masam Thikayatha February || Keerthi Books, Kollam
|-
| 145|| Onnu Vechal Randu Kittum || Current Books, Kottayam
|-
| 146|| Ambili Ammavan||

|}

==Awards==
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl.No !! Award name !! Year
|-
| 1 || [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (''Book Name: Vela Manasilirikkate'') || 1974
|-
|2 || Ganaka Maha Sabha Award || 1992
|-
|3 ||K. Karunakaran Sapthathy Smaraka Seva Kendram Award || 1995
|-
|4 || Thirumanasu Puraskaram, Sree Chithira thirunal Samskarika Vedi, Trivandrum || 2001
|-
|5 || S.S. Unnithan Foundation Award || 2001
|-
|6 || Gurukshetra Samajam Award || 2001
|-
|7 || Kannassa Award || 2001
|-
|8 || Vocational Achievement Award || 2001
|-
|9 ||Kottayam Nagarasabha Sahithya Award || 2001
|-
|10 ||E.V Krishnapilla Award || 2003

|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yE0sTrO15sk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/yE0sTrO15sk |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Hasyaprabhashanam By Veloor Krishnankutty |last=Sariga CD World |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2018-10-11 |access-date=2019-04-03}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRiQ_ozcJSI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/eRiQ_ozcJSI |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Veloor Krishnankutty - Reminiscences |last=keralascope |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2019-04-03}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=dialog&artist=Veloor%2520Krishnankutty |title=Profile of Malayalam Dialog Writer Veloor Krishnankutty |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-04-03}}

{{Portal bar|India|Literature}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnankutty, Veloor}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian satirists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Maari (TV series)

2025-11-05T19:23:45Z

Legalwikieditor: Created some pg initial version

{{Short description|Tamil language television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| native_name =
| director = {{ubl|
* Rathinam Vasudevan
}}
| based_on = ''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]''
| creator =
| writer = Dharmalingam (Dialogue)
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Supernatural]]
* [[Conspiracy]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| starring = {{ubl|
* Ashika Padukone
* Adarsh HS
* Nakshatra Srinivas
* Sugesh Rajendran
}}
| executive_producer = K Krishna Kumar
(Zee Tamil)
| producer = {{ubl|
* Shruthi Narayanan
* Vinodha Narayanan
}}
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 1068
| language = Tamil
| country = [[India]]
| opentheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| company = Shruthi Studios
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|07|04|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|11|01|df=y}}
| editor = S. Arul, Perumal
| cinematography =
| screenplay = {{ubl|
* Sargunam Pungaraj
* Muthuraja
* APG Madhu
}}
}}

'''''Maari''''' is a 2022 Indian-[[Tamil language]] [[Supernatural]] [[Tamil television drama|television series]]. The first season of the series starred Ashika Padukone and Adarsh HS. The main plot of the series was taken from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language [[Zee Bangla]]'s series ''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil version of Bengali TV show Trinayani serial on Zee Tamil|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/maari-tamil-version-of-tv-show-trinayani-to-launch-soon/articleshow/92412968.cms|access-date=23 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The second season of the series follows the 5-year leap and continuation of first season and it stars Nakshatra Srinivas, Sugesh Rajendran, Baby Anjali in the leads. The story revolves around a girl named Maari, who can foresee the future. It premiered on [[Zee Tamil]] from 4 July 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=New show 'Maari' on Zee Tamil|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-show-maari-set-to-launch-soon-abitha-set-for-a-comeback-after-3-years/articleshow/92015854.cms|access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and ended with 1068 episodes from 1 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=நிறைவடைகிறது மக்களின் விருப்பத் தொடர்!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Oct/30/the-maari-serial-end|access-date=30 October 2025 |website=[[Dinamani]]|date=30 October 2025 |language=ta}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{series overview
| color1 = #FEA530
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 825
| start1 = {{start date|df=yes|2022|7|4}}
| end1 = {{end date|df=yes|2025|1|27}}
| color2 = #30B39F
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 243
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|28}}
| end2 = {{end date|df=yes|2025|11|01}}
}}

==Plot==
;Season 1
The story revolves around Maari, a simple small town girl. She can not only see and interact with ghosts, but can also see the future and foresee impending dangers. Surya's dead mother went to see Maari as a soul and requested her to protect Surya from dying. Maari is murdered by Thara from a personal grudge. Following this murder, the spirit of Maari travels to Yamaloka, where she comes upon the plight of Yama's daughter, putting her life on the line to save her. This act of Maari earns affection and respect of both Yama and his wife. Later it is discovered by Yama that Chitragupta had made mistake in Maari's life which ultimately led to her untimely death. To resolve this mistake, he gives Maari's spirit the chance to return to her body to live this second chance. But when Yama and Maari's spirit started to go to Maari's body, it was found out that her husband, Surya, had already burned it.
To make things right, Yama offers Maari a chance to possess any one out of the three women named Jennifer, Durga and Gayatri. Then Yama and his wife find the fortune of all the three women and finds out that Durga's body is the apt one because as per Durga's fortune, she is courageous and bold police constable, who exposes a corrupt politician named Rathnavelu, who had illegally embezzled money and killed his own daughter-in-law. This act of bravery leads to a personal grudge from Rathnavelu, who, in a fit of rage, murders Durga.

;Season 2
Upon Durga's brutal death, Yama instructs the spirit of Maari to enter and take control of Durga's body and Maari does the same. After possession, Durga is to be the bearer of Maari's spirit; however, Maari, who inhabits Durga's form, for a while cannot recall her former existence. Yama gives Maari to understand that the memories will only come back once she has linked up with her husband and daughter from another life. How Durga possessed by Maari reunites with her husband and daughter and save them from the impending dangers forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
===Season 1===
;Main
* Ashika Padukone as Maari - A girl from a poor family background. She can see and interact with ghosts, as well as see the future. Surya's wife; Deviani’s foster daughter; Sreeja’s foster sister, Parvathi's biological daughter (2022-2025)
* Adarsh HS as Surya - A rich entrepreneur. Maari's husband; Thara's stepson; Devi and Jagadeesh's son (2022-2025)

;Recurring
* [[Sona Heiden]] (Jul.2022 - Apr.2023) → [[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]] (May.2023 - Jan.2025) as Thara / Maya
** Main Antagonist: Jagadeesh's second wife; Surya's stepmother; Aravind, Dinesh and Priya's mother
* Shiva Subramanian as Jagadeesh
** Devi and Thara's husband; Surya, Aravind, Dinesh and Priya's father
* Mukesh Kanna (Jul.2022 – Apr.2023) → Navin Charles (Oct.2023 - Dec.2023) → Navin Kishore (Feb.2024 - April.2024) as Aravind
** Antagonist: Thara's first son; Jagadeesh's second son; Hasini's husband
* Tharun Appasamy as Dinesh
** Thara's second son; Jagadeesh's third son; Sreeja's husband
* Shabnam as Hasini
** Aravind's wife; Jagadeesh and Thara's daughter-in-law
* Anitha Venkat as Sujatha: Devi's sister
* Deepa Nethran as Parvathi
** She lost her daughter and her eyes in an accident. Jagadeesh's sister; Maari's biological mother
* [[Abitha]] as Deivanai
** Maari's foster mother and Sreeja's mother
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Neelakandan
** Maari and Sreeja's grandfather; Deivanai's father
* Sairabanu as Sreeja
** Antagonist: Maari's foster sister and Dinesh's wife
* Dheepthi Kapil (Nov.2022 – Mar.2023) → Mounika (Mar.2023 - Dec.2023) as Jasmin: Murugan's wife; Maria's elder sister
* Ashwini Radhakrishna as Rasathi (A spirit)
* Arun Padmanaban as Murugan: Jasmin's husband
* Manohar Krishnan as Gangatharan
* Ganesh as Shankara Pandi
**Antagonist: Thara's younger brother
* Unknown (Dec.2023 - Mar.2024) as Maria, Jasmin's younger sister

;Special Appearances
{{cast listing|
* [[Meera Krishna]] as Devi
** A Spirit. Surya's mother; Jagadeesh's first wife
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Chamundeshwari
** Jagadeesh's elder sister (2022 & 2024)
* [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] as Shakunthala
** Surya's relative (2022 & 2023)
* [[Pandiarajan]] as Rajan
** Shakunthala's husband (2022)
* Krishnapriya K Nair as Meena
** Maari's friend; Rajan and Shakunthala's daughter (2022 & 2024)
* Nimesh Sagar as Meena's husband (2022 & 2024)
* [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Muthu Pechi (2023)
* [[Keerthana (actress)|Keerthana]] as Amman (2023)
}}

===Season 2===
;Main
* Anjana Sreenivasan as Inspector Durga. M alias Maari - Surya's 2nd wife; A girl possessed by Maari's spirit (Jan 2025 - Nov 2025)
* Sugesh Rajendran as Surya - A rich entrepreneur. Maari's husband; Thara's stepson; Devi and Jagadeesh's son (Feb 2025 - Nov 2025) (Durga's husband)
* Safa as Devi - Maari and Surya's biological daughter; Durga’s step-daughter (Feb 2025 - Nov 2025)

;Recurring
* [[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]] as Thara / Maya
** Main Antagonist: Jagadeesh's second wife; Surya's stepmother; Aravind, Dinesh and Priya's mother
* Kavitha Solairaja as Saraswathi
** Durga's step-mother
* Shabnam as Hasini
** Aravind's wife; Jagadeesh and Thara's daughter-in-law
* Deepa Nethran as Parvathi
** Jagadeesh's sister; Maari's biological mother
* Ganesh as Shankara Pandi
**Antagonist: Thara's younger brother
* Bharathi Mohan as Rathnavelu (Antagonist)
* Surjith as Ramesh
* Indiran as Dewakar
** Surya's P.A.

;Special Appearances
{{cast listing|
* Ashika Padukone as Maari (2025)
* [[Abhishek Shankar]] as [[Yama]] (2025)
* [[Keerthana (actress)|Keerthana]] as [[Yama|Dhumorna]] (2025)
* [[Priyanka Nalkari]] as Jennifer, a lawyer (2025)
* Dharshana Ashokan as Gayatri, a doctor (2025)
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Chamundeshwari, Jagadeesh's elder sister (2025)
* [[Senthilnathan]] as Astrologer (2025)
* [[Ashwanth Thilak]] as Vasanth (2025)
}}

==Production==
===Casting===
Actress Ashika Padukone was cast as Maari, She was reprising her role of Telugu version ''[[Trinayani (Telugu TV series)|Trinayani]]'' serial,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Playing the same character again isn't tiring; I find ways to present my role in a new way: Ashika Padukone|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/playing-the-same-character-again-isnt-tiring-i-find-ways-to-present-my-role-in-a-new-way-ashika-padukone/articleshow/94030043.cms|access-date=7 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> making her comeback to Tamil Television after ''[[Tamil Selvi]]'' nearly two years. Newcomer Actor Adarsh HS was cast as the male lead role as Surya. [[Abitha]] was cast as Maari and Sreeja's mother Deivanai, marking her return after ''[[Lakshmi Stores]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Deepa S|title=மீண்டும் சீரியலில் ரீ-என்ட்ரி.. ஆனா இந்த முறை ஜீ தமிழ் சேனல்ல நடிக்கறாங்க திருமதி செல்வம்!|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/sethu-movie-famous-actress-abhitha-joined-zee-tamil-s-new-serial-maari-097345.html|access-date=6 September 2023 |website=Filmibeat|date=4 July 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> On 4 July 2022, [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] and [[Pandiarajan]] were cast as special Appearances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame actress Vanitha Vijaykumar enters TV show 'Maari'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-actress-vanitha-vijaykumar-enters-tv-show-maari-heres-what-the-actress-has-to-say/articleshow/99397509.cms|access-date=11 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2022, [[Sudha Chandran]] was cast as Chamundeshwari in Special Appearances.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Deepa S|title=மாரி சீரியலில் மாஸ் என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் பிரபல நடிகை சுதா சந்திரன்.. அஞ்சி நடுங்க போகும் தாரா - அப்படி என்ன கேரக்டரில் நடிக்கிறார் தெரியுமா??|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/zee-tamil-maari-serial-update/articleshow/94179801.cms|access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Samayam|language=ta}}</ref>

Actress [[Sona Heiden]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil actors Sona Heiden and Mukesh Kanna quit TV show 'Maari'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-actors-sona-heiden-and-mukesh-kanna-quit-tv-show-maari/articleshow/99930051.cms|access-date=2 May 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> was cast as main antagonist Thara, but was replaced by [[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]] in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Sadhana aka Shari enters TV show 'Maari'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sadhana-aka-shari-enters-tv-show-maari-heres-what-the-actress-has-to-say/articleshow/100638782.cms|access-date=31 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> In Same month, Mukesh Kanna quit the show saying, "never got a chance to showcase my performance and skills as an actor, I never got to work for more than 2-3 days a month".

In 2022, actress Dheepthi Kapil entered the show as Surya's new love interest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil serial actress Dheepthi Kapil announces her exit from TV show 'Maari'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-serial-actress-dheepthi-kapil-announces-her-exit-from-tv-show-maari/articleshow/99111528.cms|access-date=30 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> However, she also left resulting in Mounika Subramaniyam to play the role in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sembaruthi fame actress Mounika Subramaniyam enters TV show 'Maari'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sembaruthi-fame-actress-mounika-subramaniyam-enters-tv-show-maari-heres-what-the-actress-has-to-say/articleshow/99108138.cms|access-date=30 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In May 2023, actress [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] was cast as special Appearances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Devayani Raaja Kumaran joins the cast of 'Maari'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/devayani-raaja-kumaran-joins-the-cast-of-maari-says-i-am-excited-to-be-a-part-of-the-show/articleshow/99906304.cms|access-date=1 May 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In July 2023, actor Arun Padmanaban joins the cast as Mrugan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Television actor Arun Padmanaban joins the cast of 'Maari'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-arun-padmanaban-joins-the-cast-of-marri/articleshow/101846907.cms|access-date=18 July 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2025, a five-year leap was introduced with which several new characters entered in the show and became pivotal characters. Anjana aka Nakshatra Srinivas, Sugesh Rajendran were introduced as leads of the five-year leap who play PC Durga IPS and Surya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=மாரி 2 தொடரில் இணையும் பிரபலங்கள்!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jan/29/surjith-indran-act-in-maari-2-serial-in-zee-tamil|access-date=29 January 2025 |website=[[Dinamani]]|date=29 January 2025 |language=ta}}</ref> In end of January, actor Surjith joins the cast as Ramesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Surjith joins the cast of popular tamil serial Maari 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-surjith-joins-the-cast-of-popular-tamil-serial-maari-2/articleshow/117679382.cms|access-date=29 January 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

===Promotion===
[[Zee Tamil]] was promoted their new three fictions ''[[Meenakshi Ponnunga]]'', ''[[Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum]]'' and including this series by making advertisement with popular film actress [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]] and [[Saranya Ponvannan]] with the slogan 'Vanga Paarkalaam Ithu Namma Time' (வாங்க பார்க்கலாம் இது நம்ம நேரம்) and this promo released on 26 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-zee-tamil-upcoming-serials-promo-maari-amudhavum-annalakshmiyum-snehka-sangeetha-saranya-sre-764277.html|title=கோவிலுக்கு வந்த இடத்தில் சீரியல் கதை.. சினேகா - சங்கீதா - சரண்யா கொடுத்த ஷாக்!|website=[[News18]]|date=28 June 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Role
|-
| rowspan="4"| Zee Tamil Kudumbam Viruthugal 2022<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kutumba-viruthugal-awards-2023-to-air-on-january-14/articleshow/96938985.cms|title=Zee Kutumbam Viruthugal Awards 2023 to air on January 14|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 January 2023 }}</ref>
| Best Serial
|
|
|-
| Best Villi
| [[Sona Heiden]]
| Thara
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| Shabnam
| Hasini
|-
| People's Choice Face of The Year
| Ashika Padukone
| Maari
|-
| rowspan="8" | Zee Tamil Kudumbam Viruthugal 2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.medianews4u.com/diwali-arrives-early-with-zee-tamil-kudumbam-viruthugal/| title= Diwali arrives early with Zee Tamil.| website=Medianews4U| date=4 November 2023}}</ref>
| Best Actor Female
| Ashika Padukone
| Maari
|-
| Best Comedian
| Ganesh
| Sankarapandi
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Language
! style="background:Violet; width:25%;" |Title
! style="background:Violet; width:20%;" |Original release
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Network(s)
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Last aired
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]'' ত্রিনয়নী
| 4 March 2019
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 26 July 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Trinayani (Telugu TV series)|Trinayani]]'' త్రినయని
| 2 March 2020
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 25 January 2025
| rowspan="4" |Remake
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''[[Nayan - Jo Vekhe Unvekha]]'' ਨਯਨ - ਜੋ ਵੇਖੇ ਉਨਵੇਖਾ
| 3 January 2022
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 23 March 2024
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Maari'' மாரி
| 4 July 2022
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 1 November 2025
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Satvya Mulichi Satavi Mulgi]]'' सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी
| 12 September 2022
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 21 December 2024
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/maari/0-6-4z5163694 ''Maari''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt21216164}}

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language supernatural television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Bengali-languages television series]]

List of Marathi people in science, engineering and technology

2025-09-16T00:26:37Z

Legalwikieditor: small update structure further as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{multiple issues|{{lead too short|date=May 2019}}
{{update|date=May 2019}}
}}

This is a list of [[Marathi people]] in science, engineering and technology.

== Notables in mathematics ==

[[File:Kosambi-dd.jpg|thumb|[[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]]|190x190px]][[File:Abhyankar Grothendieck.jpg|thumb|[[Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar|Shreeram Abhyankar]] (right) with [[Alexander Grothendieck]] (left), [[Michael Artin]] in the background, at [[Montreal, Quebec]], Canada in 1970.|192x192px]]

* [[R. P. Paranjpye]] – '''First Indian to become a''' [[Senior Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Senior Wrangler]] at Cambridge University and was the principal of [[Fergusson College]] for over 20 years<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.terramedia.co.uk/Chronomedia/years/1901.htm|title = Chronomedia: 1901 – December 7 |website=[[Chronomedia]] |publisher=Terra Media }}</ref>
* [[Rahul Pandharipande]] – Is a mathematician at the [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich]], he frequently collaborates with [[Fields Medal|Fields medalist]] [[Andrei Okounkov]]
* [[Bhāskara II|Bhaskara II]]
* [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]] – Was an Indian mathematician, historian and polymath.<ref>Sreedharan, E. (2004). ''A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000''. Orient Blackswan. p. 469.</ref>
* [[Chandrashekhar Khare]] – Professor of mathematics at the [[University of California, Los Angeles|University of California Los Angeles]]<ref>Khare, Chandrashekhar (2006), "Serre's modularity conjecture: The level one case", ''Duke Mathematical Journal'' '''134'''</ref>
* [[Ravindra Shripad Kulkarni]] -is an Indian mathematician, specializing in [[differential geometry]]. He is known for the [[Kulkarni–Nomizu product]].
* [[Sharadchandra Shankar Shrikhande|S. S. Shrikhande]] – Is an Indian mathematician with distinguished and well-recognized achievements in [[Combinatorics|combinatorial mathematics]], known for [[Shrikhande graph]]<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CE2DA1E38EF3BBC4E51DFB2668382649EDE|title = Major Mathematical Conjecture Propounded 177 Years Ago Is Disproved; 3 MATHEMATICIANS SOLVE OLD PUZZLE|last = Osmundsen, John A. (April 26, 1959)| newspaper=The New York Times | date=26 April 1959 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/drg/graphs/Shrikhande.html|title = Shrikhande graph}}</ref>
* [[Manohar Vartak|M. N. Vartak]] – Professor of Mathematics & Statistics at [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai]], specialised in [[Block design|balanced incomplete block designs]], [[graph theory]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=90572|title = Manohar Vartak at the Mathematics Genealogy Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.math.iitb.ac.in/aboutus/history.pdf|title = Mathematics Department – I.I.T, Mumbai}}</ref>
* [[Vinay V. Deodhar]] – Is a professor of mathematics at [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.ias.edu/people/cos/users/vdeodhar01|title = Community of Scholars Profile: Deodhar, Vinay Vithal|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091917/https://www.ias.edu/people/cos/users/vdeodhar01|archive-date = 2016-03-04|url-status = dead}}</ref>
* [[Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar]] – Mathematician, has contributed to [[singularity theory]] and [[Abhyankar's conjecture]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=16462|title = Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar at the Mathematics Genealogy Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ams.org/profession/fellows-list|title = List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.maa.org/programs/maa-awards/writing-awards/historical-ramblings-in-algebraic-geometry-and-related-algebra|title = Historical ramblings in algebraic geometry and related algebra|last = Abhyankar, Shreeram (1976).}}</ref>
* [[Dinesh Thakur (mathematician)|Dinesh Thakur]] - Professor of mathematics at [[University of Rochester]] who works in [[Number theory|Number Theory]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.springer.com/mathematics/algebra/journal/12607?detailsPage=editorialBoard|title = P-Adic Numbers}}</ref>
* [[D. R. Kaprekar]] – Mathematician who worked on [[Number theory|Number Theory]]. He is known for [[Kaprekar constant]]<ref>Kaprekar, D. R. (1974). "The Copernicus Magic Square". ''Indian Journal of History of Science'' '''9''' (1).</ref>
* [[Narendra Karmarkar]] – Mathematician who developed [[Karmarkar's algorithm]]
* [[Eknath Prabhakar Ghate|Eknath Ghate]] - A [[mathematician]] specialising in [[number theory]], deals in problems connected to [[automorphic form]]s, [[Galois module|Galois representations]] & special values of [[L-function]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99698|title = Dr. Samir K. Bramhachari Announces Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://gonitsora.com/eknath-ghate-wins-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award-2013/|title = Eknath Ghate wins the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award 2013|date = 28 September 2013}}</ref>
* [[Kapil Hari Paranjape]] - Involved in the promotion of [[Linux distribution|Linux]] & [[Bash (Unix shell)|GNU]]. Held various visiting positions at [[University of Chicago]], [[University of Paris-Sud]] & [[University of Warwick]].<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P10-1522|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140226040247/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P10-1522|url-status =dead|archive-date =February 26, 2014|title =Indian Fellow: Kapil Hari Pranjape}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.dst.gov.in/awards/award05.htm|title =Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Awards For Science And Technology 2005|url-status =dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130914135958/http://www.dst.gov.in/awards/award05.htm|archive-date =2013-09-14}}</ref>
* [[Rajeeva Laxman Karandikar|Rajeeva Karandikar]] - Director of [[Chennai Mathematical Institute]]. Visiting professor at [[University of North Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.cmi.ac.in/~rlk/RajeevaKarandikarCV.pdf|title = "Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). Chennai Mathematical Institute.|last = Karandikar}}</ref>

== Notables in physics ==
* [[Gopal Gaonkar|G. H. Gaonkar]] – Is a professor of engineering at [[Florida Atlantic University]], research interest is in Helicopter dynamics, [[Floquet theory]] & Large-Scale and [[parallel computing]]<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.vtol.org/temp/webrelease9.html|title =AHS International Press release|url-status =dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071130073054/http://www.vtol.org/temp/webrelease9.html|archive-date =2007-11-30}}</ref>
*[[File:Ramesh Mashelkar Apr09.jpg|thumb|[[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar]]|244x244px]]
* [[Pramod Khargonekar]] – Dean, College of Engineering at the University of Florida, and researcher in the field of control systems<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=126811|title = Press Release 13-019, National Science Foundation Selects University of Florida Professor Pramod P. Khargonekar to Head Engineering Directorate}}</ref>
* [[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar|Raghunath A. Mashelkar]] – He is the former Director General of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]] (CSIR)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.csir.res.in/|title = CSIR}}</ref>
* [[Anupam Saraph|Dr. Anupam Saraph]] – Professor of Systems & Decision Sciences at [[Lally School of Management & Technology|Lally School of Management and Technology]] at [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]], [[Troy, New York|Troy]] & [[Rensselaer at Hartford|Hartford]]<ref>{{Cite book|url = http://www.rug.nl/research/portal/publications/pub(d65a33a0-9280-4b21-8345-747adeac5b68).html|title = "Toolbox for Tomorrow:Exploring and designing sustainable systems". Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.|last = Bibliotheek.|year = 1994| publisher=University of Groningen | isbn=978-81-7161-378-6 }}</ref>
* [[Arun Nigavekar]] – Worked on the concepts of [[Physics]], is a permanent member and was '''Vice-chairman of Asian Physics Education Network, a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO]] organisation'''<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/State-sets-up-expert-panels-for-Lonar-lake/articleshow/7383020.cms?referral=PM|title = Arun Nigavekar|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=29 January 2011 }}</ref>
* [[Vijay Raghunath Pandharipande]] – Worked at [[Niels Bohr Institute]], was awarded the prestigious [[Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics]] of the [[American Physical Society]]
* [[Shivram Bhoje|Shivram Baburao Bhoje]] – Is an Indian scientist who worked in the field of [[Breeder reactor|fast-breeder nuclear reactor]], became the director of '''IGCAR''', received [[Padma Shri]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title="Padma Awards" (PDF). |author1=Ministry of Home Affairs |author2=Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-15 }}</ref>
* [[Shivkar Bapuji Talpade]] - Is credited with having constructed '''India's first unmanned plane.'''<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/A-flight-over-Chowpatty-that-made-history/pmredirectshow/890055.cms?curpg=2|title = "A flight over Chowpatty that made history".|last = The Times Of India.|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=18 October 2004 }}</ref>
* [[Anil Kakodkar]] – Chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]], served as Director of [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]. Received [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title="Padma Awards" (PDF) |author1=Ministry of Home Affairs |author2=Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://anilkakodkar.in/index.php/current-key-engagements|title = Anil Kakodkar -CURRENT KEY ENGAGEMENTS}}</ref>
* [[Shrinivas Kulkarni]] – Professor of Astrpophysics at the [[California Institute of Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~srk/|title = Shrinivas Kulkarni}}</ref>
* [[Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan]] – Indian [[Military science|defence scientist]], developed detonation system of '''India's first nuclear device''' which was tested & codenamed [[Smiling Buddha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html|title=India's Nuclear Weapons Program: Smiling Buddha: 1974}}</ref>[[File:Anil Kakodkar.JPG|thumb|[[Anil Kakodkar]]|221x221px]]
* [[Abhay Ashtekar]] – Known for 'Ashtekar Variables'. He is also regarded as a founder of the theory of [[Loop quantum gravity]]<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/20/science/scientist-at-work-abhay-ashtekar-taste-testing-a-recipe-for-the-cosmos.html?pagewanted=1|title = "Science at work - page 1". New York Times.|last = Glanz, James (April 20, 1999).|first = New York Times.|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 20 April 1999}}</ref>
* [[Jayant Narlikar]] – Worked with [[Fred Hoyle|Sir Fred Hoyle]] the [[conformal gravity]] theory, known as [[Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity|Hoyle–Narlikar theory]], revived [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[Theory of relativity|Theory of Relativity]] & [[Mach's principle|Mach's Principle]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title="Padma Awards" (PDF). |author1=Ministry of Home Affairs |author2=Government of India. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-15 }}</ref>
* [[V. K. Aatre|Vasudev Kalkunte Aatre]] – Head of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] & Professor at [[Technical University of Nova Scotia]], [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] & IISc;Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.drdo.org/pub/nl/Feb2000/appointednlfeb.htm|title =Dr. Aatre was awarded the Padma Bhushan award in 2000|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20041227102836/http://www.drdo.org/pub/nl/Feb2000/appointednlfeb.htm|archive-date =2004-12-27|url-status =usurped}}</ref>
* [[Vasant Gowarikar]] - Indian space scientist & was awarded Padma Bhushan in the year 2008.
* [[Amol Dighe]] - Physics professor at TIFR, awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] for science and technology.
* [[Rohini Godbole]] - Part of the International Detector Advisory Group (IDAG), for the [[International Linear Collider]] in the European research lab, [[CERN]].<ref>{{cite web|title = International Detector Advisory Group (IDAG)|url = http://www.linearcollider.org/ILC/physics-detectors/Detectors/IDAG}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Chasing the one trillion trillionth of a second|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 January 2012|url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/chasing-the-one-trillion-trillionth-of-a-second/article2831537.ece|last1 = Rao|first1 = Mohit M.}}</ref>
* [[Sulabha K Kulkarni]] - Worked on areas like [[Nanotechnology]], [[Materials science|Materials Science]], & [[Surface science|Surface Science]]. Faculty at [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research|Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]].
* [[Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme]] - Studied at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. Also served as chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board]].
* [[D. D. Bhawalkar|Dilip Devidas Bhawalkar]] - Fellow of [[Optical Society of America]] & member of [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics#Committees and governance|C-13 Committee]] of [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]].

== Notables in chemistry ==
* [[Shridhar Sathe]] – He is professor of food science at [[Florida State University]], also has served on several national committees of the [[Institute of Food Technologists]] panel<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.chs.fsu.edu/Nutrition-Food-Exercise-Sciences/NFES-Faculty-and-Staff/Graduate-Faculty/Shridhar-Sathe|title =Shridhar-Sathe|archive-url =https://archive.today/20130913154831/http://www.chs.fsu.edu/Nutrition-Food-Exercise-Sciences/NFES-Faculty-and-Staff/Graduate-Faculty/Shridhar-Sathe|archive-date =2013-09-13|url-status =dead}}</ref>
* [[Waman Bapuji Metre]] – Was the doyen of Indian petroleum geologist, '''served 40 years to oil industry of South Asia''', received [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1968<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-15 }}</ref>
* [[N. K. Naik]] – His research interest is in [[polymer]] matrix composites, textile composites, and aircraft production, also is a Fellow of [[The National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~nknaik/|title = N. K. Naik}}</ref>
* [[Shankar Abaji Bhise]] - Notable in the field of science. Several inventions out of which 40 under his belt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niscair.res.in/jinfo/sr/2013/SR%2050(10)%20(Scientists%20of%20India).pdf |title=Indian Edison |website=www.niscair.res.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228071057/http://www.niscair.res.in/jinfo/sr/2013/SR%2050%2810%29%20%28Scientists%20of%20India%29.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{US patent|603251}} for an "Advertising or Sign Lamp"</ref>
* [[Bal Dattatreya Tilak]] - Chemical Engineer & Former Director of [[National Chemical Laboratory]] & recipient of [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], [[Padma Bhushan]].
* [[Shridhar Ramachandra Gadre]] - Worked on [[Quantum chemistry|computational quantum and theoretical chemistry]], also on [[density functional theory]] & on inequalities in [[quantum chemistry]].<ref>{{cite book|title = Parallelization of two electron integrals in molecular orbital programs S. R. Gadre et al. Ed. Vijay bhatkar Advanced Computing|year = 1991|pages = 388–391, Tata McGraw Hill|title-link = Vijay bhatkar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Molecular Recognition via Molecular Electrostatic Potential Topography, S. R. Gadre et al. |year = 1996|volume = 3|pages = 219–522, Elsevier, Amsterdam}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Information Theoretical Approaches to Quantum Chemistry, Ed. K.D. Sen|year = 2003|volume = 1|pages = 108–147, World Scientific, Singapore}}</ref>

== Notables in the field of computers/engineering/technology ==
* [[Vijay P. Bhatkar|Dr. Vijay P. Bhatkar]] – Founder and former executive director of the ''Center for Development of Advanced Computing'' (C-DAC). Bhatkar is '''best known as the architect of India's national initiative in supercomputing''' where he led the development of Param supercomputers.<ref name="Padma Awards2">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-15 }}</ref>[[File:Raymond Doctor, Vijay P. Bhatkar, Arun Nigavekar and K P Mohanan at FUEL GILT Conference 2014, Pune.jpg|left|thumb|[[Vijay P. Bhatkar|Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar]] (second from left) as a chair during FUEL GILT Conference 2014 - [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]|216x216px]]
*[[File:Yashvant Kanetkar Sir.jpg|thumb|183x183px| [[Yashavant Kanetkar]] ]]
* [[Suhas Patankar]] – Inventor of the SIMPLE algorithm for solution of Navier-Stokes equation that revolutionised the world of Computational Fluid Dynamics<ref name="BOOK2">Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow (1980), {{ISBN|0-89116-522-3}}</ref>
* [[Yashavant Kanetkar]] – Author of many computer language books
* [[Aravind Joshi]] – Professor of Computer and Cognitive Science at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]
* [[Shamkant Navathe]] - Researcher in the field of databases. Professor at the [[Georgia Institute of Technology College of Computing|College of Computing]] at [[Georgia Institute of Technology]].
* [[Abhi Talwalkar]] - CEO of [[LSI Corporation]], Engineering from [[Oregon State University]], served upper management positions at [[Intel]].
* [[Prashant Ranade]] - Did his MS in [[Control engineering|Control Engineering]] from the [[University of Cincinnati]], also adjunct professor at [[Grand Valley State University]].
* [[Subhash Khot]] - Is a [[Theoretical computer science|theoretical computer scientist]] & Professor at [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] at [[New York University]] received [[Alan T. Waterman Award]].
* [[Vikas Joshi]] - Received master's degree from [[Syracuse University]] & CEO of Pune-based Harbinger Group with offices in [[Redmond, Washington]] & [[Pleasanton, California]].
* [[Aniruddha M. Gole]] - Professor of Computer Engineering at [[University of Manitoba]], Canada also fellow at [[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council|NSERC]] & [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]].
* [[Ramesh Raskar]] - Head of the [[MIT Media Lab|MIT Media Lab's]] & associate Professor at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. Co-founded Kumbathon.
* [[Sunil Khandbahale]] - He is [[Sloan Fellows|Sloan Fellow]] at [[MIT Sloan School of Management]]. [[Text-To-Speech]] for visually challenged. Received [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]].
* [[Samir Mitragotri]] - Professor of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering at [[University of California, Santa Barbara]], Member of US National Academies of Engineering, Medicine, and Inventors

== Notables in earth sciences ==
* [[Madhav Gadgil]] – ecologist, involved in establishment India's first biosphere reserve, recipient of the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] for Sciences. He is also a recipient of the [[Volvo Environment Prize]] and the [[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]]. The government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1981 and followed it up with the third highest award of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2006.<ref name="Padma Awards3">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-15 }}</ref>
* [[Ashok Gadgil]] – inventor of UV-disinfection method. Recipient of the [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]],<ref>{{cite web|title = National Inventors Hall of Fame, Ashok Gadgil profile|url = http://invent.org/inductees/gadgil-ashok/|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140512015126/http://invent.org/inductees/gadgil-ashok/|archive-date = 2014-05-12}}</ref> [[Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water]]—Creativity category, [[National Academy of Engineering]] (2013), [[Lemelson-MIT Prize]], [[European Inventor Award]] and [[Heinz Award]] (2009)<ref>{{cite web
|title = The 15th Heinz Awards, Ashok Gadgil profile|url = http://www.heinzawards.net/recipients/ashok-gadgil}}
</ref>
* [[File:Madhav Gadgil.jpg|thumb|[[Madhav Gadgil]]|233x233px]]
* [[Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme]] – influential in the establishment of the [[Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute]], received [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1971.[[File:Prof Gadagkar.jpg|left|thumb|219x219px|[[Raghavendra Gadagkar]]]]
* [[Nandini Nimbkar]] – alumna of [[University of Florida]] and president of the [[Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute]]
* [[S. B. Mujumdar]] – [[Botany|botanist]], received [[Padma Shri]] in 2005<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79881|title = Padma Awards}}</ref>
* [[Raghavendra Gadagkar]] - professor for ecological sciences, [[Indian Institute of Science]] and a foreign associate of the [[National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences, USA]].<ref>{{cite book |title = The Social Biology of ''Ropalidia''|last = Gadagkar|first = Raghavendra|date = November 2001|publisher = [[Harvard University Press]]|location = Harvard|isbn = 978-0-674-00611-9|pages = 400}}</ref> He has won numerous awards for his contributions to science research including the German [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Cross of the Order of Merit]]<ref>{{cite news|title = Germany's highest civilian honour conferred on Indian professor|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Germanys-highest-civilian-honour-conferred-on-Indian-professor/articleshow/48389783.cms|publisher = Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Aditi Pant]] - [[Oceanography|oceanographer]], first Indian woman, along with [[Sudipta Sengupta]], to go to [[Antarctica]].<ref name="sharma">{{cite book|last1 = Sharma|first1 = Sathya|title = Breaking the ice in Antarctica: The first Indian wintering in Antarctica|date = January 2001|publisher = New Age International|pages = 38|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=emCd_27imFoC&q=aditi+pant+scientist|isbn = 9788122412901}}</ref>
* Priyadarshini Karve - joined the [[Appropriate Rural Technology Institute]], received the [[Ashden|Ashden Award]] for Renewable Energy in 2002. Recipient of the Prof. Yashwantrao Kelkar Youth Award - 2002<ref>{{cite web|title = Dr. Priyadarshini Karve|url = http://www.ssla.edu.in/faculty/profiles?id=34|publisher = Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts}}</ref>
* [[Medha Khole]] - deputy director at the [[India Meteorological Department|Indian Meteorological Department]]. Holds a master's degree in physics from the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|University of Pune]].
* [[Nalini Nadkarni]] - [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] [[Ecology|ecologist]] worked on [[Costa Rica]]n [[Rainforest|rain forest]], received [[Guggenheim Fellowship|John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship]] & faculty at [[The Evergreen State College]].<ref>Nadkarni, N.M. 1981. Canopy Roots: Convergent Evolution in Rainforest Nutrient Cycles. ''Science'', 214: 1023 - 1024</ref>
* [[Shripad Dabholkar]] - recipient of [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]. He shares some common traits with [[Masanobu Fukuoka]].

== Notables in medicine and surgery ==
* [[Anandi Gopal Joshi|Anandibai Joshi]] – one of the two first Indian women to obtain a medical degree through training in [[Medicine|Western medicine]]<ref>{{cite news|url = http://pri.org/stories/2013-07-12/historical-photos-depict-women-medical-pioneers|title = Historical Photos Depict Women Medical Pioneers|publisher = Public Radio International|accessdate = 29 October 2013}}</ref>
* [[Dwarkanath Kotnis]] – doctor who helped the [[Communist Party of China|Chinese communists]] army during World War II.
* [[V. R. Khanolkar|Dr.V. R. Khanolkar]] – first pathologist in India, "father of pathology and medical research in India"<ref>V.R. Khanolkar: father of pathology and medical research in India by Pai S.A. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2002; 6(5): 334-7.</ref>[[File:A statue of Dwarkanath Kotnis.jpg|left|thumb|A statue of [[Dwarkanath Kotnis]] in [[Shijiazhuang]], Hebei, [[China]]|399x399px]]
* [[Bhau Daji|Dr. Bhau Daji Laud Parsekar]] – prize winner for an essay on [[infanticide]], and was appointed a teacher in the [[Elphinstone Institution]]
* [[Atul Gawande]] – general and endocrine surgeon, professor, medical author and [[National Book Award]] finalist<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1056/NEJMsa0810119|title = A Surgical Safety Checklist to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality in a Global Population|journal = New England Journal of Medicine|volume = 360|issue = 5|pages = 491–9|year = 2009|last1 = Haynes|first1 = A. B.|last2 = Weiser|first2 = T. G.|last3 = Berry|first3 = W. R.|last4 = Lipsitz|first4 = S. R.|last5 = Breizat|first5 = A. H. S.|last6 = Dellinger|first6 = E. P.|last7 = Herbosa|first7 = T.|last8 = Joseph|first8 = S.|last9 = Kibatala|first9 = P. L.|last10 = Lapitan|first10 = M. C. M.|last11 = Merry|first11 = A. F.|last12 = Moorthy|first12 = K.|last13 = Reznick|first13 = R. K.|last14 = Taylor|first14 = B.|last15 = Gawande|first15 = A. A.|pmid = 19144931| s2cid=2639397 |url = https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/38846186/1/Gawande_Surgical%20Safety%20Checklist%20to%20Reduce%20Morbidity%20vor.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Mansukh C. Wani]] - worked on the anticancer therapeutics. He discovered [[Taxol]] and [[camptothecin]] with [[Monroe Eliot Wall]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acsmedchem.org/?nd=Wani|title = Mansukh C. Wani, Ph.D.}}</ref>
* [[Chetan Eknath Chitnis|Chetan E. Chitnis]] – worked on molecular [[parasitology]] and development of a vaccine for malaria, was fellow at Fogarty [[National Institutes of Health]], Bethesda. In 1995, he was awarded the ICAAC Young Investigator Award by the American Society of Microbiology.<ref>{{cite web|title = ICAAC Young Investigator Awards Past Laureates|url = http://www.asm.org/asm/index.php/professional-development/icaac-young-investigator-awards-past-laureates.html|publisher = American Society for Microbiology|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111225071705/http://www.asm.org/asm/index.php/professional-development/icaac-young-investigator-awards-past-laureates.html|archive-date = 2011-12-25}}</ref>
* [[Dinakar Mashnu Salunke|Dr. Dinakar M. Salunke]] – first executive director of the [[Regional Centre for Biotechnology]]
* [[Shekhar C. Mande]] - director of [[National Centre for Cell Science]], Pune
* [[Suresh Jayakar]] – biologist who pioneered in the use of quantitative approaches in genetics and biology, the director of the Genetics and Biometry Laboratory.
* [[Prakash Amte]] - awarded the [[Magsaysay Award]], also known as "Indians first rural doctor"<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ayurveda.com/education/faculty.html|title = Biography of Dr Vasant Lad|publisher = Ayurvedic Institute}}</ref>
* [[Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar]] – obstetrician and [[Gynaecology|gynecologist]], he performed the [[cervical cerclage]] operation in Paris, received [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1971<ref name="Padma Awards4">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-15 }}</ref>
* [[S. B. Mujumdar]] – botanist and founder of the [[Symbiosis International University]].
* [[Himmatrao Bawaskar]] - physician who has publications several articles in ''[[The Lancet]]''. Well known for his research on treatment for [[scorpion]] poisoning.
* [[Kamal Ranadive]] - [[Medical research|biomedical researcher]], established India's first [[tissue culture]] research laboratory at the Indian Cancer Research Centre in [[Mumbai]].
* [[Irawati Karve|Iravati Karve]] - studied at the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics]], worked as administrator at [[SNDT Women's University]] in Mumbai.
* [[Shubha Tole]] - a [[neuroscientist]] and principal investigator at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] in Mumbai.<ref>[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]. [http://www.tifr.res.in/~dbs/faculty/S_Tole.html Faculty page: Shubha Tole]</ref>

== See also ==
** [[List of Marathi people in sports]]
** [[List of Marathi social reformers]]
** [[List of Marathi people in literature and journalism]]
** [[List of Marathi People in the performing arts]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Marathi people]]

Shibani Bathija

2025-08-04T04:49:17Z

Legalwikieditor:

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox writer 
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| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Screenwriter]]
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| influences =
| influenced =
| website =
}}

'''Shibani Bathija''' is an Indian [[screenwriter]] known for her works in [[Bollywood film]]s. Bathija studied English at [[DePauw University]] and Communications at [[San Francisco State]].<ref name="moment">{{cite web|url=https://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/17986/|title=Shibani Bathija '90 is "The Writer of the Moment," Declares Outlook India|website=DePauw University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfsu.edu/~sfsumag/archive/fall_06/international.html|title=An International Education:Shibani Bathija (B.A., '99)|publisher=|access-date=3 January 2009|archive-date=21 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721215644/http://www.sfsu.edu/%7Esfsumag/archive/fall_06/international.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After a period in advertising with [[Sony]], Bathija showed a script to filmmaker [[Karan Johar]], which was then accepted by [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref name="moment" /> She served as screenwriter for two major 2006 releases, [[Kunal Kohli]]'s [[romantic thriller]] ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/17653/|title=Newsday Praises New Film Written by Shibani Bathija '90|website=DePauw University}}</ref> and Johar's [[Ensemble cast|ensemble]] [[Musical film|musical]] [[Romance film#Romantic drama|romantic drama]] ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'', the latter of which earned her a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay]] (jointly with Johar)''.''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/17897/|title="Eagerly Awaited" Film Co-Written by Shibani Bathija '90 Opens Worldwide|website=DePauw University}}</ref> Her films also include [[Sanjay Gadhvi]]'s [[Action film|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] ''[[Kidnap (2008 film)|Kidnap]]'' (2008) and Johar's [[Social film|social]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010).{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=2042791}}
*"[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/21shibani.htm Meet the Fanaa scriptwriter] - [[Rediff.com]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bathija, Shibani}}
[[Category:DePauw University alumni]]
[[Category:San Francisco State University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

INA War Museum

2025-06-01T06:42:48Z

Legalwikieditor:

{{Distinguish|Imphal Peace Museum}}
{{Infobox museum
|name = INA War Museum
|native_name = ({{langx|mni|India Leipaak-ki Laanmi-gi Pukei Lankei Shanglen}})
|native_name_lang = Manipuri
|logo = INA WAR MUSEUM.jpg
|image = The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind visiting the INA Museum, at Moirang, in Manipur on November 22, 2017. The Governor of Manipur, Dr. Najma Heptulla is also seen.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|caption = Shri [[Ram Nath Kovind]], the [[President of India]] and Dr. [[Najma Heptulla]], the then [[Governor of Manipur]], visiting the INA Museum, at [[Moirang]], in [[Manipur]] on November 22, 2017.
|location = [[INA Martyrs' Memorial Complex]], [[Moirang]], [[Bishnupur District]], [[Manipur]]
|type = [[War museum]]
|key_holdings = Hundreds of rare photographs of [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]] and the INA maps, insignia, currency notes, Netaji's letters, INA badges and Japanese amulets
|curator = Mrinashree Mairembam
|owner = [[Government of Manipur]]
|collection_size = More than 1000 WWII related objects and documents<ref name="INA Martyrs' Memorial">{{Cite web|url=https://artnculturemanipur.gov.in/en/ina-martyrs-memorial/|title=INA Martyrs' Memorial|website=artnculturemanipur.gov.in|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2022-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616000618/https://artnculturemanipur.gov.in/en/ina-martyrs-memorial/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|established = {{start date and age|1985}}<ref name="INA Martyrs' Memorial"/>
}}
The '''INA War Museum''' ({{langx|mni|INA Laan-gi Pukei Lankei Shanglen}}) or the '''Indian National Army War Museum''' ({{langx|mni|India Leipaak-ki Laanmi-gi Pukei Lankei Shanglen}}) is a [[WWII]] [[museum]] in [[Moirang]], [[Manipur]]. It is the only official WWII museum in [[Manipur]] though many other WWII museums are opened in the state. This museum is situated inside the [[INA Memorial Complex]]. The museum focuses primarily on the rise of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) and the contributions of [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] to the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="INA Museum, Moirang">{{Cite web|url=https://www.battleofimphal.com/sights/museum|title=INA Museum, Moirang|website=www.battleofimphal.com|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2022-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520043554/https://www.battleofimphal.com/sights/museum|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pth_7qgEN7IC&dq=INA+Museum+letters+%2C+photographs+%2C+badges+ranks+memorabilia+martyrs+INA+%28+headquartered+World+War+II+%29+fought+dynamic+leadership+Netaji+Subhash+Chandra+Bose+against+allies&pg=PA29|title=Indian States At A Glance 2008-09: Performance, Facts And Figures - North-East And Sikkim|last=Laveesh|first=Bhandari|date=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2348-7|language=en|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2023-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421081232/https://books.google.com/books?id=pth_7qgEN7IC&dq=INA+Museum+letters+%2C+photographs+%2C+badges+ranks+memorabilia+martyrs+INA+%28+headquartered+World+War+II+%29+fought+dynamic+leadership+Netaji+Subhash+Chandra+Bose+against+allies&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Deshpande">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lblDDwAAQBAJ&dq=ina+museum+moirang+displays+historical+pictures+relics+depicting+Netaji+achievements+experiences&pg=PT98|title=Backpacking North East India: A Curious Journey|last=Deshpande|first=Abhijeet|date=2017-12-19|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-946556-80-6|language=en|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2023-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421081232/https://books.google.com/books?id=lblDDwAAQBAJ&dq=ina+museum+moirang+displays+historical+pictures+relics+depicting+Netaji+achievements+experiences&pg=PT98|url-status=live}}</ref> This museum is the only official museum dedicated to Netaji [[Subhash Chandra Bose]].<ref name="Subir">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWwDEAAAQBAJ&dq=ina+museum+moirang&pg=PT153|title=Story of Bengal and Bengalis: Ancient to Contemporary Era Of Bangladesh & West Bengal: Genesis of Hindu-Muslim Discord|last=Subir|date=2020-10-17|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64983-722-6|language=en|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2023-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421081232/https://books.google.com/books?id=KWwDEAAAQBAJ&dq=ina+museum+moirang&pg=PT153|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Moirang]] is the first place in [[India]]n soil where the [[Flag of India|Indian national tricolour flag]] was hoisted. It was in this place where the INA War Museum and the [[INA Martyrs' Memorial Complex]] were developed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Qo3EAAAQBAJ&dq=INA+Martyr%27s+Memorial+Complex+was+also+built+at+Moirang+where+the+Tricolour+was+first+hoisted+on+Indian+soil.&pg=PT82|title=State vs. Society in Northeast India: History, Politics and the Everyday|last=Sharma|first=G. Amarjit|date=2021-07-05|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-91370-45-9|language=en|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2023-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421081232/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Qo3EAAAQBAJ&dq=INA+Martyr%27s+Memorial+Complex+was+also+built+at+Moirang+where+the+Tricolour+was+first+hoisted+on+Indian+soil.&pg=PT82|url-status=live}}</ref> The INA War Museum was established in the year 1985. It was in tribute to [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] for his roles in the [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian Freedom Struggle]].<ref name="INA Martyrs' Memorial"/>

== Collections and features ==
The Indian National Army War Museum displays artefacts and relics of WWII found from various locations in [[Manipur]]. These relics dating back to 1944 include arms and ammunition, bayonets, helmets and other documents.<ref name="INA Museum, Moirang"/><ref name="NAIR">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9jEDwAAQBAJ&dq=INA+museum+houses+memorabilia+arms+ammunition+articles++photographs+documents+campaign+Manipur&pg=PT36|title=ON THE GRASS TRAIL: Of Mountains, Valleys and Fabled Islands|last=NAIR|first=N. V.|date=2019-12-18|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64733-927-2|language=en|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2023-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421081232/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9jEDwAAQBAJ&dq=INA+museum+houses+memorabilia+arms+ammunition+articles++photographs+documents+campaign+Manipur&pg=PT36|url-status=live}}</ref> It also displays hundreds of rare photographs of [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]] and the INA, maps, insignia, currency notes, Netaji's letters, INA badges and Japanese amulets.<ref name="Deshpande"/><ref name="Subir"/><ref name="NAIR"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pth_7qgEN7IC&dq=INA+Museum+letters+%2C+photographs+%2C+badges+ranks+memorabilia+martyrs+INA+%28+headquartered+World+War+II+%29+fought+dynamic+leadership+Netaji+Subhash+Chandra+Bose+against+allies&pg=PA29|title=Indian States At A Glance 2008-09: Performance, Facts And Figures - North-East And Sikkim|last=Laveesh|first=Bhandari|date=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2348-7|language=en|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2023-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421081232/https://books.google.com/books?id=pth_7qgEN7IC&dq=INA+Museum+letters+%2C+photographs+%2C+badges+ranks+memorabilia+martyrs+INA+%28+headquartered+World+War+II+%29+fought+dynamic+leadership+Netaji+Subhash+Chandra+Bose+against+allies&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Exhibits ==
The INA museum exhibits a gallery of historical personalities of [[Manipur]] including Manipuri soldiers in the [[Indian National Army]].<ref name="Subir"/><ref name="NAIR"/>

== See also ==
* [[Imphal Peace Museum]]
* [[Kakching Garden]]
* [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]] - world's only floating national park in Manipur, India
* [[Khonghampat Orchidarium]]
* [[Loktak Folklore Museum]]
* [[Manipur State Museum]]
* [[Manipur Zoological Garden]]
* [[Phumdi]] - Floating biomasses in Manipur, India
* [[Sekta Archaeological Living Museum]]
* [[Yangoupokpi-Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.museumsofindia.org/museum/525/the-ina-war-museum The INA War Museum www.museumsofindia.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416000158/https://www.museumsofindia.org/museum/525/the-ina-war-museum |date=2021-04-16 }}
* [https://www.pothashang.in/2021/08/27/ganesan-pays-floral-tribute-to-netaji-ina-soldiers/ Ganesan pays floral tribute to Netaji INA soldiers www.pothashang.in]
* [https://www.pothashang.in/2021/08/12/governor-visits-ina-museum/ Governor visits INA Museum www.pothashang.in]
* [https://www.pothashang.in/2021/04/14/ina-flag-hoisting-anniversary-observed-at-moirang/ INA flag hoisting anniversary observed at Moirang www.pothashang.in]
* [https://www.pothashang.in/2019/08/18/ina-complex-will-upgraded-soon-biren/ INA will be upgraded soon - CM www.pothashang.in]
* [https://www.pothashang.in/2018/04/14/governor-hoists-national-flag-ina/ Governor hoists National Flag INA www.pothashang.in]
* [https://www.pothashang.in/2017/11/22/president-paid-homage-subash-chandra-bose-ina-moirang/ President paid Homage Subhash Chandra Bose INA Moirang www.pothashang.in]

[[Category:Museums in Manipur]]
[[Category:Museums in India]]
[[Category:World War II museums]]

Kamakhkhi Prasad Chattopadhyay

2025-05-08T15:11:40Z

Legalwikieditor: put up details...

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2017}}
{{one source|date=December 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Kamakhkhi Prasad Chattopadhyay
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1917|3|27}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1976|5|30|1917|3|27}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer
| language =
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship = India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = Bankim Puroshkar
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Kamakhkhi Prasad Chattopadhyay''' (27 March 1917 – 30 May 1976) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] poet. His father Basanta kumar Chattopadhyay<ref name="ss">Sansad Bangla Charitrabhidhan - Vol. 1 - Sahitya Sangsad {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}</ref> served as the first auditor general of [[History of India (1947–present)|Independent India]].

==Education==
Kamakhkhi passed his [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] exam and awarded '''Bankim puroshkar''' for being first in the BA exam.

==Career==
He worked as the assistant of Sudhindra Nath Dutta in [[Damodar Valley Corporation]]. He spent most of his job life in [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]] and [[Moscow]]. He stayed in [[Moscow]] for 3 years. During his stay in [[Moscow]], he translated Russian books into [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. He was a photographer also. He was editor of the children magazine '''Rangmashal'''.

==Notable work==
Some of his notable books are ''Mainak'', ''Eka'', ''Chayamurti'', ''Shetchakra'', ''Sonar Kopat'', ''Shoshane Bosonto'', ''Ghanashamer ghora'', ''Paruldi'' etc. Some of his work published under the name '''Krittibas Ojha'''.<ref name="ss"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Kamakhkhi Prasad}}
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category: Writers from Kolkata]]

Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year

2025-05-07T09:56:10Z

Legalwikieditor: Created first bio basic info

{{Short description|Hindi film music award}}
The '''Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year''' is given yearly by [[Radio Mirchi]] as a part of its annual [[Mirchi Music Awards]] for [[Hindi films]], to recognise a female vocalist who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film song.

[[File:Shreya Ghoshal at 61st Filmfare Awards (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|center| With eight wins, [[Shreya Ghoshal]] is the most-awarded recipient in this category. She was also awarded with the 'Female Vocalist of the Decade' award in 2020.]]

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Superlative
! Singer
! Record
|-
|Most awards
|rowspan="4" |[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|8 {{small|(Including one for Female Vocalist of the Decade)}}
|-
|Most nominations
|24
|-
|Most nominations in a single year
|3 {{small|(2015, 2020 & 2021)}}
|-
|Most number of consecutive wins
|6 {{small|(2017 – 2022)}}
|-
|}

==List of winners==
{|class="wikitable"
|+Table key
|-
|style="background:#B0C4DE; height:20px; width:20px"|
|Indicates the winner of Female Vocalist of the Year Award
|-
|style="background:#FAEB86 ; height:20px; width:20px"|
|Indicates the winner of Female Vocalist of the Decade Award
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|- style="background:#bebebe;"
!style="width:10%;"| Year
!style="width:30%;"| Singer
!style="width:30%;"| Song
!style="width:30%;"| Movie
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2008'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma/winners.php|title=1st Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Bela Shende]]'''
| '''"Mann Mohana"'''
| '''''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'''''
|-
| [[Anmol Malik]]
| "Talli Ho Gayi"
| ''[[Ugly Aur Pagli]]''
|-
| [[Dominique Cerejo]]
| "Ye Tumhari Meri Baatein"
| ''[[Rock On!!]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Teri Ore"
| ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]''
|-
| [[Shruti Pathak]]
| "Mar Jawaan"
| ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2009'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2009/hindi/winners.html|title=2nd MMA Winners}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Rekha Bhardwaj]]'''
| '''"Genda Phool"'''
| '''''[[Delhi-6]]'''''
|-
| [[Alisha Chinai]]
| "Tera Hone Laga Hoon"
| ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]''
|-
| [[Kavita Seth]]
| "Iktara"
| ''[[Wake Up Sid]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Tere Naina"
| ''[[Chandni Chowk To China]]''
|-
| [[Shruti Pathak]]
| "Rasiya"
| ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2010'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms|title=3rd Mirchi Music Awards Winners|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Mamta Sharma]]'''
|'''"[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]"'''
| '''''[[Dabangg]]'''''
|-
| [[Richa Sharma (actor)|Richa Sharma]]
| "Sajda"
| ''[[My Name is Khan]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Chori Kiya Re Jiya"
| ''[[Dabangg]]''
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "[[Sheila Ki Jawani]]"
| ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''
|-
| "Udi"
| ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''[[4th Mirchi Music Awards|2011]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php|title=4th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]'''
| '''"Ishq Sufiyana"'''
| '''''[[The Dirty Picture]]'''''
|-
| [[Harshdeep Kaur]] & [[Sapna Awasthi]]
| "Katiya Karun"
| ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|-
| [[Neha Bhasin]]
| "Dhunki"
| ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]''
|-
| [[Rekha Bhardwaj]] & [[Usha Uthup]]
| "Darling"
| ''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "[[Ooh La La (Shreya Ghoshal and Bappi Lahiri song)|Ooh La La]]"
| ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''[[5th Mirchi Music Awards|2012]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/winners_list.html|title=5th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]'''
| "'''[[Chikni Chameli]]'''"
| '''''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'''''
|-
| [[Kavita Seth]]
| "Tum Hi Ho Bandhu"
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
|-
| [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
| "Pareshaan"
| ''[[Ishaqzaade]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Saans"
| ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
|-
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "Gun Gun Guna"
| ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''[[6th Mirchi Music Awards|2013]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/mirchi-music-awards-2014-winners-shahrukh-khan-farhan-akhtar-honoured-aashiqui-2-wins-7-trophies-17842/|title=6th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Chinmayi Sripada]]'''
| "'''Titli'''"
| '''''[[Chennai Express]]'''''
|-
| [[Monali Thakur]]
| "Sawaar Loon"
| ''[[Lootera]]''
|-
| [[Palak Muchhal]]
| "Chahun Main Ya Naa"
|rowspan="2" | ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "[[Sunn Raha Hai]]"
|-
| [[Sona Mohapatra]]
| "Ambarsariya"
| ''[[Fukrey]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''[[7th Mirchi Music Awards|2014]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/winners/|title=7th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Nooran Sisters|Jyoti Nooran & Sultana Nooran]]'''
| "'''Patakha Guddi'''"
| '''''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]'''''
|-
| [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
| "Zehnaseeb"
| ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
|-
| [[Kanika Kapoor]]
| "[[Baby Doll (Kanika Kapoor song)|Baby Doll]]"
| ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]''
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "[[Samjhawan]]"
| ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]''
|-
| "[[Manwa Laage]]"
| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
|-
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center" | '''[[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/winners/|title=8th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]'''
| "'''[[Mohe Rang Do Laal]]'''"
| '''''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'''''
|-
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
| "Agar Tum Saath Ho"
| ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
|-
| [[Monali Thakur]]
| "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage"
| ''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "[[Deewani Mastani]]"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Vaishali Mhade]]
| "Pinga"
|-
| Swati Sharma
| "Banno"
| ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''[[9th Mirchi Music Awards|2016]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/winners/|title=9th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Jonita Gandhi]]'''
| "'''Gilheriyan'''"
| '''''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'''''
|-
| [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| "The Breakup Song"
|rowspan="2" |''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
|-
| [[Shilpa Rao]]
| "Bulleya"
|-
| [[Neha Bhasin]]
| "[[Jag Ghoomeya]]"
| ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''
|-
| [[Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch]]
| "Kaari Kaari"
| ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''[[10th Mirchi Music Awards|2017]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/winners/|title=10th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]'''
| "'''[[Thodi Der]]'''"
| '''''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]'''''
|-
| [[Madhushree]]
| "Soja Zara"
| ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|-
| [[Monali Thakur]] & [[Neha Kakkar]]
| "Badri Ki Dulhania"
| ''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]''
|-
| [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| "Ghar"
| ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]''
|-
| [[Samira Koppikar]]
| "Bairaagi"
| ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''[[11th Mirchi Music Awards|2018]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2018/nominations-hindi-2018/|title=11th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]'''
| "'''[[Ghoomar (song)|Ghoomar]]'''"
| '''''[[Padmaavat]]'''''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Dhadak"
| ''[[Dhadak]]''
|-
| [[Neeti Mohan]]
| "Naino Wale Ne"
| ''[[Padmaavat]]''
|-
| [[Harshdeep Kaur]]
| "Dilbaro"
|rowspan="2" | ''[[Raazi]]''
|-
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "[[Ae Watan]]"
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |'''[[12th Mirchi Music Awards|2019]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2020/winners-hindi-2020/|title=12th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]'''
| "'''[[Ghar More Pardesiya]]'''"
| '''''[[Kalank]]'''''
|-
| [[Neha Bhasin]]
| "Chashni" (Reprise)
| ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]''
|-
| [[Sachet–Parampara|Parampara Thakur]]
| "Mere Sohneya"
| ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Tabaah Ho Gaye"
| ''[[Kalank]]''
|-
| [[Shilpa Rao]]
| "[[Ghungroo (song)|Ghungroo]]"
| ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]''
|-
| colspan="4" {{n/a|'''Female Vocalist of the Decade'''}}
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2020'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Mirchi Music Awards 2021 brings the best of the decade with 'Dus Saal Bemisaal'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/mirchi-music-awards-2021-brings-the-best-of-the-decade-with-dus-saal-bemisaal/articleshow/81512789.cms|website=[[Times of India]]|date=15 March 2021|access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FAEB86;"
| '''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]'''
| "'''[[Mohe Rang Do Laal]]'''"
| '''''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'''''
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "[[Ghar More Pardesiya]]"
| ''[[Kalank]]''
|-
| "[[Ghoomar (song)|Ghoomar]]"
| ''[[Padmaavat]]''
|-
| [[Nooran Sisters|Jyoti Nooran & Sultana Nooran]]
| "Patakha Guddi"
| ''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]''
|-
| [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
| "Titli"
| ''[[Chennai Express]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |'''[[14th Mirchi Music Awards|2021]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/|title=Nominations for the 14th Mirchi Music Awards 2022|work=[[Mirchi Music Awards]]|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]'''
| "'''Chaka Chak'''"
| '''''[[Atrangi Re]]'''''
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Tere Rang"
| ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
|-
| "[[Param Sundari (song)|Param Sundari]]"
| ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
|-
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "[[Saami Saami]]"
| ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|-
| [[Asees Kaur]]
| "Raataan Lambiyan"
| ''[[Shershaah|Shershah]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2022'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Mirchi Music Awards 2023 Nominations|url=https://mirchi.in/mirchi-music-awards|website=[[Mirchi Music Awards]]|access-date=4 November 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003154704/https://mirchi.in/mirchi-music-awards|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mirchi Music Awards 2023: 'Brahmastra' dominates, while 'Laal Singh Chaddha' bags Best Album of the Year|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mirchi-music-awards-2023-brahmastra-dominates-while-laal-singh-chaddha-bags-best-album-of-the-year/articleshow/104961056.cms|website=[[Times of India]]|date=4 November 2023|access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref>
|
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]'''
| '''"Jab Saiyaan"'''
| '''''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]'''''
|-
| [[Neeti Mohan]]
| "Meri Jaan"
|rowspan="2" | ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]''
|-
| Jahnvi Shrimankar
| "Dholida"
|-
| Sireesha Bhagavatula
| "Phero Na Najariya"
| ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
|-
| [[Yohani]]
| "Manike"
| ''[[Thank God (film)|Thank God]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2023'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Mirchi Music Awards 2024 Nominations|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/mirchi-music-awards-2023-nominations/151102651|website=[[Mirchi Music Awards]]|access-date=13 December 2024|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003154704/https://mirchi.in/mirchi-music-awards|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Shilpa Rao]]'''
| '''"[[Besharam Rang]]"'''
| '''''[[Pathaan (soundtrack)|Pathaan]]'''''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Tum Kya Mile"
|rowspan="2" | ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani (soundtrack)|Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
|-
| [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| "What Jhumka?"
|-
| Vasundhara Vee
| "Besuri Main"
| ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|-
| Shilpa Rao
| "Chaleya"
| ''[[Jawan (soundtrack)|Jawan]]''
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mirchi Music Awards}}

[[Category:Mirchi Music Awards]]

Khandela

2025-04-06T12:30:59Z

Legalwikieditor: fixed issues

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khandela
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.36|N|75.30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[sikar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 318
| population_total = 22044
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = RJ-23
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khandela''' is a city and [[municipality]] in the [[Neem-Ka-Thana|Sikar]] district of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]].

==Etymology==

Khandela is associated with the origin of [[Maheshwari]] Banias, Khandelwal Jains ([[Sarawagi]]), [[Khandelwal Vaishya|Khandelwal Banias]] and [[Khandelwal Brahmin]]s. The Khandelwal Jains have 84 divisions. The legendary origin of these divisions is given in a 17th-century text, "Shravakotpatti Varnanam".<ref>Brahmanotpatti Martanda, Hari Krishna Shastri, Harikrishna Shastri, Khemraj Shrikrishnadas, 1871</ref>

The name Khandela is believed to have been originated from the Kshtriya kingdom named Khadaksen kharwad(Jadoun). He had 72 sons from whom 72 clans of Khandelwal originated. Some of those clans are Atolia, Tasid, Akar, America, Mali, Rajoria, Haldia, Raot, Bushar, Pithalia, Vaid, Thekura and Bukhmaria.<ref name="Singh 1998 p. 524">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=K.S. | title=People of India: Rajasthan | publisher=Popular Prakashan | series=@People of India: State series | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-7154-769-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm_KCE4XXPMC&pg=PA524 | access-date=2019-08-13 | page=524}}</ref>

==Geography==
Khandela is at {{Coord|27.36|N|75.30|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Khandela.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - bikaner]</ref> It has an average elevation of 318 metres (1043 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Khandela had a population of 22,475. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%.

Khandela has an average literacy rate of 57%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 45%. In Khandela, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==See also ==
* [[Khandelwal (disambiguation)]]
* [[Sikar]]
* [[Shrimadhopur]]
* [[Neem-Ka-Thana]]
* [[Danta Ramgarh]]
* [[Kanwat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sikar district]]

{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Kanakkatharaparambu Sreejith

2025-04-04T01:00:19Z

Legalwikieditor: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Kanakkatharaparambu Sreejith
| image =
| country = [[India]]
| fullname = Kanakkatharaparambu Ramachandran Sreejith
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|10|27}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Slow left-arm orthodox
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| club1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date =
| source = http://espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/425803.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Kanakkatharaparambu Ramachandran Sreejith''' (born 27 October 1986) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]. He is a right handed batsman and a slow left arm orthodox bowler.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanakkatharaparambu Sreejith|url=http://espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/425803.html|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreejith, Kanakkatharaparambu}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1980s-stub}}

Gomanta kingdom

2024-10-15T19:08:38Z

Legalwikieditor: adding new article w/ infobox

{{primary sources|date=September 2013}}

'''Gomanta''' was a kingdom mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]]. It was an extension of the kingdom of [[Yadu|Yadavas]] at [[Dwaraka kingdom|Dwaraka]]. It is identified to be the [[Goa]] state of India, situated in the western coast. It was the southernmost extent of the region, occupied by the [[Yadu|Yadava]] clans, finding explicit mention in [[Mahabharata]].

== References in Mahabharata ==

Gomanta was mentioned as a kingdom of Ancient India (Bharata Varsha) along with the [[Mandakas]], the [[Shanda]]s, the [[Vidarbha kingdom|Vidharbas]] etc. (6,9).

=== Establishment of Gomanta kingdom by Yadavas ===

The Yadavas of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], the capital of [[Surasena kingdom]], fled from there due to the continuous attack of [[Magadha kingdom|Magadha]] king [[Jarasandha]]. They have reached as far south as Gomanta, the modern Indian state called [[Goa]].

The unrighteous king of [[Surasena Kingdom]], viz [[Kamsa|Kansa]] was slain by [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]]. Kansa's wives, ''Asti'' and ''Prapti'', where the daughters of [[Jarasandha]], the king of [[Magadha kingdom|Magadha]]. He attacked the kinsmen of Krishna. The Surasena [[Yadu|Yadava]]s, consisting of the ''eighteen younger branches of the Yadavas'' with their 18000 brothers and cousins, arrived at the conclusion that even if they fight continually they still could be unable to do anything unto [[Jarasandha]] even in 300 years. They fled from Mathura, towards west. They rebuilt the old town of ''Kusasthali''(see:[[Cortalim]]), and renamed it [[Dwaraka kingdom|Dwaraka]]. It was a Yadava stronghold. Yet, due to the oppressions of Jarasandha, Yadavas where obliged to migrate further south, to ''the mountains of Gomanta'', measuring three ''Yojanas'' (a unit of length) in length. Within each yojana were established, 21 posts of armed men. And at intervals of each yojana were 100 gates with arches which were defended by valiant heroes engaged in guarding them. Innumerable [[Kshatriya]]s invincible in war, belonging to the eighteen younger branches of the Yadavas, were employed in defending these works. (2,14)

[[Bhojas of Goa|Bhoja]] Dynasty that ruled Goa from at least 3rd century AD to the 6th century AD are sometime identified as descendants of the Yadavas, and are also mentioned in [[Bhavishya Purana]].<ref name=bhoja>{{cite book|last=Shyam Singh|first=Shashi|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Ancient Goa|year=2000|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=8170418593 |page=657}}</ref><ref name=bhojaka>{{cite book|last=Arora|first=Raj Kumar|title=Historical and cultural data from the Bhaviṣya purāna|year=1972|publisher=Sterling Publishers|location=the University of Virginia|pages=38–39}}</ref>

=== Other references ===

In the Krauncha island, there is a mountain called Maha-krauncha that is a mine of all kinds of gems. There is another mountain called Gomanta that is huge and consists of all kinds of metals. (9,

==In popular culture==
Today the highest civilian honour of the state of [[Goa]] is called [[Gomant Vibhushan]]. It is given annually by [[Government of Goa]] since 2010.<ref>{{cite web | title = R A Mashelkar conferred Gomant Vibhushan award | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/R-A-Mashelkar-conferred-Gomant-Vibhushan-award/articleshow/20358039.cms |date=May 31, 2013| access-date = 2014-08-16 | work = The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="TimesofIndia">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Goas-highest-civilian-award-to-Charles-Correa/articleshow/11160835.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701155312/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-19/goa/30533988_1_charles-correa-goa-chief-minister-digambar-kamat |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-01 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Goa's highest civilian award to Charles Correa |date=2011-12-19 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]
*[[Goa]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}

*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:History of Goa]]

Indian Ocean world

2024-05-06T10:36:00Z

Legalwikieditor: stub - done

#REDIRECT [[Indian Ocean#History]]