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Beldanga Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T22:49:30Z

Legalwiki68: Adding initial page with sources

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
'''Beldanga Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Beldanga
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Beldanga.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Beldanga Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Bharat Kumar Jhawar
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| preceded_by =[[Hasanuzzaman Sk]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]
| constituency_no = 71
| established = 1951
| electors = 252,944
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 50
| value2 = 33.35
| value3 = 5.55
| value4 = 5.55
| value5 = 5.55
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress]] (9 times)
| label2 = [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]] (6 times)
| label3 = [[Independent politician]] (1 time)
| label4 = [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (1 time)
| label5 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1 time)
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color2 = {{party color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}
| color3 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
| color4 = {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|color5 = {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| caption = Most Successful Parties from Beldanga Assembly
}}

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 71 Beldanga Assembly constituency covers [[Beldanga]] municipality, Bhabta I, Bhabta II, Debkundu, Mirjapur II, Mahula I and Sujapur Kumarpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Beldanga I (community development block)|Beldanga I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Bhakuri II, Haridasmati, Naoda Panur, Rajdharpara and Rangamati Chandpara gram panchayats of [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 20 July 2014| work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Beldanga Assembly constituency is part of No. 10 [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election Year!!Member!!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||rowspan=2|Parimal Ghosh||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Debsaran Ghosh||{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||A. Latif||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1969||Muhammed Khuda Baksh||{{Party name with color|Independent}}<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971||rowspan=3|Timir Baran Bhaduri||{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=3}}<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||rowspan=3|Nurul Islam Choudhury||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||Timir Baran Bhaduri||{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||Golam Kibria Mia||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||Mohammad Refatullah||{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||rowspan=2|Sheikh Safiujjaman||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<ref name=vidhansabha2016>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2016/stat_WB_May2016.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2016, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<ref name="West Bengal assembly election 2021: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Financialexpress |date=3 May 2021 |title=West Bengal assembly election 2021: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-full-list-of-winners/2243718/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317104451/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-full-list-of-winners/2243718/ |archivedate=17 March 2023 |accessdate=17 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="West Bengal Election Results 2021: Here's full list of winners">{{cite news |date=3 May 2021 |title=West Bengal Election Results 2021: Here's full list of winners |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/west-bengal-election-results-2021-heres-full-list-of-winners-9169581.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624052937/https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/west-bengal-election-results-2021-heres-full-list-of-winners-9169581.htm |archivedate=24 June 2025 |accessdate=24 June 2025 |publisher=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>||[[Hasanuzzaman Sk|Hasanuzzaman Sheikh]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| Bharat Kumar Jwahar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Beldanga}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bharat Kumar Jhawar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=72,872|percentage=31.88|change={{Increase}}3.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rabiul Alam Chowdhury]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=59,664|percentage=26.10|change={{Decrease}}29.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shoaib Ahmed|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes=46,709|percentage=20.43|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohd Saharuddin Seikh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=39,962|percentage=17.48|change={{Increase}}4.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lockman Hakim|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=3,075|percentage=1.34|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajesh Ghosh|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|votes=2,859|percentage=1.25|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=MD ISMAIL|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=983|percentage=0.43|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,779|percentage=0.78|change={{Increase}}0.11}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13208|percentage=5.78|change={{Decrease}}20.55}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=228,591|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Beldanga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Hasanuzzaman Sk]]
|votes = 1,12,862
|percentage = 55.19
|change = {{increase}}22.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sumit Ghosh|votes=59,030|percentage=28.86|change={{increase}}14.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Safiujjaman Sheikh|votes=26,949|percentage=13.18|change={{decrease}}36.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Kajal Ghosh Biswas|votes=1,176|percentage=0.96|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Socialist Party|candidate=Md. Sagir Hossain|votes=1,968|percentage=0.58|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the Above|votes=1,368|percentage=0.67|change={{decrease}}0.6}}
{{Election box majority|votes=53,832|percentage=26.33|change={{increase}}9.13}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,04,511|percentage=80.85|change={{increase}}0.65}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Sk. Shafiujjaman of Congress defeated his nearest rival Golam Kibria Mia of Trinamool Congress.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Beldanga constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Seikh Safiujjaman
|votes = 87,017
|percentage = 49.43
|change = +4.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Golam Kibria Mia
|votes = 56,736
|percentage = 32.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Alok Ghosh
|votes = 25,651
|percentage = 14.57
|change = +3.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Ittefa Hossain
|votes = 2,865
|percentage = 1.63
|change = -4.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,229
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Marjina Khatun
|votes = 1,552
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 176,050
|percentage = 80.20
|change = -1.87
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Sk. Shafiujjaman of Congress defeated his nearest rival Md. Refatullah of RSP.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Beldanga constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=71| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190318/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=71| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Beldanga| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Seikh Safiujjaman
|votes = 67,888
|percentage = 45.32
|change = +0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Md. Refatullah
|votes = 54,005
|percentage = 36.05
|change = −10.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Alok Ghosh
|votes = 17,282
|percentage = 11.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Abul Hossain
|votes = 8,693
|percentage = 5.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Masah Gulashunnaher Banu
|votes = 1,943
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 149,811
|percentage = 82.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing = +10.34
}}
{{Election box end}}
===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> Md. Refatullah of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] won the Beldanga assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Golam Kibria Mia of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Golam Kibria Mia of Congress defeated Timir Baran Bhaduri of RSP in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> Timir Baran Bhaduri of RSP defeated Nurul Islam Choudhury of Congress in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> Nurul Islam Choudhury of Congress defeated Sk. Nowshad Ali of RSP in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> and 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> and Timir Baran Bhaduri of RSP in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> Timir Baran Bhaduri of RSP defeated Nurul Islam Choudhury of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp64.htm| title = 64 - Beldanga Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Timir Baran Bhaduri of RSP won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> Muhammed Khuda Baksh, Independent, won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> A. Latif of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> Debsaran Ghosh of RSP won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Parimal Ghosh of Congress won from the Beldanga seat in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Amta Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T04:34:41Z

Legalwiki68:

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amta
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Amta.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Amta Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Amit Samanta
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| constituency_no = 181
| established = 1951
| electors = 206,691
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Amta Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 181, Amta Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Amta II (community development block)|Amta II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Bainan, Baksirhat, Kalyanpur and Sabsit [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Bagnan I (community development block)|Bagnan I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date=25 July 2015|work= West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> Amta Assembly constituency is part of No. 26 [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Arabinda Roy ''(Amta South)''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Tarapada Pramanick ''(Amta Central)''
|-
|[[Alamohan Das]] ''(Amta North)''
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Gobinda Charan Maji ''(Amta East)''
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|Arabinda Roy ''(Amta West)''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Tarapada Pramanick
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|Nitai Bhandari
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Bapindra Koley
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Afiabuddin Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Barindra Nath Koley]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="3"|Pratyush Mukherjee
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|Asit Mitra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Sukanta Kumar Paul
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Amit Samanta
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

===1951–1972===
Aftabuddin Mondal of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> [[Barindra Nath Koley|Barindranath Koley]] of CPI(M) won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Nitai Bhandari of CPI(M) won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Tarapada Pramanick of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Amta had two seats. Gobinda Charan Maji of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won the Amta East seat. Arabinda Roy of Congress won the Amta West seat. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1951]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Amta had three seats. Arabinda Roy of Congress won the Amta South seat. Tarapada Pramanick of Congress won the Amta Central seat. [[Alamohan Das]], Independent, won the Amta North seat.

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001 and 1996 state assembly elections, Pratyush Mukherjee of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Amta assembly seat, defeating his nearest rivals Ashok Maji of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Prasun Bakuly of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Barindranath Koley of CPI(M) defeated Aftabuddin Mondal of Congress in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Ainuddin Sk. of Congress in 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Aftabuddin Mondal of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp175.htm |title =175 - Amta Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 November 2010}}</ref>

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Asit Mitra of Congress defeated his nearest rival Rabindra Nath Mitra of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election]]: Amta constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=181| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163745/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=181| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Amta| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Asit Mitra]]
|votes = 88,264
|percentage = 51.82
|change = +6.58#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rabindra Nath Mitra
|votes = 74,545
|percentage = 43.76
|change = -8.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanat Hazra
|votes = 3,781
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ratan Chandra Malick
|votes = 1,757
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Asit Sengupta
|votes = 1,155
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Hait
|votes = 835
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 170,337
|percentage = 82.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 14.57#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Asit Mitra of Indian National Congress defeated his nearest rival Tushar Kanti Sil of Trinamool Congress.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election]]: Amta constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Asit Mitra]]
|votes = 89,149
|percentage = 47.05
|change = -4.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Tushar Kanti Sil
|votes = 84,645
|percentage = 44.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suman Sarkar
|votes = 11,045
|percentage = 5.83
|change = +3.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,794
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ratan Chandra Malick
|votes = 1,379
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Sanjib Santra
|votes = 789
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Hait
|votes = 674
|percentage = 0.36
|change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 189,475
|percentage = 79.86
|change = -2.55
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 election, Sukanta Kumar Paul of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Debtanu Bhattacharjee of Bharatiya Janata Party.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Amta constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sukanta Kumar Paul
|votes = 102445
|percentage = 49.06
|change = +2.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Debtanu Bhattacharjee
|votes = 76240
|percentage = 36.51
|change = +30.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Asit Mitra
|votes = 25109
|percentage = 12.02
|change = -32.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1302
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ratan Chandra Malick
|votes = 1,379
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Sanjib Santra
|votes = 1139
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Hait
|votes = 674
|percentage = 0.36
|change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 208810
|percentage = 79.86
|change = -2.55
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Amta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amit Samanta
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,04,649
|percentage = 44.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sukanta Kumar Paul
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 1,00,195
|percentage = 42.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Joshimuddin Mallick
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 23,193
|percentage = 9.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tapan Das
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,350
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Baisakhi Malik
|party = Independent
|votes = 1,498
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = SK Sapiyar Ali
|party = Independent
|votes = 789
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kamal Krishna Malik
|party = Independent
|votes = 709
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanjeeb Santara
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 614
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Saraswati Patra Sarkar
|party = Independent
|votes = 370
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashish Dolui
|party = Independent
|votes = 262
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = SK Masarekul Anowar
|party = Aam Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = 186
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abhijit Hazra
|party = Independent
|votes = 175
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abhijit Show
|party = Independent
|votes = 156
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,855
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,454
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,37,001
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = AITC
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Howrah topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Rupa Lakshmi

2026-05-01T07:24:46Z

Legalwiki68:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rupa Lakshmi
| image = Kavya Kalyanram and Roopa Lakshmi at a Private Party (cropped).jpg
| caption = Lakshmi in 2024
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Madanapalle]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2015{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Rupa Lakshmi Vaishnava Sri''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2023-04-11 |title='Balagam' Rupa Lakshmi( Lachavva ) Stylish Photo Gallary |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/balagam-rupa-lakshmi-lachavva-stylish-photo-gallary-792300 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupa Lakshmi: 'బలగం' లచ్చవ్వ.. రూపు మార్చిన రూపలక్ష్మి నెట్టింట వైరల్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/balagam-rupa-lakshmi-aka-lachavva-craze-in-social-media/articleshow/99339282.cms |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref> She has debuted in a supporting role in ''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]'' (2015) and has since appeared in ''[[Needi Naadi Oke Katha]]'' (2018), ''[[Ek Mini Katha]]'' (2021) and [[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']] (2023), with the latter most fetching her a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=More doors opened up for 'Balagam' Rupa Lakshmi |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/more-doors-opened-up-for-balagam-rupa-lakshmi |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529044848/https://telugucinema.com/news/more-doors-opened-up-for-balagam-rupa-lakshmi |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Rupa Lakshmi was born in [[Madanapalle]], [[Chittoor district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. After doing working in [[Telugu theatre]], she made her feature film debut in ''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]'' (2015).

Her television debut was in ''[[Vadhuvu]]'' (2023) and her performance in ''[[Sivarapalli]]'' (2025) was appreciated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-01-24 |title=Sivarapalli Series Review: A faint echo of Panchayat |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Jan/24/sivarapalli-series-review-a-faint-echo-of-panchayat |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202233259/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Jan/24/sivarapalli-series-review-a-faint-echo-of-panchayat |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]''
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|[[Dwaraka (film)|''Dwaraka'']]
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|
|-
|''[[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham]]''
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|
|-
|''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]''
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|
|-
|''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]''
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Needi Naadi Oke Katha]]''
| Sagar's mother
|
|-
|[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|''Srinivasa Kalyanam'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Ammammagarillu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|[[Suryakantham (film)|''Suryakantham'']]
|
|
|-
|[[Maharshi (2019 film)|''Maharshi'']]
|
|
|-
|[[Mismatch (2019 film)|''Mismatch'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Zombie Reddy]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|[[Krack (film)|''Krack'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ooriki Utharaana''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ek Mini Katha]]''
|Subhadra
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]''
|Sundar’s aunt
|
|-
|''[[Rowdy Boys]]''
|Akshay’s mother
|
|-
| ''[[10th Class Diaries]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Thaggedele]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Boyfriend for Hire]]''
|Arjun’s mother
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|[[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']]
|Lakshmi
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners Of The 69th Filmfare Awards South 2024 - Telugu |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/telugu/winners |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=69th Filmfare Awards South: A Complete Look At The List Of Winners |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/69th-filmfare-awards-south-a-complete-look-at-the-list-of-winners-8991955.html |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kalyanam Kamaneeyam (film)|''Kalyanam Kamaneeyam'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Ugram (film)|''Ugram'']]
|Aparna's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2024
|''[[Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana]]''
|Lakshmi and Sravani's mother
|
|-
|''[[Gam Gam Ganesha]]''
|
|
|-
|''Kaliyugam Pattanamlo''
|
|
|-
|''Padmavyuham Lo Chakradhari''
|
|
|-
|''[[Brahmmavaram PS Paridhilo]]''
|Lakshmi
|
|-
|[[14 (film)|''14'']]
|Rupa
|
|-
|''[[Vidya Vasula Aham]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Janaka Aithe Ganaka]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Matka (film)|''Matka'']]
|Saradha
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|''[[Katha Kamamishu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dear Uma]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sarangapani Jathakam]]''
| Mythili's mother
|
|-
|''[[Oka Brundavanam]]''
| Maha’s mother
|
|-
|''[[Sundarakanda (2025 film)|Sundarakanda]]''
|Lakshmi
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Papam Prathap]]''
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
|-
|2020
|''[[Loser (2020)|Loser]]''
|Pallavi's mother
|rowspan="2"|[[ZEE5]]
|-
|2021
|''[[Oka Chinna Family Story]]''
|Keerthi's mother
|-
|2023
|''[[Vadhuvu]]''
|
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Sasimadhanam]]''
|Rangammatha
|[[ETV Win]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Sivarapalli]]''
|Susheela
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
|[[Mayasabha (TV series)|''Mayasabha'']]
|Chitturi Rangamma
|[[SonyLIV]]
|-
|[[Rambo in Love|''Rambo in Love'']]
|Vinnu
|[[JioHotstar]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=9593665}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshmi, Rupa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sarpam Thullal

2026-04-26T16:51:33Z

Legalwiki68:

{{Short description|Ritual dance in Kerala, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2014}}
'''Sarpam Thullal''' (Dance of Snakes) or Nagakalam Pattu, is a unique form of mystical ritual associated generally with ancestral temples or tharavadus predominantly in Valluvanadu region in state of Kerala. From ancient times many family houses in Kerala have special snake shrines called Kavu or Pambin Kavu where this exotic and spectacular ritual performance is associated to, it is generally conducted to appease the snake gods and thereby to bring prosperity to the family.<ref name="Sarpa Kalam">{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/video-clips/sarpam-thullal/118 | title=Sarpam Thullal | publisher=Kerala Government | access-date=5 April 2014}}</ref>

== History ==
Snakes and Snake worship, primarily the [[cobra]] and associated sub species of snakes have been revered from ancient times all over India. Snakes are mentioned in Vedic books or they are depicted in religious epics like [[Mahabharata]] and [[Vishnu Purana]]. Hindu Gods like [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] have been associated with snakes. According to Hindu mythology, Lord Vishnu takes rest under the shade of the giant snake, [[Adisesha]]. Lord Shiva wears a snake [[Vasuki (snake)|vasuki]] around his neck.

The [[Nair]]s of Kerala claim to be [[Kshatriyas]] of [[Nāga|Nagavanshi]] descent, thus maybe snake worship was popularized and brought to wider practise by them. Mostly, snakes were seen as a symbol of fertility. Elsewhere in India, snakes are worshiped on [[Nag Panchami]], [[Nagaradhane]] and Aashleshabali.

== Ritual ==
Sarpam thullal is generally held to appease snake gods for prosperity of the family or to give an offspring to the couples who may have difficulties in conceiving a child. People generally take a vow is also associated with the ritual and Sarpam Thullal is done after the fulfillment or accomplishment of the vow. But in most of the scenarios Sarpam Thullal is done to ward off any doshas{{clarify|What are doshas, in English?|date=September 2021|reason=throwing light on meaning of dosha|text=Dosha means fault or obstacles in one's destiny or horoscope as per Indian Astrology}} of the family and bring peace and prosperity.

The temple astrologer is the one who normally initiates the process or in certain places it is held as an annual or regular practice. Once the date is finalized by the family, the associated Pulluvan family with the temple is informed. It is the Pulluvan and Pulluvathy and their assistants who hold the skills and responsibility of creating the aesthetic requirements for the Sarpam Thullal.

They create a pandal{{clarify|What is a pandal in English?|date=September 2021}} and decorate it. The selection of the girls who will later become the mediums or manifestations of Snake Gods is done by the family. Generally two girls/females are supposed to sit in the kalam{{clarify|What is a kalam in English?|date=September 2021}} but certain places it is six. In modern times in many places females between the ages of 10 and 60 are not allowed and is generally performed by girls who have not reached puberty. Typically the karnavar{{clarify|What is a karnavar - in English?|date=September 2021}} of the family or an elderly person will be the one who oversees the function and grands his blessing to the function.

The pulluvan and his team create a floral decoration using various natural colors on specially made floor before the snake idols. The floral decoration is called Nagakalam. Nagakalams are of various types such as Bhasma Kalam (A Kalam which is made of just ash powder) and Varna Podi Kalam (A Kalam which is made up of colour powder). The {{Transliteration|hi|kanyas}}{{clarify|What does this mean in English?|date=September 2021}} wear Pavada and blouse.

Once the pulluvan and his team is done with decorations and other preparations the {{Transliteration|hi|kanyas}} are called to the venue. They normally sit in the kalam or besides the kalam. In certain places where there are more than two {{Transliteration|hi|kanyas}}, they stand besides the kalam. Nagarajavu generally stands inside the kalam. {{Transliteration|hi|Kanyas}} are given pokulas or arecanut flowers. The pulluvan starts singing and playing the veena and the pulluvathy sings along and plays the kudam. The initial lines are generally sung in praise of [[Ganesha]], followed by other gods. Then the [[Tala (music)|Tala]] or beat changes along with the song. Later part is dedicated to Serpent gods and the kanyas sitting in the kalam.
The {{Transliteration|hi|kanyas}} generally starts to get into a trance like state within 20–30 minutes and it is reported that they feels that the snake which is drawn on the floor has come alive. Some of them have experienced vibrations all over their body and they feel their body is resonating towards the vibrations. The girls are generally not given any training to dance and in many cases it might be the first time they are watching the ritual. They move towards the vibration . They swing their hair and rub the powder of the kalam (the divine solace created). So the induced trance state is highly revered as girls are generally supposed be too young to perform any sophisticated acting to make the onlookers believe in the ritual.

The ritual has strong parallels to the function of an [[Oracle]] and generally speaks to the onlookers after entering into the trance state and informs them on the behalf of the snake gods. It can be sees that the {{Transliteration|hi|kanyas}} does not speak the normal day-to-day language while in the trance state adding on to the mystery.<ref name="Snake Dance">{{cite web | url=http://nayana1.com/hub/SARPAM-THULLAL-THE-SPECTACULAR-SNAKE-DANCE-OF-KERALA | title=Sarpam Thullal – The Spectacular Snake Dance of Kerala | access-date=5 April 2014 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Culture of Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu rituals]]
[[Category:Hindu snake worship]]

Kamakhya–Rohtak Amrit Bharat Express

2026-04-25T13:13:15Z

Legalwiki68: Created new pg

{{Short description|Amrit Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{italic title|string=Kamakhya–Rohtak Amrit Bharat Express}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Kamakhya–Rohtak ''Amrit Bharat Express''
| logo =
| image = Kamakhya Rohtak Amrit Bharat.jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Amrit Bharat Express]], [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Bihar]] and [[Haryana]]
| first = {{start date|2026|01|18|df=yes}} (Inaugural)
 
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railways (NFR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Kamakhya}} (KYQ)
| end = {{stnlnk|Rohtak Junction}} (ROK)
| stops = 30
| distance = {{convert|1940|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 40 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| trainnumber = 15671/15672
| line_used = *[[New Bongaigaon–Guwahati section|Kamakhya –Rangiya–New Bongaigaon line]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section|New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon Line]]
*[[Barauni–Guwahati line|New Jalpaiguri–Barauni line]] towards ( {{stnlnk|Kishanganj}}, {{stnlnk|Barsoi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}} )
*[[Hajipur–Chhapra section|Hajipur–Chhapra line]]
*[[Varanasi–Lucknow line|Varanasi–Prayagraj line]]
*[[Kanpur–Delhi section]] Towards ( {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}})
*[[Delhi–Fazilka line|Delhi–Rohtak line]]
| class = Sleeper class coach (SL)
General unreserved coach (GS)
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Upper
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Saffron-grey
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading lights|Bottle holder}}
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = {{Hlist|[[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]]|[[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|Bio-vacuum toilets]]|[[Tap water|Foot-operated water taps]]|[[Passenger information system]]}}
| stock = [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Modified LHB coaches]]
| gauge = [[Indian gauge]]
| el = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] overhead line
| speed = {{cvt|47|km|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength =
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance =
| sharing = No
| map = {{Kamakhya–Rohtak AB Express Route}}
| map_state = show
}}

The 15671/15672 '''Kamakhya–Rohtak''' '''''Amrit Bharat Express''''' is India's 20th non-AC [[Express trains in India|Superfast]] [[Amrit Bharat Express]] train, which runs across the states of [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[New Delhi]] and [[Haryana]] by connecting the city of temples {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}} with {{stnlnk|Rohtak Junction}} the heart city of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mondal |first1=Anish |title=Guwahati(Kamakhya)-Rohtak Amrit Bharat Express train begins inaugural run – check timings, stoppages |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/guwahati-kamakhya-rohtak-amrit-bharat-express-train-begins-inaugural-run-timings-stops-10480086/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=रोहतक को मिली नई रेल की सौगात, अब सप्ताह में एक दिन कामाख्या तक चलेगी अमृत भारत एक्सप्रेस|url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/rohtak-rohtak-gets-a-new-rail-gift-amrit-bharat-express-will-run-to-kamakhya-once-a-week-as-a-direct-train-40103905.html|website=www.jagaran.com}}</ref>

The express train is inaugurated on 18 January 2026 by Honorable [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] through video conference.<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयागराज को मिली दो अमृत भारत की मिली सौगात, पूर्वोत्तर की राह आसान|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/story-relief-for-prayagraj-rail-passengers-introduction-of-amrit-bharat-express-trains-201768195383785.html|website=livehindustan.com}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Rohtak Junction}}. It is currently operated with train numbers 15671/15672 on weekly basis.

== Schedule ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Train Schedule: Kamakhya ↔ Rohtak Amrit Bharat Express
|-
! Train no.
! Station code
! Departure station
! Departure time
! Departure day
! Arrival station
! Arrival hours
|-
| 15671
| KYQ
| {{stnlnk|Kamakhya}}
| 10:00 PM
| 2:45 PM
| {{stnlnk|Rohtak Junction}}
| 40h 45m
|-
| 15672
| ROK
| {{stnlnk|Rohtak Junction}}
| 10:10 PM
| 12:15 PM
| {{stnlnk|Kamakhya}}
| 38h 5m
|}

==Routes and halts==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
|+ '''Routes and halts of Kamakhya–Rohtak Amrit Bharat Express :'''
|-
! 15671 KYQ → ROK
! 15672 ROK → KYQ
|-
| '''{{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}''' || '''{{stnlnk|Rohtak Junction}}'''
|-
| {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}} || [[Bahadurgarh]]
|-
| {{stnlnk|Barpeta Road}} || '''{{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}}'''
|-
| {{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon Junction}}|| '''{{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}'''
|-
| {{stnlnk|Kokrajhar}} || {{stnlnk|Tundla Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|New Cooch Behar}} || {{stnlnk|Govindpuri}}
|-
| '''{{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}''' || '''{{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}'''
|-
| {{stnlnk|Kishanganj}} || {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Rambagh}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Barsoi Junction}} || {{stnlnk|Gyanpur Road}}
|-
| '''{{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}}''' || '''{{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}'''
|-
| {{stnlnk|Naugachia}} || {{stnlnk|Aunrihar Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Mansi Junction}} || {{stnlnk|Ghazipur City}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Khagaria Junction}} || {{stnlnk|Ballia}}
|-
| '''{{stnlnk|Begusarai}}''' || {{stnlnk|Chhapra Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}|| {{stnlnk|Sonpur Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Hajipur Junction}}|| {{stnlnk|Hajipur Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Sonpur Junction}}|| {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Chhapra Junction}} || '''{{stnlnk|Begusarai}}'''
|-
| {{stnlnk|Ballia}} || {{stnlnk|Khagaria Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Ghazipur City}} || {{stnlnk|Mansi Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Aunrihar Junction}} || {{stnlnk|Naugachia}}
|-
| '''{{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}''' || '''{{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}}'''
|-
| {{stnlnk|Gyanpur Road}}|| {{stnlnk|Barsoi Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Rambagh}} || {{stnlnk|Kishanganj}}
|-
| '''{{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}''' || '''{{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}'''
|-
| {{stnlnk|Govindpuri}} || {{stnlnk|New Cooch Behar}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Tundla Junction}}|| {{stnlnk|Kokrajhar}}
|-
| '''{{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}'''|| {{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon Junction}}
|-
| '''{{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}}''' || {{stnlnk|Barpeta Road}}
|-
| [[Bahadurgarh]] || {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}}
|-
| '''{{stnlnk|Rohtak Junction}}''' || '''{{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}'''
|}

== Rakes ==
It is the 20th [[Amrit Bharat 2.0 Express]] train in which the locomotives were designed by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] (CLW) at [[Chittaranjan]], [[West Bengal]] and the coaches were designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] initiative.

==Coach composition==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-weight:bold; background:#FB8C00; color:black; padding:6px;" | '''Coach Composition'''
|-
! style="background:#FB8C00; color:black;" | Category
! style="background:#FB8C00; color:black;" | Coaches
! style="background:#FB8C00; color:black;" | Total
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" | SLRD (Divyangjan Coach)
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" | SLRD, SLRD
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 2
|-
| style="background:#EEEEEE;" | General Unreserved (GEN)
| style="background:#EEEEEE;" | GEN1, GEN2, GEN3, GEN4, GEN5, GEN6, GEN7
| style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 7
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Sleeper class (SL)
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" | S8, S7, S6, S5, S4, S3, S2, S1
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 8
|-
| style="background:#EEEEEE;" | Pantry car (PC)
| style="background:#EEEEEE;" | PC
| style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" | General Unreserved (GEN)
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" | GEN8, GEN9, GEN10, GEN11, GEN12
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 5
|-
| style="background:#EEEEEE;" | SLRD (Divyangjan Coach)
| style="background:#EEEEEE;" | SLRD
| style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 1
|-
! style="background:#FB8C00; color:black;" | Total Coaches
! style="background:#FB8C00; color:black;" |
! style="background:#FB8C00; color:black;" | 22
|}

== See also ==
* [[Amrit Bharat Express]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* {{stnlnk|Kamakhya}}
* {{stnlnk|Rohtak Junction}}

== Notes ==
a. Runs a day in a week with both directions.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amrit Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamakhya-Rohtak Amrit Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Amrit Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Transport in Haryana]]

Minnatullah Rahmani

2026-04-24T20:43:12Z

Legalwiki68: new a page more to come

{{Short description|Indian Sunni Muslim scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Minnatullah Rahmani
| honorific_prefix = Mawlāna
| office1 = First General Secretary of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]
| term_start1 = 28 December 1972
| term_end1 = 20 March 1991
| successor1 =
| office2 = 4th Ameer-e-Shariat of [[Imarat-e-Shariah]], Bihar Odisha and Jharkhand
| term_start2 = 1957
| term_end2 = 1991
| predecessor2 = Shah Qamaruddin Qadri
| successor2 = Abdur Rahman Darbhangvi
| module2 = {{Infobox religious biography| embed = yes
|birth_date = 7 April 1913
|birth_place = [[Munger]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1991|03|20|1913|04|07}}
|religion=[[Islam]]
|father = [[Muhammad Ali Mungeri]]
|denomination = Sunni Hanafi
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
|children=[[Wali Rahmani]]
}}
}}
'''Minnatullah Rahmani''' (7 April 1913 – 20 March 1991) was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar who served as the first General Secretary of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]. He was an alumnus of [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] and [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], and a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He also served as the General Secretary of the [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama Bihar]]. His father [[Muhammad Ali Mungeri]] was the founder of [[Nadwatul Ulama]] and his son [[Wali Rahmani]] established the [[Rahmani30]] institute.

==Biography==
Minnatullah Rahmani was born in [[Munger]] on 7 April 1913.{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=237}} His father [[Muhammad Ali Mungeri]] was a founding figure of the [[Nadwatul Ulama]] in [[Lucknow]].<ref name="muhammadalimungeri">{{cite book |author1=Sayyid Muhammad al-Hasani |title=Sirat Hadhrat Mawlāna Sayyid Muhammad Ali Mungeri: Baani Nadwatul Ulama|trans-title=Biography of Mawlāna Sayyid Muhammad Ali Mungeri: The Founder of Nadwatul Ulama |publisher=Majlis Sahafat-o-Nashriyat, [[Nadwatul Ulama]] |location=[[Lucknow]] |edition=4th, May 2016 |language=Urdu |quote=The relation has been discussed on page 334}}</ref>

Rahmani received his primary education in Munger and went to [[Hyderabad]], where he studied Arabic grammar, syntax and logic with Mufti Abd al-Lateef. He enrolled at the [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] and studied there for four years. In 1349 [[Hijri year|AH]], he moved to [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], where he studied ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]'' with [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] and graduated from there in 1352 AH.<ref name="mahbub">{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |authorlink1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband
|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |location=[[Deoband]] |date=1981|chapter=Maulana Sayyid Minat Allah Rahmani|pages=121–123}}</ref> His other teachers included [[Asghar Hussain Deobandi]] and [[Muhammad Shafi]].{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=234}}

In 1935, Rahmani was appointed the General Secretary of the [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama Bihar]].{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=234}} [[Abul Muhasin Muhammad Sajjad]] founded the [[Muslim Independent Party]] in 1935 and Rahmani was appointed its member. Through it, he was elected as a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in 1937.{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=234}} He was appointed the [[Sajjada Nashin]] of Khanqah-e-Rahmani, Munger in 1361 AH and a member of the executive council of Darul Uloom Deoband in 1955, a post he served until his death.<ref name="mahbub" />{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=238}} Alongside [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]], he played a key role in establishing the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] and was appointed its first General Secretary on 28 December 1972, in the inception meeting.{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=217-218}} In 1964, he participated in the [[World Muslim Congress]] as a delegate of India.<ref name="mahbub" /> In 1945, Rahmani re-established the Jamia Rahmania, a well known [[madrassa]] in [[Munger]], [[India]].{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=237}}<ref name="2circles">{{cite news |title=Munger's Jamia Rahmani holds its biennial contests for students |url=http://twocircles.net/2008apr02/munger_s_jamia_rahmani_holds_its_biennial_contests_students.html |accessdate=27 August 2020 |work=[[Two Circles]] |date=2 April 2008}}</ref> He died on 20 March 1991.{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=214}}

==Legacy==
Rahmani's son [[Wali Rahmani]] established the [[Rahmani30]] and formerly served as the general secretary of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Officials of the AIMPLB |url=http://www.aimplboard.in/officers.php |website=aimplboard.in |publisher=[[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] |accessdate=27 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="rahmani">{{cite web |title=Rahmani Mission President |url=http://www.rahmanimission.info/president.html |website=www.rahmanimission.info |accessdate=27 August 2020}}</ref> Shah Imran Hasan wrote his biography ''Hayat-e Rahmani: Maulana Minnatullah Rahmani ki Zindagi ka Ilmi aur Tarikhi Mutala’a'' ({{langx|en|The Life of Rahmani: A Study of Maulana Minatullah Rahmani’s Scholarly and Historical Legacy}}) which has a foreword from [[Akhtarul Wasey]].<ref name="milli">{{cite news |author1=Mushtaq Ul Haq Ahmad Sikander |title=Book on Maulana Minnatullah Rahmani |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/13-books/6066-book-on-maulana-minnatullah-rahmani/ |accessdate=27 August 2020 |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |date=30 Jan 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Amini |first1=Noor Alam Khalil|author-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |title=Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah |publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=214–238 |edition=5 |date=February 2017 |language=Urdu |chapter=Mawlāna Jalīl-ul-Qadar Aalim-o-Qā'id Amīr-e-Shariat: Hadhrat Mawlāna Sayyid Minatullah Rahmani - Chand Yaadein|trans-chapter=The Great Scholar and Leader, Amīr-e-Shariat: Hadhrat Mawlāna Sayyid Minatullah Rahmani - Few Memories}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |authorlink1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title=History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |location=[[Deoband]] |date=1981|chapter=Maulana Sayyid Minat Allah Rahmani|pages=121–123}}
* {{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Azhar |first=Mohd |date=2005 |title=Maulana Minnatullah Rahmani: analytical study of his life and religio-intellectual contributions|url =https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/57173 |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University|hdl=10603/57173 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Nadvi |first1=Muḥammad Vaqāruddīn Lat̤īfī |title=Savāniḥ Ḥaẓrat Amīr-i Sharīʻat : Amīr-i Sharīʻat Ḥaẓrat Maulānā Minnatulláh Raḥmānī kī ḥayāt va k̲h̲idmāt |date=2018 |publisher=Maktaba Gyarah Sitare |location=[[Khagaria]] |language=Urdu}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahmani, Minnatullah}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Munger district]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]

Gas testing examination

2026-04-22T02:34:04Z

Legalwiki68: adding a info needs work

{{Short description|Indian examination for mining safety jobs}}
{{confusing|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Gas testing examination
|map = 
|map_size = 
|map_alt = 
|map_caption = 
|abbreviation = GT
|extinction = 
|type = [[Government of India]],
भारत सरकार
|status = 
|purpose = Obtaining Statutory Certificates from DGMS
|headquarters = D.G.M.S Dhanbad, India
|location = D.G.M.S Office
|coordinates = 
|region_served = [[India]]
|membership =
|language = 
|leader_title = 
|leader_name = 
|main_organ = 
|parent_organization = 
|affiliations = 
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website = [http://dgms.gov.in/ dgms.gov.in]
|remarks =
}}
The '''Directorate General of Mines Safety''' ('''DGMS''') (हिंदी: {{Lang|inc|खान सुरक्षा महानिदेशालय}}) is [[India]]'s Ministry for Mining Safety related with [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]]. DGMS held statutory examinations for First Class Mines Manager Competency Certificates, Second Class Mines Manager Competency Certificates, Overman, Foreman, Mines mate, Sardar, and Gas Testing Examination.<ref name="DGMS">[http:// DGMS Website]</ref> [[Gas]] Testing Certificate is necessary for applying for all statutory posts related to [[mining]].

==Need of Gas Testing Examination==

A person working below ground must have knowledge of mine gases and dealing with them. DGMS made this mandatory for passing this exam. All mine managers, over man, foreman, sardar who are applying for competency certificate they also have to submit Gas Testing Exam Passing Certificate with application form.<ref>http://gujaratmining.blogspot.com {{User-generated source|date=August 2022}}</ref> to secure their life for future.

==Procedure for Gas Testing Examination==
There are two examiners in this exam.
The whole exam is divided in two parts. One examiner will be a manager of mine and the other will be a mine inspector (DGMS).<ref name=BLOG>[http://gujaratmining.blogspot.com/2013/10/gas-testing-examination-procedure-with.html Gas Testing Examination Procedure]</ref>

===First Examiner (Manager of mine)===

# Method of gas testing in an underground mine
# Right method of checking methane by safety lamp.

===Second Examiner (Mining Inspector)===

# [[Flame safety lamp]] components and their [[Function (engineering)|functions]]
# Change in flame on different percentage of gas
# Rules and regulation related to Safety Lamp, Gases, etc.

==Qualification for appearing in Gas Testing Examination==
# Age must be more than 20 years
# He must have lamp handling certificate issued from VTC or any Underground Mine.
# He must have paid exam fee Rs. 300/- to DGMS by bharat kosh online tranjection
# Certificate of Age: he must have to submit age certificate i.e. SSC School Certificate
# Medical certificate form of fitness: Fitness certificate from doctor.
# Character certificate from colliery manager or principal or any government sector .<ref name=BLOG1>[http://gujaratmining.blogspot.com/2013/10/gas-testing-examination-procedure-with.html Gas testing Exam procedure with related form and documents]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://dgms.gov.in/ DGMS Official Website]
* [http://miningquiz.com/minegasqa.htm Mine Gas Questions and Answers and Practice Exams]
* [http://miningquiz.com/download/minegases.htm Mine Gas Properties and Facts]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mining techniques]]

Sananda Marndi

2026-04-21T04:12:54Z

Legalwiki68: new initial details w/ refs.

{{Short description|Politician from Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder

|
| name = Sananda Marndi
| image =
| image_size = 150px
| office = [[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]] of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2019
| predecessor = [[Lal Bihari Himirika]]
| successor = [[Rajanikant Singh]]
| office6 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency6 = [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Bariapada]]
| term_start6 = 2009
| term_end6 = 2019
| successor6 = [[Prakash Soren]]
| predecessor6 = Bimal Lochan Das
| constituency7 = [[Kuliana Assembly constituency|Kuliana]]
| term_start7 = 2004
| term_end7 = 2009
| successor7 = Assembly seat disestablished
| predecessor7 = [[Sudam Marndi]]
| parents = Gangadhar Marandi (father)
| spouse = Kajal Marandi
| children = 2 daughters
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|6|16}}
| education = B.A.
| birth_place = [[Mayurbhanj District|Mayurbhanj]], [[Odisha]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] (2009 onwards)
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (before 2009)
}}

'''Sananda Marndi''' is an Indian politician and agriculturist who served as Deputy Speaker of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 17 August 2011 to 29 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-16 |title=Sananda Marandi elected Odisha Assembly Deputy Speaker |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sananda-marandi-elected-odisha-assembly-deputy-speaker/articleshow/36659877.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-30 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on June 26, 1971 to Gangadhar Marandi. He is married to Kajal Marandi and has two daughters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2011 |title=Bio-Data of Hon'ble Deputy Speaker, Odisha Legislative Assembly |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/356.pdf |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[Government of Odisha]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]

Bhagyashri Borse

2026-04-20T19:20:50Z

Legalwiki68: Adding the post v1

{{short description|Indian actress }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhagyashri Borse
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Bhagyashri Borse
| birth_date = 06/05/2000
| birth_place = [[Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education = BMS (Degree in Business Management)
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2024–present
| known_for =
}}

'''Bhagyashri Borse''' is an Indian actress who appears primarily in [[South cinema|South]] films. After doing cameo appearances in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films ''[[Yaariyan 2]]'' (2023) and ''[[Chandu Champion]]'' (2024), she made her lead debut in South with the Telugu film ''[[Mr. Bachchan]]'' (2024) for which she has won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |date=2024-08-09 |title=Audience will love 'Mr Bachchan,' says heroine Bhagyashri Borse |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/audience-will-love-mr-bachchan-says-heroine-bhagyashri-borse-898252 |publisher=The Hans India}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |first=Mimansa |last= Shekhar |date=2025-07-31 |title=Who Is Kingdom Actress Bhagyashri Borse? Everything To Know About Vijay Deverakonda's Co-Star |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/kingdom-who-is-bhagyashri-borse-vijay-deverakonda-co-star-everything-to-know-movies-age-photos-article-152379918 |publisher=Times Now News}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Borse was born in [[Aurangabad]], now known as [[Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]], in [[Maharashtra, India]].<ref name="auto2"/> She lived in [[Lagos|Lagos, Nigeria]], for seven years during her schooling before moving back to India. She later studied business management (BMS) in [[Mumbai]] while pursuing modelling.<ref name="econtimes">{{cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Vijay Deverakonda's Kingdom actress Bhagyashri Borse lived in Nigeria for 7 years, did modelling in college |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/vijay-deverakondas-kingdom-actress-bhagyashri-borse-lived-in-nigeria-for-7-years-did-modelling-in-college-her-educational-qualifications-and-career/articleshow/123538041.cms |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bhagyashri made a cameo appearance in [[Hindi cinema]] with ''[[Yaariyan 2]]'' (2023) and ''[[Chandu Champion]]'' (2024).
She entered [[Telugu cinema]] with ''[[Mr. Bachchan]]'' (2024), directed by [[Harish Shankar]] and starring [[Ravi Teja]].<ref name="auto2"/> Bhagyashri’s performance in ''Mr. Bachchan'' received attention from critics. [[Cinema Express]] observed that director Harish Shankar “relies on commercial treatment but gives enough room for his female lead Bhagyashri Borse to shine.”<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-08-15 |title=Mr Bachchan movie review: It's Raj Kumar Gupta's Raid vs Harish Shankar's commercialism |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Aug/15/mr-bachchan-movie-review-its-raj-kumar-guptas-raid-vs-harish-shankars-commercialism |publisher=Cinema Express}}</ref> [[Deccan Chronicle]] later featured her among rising Telugu cinema talents, noting that her “transition from modelling to mainstream Telugu films has drawn strong audience recall.”<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-05-18 |title=From Telugu debut to Prabhas buzz: Bhagyashri's rising star |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/from-telugu-debut-to-prabhas-buzz-bhagyashris-rising-star-1876211 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Her breakthrough came with [[Kingdom (2025 film)|''Kingdom'']] (2025), an action thriller directed by [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]] and starring [[Vijay Deverakonda]], where she played a significant role.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/bhagyashri-borse-hints-at-being-part-of-vd-12-vijay-deverakondas-next-with-gowtam-tinnanuri-9474426/|title=Bhagyashri Borse hints at being part of VD 12, Vijay Deverakonda's next with Gowtam Tinnanuri|date=July 25, 2024}}</ref> She was later seen as a lead alongside [[Ram Pothineni]] in ''[[Andhra King Taluka]]'', and also opposite [[Dulquer Salmaan]] in her Tamil debut film ''[[Kaantha]]'', for which she gained a lot of praise as the audience called her the new age Mahanati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/was-impossible-not-to-be-moved-by-the-energy-dulquer-brings-in-bhagyashri-borse/articleshow/123231791.cms|title=Was impossible not to be moved by the energy Dulquer brings in: Bhagyashri Borse|date=August 11, 2025|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2023
|''[[Yaariyan 2]]''
|Raaji
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
| rowspan="2" | Cameo
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Chandu Champion]]''
|Nayantara
|-
|''[[Mr. Bachchan]]''
|Jikki
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]''
|Dr. Madhu
|
|-
|''[[Kaantha]]''
|Kumari
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
|''[[Andhra King Taluka]]''
|Mahalaxmi
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |date=2025-11-26 |title=Big Day For Bhagyashri Borse Tomorrow |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/383671/big-day-for-bhagyashri-borse-tomorrow |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Gulte |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2026
| {{pending film|[[Lenin (2026 film)|Lenin]]}}
|Bharathi
|
|-
| {{pending film|[[Seyon (2026 film)|Seyon]]}}
|
|Tamil
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{imdbname|15134235}}
* {{Facebook|BhagyashriiBorse}}
* {{Instagram|BhagyashriiBorse}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Borse, Bhagyashri}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

Braja Kishore Goswami

2026-04-19T00:37:30Z

Legalwiki68: adding first entry more to come - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Santipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Santipur]]
| predecessor = [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1988|12|03}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]]
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater = [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in [[Political Science]], [[University of Kalyani|Kalyani University]]
| profession = Social Worker
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Braja Kishore Goswami''' (born 3 December 1988){{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} is an Indian politician who currently serves as a [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Santipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Santipur constituency]] in [[West Bengal]]. He is also a prominent social reformer and religious glory of [[Shantipur]] in [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=2267 | title=West Bengal 2021 by-election Braja Kishore Goswami (Winner) Santipur | work=myneta.info | access-date= 8 April 2022}}</ref> He is one of the youngest educated political leaders of West Bengal.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Personal life==
Goswami is the son of Mr. Prashanta Kumar Goswami. He did his schooling at Bhushan Das Shishu Niketan School at Shantipur. Later, he completed his MA in political science from [[Kalyani University]] in Kolkata in 2012.<ref name=":0" /> His mother, Shankari Goswami, is a housewife. Pravupada Shanti Sokha Goswami, his grandfather was a prominent religious figure as well as a social reformer.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Political career==
He won the 2021 by-election held 30 October 2021 from the Santipur Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress and defeated his nearest rival, Niranjan Biswas.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/south-bengal/tmc-wins-west-bengal-by-poll-braja-kishore-goswami-wins-santipur-by-election-2021-sanj-683557.html| title=TMC Wins West Bengal bypolls 2021| work=bengali.news18.com | date=2 November 2021| access-date= 8 April 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.wbassembly.gov.in/ West Bengal Legislative Assembly]
{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Braja Kishore}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nadia district]]
[[Category:University of Kalyani alumni]]

Tally Solutions

2026-04-16T18:30:27Z

Legalwiki68: new initial data more to come

{{Short description|Indian multinational technology company}}
{{Promotional|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tally Solutions
| logo = Tally - Logo.png
| logo_size = 280px
| trading_name = Tally
| type = [[Private company limited by shares|Private]]
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Accounting software]]
*[[Inventory management software|Inventory software]]
*[[Enterprise resource planning|ERP software]]}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|1986|df=yes}} as Peutronics Financial Accountant
| founders = {{plainlist|
*[[Shyam Sunder Goenka]]
*[[Bharat Goenka]]}}
| key_people = Tejas Goenka (Managing Director) Sheela Goenka (Chairperson) Nupur Goenka (Executive Director) Amrish Kumar Jain (CIO)
| products = TallyPrime TSS (Tally Software Service) Tally.ERP 9 Tally.Server 9 Tally.Developer 9 Shoper 9
| num_employees = 
| location_city = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|578|c}} (FY23)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kannan |first1=Uma |title=India is an inviting market for those who build tech the right way: Tally MD |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2024/Jun/17/india-is-an-inviting-market-for-those-who-build-tech-the-right-way-tally-md |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|https://tallysolutions.com/}}
}}

'''Tally Solutions''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company]] that provides [[enterprise resource planning]] software. It is headquartered in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Purandare |first=Kunal |date=2022-03-04 |title=Tally Solutions: Creating A Culture Of Care |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india039s-best-employers-2022/tally-solutions-creating-a-culture-of-care/74197/1 |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Tally Solutions was co-founded in 1986 by [[Shyam Sunder Goenka]] and his son [[Bharat Goenka]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=26204032&privcapId=21842119|title=Executive Profile: Bharat Goenka |publisher=bloomberg.com |access-date=2016-07-04}}</ref> after the family's cotton business was destroyed by fire.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bhakata |first=Pratik |date=2020-03-10 |title=Tally dreams big: India's top accounting software is all set to expand into retail |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tally-dreams-big-indias-top-accounting-software-is-all-set-to-expand-into-retail-5018221.html |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tally-tries-to-reach-for-the-stars-112010500087_1.html|title=Tally tries to reach for the stars|last=Mishra|first=Bibhu Ranjan|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=5 January 2012|access-date=2016-06-29}}</ref> It began as Peutronics Financial Accountant, an accounting software application.<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-01-08 |title=Bharat Goenka(Tally Solutions) talks to us about the company's 'stubborn' decision to stay focussed on products |url=http://pn.ispirt.in/bharat-goenkatally-solutions-talks-to-us-about-the-companys-stubborn-decision-to-stay-focussed-on-products/ |access-date=2016-07-04 |publisher=ispirit.in}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The company was incorporated on November 8, 1991, and was renamed Tally Solutions in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Rucha |date=2021-03-24 |title=India's Best Employers: Tally Solutions, Going Back To The Drawing Board |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india039s-best-employers-2021/indias-best-employers-tally-solutions-going-back-to-the-drawing-board/67125/1 |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Talgeri |first1=Kunal |date=27 February 2018 |title=How India's oldest accounting software got a new lease of life after GST |work=Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/how-indias-oldest-accounting-software-got-a-new-lease-of-life-after-gst/articleshow/63089299.cms |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref>

Shyam Sundar Goenka was running a company that supplied raw materials and machine parts to plants and textile mills in southern and eastern India. Unable to find software that could manage his books of accounts, he asked his son, Bharat Goenka, 23, a Maths graduate<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-02-28/news/27506141_1_bharat-goenka-tally-solutions-sme|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019153520/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-02-28/news/27506141_1_bharat-goenka-tally-solutions-sme|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2013|title= Tally Solutions: a calculated move |publisher=indiatimes.com |date=2005-02-28 |access-date=2016-07-04}}</ref> to create a software application that would handle financial accounts for his business.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-22/news/29804196_1_tally-solutions-coding-indian-software|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414112313/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-22/news/29804196_1_tally-solutions-coding-indian-software|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2012|title=Bharat Goenka discusses his dream of building Tally into a $1 bn company by 2015 |publisher=indiatimes.com |date= 2011-07-22|access-date=2016-07-04}}</ref> The first version of the accounting software was launched as an MS-DOS application. It had only basic accounting functions, and was named Peutronics Financial Accountant.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tally dreams big: India’s top accounting software is all set to expand into retail |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tally-dreams-big-indias-top-accounting-software-is-all-set-to-expand-into-retail-5018221.html |work=Moneycontrol |publisher=Network18 Media & Investments Ltd. |author=Pratik Bhakta |date=10 March 2020 |access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref>

In 2006, Tally launched Tally 8.1, a concurrent multi-lingual version, and also Tally 9.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tally Offers Multilingual Support With Tally 8.1 |url=https://channeltimes.com/tally-offers-multilingual-support-with-tally-81 |work=ChannelTimes |publisher=ChannelTimes |date=27 July 2006 |access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref> In 2009, the company released Tally. ERP 9, a business management solution<ref name="hindubusinessline">{{cite web |date=2014-02-18 |title=Tally launches Tally.ERP 9 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/tally-launches-tallyerp-9/article23124493.ece |access-date=2016-07-04 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref>

In 2015, the company launched a program called Vriddhi to certify and classify its business partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Tally-Solutions-launched-new-channel-partner-programme/articleshow/46507267.cms|title= Tally Solutions launched new channel partner programme|publisher=indiatimes.com |date=2015-03-09 |access-date=2016-07-04}}</ref> Also in 2015, Tally Solutions announced the launch of Tally. ERP 9 Release 5.0 with taxation and compliance features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelworld.in/news/tally-solutions-set-to-transform-business-taxation|title=Tally Solutions Set to Transform Business Taxation|website=ChannelWorld India|access-date=2017-06-29|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607115022/http://www.channelworld.in/news/tally-solutions-set-to-transform-business-taxation|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, Tally Solutions was shortlisted as a GST Suvidha Provider to provide interface between the new [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax (GST)]] server and taxpayers, and in 2017, the company launched its updated GST compliance software.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/security-tech/technology/tally-solutions-launchesgst-compliance-software/articleshow/59271199.cms|title=Tally Solutions launches GST compliance software|last=Tyagi|first=Chhavi|date=2017-06-22|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/tcs-deloitte-ey-among-34-cos-shortlisted-for-providing-gst-interface/article9419453.ece|title=TCS, Deloitte, EY among 34 cos shortlisted for providing GST interface|last=PTI|date=2016-12-09|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=2017-06-29|language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, the company released TallyPrime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Tally-Solutions-launches-next-gen-business-management-software-TallyPrime/06-11-2020-339862/|title = Tally Solutions launches next gen business management software - TallyPrime}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tally-launches-tally-prime-to-help-small-businesses-innovate-faster-6072481.html|title=Tally launches Tally Prime to help small businesses innovate faster}}</ref> In 2022, they introduced TallyPrime Edit Log.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=TallyPrime Edit Log to assist firms under MCA to comply with audit trail mandate |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/tallyprime-edit-log-to-assist-firms-under-mca-to-comply-with-audit-trail-mandate |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Products and services ==
[[File:TallyPrime Logo.jpg|200px|thumb|TallyPrime logo]]Tally Solutions sells enterprise resource software and business management software to [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|SMEs]] (small and medium-sized business enterprises). The company's flagship product, Tally.ERP 9, was replaced by '''TallyPrime''' in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-12-16 |title=TallyPrime Replaces Tally.ERP 9 as Tally's Flagship Software |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/tallyprime-replaces-tally-erp-9-as-tallys-flagship-software/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, they worked with more than 28,000 partners.<ref name=":0" /> Tally Solutions has collaborated with Amazon Web Services to make TallyPrime available on the [[Amazon Web Services|AWS]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tally Solutions partners with Amazon Web Services for 'TallyPrime' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/tally-solutions-partners-with-amazon-web-services-for-tallyprime/articleshow/88522181.cms |access-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It was launched in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-27 |title=Tally Solutions partners with Amazon Web Services for 'TallyPrime' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tally-solutions-partners-with-amazon-web-services-for-tallyprime/articleshow/88521595.cms |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Products also include Shoper 9, which is a retail management software.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{ERP software}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.tallysolutions.com}}

[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:ERP software companies]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Accounting software]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Susanta Kumar Behera

2026-04-16T08:05:55Z

Legalwiki68: new the biography v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Susanta Kumar Behera
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2024
| successor = Agasti Behera
| predecessor = Khageswar Behera
| constituency = [[Chhendipada (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhendipada]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|03|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chhendipada]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]
| profession =
| spouse =
}}

'''Susanta Kumar Behera''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a two time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Chhendipada Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhendipada Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Chhendipada Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/chhendipada-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Chhendipada Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chhendipada-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916500.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Behera, Susanta Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Orient Airways

2026-04-16T06:39:41Z

Legalwiki68: creating post

{{Short description|Defunct airline of Pakistan (1947–1955)}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = Orient Airways
| image = Orient airways.jpg
| caption =
| IATA = -
| ICAO = -
| callsign = ORIENT
| founded = 29 October 1946
| commenced = 4 June 1947
| ceased = 11 March 1955
*Merged into [[Pakistan International Airlines]]
| bases = {{hlist|[[Karachi]]|[[Dacca]]|[[Azad Jammu Kashmir]]}}
| aoc =
| hubs = 
| focus_cities =
| frequent_flyer =
| fleet_size = 10 [[Douglas DC-3]] 3 [[Convair 240]]
| destinations = 
| parent =
| num_employees =
| headquarters = [[Karachi]], Pakistan
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Mirza Ahmad Ispahani]] (Chairman)|[[Mirza Abol Hassan Ispahani]] (Managing Director)|Captain T. Neville Stack (General Manager)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://karachiandthecrown.blogspot.com/2013/08/airlines-orient-airways.html |title=History of Orient Airways |access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Orient Airways Ltd.''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|اورینٹ ایَیر ویز لمیٹڈ}}}}) was an airline established in 1946 with its base in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal]], [[British India]]. The airline shifted operations to the newly independent state of [[Pakistan]] in 1947,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://labs1.tribune.com.pk/pia-descent/|title=PIA's Seventy Year Long Descent|work=The Express Tribune|first=Saad|last=Hasan|date=23 May 2016|access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> and was rechristened as [[Pakistan International Airlines]] in March 1955.<ref name="Lynch1984">{{cite book|author=James J Lynch|title=Airline Organization in the 1980s: An Industry Report on Strategies and Structures for Coping withChange|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZOvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|date=11 November 1984|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-07630-7|pages=98–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Sánchez-Triana |first=Ernesto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OUISAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205 |title=Greening Growth in Pakistan through Transport Sector Reforms: A Strategic Environmental, Poverty, and Social Assessment |author2=Javaid Afzal |author3=Dan Biller |author4=Sohail Malik |date=18 July 2013 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-9930-9 |pages=205–}}</ref> It was the first and only [[Muslim]] owned airline in [[British Raj]] and flew from 1947 to 1955.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/events/pml/review9.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207071749/http://www.dawn.com/events/pml/review9.htm|title=Formation of Muslim-owned economic institutions: 1940-1947|archive-date=7 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piac.com.pk/pia_about/pia-about_history.asp |title= Pakistani International Airlines: About PIA – History |access-date= 20 March 2014 }}</ref>

==History==
The airline was registered in Calcutta, [[British Raj]] on 23 October 1946.<ref name="sc">[http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/HR_Cases/9th%20final/CA172-175,177-182-Kof2009.pdf Civil Appeal nos 172K to 175K, 177K to 182 K of 2009] Judgement of the Supreme Court of Pakistan p. 6. Retrieved 31 October 2015</ref> The initial investment was provided by the Ispahani, Adamjee, and the Arag group.<ref name=" sc"/> [[Mirza Ahmad Ispahani]], being its first chairman, and Air Vice-Marshal O.K. Carter, the general manager, obtained an operating license in May 1947. Four Douglas DC-3s were obtained from [[Temple, Texas]] in February 1947 and operations first started on 4 June 1947.<ref name=" sc"/>

Orient Airways, along with the help of some chartered [[BOAC]] aircraft, started relief operations and transportation of the population between [[Delhi]] and [[Karachi]], the capitals of India and Pakistan, respectively. Later, Orient Airways transferred its base to [[Pakistan]] and established the vital link between Karachi and [[Dhaka]] (Dacca). With a skeleton fleet of just two DC-3s, three crew, and twelve mechanics, Orient Airways re-launched its scheduled operations. The initial routes were [[Karachi]]-[[Lahore]]-[[Peshawar]], [[Karachi]]-[[Quetta]]-[[Lahore]], and [[Karachi]]-[[Delhi]]-[[Kolkata]]-[[Dhaka]]. By the end of 1949, Orient Airways had acquired 10 [[DC-3]]s and three [[Convair 240]]s which it operated on these particular routes. In 1950, it had become increasingly apparent that additional capacity was needed to cater to the growing needs of the population.

On 11 March 1955, the government of Pakistan merged Orient Airways with other airlines to form [[Pakistan International Airlines]].

== Livery ==
Orient Airways aircraft had a green strip with the word "Orient Airways" or "Orient Skyliner". The tail was marked with the flag of Pakistan after the [[Partition of India|independence]] on 14 August 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DOrient%2BAirways%26b%3D81%26ni%3D20%26ei%3Dutf-8%26y%3DSearch%26xargs%3D0%26pstart%3D1%26fr%3Dmoz35&w=625&h=435&imgurl=www.edcoatescollection.com%2Fac5%2FROW%2520Asia%2FAP-AEF.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edcoatescollection.com%2Fac5%2FROW%2520Asia%2FAP-AEF.html&size=34k&name=AP+AEF+jpg&p=Orient+Airways&oid=768403fffad695f6&fr2=&no=86&tt=325&b=81&ni=20&sigr=11srljr5j&sigi=11khmu5si&sigb= |title=<nowiki>Image Detail for: http://www.edcoatescollection.com/ac5/ROW%20Asia/AP-AEF.jpg</nowiki> |publisher=Images.search.yahoo.com |access-date=4 March 2012}}</ref>

== Fleet ==
[[File:Convair 240 N90836 A-1417 (8870893826).jpg|thumb|Orient Airways [[Convair CV-240 family|Convair CV-240]] circa 1947]]

Orient Airways aircraft fleet consisted of the following aircraft. The aircraft had only Economy Class.<ref name="auto"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center; margin: 1em auto;"
|+
!Aircraft
!In service
!Orders
!Passengers
!Notes
|-
|[[Convair CV-240 family|Convair CV-240]]-5
|3
|—
|40
| rowspan="3" |All aircraft are added into [[Pakistan International Airlines]].
|-
|[[Douglas DC-3]]
|10
|—
|25
|-
|Total
| 13
|—
|
|}

=== Former fleet ===
[[File:Orient airways aircraft crashed on 13th October 1950 is now a cofee shop..jpg|thumb|Orient Airways' crashed [[Douglas DC-3]] is now a coffee shop at the [[Shangrila Resort]] in [[Skardu]]. Circa 1953.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center; margin: 1em auto;"
|+
!Aircraft
!Total
!Introduced
!Retired
!Status
|-
|[[Douglas DC-3]]
|1
|1947
|1953
|1-crashed
|}

== Services ==

=== Routes ===
The following return routes were advised by the board (1948):<ref name="auto"/>

* Karachi-Quetta-Lahore
* Karachi-Lahore-Rawalpindi-Peshawar
* Karachi-Delhi-Allahabad-Calcutta-Dacca-Chittagong
* Karachi-Ahmedabad-Bombay
* Karachi-Quetta-Zahidan-Meshad-Tehran<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1948/1948%20-%201030.html |title=History of Orient Airways|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Other routes operating ===

* Karachi-Dacca-Delhi-Karachi (daily service since March 1952)
* Karachi-Dacca via Lahore (not sure if it stopped in Lahore on both legs)
* Karachi-Multan-Lahore & return (1952)
* Karachi-Delhi-Calcutta-?? (1949)

=== Airmail ===
Orient Airways was the designated local carrier for airmail throughout the country. It also carried mail to India. Its services to Dacca were supplemented by BOACs.

== Accidents and incidents ==
Orient Airways experienced has lost only two aircraft in crashes in 1952 and 1953 respectively.<ref name="auto"/>

'''1950s'''

* In October 1952, an Orient Airways cargo flight from Karachi to Dacca was crashed. One of three was killed in this crash.
* On Monday 3 August 1953, the [[Douglas DC-3]] registered AP-AAD was operating on a hajj flight, carrying pilgrims from [[Karachi]] to [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]] via [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]] and [[Bahrain International Airport|Bahrain]]. The leg to Bahrain was to be flown by the first officer from the left-hand seat. Shortly after takeoff the aircraft entered a steep descending turn. The captain took over control but could not recover the aircraft. The Douglas DC-3 struck the ground. One of 25 was killed in this crash. "The accident resulted from the loss of control of the aircraft by the first officer shortly after taking off on a dark night when instrument flying was necessary. This loss of control was due to the inability of the first officer to fly on instruments. The responsibility for the accident is attributed to the captain for failing to supervise the piloting of the aircraft by the first officer."{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Adamjee Group]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Airlines of Pakistan}}
{{Pakistan International Airlines}}

[[Category:Defunct airlines of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1947]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 1955]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Pakistan International Airlines]]
[[Category:1955 disestablishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mergers and acquisitions of Pakistani companies]]
[[Category:1955 mergers and acquisitions]]

Chandipur, Tripura Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:02Z

Legalwiki68: adding the post and citations - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandipur
| mla = [[Tinku Roy]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Unakoti district|Unakoti]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:46705}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Chandipur, Tripura Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 52
}}

'''Chandipur Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[Unakoti district]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Tinku Roy]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|5}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Manindralal Bhowmik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=5 | Baidyanath Majumdar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=9}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=4 | Tapan Chakraborty
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Tinku Roy]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandipur<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tinku Roy]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,395 |percentage=42.68% |change={{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishnendu Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,818 |percentage=41.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjan Singha |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=5,379 |percentage=13.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=587 |percentage=1.44% |change={{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bidyut Bikas Sinha |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=582 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=577 |percentage=1.42% |change= {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,761 |percentage=87.61% |change= {{decrease}}3.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,705 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}4.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=18,545 |percentage=47.48% |change={{decrease}}10.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaberi Singha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,143 |percentage=46.45% |change={{increase}}44.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmalendu Deb |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,025 |percentage=2.62% |change={{decrease}}34.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=432 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dasarath Sarkar |party=Independent politician |votes=214 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=402 |percentage=1.03% |change= {{decrease}}20.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,057 |percentage=90.22% |change= {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,974 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}10.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,009 |percentage=58.43% |change={{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmalendu Deb |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,380 |percentage=37.21% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjan Sinha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=643 |percentage=1.79% |change={{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rudra Kanta Sinha |party=Independent politician |votes=533 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chiranjib Bhattacharjee |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=391 |percentage=1.09% |change={{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,629 |percentage=21.22% |change= {{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,956 |percentage=91.92% |change= {{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,170 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,565 |percentage=56.44% |change={{increase}}0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rudrendu Bhattacharjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,531 |percentage=37.05% |change={{decrease}}3.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaberi Sinha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=834 |percentage=2.68% |change={{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rudra Kanta Sinha |party=Independent politician |votes=514 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chiranjib Bhattacharjee |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=451 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhendu Das |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=226 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,034 |percentage=19.39% |change= {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,121 |percentage=92.38% |change= {{increase}}9.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,736 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}0.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,010 |percentage=55.72% |change={{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debasish Sen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,277 |percentage=40.88% |change={{increase}}2.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debasish Urang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=357 |percentage=1.42% |change={{decrease}}5.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhacharan Singha |party=Independent politician |votes=295 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,733 |percentage=14.85% |change= {{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,142 |percentage=82.56% |change= {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,474 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baidyanath Majumdar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,553 |percentage=55.20% |change={{decrease}}3.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debasish Sen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,630 |percentage=37.95% |change={{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Debroy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,556 |percentage=6.84% |change={{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,923 |percentage=17.25% |change= {{decrease}}5.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,739 |percentage=83.91% |change= {{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,613 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baidyanath Majumdar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,656 |percentage=58.43% |change={{increase}}5.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirode Baran Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,662 |percentage=35.38% |change={{decrease}}9.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Deb Roy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=661 |percentage=3.05% |change={{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhacharan Singha |party=Independent politician |votes=367 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babul Mia |party=Independent politician |votes=135 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,994 |percentage=23.06% |change= {{increase}}14.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,659 |percentage=83.41% |change= {{decrease}}8.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,383 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}5.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baidyanath Majumdar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,128 |percentage=53.38% |change={{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debasish Sen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,516 |percentage=44.89% |change={{increase}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagendra Chakraborty |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=248 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,612 |percentage=8.50% |change= {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,972 |percentage=91.75% |change= {{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,902 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baidyanath Majumdar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,066 |percentage=54.64% |change={{decrease}}9.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birajit Sinha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,398 |percentage=44.59% |change={{increase}}21.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harekrishna Das |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,668 |percentage=10.05% |change= {{decrease}}31.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,591 |percentage=88.38% |change= {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,972 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baidyanath Majumdar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,197 |percentage=64.38% |change={{increase}}19.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manindralal Bhowmik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,260 |percentage=22.82% |change={{decrease}}26.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jatish Chandra Bhattacharji |party=Janata Party |votes=857 |percentage=6.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haridas Singh |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=780 |percentage=5.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nandalal Singha |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=172 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,937 |percentage=41.56% |change= {{increase}}37.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,285 |percentage=82.56% |change= {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,577 |ref = |change= {{increase}}91.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manindralal Bhowmik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,418 |percentage=48.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baidyanath Majumdar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,138 |percentage=44.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendrra Baidya |party=Independent politician |votes=428 |percentage=6.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=280 |percentage=4.01% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,984 |percentage=77.71% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,168 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Unakoti district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|24.31|91.99|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

[[Category:Unakoti district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tripura]]

Indian Idol (Hindi TV series) season 15

2026-04-14T08:01:03Z

Legalwiki68: Created new pg

{{Short description|Indian reality TV show}}
{{Full citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox television season
| italic_title =
| bg_colour = #0057AF
| season_number = 15
| image = Indian Idol 15 Poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster featuring the judges, Badshah, Ghoshal and Dadlani.
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
* [[Vishal Dadlani]]
* [[Neeti Mohan]] {{small|(guest)}}
}}
| host = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aditya Narayan]]
* Pawandeep Rajan {{small|(guest)}}
* Mohd. Danish {{small|(guest)}}
* [[Abhijeet Sawant]] {{small|(guest)}}
* [[Meiyang Chang]] {{small|(guest)}}
}}
| num_contestants = 16
| winner = Manasi Ghosh
| runner_up = Subhajit Chakraborty
}}
| num_episodes = 48
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|10|26|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|04|06|df=y}}
}}
The fifteenth season of ''[[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|Indian Idol]]'' premiered in late 2024, on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. After being replaced for a year, [[Aditya Narayan]] returned as host,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-29 |title=Exclusive! Aditya Narayan is back to host Indian Idol 15 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-aditya-narayan-is-back-to-host-indian-idol-15/articleshow/112899669.cms |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> while [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Vishal Dadlani]] returned as judges, along with [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] replacing [[Kumar Sanu]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Badshah to judge Indian Idol 15 with Shreya Ghoshal, Vishal Dadlani. Watch promo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/badshah-to-judge-indian-idol-15-with-shreya-ghoshal-vishal-dadlani-watch-promo-2605445-2024-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Indian Idol 15: Badshah Replaces Kumar Sanu, Joins Shreya Ghoshal-Vishal Dadlani As Judge |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/indian-idol-15-badshah-replaces-kumar-sanu-joins-shreya-ghoshal-vishal-dadlani-as-judge-article-113625369 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

The grand finale aired on 5 and 6 April 2025, with Manasi Ghosh declared as the winner, Subhajit Chakraborty became the runner-up and Sneha Shankar being at the third place.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manasi Ghosh wins Indian Idol 15, says she has already recorded her first Bollywood song: ‘It's a duet song with Lalit Pandit and Shaan’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kolkatas-manasi-ghosh-wins-indian-idol-15-9928020/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=6 April 2025}}</ref> The cheques of ₹25,00,000 and ₹5,00,000 to the winner and both runners-up respectively. Along with that, the winner received [[Suzuki Dzire]] from [[Maruti Suzuki]] and the coveted trophy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Soumya |title=Indian Idol season 15 winner is Manasi Ghosh, takes home trophy and ₹25 lakh prize money |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/indian-idol-season-15-winner-is-manasi-ghosh-takes-home-trophy-and-rs-25-lakh-prize-money-101743966467715.html |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 April 2025}}</ref>

The fourth places finishers, Priyangshu Dutta and Chaitanya Devadhe Mauli also received a cheque of ₹3,00,000 each.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manasi Ghosh wins ‘Indian Idol’ Season 15; Subhajit Chakraborty and Sneha Shankar take second and third positions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/manasi-ghosh-wins-indian-idol-season-15-subhajit-chakraborty-and-sneha-shankar-take-second-and-third-positions/article69421998.ece |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 April 2025}}</ref>

==Auditions==
Remote auditions took place from 18 August to 31 August 2024, as well as a number of open-call auditions, and from these, the producers selected the contestants who were then invited to audition in front of the judges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auditions for Indian Idol Season 15 to begin soon, announces Shreya Ghoshal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/auditions-for-indian-idol-season-15-to-begin-soon-announces-shreya-ghoshal/cid/2042708}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center"
|+''Indian Idol'' (season 15) – regional auditions
! scope="col" |City
! scope="col" |Audition Date
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Venue
|-
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|18 August 2024
|P.B. Academic School
|-
|[[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
|20 August 2024
|Nerim Group of Institutions
|-
|[[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|25 August 2024
|JBM Global School
|-
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|31 August 2024
|Pawar Public School
|}To mark 20 years of ''Indian Idol'', the platinum mic<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DAnjX6WP4LF/?igsh=aHkwbGpieGJ5OGdh |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> was introduced that guarantees the contestant a position in Top 15. Each judge could give only 1 platinum mic. The platinum mics were given to Srijan Porail, Mayuri Saha and Sneha Shankar by Dadlani, Ghoshal and Badshah respectively. Golden tickets were continued, and were given 31 in total, but the golden mic was discontinued.

Also, during the judges' audition, the traditional "sticker" of contestant's serial number was replaced with a new "identity card" as shown in the promo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Idol Promo | work=X (formerly Twitter) |url=https://x.com/SonyTV/status/1842135072322859325?t=Z06QTRtNla_Sk_za5dBz1Q&s=19}}</ref> This season the judges were also given headphones to hear the raw voice of singers, without any instruments and processing.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Theatre round==
The Theatre round featured the top 31 golden ticket holder contestants performing for the judges. This round was filmed on X, at the Lata Mangeshkar Auditorium, and aired on 9 and 10 November 2024. The judges then narrowed the number of contestants down to 15, including the platinum mic holders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06 |title=In an Intense Theatre Round, Contestants Myscmme and Manasi Deliver Power-Packed Performances on Indian Idol 15 |url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/in-an-intense-theatre-round-contestants-myscmme-and-manasi-deliver-power-packed-performances-on-indian-idol-15#google_vignette |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Cityairnews |language=en}}</ref>

This year the contestants performed in batches, as picked by the judges according to genre.

[[Neeti Mohan]] served as the guest judge and mentor in absence of [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], and Pawandeep Rajan and Mohd. Danish served as guest hosts in absence of [[Aditya Narayan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhakal |first=Anjana |date=2024-11-04 |title=Tough Competition on Indian Idol 15 as Contestants Battle for Top 15 Spots! |url=https://www.starbiopic.com/television/tough-competition-on-indian-idol-15-as-contestants-battle-for-top-15-spots/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Starbiopic |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DCCEdxAPgUw/?igsh=MWt4bWMwbDduc2l2eQ== |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

The following is a list of the contestants and the song they performed. Contestants are listed in the order they performed.

'''Color key:'''
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 90%; white-space: nowrap;"
|{{legend|#FDFC8F|This contestant advanced to top 15.}}
|-
|{{legend|#FF91A4|This contestant was eliminated.}}
|}

{|
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Day 1 (9 November)
! scope="col" |Contestant
!Batch No.
! scope="col" |Song
!Result
|-
|Shuja Gowhar
| rowspan="2" |1
|"Kurbaan Hua"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Elimimated
|-
|Lakshya Mehta
|"[[Bekhayali]]"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|-
|Subhajit Chakraborty
| rowspan="3" |2
|"Surili Akhiyon Wale" & "Majhi Re"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Radha Shrivastava
|"Main Aayi Hoon U.P. Bihar Lootne"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|-
|Chaitanya Devade
|"Khel Mandala" & "Malhari"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Saloni Saaz
|3
|"Mere Maula Karam Ho Karam"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|-
|Ranjini Sen Gupta
| rowspan="2" |4
|"Achha Ji Main Haari Chalo"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Neha Dixit
|"Bahon Mein Chale Aao"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|-
|Jyotiprakash Ojha
|5
|"[[Albela Sajan Aayo Re]]"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Ritika Raj
|rowspan="2"|6
|"[[Paan Khaye Saiyan Hamaro|Paan Khaye Saiyan Hamarao]]"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Prativa Dutta
|"Agar Tum Sath Ho"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|-
| scope="row"| Ipsit Pati
|7
|"[[Janam Janam]]"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Vastav Kumar
| rowspan="2" |8
|"Oopar Khuda Aasman Neeche"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Mansi Sisodiya
|"[[Sajdaa]]"
|style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|}
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Day 2 (10 November)
| scope="col" |Contestant
|Batch No.
| scope="col" |Song
| scope="col" |Result
|-
|Biswarup Banerjee
| rowspan="2" |1
|"Satrangi Re"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
| Priyangshu Dutta
|"Tadap Tadap"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Ayushman Chaudhary
| rowspan="2" |2
|"Satranga"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Elimimated
|-
|Sudhanshu Khare
|"Sajni Re"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|-
|Myscmme Bosu
| rowspan="2" |3
|"Silsila Ye Chahat Diya"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Manasi Ghosh
|"Aa Zara"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Dilraj Singh
|4
|"Main Nikla Gaddi Leke"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Elimimated
|-
|Haarshita Medhi
| rowspan="2" |5
|"Daiya Yeh Main Kaha Phasi"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Elimimated
|-
|Ragini Shinde
|"Bada Dukh Dina O Ramji"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Poushali Bhattacharya
| rowspan="2" |6
|"Jawani Janeman"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Elimimated
|-
|Inayat Bajaj Kaur
|"Girls Like To Swing"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|-
|Anirudh Suswaram
|7
|"Soona Soona"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Vishnumaya Ramesh
| rowspan="2" |8
|"Kehna Hi Kya"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|-
|Kritwika Chakraborty
|"Pyar Hua Chupke Se"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|-
|Tajinder Singh
|9
|"Vida Karo"
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|-
|Manav Heera
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''Not Telecasted''
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|-
|Abid Khan Langa
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Elimimated
|}
|}

==Top 16 contestants==
The contestant who made past the theater round or got the platinum mic in the auditions, are listed below as follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Contestant
! Status
|-
!Manasi Ghosh
| style="background:gold" |'''Winner''' {{small|on 6 April 2025}}
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
| style="background:silver" |Runner-up {{small|on 6 April 2025}}
|-
!Sneha Shankar
| style="background:tan" |Third place {{small|on 6 April 2025}}
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe (Mauli)
| rowspan="2" style="background:#EAE4B6" |Fourth places {{small|on 6 April 2025}}
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
|-
!Anirudh Suswaram
| style="background:#E4E2F9" |Sixth place {{small|on 5 April 2025}}
|-
!Myscmme Bosu
| style="background:#FF91A4" |Eliminated {{small|on 22 March 2025}}
|-
!Ragini Shinde
| style="background:#FF91A4" |Eliminated {{small|on 22 March 2025}}
|-
!Biswarup Banerjee
|style="background:#FF91A4" |Eliminated {{small|on 9 March 2025}}
|-
!Ritika Raj
| style="background:#FF91A4" |Eliminated {{small|on 9 March 2025}}
|-
!Mayuri Saha
|style="background:#FF91A4" |Eliminated {{small|on 23 February 2025}}
|-
!Ranjini Sen Gupta
|style="background:#FF91A4" |Eliminated {{small|on 26 January 2025}}
|-
!Srijan Porail
|style="background:#FF91A4" |Eliminated {{small|on 12 January 2025}}
|-
!Jyotiprakash Ojha
|style="background:#FF91A4" |Eliminated {{small|on 29 December 2024}}
|-
!Vastav Kumar
|style="background:#FF91A4" |Eliminated {{small|on 15 December 2024}}
|-
!Ipsit Pati
|style="background:#FF91A4" |Eliminated {{small|on 1 December 2024}}
|}

==Gala rounds==
After the theater round, every week all the contestants performing in the gala and are eliminated on a weekly basis.

The gala rounds were filmed at the P3 Infotech Film Studio.

'''Colour Key:'''
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 90%; white-space: nowrap;"
|-
|{{legend|#FDFC8F|This contestant was saved by the judges' scores.}}
|-
|{{legend|#e0f0ff|This contestant was in the bottom two or three as per judges scores.}}
|-
|{{legend|#FF91A4|This contestant was eliminated.}}
|-
|{{legend|gold|This contestant won ''Indian Idol''.}}
|-
|{{legend|silver|This contestant was the runner-up.}}
|-
|{{legend|tan|This contestant finished in third place.}}
|-
|{{legend|#EAE4B6|This contestant finished in fourth place.}}
|-
|{{legend|#E4E2F9|This contestant finished in sixth place.}}
|}
===Gala 1 : Top 16 – The Grand Musical Explosion===
Special guests: [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Sanjeev Kapoor]], [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], [[Asees Kaur]], Goldie Sohel, [[Bhagyashree]], [[Arjun Kanungo]], Divyansh Kacholia, Sanjay B Jumani, [[Kunal Ganjawala]]

Ragini Shinde, who was eliminated in the theatre round, when Badhshah was absent, joined as wild card contestant in Gala 1, on request of Badshah, to make it Top 16.

There was no public voting this week and the performance did not count in the competition. Contestants are listed in the order they performed.
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Top 16 (16–17 November)
! scope="col" | Contestant
! scope="col" | Song
|-
|Mayuri Saha
|"Ami Je Tomar 3.0"
|-
|Srijan Porail
|"O Meri Jaan"
|-
|Ritika Raj
|"Cham Cham Nachdi Phiran"
|-
|Vastav Kumar
|"[[Afreen Afreen]]"
|-
|Ranjini Sen Gupta
|"O Meri Maina, Tu Maan Le Mera Kehna"
|-
|Myscmme Bosu
|"Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum"
|-
|Anirudh Suswaram
|"[[Srivalli (song)|Srivalli]]" and "[[Dil Se Re|Dil Se]]"
|-
|Ipsit Pati
|"[[Bachna Ae Haseeno (song)|Bachna Ae Haseeno]]"
|-
|Manasi Ghosh
|"Gun Gun Guna"
|-
|Priyangshu Dutta
|"Kalank - Title Track"
|-
|Chaitanya Devadhe
|"Ramta Jogi" and "Jhingat"
|-
|Sneha Shankar
|"Yaad Piya Ki Aaye"
|-
|Ragini Shinde
|"Tumko Piya Dil Diya" and "Main Chali Main Chali"
|-
|Subhajit Chakraborty
|"Maya Lagaise" and "[[Jag Ghoomeya]]"
|-
|Biswarup Banerjee
|"Saathiya"
|-
|Jyotiprakash Ojha
|"Laga Chunari Me Daag"
|}

=== Gala 2 : Top 16 – Two Themes special ===
This week was divided into two themes, dedicated to directors [[Subhash Ghai]] and [[Mahesh Bhatt]] who were the special guests and guest mentor for respective nights. The contestants performed on the songs which were in the films directed by them, in the two nights respectively, and this week was the first public voting week of the season.

Shreya Ghoshal was absent this week, due to her live show tour.

{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Top 16 (23–24 November)
! scope="col" | Contestant
!Performed on
! scope="col" | Song
|-
!Manasi Ghosh
| rowspan="8" |Night 1 – An Evening with Subhash Ghai
|"Yeh Dil Deewana"
|-
|Jyotiprakash Ojha
|"One Two Ka Four"
|-
|Myscmme Bosu
|"Kahin Aag Lage" and "Taal Se Taal"
|-
|Ragini Shinde
|"Koi Rok Sake To Rok Le"
|-
|Ranjini Sen Gupta
|"Kitni Baatein"
|-
|Ritika Raj
|"Lambi Judai"
|-
|Vastav Kumar
|"Wo Kisna Hai"
|-
|Ipsit Pati
|"Ek Haseena Thi"
|-
|Subhajit Chakraborty
| rowspan="8" |Night 2 – A Night of Nostalgia with Mahesh Bhatt
|"Saanson Ki Jarurat Hai Jaise" and "Je Jon Premer Vab Jane Na"
|-
|Priyangshu Dutta
|"Khamoshiyan"
|-
|Biswarup Banerjee
|"Bepanah" and "Chale Aaye"
|-
|Chaitanya Devadhe
|"Mann Ki Lagan"
|-
|Mayuri Saha
|"Gali Mein Aaj Chaand Nikala" and "Ghunghat Ki Aad Se Dilbar Ka"
|-
|Srijan Porail
|"Dil Ibaadat"
|-
|Sneha Shankar
|"Tum Itna Jo Muskura Rahe Ho"
|-
|Anirudh Suswaram
|"Tum Mile" and "Roop Suhana Lagta Hai"
|}

=== Gala 3 : Top 16 – Two Themes special ===
This week was the first judges' score week and the first elimination took place on basis of last week's votes and this week's scores.

The special guests for first night were [[Fardeen Khan]], his sister Laila Khan Furniturewala and [[Zeenat Aman]] celebrating [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], and [[Nana Patekar]] for the second night. All the contestants performed on the songs of Feroz Khan on the first night. Vishal Dadlani was absent for this week.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

The director of the movie [[Vanvaas]], [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]], and lead cast, [[Utkarsh Sharma]] and [[Simrat Kaur]] joined for a while to promote the said film.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Contestants are listed in the order they performed.
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Top 16 (30 November–1 December)
! scope="col" | Contestant
!Performed on
! scope="col" | Song
!Result (Gala 2+3)
|-
|Subhajit Chakraborty
| rowspan="8" |Night 1 – Fearless Feroz
|"Tere Chehre Men Woh Jadoo Hai"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Chaitanya Devadhe
|"Kambakkht Ishq"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Manasi Ghosh
|"[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Mayuri Saha
|"Do Lafzon Ki Hai"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Ranjini Sen Gupta
|"[[Aap Jaisa Koi]]" and "Laila O Laila"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Ragini Shinde
|"[[Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko]]"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Jyotiprakash Ojha
|"Hum Tumhen Chahte Hain" and "Aakhir Tumhe Aana Hai"
|style="background:#e0f0ff;"|Bottom three
|-
|Biswarup Banerjee
|"Do Pyar Karne Wale" and "Jo Tumko Ho Pasand Wohi Baat Karenge"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Priyangshu Dutta
| rowspan="8" |Night 2 – Bebak Nana
|"Naina"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
|Ritika Raj Singh
|"Bindiya Chamkegi" and "[[Leke Pehla Pehla Pyaar|Leke Pehla Pehla Pyar]]"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
|Srijan Porail
|"Roop Tera Mastana"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Myscmme Bosu
|"Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Vastav Kumar
|"Aahun Aahun"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Sneha Shankar
|"Yeh Dil Tum Bin"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Ipsit Pati
|"[[Kesariya (song)|Kesariya]]"
|style="background:#FF91A4;"| Eliminated
|-
|Anirudh Suswaram
|"Bahon Ke Darmiyan"
|style="background:#e0f0ff;"|Bottom three
|}

=== Gala 4: Top 15 – Two Themes special ===
To celebrate a year of the movie ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]],'' its director [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]] joined as a special guest on the first night. And the second night was dedicated to celebrate [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra's]] birthday. He himself joined the night and served as guest mentor. Also, for Vastav's performance, Bhupinder Babbal joined the sets. This week was the second public voting week of the season.

Contestants are listed in the order they performed. Sneha was performer of the week.

{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Top 15 (7-8 December)
! scope="col" | Contestant
!Performed on
! scope="col" | Song
|-
|Ritika Raj Singh
| rowspan="8" |Night 1 – Celebrating 1 Year Of ''Animal''
|"Tujhe Kitna Chahne Lage"
|-
|Ragini Shinde
|"Aaja Aai Bahar"
|-
|Myscmme Bosu
|"Satranga"
|-
|Subhajit Chakraborty
|"O Mere Dil Ke Chain"
|-
|Anirudh Suswaram
|"Hua Main"
|-
|Vastav Kumar
|"Arjan Vailly"
|-
|Biswarup Banerjee
|"Deewana Tera"
|-
|Mayuri Saha
|"Hawa Hawaii"
|-
|Chaitanya Devadhe
|rowspan="8" |Night 2- Happy Birthday Vishal
|"Aj mera Jee Karda"
|-
|Manasi Ghosh
|"Tu pehla pehla pyaar hai mera"
|-
|Ranjini Sen Gupta
|"Jhoomroo"
|-
|Jyotiprakash Ojha
|"Mitwaa"
|-
|Priyangshu Dutta
|"Kaise Hua"
|-
|Srijan Porail
|"Pehle Bhi Main"
|-
|Sneha Shankar
|"Chal Tere Ishq Mein"
|}

===Gala 5: Top 15 – Celebrating 100 Years of Raj Kapoor===

Both nights of this week were dedicated to celebrate [[Raj Kapoor]]'s 100th birth anniversary. [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]] and [[Anees Bazmee]] joined as special guests for the week.

Contestants are listed in the order in which they performed.

{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Top 15 (14-15 December)
! scope="col" | Contestant
!Performed on
! scope="col" | Song
!Result (Gala 4+5)
|-
|Manasi Ghosh
|rowspan="8" |Night 1
|"Mud Mud Ke Na Dekh"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Ranjini Sen Gupta
|"Kisi Ki Muskurahaton Pe"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Myscmme Bosu
|"Ek Radha Ek Meera"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Biswarup Banerjee
|"Dost Dost Na Raha Pyaar Pyaar Na Raha"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Subhajit Chakraborty
|"Jane Kaha Gaye woh Din"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Chaitanya Devadhe
|"Mera Joota Hai Japani"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Mayuri Saha
|"Sun Saiba Sun"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Vastav Kumar
|"Ek Din bik jaayega"
|style="background:#FF91A4;"| Eliminated
|-
|Ritika Raj Singh
|rowspan="7" |Night 2
|Yeh Galliyan Yeh Chaubara
|style="background:#e0f0ff;"|Bottom three
|-
|Ragini Shinde
|"Panchhi Banoon Udti Phiroon"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Priyangshu Dutta
|"Hum Shaayar To Nahin"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Sneha Shankar
|Chittiye Ni
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Srijan Porail
|"Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Anirudh Suswaram
|"Chalat Musafir"
|style="background:#FDFC8F;"|Safe
|-
|Jyotiprakash Ojha
|"Dum Dum Diga Diga"
|style="background:#e0f0ff;"|Bottom three
|}
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Non-competition performance (14-15 December)
| scope="col" |Performers
| scope="col" |Song
|-
|Myscmme and Shubhajit
|"Ye Raat Bheegi Bheegi"
|-
| scope="row" |Mayuri and Priyangshu
|"Pyaar Hua Hai Ikraar Hua Hai"
|}

===Gala 6: Top 14 – Christmas concert===
Both nights of the week they celebrated Christmas. Paradox, Rishabh Rikhiram Sharma, [[Papon (singer)|Papon]], Priyank Sharma, [[Nikhita Gandhi]], [[Meiyang Chang]] were the guests. For the promotion of CID Season 2 [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Aditya Srivastava|Aditya Shrivastava]] and [[Dayanand Shetty]] came to support Ragini Shinde Indian Idol Contestant and came for the promotion of the same.

Manasi sings "Akh Ladh Jave" with Badshah and Paradox.

=== Gala 7: Top 14 – 90s celebration ===
This was the elimination week, where judges had to give scores to the duet performing collectively. The lowest scoring duet will be in the bottom and one of them will be elimination on the basis of last week public votes.

[[Sangeeta Bijlani]] and [[Ayesha Jhulka]] joined for each night respectively while Badshah was again absent.

{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Contestant
!Performed on
! scope="col" | Song
!Result (Gala 6+7)
|-
!Srijan Porail
| rowspan="14" |Night 1
| rowspan="2" |"Chura Ke Dil Mera"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Ragini Shinde
|-
!Mayuri Saha
| rowspan="2" |"Aisi Deewangi"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe
|-
!Manasi Ghosh
| rowspan="2" |"Kuch Kuch Hota Hai"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
|-
!Jyotiprakash Ojha
| rowspan="2" |"Gali Gali Mein"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |''Safe''
|-
!Ranjini Sen Gupta
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe
| rowspan="2" |"Pardesi Pardesi"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|-
!Myscmme Bosu
| rowspan="2" |"Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyan"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Biswarup Banerjee
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
| rowspan="2" |"Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahi"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|-
!Ritika Raj Singh
| rowspan="14" |Night 2
| rowspan="2" |"Hata Sawan Ki Ghata"
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom two
|-
!Jyotiprakash Ojha
| style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
|-
!Mayuri Saha
| rowspan="2" |"Meri Mehbooba"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Biswarup Banerjee
|-
!Ritika Raj Singh
| rowspan="2" |"Dhak Dhak Karne Laga"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |''Safe''
|-
!Anirudh Suswaram
|-
!Myscmme Bosu
| rowspan="2" |"Pehla Nasha"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
|-
!Srijan Porail
| rowspan="2" |"Kay Sera Sera"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Manasi Ghosh
|-
!Ragini Shinde
| rowspan="2" |"Tujhe Dekha To"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
|-
!Ranjini Sen Gupta
| rowspan="2" |"Tu Hi Re"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Anirudh Suswaram
|}
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Non-competition performance (28-29 December)
! scope="col" |Performers
! scope="col" |Song
|-
!Vishal and Sneha
|"Yeh Ladka Hai Deewana"
|-
! scope="row" |Chaitanya Devadhe
|"Aas Paas Khuda"
|}

===Gala 8: Top 13- Celebrating greatest love songs===
During this week, Indian Idol celebrated the songs often referenced as "greatest love songs" with singer Abhijeet Bhattacharya and his wife Sumati Bhattacharya, music composer Lalit Pandit of the duo Jatin-Lalit, singer Sadhana Sargam and actress Preeti Jhangiani.
===Gala 9: Top 13- Two Themes special===
This was the fourth elimination week of the season. For night 1, the crew and cast of upcoming film ''Azaad'', namely, Rasha Thadani, Amaan Devgan, [[Abhishek Kapoor]] and [[Amit Trivedi]] joined for the promotions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-11 |title=Indian Idol 15: Amit Trivedi expresses his wish to work with Contestant Ritika; says 'I am going to take your number' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indian-idol-15-amit-trivedi-expresses-his-wish-to-work-with-contestant-ritika-says-i-am-going-to-take-your-number/articleshow/117123793.cms |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> And in night 2, the cast of upcoming film ''Emergency'', [[Kangana Ranaut]] and [[Anupam Kher]] joined for the promotion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangana Ranaut, Shreyas Talpade, Anupam Kher Promote Emergency, Rasha Thadani Promotes Azaad I WATCH |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/movies/kangana-ranaut-shreyas-talpade-anupam-kher-promote-emergency-rasha-thadani-promotes-azaad-i-watch-9181248.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Contestant
!Performed on
! scope="col" | Song
!Result (Gala 8+9)
|-
!Srijan Porail
| rowspan="6" |Night 1 – 2025 Ka Superhit Start
|"Rock On" & "London Thumakda"
| style="background:#FF91A4;" |Eliminated
|-
!Myscmme Bosu
|"Hungama Ho Gaya"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe
|"Namo Namo"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Ranjini Sen Gupta
|"Jo Tum Na Ho" & "Sinbad the Sailor"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
|"Ye Fitoor Mera"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Ritika Raj Singh
|"Pareshaan"
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
|-
!Biswarup Banerjee
| rowspan="7" |Night 2 – Sensational 70s
|"Jaane Jaan Dhoondhta phir raha"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Anirudh Suswaram
|"Gulabi Aankhen" & "Badan Pe Sitare"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Manasi Ghosh
|"Yeh Mera Dil Yaar Ka Deewana"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Ragini Shinde
|"Ja Re Ja O Harjai"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
|"Khaike Paan Banaras Wala"
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|"Ankhiyon Ko Rehne De"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Mayuri Saha
|"Naam Gum Jayega"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|}
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Non-competition performance (11-12 January)
! scope="col" |Performers
! scope="col" |Song
|-
!Vishal Dadlani
|"Bang Bang"
|-
! scope="row" |Shreya Ghoshal
|"Chaka Chak"
|-
!Badshah
|"Let's Nacho"
|-
!Badshah
|"Ladki Ladki Shehar Ki Ladki"
|-
!Ritika Raj Singh
|"Jhalla Wallah"
|-
!Srijan and Manasi
|"Gulaabo"
|-
!Biswarup & Shreya
|"Soniyo"
|}

=== Gala 10: Top 12 – Bhai Behan special ===
In this Episode Aparajita Singh (Badshah's Sister) will join the sets for Bhai-Behen Special.

=== Gala 11: Top 12 – Two Themes special ===
In this Episode Vikas Khanna and Ranveer Brar joined the sets with Rajiv Adatia, Archana Gautam, Tejasswi Prakash, Faisal Shaikh, Gaurav Khanna and Abhijeet Sawant contestants of Celebrity Masterchef India

In next Episode Akshay Kumar and Veer Pahariya joined the sets for the promotion of their film Sky Force.

=== Gala 12: Top 11 – Celebrating Evergreen songs ===
In Part 1 contestants sang evergreen songs and Junaid Khan and Khushi Kapoor joined the sets for the promotion of their movie Loveyapa

In Part 2 Megastar Jeetendra joined the sets to celebrate evergreen songs.

=== Gala 13: Top 11 – Rajshri Ka Utsav ===
In this Episode Sooraj Barjatya joined the sets with Rithik Ghanshani and Ayesha Kaduskar for the promotion of their new movie on OTT platform Bada Naam Karenge along with Karishma Kapoor and Mohnish Bahl to celebrate 25 years of Hum Saath Saath Hain.

In the 2nd Part Bada Naam Karenge director Palash Vaswani and music Composer Anurag Saikia also joined the sets. The participants sang song of various movies produced by Rajshri Production.

=== Gala 14: Top 11 – Neelam-Govinda special ===
In this episode Neelam Kothari and Govinda Ahuja joined the sets and the participants sang songs from the films where both the actor and actress had acted.

=== Gala 15: Top 11 – Celebrating Udit Narayan and Kavita Krishnamurti ===

=== Gala 16: Top 10 – Two Themes special ===
=== Gala 17: Top 10 - Holi with Hema Malini ===
The first double elimination of the season happened this week. Hema Malini joined as the guest for both nights. In the second night, the lead crew of [[The Waking of a Nation|''The Waking of a Nation'']] joined for its promotion. This week also marked the return of Vishal Dadlani, who was absent for a few weeks due to his motor accident.

* '''Guest dance performance-''' Raagini Makkhar & Naadyog Academy
* '''Guest song performance-''' [[Taaruk Raina]] on "Chala Chali Ka Khela"

{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Top 10 (8–9 March)
! scope="col" | Contestant
!Performed on
! scope="col" | Song
!Result (Gala 16+17)
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
| rowspan="5" |Night 1
|"[[Rang Barse Bhige Chunar Wali]]"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Ragini Shinde
|"Tune O Rangeele"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Myscmme Bosu
|"Jai Jai Shiv Shankar" & "Jai Jai Shivshankar" from [[War (2019 film)|War]]
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|"Hume Tumse Pyaar Kitna"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe
|"Deva Shree Ganesha"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Ritika Raj Singh
| rowspan="5" |Night 2
|"Mere Naseeb Mein"
| style="background:#FF91A4;" |Eliminated
|-
!Manasi Ghosh
|"[[Balam Pichkari]]" & "Mohe Panghat Pe"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
|"Dream Girl"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Biswarup Banerjee
|"Pal Bhar Ke Liye"
| style="background:#FF91A4;" |Eliminated
|-
!Anirudh Suswaram
|"Holi Khele Raghuveera"
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
|}
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Non-competition performances
! scope="col" |Performers
! scope="col" |Song
|-
!Myscmme & Priyangshu
|"Kya Khoob Lagti Ho"
|-
! scope="row" |All contestants, hosts and judges
|"Holiya Mein Ude Gulal"
|-
!Ragini & Chaitanya
|"O Saathi Chal"
|-
!Manasi & Shubhajit
|"Gallan Goodiyaan"
|}

=== Gala 18: Top 8 – Shreya Ghoshal's birthday night ===
This episode was dedicated to the judge Shreya Ghoshal to celebrate her birthday. Her father and mother joined to celebrate along. Voting for all the contestants were opened that night.
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Top 8 (15 March)
! scope="col" | Contestant
! scope="col" | Song
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
|
|-
!Ragini Shinde
|Pinga
|-
!Myscmme Bosu
|Chaka Chak
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe
|
|-
!Manasi Ghosh
|Ye Ishq Hai
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
|Tum Kya Mile
|-
!Anirudh Suswaram
|
|}

=== Gala 19 : Top 8 – Sunny Deol special ===
[[Sunny Deol]] joined as the special for the night to promote his film [[Jaat (film)|Jaat]]. This episode was shot the same as Shreya's birthday episode but was telecasted in two different parts and themes where all contestants performed on each night. Voting lines for all the contestants were again open that night.
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Top 8 (16 March)
! scope="col" | Contestant
! scope="col" | Song
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
|Aaj Mausam Bada Beimaan Hai Bada
|-
!Ragini Shinde
|Jab Hum Jawan Honge
|-
!Myscmme Bosu
|Mai Tere Ishq Mein
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|Jaane Kya Baat Hain
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe
|Udd Ja Kaale Kawan, Main Jatt Yamla Pagla Deewana
|-
!Manasi Ghosh
|Na Jane Kahan Se Aayi Hain
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
|Na Jaa Kahi Ab Na Jaa
|-
!Anirudh Suswram
|[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]
|}

=== Gala 20: Top 8 – Semi-Finals with Karan Johar ===
This was the judges scoring night with the season's second double elimination on the basis of public votes of both nights from the last week and the judges scores of this night. All the contestants performed the songs from the movies of [[Karan Johar]].
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Contestant
! scope="col" | Song
!Result (Gala 18+19+20)
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|"Tujhe Yaad Na Meri Aayi"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Manasi Ghosh
|"Dilliwaali Girlfriend" & " The Breakup Song"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
|"[[Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin]]"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe
|"Pehli Baar"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
|"[[Channa Mereya]]"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Myscmme Bosu
|"Ghagra"
| style="background:#FF91A4;" |Eliminated
|-
!Anirudh Suswram
|"[[Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)|Kal Ho Naa Ho]]"
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
|-
!Ragini Shinde
|"Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"
| style="background:#FF91A4;" |Eliminated
|}

=== Gala 21: Top 6 – Semi-Finals with Karan Johar ===
This was the final voting night of the season to decide the season's winner next week. The top 6 again sang the songs from the movies of Karan Johar.
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Top 6 (23 March)
! scope="col" | Contestant
! scope="col" | Song
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
|"[[Kesariya (song)|Kesariya]]"
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
|"[[Mitwa]]"
|-
!Manashi Ghosh
|"[[Desi Girl (song)|Desi Girl]]"
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe
|"Deva Deva"
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|"[[Sajdaa]]"
|-
!Anirudh Suswaram
|"[[Badtameez Dil]]" & "Locha-E-Ulfat"
|}

=== Gala 22: Top 6 – Pre-Finale 1 ===
The "supposed to be" finale was moved to a week later and Neelam Kothari was the guest of this episode. The songs sung in this episode were:

{| class="wikitable"
!Contestant
!Song
|-
!Anirudh Suswaram
|
"Koi Kahe Kehta Rahe"
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe
|"Tashan mein"
|-
!Manashi Ghosh
|"Aa zara kareeb se"
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
|"Chand Sifarish" and "Mere Sai"
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
|
"O Bedardeya"
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|
"Bhare Naina"
|}

=== Gala 23: Top 6 – Pre-Finale 2 ===
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Contestant
!Song
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe
|"Sultan"
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
|"Surili Ankhiyon Wale" & "Tere Mast Mast Do Nain"
|-
!Manashi Ghosh
|"Beedi", "Dard-e-Disco" & "Om Shanti Om"
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|"Maahi Ve"
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
|"Janam Janam"
|-
!Anirudh Suswaram
|"Bin Tere"
|}

=== Gala 24: Top 6 – Finale (The Grandest 90s night) ===

* '''Special Guests:''' [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Shilpa Shetty]], [[Mika Singh]]
====Playfront Challenge (Night 1)====
Out of the top 6 finalist, judges had to pick top 5 based on their performance, by placing the platinum mic on their name's podium.
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Contestant
!Song
!Result
|-
!Manashi Ghosh
|"Dil Se"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
|"Sochenge Tumhe Pyaar"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Anirudh Suswaram
|"Haye Rama"
| style="background:#E4E2F9;" |Sixth place
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|"Meri Zindagi Tera Pyaar"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe
|"Tere Bin Nahi Jeena"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
|"Mera Dil Bhi Kitna Pagal Hai"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|}
====Performance 2 (Night 1)====
The top 5 finalists performed for the judges' scores to secure a place in top 3 in combination with the public votes from semi-final 2.
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Contestant
!Performed on
!Song
!Result
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
| rowspan="2" |Night 1
|"Chalo Ishq Ladayen Sanam" & "Mai Khiladi Tu Anadi"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|"Dilbar Dilbar", "Der Na Ho Jaye Kahin" & "Aaja Ve Mahi Tera Rasta"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe
| rowspan="3" |Night 2
|"Gunghte Mein Chanda", "Khalnayak"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#EAE4B6;" |Fourth places
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
|"O Jaane Jaana", "Chura Ke Dil Mera"
|-
!Manashi Ghosh
|"Chunari Chunari", "Ye Kali Kali Aankhen"
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|}
====Performance 3 (Night 2)====
The top 3 finalists performed for the last time and based on the votes from the semi-final 2, the results were announced.
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Contestant
!Song
!Result
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
|"Chaand Taare"
| style="background:silver;" |Runner-up
|-
!Sneha Shankar
|"Mera Piya Ghar Aaya"
| style="background:tan;" |Third place
|-
!Manashi Ghosh
|"Hui Mai Mast"
| style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|}
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Non-competition performances
! scope="col" |Performers
! scope="col" |Song
|-
!Mika Singh
|"Sawan Mein Lag Gayi Aag"
|-
!Vishal Dadlani
|"Kudi Nu Nachne De", "Jee Le Zara"
|-
!Shreya Ghoshal
|"Drama Queen", Suseki"
|-
!Badshah
|"Morni", "Kaala Chashma"
|-
!Ram Shankar & Sneha Shankar
|"Yaaron Sab Dua Karo"
|-
!Aditya Narayan
|"Pehla Nasha"
|-
!Mika Singh
|"[[Lover Boy (Mika song)|Lover Boy]]"
|-
!Aditya Narayan
|"Tatad Tatad", "Mai Nikla Gaddi Leke"
|-
!Aditya Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal & the Top 5 finalists
|"Pyaar Ke Pal"
|}

==Elimination chart==
Like last season, this season too, bi-weekly eliminations were held. One week public votes, next week, judges' scores. The '''bottom contestants are decided''' according to the '''judges' scores from that week''', and the person with '''lowest votes from last week''' is eliminated.{{columns-list|{{legend|gold|Winner}}
{{legend|silver|Runner-up}}
{{legend|tan|Third place}}
{{legend|#EAE4B6|Fourth place}}
{{legend|#E4E2F9|Sixth place}}
{{legend|#FFEBCD|Did not perform}}
{{legend|#FDFC8F|Saved by the judges scores}}
{{legend|#e0f0ff|Bottom two or three}}
{{legend|#FF91A4|Eliminated}}|colwidth=20em}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+''Indian Idol'' season 15 – Eliminations
! rowspan="3" scope="col" |Contestant
! rowspan="3" scope="col" |{{abbr|Pl.|Place}}
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Top 34
!Top 16
!Top 15
!Top 14
!Top 13
!Top 12
!Top 11
!Top 10
!Top 8
!Top 6
|-
! colspan="2" |Theatre
!Gala 2+3
!Gala 4+5
!Gala 6+7
!Gala 8+9
!Gala 10+11
!Gala 12+13+14+15
!Gala 16+17
!Gala 18+19+20
!Gala 21+24
|-
!9/11
!10/11
!23/11–1/12
!7/12–15/12
!21/12–29/12
!4/1–12/1
!18/1–26/1
!1/2–23/2
!1/3–9/3
!15/3–22/3
!23/3–6/4
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Manasi Ghosh
|1
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Subhajit Chakraborty
|2
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:silver;" |Runner-up
|- style="height:40px"
!Sneha Shankar
|3
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:tan;" |Third place
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Chaitanya Devadhe (Mauli)
| rowspan="2" |4
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| rowspan="2" style="background:#EAE4B6;" |Fourth places
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Priyangshu Dutta
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Anirudh Suswaram
|6
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
| style="background:#E4E2F9;" |Sixth place
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Myscmme Bosu
| rowspan="2" |7
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF91A4;" |Eliminated
| rowspan="2" style="background:grey;" |
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Ragini Shinde
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Biswarup Banerjee
| rowspan="2" |9
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF91A4;" |Eliminated
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:grey;" |
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Ritika Raj
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom two
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Mayuri Saha
|11
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
| style="background:#FF91A4;" |Eliminated
| colspan="3" style="background:grey;" |
|- style="height:40px"
!Ranjini Sen Gupta
|12
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FF91A4;" |Eliminated
| colspan="4" style="background:grey;" |
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Srijan Porail
|13
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FF91A4;" |Eliminated
| colspan="5" style="background:grey;" |
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Jyotiprakash Ojha
|14
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
| style="background:#e0f0ff;" |Bottom three
|style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
| colspan="6" style="background:grey;" |
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Vastav Kumar
|15
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" | Safe
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
|style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
| colspan="7" style="background:grey;" |
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Ipsit Pati
|16
| style="background:#FDFC8F;" |Safe
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
|style="background:#FF91A4;"|Eliminated
| colspan="8" style="background:grey;" |
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Kritwika Chakraborty
| rowspan="18" style="background:grey;" |
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
| rowspan="11" style="background:#FF91A4;" |Eliminated
| colspan="9" rowspan="11" style="background:grey;" |
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Tajinder Singh
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Manav Heera
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Vishnumaya Ramesh
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
|- style="height:40px"
!Poushali Bhattacharya
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
|- style="height:40px"
!Inayat Kaur Bajaj
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
|- style="height:40px"
!Dilraj Singh
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
|- style="height:40px"
!Abid Khan Langa
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Haarshita Medhi
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Sudhanshu Khare
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Ayushman Chaudhary
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" |N/A
|- style="height:40px"
!Mansi Sisodiya
| rowspan="7" style="background:#FF91A4;" |Elimimated
| colspan="10" rowspan="7" style="background:grey;" |
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Prativa Dutta
|- style="height:40px"
!Neha Dixit
|- style="height:40px"
!Saloni Saaz
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Radha Srivastava
|- style="height:40px"
! scope="row" |Lakshya Mehta
|- style="height:40px"
!Shuja Gowhar
|}

==Reception and ratings==
[[File:Indian Idol 15 Reception.jpeg|thumb|250x250px|Reception comments posted on SET's Instagram.]]
The season's premiere episode was reviewed by [[Pinkvilla]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=New judges, epic set, and electrifying talent: Indian Idol 15 is a must-watch for music lovers |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/indian-idol-15-whats-new-in-shreya-ghoshal-vishal-dadlani-and-badshahs-show-epic-set-electrifying-talent-and-more-1355290 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> and [[Gujarat Samachar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ધમાકેદાર પર્ફોર્મન્સ અને શાનદાર ટેલેન્ટ: ઈન્ડિયન આઈડલ સિઝન 15 ખાસ જોવા જેવો શો |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/entertainment/indian-idol-15-sizzling-performances-and-brilliant-talent-must-watch-show |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref>

=== Television ratings and episode guide ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
! rowspan="2" |Ep. No.
! rowspan="2" |Original airdate
! rowspan="2" |Event
! rowspan="2" |Title
!Ratings
!Reach %
! rowspan="2" |SET India Weekly Rank
! rowspan="2" |Overall Rank
!Ref.
|-
! colspan="2" |15–50
!
|-
!1
|Saturday, 26 October 2024
|Auditions 1
|'Indian Idol Ke Stage Par Hone Ke Haqdaar'
| rowspan="2" |1.3
| rowspan="2" |3.7
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#15
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Idol 15 Episode 1 |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/indian-idol-1700001014/indian-idol-ke-stage-par-hone-ke-haqdaar-1000295334 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Sony LIV |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Week 44 Analytics |url=https://x.com/kKahaniNayi78/status/1854474015064420462/photo/1 |website=X}}</ref>
|-
!2
|Sunday, 27 October 2024
|Auditions 2
|'Agle Idol ki Talaash'
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Idol 15 Episode 2 |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/indian-idol-1700001014/agle-idol-ki-talaash-1000295400?watch=true}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|-
!3
|Saturday, 2 November 2024
|Auditions 3
|'Day 3 of Season 15 Auditions'
| rowspan="2" |1.0
| rowspan="2" |3.1
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#23
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Day 3 of season 15 auditions |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/indian-idol-1700001014/day-3-of-season-15-auditions-1000295815 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Sony LIV |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Week 45 Analytics |url=https://x.com/AnimeshGBhaya/status/1856960441131356553/photo/1 |website=X}}</ref>
|-
!4
|Sunday, 3 November 2024
|Auditions 4
|'Day 4 of Season 15 Auditions'
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Day 4 of season 15 auditions |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/indian-idol-1700001014/day-4-of-season-15-auditions-1000295868?watch=true |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Sony LIV |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
|-
!5
|Saturday, 9 November 2024
|Theatre Round 1
|'Theatre Round - Day 1'
| rowspan="2" |1.0
| rowspan="2" |3.3
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#22
|
|-
!6
|Sunday, 10 November 2024
|Theatre Round 2
|'Theatre Round - Day 2'
|
|-
!7
|Saturday, 16 November 2024
|Gala 1 - Night 1
|'Grand Musical Explosion'
| rowspan="2" |1.1
| rowspan="2" |3.4
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#22
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The grand musical explosion part 1 |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/indian-idol-1700001014/the-grand-musical-explosion-part-1-1000297321?watch=true |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Sony LIV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!8
|Sunday, 17 November 2024
|Gala 1 - Night 2
|'Grand Musical Explosion Part 2'
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The grand musical explosion part 2|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/indian-idol-1700001014/the-grand-musical-explosion-part-2-1000297422?watch=true |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Sony LIV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!9
|Saturday, 23 November 2024
|Gala 2 - Night 1
|"An Evening With Subhash Ghai"
| rowspan="2" |1.2
| rowspan="2" |3.4
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#18
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=An evening with Subhash Ghai |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/indian-idol-1700001014/an-evening-with-subhash-ghai-1000298112?watch=true |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Sony LIV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!10
|Sunday, 24 November 2024
|Gala 2 - Night 2
|"A Night of Nostalgia with Mahesh Bhatt"
|
|-
!11
|Saturday, 30 November 2024
|Gala 3 - Night 1
|"Fearless Feroz"
| rowspan="2" |1.1
| rowspan="2" |3.3
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#20
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DDeKCPbO8Va/?igsh=amxtZnlyYXdweXEx |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
!12
|Sunday, 1 December 2024
|Gala 3 - Night 2
|"Bebak Nana"
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
!13
|Saturday, 7 December 2024
|Gala 4 - Night 1
|"Celebrating 1 Year of Animal"
| rowspan="2" |1.0
| rowspan="2" |3.1
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#24
|
|-
!14
|Sunday, 8 December 2024
|Gala 4 - Night 2
|"Happy Birthday Vishal"
|
|-
!15
|Saturday, 14 December 2024
|Gala 5 - Night 1
|Celebrating 100 Years of Raj Kapoor -Part 1
| rowspan="2" |1.1
| rowspan="2" |3.4
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#22
|
|-
!16
|Sunday, 15 December 2024
|Gala 5 - Night 2
|Celebrating 100 Years of Raj Kapoor -Part 2
|
|-
!17
|Saturday, 21 December 2024
|Gala 6 - Night 1
|'Christmas Concert - Part 1'
| rowspan="2" |1.0
| rowspan="2" |3.5
| rowspan="2" |#2
| rowspan="2" |#25
|
|-
!18
|Sunday, 22 December 2024
|Gala 6 - Night 2
|'Christmas Concert - Part 2'
|
|-
!19
|Saturday, 28 December 2024
|Gala 7 - Night 1
|'90s Celebration'
| rowspan="2" |1.1
| rowspan="2" |3.4
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#19
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Week 53 TRP |url=https://x.com/Itswarnali/status/1877256123926859865/photo/1}}</ref>
|-
!20
|Sunday, 29 December 2024
|Gala 7 - Night 2
|'90s Celebration - Part 2'
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
!21
|Saturday, 4 January 2025
|Gala 8 - Night 1
|'Celebrating Greatest Love Songs - Part 1'
| rowspan="2" |1.0
| rowspan="2" |3.2
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#25
|
|-
!22
|Sunday, 5 January 2025
|Gala 8 - Night 2
|'Celebrating Greatest Love Songs - Part 2'
|
|-
!23
|Saturday, 11 January 2025
|Gala 9 - Night 1
|'2025 Ka Superhit Start'
| rowspan="2" |1.0
| rowspan="2" |3.4
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#22
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Week 2'25 TVR |url=https://x.com/AnimeshGBhaya/status/1882312416941519340/photo/1}}</ref>
|-
!24
|Sunday, 12 January 2025
|Gala 9 - Night 2
|'Sensational 70s'
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
!25
|Saturday, 18 January 2025
|Gala 10 - Night 1
|
| rowspan="2" |0.9
| rowspan="2" |3.1
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#24
|
|-
!26
|Sunday, 19 January 2025
|Gala 10 - Night 2
|
|
|-
!27
|Saturday, 25 January 2025
|Gala 11 - Night 1
|
|0.9
| rowspan="2" |2.9
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#25
|
|-
!28
|Sunday, 26 January 2025
|Gala 11 - Night 2
|
|1.2
|
|-
!29
|Saturday, 1 February 2025
|Gala 12 - Night 1
|
|0.9
| rowspan="2" |3.3
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#25
|
|-
!30
|Sunday, 2 February 2025
|Gala 12 - Night 2
|
|1.0
|
|-
!31
|Saturday, 8 February 2025
|Gala 13 - Night 1
|
|1.1
| rowspan="2" |3.2
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#21
|
|-
!32
|Sunday, 9 February 2025
|Gala 13 - Night 2
|
|1.1
|
|-
!33
|Saturday, 15 February 2025
|Gala 14 - Night 1
|
|1.1
| rowspan="2" |3.2
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#20
|
|-
!34
|Sunday, 16 February 2025
|Gala 14 - Night 2
|
|1.2
|
|-
!35
|Saturday, 22 February 2025
|Gala 15 - Night 1
|
|0.9
| rowspan="2" |2.8
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#29
|
|-
!36
|Sunday, 23 February 2025
|Gala 15 - Night 2
|
|0.6
|
|-
!37
|Saturday, 1 March 2025
|Gala 16 - Night 1
|
|0.8
| rowspan="2" |2.7
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#29
|
|-
!38
|Sunday, 2 March 2025
|Gala 16 - Night 2
|
|0.7
|
|-
!39
|Saturday, 8 March 2025
|Gala 17 - Night 1
|"Holi with Hema Malini - Part 1"
|0.9
| rowspan="2" |2.4
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#35
|
|-
!40
|Sunday, 9 March 2025
|Gala 17 - Night 2
|"Holi with Hema Malini - Part 2"
|0.4
|
|-
!41
|Saturday, 15 March 2025
|Gala 18
|"Happy Birthday Shreya"
|0.7
| rowspan="2" |2.7
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#26
|
|-
!42
|Sunday, 16 March 2025
|Gala 19
|"Sunny Deol Special"
|0.8
|
|-
!43
|Saturday, 22 March 2025
|Gala 20
|"Semi-Finals with Karan Johar - Part 1"
|0.6
| rowspan="2" |2.5
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#30
|
|-
!44
|Sunday, 23 March 2025
|Gala 21
|"Semi-Finals with Karan Johar - Part 2"
|0.7
|
|-
!45
|Saturday, 29 March 2025
|Gala 23
|"Top 6 – Race to Finale - Part 1"
|0.6
| rowspan="2" |2.4
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#31
|
|-
!46
|Sunday, 30 March 2025
|Gala 24
|"Race to Finale - Part 2"
|0.7
|
|-
!47
|Saturday, 5 April 2025
|Gala 25 - Night 1
|
|0.8
| rowspan="2" |3.0
| rowspan="2" |#1
| rowspan="2" |#22
|
|-
!48
|Saturday, 6 April 2025
|Gala 25 - Night 2
|
|1.0
|
|}

== Production ==
The project head for the season was Chitra Langeh, and Akash Tiwari once again joining as the head of production. Pratyush Prakash was once again the writer of the series. Music guidance and music band were headed by Anand Sharma and Randeep Bhaskar. Aradhana Bhola, the managing director of ''FremantleIndia'' was once again the executive producer of the series. The season was directed by Saahil Chhabria.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/Indian-Idol-1700001014?utm_source=shared-content&UTM_MEDIUM=more&utm_campaign=5e35f22ce7a09259c0acc3e0edcd3a5f ''Indian Idol''] on [[SonyLIV]]
{{Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)}}
[[Category:2024 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)]]

Wealth-tax Act, 1957

2026-04-07T11:58:36Z

Legalwiki68: new the article from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian legislation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Wealth-tax Act, 1957
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to provide for the levy of wealth-tax
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/3123/1/a1957-27.pdf#search=The%20Wealth-tax%20Act,%201957 Act No. 27 of 1957]
| territorial_extent = whole of India
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 12 September 1957
| date_effective = 1 April 1957
| date_abrogated = 1 April 2016
| status = abrogated
}}
The '''Wealth-tax Act, 1957''' was an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] that provides for the levying of wealth tax on an individual, [[Hindu Undivided Family]] or company. The wealth tax was levied on the net wealth owned by a person on a valuation date, i.e., 31 March of every year. The Act applies to the whole of India. The application of the Act has been discontinued since 1 April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Finance Act, 2015|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/163872.pdf|publisher=Gazette of India|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>

The wealth tax was abolished in the [[2016 Union budget of India|Union Budget (2016–2017)]] presented by Union Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] on 28 February 2016. The wealth tax was replaced with an additional surcharge of 2 per cent on the super rich with a taxable income of over 1 crore annually.<ref>{{cite web|title=Finance Act, 2015|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2015-16/bh/bh1.pdf|access-date=25 August 2015|archive-date=14 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314212400/http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2015-16/bh/bh1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Provisions ==

The Wealth Tax Act, 1957 governed the taxation process associated with the net wealth that an individual, a Hindu Undivided Family, or a company possesses on the valuation date.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DIT/other-income-tax-acts.aspx?page=ODTA&TabId=tab_WTA |title=Other Direct Tax Acts > Wealth-Tax Act |publisher=Income Tax Government India |access-date=2013-03-05}}</ref>

The valuation date was an important component in the calculation of the Wealth Tax. The net wealth that an assessee possessed on the valuation date determined the amount of tax. The valuation date was the day of 31 March immediately preceding the Assessment Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legalindia.in/the-wealth-tax-act-1957 |title=The Wealth-Tax Act, 1957 |publisher=Legal India |access-date=2013-03-05}}</ref>

Wealth tax was calculated at the rate of 0.25 percent (1.0 percent w.e.f April 2010) of the amount of net wealth that exceeds Rs. 50 lakh(Rs. 30 Lakh w.e.f April 2010) on the valuation date. The net wealth of an assessee included the value of specified unproductive assets on the valuation date after subtracting the debt the assessee owes on the said assets. Wealth tax did not attract any Education Cess{{Clarify|date=August 2015}} or surcharge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-26/news/35364889_1_wealth-tax-act-form-ba-wealth-tax-return |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703205917/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-26/news/35364889_1_wealth-tax-act-form-ba-wealth-tax-return |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2013 |title=Filing wealth tax return: Things to know |publisher=The Economic Times|date=2012-11-26 |access-date=2013-03-05}}</ref>

Wealth Tax is not applicable to<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.du.ac.in/fileadmin/DU/Academics/course_material/TM_17.pdf |title= Lesson – 17 Wealth Tax-I |publisher=University of Delhi|access-date=2013-03-05}}</ref>
* Trusts
* Artificial Judicial Persons
* Partnership firms
* Association of persons (AOPs)
* A company registered under Section 25 of The Companies Act, 1956 (Section 8 of The Companies Act, 2013)
* Co-operative Societies
* Social clubs
* Political parties
* [[Mutual fund]]s specified under Section 10 Clause (23D) of the Income Tax Act

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Taxation in India}}
[[Category:Indian tax legislation]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1957]]
[[Category:Wealth in India]]
[[Category:Taxation and redistribution]]

The Bengal Club

2026-03-21T07:49:26Z

Legalwiki68: new first stub basic info.

{{Short description|Social club in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = The Bengal Club
| image = Bengal Club Lawn.jpg
| caption = The Bengal Club
| formation = {{start date and age|1827}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianlink.com.au/travel/the-city-of-wonders/ |date=2010 |first1=Sandip |last1=Hor |website=indianlink.com.au |title=Indian Link – The City of Wonders |access-date=28 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404061736/http://www.indianlink.com.au/travel/the-city-of-wonders/ |archive-date=4 April 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| type = [[Social club]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Sumit Ray
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''The Bengal Club''' is a [[Social club|social and business club]] in [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. Founded in 1827, the club is the oldest social club in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marshall|first=P. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00254-7|page=249|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Renford|first=Raymond K.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131614|title=The Non-official British In India To 1920|date=1987|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=16|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> When Kolkata was the capital of [[British India]], the club was considered to be the "unofficial headquarters of the Raj".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moorhouse|first=Geoffrey|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12596/page/n169/|title=Calcutta|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1974|location=New York|page=164|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> The club is nowadays known for its old-world ambience and patronage among contemporary social and corporate elites, and is among a small number of Indian clubs featured in the elite<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dobson|first=Jim|title=The Top 25 Most Exclusive Golf And Country Clubs In The World Honored With Platinum Status|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2018/11/29/the-top-25-most-exclusive-golf-and-country-clubs-in-the-world-honored-with-platinum-status/|access-date=2021-08-21|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Antun|first1=John M.|last2=Gustafson|first2=Catherine|date=2005-12-30|title=Menu Success|url=https://doi.org/10.1300/J385v04n04_05|journal=Journal of Culinary Science & Technology|volume=4|issue=4|pages=51–66|doi=10.1300/J385v04n04_05|issn=1542-8052|s2cid=101699297|url-access=subscription}}</ref> list of the "Platinum Clubs of the World".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Platinum Clubs of the World 2021|url=https://platinumclubnet.com/assets/pdf/Platinum_Clubs_Listing_2021.pdf|access-date=24 October 2021|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024051309/https://platinumclubnet.com/assets/pdf/Platinum_Clubs_Listing_2021.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
Works that provide detailed historical information about the club include ''A Short History of the Bengal Club 1827–1927'', a book by Sir Hugh Rahere Panckridge (Barrister-at-law and later judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]]); ''The Bengal Club 1927–1970'', a book by R.I. Macalpine (former officer of the [[Imperial Forest Service]]); ''A History of The Bengal Club'' ''(1970–2000''), a booklet by Arabinda Ray (former club president and senior corporate executive); and ''The Bengal Club in History'', a book edited by academic [[Malabika Sarkar]].

=== 19th century ===
[[File:Viscount_Combermere.jpg|thumb|96x96px|[[Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|1st Viscount Combermere]]|left]]
[[File:Bentinck william.png|thumb|106x106px|[[Lord William Bentinck]]]]
Panckridge writes that the Bengal Club predates many important social clubs in London, though the model for the club was the [[Oriental Club]] in London (founded in 1824). The idea for the Bengal Club was conceived of in a meeting of notable Englishmen at the [[Kolkata Town Hall|Town Hall of Calcutta]] in 1826, led by Lieutenant-Colonel (later Lieutenant-General) John Finch, son of the [[Heneage Finch, 4th Earl of Aylesford|4th Earl of Aylesford]]. Finch explained at the meeting that "nothing like a respectable hotel or coffeehouse has ever existed" in Calcutta, and "those who constitute the society of Calcutta have no place where they can spend an idle half hour agreeably"<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H. R.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290/mode/2up|title=A Short History Of The Bengal Club|date=1927|publisher=The Bengal Club|location=Calcutta|page=30|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=1827|title=Projected Calcutta Club|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqdAAQAAIAAJ|journal=Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany|volume=23|page=850}}</ref>

The club was formally established on 8 February 1827, with the [[Viscount Combermere]] its first patron. In 1830, [[Lord William Bentinck]], the last [[Governor of Bengal]] and the first [[Governor-General of India]], became the second patron of the club. The club's original members included influential figures like [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe]], [[Henry Prinsep|Henry Thoby Prinsep]] and [[Edward Ryan (barrister)|Sir Edward Ryan]], along with senior military officials.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H. R.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290/mode/2up|title=A Short History Of The Bengal Club|date=1927|publisher=The Bengal Club|location=Calcutta|pages=45–57|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> In 1838, the club passed a resolution to reciprocate with the now-extinct Byculla Club of Mumbai (then Bombay). Later, reciprocal relations were established with the [[Madras Club]], the [[Hong Kong Club]] and the now-defunct [[Shanghai Club Building|Shanghai Club]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H. R.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290|title=A Short History Of The Bengal Club|date=1927|publisher=The Bengal Club|location=Calcutta|page=20|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Knight|first=James Blackburn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOc2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA198|title=W. Newman & Co.'s Hand-book to Calcutta: Historical and Descriptive|date=1875|publisher=W. Newman|page=198|language=en}}</ref>

By the 1870s, the club was being described in travelogues as "the most swell establishment of the kind in the East" (by [[American Civil War]] general [[Robert O. Tyler|Robert Ogden Tyler]])<ref name=":452">{{Cite book|last=Tyler|first=Robert Ogden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_c_AAAAYAAJ|title=Memoir of Brevet Major-General Robert Ogden Tyler, U. S. Army, Together with His Journal of Two Months Travels in British and Farther India|publisher=J.B. Lippincott & Company|year=1878|page=50|language=en}}</ref> and "an institution known to all the dwellers of the East" (by scholar and historian [[George William Forrest|Sir George William Forrest]])''.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Forrest|first=George William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odUaAAAAYAAJ|title=Calcutta: Past and Present|journal=The Pall Mall Magazine|publisher=George Routledge & Sons, Limited|year=1896|pages=93, 107|language=en}}</ref> By the close of the century, the Bengal Club became one of a handful of buildings in British India to be supplied with electricity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Suvobrata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BB3hDwAAQBAJ|title=Let There Be Light: Engineering, Entrepreneurship and Electricity in Colonial Bengal, 1880–1945|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1-108-83598-5|page=161|language=en}}</ref>

Panckridge writes that the Bengal Club was originally intended to be called the Calcutta United Service Club. Ironically, a later (unconnected) institution with a similar name, the Bengal United Service Club (now home to the [[Geological Survey of India]]), was established in close proximity to the Bengal Club. Much like the Bengal Club, the club had senior British officials and judges as members.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pearson|first=Jim|date=27 June 2003|title=Maltese Cross in city heart|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/maltese-cross-in-city-heart/cid/1258480|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Bust_of_George_V.jpg|left|thumb|140x140px|Bust of [[George V]] at the Bengal Club.]]
[[File:World War I Plaque at the Bengal Club, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|180x180px|Plaque at the Bengal Club with names of members who died while serving in the First World War.]]
In 1912, on the visit of [[George V]] to Kolkata, the club was among a set of buildings illuminated with electric lights to welcome his cavalcade.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reed|first=Stanley|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.100233/page/281/mode/2up|title=The King and Queen in India: A Record of the Visit of their Imperial Majesties, the King Emperor and Queen Empress to India, from December 2nd, 1911 to January 10th, 1912|publisher=Bennett, Coleman and Co.|year=1912|location=Bombay|page=282|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|cat=IMG|desc=The 'new' Bengal Club, Kolkata lit for British royal visit; seen from across the General's Tank on the Maidan. This part of the club is now demolished, having been completed in 1908 by the architect ... |num=1196774 |num2=SC 1196774 |access-date=2025-06-18 }}</ref> The King presented the club with his portrait.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H. R.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290|title=A Short History Of The Bengal Club|date=1927|publisher=The Bengal Club|location=Calcutta|page=41|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> Over a hundred members of the club served in the [[World War I|First World War]]. Two members were awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]: army doctor [[Arthur Martin-Leake]] (the first person to have received the honour twice) and [[Reginald Graham|Sir Reginald Graham]]. Several members also lost their lives in the War. The Governor of Bengal later unveiled a plaque in their memory.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H. R.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290|title=A Short History Of The Bengal Club|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=1927|location=Calcutta|pages=41–42|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> In 1927, the Bengal Club celebrated its centenary by organising a grand banquet, with many important figures from British India in attendance.<ref name=":39">{{Cite news|date=3 February 1927|title=The Bengal Club: Centenary Celebrations at Calcutta|page=14|newspaper=Times of India|publication-place=Bombay|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/325266622|id={{ProQuest|325266622}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The following day, for the first time in the club's history, female guests were allowed to enter the club for a one-off tour.<ref name=":39" />
[[File:Royal_Air_Force_Operations_in_the_Far_East,_1941-1945._CI1066.jpg|thumb|223x223px|A [[Royal Air Force]] hospital in Kolkata, during the Second World War. In the course of the War, over a thousand military officers stationed in the city (above the rank of Lieutenant-colonel) were granted honorary membership of the Bengal Club.]]
According to Macalpine, the club's other milestones in the 20th century included its designation as a public air raid shelter and medical aid post during the [[World War II|Second World War]]; the grant of honorary membership to around 1,200 armed forces personnel stationed in Kolkata during different phases of the War (above the rank of [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant-colonel]]); the admittance of Indian members (in 1959); the allowance of women inside the club's premises (initially in fits and starts, and eventually without restriction in 1967); the receipt of valuable paintings and artefacts (gifted by club members and presidents); and visits by many notable dignitaries and public figures.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1927–70)|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|pages=98, 105, 116–19, 131}}</ref>

However, Macalpine also chronicles the club as suffering from a series of financial setbacks during this period, exacerbated by the fact that the club's membership size was small and highly selective. The [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake]] apparently caused great damage to the club's building and necessitated costly repairs, while a large number of expensive renovations were also undertaken in successive decades. Meanwhile, the Second World War resulted in food and alcohol shortages, and an atmosphere of panic followed the bombing of Kolkata by Japan. Macalpine claims that the club's revenues were further dented by strikes by "menial" staff motivated by "anti-British" sentiment, and various excise, prohibition and labour laws. By the late 1960s, the club's finances were so badly hit that it sold half of its premises.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1927–70)|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|pages=94–98, 105, 109–11, 116–19, 124, 131}}</ref>

Ray states that the club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 1977 with a large banquet (with the British High Commissioner to India and the Governor of West Bengal in attendance), allowed women to become members in their own right in 1988, and increased facilities offered to members significantly from the 1990s onwards.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Arabinda|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Ray-BC_History.pdf|title=A History of The Bengal Club (1970-2000)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd.|year=2001|location=Calcutta}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
Sarkar and her co-contributors generally describe the Bengal Club as continuing with many British-era traditions in the present century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/The-Bengal-Club-in-History.pdf|title=The Bengal Club in History|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=2006|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Malabika|location=Calcutta|pages=}}</ref> The international press has provided a similar description of the club, variously referring to its menus, decor, artworks, dress codes and waiters' uniforms.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gray|first=Dennis|date=January 9, 2018|title=Strolling through Kolkata's colonial past|url=https://apnews.com/article/37a2617d8df847d3b25112ce38d0ac6c|website=Associated Press}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Holburt|first=Jonathan|date=12 August 2005|title=Clubbing in Calcutta – The World's Largest 'Museum' of British Colonial Architecture|page=9|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal (Asia Edition)|via=Factiva}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Tonkin|first=Boyd|date=2004-03-12|title=A Week in Books: Calcutta's English-language tradition shows no sign of fading|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/a-week-in-books-calcutta-s-english-language-tradition-shows-no-sign-of-fading-63901.html|access-date=2021-09-06|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bose|first=Mihir|date=2007-08-14|title=The changing values of modern India|language=en-GB|work=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6946800.stm|access-date=2021-10-30}}</ref> Among events of note, the club has hosted the award ceremony for the 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize|Commonwealth Writers' Prize]], where ''[[The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time]]'' and ''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]'' were awarded the top prizes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jaggi|first=Maya|date=2004-05-08|title=Oh, Kolkata|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/may/08/featuresreviews.guardianreview2|access-date=2021-09-06|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
[[File:Bengal Club dining hall.jpg|thumb|200x200px|One of the Bengal Club's dining rooms]]
Travel books from the 19th century suggest that the Bengal Club was then one of Kolkata's principal luxury accommodations, along with the [[Great Eastern Hotel (Kolkata)|Great Eastern Hotel]] and the [[Spence's Hotel]] (now demolished).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Orlich|first=Leopold von|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=db4RAAAAYAAJ|title=Travels in India: Including Sinde and the Punhab|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|year=1845|location=London|page=179|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhhiTtP68WwC|title=Handbook of the Bengal Presidency: With an Account of Calcutta City ...|last2=|first2=|date=1882|publisher=J. Murray|location=London|pages=85|language=en}}</ref> One visitor from that period, [[John Fletcher Hurst]], described the club as "a delightful resort" with "spacious and beautiful" bedrooms and a well-stocked library.<ref>{{Cite book|last=John F. Hurst|url=http://archive.org/details/DKC0054|title=Indika. The Country and the People of India and Ceylon|date=1891|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|pages=402|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> The club's present facilities include accommodation rooms, banquet halls, bars, lounges, dining rooms, conference rooms, a library and indoor sports facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bengal Club {{!}} The Bengal Club|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/|access-date=2021-10-30|language=en-US}}</ref> The club's website lists various clubs in India and overseas as among its affiliated clubs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Affiliations {{!}} The Bengal Club|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/affiliations/|access-date=2021-09-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Food and culinary history ==
[[File:Harrods_Bengal_Club_chutney.png|thumb|180x180px|Advertisement for "Bengal Club chutney" in a 1912 [[Harrods]] catalogue]]
In the 19th century, the Bengal Cub's food and drink was spoken of favourably in a number of travelogues and cookbooks.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Sir William Howard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89fzZKnLlooC|title=My Diary in India, in the year 1858-9. With illustrations|date=1876|publisher=George Routledge & Sons|location=London|pages=71, 74|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Spencer|first=Edward|url=https://archive.org/details/b21529346/page/164/mode/2up|title=The flowing bowl : a treatise on drinks of all kinds and of all periods, interspersed with sundry anecdotes and reminiscences|date=1903|publisher=Grant Richards|location=London|page=45|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> The club's head chef was a French cook, who later became the private cook of the [[Nawab of Oudh]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Knighton|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73YoAAAAYAAJ|title=The Private Life of an Eastern King|date=1855|publisher=Redfield|location=New York|pages=26|language=en}}</ref> Food historian [[Colleen Taylor Sen]] credits the Bengal Club with pioneering and popularising the [[Indian omelette|masala omelette]].<ref name=":40">{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Colleen Taylor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VN_vCgAAQBAJ|title=Feasts and Fasts: A History of Food in India|date=2014|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-391-8|page=225|language=en}}</ref> At one point, the club supposedly housed "four cooks who made nothing but omelettes all day long and wouldn't soil their hands doing anything else."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Masani|first=Zareer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm4FVb54_oUC|title=Indian Tales of the Raj|date=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07127-8|page=162|language=en}}</ref> The club was also known for a type of sweet mango chutney.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Bharati|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/The-Bengal-Club-in-History.pdf|title=The Bengal Club in History: Birth and Survivaly|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=2006|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Malabika|location=Calcutta|pages=11, 15}}</ref> Internationally, the item became generically known as "Bengal Club chutney"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schoonmaker|first=Alfeld, Beverly Ellen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcirBFKs5SEC|title=Pickles to Relish|date=2008|publisher=Pelican Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-4556-1043-3|page=151|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Mary Elizabeth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7U2AQAAMAAJ|title=Food Products of the World|publisher=Hotel World|year=1902|edition=3rd|location=Chicago|page=101|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Treasury|first=United States Dept of the|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOoWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA713|title=Treasury Decisions Under Customs and Other Laws|date=1902|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=713|language=en}}</ref> and was marketed by different traders under that name.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 January 1863|title=Chutnies and Indian Condiments (advertisement)|work=Allen's Indian Mail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWtDAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22bengal+club+chutney%22&pg=PA23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=8 March 1924|title=David Spencer, Limited: Special Offerings (advertisement)|newspaper=Victoria Daily Times|url=https://archive.org/details/victoriadailytimes19240308/page/n3/mode/2up|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> [[Harrods]] and [[Eaton's]] also sold versions of the item.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|url=https://archive.org/details/harrods-for-everything-images/page/1238/mode/2up|title=Harrods For Everything|publisher=Harrods Ltd|year=1912|location=London|page=1238|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=T. Eaton Co|url=https://archive.org/details/eatonscatalogue36teat/page/138/mode/2up|title=Eaton's Fall and Winter Catalogue|publisher=T. Eaton Co|year=1896|volume=36|location=Toronto|page=138|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref>

In modern times, various books have discussed the club's culinary history and shared some of its signature recipes.<ref name=":26">{{Cite book|last=Marks|first=Copeland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7F6KCgAAQBAJ|title=Indian & Chinese Cooking from the Himalayan Rim|date=1999|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-59077-449-6|pages=304–339|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Minakshie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btECzLTe6kMC|title=The Calcutta Cookbook: A Treasury of Over 200 Recipes from Pavement to Palace|last2=Gupta|first2=Bunny|last3=Chaliha|first3=Jaya|date=1995|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-046972-1|pages=61, 159, 266, 345|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Condé Nast Traveler]]'' has listed the Bengal Club's orange soufflé as one of eight recommended recipes from colonial Indian clubs,''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-08-06|title=8 gymkhana and club recipes from across India to bring home|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/8-gymkhana-club-recipes-india-home-food-mumbai-kolkata/|access-date=2021-09-24|website=Condé Nast Traveller India|language=en-IN}}</ref>'' and mentioned its biryani as one of the best examples of home-made [[Biryani#Kolkata biryani|Kolkata biryani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ail |first=Arundhati |date=2022-04-24 |title=Best biryani in Kolkata according to the city's foodies |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/best-biryani-in-kolkata-according-to-the-citys-foodies/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Relocations and architectural history ==
<gallery heights="100">
File:Bengal Club Calcutta Esplanade 1833.jpg|The Bengal Club in 1833 (Gordon's Buildings)
File:Thomas Babington Macaulay2.jpg|[[Thomas Babington Macaulay|Thomas Macaulay]]
File:Bengal Club Calcutta (Kolkata) - Mid 19th Century.jpg|The Bengal Club c. 1850 (Macaulay's former residence)
File:Bengal Club te Calcutta in India, KITLV 152328.tiff|The Bengal Club's Chowringhee building, designed by [[Vincent Esch]]
File:Plaques of kolkata.jpg|Plaque at the club's entrance
File:Bengal Club evening view.jpg|Tower at the club (designed by Esch) with cobra emblem
</gallery>
In 1827, the Bengal Club was housed in a four-storeyed building in [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]], known as Gordon's Buildings (now demolished), for a rent of Rupees 800 every month.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H.R.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290/page/n21/mode/2up|title=A Short History of The Bengal Club|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=1927|location=Calcutta|pages=9–10|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> The "Agency House Crisis" (a major financial crisis of the 1830s, linked to the indigo trade)<ref>{{Cite web|last=gateway|date=2018-05-03|title=Indian banking's chequered history|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/indian-banking-history/|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Gateway House|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rothermund|first=Dietmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpSJAgAAQBAJ|title=An Economic History of India|date=2002-11-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-87945-8|language=en}}</ref> affected the club severely. Unable to pay rent, the club shifted to a house in Tank Square (later renamed [[Dalhousie Square]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H.R.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290/page/n29/mode/2up|title=A Short History of the Bengal Club 1827–1927|publisher=Bengal Club|year=1927|location=Calcutta|page=20|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> In 1845, with its finances improving, the club shifted to a building in Russell Street, which had served as the residence of [[Thomas Babington Macaulay]].<ref name=":0222">{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Rudrangshu|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/The-Bengal-Club-in-History.pdf|title=The Bengal Club in History|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=2006|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Malabika|location=Calcutta|page=32|chapter=The House Where Macaulay Lived}}</ref> The original owner of the land was [[Kaliprasanna Singha]], a well-known writer and philanthropist.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H.R.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290/page/n35/|title=A Short History of the Bengal Club 1827–1927|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=1927|location=Calcutta|page=23|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The club later expanded to a new, adjacent building in [[Chowringhee]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Jack|first=Ian|date=2017-01-28|title=The big white men of Brexit are a throwback to Britain's imperial past|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jan/28/white-men-brexit-britain-imperial-past|access-date=2021-08-30|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The new building was designed by [[Vincent Esch]], superintending architect of the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]], and formally opened in 1911.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H. R.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290/mode/2up|title=A Short History Of The Bengal Club|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=1927|pages=40–41|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> Esch also dismantled and redesigned the Russell Street building.<ref name=":3" />

In the 1960s, the club ran into heavy debt, as "class and race exclusivity had shrunk the membership".<ref name=":22" /> Rather than expanding the club's membership to raise revenues, the club took the decision to maintain its rarefied membership and sell the Chowringhee building to [[Grindlays Bank|Grindlay's Bank]], retaining only the Russell Street premises as before. Macalpine writes that the sale of the Chowringhee building to Grindlay's was "manna from heaven" for the club from a financial standpoint.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1927–70)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd.|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|page=122}}</ref> However, the Indian government unexpectedly refused permission to Grindlay's to use the Chowringhee building. The bank was compelled to sell the building ("reportedly for a song") to Benoy Kumar Chatterjee, a businessman with a controversial reputation.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Mitra|first1=Sumit|last2=Sen|first2=Sumanta|date=15 September 1982|title=Maker of Calcutta's tallest building gets embroiled in investment scandal|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820915-maker-of-calcuttas-tallest-building-gets-embroiled-in-investment-scandal-772163-2013-08-27|journal=India Today|publication-date=27 August 2013}}</ref>

Chatterjee, in violation of building laws,<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Saha|first=Sambit|date=3 September 2015|title=Landmark mired in rule violations|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/landmark-mired-in-rule-violations/cid/1216139|access-date=2021-09-02|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> demolished the Chowringhee building and built a skyscraper in its place, the [[Chatterjee International Center|Chatterjee International Centre.]] Historian [[David Gilmour (historian)|David Gilmour]] writes that the Chowringhee building could have survived if the club had simply accepted Indians as members after Independence.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Gilmour|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QzKwQEACAAJ|title=The British in India: Three Centuries of Ambition and Experience|date=2019|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-197921-2|language=en}}</ref> In Britain, ''[[The Times]]'' reacted to the demolition by remarking: "The sun has set on the imperial splendour of the Bengal Club."<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 February 1970|title=The Times Diary: Bengal's Loss|page=10|work=The Times|location=London|via=Gale Primary Sources: The Times Digital Archive}}</ref> Meanwhile, heritage conservationists have criticised the demolition of the Chowringhee building (described by [[Ian Jack]] to be "as grand as the grandest seafront hotel")<ref name=":22" /> and called for greater government efforts to preserve architectural heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|date=30 May 2016|title=Heritage showdown in Kolkata|url=https://www.civilsocietyonline.com/cities/heritage-showdown-in-kolkata/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Civil Society|publication-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

According to oral legend, a [[king cobra]] was spotted by construction workers when the Tank Square premises were being built. The workers, regarding the creature as the sacred guardian of the place, refused to continue their work. A Hindu priest was then brought to the premises to perform rituals and propitiate the snake with milk. The snake eventually left the premises and work resumed. In acknowledgement of the incident, the club adopted the symbol of a king cobra as its emblem in British India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1927–70)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd.|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|pages=150–51}}</ref> The emblem is visible in a [[lunette]] above a tower at the club.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bach|first=Brian Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwBQAAAAMAAJ|title=Calcutta's Edifice: The Buildings of a Great City|publisher=Rupa & Company|year=2006|isbn=978-81-291-0415-1|page=233|language=en}}</ref>

== Notable guests and speakers ==
[[File:Léopold, duc de Brabant - Bocourt.jpg|left|thumb|91x91px|[[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]]]]
[[File:Prince-Edward-Duke-of-Windsor-King-Edward-VIII.jpg|thumb|119x119px|[[Edward VIII]]]]
[[File:Ferdinand_Schmutzer_-_Franz_Ferdinand_von_Österreich-Este,_um_1914.jpg|left|thumb|99x99px|[[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Franz Ferdinand]]]]
In British India, many high-ranking royals and politicians had banquets held in their honour at the Bengal Club (customarily hosted by the club's president) and some of them also stayed at the club. Various writings also mention important political meetings taking place at the club. Royal visitors to the club (in both British and independent India) have included [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]];<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=Allen's Indian Mail |date=March 29, 1865 |page=1 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/allens-indian-mail-mar-29-1865-p-1/ |title=Registration |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-05-06 |via=[[Heritage Microfilm, Inc.|NewspaperArchive]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale|Prince Albert Victor]];<ref name=":022">{{Cite news|date=11 January 1890|title=Dinner at the Bengal Club|page=5|work=The Times of India|publication-place=Bombay|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/498202053|id={{ProQuest|498202053}}|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]] (twice);<ref name=":022" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 November 1920|title=Calcutta Exchange|page=9|work=Times of India|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/603289713|id={{ProQuest|603289713}}|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Franz Ferdinand]];<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ferdinand|first=Franz|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Tagebuch_meiner_Reise_um_die_Erde_-_1892-1893_%28IA_tagebuchmeinerr1fran%29.pdf|title=Tagebuch meiner Reise um die Erde – 1892–1893|year=1895|page=175}}</ref> [[Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia|Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich]];<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 April 1902|title=Our Calcutta Letter: The troubles of the tea trade |page=4 |newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/233995420|id={{ProQuest|233995420}}|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]];<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 May 1920|title=Crown Prince of Rumania|page=16|work=Times of India|agency=Associated Press|publication-place=Bombay|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/325165269|id={{ProQuest|325165269}}|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Edward VIII]];<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rushbrook Williams|first=L. F.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108659/page/n99/mode/2up|title=The History of the Indian Tour of H.R.H. The Prince of Wales 1921–22|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|year=1922|location=Calcutta|page=81|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H. R.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290/page/n55/mode/2up|title=A Short History of The Bengal Club|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=1927|location=Calcutta|page=43|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> [[Aga Khan III]];<ref name="Current Topics: The Aga Khan">{{Cite news|date=26 February 1934|title=Current Topics: The Aga Khan|page=8|work=Times of India|publication-place=Bombay|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/323826512|id={{ProQuest|323826512}}|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Prince Philip]] (twice);<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 February 1959|title=Friendship Greater Than Pride|page=13|work=South China Morning Post|location=Hong Kong|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1532323060|id={{ProQuest|1532323060}}|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1927–70)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd.|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|pages=136–37}}</ref> [[Charles III]];<ref name=":8" /> [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Edward]];<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 1997|title=Court Circular|url=https://www.royal.uk/archive/199703|access-date=2021-09-17|website=The Royal Family|language=en}}</ref> and [[Prince Andrew]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 March 2010|title=Court Circular|language=en|newspaper=The Times|publication-place=London|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/court-circular-mar-13-qp7hm3nbvlq|access-date=2021-09-29|issn=}}</ref>

Political, diplomatic and military visitors have included [[Steen Andersen Bille (1797–1883)|Steen Andersen Bille]];<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bille|first=Carl Steen Andersen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIhpAAAAcAAJ|title=Bericht über die Reise der Corvette Galathea um die Welt in den Jahren 1845, 1846 und 1847; aus dem Dänischen übers. ... von W. v. Rosen|date=1852|publisher=C. A. Reitzel|page=160|language=de}}</ref> [[Robert O. Tyler|Robert Ogden Tyler]];<ref name=":452" /> several Governors General of India;<ref name=":122">{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1927–70)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd.|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|page=100}}</ref> [[Edwin Montagu]];<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 1917|title=Calcutta Letter: The Montagu Visit|page=6|work=Times of India|publication-place=Bombay|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/500757407|id={{ProQuest|500757407}}|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Patrick Duncan (South African politician)|Sir Patrick Duncan]];<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 October 1926|title=The South African Problem|page=10|work=Times of India|location=Bombay|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/325262709|id={{ProQuest|325262709}}|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=29 September 1926|title=A Busy Day at Calcutta|page=12|work=Times of India|location=Bombay|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/311500549|id={{ProQuest|311500549}}|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|Sir John Simon]] and other members of the [[Simon Commission]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1927–70)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd.|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|page=100}}</ref> [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Sir Stanley Jackson]];<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Sir Stanley Jackson|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152873.html|access-date=2021-09-19|website=Cricinfo}}</ref> [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Sir William Slim]];<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1927–70)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|page=108}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Slim|first=Viscount Field-Marshal Viscount William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VXHtDAAAQBAJ|title=Defeat Into Victory: Battling Japan in Burma and India, 1942–1945|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=1956|isbn=978-1-4616-6093-4|edition=2000|page=156|language=en}}</ref> [[C. Rajagopalachari]];<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1927–70)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|page=135|type=}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]];.<ref name=":94" /><ref name=":102" /> [[V. V. Giri|V.V. Giri]];<ref name=":8" /> various British High Commissioners;<ref name=":93">{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1927–70)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|page=135|type=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Delhi|first=British High Commission, New|title=Sir James Bevan visits Kolkata 7–8 June 2012|date=2012-06-07|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ukinindia/7392950676/|access-date=2021-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Delhi|first=British High Commission, New|title=Dominic Asquith in Kolkata|date=2016-07-20|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ukinindia/28428755825/|access-date=2021-09-18}}</ref> and a British parliamentary delegation.<ref>{{Citation|last=Delhi|first=British High Commission, New|title=CPA delegation at Bengal Club|date=2015-02-19|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ukinindia/16401346088/|access-date=2021-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 February 2015|title=Lord Speaker, UK CPA Delegation to visit Kolkata, Guwahati to further bilateral relations|url=https://www.corecommunique.com/lord-speaker-uk-cpa-delegation-visit-kolkata-guwahati-bilateral-relations/|website=Core Sector Communique|language=en-US}}</ref> Other guests have included cricketer [[Arthur Gilligan]] (while captaining the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] during a [[Marylebone Cricket Club cricket team in India and Ceylon in 1926–27|historic tour]] of India);<ref>{{Cite news|date=1927-04-09|title=Cricket Fuss|work=Newcastle Sun|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article163416257|access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref> mountaineers [[Edmund Hillary|Sir Edmund Hillary]], [[Tenzing Norgay]] and [[John Hunt, Baron Hunt|Sir John Hunt]] (following the [[1953 British Mount Everest expedition|1953 Mount Everest expedition]]);<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1927–70)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd.|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|page=136}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crawford|first=C.E.J.|date=1997|editor-last=Kapadia|editor-first=Harish|title=In Memoriam: Vilhelm Schjelderup Risoe, M.B.E.|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/53/19/in-memoriam-8/|journal=Himalayan Journal|volume=53}}</ref> and footballer [[Pelé]] (who played a match for the [[New York Cosmos (1971–1985)|New York Cosmos]] in Kolkata).<ref name=":8" />

In the present century, the Bengal Club has hosted well-known authors and scholars as part of a "Library Talk" series, such as Nobel laureates [[Amartya Sen]],<ref name=":72">{{Cite web|date=25 August 2021|title=Amartya Sen at launch of memoir: Mere tolerance not enough|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/amartya-sen-at-launch-of-memoir-mere-tolerance-not-enough/cid/1827875|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 January 2012|title="Wonderful translation of a very exciting novel": Amartya Sen|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/wonderful-translation-of-a-very-exciting-novel-amartya-sen/cid/1279137|access-date=|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> [[Ben Feringa]],<ref name=":192">{{Cite web|last=Basu|first=Anasuya|date=21 March 2019|title=Focus on basic science|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/focus-on-basic-science/cid/1687253|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> [[Abhijit Banerjee]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitra|first=Debraj|date=22 June 2021|title=Covid: Nobel winning economist calls for global solution|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/covid-nobel-laureate-calls-for-global-solution/cid/1819603|access-date=2021-09-24|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 September 2011|title=MIT economist on why policies fail in India|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14447685.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928121606/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14447685.jsp|archive-date=2011-09-28|access-date=2021-09-24|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> and [[Esther Duflo]];<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Niyogi|first1=Subhro|date=14 August 2021|title='Kolkata needs to retain its vibrant neighbourhoods', says French economist and Nobel laureate Esther Duflo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-needs-to-retain-its-vibrant-neighbourhoods/articleshow/85313104.cms|access-date=2021-09-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> authors [[Amitav Ghosh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amitav Ghosh's firm ecological concerns are prevalent in his new books |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/amitav-ghoshs-firm-ecological-concerns-are-prevalent-in-his-new-books-the-nutmegs-curse-the-living-mountain/cid/1864696 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> and [[Jeffrey Archer]];<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2011|title=Interaction and dinner at Bengal Club|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/interaction-and-dinner-at-bengal-club/cid/414130|access-date=2021-09-24|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> postcolonial theorist [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|Gayatri Spivak]];<ref name=":212">{{Cite web|last=Basu|first=Anasuya|date=25 May 2019|title=Reviving love for the language|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/reviving-love-for-the-language/cid/1691218|access-date=2021-08-21|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> and economist [[Kaushik Basu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 June 2018|title=Hurdle trio for India's growth|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/hurdle-trio-for-india-s-growth/cid/1419038|access-date=2021-09-26|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> The club also organises an annual lecture in the memory of [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]], delivered by a former international cricket captain. Past speakers have included [[Imran Khan]], [[Brian Lara]], [[David Gower]], [[Greg Chappell]], [[Clive Lloyd|Sir Clive Lloyd]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Mike Brearley]], [[Courtney Walsh]] and [[Sourav Ganguly]].<ref name=":222">{{Cite web|date=29 February 2020|title=Rewind: Tiger Pataudi Memorial Lectures revisited|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/rewind-tiger-pataudi-memorial-lectures-revisited/cid/1749950|access-date=2021-08-21|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Thakur|first=Sankarshan|title=Captain as unifier, Lloyd reveals secret of conquering the world|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/captain-as-unifier-lloyd-reveals-secret-of-conquering-the-world/cid/1810572|access-date=2021-11-13|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marik |first=Priyam |date=30 November 2023 |title=Brian Lara on the front foot, hails Kohli, Tendulkar, Kapil, Gavaskar and Pataudi as India's best |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/cricket/brian-lara-on-the-front-foot-hails-kohli-tendulkar-kapil-gavaskar-and-pataudi-as-indias-best/cid/1983737 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

== Members and presidents ==
[[File:Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe.jpg|left|thumb|125x125px|[[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe]], Bengal Club president from 1827 to 1837]]
[[File:J_Stocqueler.jpg|thumb|164x164px|[[Joachim Hayward Stocqueler|JH Stocqueler]] was controversially expelled from the club in 1835. ]]
By the 1850s, the Bengal Club's membership remained confined to a few titled noblemen, senior government and military officials, and judges.<ref name=":33">{{Cite book|last=|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40281/page/n27/mode/2up|title=Rules of The Bengal Club|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=1853|location=Calcutta|page=24|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> In the 1880s, the club's membership was, by contrast, described as comprising "chiefly barristers, merchants, and bankers, with a sprinkling of civilian and military men."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buckland|first=Charles Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIcIAAAAQAAJ|title=Sketches of Social Life in India|date=1884|publisher=W.H. Allen|location=London|page=89|language=en}}</ref> Notable club presidents in British India included serving or future Governors-General of India and other countries (such as Metcalfe, [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]], [[John Peter Grant|Sir John Peter Grant]], [[Sir Henry Bartle Frere]] and [[Hugh Lansdown Stephenson|Sir Hugh Lansdown Stephenson]]); serving or future Chief Justices and Advocates General (such as [[James William Colvile|Sir James William Colville]], [[George Claus Rankin|Sir George Claus Rankin]] and Sir James Tisdall Woodroffe); senior military officers (such as [[Willoughby Cotton|Sir Willoughby Cotton]] and [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|Sir James Outram]]); senior civil servants (such as [[Clement Hindley|Sir Clement Hindley]]); and presidents of the [[Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] (such as [[Robert Steel (chess player)|Robert Steel]], [[Keswick family#John Johnstone Jardine Keswick (1842–1904)|John Johnstone Jardine Keswick]] and [[Apcar Alexander Apcar|Sir Apcar Alexander Apcar]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H. R.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290|title=A Short History of The Bengal Club|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=1927|location=Calcutta|pages=10–44, 57–60|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Former Presidents {{!}} The Bengal Club|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/former-presidents/|access-date=2021-09-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

During Metcalfe's presidency, the noted editor [[Joachim Hayward Stocqueler|JH Stocqueler]] was controversially expelled from the club for writing articles criticising a fellow member (a senior military official).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Mrinalini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVbL4dUpl7AC|title=Britishness, Clubbability and the Colonial Sphere|work=Bodies in Contact: Rethinking Colonial Encounters in World History|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8223-8645-2|editor-last=Burton|editor-first=Antoinette|pages=183, 189|language=en|editor-last2=Ballantyne|editor-first2=Tony}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=1836|title=The Bengal Club|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzcWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA131|journal=The Meerut Universal Magazine|publication-place=Agra|publication-date=28 December 1835|volume=2|page=130}}</ref> The club subsequently made the following rule: "No editor of a newspaper shall henceforth be eligible for election as a member of this club."<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Bengal Club|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8tGAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22the+bengal+club%22+stocqueler+lumley&pg=RA1-PA13|journal=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia| date=26 August 2023 |publication-date=1836|volume=20|page=75}}</ref> During Keswick's presidency, Keswick controversially founded the [[European and Anglo-Indian Defence Association]] and campaigned against [[Lord Ripon|Lord Ripon's]] [[Ilbert Bill]] at the club. Another member campaigning against the Bill was R.C. Macgregor, who Ripon attacked as "a small Calcutta Barrister...who knows nothing of this country or its affairs except what he picks up in the Bar Library and the Bengal Club."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hirschmann|first=Edwin|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12810/page/n1/mode/2up|title=White Mutiny: The Ilbert Bill Crisis in India and Genesis of the Indian National Congress|publisher=Heritage Publishers|year=1980|location=New Delhi|page=51|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref>

Dr William Earnest Fetherstonhaugh was the last club president in British India, as well as the first medical doctor to serve as club president.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1927–70)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd.|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|page=95}}</ref> However, many Britons served as club presidents even in postcolonial India, among them [[Anthony Elkins|Sir Anthony Elkins]], [[Anthony W. B. Hayward|Sir Anthony Hayward]], [[Alec Ogilvie (businessman)|Sir Alec Ogilvie]] and [[Michael Graham Satow]].<ref name=":02" /> [[Bharati Ray]] writes that the early generation of Indian Bengal Club members "were either educated in the United Kingdom or trained in British corporate ethics."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Bharati|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/The-Bengal-Club-in-History.pdf|title=The Bengal Club in History|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=2006|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Malabika|location=Calcutta|page=11|chapter=The Bengal Club in History: Birth and Survival}}</ref> Many were heads of important British corporations of the time.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Stephanie|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-349-12538-8%2F1.pdf|title=Merchants of the Raj: British Managing Agency Houses in Calcutta Yesterday and Today|publisher=Springer|year=1992|isbn=978-1-349-12538-8|pages=385–96|language=en}}</ref> In 1968, Dorab Pestonjee Maneckjee Kanga, a senior corporate executive and member of the [[Parsis|Parsi]] community, became the first Indian president of the club.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lelyveld|first=Joseph|date=1968-04-10|title=Calcutta's Clubs Seek Indian Members as British Dwindle|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/04/10/archives/calcuttas-clubs-seek-indian-members-as-british-dwindle.html|access-date=2021-09-05|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A number of well-known Parsis subsequently became president, such as [[C R Irani|CR Irani]] and [[Dara P. Antia|Dara Pirojshaw Antia]], as did a prominent member of India's [[Armenians in India|Armenian community]], [[Pearson Surita]].<ref name=":02" />

In the 1970s, ''[[The New York Times]]'' described the Bengal Club's membership as including "some of India's most powerful industrialists".<ref name=":152">{{Cite news|last=Borders|first=William|date=1978-02-01|title=Calcutta's Wealthy|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/01/archives/calcuttas-wealthy-a-glittering-isle-in-a-sea-of-poverty-concern-of.html|access-date=2021-08-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the present century, major Indian business newspapers have similarly described the club's membership as decidedly elite.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weekend|first=B. S.|date=2011-05-07|title=The ivory league|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-ivory-league-111050700034_1.html|access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tiwari|first=Dheeraj|date=15 October 2006|title=Club class|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/money-you/club-class/articleshow/2172049.cms?|access-date=2021-08-21}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitra|first=Arnab|date=29 August 2004|title=Boxwallah Redux|url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20040829/books.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Business Today}}</ref> Like in British India, many modern Bengal Club presidents have served as presidents of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry,<ref name=":43">{{Cite web|title=Presidents of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry|url=https://bengalchamber.com/agm14/pages/president.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> and some have also served as presidents of the [[Confederation of Indian Industry|Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)]] and the [[ASSOCHAM|Associated Chambers of Commerce of India (ASSOCHAM)]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite book|last=Ghatak|first=Aditi Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMEVAQAAMAAJ|title=Partnership for Progress: The ASSOCHAM Story, 1920-1995|publisher=Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry of India|year=1995|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":44">{{Cite web|title=CII|url=https://www.cii.in/PressreleasesDetail.aspx?enc=qlKx9sLX+Q03Bi+gdmyvtH1vZr651MHe/Y7btKxXTA+HkBS6ctXI44wuYZqkib4p5DcYiADt7Qb3mhKK2iij8mEymcOwntXs+GyVxpbT83x4xczIdJ39tIaYhM/JHhaqlkxKdl4M25qUhsU9yQVf51CPtoiVkvMTGRTKDl5yhG4=|access-date=2021-09-05|website=www.cii.in}}</ref> Outside of the corporate world, a small number of medical practitioners and barristers have served as club president.

== Racial admission policies ==
[[File:Mahatma-Gandhi, studio, 1931.jpg|left|thumb|125x125px|In his autobiography, Gandhi recalled being humiliated at the Bengal Club]]
[[File:Vivien_Leigh_-_Anna_Karenina.jpg|thumb|129x129px|The father of [[Vivien Leigh]] allegedly lost his membership of the Bengal Club on racial grounds ]]
In British India, high-ranking Indians had been occasionally entertained at the Bengal Club. In 1910, following the [[Minto–Morley Reforms]], [[Guy Fleetwood Wilson|Sir Guy Fleetwood Wilson]] hosted an important dinner for rulers of [[princely state]]s appointed to the [[Imperial Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Guy Douglas Arthur Fleetwood|url=https://archive.org/details/letterstonobody00wilsiala/page/56/mode/2up|title=Letters to Nobody, 1908–1913|date=1921|publisher=J. Murray|location=London|pages=56–59}}</ref> In 1934, [[Aga Khan III]] dined at the club as a guest of Sir Edward Benthall, a Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]] and former Governor of the [[Imperial Bank of India]].<ref name="Current Topics: The Aga Khan"/> In the early years of independent India, [[C. Rajagopalachari]] and [[Kailash Nath Katju]] were hosted for tea by the club,<ref name=":9" /> while [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] lunched with the club's president and committee members at their invitation.<ref name=":94">{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1827–1970)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|page=135|type=}}</ref><ref name=":102">{{Cite book|last1=Biswas|first1=Oneil|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149376|title=Calcutta And Calcuttans: From Dihi to Megalopolis|date=1992|publisher=Firma KLM|location=Calcutta|page=399|language=en|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> However, several anecdotes suggest that the Bengal Club otherwise practised racial discrimination towards Indians, even in postcolonial India.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-61849-0001, Indien, Otto Grotewohl bei Ministerpräsident Nehru cropped.jpg|left|thumb|128x128px|Nehru criticised the Bengal Club's racial bias but later lunched there on invitation]]
[[File:Portrait_of_Dwarakanath_Tagore.jpg|thumb|146x146px|Portrait of [[Dwarkanath Tagore|Dwarakanath Tagore]] at the Bengal Club]]
In the 19th century, highly eminent Indians with ties to the British establishment, such as the industrialist [[Dwarkanath Tagore|Dwarakanath Tagore]],<ref name=":82">{{Cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Sumanta|url=https://archive.org/details/parlourstreetsel0000bane|title=The Parlour and the Streets: Elite and Popular Culture in Nineteenth Century Calcutta|publisher=Seagull Books|year=1989|isbn=978-81-7046-063-3|location=Calcutta|page=40|language=en|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> lawyer [[Prasanna Kumar Tagore]]<ref name=":82" /> and professor of medicine [[Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chuckerbutty]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 May 1855|title=Editorial article|volume=19|page=314|work=Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce|issue=982|publication-place=Bombay|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/233834801|id={{ProQuest|233834801}}|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1855-10-08|title=India|page=3|work=Sydney Morning Herald|location=Sydney|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12974615}}</ref> were denied membership of the club solely on grounds of their race. In another example, [[Rajendra Nath Mookerjee|Sir Rajendra Nath Mookerjee]] had been invited to the club by [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]], but the club erected a tent on the lawn for Mookherjee to dine in, rather than allowing him inside.<ref name=":232">{{Cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Nilanjana|url=https://sk.sagepub.com/books/locating-cultural-change/n10.xml|title=Just for Fun: Changing Notions of Social Forms of Leisure|last2=Gopalan|first2=Devlina|work=Locating Cultural Change: Theory, Method, Process|publisher=Sage Publications.|year=2011|editor-last=Chanda|editor-first=Ipshita|location=New Delhi|editor-last2=Basu|editor-first2=Partha Pratim}}</ref> In 1907, the notable [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi Jew]] merchant [[David Elias Ezra|Sir David Ezra]] was refused membership.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Imber|first=Elizabeth E.|date=2018|title=A Late Imperial Elite Jewish Politics: Baghdadi Jews in British India and the Political Horizons of Empire and Nation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jewisocistud.23.2.03|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=23|issue=2|pages=48–85|doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.23.2.03|jstor=10.2979/jewisocistud.23.2.03|s2cid=158380996|issn=0021-6704|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

It has also been claimed that Ernest Richard Hartley, a British businessman and father of the actress [[Vivien Leigh]], was effectively expelled from the club after marrying her mother, a woman of [[Anglo-Indian]] descent.<ref name=":422">{{Cite book|last=Vickers|first=Hugo|url=https://archive.org/details/vivienleigh00vick|title=Vivien Leigh|date=1988|publisher=Little Brown and Company|isbn=|location=Boston|page=27|language=en|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Another anecdote is one mentioned in the [[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|autobiography]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Gandhi had been invited to the club by John Ellerthorpe, a correspondent of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' who was staying at the club''.'' On Gandhi's arrival, Ellerthorpe was informed that Indians were not allowed inside the club's drawing-room. He thus took Gandhi to his bedroom at the club instead. Gandhi wrote that Ellerthorpe "expressed his sorrow regarding this prejudice of the local Englishmen" and apologised to him.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mahatma|url=http://archive.org/details/gandhisautobiogr01gand|title=The Story of My Experiments With Truth|date=1927|publisher=Navajivan Press|volume=1|location=Allahabad|page=445|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref>

Closer to Indian independence, Nehru criticised the Bengal Club, in his book ''[[The Discovery of India]],'' for discriminating against Indians while still using the term "Bengal" in its name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jawahar Lal Nehru|url=http://archive.org/details/DiscoveryOfIndia|title=Discovery of india|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1946|edition=1989|location=Delhi|page=291|language=English|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> Echoing Nehru, the then Governor-General of India, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], conveyed that either the club ought to permit Indians or rename itself to the "United Kingdom Club".<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Ziegler|first=Philip|url=https://archive.org/details/mountbattenoffic00phil|title=Mountbatten: The Official Biography|date=1985|publisher=Fontana/Collins|pages=479|language=en|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> Yet, the club did not admit Indians as members until 1959.

Macalpine writes that an extraordinary general meeting of the club was held in 1959, where "an overwhelming majority of members voted conclusively" to amend the policy, amidst "pressure from outside".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macalpine|first=R.I.|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf|title=The Bengal Club (1827–1970)|publisher=The Bengal Club Ltd|year=1970|edition=1997 Reprint|location=Calcutta|page=116}}</ref> According to ''[[The Times]],'' the then government of West Bengal had allegedly threatened to revoke the club's alcohol licence if it did not do so. The report also identified a few other colonial clubs in the city practising racial discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical press coverage of the Bengal Club: Pressure to end race-based membership in independent India |url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/historical-press-coverage-of-the-bengal-club/ |website=The Bengal Club}}</ref> In August 1959, the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister of India]], [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], informed Parliament that the Bengal Club had "recently admitted some Indians as members."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1769/1/lsd_02_08_10-08-1959.pdf|title=Lok Sabha Debates|date=10 August 1959|publisher=Parliament of India|page=1389}}</ref>

== Literary references to the Bengal Club ==
[[File:Rudyard_Kipling_-_Portrait.jpg|left|thumb|106x106px|[[Rudyard Kipling]]]]
[[File:Maugham_retouched.jpg|thumb|101x101px|[[W. Somerset Maugham]]]]
The Bengal Club has been mentioned in the works of many well-known authors.<ref name=":28">{{Cite web|title=The Bengal Club in Literary Fiction |website=The Bengal Club|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/the-bengal-club-in-literary-fiction/|access-date=2021-09-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Among favourable mentions, [[Lowell Thomas]] referred to the club as "one of the best in the world" in a travelogue,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lowell|first=Thomas|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523961/page/n283/mode/2up?|title=India: Land of The Black Pagoda|date=1931|publisher=Hutchinson & Co|location=London|page=283|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> while [[Rumer Godden]] described the club as serving "the best food east of Suez" in one of her novels.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Godden|first=Rumer|url=http://archive.org/details/darkhorse0000godd_q7v3|title=The Dark Horse|publisher=Viking Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-670-25664-8|location=New York|page=23|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> In contrast, [[W. Somerset Maugham]] claimed in a memoir that [[Azam Jah|Prince Azam Jah]] had said to him: "In the Bengal Club at Calcutta they don't allow dogs or Indians".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maugham|first=W. Somerset|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.16159|title=A Writers Notebook|publisher=William Heinemann Ltd.|year=1949|location=London|pages=227|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> [[Anita Desai]] also alluded to the club's racially exclusionary membership, in her novel ''Voices in the City.''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Desai|first=Anita|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208422/page/n215/mode/2up|title=Voices In The City|publisher=Peter Owen|year=1965|location=London|pages=213|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref>

In several novels and short stories, the club has been mentioned in a humorous or ironic way, as a meeting place for eccentric aristocratic gentlemen. Such examples include the [[Booker Prize|Booker-prize]] winning novel ''[[The Siege of Krishnapur]]'' by [[J. G. Farrell|J.G. Farrell]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Farrell|first=J. G.|url=http://archive.org/details/siegeofkrishnapu00farr|title=The Siege of Krishnapur|date=1976|publisher=Warner Books|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-15-182323-9|location=New York|page=44|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> ''[[A Division of the Spoils]]'' by [[Paul Scott (novelist)|Paul Scott]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scott|first=Paul|url=http://archive.org/details/divisionofspoils0000scot_y9o5|title=A Division of the Spoils|date=1985|publisher=G.K. Hall|isbn=978-0-8161-3847-0|location=Boston, Mass.|pages=25, 56, 706|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> ''[[A Suitable Boy]]'' by [[Vikram Seth]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seth|first=Vikram|url=http://archive.org/details/suitableboy0000seth|title=A Suitable Boy|date=1994|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=978-0-14-023033-8|location=New Delhi|pages=469|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> ''[[Sea of Poppies]]'' by [[Amitav Ghosh]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Amitav|url=http://archive.org/details/seaofpoppies0000ghos|title=Sea of Poppies|date=2008|publisher=John Murray|isbn=978-0-7195-6895-4|location=London|pages=284–85|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> and ''[[Bribery, Corruption Also]]'' by [[H. R. F. Keating|H.R.F. Keating]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Keating|first=H. R. F.|url=http://archive.org/details/briberycorruptio0000keat_y5p3|title=Bribery, Corruption Also : An Inspector Ghote Novel|date=1999|publisher=Macmillan|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-333-74568-7|location=London|pages=108–09|via=The internet Archive}}</ref> Similarly, among non-fiction works, [[Rudyard Kipling]] caricatured the Bengal Club's patrons in his travelogues.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Kipling|first=Rudyard|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12089/12089-h/12089-h.htm|title=Letters of Travel|publisher=McMillan & Co|year=1920|location=London|via=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> Books like ''No Full Stops in India'' by [[Mark Tully|Sir Mark Tully]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tully|first=Mark|url=http://archive.org/details/nofullstopsinind0000tull|title=No Full Stops in India|date=1991|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-81919-5|location=New Delhi|page=184|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> and ''Calcutta: Two Years in the City'' by [[Amit Chaudhuri]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaudhuri|first=Amit|url=http://archive.org/details/calcuttatwoyears0000chau_u2g2|title=Calcutta: Two Years in the City|date=2013|publisher=Union Books|isbn=978-1-908526-17-5|location=London|page=67|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> provide both a more modern and personal description of the club.

In Bengali literature, [[Satyajit Ray]] referred to the club in three short stories, ''The'' ''Acharya Murder Case'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBTLCQAAQBAJ|title=The Acharya Murder Case|date=2015|work=The Complete Adventures of Feluda: Volume II|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-93-5214-116-6|location=London|language=en}}</ref> ''Ashamanja Babu's Dog''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H0qKROLb89AC|title=Ashamanja Babu's Dog|work=Indigo: Selected Stories|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2020|isbn=978-0-14-306809-9|location=New Delhi|page=66|language=en}}</ref> and ''Gagan Chowdhury's Studio''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE4WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT472|title=The Collected Short Stories|date=2015|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5214-081-7|language=en}}</ref>

== Art and antiques collection ==
The Bengal Club has gifted several paintings and artefacts to the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] museum.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Malabika|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/The-Bengal-Club-in-History.pdf|title=The Fortune Teller: Reconstructing the History|work=The Bengal Club in History|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=2006|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Malabika|location=Calcutta|page=76}}</ref> These include various portraits of Maharajas painted by [[Valentine Cameron Prinsep]] (gifted to the museum in 1936).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Willcock|first=Sean|date=2017-02-01|title=Composing the spectacle: colonial portraiture and the Coronation Durbars of British India, 1877–1911'|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8365.12233|journal=Art History|language=en|volume=40|issue=1|pages=132–55|doi=10.1111/1467-8365.12233|issn=0141-6790}}</ref> Paintings that remain with the club include several portraits of officials in British India (some painted by [[George Duncan Beechey]]).<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=William|date=1931|title=George Duncan Beechy|url=https://archive.org/details/bengalpastprese01socigoog/page/n6/mode/2up|journal=Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society|publisher=Calcutta Historical Society|volume=41|page=101|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> The club also holds a sizeable collection of silverware (including rare sporting trophies from British India) and antique clocks.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Art and Artefact Collection|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/art-and-artefact-collection/|access-date=2021-12-05|website=The Bengal Club|language=en-US}}</ref><gallery heights="100">
File:William Bracken.jpg|Portrait of William Bracken, Collector of Customs, at the Bengal Club
File:The Coochbehar Cup.jpg|The trophy of [[Cooch Behar Cup]] at the Bengal Club, which was one of the oldest football tournaments in Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |title=Football Culture in Princely State of Cooch Behar |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416171622/http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |first=Amrita |last=Kumar Shil |journal=JHSR Journal of Historical Study and Search |date=15 May 2022 |issn=2583-0198 |volume=2 }}</ref>
File:Antique Clock.jpg|Antique clock at the Bengal Club
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
'''Bibliography'''
* Cohen, B. B. (2015). ''In the Club: Associational Life in Colonial South Asia''. United Kingdom: Manchester University Press.
* Gupta, Nilanjana and Gopalan, Devlina (2011). ''Just for Fun: Changing Notions of Social Forms of Leisure''. Chanda, Ipshita and Basu, Partha Pratim (eds.). ''Locating Cultural Change: Theory, Method, Process''. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
* Jones, S. (1992). ''Merchants of the Raj: British Managing Agency Houses in Calcutta Yesterday and Today''. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
* Macalpine, R.I. (1970). ''The Bengal Club (1927–70)''. ''The Bengal Club 1827–1970'' (1997 Reprint ed.). Calcutta: The Bengal Club Ltd.
* Marks, Copeland (1999). ''Indian & Chinese Cooking from the Himalayan Rim''. Rowman & Littlefield.
* Panckridge, H. R. (1927). ''A Short History Of The Bengal Club.'' Calcutta: The Bengal Club Ltd.
* Ray, Arabinda (2000). ''A'' ''History of The Bengal Club (1970–2000)''. Calcutta: The Bengal Club Ltd.
* Sarkar, Malabika (ed.) (2006). ''The Bengal Club in History''. Calcutta: The Bengal Club Ltd.

'''Other sources'''
* {{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/glimpses-of-black-white-ginger-ale-non-alcoholic-carbonated-beverage-presents-the-telegraph-bengal-club-31st-nite/cid/1907933|title=Glimpses of Black & White Ginger Ale Non-Alcoholic Carbonated Beverage presents The Telegraph Bengal Club 31st Nite|first1=Sramana|last1=Ray|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|date=5 January 2023|access-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101153937/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/glimpses-of-black-white-ginger-ale-non-alcoholic-carbonated-beverage-presents-the-telegraph-bengal-club-31st-nite/cid/1907933|archive-date=1 November 2023}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.38290|Panckridge, H. R. (1927). ''A Short History Of The Bengal Club.'' Calcutta: The Bengal Club Ltd.]]
* [https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BC-1827-1970.pdf Macalpine, R.I. (1970). ''The Bengal Club (1927–70)''. ''The Bengal Club 1827–1970'' (1997 Reprint ed.). Calcutta: The Bengal Club Ltd.]
* [https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Ray-BC_History.pdf Ray, Arabinda (2000). ''A'' ''History of The Bengal Club (1970–2000)''. Calcutta: The Bengal Club Ltd.]
* [https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/The-Bengal-Club-in-History.pdf Sarkar, Malabika (ed.) (2006). ''The Bengal Club in History''. Calcutta: The Bengal Club Ltd.]
* [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.40281|''Rules Of The Bengal Club''. 1853.]]
* [https://www.thebengalclub.com The Bengal Club official website]
{{Kolkata topics}}

{{Coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengal Club, The}}
[[Category:Clubs and societies in India]]
[[Category:1827 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]

Parithi Ilamvazhuthi

2026-03-20T04:06:03Z

Legalwiki68:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Parithi Ilamvazhuthi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Minister of Information and Broadcasting ([[Government of Tamil Nadu]])
| term_start = 13 May 2006
| term_end = 15 May 2011
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| office1 = Deputy Speaker of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 13 May 1996
| term_end1 = 13 May 2001
| office4 = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 25 January 1989
| term_end4 = 14 May 2011
| constituency4 = [[Egmore (State Assembly Constituency)|Egmore]]
| term_start5 = 28 December 1984
| term_end5 = 30 January 1988
| constituency5 = [[Perambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perambur]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1959|11|11}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|10|13|1959|11|11}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| otherparty = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]/[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouses = S. M. Lalitha
| children = Dhilipan, Sandhya,,Indrajith
| alma_mater = [[Wesley Higher Secondary School]], [[Royapettah]], [[Chennai]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Parithi Ilamvazhuthi''', also known as '''Parithi Ellamvazhuthi''', (11 November 1959 – 13 October 2018) was an Indian politician. Born as Gandhi to Elamparithi and Kannammal. His father Elamparithi was a DMK High Command member during 1970's & 80's. At a very young age, he was attracted to the ideologies of DMK and chose to have political journey.

He completed his [[SSLC]] level at [[Wesley Higher Secondary School]] in [[Chennai]] before moving into political life. In 1983, at the age of 23, he addressed a DMK Meeting at Villivakkam, which was his turning point. He was first elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] at the age of 25 when he defeated [[Sathyavani Muthu]] in the [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984 elections]] in the [[Perambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perambur constituency]]. Subsequently, he was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] on six consecutive occasions between 1989 and 2011, all from the [[Egmore (State Assembly Constituency)|Egmore constituency]], which is reserved for candidates from the [[Scheduled Castes]]. A candidate for the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party during all of this time, he lost the Egmore seat in the [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011 assembly elections]], when he was beaten by the [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] candidate, [[K. Nalla Thambi]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
The DMK was routed in the 1991 elections, held in the wake of Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, and he was one of the two MLAs from DMK to represent the party in the Assembly. Ilamvazhuthi, known for his oratory skills took on the AIADMK government single-handedly as the other DMK member, party patriarch, M Karunanidhi had resigned from his membership after winning from Harbour constituency in 1991. His performance in the Assembly greatly pleased the DMK High Command. As a result, he was made a [[Deputy Speaker]] in the 11th Assembly between 1996 and 2001 and was the Minister for Information Broadcasting and Publicity between 2006 and 2011. Referred to as the [[Indrajit]] and [[Abhimanyu|Veera Abhimanyu]] of the DMK by its leader, [[Karunanidhi]], for his performances as the Opposition Member of the Legislative Assembly during 1991–1996, Ilamvazhuthi served as the Deputy General Secretary of the DMK.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} He was at ease with sharp, loaded Tamil, which he would use to advantage in the House. Often, it took other legislators some time to even figure out what he was actually saying. It was during this period that he started wearing trousers instead of dhoti, saying the former was a ‘safer’ attire, even as he departed from the norm of wearing dhotis.

Ilamvazhuthi moved from the DMK to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party on 28 June 2013 and was appointed a Chief Executive Committee Member the next day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/parithi-ilamvazhuthi-ponnusamy-join-aiadmk/article4859849.ece |title=Parithi Ilamvazhuthi, Ponnusamy join AIADMK |work=The Hindu |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=2017-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Days-after-Parithi-joins-AIADMK-son-held-for-abusing-CM/articleshow/20935630.cms |title=Days after Parithi joins AIADMK, son held for abusing CM |work=The Times of India |date=8 July 2013 |accessdate=2017-05-06}}</ref> He contested as an [[AIADMK]] candidate from [[Egmore Assembly Constituency]] in Tamil Nadu 2016 elections, but lost to DMK Candidate [[K. S. Ravichandran]]. After the demise of Madam [[J. Jayalalithaa]], he joined the [[O. Paneerselvam]] Faction after the Dharmayuddham.After sometime he became a supporter of [[T.T.V. Dhinakaran]] and was the Organizing Secretary of [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]] till his death.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101114065714/http://parithi.in/ Official Website of Parithi Ellamvazhuthi]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ilamvazhuthi, Parithi}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]

College of Engineering Chengannur

2026-03-18T10:42:17Z

Legalwiki68: small update formatting per sources also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|College in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = College of Engineering, Chengannur (CEC)
| native_name = കോളേജ് ഓഫ് എഞ്ചിനീയറിംഗ് ചെങ്ങന്നൂർ (സി.ഇ.സി)
| motto = To become a frontline global institute.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://ceconline.edu/index.php?link=about&data=mission_and_vision/ |title = vision|access-date= 29 December 2012 }}</ref>
| established = 1993
| type = [[Public college|Public]] Aided by the World Bank under TEQIP Programme Govt. of India
| principal = Dr Hari VS (2024 onwards)
| students = 1776<ref>{{cite web |url = http://ceconline.edu/index.php?link=about&data=admissions/ |title = Admissions|access-date= 29 December 2012 }}</ref>
| city = [[Chengannur]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus =
| website = {{URL|http://ceconline.edu/index.php}}
| image_name = Logo of College of engineering Chengannur.gif
| faculty = 200
| coor = {{Coord|9.318483|N|76.614017|E|display=inline,title}}
| affiliations = [[AICTE]], [[A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (initially KTU) - 2015 onwards, earlier [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]
}}

[[File:New Face of College of Engineering Chengannur.jpg|thumb|New Face of CEC, as in 2012]]
[[File:Central Library of College of Engineering Chengannur.jpg|thumb|Central Library of CEC]]

The '''College of Engineering Chengannur''' commonly known as '''CEC''', is an engineering institute in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]], that was established by the Government of Kerala under the aegis of the ''[[Institute of Human Resources Development]] (IHRD) in 1993''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=College of Engineering Chengannur – Managed by IHRD|url=https://ceconline.edu/|access-date=2021-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref> The college is located in [[Chengannur]], [[Alappuzha]]. The college is affiliated to the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] and the courses are recognised by [[AICTE]].

==Location==
CEC is situated in the heart of [[Chengannur]].

== Overview ==
The college has been approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]], [[New Delhi]] . Being located in Chengannur town, Alleppey district, the college has access to transport, communication, and lodging facilities. It was one of the five engineering colleges in Kerala selected by the government of India for the Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP). The college is listed as `CHN' in the allocation list of engineering seats maintained by the Commissioner for Entrance Examinations, Government of Kerala<ref name="#cee">{{cite web| url=http://www.cee-kerala.org/ | title=പ്രവേശന പരീക്ഷാ കമ്മീഷണറുടെ ഔദ്യോഗിക വെബ്‌സൈറ്റിലേക്ക് സ്വാഗതം (Welcome to the official website of the Commissioner of Entrance Examinations) | access-date=2024-02-24}}</ref>

== Courses ==
Two year postgraduate course in:
*[[M.Tech]] Electronics Engineering (VLSI and Embedded Systems) - 24 seats (from academic year 2010-11)
*[[M.Tech]] Computer Science (Digital Image Processing) - 24 seats
*[[Master of Computer Applications|MCA]] Master of Computer Application(from academic year 2022) - 60 seats

Four-year [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]] degrees in:
* Computer Science and Engineering - 180 seats (formerly, ''Computer Engineering'')
* Electronics and Communication Engineering - 120 seats (formerly, ''Electronics Engineering'')
* Electrical and Electronics Engineering - 60 seats (from academic year 2009-10)

== About ==
Admission to the courses is on an annual basis and is based on the All Kerala Common Entrance Examination conducted by the Controller of Entrance Examinations, Government of [[Kerala]]. The admissions to the free/merit seats and management seats are through the Central Allotment Process conducted by the Controller of Entrance Examinations, Government of [[Kerala]]. The proportion of seats are as follows: free/merit seats 50%, management seats 35% (as aforementioned allotment to both these categories are through the Central Allotment Process ), the remaining 15% seats come under the NRI quota.

=== Annual intake ===
CEC has an annual intake of 420 students (+10% lateral entry students) through government allotment, divided among the four branches as follows:
* Computer Science and Engineering: 120 (+10% lateral entry students)
* Electronics and Communication Engineering: 120(+10% lateral entry students)
* Electrical and Electronics Engineering: 120 (+10% lateral entry students)
* Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering: 60 (+10% lateral entry students)

=== CEC technical and non-technical events ===

==== SUMMIT ====
Summit is a biennial technical festival conducted by the college, to providing a platform for improving the technical and non-technical skills of the students. The Summit offers events including seminars and workshops.

== Technical organizations ==

=== IEEE Student Branch ===
An IEEE student branch was formed in CEC in mid-1997, with the goal of keeping the students in touch with technological advances. An IEEE library was inaugurated in December 1999. The library houses journals and magazines of IEEE. The IEEE student branch comes under the IEEE Kerala Section 
CEC's IEEE student members have presented projects at state and national level conferences and competitions. An IEEE Robotics Initiative Program has begun, with groups designing robots. IEEE-CEC is known for its consistent achievements since its inception in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cecieee.org/achievements/|title=IEEE CEC Website|publisher=ieeecec.org|access-date=22 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729005726/http://cecieee.org/achievements/|archive-date=29 July 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> IEEE-CEC is also known for many firsts including being the first IEEE Student Branch in the world to win the IEEE WIE SB Affinity Group of the year award in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/jaisonsabu/first-wie-sb-affinity-group-of-the-year-in-the-world|title=IEEE WIE Newsletter Extract|date=22 July 2014| publisher=slideshare.net|access-date = 22 July 2014}}</ref>

<big>'''SURGE CEC'''</big>

=== PRODDEC (Product Design and Development Center) ===

=== FOCES (Forum of Computer Engineering Students) ===
FOCES is an organization of CSE students of the college. The forum aims at improving the technical and industrial knowledge of the students. It organizes talks by personalities in the industry on evolving technologies in computing, workshops on developing platforms, languages and software packages in the IT industry..

=== ExESS (Electronics Engineering Students Society) ===
The activities of ExESS have helped students in attending state and national level contests. Apart from conducting technical learning sessions for Component familiarisations and Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools, ExESS also does hands-on training sessions for soldering and PCB fabrication.

=== FLOSS (Free/Libre/Open-Source Software) Cell ===
The FLOSS cell has been organized to explain Open Source and Linux. The cell conducts Linux familiarisation classes, installation sessions and other activities. FLOSS Cell helps install and maintain systems and LAN in the nearby government school.

===Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development Cell [IEDC] ===
The Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development Cell [IEDC] Bootcamp College of Engineering Chengannur came into existence in June 2015.They aim at promoting entrepreneurial spirit among students.IEDC seeks to inculcate the entrepreneurial culture among the students which would, in turn, inspire them to go a step further and take up the challenge of entrepreneurship.

==Non-technical organizations==

=== National Service Scheme ===

[[File:NSS Corner.jpg|thumb]]

NSS CEC now consists of 3 units with a maximum volunteer strength of 300, in which each student embraces the idea of everyone belonging to the same family.

Each year volunteers take part in 'Punarjani', the event where they aid community service centers such as hospitals in repairing damaged machinery and extend their assistance in whatever ways possible. The social commitments of our volunteers are evident from the Friday food serving programme at District hospital Chengannur to provide food for those in need. As directed by the Cell the three units conduct campus programmes exploring the talents in youth, awareness sessions brushing up their knowledge and community programmes that improvise their social skills. The units also extend their aid in helping with the internal duties of the college such as active participation during admission procedures and campus cleaning programmes. Our vivid spirit is not only seen in such commitments. The college hosts a plethora of talents whose skills are displayed in a variety of cultural events such as flash mobs, street plays on relevant topics, etc. We successfully hosted the second edition of UYILO, a techno-cultural fest with astounding feedback and plans to conduct further editions of the same in the years to come. The units have shown their active participation in almost every aspect pertaining to social and cultural welfare, and as the years progress it sets on reaching more milestones and prove to be an exemplary model for both its own volunteers and those outside.

=== Santhwanam ===
Integrated with the NSS unit, it undertakes campus cleaning drives, sending volunteers to the Pulse-Polio Immunization programs of the Government of India, and organizes orphanage visits.

=== Nature Club ===
CEC has joined hands with the "Save the Earth" global movement through the `Aranyam' forestry club. Group discussions, awareness camps and visits to nearby sanctuaries are some of the activities.

=== Arts Club ===
ACE (Arts Club for Engineers) provides a platform for students to develop their creative skills. It runs the Music club, Quiz and Debate club, and Audio Visual club. The Arts Club organizes "Utsav", the college arts festival.

=== The Students' Executive Senate (CEC Senate) ===
The Students Executive Senate, simply known as 'CEC Senate', is the supreme student body. The members of the senate are elected by and from the students, with two representatives from each class. The objectives of the senate are: to train the students of the college in their duties, responsibilities, and rights, to organize debates, seminars, group discussions, work squads, and tours, and to encourage sports, arts and other cultural, social or recreational activities.

== Training Placement Cell ==
The Training and Placement Cell (TPC) is a blend of faculty and students. With a group of students led by a Placement officer (Dr Raju M), the TPC helps the CECians choose their goal, prepare for it and find placements in work. The TPC of Chengannur Engineering College was the first of its kind, among the college placement units in the state, to introduce an 'Industry like' screening system for the selection of TPC student members.

== Entrepreneurship ==

Present as well as former students of College of Engineering Chengannur, have shown excellent entrepreneurship capabilities. Over 30+ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cecians.in/hall-of-fame/|title=Hall of fame {{!}} College of Engineering Chengannur Alumni Relations|website=cecians.in|access-date=2016-09-23}}</ref> Companies (Registered) have been initiated from this institute.

Some of the noteworthy companies from College of Engineering Chengannur are :
* ExTravelMoney Technosol - Online Forex Services Product<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iamwire.com/2015/05/extravelmoney-startup-creating-stop-shop-forex/117194|title=Extravelmoney: A Startup Creating a One Stop Shop for All Forex Needs|date=2015-05-30|language=en-US|access-date=2016-09-23}}</ref>
* Profoundis Labs - Known for developing the B2B sales intelligence tool Vibe (Acquired by FullContact)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/us-firm-acquires-kochi-based-start-up-profoundis-labs-kerala-it.html|title=Blockbuster deal: US firm acquires Kochi-based startup Profoundis {{!}} Video|access-date=2016-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924013525/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/us-firm-acquires-kochi-based-start-up-profoundis-labs-kerala-it.html|archive-date=24 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Entri.me - Educational Tech Product Startup<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/entrime-for-kerala-engineering-and-medical-entrance-exams/article7032184.ece|title=Make the right choice|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|access-date=2016-09-23}}</ref>
* Praudyogiki Technolabs LLP - IT Solutions

==Notable alumni==
*[[Anagha]], Indian film industry
*[https://in.linkedin.com/in/thecoderdotin Rahul Ramesh], Founder & CTPO at [https://entri.app/ Entri.app]

==See also==
* [[List of Engineering Colleges in Kerala]]
* [[KEAM]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Education in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:College Of Engineering Chengannur}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Institute of Human Resources Development]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Kerala]]

Connaught Place, New Delhi

2026-03-16T21:27:01Z

Legalwiki68:

{{About|a location in [[New Delhi]], India|other places with the same name|Connaught Place (disambiguation){{!}}Connaught Place}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Connaught Place
| native_name_lang =
| official_name = Rajiv Chowk
| settlement_type = Business district
| image_skyline = Skyline at Rajiv Chowk.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Panoramic view of the inner circle and central park in Connaught Place
| nickname = CP
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in New Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|37|58|N|77|13|11|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[New Delhi]]
| subdivision_name3 = 
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]] (Connaught Place) [[Rajiv Gandhi]] (Rajiv Chowk)
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[New Delhi Municipal Council]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110001<ref>{{cite news |title=Connaught Place Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/delhi/central-delhi/connaught-place-pincode-110001.html |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=ABP}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[New Delhi Municipal Council|NDMC]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Public transit
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}} [[Rajiv Chowk metro station|Rajiv Chowk]]
}}

'''Connaught Place''', also known as '''Rajiv Chowk''' or '''CP''', is one of the main financial, commercial and [[Central business district|business centres]] in [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India.<ref name="RajivChowk">{{cite news |last1=Brijnath |first1=Rohit |date=15 September 1995 |title=Govt comes under fire over renaming of Connaught Place |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950915-govt-comes-under-fire-over-renaming-of-connaught-place-807756-1995-09-15 |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It houses the headquarters of several noted Indian firms and is a major shopping, nightlife, and tourist destination in New Delhi. As of July 2018, Connaught Place ranked as the ninth most expensive office location in the world, with an annual rent of $1,650 per square metre ($153 per sq ft).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/connaught-place-worlds-9th-most-expensive-office-location/article24393852.ece|title='Connaught Place world's 9th most expensive office location'|agency=Press Trust of India|date=12 July 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 July 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/new-delhis-connaught-place-worlds-9th-most-expensive-office-location-with-annual-rent-of-153-per-sq-ft-cbre/1240054/|title=New Delhi's Connaught Place world's 9th most expensive office location with annual rent of $153 per sq ft: CBRE|date=11 July 2018|work=The Financial Express|access-date=15 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/ivideos/connaught-place-is-ranked-the-worlds-9th-most-expensive-office-location-1811759.html|title=Connaught Place Is Ranked The World's 9th Most Expensive Office Location|date=14 July 2018|work=News18|access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref>

Connaught Place, considered the principal commercial hub of the [[Lutyens' Delhi|new city]], holds a place of pride and is recognized as one of the top heritage structures in New Delhi. Developed as a showpiece of [[Lutyens' Delhi]], Connaught Place features a prominent Central Business District (CBD). Christened after [[Prince Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]], construction work began in 1929 and was completed in 1933. It was designed by [[Robert Tor Russell]]. Although Connaught Place was officially renamed in 1995 after former Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the term "Rajiv Chowk" is seldom used, with locals and officials alike continuing to refer to it as Connaught Place.<ref name="RajivChowk" />

An underground [[Delhi Metro]] station built beneath Connaught Place is named [[Rajiv Chowk metro station|Rajiv Chowk]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/434849/NEW-DELHI-RENAMES-BRITISH-SITES-TO-HONOR-THE-GANDHIS.html?pg=all | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708080323/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/434849/NEW-DELHI-RENAMES-BRITISH-SITES-TO-HONOR-THE-GANDHIS.html?pg=all | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 July 2014 | title=New Delhi renames 'British' sites to honour the Gandhis | date=21 August 1995 | access-date=14 July 2014 | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[Deseret News]]}}</ref>

==History==
In the centuries preceding the construction of Connaught Place, the area encompassing Connaught Place was a ridge, covered with ''[[Acacia nilotica subsp. indica|kikar]]'' trees and populated with jackals and wild pigs. Residents of [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmere Gate]] and [[Civil Lines]] paid visits to the area during the weekends for [[partridge]] hunting.<ref name="ht"/> The [[Hanuman Temple, Connaught Place|Hanuman Temple]] attracted many visitors from the [[Old Delhi|old walled city]], who visited only on Tuesdays and Saturdays and before sunset, as the return trip was considered dangerous.<ref name="ht"/>

Residents of villages including ''Madhoganj'', ''Jaisingh Pura'' and ''Raja ka Bazaar'' were evicted to clear the area for the construction of Connaught Place and the development of its nearby areas in the early twentieth century. The villages once straddled the historic Qutb Road, the primary route connecting [[Old Delhi|Shahjahanabad]], the walled city of Delhi (now Old Delhi), to [[Qutb Minar]], on Delhi's southern edge, since the Mughal era. The displaced people were relocated in [[Karol Bagh]] to the west, a rocky region that had previously been populated only by trees and wild bushes. However, three structures were spared demolition. These comprised the Hanuman temple, a Jain temple in Jaisingh Pura, and the [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Sidhartha |date=1 September 2011 |title=A tale of two cities |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702164816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2015 |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref><ref name=ht2013/>

===Construction===
[[File:Connaught Place New Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Tor Russell]] was the architect of Connaught Place|alt=|left]]
Plans for the development of a central business district took shape as the construction of the new capital of [[British India]] began to assume traction. Headed by W.H. Nicholls, the chief architect to the [[Government of India]], the plans featured a central plaza based on the European Renaissance and in the Classical style. However, Nicholls left India in 1917, and with [[Edwin Lutyens|Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker|Baker]] preoccupied with the construction of larger buildings in the capital, design of the plaza was eventually entrusted with [[Robert Tor Russell]], chief architect of the [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] (PWD), [[British Raj|Government of India]], who collaborated with [[Sir Sobha Singh|Sobha Singh]] in the [[construction of New Delhi]].

Originally barren and arid, the area saw its first development with the construction of Sujan Singh Block A (now Wenger’s Block), followed by Blocks B and C, then Scindia House block, Regal Building, Rivoli Cinema, and the American Express block. These properties were built and privately owned by [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sobha Singh]] as the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]] aimed to ensure Delhi had a blend of official and private spaces.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Connaught Place - Delhi, Legacy - Coming Full Circle |url=https://www.indiaprofile.com/heritage/cp-delhi.htm |website=www.indiaprofile.com |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref> Subsequently, Sardar Bahadur Dharam Singh Sethi and Sardar Bahadur Narain Singh of Akoi joined in developing the area, constructing buildings such as the Odeon Cinema and structures on the southern side.<ref name=":0" />

Connaught Place was named after [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]], the 1st [[Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught]] (1850–1942), the third son of [[Queen Victoria]] and uncle of [[George VI|King George VI]]. Prince Arthur visited India in 1921 and laid the foundation of the Council House (now [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]], or Parliament House). In 2013, Connaught Place was renamed Rajiv Chowk, in honor of former Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]].

Connaught Place's [[Georgian architecture]] is modelled after the [[Royal Crescent]] in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], designed by the architect [[John Wood the Younger]] and built between 1767 and 1774. While the Royal Crescent is semi-circular and a three-storied residential structure, Connaught Place consists of two floors, which made almost a complete circle intended to house commercial establishments on the ground with residential space on the first floor.<ref name="ht">{{cite news |date=8 February 2011 |last=Roy |first=Sidhartha |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103040022/http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=CP's blueprint: Bath's Crescent |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> The circle was eventually designed with two concentric circles, creating an Inner Circle, Middle Circle and the Outer Circle with seven roads radiating from a circular central park known as Radial Roads. As per the original plan, the different blocks of Connaught Place were to be joined from above, employing archways, with radial roads below them. However, the circle was 'broken up' to give it a grander scale. Even the blocks were originally planned to be {{convert|172|m}} in height but later reduced to the present two-storied structure with an open colonnade.

Government plans to have [[New Delhi Railway Station]] built inside Central Park were rejected by railway authorities as they found the idea impractical, and instead, chose the nearby [[Paharganj]] area. Construction work began in 1929, with the [[Viceroy's House]] (now known as the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the seat of the [[President of India]]), [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]], [[Sansad Bhavan|Parliament House]], and [[India Gate]] (previously known as the All-India War Memorial) completed by 1933, well after the city's inauguration in 1931.<ref name="ht"/><ref name="me"/>

===Early years===
[[File:Central Park, Connaught Place (view from Parikarma restaurant).jpg|thumb|260px|View of the Central Park and the inner circle of Connaught Place |alt=]]Early commercial establishments belonged to traders from the Kashmere Gate area: Harnarain Gopinath (Harnarains), Kanter's, Galgotia and Snowhite. Some of the other oldest and still-extant establishments include Ram Chandra & Sons (1935), Novex (1937), Dhoomi Mal Gallery (1936),<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2018|title=How India's first private art gallery introduced modern masters to the world|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/indias-first-private-art-gallery-introduced-modern-masters-world|access-date=12 October 2020|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|language=en-US}}</ref> Vaish at Rivoli (1939), Indian Arts Palace (1935),<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2012|title=Indian Paintings Getting New Attention from Museums and Collectors|url=http://www.artandantiquesmag.com/2012/03/indian-paintings-getting-new-attention-from-collectors/|access-date=12 October 2020|website=Art & Antiques Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Mahatta & Company (1947).<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 February 2011|title=A number of shops at Connaught Place boast of a rich legacy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/a-number-of-shops-at-connaught-place-boast-of-a-rich-legacy/story-wtmL7ipsnEjqkgmVz2nWdI.html|access-date=9 October 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

[[Regal Theatre, New Delhi|Regal Cinema]], the first cinema in Connaught Place, commenced operations around this time and went on to host popular concerts, theatre groups, and ballet performances. The Odeon and Rivoli followed the Regal, while the Indian Talkie House opened in 1938.<ref name="ht" /><ref name="me">{{cite news|title=Breathing life into New Delhi|date=8 February 2011|work=Hindustan Times, Metro|page=4}}</ref><ref name="htn" /> Initially, only Indian snacks were available in the area; gradually, restaurants opened in the plaza, with outlets like Kwality, United Coffee House and others offering [[European cuisine|Continental]] and [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai]] cuisines.<ref>{{cite news |title=100 years of Dilli khana |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/100-years-of-dilli-khana/article23030709.ece |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=Business Line |date=2 June 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

Wenger's, the [[Confectionery|confectioners]], was one of the first shops in Connaught Place. The firm also owned New Delhi's largest restaurant, located on the first floor of their current A-Block outlet. Originally established in 1926 as Spencers in Kashmere Gate, Wenger's was owned by a Swiss couple and introduced Delhi to pastries and homemade Swiss chocolates. In its early years, it was primarily patronized by British officers, Indian royalty, and a few businessmen with international exposure, as Delhi remained a city of classical taste within the [[Walled city of Delhi|walled city]]. Over the years, Wenger's opened another shop adjacent to their original location in Connaught Place's A Block. This space had previously belonged to ''Harnarains'', a food processing brand established in the 1860s. ''Harnarains'' currently operates under the name Harnarains International. Davico's, located across Connaught Plaza, and the Standard restaurant were popular for decades before eventually fading away. Another long-standing establishment, the Embassy Restaurant, opened in 1948.<ref name="htn">{{cite news |last=Dastidar |first=Avishek G |date=9 February 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/The-heart-of-Delhi-even-then/Article1-660169.aspx |title=The heart of Delhi, even then |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211214749/http://www.hindustantimes.com/The-heart-of-Delhi-even-then/Article1-660169.aspx |archive-date=11 February 2011 |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref>

[[New Delhi]]'s first [[luxury hotel]], [[The Imperial, New Delhi|The Imperial]], established in 1936 in [[Janpath]], eventually became a haunt for the royalty and a place for political discussions. It was here that [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas K. Gandhi]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and [[Lord Mountbatten]] met to discuss the [[Partition of India]] and the birth of Pakistan.<ref>[http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/asia/india/new-delhi/48951/the-imperial/hotel-detail.html The Imperial, New Delhi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113174248/http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/asia/india/new-delhi/48951/the-imperial/hotel-detail.html |date=13 January 2011 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.4hoteliers.com/4hots_fshw.php?mwi=1777 Famous Hotels: Imperial New Delhi – the making of] By Andreas Augustin. 4hoteliers.com. 11 December 2006.</ref>
[[File:The Jeevan Bharati building at Connaught Place, New Delhi.jpg|right|230px|thumb|''Jeevan Bharti'', [[Life Insurance Corporation of India|LIC]] building, Connaught Place, Outer Circle, built in 1986]]
Residents of Connaught Place gradually moved into the first-floor quarters, which were nearly fully occupied by 1938. However, it took another decade for the plaza to transform into the bustling marketplace it would later become, as World War II began and the [[Indian independence movement]] intensified and reached a feverish pitch. Markets experienced dwindling sales, but post-independence business began to burgeon in the 1950s.<ref name="ht"/><ref name="me"/><ref name="htn"/>

===Post-independence===
Until the 1980s, a ''Phatphat Sewa'', a Harley Davidson [[Auto rickshaw|rickshaw]] service, took visitors from Connaught Place to the [[Red Fort]] and [[Chandani Chowk]], before it ceased operations due to pollution concerns.<ref>{{cite book|last=Horton|first=Patrick |title=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&pg=PA82 |year=2002|publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=1-86450-297-5|page=82}}</ref> The empty block of the Inner Circle came into use in the late 1970s with the construction of an underground market, the first in Delhi, ''[[Palika Bazaar]]'', at the junction point. Stretching up to the Outer Circle, it also came with an adjoining underground parking lot. Concurrently, the State Emporiums on Baba Karak Singh Marg radial emerged.<ref name=ht2013>{{cite news |last=Khandekar |first=Nivedita |date=2 June 2013 |title=A village that made way for CP |publisher=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/A-village-that-made-way-for-CP/Article1-1069594.aspx |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109094504/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/A-village-that-made-way-for-CP/Article1-1069594.aspx |archive-date=9 January 2014 }}</ref> However, a major alteration in the skyline was the development of a skyscraper comprising red sandstone (inspired by the historic Red Fort) and glass, the ''Jeevan Bharti'' building (owned by the [[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]]), which was designed by architect [[Charles Correa]]. In 1986, it towered over the low-lying, predominantly white Connaught Place and faced criticism for being too futuristic. However, as other skyscrapers were gradually built on the periphery, the debate faded away.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/places/jeevanbhartibhawan.html|title=Jeewan Bharti|access-date=9 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521102227/http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/places/jeevanbhartibhawan.html|archive-date=21 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cinemas==
[[File:Regal cinema, Connaught Place, New Delhi.jpg|right|260px|thumb|Regal Cinema, Connaught Place's first theatre, opened in 1932 and was designed by [[Walter Sykes George]]]]With the introduction of [[Sound film|talkies]] to Indian cinema in 1931, the new medium quickly gained immense popularity. In the 1930s and 1940s, four theaters opened within Connaught Place Plaza: Regal, Rivoli, Odeon, and the short-lived "Indian Talkie House," which opened in 1938.
Connaught Place sprouted as the entertainment hub of New Delhi. The Regal, the first theatre in the area, was opened in 1932 by [[Sir Sobha Singh]]. It was designed by architect [[Walter Sykes George]] and mainly hosted stage performances. In the coming years it hosted Western Classical music artists, Russian ballet and British theatre groups, and soon started morning and afternoon movie shows. The next theatre to be built was the Plaza in 1940, designed by Sir Robert Tor Russell, the architect of Connaught Place itself. It was owned by director and actor [[Sohrab Modi]] until the early 1950s.

The Odeon was built in 1945 and had the city's second 70mm screen after the "Shiela Cinema" in [[Paharganj]]. The Rivoli, close to the Regal, was the smallest theatre in the area. Half a century later, while the vast majority of the theatres were still running, most changed ownership. The Plaza and Rivoli are now owned by multiplex giant [[PVR Cinemas|PVR INOX Cinemas]], while the Odeon runs as a joint venture with [[Reliance Big Pictures]].<ref name="ht" /><ref name="fourht">{{cite news|title=The famous four|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/Delhi100/The-famous-four/newdelhi/SP-Article10-745362.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|date=14 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023021832/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/Delhi100/The-famous-four/newdelhi/SP-Article10-745362.aspx|archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>

==Today==
[[File:Palika Bazar, Connaught Place, Delhi.jpg|left|220px|thumb|Entrance of the underground shopping complex, [[Palika Bazaar]], which was constructed in the 1970s]]
[[File:Connaught Place.JPG|thumb|Connaught Place on a busy weekend]]
The area is instantly recognisable on any map of Delhi as a giant circle in the middle with radial roads beaming in all directions. Eight separate roads extend from Connaught Place's inner circle, named Parliament Street and Radial Roads 1 through 7. Twelve different roads lead out from Connaught Circus, the outer ring. The best known of these is [[Janpath]], the continuation of Radial Road 1. Connaught Place is a logically planned area and is home to one of India’s first underground markets, the [[Palika Bazaar]] (Municipal Market), named after the Hindi term "nagarpalika" (municipal council).

The Outer Circle, known as Connaught Circus (officially Indira Chowk), consists of rows of restaurants, shops, and hotels. On December 1, 2017, the historic Regal Building was reopened as Madame Tussauds Wax Museum, the first of its kind in India.The Middle Circle houses offices, banks, exchange facilities like Thomas Cook and ATW Exchange, a PVR theatre complex, and various dining outlets.<ref>{{cite book|last= Brown|first=Lindsay|author2=Amelia Thomas|title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) |year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-690-8|page=99|chapter=Connaught Place & Around}}</ref>

=== Central Park ===
{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Delhi Park.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Central Park Connaught Place New Delhi.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = Central Park, Connaught Place
}}
The Central Park of Connaught Place has gained a reputation for hosting cultural events and is regarded as one of the city's top local hangouts. In 2005–06, Central Park was rebuilt following the construction of the Delhi Metro station beneath it. This station, [[Rajiv Chowk metro station|Rajiv Chowk]], serves as an interchange for the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow]] and [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue]] lines and is one of the largest and busiest stations in the network.

Connaught Place hosts various cultural events in the Central Park area such as the Urdu Heritage Festival, One Billion Rising demonstrations, Delhi Government's Youth Festival, ''Awam Ki Awaz'' (Voices of People) concert and many others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sbcltr.in/2018/02/20/delhi-is-having-a-youth-festival/|title=Delhi Is Having A Youth Festival {{!}} sbcltr|website=sbcltr.in|language=en-US|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/urdu-heritage-festival-gets-a-makeover-to-be-held-in-cp-from-feb-15/story-fQ0lTwEZYN38OMPWGZumtN.html|title=Urdu Heritage Festival moves out of Old Delhi, will be held in Connaught Place from Feb 15|date=14 February 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-govt-organises-voices-of-people-a-musical-platform-for-dissent/story-8d31LsDEpuurbT7TcMBvnI.html|title=Delhi govt organises 'Voices of People' a musical platform for dissent|date=30 November 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/shubha-mudgals-concert-in-delhi-on-saturday-to-celebrate-communal-harmony-free-speech-5030346/|title=Shubha Mudgal's concert in Delhi on Saturday, to celebrate communal harmony, free speech|date=18 January 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

===National flag at Central Park===
The first known Indian to hoist the [[Triband (flag)|tricolour]] flag at Connaught Place was Padma Shri Mir Mushtaq Ahmad, the first Chief Executive Councillor of Delhi. During the colonial era, when Connaught Place was seen as the heart of British imperial India, he would annually hoist the tricolour at the bandstand in Central Park on January 26. On March 7, 2014, the largest Indian national tricolour at that time (now the second largest) was erected at the centre of Central Park, measuring 90 by 60 feet (27 by 18 m), on a 207-foot (63 m) pole.<ref name="WSJ Bend">{{cite news|last1=Malhotra|first1=Aditi|title=Bending the Rules to Fly India's Largest Flag|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/03/12/bending-the-rules-to-fly-indias-largest-flag/|access-date=8 June 2014|work=Wall Street Journal – India|date=12 March 2014}}</ref>[[File:NewDelhi 2012-003.jpg|thumb|In 2012, the [[United Buddy Bears]] exhibition attracted more than 1 million visitors at Connaught Place]]

==Delhi blasts==
{{main|13 September 2008 Delhi bombings}}
Two of the five terrorist blasts that occurred during the [[13 September 2008 Delhi bombings]] were in Connaught Place.<ref>
{{cite news
| author = Henry Chu
| title = At least 10 killed in series of blasts in Indian capital
| work = Los Angeles Times
| date = 14 September 2008
| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-sep-14-fg-india14-story.html
| access-date = 14 January 2009
}}</ref> Ten people were injured; police and witnesses said that the bombs went off in garbage cans in and around Connaught Place. Another explosion occurred in the nearby Central Park. Authorities also discovered two undetonated bombs in Delhi, one of which was found at the Regal Cinema complex in Connaught Place.<ref>{{cite news |author=Bruce Loudon |title=Hunt for Delhi bomb suspects |publisher=The Australian |date=15 September 2008 |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24344934-2703,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916092215/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0%2C25197%2C24344934-2703%2C00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 September 2008 |access-date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> As a response, all trashcans were removed from the area.

==Redevelopment plans==
{{update section|date=June 2014}}
Redevelopment work to revamp Connaught Place ahead of the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] was slated for timely completion; however, owing to huge cost overruns and undue delays,<ref>{{cite news |date=4 August 2011 |title=CP restoration plan hit by undue delays: CAG |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/article2321306.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> this deadline was not met. The performance audit report prepared by [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] on the Games concluded that there were "significant deficiencies in contract management, with consequent avoidable expenditure". Moreover, the mis-management and delays caused great inconvenience to shoppers and shop-owners alike, and led to a decline in trade.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhasin |first=Ruhi |date=8 January 2010 |title=NDMC's digging frenzy in CP stalls traffic hits trade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/NDMCs-digging-frenzy-in-CP-stalls-traffic-hits-trade/articleshow/5421640.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701131527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-08/delhi/28146520_1_middle-circle-atul-bharghav-outer-circle |archive-date=1 July 2012 |access-date=10 April 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Many outlet proprietors complained of erratic power supplies and lost air-conditioning in their shops during the renovation work.

Another spate of renovation work on Connaught Place resumed shortly after the Commonwealth Games, with an initial completion target of December 2012. However, by 2016, only the first phase—renovation of Blocks A and B—had been completed. The plan aimed to restore all six blocks of Connaught Place to their former grandeur by 2020, although delays have affected the timeline.

On 5 January 2017, the [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Union Urban Development Ministry]] announced a plan to convert the middle and inner circles of Connaught Place, into an exclusive pedestrian zone, starting February 2017. Under the auspices of the proposal, people driving into the area would have to park their vehicles at designated parking slots located at [[Shivaji Stadium]] and [[Palika Bazaar]] and subsequently proceed either on foot to Connaught Place or use the shuttle bus service. However, bicycles would have been allowed in the pedestrian zones. The plan was eventually scrapped as it was determined that the then-extant public infrastructure was incapable of sustaining the pedestrianisation proposal.

By late 2020, Connaught Place had experienced a decline in its former grandeur, though it continued to attract visitors. In response, the [[New Delhi Municipal Council|New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC)]] initiated several redevelopment projects to restore and enhance this iconic Delhi landmark. The plan included the provision of heritage sensitive signage, engineering improvements of roads, drainage sewerage, water supply and substations, development of a traffic management plan, provisions of street furniture including adequate parking, walkways etc. and enhancing the structural stability of all buildings including retrofitting for earthquake resistance. All these components have been identified based on studies conducted by various agencies such as [[School of Planning and Architecture|SPA]], [[RITES]], CMCCC, and NTPAC, etc.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
[[File:View of Connaught Place at Night.JPG|300px|left|thumb|Connaught Place at night]]
==Films==
Over the years, Connaught Place has been the location of many films including sequences in ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998), ''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]'' (2003), ''[[Pyaar Ke Side Effects]]'' (2006), ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009), ''[[Aisha (2010 film)|Aisha]]'' (2010), ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'' (2011), ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011), ''[[Ahista Ahista (2006 film)|Ahista Ahista]]'' (2006), ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]'', ''[[Vicky Donor]]'' (2012), ''[[Hate Story]]'' (2011), ''[[Special 26]]'' (2013), ''[[A Wednesday]]'' (2008), ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006), ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014) and ''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]'' (2014).

==Visitor attractions==
*[[Agrasen ki Baoli|Agrasen's Baoli]], Connaught Place
* [[The Imperial, New Delhi]]
* [[National Philatelic Museum, New Delhi]]
* [[Madame Tussauds Delhi]]
* [[Jantar Mantar, Delhi]]

== Nearby areas ==
* Barakhamba Road and Kasturba Gandhi Marg: Hubs for prominent international banks and corporate offices.
* Janpath and Baba Kharak Singh Marg: A popular shopping area for local Indian handicrafts, with many small shops offering a variety of traditional crafts.
* Parliament Street: A hub for government offices, with [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]] and the headquarters of the [[New Delhi Municipal Council|NDMC]] located along this major road.
* [[New Delhi railway station]] on the Indian Railways network.
* [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]]
* Babar Road and [[Bengali Market]]: the solitary residential areas in the vicinity of Connaught Place.

==Picture gallery==
<gallery widths="180" heights="180">
File:Skyscrapers connaught place New Delhi.JPG|Skyscrapers at Connaught Place
File:Delhicommercial.jpg|The Statesman Building
File:New Delhi India.jpg|Central Park
File:ConnaughtCircleShopsNight.jpg|Shops along the innermost Connaught Circle at night in early 2006
File:Georgian buildings in New Delhi.jpg|Georgian architecture of Connaught Place
File:Agrasen Ki Baoli in New Delhi.jpg|The medieval [[Agrasen ki Baoli]] is tucked amidst the skyscrapers of Connaught Place
File:Mosquedelhi (93).JPG|A mosque in the inner circle
File:Street connaught place.jpg|Inner circle
File:Street delhi connaught place.jpg|On one of the spokes
File:Street delhi connaught place2.jpg|One of the radial roads
File:Connaught Place, New Delhi - IMG 1958.JPG|Connaught Place
File:Effect of ban on gathering 5 people on H block Connaught place IMG 20200321 164646.jpg|Deserted section of the H block in March 2020
File:Counnaught Place-New Delhi-Andres Larin.jpg|Aerial view of Connaught Place, 2023
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Janakpuri]]
*[[Nehru Place]]
*[[Rajendra Place]]
*[[Shivaji Place District Centre|Shivaji Place]]
*[[Greater Kailash]]
*[[South Extension]]
* [[List of parks in Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[https://www.ndmc.gov.in/ New Delhi Municipal Council] (NDMC)

{{Delhi}}
{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1933]]
[[Category:Central business districts in India]]
[[Category:Georgian Revival architecture]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:New Delhi district]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]
[[Category:Road junctions in India]]
[[Category:Squares in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Laxmi Singh

2026-03-14T17:26:51Z

Legalwiki68: new new biography with sources!

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Laxmi Singh
| image = Laxmi Singh IPS Apr 2023.jpg
| birth_date = 2 May 1974
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| education = B.Tech. (Mechanical Engineering), 
MA (Sociology)
| alma_mater = [[Institute of Engineering and Technology]], [[University of Lucknow]]
| occupation = Inspector General (IG) of Police, Uttar Pradesh
| years_active = 2000–present
| employer = [[Government of India]]
| organization = [[Indian Police Service]]
| spouse = [[Rajeshwar Singh]]
| children = 1
| father = I. D. Singh
| awards = Received the silver baton from Prime Minister, 
Rewarded by Prime Minister for her contribution to bringing computerization to the police system, 
Received a 9 mm pistol as a prize from the Union Home Ministry
| honours = Honoured with the Chief Minister's Excellence Service Police Medal
}}
'''Laxmi Singh''' (born 2 May 1974) is a 2000 batch [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre, who is currently serving as the Inspector General (IG) of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Police {{!}} OfficerProfile |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficerProfile.aspx?transid=1337&slugName=rangeagra |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref> She became the first woman police commissioner of Uttar Pradesh on 28 November 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-29 |title=IPS officer Laxmi Singh appointed UP's first woman Police Commissioner at Noida |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ips-officer-laxmi-singh-appointed-ups-first-woman-police-commissioner-at-noida/articleshow/95853120.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-19 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=New Noida Police Chief Is Laxmi Singh, UP's 1st Woman Police Commissioner |url=https://www.ndtv.com/noida-news/laxmi-singh-appointed-ups-first-woman-police-commissioner-at-noida-3562500 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is IPS Laxmi Singh, UP's first woman police commissioner? New police chiefs of Noida, Ghaziabad, Agra, Varanasi |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ips-laxmi-singh-up-first-woman-police-commissioner-new-police-chiefs-of-noida-ghaziabad-agra-3006495 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born on 2 May 1974 to I. D. Singh at [[Lucknow district]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":0" /> She did her schooling from [[Loreto Convent Lucknow|Loreto Convent, Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newstrack |date=2022-11-29 |title=Noida Police Commissioner: नोएडा की नई पुलिस कमिश्नर लक्ष्मी सिंह, जिनसे थर-थर कांपते हैं अपराधी {{!}} News Track in Hindi |url=https://newstrack.com/uttar-pradesh/noida-police-commissioner-laxmi-singh-biography-noida-police-commissioner-laxmi-singh-career-history-348151 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Newstrack |language=hi}}</ref> She received her B.Tech. in Mechanical Engineering from [[University of Lucknow]]'s [[Institute of Engineering and Technology]] and was gold medalist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=IPS Story : UP की पहली महिला पुलिस कमिश्नर, मैकेनिकल इंजीनियरिंग में बीटेक, पति हैं विधायक |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/career/ips-story-up-first-woman-police-commissioner-laxmi-singh-awarded-with-pistol-husband-rajeshwar-singh-bjp-mla-5589655.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=ThePrint |date=2022-11-29 |title=Who is Laxmi Singh, Uttar Pradesh's first woman police commissioner |url=https://theprint.in/india/who-is-laxmi-singh-uttar-pradeshs-first-woman-police-commissioner/1241121/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> She also gained an M.A. in [[Sociology]].<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Singh is married to [[Rajeshwar Singh]], an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Sarojini Nagar Assembly constituency]] of [[Lucknow district]], with whom she has a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=पीटीआई |title=UP की पहली महिला पुलिस कमिश्नर बनीं IPS लक्ष्मी सिंह, नोएडा की मिली कमान, BJP से विधायक हैं पति |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/noida-ips-laxmi-singh-appointed-as-new-police-chief-of-noida-2270155 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-02 |title=Enforcement Directorate officer Rajeshwar Singh goes on leave: How joint director became the god of Lutyens Delhi |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/enforcement-directorate-officer-rajeshwar-singh-goes-on-leave-how-joint-director-became-the-god-of-lutyens-delhi-5487511.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UP polls: Ex-ED Joint Director Rajeshwar Singh's 12-year-old daughter campaigns for her father |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-polls-2022/story/ex-ed-official-rajeshwar-singh-daughter-campaigns-for-father-1912419-2022-02-13 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Rajeshwar Singh was also an [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] and was retired as joint director of [[Enforcement Directorate]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-01 |title=ED joint director Rajeshwar Singh quits, set to join BJP, contest polls |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ed-joint-dir-rajeshwar-quits-set-to-join-bjp-contest-polls/articleshow/89258907.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former ED Joint Director Rajeshwar Singh gets voluntary retirement, likely to fight UP polls on BJP ticket |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-ed-joint-director-rajeshwar-singh-vrs-up-polls-bjp-1907016-2022-01-31 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh joined the Indian Police Service in 2000. In 2004, she was promoted to the rank of [[Senior Superintendent of Police]].
She was posted as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG) in 2013, as [[Inspector General of Police]] (IG) in 2018.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Singh has previously served as the IG/DIG of the [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] (STF) in [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]] from 1 January 2018 to 5 March 2018. Thereafter, she was made IG of the police training school in [[Meerut]] from March 2018 to 26 May 2020 before being moved as IG Range Lucknow.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=IPS officer Laxmi Singh named UP's first woman Police Commissioner at Noida |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/ips-officer-laxmi-singh-named-ups-first-woman-police-commissioner-at-noida/amp/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=currentaffairs.adda247.com}}</ref>

On 28 November 2022, she was appointed as the police commissioner of Gautam Buddh Nagar (Noida), becoming the first woman police commissioner in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=UPSC की वूमन Topper और अब यूपी की पहली महिला पुलिस कमिश्नर, नोएडा की टॉप कॉप लक्ष्मी सिंह को जानिए |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/noida/ips-laxmi-singh-appointed-up-first-woman-police-commissioner-at-noida-know-all-about-her/articleshow/95874017.cms |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=Laxmi Singh, UP's first woman commissioner who took charge as Noida police chief, lists challenges ahead |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/laxmi-singh-up-woman-commissioner-noida-police-chief-8298959/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow district]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:IET Lucknow alumni]]

Satnam Singh Mann

2026-03-13T10:56:39Z

Legalwiki68: new first biography w/ refs.

{{short description|Indian law student (1988–2012)}}
{{Notability|Biographies|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satnam Singh Mann
| image = Satnam1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Satnam Singh Mann
| birth_date = 19 August 1988{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}
| birth_place = [[Gaya, Bihar|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|08|04|1988|08|19}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Student
| known_for = Allegedly attempting to assault [[Mata Amritanandamayi]] and being murdered after that in a mental asylum under police custody
}}
'''Satnam Singh Mann''' (Hindi: सतनाम सिंह मान) was a law student who was taken into custody for creating disturbances<ref name="youtube.com">{{YouTube|21yn31YN0a8|Video of the incident on the podium and Mann being taken by the Police}}</ref> at [[Mata Amritanandamayi Math|Mata Amritanandamayi Ashram]] at [[Kollam]] on 1 August 2012. He died of alleged torture on 4 August 2012 in custody.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|last=Quadir|first=Abdul|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Satnam-Singh-Manns-body-brought-to-Gaya-from-Kerala/articleshow/15398516.cms|title=Satnam Singh Mann's body brought to Gaya from Kerala|accessdate=24 February 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=8 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224192534/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Satnam-Singh-Manns-body-brought-to-Gaya-from-Kerala/articleshow/15398516.cms|archivedate=24 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the time of his death, he was a student of [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University]], [[Lucknow]]. Mann's relatives stated that they would approach [[National Human Rights Commission of India|NHRC]] for justice.<ref name=TOI/> He had completed his schooling at Bishop Cotton School, Simla. He has three siblings. For five years prior to his death, he had been undergoing treatment at [[Bihar State Institute of Mental Health and Allied Sciences|Bihar Institute of Mental Health]] at [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]] for [[paranoid schizophrenia]].<ref name=nalamidam/>

==Death==
On 1 August 2012, he attempted to barge onto the podium of [[Amritanandamayi]] at her ashram in [[Kollam]]. He was unarmed. According to police, he was screaming<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-satnam-singh-was-assaulted-says-report/282069-62-126.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816235802/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-satnam-singh-was-assaulted-says-report/282069-62-126.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-16 |title=Kerala: 'Ashram gatecrasher died after assault' |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2012-08-14 |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref> and reciting words in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="youtube.com"/> He attacked security guards and then was overpowered by devotees, who handed him over to the police.<ref name="youtube.com2">{{YouTube|xvyK8s_JgCM|Video of Mann being held at Police Station}} He is talking to the Police</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/international/2012/August/international_August223.xml&section=international&col= |title=Kerala orders Crime Branch probe into Bihar youth's death |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=2012-08-07 |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref> He was later taken to Government Mental Hospital, Peroorkada as he was showing signs of mental instability.<ref name=TOI/>

The superintendent of the mental hospital stated that there were no injuries on Mann's body when he was brought to the hospital.<ref name=TOI/> After being admitted to a mental asylum, Mann was attacked and was physically tortured. He died as a result of the injuries sustained in this attack.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mata-amritanandamayilinked-youth-tortured-to-death-report/988236/ |title=Mata Amritanandamayi-linked youth tortured to death: report |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=2012-08-14 |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref> He was taken to the [[Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram|Medical College Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram]], but was declared dead on arrival.<ref name=Oneindia>{{cite news|last=Shibu|first=T|title=സത്‌നാം സിംഗിന്റെ മരണം വെറും അസ്വഭാവികം മാത്രം!|url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/feature/satire/2012/amritanandamayi-mata-youth-death-police-case-103571.html|access-date=24 February 2014|newspaper=Oneindia malayalam|date=7 August 2012}}</ref> During [[autopsy]], 77 injuries were documented on his body.<ref name=nalamidam/> He was only two weeks short of his 24th birthday when he died.

==Investigation into death==
[[Kerala Police]] ordered a [[Kerala Police#Crime Branch|Crime Branch]] probe into the death of Mr. Mann.<ref name=IT>{{cite news|last=Radha|first=Kollam|title='Bihar youth who disrupted Mata Amritanandamayi's prayer died of torture'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kerala-crime-branch-to-probe-youth-death-mata-amritanandamayi-112595-2012-08-06|access-date=24 February 2014|newspaper=India Today|date=7 August 2012}}</ref> The special investigation team concluded that the warder and an attendant had attacked Mr. Mann. Four inmates of the mental asylum had joined the two. As per the report, Satnam was beaten with a cable wire and his head was smashed against the wall. Vivekanandan
(jail warder) and Anil Kumar (attendant) were arrested in this regard.<ref name=FP>{{cite news|title=Satnam Singh tortured to death in mental asylum: Kerala police|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/satnam-singh-tortured-to-death-in-mental-asylum-kerala-police-417657.html|accessdate=25 February 2014|newspaper=Firstpost|date=14 August 2012}}</ref> In the report to the high court, the SIT revealed that the cause of death was injuries sustained to head and neck. The incident was termed a 'custodial murder'.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=Satnam's death a custodial murder: SIT|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/satnams-death-a-custodial-murder-sit/article3934649.ece|accessdate=25 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 September 2012}}</ref>

Mann's relatives later demanded independent probe in to the matter by [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]. This demand was conveyed to the Chief Minister of Kerala, Mr. [[Oommen Chandi]].<ref name=yespunjab>{{cite news|title=Satnam Singh Mann's Mysterious Death in Kerala: Family Losing Hope for CBI Probe|url=http://www.yespunjab.com/national/top-stories/item/23441-satnam-singh-manns-mysterious-death-in-kerala--family-losing-hope-for-cbi-probe|accessdate=24 February 2014|date=4 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140224195634/http://www.yespunjab.com/national/top-stories/item/23441-satnam-singh-manns-mysterious-death-in-kerala--family-losing-hope-for-cbi-probe|archivedate=24 February 2014}}</ref> The Chairman of [[National Human Rights Commission]], Justice [[K.G. Balakrishnan]] opined that the death was suspicious.<ref name=webdunia>{{cite news|title=സത്നാം സിംഗിന്റെ മരണത്തില്‍ ദുരൂഹതയെന്ന് കെ ജി ബി|url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/newsworld/news/keralanews/1210/10/1121010019_1.htm|accessdate=24 February 2014|newspaper=വെബ് ദുനിയ|date=10 October 2012}}</ref>

A press release by Matha Amritanandamayi Math had also demanded a probe into the alleged attempt to murder Mata Amritanandamayi.<ref name=nalamidam>{{cite web|last=അനീഷ്|first=ആന്‍സ്|url=http://www.nalamidam.com/archives/14894|publisher=നാലാമിടം|title=സത്നം സിംഗ്: ഈ രക്തത്തിന് നാമെന്തു മറുപടി പറയും?|work=Nalamidam |language=Malayalam}}</ref>

'''Recent developments'''

On 3 April 2014 the high Court of Kerala considered the petition submitted by Harmindar Kumar singh, father of Satnam Signh Mann, seeking for CBI probe into the death of his son. During the course of hearing, Public Prosecutor admitted before the court that there were some 'omissions' in the investigation. The High court demanded police to file a statement on this issue. The case will be considered again on 8 April 2014.
Meanwhile, CBI have informed the court that it is not willing to take over investigation of the case.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hc-directs-police-to-file-statement-on-satnam-singh-s-death-114040300980_1.html | title= HC directs police to file statement on Satnam Singh's death | date=3 April 2014 | newspaper=Business Standard | author=Press Trust of India | accessdate=18 December 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mann, Satnam Singh}}
[[Category:Indian people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:People from Gaya, India]]
[[Category:People with schizophrenia]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Chinnappadass

2026-03-03T05:11:40Z

Legalwiki68: content fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chinnappadass
| image = Chinnappadass poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[C. V. Rajendran]]
| writer = [[M. G. Vallabhan]] (dialogues)
| producer = Chithra Ramu [[Chitra Lakshmanan]]
| starring = [[Sathyaraj]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
| cinematography = A. Sabapathy
| editing = N. Chandran
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Seethalakshmi Art Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1989|7|28|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Chinnappadass''''' is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[C. V. Rajendran]], his final film as director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2018 |title=Veteran film director Rajendran passes away |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020418/veteran-film-director-rajendran-passes-away.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031104/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020418/veteran-film-director-rajendran-passes-away.html |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]. It is a remake of the 1987 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Insaaf (1987 film)|Insaaf]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=978-81-938482-2-7 |pages=871}}</ref> The film was released on 28 July 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சின்னப்பதாஸ் / Chinnappadass (1989) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/chinnappadass |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118065027/https://screen4screen.com/movies/chinnappadass |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=January 2023}}
Chinnappadass, who is a post-graduate in law and a law college professor, gets suspended from his teaching job when he thrashes rowdies who happen to be the children of corrupt ministers who tried to molest his sister. Due to compulsion, Chinnappadass had to join the smuggling gang of Ravi Prakash. When Dileep tries to rape Radha, she commits suicide. Chinnappadass then pretends to be amnesiac to find the truth. However, he is shocked to find Radha's look alike twin sister who is Dr. Kavitha. In the end, Chinnappadass with the help of Inspector Balaraman catches all baddies and finally marries Dr. Kavitha.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Sathyaraj]] as Chinnappadass
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Inspector Radha and Dr. Kavitha
* [[Sunitha (actress)|Kodai Mazhai Vidya]]
* [[S. S. Chandran]] as Inspector Balaram
* [[Captain Raju]] as Ravi Prakash
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Dileep
* [[Delhi Ganesh]]
* [[Veeraraghavan]]
* [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]]
* R. Neelakandan
* Pradeep Sakthi as Micheal De Souza
* Kokila as Chinnappadass's sister}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinnappadass |url=https://avdigital.in/products/chinnappadass |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210101827/https://avdigital.in/products/chinnappadass |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=AVDigital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2014 |title=Chinnappadas |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/chinnappadas/3AVbtoNFsm0_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927134246/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/chinnappadas/3AVbtoNFsm0_ |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2023 |work=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Athu Ithu Ethuthan" || rowspan=2|[[K. S. Chithra]] || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Vaanam Thodatha Megam"
|-
| "Paadum Bakthai Meeraa || K. S. Chithra, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || rowspan=3|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
| "Baley Baley" || K. Veeramani, [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|-
| "Pakku Vethalai" || K. S. Chithra, Malaysia Vasudevan
|}

== Reception ==
P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that the well-chosen exteriors, the settings, the costumes, and the lavishly spent currencies all spent with the intention of doing something useful in a somewhat believable story would have been overwhelming.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எஸ். |date=20 August 1989 |title=சின்னப்ப தாஸ் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1989/aug/20-08-1989/p37.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Ta |page=37 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731045536/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1989/aug/20-08-1989/p37.jpg |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0319183}}

{{C. V. Rajendran}}

[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1989 action films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Rajendran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. G. Vallabhan]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Albela (2001 film)

2026-03-03T01:23:16Z

Legalwiki68: update intro additionally and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|2001 film by Deepak Sareen}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Albela
| image = Albela (2001 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Deepak Sareen]]
| producer = Kumar S. Taurani [[Ramesh Taurani|Ramesh S. Taurani]]
| writer = [[Honey Irani]] [[Javed Siddiqui]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Aishwarya Rai]] [[Namrata Shirodkar]] [[Saeed Jaffrey]]
| music = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| cinematography = [[Manmohan Singh (film director)|Manmohan Singh]]
| editing = Keshav Naidu Pramod Naidu
| studio = [[Tips Industries|Tips Films Pvt. Ltd]]
| released = {{Film date|2001|04|20|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Albela''''' ({{translation|Unique}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film released on 20 April 2001. It was directed by [[Deepak Sareen]] and stars [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Aishwarya Rai]] and [[Namrata Shirodkar]].

Upon release, the film received mixed reviews from critics and was declared average at the box office, despite being profitable.<ref name="Boxofficeindia">{{cite web|title=Box Office 2001 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ== |work=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=14 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918074144/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ%3D%3D |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=February 2018}}
Tony ([[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]) is an easy-going and popular tour guide. One day a fortune teller tells him that a blue-eyed princess from overseas will enter his life and change it forever. She is the dream girl that he has been searching for.

On the way from Austria to an intended holiday in Singapore, Sonia ([[Aishwarya Rai]]) and her [[nanny]] (Maya Alagh) stop off in Mumbai. When their connecting flight is delayed, Sonia decides instead to travel to Malaga (which is implied to be near [[Goa]]), the birthplace of her mother, who died when Sonia was very young. Sonia has been brought up by her father (the Austrian Ambassador) ([[Saeed Jaffrey]]) since her mother mysteriously abandoned the family to return to Malaga. Although Sonia knows her father will be very angry with her – he hates India and Indians due to his wife leaving him – Sonia wants to see her mother's grave for the first time. She convinces her father to let her stay in Malaga for a few days to fulfill her wish.

Upon arrival in Malaga, Sonia meets Tony and hires him to show her the area and to help her find her mother's grave. As Sonia and Tony see the sights of Goa and find her mother's grave, Tony begins to fall in love with Sonia and it appears Sonia is very fond of him. Unbeknownst to Tony, his childhood friend, Neena ([[Namrata Shirodkar]]) is in love with him and she does not take kindly to him spending all his time with Sonia.

One day when Sonia is traveling with Tony, she sees a man in the distance. [[Flashback (narrative)|Flashbacks]] show that the man is Prem Arya ([[Jackie Shroff]]), an Indian journalist who Sonia met in Austria when he was interviewing her father. Prem and Sonia became friends, fell in love, and hoped to marry. When Sonia's father found out, he forbade them to marry because Prem is Indian, and although they are deeply in love, they agree to end their relation.

Returning to the present, Sonia is shocked to find Prem is in Malaga. When she sees that Prem has written an article about Tony and that they are good friends, she asks Tony to organize a lunch on the pretense of meeting the author of the article. Prem agrees to the meeting and is startled to see Sonia. When Tony goes to order lunch, Sonia reveals to Prem that she is still in love with him and is sorry about having to leave him to keep her father happy. Prem tells her that there is no point in having these feelings as there is nothing either of them can do about it and, overcome by emotion, he leaves. When Tony returns from ordering lunch, Sonia says she wants to leave too, resulting in a very confused Tony.

The next day, Sonia calls Prem and admits he still loves her and has not been able to stop thinking about her. They begin to spend time together and after returning from one outing with Prem, Sonia admits to her nanny that she still is madly in love with Prem and that he is a wonderful and kind person. Tony overhears this and believes Sonia is referring to her feelings for him. On another occasion, Tony and Neena join Prem and Sonia on their outing. It is obvious to both Prem and Sonia that Neena loves Tony, so Sonia attempts to tell Tony that Neena loves him. Tony mistakes her comments and, in combination with what he has already overheard, believes that Sonia is trying to tell him that she loves him.

As Sonia and Prem spend time together, Sonia realizes that her true happiness lies in being with Prem. Unfortunately, Sonia's father travels to Malaga to surprise her and discovers that Sonia has been seeing Prem again. He believes that she intentionally traveled to Malaga to see Prem and does not believe that it was a coincidence. He forbids Prem to see Sonia and orders Sonia to pack, intending to take her back to Austria straight away.

Sonia tells Tony that she will be returning to Austria and he is devastated. Sonia invites Tony to join her in Austria and Tony willingly accepts. Neena is extremely upset, but Tony thinks this is because he is leaving her alone in Malaga – he assures her that he will find a job for her once he is settled in Austria and continues happily packing for his journey.

Sonia makes one last trip to the cemetery and is met by a priest, who tells her the true reason for her mother's return to Malaga. When she gets to the airport, she is met by Tony, who tells her that he cannot go with her to Austria anymore. He has discovered a message left for him by Neena, revealing her feelings and wishing him happiness in his new life. He tells Sonia that he knows she loves him and although he loves her in return, he realizes that Neena relies on him and will not cope if he leaves. Achieving his dream of being with Sonia will be at the expense of Neena, and he is not prepared to do this.

Sonia tries to tell Tony that she does not love him, but he leaves quickly, not wanting a sad farewell. Sonia's father makes derogatory comments about Indians and about Tony not joining them, but Sonia defends Tony and tells her father of his sacrifice. After seeing this sacrifice, Sonia realizes that she cannot give up Prem just to keep her father happy and begs him to let them marry. Her father still refuses and makes further derogatory comments about Indians and her mother, and this is when Sonia reveals the truth – that her mother was diagnosed with a contagious disease, so she made the sacrifice to leave the two of them and die alone in India so that they would not fall ill. She gives her father letters written by her mother (but never sent) and he apologizes to Sonia and tells her to go to Prem.

Tony and Neena are happily sitting in a restaurant when he notices Sonia at another table with Prem. Tony believes Sonia has not left Malaga because she wants to be near to him (Tony). Tony comments that although she looks quite pale and sad, Sonia will eventually get over her feelings for him. At Sonia and Prem's table, Sonia suggests to Prem that they should thank Tony because it was he who brought them together, and she also wants to clarify with Tony that she never had feelings for him. Prem stops her and advises that some dreams are so beautiful that they should not be broken – that it is better for Tony to believe that he gave up a princess for an ordinary girl.

== Cast ==
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Prem
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Tony
*[[Aishwarya Rai]] as Sonia
*[[Namrata Shirodkar]] as Neena
*[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Gabru
*[[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Sonia's Father
*[[Maya Alagh]] as Nanny

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Bangalore]] (interiors), Goa ,Mauritius and Austria.

== Reception ==
[[Taran Adarsh]] from [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 1 out of 5, writing "On the whole, ALBELA has just one factor going in its favour; the fresh combination of Govinda and Aishwarya Rai which has helped the film take a good start, but the poor direction and a poorer script will mar its prospects after the initial craze declines. Its fall is inevitable!".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/albela-3/critic-review/albela-3-movie-review/ |title=Hindi Movie Critic Review: Albela (2001) |first=Taran |last=Adarsh |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 April 2001 |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
Ziys Us Salam of [[The Hindu]] cited "Albela brings Govinda and Aishwarya together for the first time. While Govinda attempts to step beyond the ribald street entertainer with his portrayal of the suave English-speaking guide, Aishwarya tries to prove that she can hold her own in front of the master of comedy. In their own way, both of them succeed. While Jackie and Namrata are adequate in their relatively smaller roles, it is the music of the film which does not quite get you humming out of the hall. It may not shower the bounties of spring on the producers but it is not too bad a proposition for this summer of relatively meagre takings".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/27/stories/09270226.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530091515/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/27/stories/09270226.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 May 2011 |title=Film Review: Albela |author=Ziya Us Salam |work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India | date=27 April 2001 |access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> Ronjita Das of [[Rediff]] wrote "The film is pleasantly enjoyable. Deepak Sareen (of [[Aaina (1993 film)|Aaina]] fame) probably didn't think of making anything more than a family entertainer, which is exactly what this film is. Aishwarya, as usual, is a visual treat. The film is just another ramp for her to display her exquisite designer clothes. If only she paid more attention to her acting. Govinda is atrociously overweight and has a tendency to mouth his dialogues as if everyone in the theatre had lost their hearing. On the other hand, Jackie Shroff steals the show – no bulging bags under his eyes, and the actor looks good. Namrata Shirodkar is hardly present in the film. When she is, all she does is cry. So making out whether she can act or not is rather tough. The music, however, is the saving grace of the film".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/20albela.htm |author=Ronjita Das |title=The Rediff Review: Albela |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=20 April 2001 |access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Jatin–Lalit]].Songs were popular

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Length
|-
| 1
| "Hai Mera Dil Tu"
| [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 03:21
|-
| 2
| "Dil Hamara Hua Hai Kisi Ka"
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 04:21
|-
| 3
| "Kaho To Zara"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 05:19
|-
| 4
| "Haiyaa Hoo Kya Masti"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 05:15
|-
| 5
| "Pyaar Ke Jadoo"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 04:09
|-
| 6
| "Hato Tum Baju"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
| 04:50
|-
| 7
| "Sarse Sarak Gayi"
| [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 04:49
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0118578|Albela}}
{{Deepak Sareen}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Films shot in Austria]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatin–Lalit]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2001 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Deepak Sareen]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tips Industries films]]

M. S. Raju

2026-02-23T22:13:34Z

Legalwiki68: Adding basic details and citations...

{{Short description|Film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{for|the Indian politician|M. S. Raju (politician)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. S. Raju
| birthname = M. S. Raju
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[West Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{ubl|[[Film producer]]|[[Film director]]}}
| children = [[Sumanth Ashwin]]
}}

'''M. S. Raju''' is an Indian film producer, director, and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is the founder and owner of the [[Film production company|film production]] company [[Sumanth Art Productions]]. He won three [[Filmfare Awards South]] {{Em dash}} becoming the first producer to receive three consecutive Filmfare Awards {{Em dash}} for the films ''[[Okkadu]]'' (2003), ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' (2004), and ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005). He also produced the successful films ''[[Sathruvu]]'' (1991), ''[[Devi (1999 film)|Devi]]'' (1999), ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]'' (2001), and ''[[Nee Sneham]]'' (2002).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totaltollywood.com/interviews/MS-Raju_2068.html |title=MS Raju |date=13 January 2014 |accessdate=14 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114033327/http://www.totaltollywood.com/interviews/MS-Raju_2068.html |archivedate=14 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totaltollywood.com/interviews/MS-Raju_2092.html |title=MS Raju |date=6 January 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114033341/http://totaltollywood.com/interviews/MS-Raju_2092.html |archivedate=14 January 2014 |accessdate=13 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/a-satisfied-father/article2982802.ece|title=A satisfied father|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 March 2012|accessdate=13 January 2014}}</ref>

==Early life==
M. S. Raju's father, Rayaparaju, owned hundreds of acres of land in erstwhile [[West Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2002 |title=Interview with MS Raju by Jeevi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_msraju.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Rayaparaju sold all of their properties there and migrated to [[Chennai|Madras]]. Producer Arjuna Raju, of Roja Movies, is a cousin of his father. Inspired by him, his father became a film producer and made five to six films.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
M. S. Raju was interested in films right from his childhood. After completing his education, he started his career in films with the help of a friend. He made a film titled ''Manavadostunnadu'' (1987) with [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and [[Shobana|Sobhana]] in the lead roles. His father's good will helped him in getting financiers.<ref name=":0" />

He established a new [[production company]] called '[[Sumanth Art Productions]]' named after his son. The first film made on the banner was ''[[Sathruvu]]'' (1991) starring [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Vijayashanti]], and [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] and directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]. M. S. Raju himself provided the basic story idea of the film and [[G. Satyamurthy|Satyamurthy]] was roped in as a writer to develop the storyline. The film was also dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. ''Sathruvu'' was commercially successful in both Telugu and Tamil.<ref name=":0" />

His next film was ''Police Lock-up'' (1993) starring Vijayashanti in a dual role. ''Police Lock-up'' also became a big hit. The Tamil dubbed version of the film was also successful. His next film was ''Street Fighter'' starring Vijayashanti with [[B. Gopal]] as the director. ''Street Fighter'' was a [[Box-office bomb|box-office disaster]].<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
M. S. Raju has two children {{Em dash}} son [[Sumanth Ashwin]] and daughter Rishita. Rishita was born before the release of ''[[Devi (1999 film)|Devi]]'' (1999) and there is 11-year gap between Sumanth and Rishita.<ref name=":0" /> Sumanth Ashwin made his acting debut with the film ''[[Tuneega Tuneega]]'' (2012), under M. S. Raju's direction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/press-note-tuniga-tuniga-overseas-by-14-reels-through-ficus.html |title=USA 1st Week Schedule : Tuniga Tuniga Overseas by 14 Reels through FICUS |publisher=123telugu.com |date=1998-01-01 |access-date=2012-08-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831084627/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/press-note-tuniga-tuniga-overseas-by-14-reels-through-ficus.html |archive-date=31 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/47060/tollywood/tuneega-tuneega-releases-on-july-20-news-details |title=Tuneega Tuneega releases on July 20 |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=2012-07-10 |access-date=2012-08-14 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010041405/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/47060/tollywood/tuneega-tuneega-releases-on-july-20-news-details |archive-date=10 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== As producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
|-
| 1987
| ''Manavadostunnadu''
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Sathruvu]]''
|-
| 1993
| ''Police Lockup''
|-
| 1995
| ''Street Fighter''
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Devi (1999 film)|Devi]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
| ''[[Devi Putrudu]]''
|-
| ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]''
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Nee Sneham]]''
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Okkadu]]''
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]]''
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]]''
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Vaana (film)|Vaana]]''
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]''
|-
|}

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Vaana (film)|Vaana]]''
| Remake of ''[[Mungaru Male]]''
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Tuneega Tuneega]]''
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Dirty Hari]]''
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[7 Days 6 Nights]]''
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Malli Pelli (2023 film)|Malli Pelli]]''
|
|-
|}

==Awards==
;[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
*[[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)]] - ''[[Okkadu]]'' (2003)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/51stFilmfareAwardsSouthTeluguWinners | title=51stFilmfareAwardsSouthTeluguWinners | date=4 February 2024 }}</ref>
*Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu) - ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' (2004)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005/filmfareawards50.html | title=Filmfare awards 2005 function photos - Telugu Cinema }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html | title=Filmfare awards for South India - Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam & Kannada - Telugu Cinema }}</ref>
*Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu) - ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2006/pages/image030.html | title=Filmfare South awards 2006 - Telugu cinema }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2006.html | title=Filmfare South awards 2006 - Telugu cinema }}</ref>

;[[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]] - ''[[Okkadu]]'' (2003)
*Nandi Award for Best Feature Film - ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=1196104}}
*{{Twitter|id=MSRajuOfficial}}
{{M. S. Raju}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, M.S}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

Patna Collegiate School

2026-02-21T12:02:49Z

Legalwiki68: creating data

{{more citations needed|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Patna Collegiate School
| native_name =
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| motto = "योग उद्योग सहयोग"
| motto_translation = "Yoga Industry Collaboration"
| location = Dariyapur, Patna
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| state = [[Bihar]]
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| postal_code = 800004
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| principal = Dr. Subhash Chandra Singh
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'''Patna Collegiate School''' is a [[Government School|Government]] [[High School]] located in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/bengal-s-physician-chief-minister-151414.html Bengal’s physician chief minister]</ref> It was established by officials of East India Company on 10 August 1835 to spread the english pattern of education in Bihar.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=g4hvDQAAQBAJ&dq=patna+collegiate+school+east+india+company&pg=PT190 Patna: A Paradise Lost]</ref> Its previous name was Patna High School. It was founded at Alan Ganj, Ashok Rajpath, Patna and is the oldest High School in the State of Bihar, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://patnacollegiateschool.com/|title=Welcome to Patna Collegiate School|publisher=|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref>
The school is located at Dariyapur, Patna and is affiliated with the [[Bihar School Examination Board]]. The current principal of the school is Dr. Madhuri Dwivedi.

==History==

Patna Collegiate School, Patna was founded on 10 August 1835 by the officials of [[East India Company]]. In 1862 the name of the school was changed to its present name of Patna Collegiate School and was transferred to the place which is now referred as Patna Campus. Mr. J. E. Mecridle was appointed its head and was designated as its Principal.

In 1915 IA Course of Patna College, Patna was transferred to Patna Collegiate and it was renamed New College (Junior Patna College). Till June 1927, It functioned as New College.

On 1 July 1927, the school unit of New College was transferred to its present building and since then the institution is functioning in the name of Patna Collegiate School, Dariyapur, Patna.

The school offered higher secondary education from class 9 to 12 (Intermediate), after class 10 (matriculation) students have to choose a stream for their intermediate education, Science,Commerce and Arts are the streams currently available in this school.

==Location==

The school is located in Dariyapur locality of Patna. It is at a distance of 1 kilometer from places like [[Gandhi Maidan]], [[Patna University]], [[Patna Medical College and Hospital|PMCH]], [[Patna Collectorate]] and [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]].

==School under Government of Bihar==

As per provisions of National Education Policy (10+2+3), the Govt. of Bihar in July 1984 started +2 teaching from the academic session 1984 - 86 in the institution. The teaching was initiated in the Science Commerce & Arts Stream. Government of Bihar is planning to launch Virtual Classroom for the school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/state-to-create-infra-for-virtual-classrooms/articleshow/57676745.cms|title=State to create infra for virtual classrooms - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==

* [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] - Second Chief Minister of West Bengal
* [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] - Indian independence activist, social reformer and political leader<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140801/jsp/bihar/story_18675150.jsp#.WOqKrvkrKM8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803200854/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140801/jsp/bihar/story_18675150.jsp#.WOqKrvkrKM8|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2014|title=JP alma mater's first alumni meet soon|publisher=telegraphindia.com|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref>
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] - Actor and Member of Parliament
* [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
* Justice [[Aftab Alam (judge)]] - Retired Indian Supreme Court Judge
* Sudhir Kumar Kataria - Retired Patna High Court Judge{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
* [[Sunit Kumar]] - IPS Officer
* [[Vineet Kumar]] - Actor
*[[Yashwant Sinha]] -Former Finance Minister of India

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://patnacollegiateschool.com/ Official Website - Patna Collegiate School]

{{Schools in Patna}}

[[Category:Schools in Patna]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bihar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1835]]
[[Category:1835 establishments in India]]

Air India Flight 403

2026-02-19T22:20:08Z

Legalwiki68: Adding new bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|1982 aviation accident in India}}
{{Distinguish|Indian Airlines Flight 403}}
{{Notability|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = Air India Flight 403
| date = {{Start date|1982|06|21|df=y}}
| summary = [[Pilot error]]; [[inclement weather]] as a contributing factor
| image =Boeing_707-437,_Air-India_AN2227437.jpg
| caption = VT-DJJ, the aircraft involved in the accident, seen in February 1976
| occurrence_type = Accident
| site = [[Sahar International Airport]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| aircraft_type = [[Boeing 707]]–437
| aircraft_name = ''[[Gaurishankar|Gauri Shankar]]''
| origin = [[Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport]], Back Then was called Kuala Lumpur Airport
| destination = [[Sahar International Airport]], [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]])
| operator = [[Air India]]
| plane1_IATA = AI403
| plane1_ICAO = AIC403
| plane1_callsign = AIRINDIA 403
| tail_number = VT-DJJ
| occupants = 111
| passengers = 99
| crew = 12
| fatalities = 17
| injuries = 25
| survivors = 94; including [[Raja Ramanna]]
}}

'''Air India Flight 403''' was a scheduled [[Air India]] [[passenger flight]] that crashed at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Sahar International Airport]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India, on 21 June 1982. It was likely caused by miscalculated altitude in a heavy rainstorm.

==Aircraft==
The aircraft involved was a Boeing 707-437 [[Aircraft registration|registered]] VT-DJJ and named ''Gauri Shankar'' after the [[Gaurishankar|mountain]]. It was the first jetliner inducted into the fleet of an Asian airline, manufactured by [[Boeing Commercial Airplanes]] in 1960 and powered by four [[Rolls-Royce Conway 508]] engines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loss of control Accident Boeing 707-437 VT-DJJ, Tuesday 22 June 1982 |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/327838 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=asn.flightsafety.org}}</ref>

==Accident==
On 21 June 1982, Flight 403 crashed after a botched [[go-around]] during a rainstorm.<ref name="airwhiners">{{cite news|last=Mendis |first=Sean |date=26 July 2004|url=http://www.airwhiners.net/whine_cheez/20040726.htm |title=Air India : The story of the aircraft|work=Airwhiners.net |access-date=13 June 2013}}</ref> Out of 111 occupants on the aircraft, 2 of 12 crew members and 15 of 99 passengers were killed.<ref name="airdisaster">{{Cite web|title=Accident Database: Accident Synopsis 06221982|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=06221982&reg=VT-DJJ&airline=Air+India|website=airdisaster.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616135934/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=06221982&reg=VT-DJJ&airline=Air+India|archive-date=16 June 2008|url-status=usurped|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Air India plane crashes|url=http://www.airsafe.com/events/airlines/ain.htm|website=airsafe.com|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> One of the survivors was [[Raja Ramanna]], an Indian nuclear physicist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Chander Uday |date=15 July 1982 |title=Air-India Boeing 707 crash-lands at Bombay airport, 17 killed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820715-air-india-boeing-707-crash-lands-at-bombay-airport-17-killed-771963-2013-10-08 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Investigation==
An Indian [[public inquiry]] determined the probable cause of the accident to be "Deliberate reduction of engine power by the pilot 12 seconds prior to first impact due to altitude unawareness resulting in a high rate of descent, very heavy landing and the undershooting of the aircraft by 1300 feet."<ref>{{Cite web|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-437 VT-DJJ Bombay-Santacruz Airport (BOM)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19820622-0|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|Aviation|1980s|India
}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1982}}
{{Air India}}
{{coord|19.089|72.870|type:event_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1982]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 707]]
[[Category:Air India accidents and incidents|403]]
[[Category:1982 in India]]
[[Category:June 1982 in India]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)]]

Jayajirao Scindia

2026-02-11T18:20:57Z

Legalwiki68: Adding new biography needs work

{{Short description|Maharaja of Gwalior from 1843 to 1886}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jayajirao Scindia
| title = [[Bahadur (title)|Aalijah Bahadur]] [[Imperial, royal and noble ranks|Rafi-us-Shaan]] [[Imperial, royal and noble ranks|Wala-Shukoh]] [[Maharaja]] [[Shinde|Scindia]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]]
| more = See [[#Full name and titles|titles]]
| succession = 5th [[Maharajah of Gwalior]]
| image = Another photo of the Maharajah, date unknown.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption = Photograph of Jayajirao, {{circa|1870s}}
| reign = 7 February 1843 – 20 June 1886
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Jankoji Rao Scindia II]]
| successor = [[Madho Rao Scindia]]
| spouse = Maharani Chimnaraje (in 1843) Maharani Laxmibai Gujar (in 1852) Maharani Babuibai Raje (in 1873) Maharani Sakhyaraje (in ?)
| issue = five sons and four daughters
| house = [[Scindia]]
| father = Hanuvant Rao Scindia
| mother = a sister of Shrimant Sardar Devrao Jadhav
| birth_date = 19 January 1834
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]]
| death_date = 20 June 1886 (aged 52)
| death_place = Jai Vilas Palace, [[Gwalior#Lashkar|Lashkar]], Gwalior
| burial_place = |
}}
'''Jayajirao Scindia''' [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (19 January 1834 – 20 June 1886) of the [[Scindia]] dynasty of [[Maratha Confederacy]] was the last independent ruling [[Maharaja]] of [[Gwalior State]] during the British rule from 1843 to 1886.<ref>[https://www.asian-voice.com/Opinion/Columnists/The-Scindia-of-Gwalior-in-the-Mutiny-of-1857 The Scindia of Gwalior in the Mutiny of 1857] ''Asian Voice''. Retrieved 30 August 2021</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:HH The Maharaja Sir Jayaji Rao Scindia of Gwalior, General Sir Henry Daly (Founder of The Daly College, Indore), with British officers and Maratha nobility in Indore, Holkar State, Central India. Circa 1879..jpg|thumb|left| HH Maharaja Sir Jayaji Rao Scindia of [[Gwalior State]], General Sir [[Henry Daly]] (Founder of The [[Daly College]]), with British officers and [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[nobility]] ([[Sardar]]s, [[Jagirdar]]s & [[Mankari]]s) in [[Indore]], [[Holkar State]], {{circa|1879}}.]]
Jayajirao was born as Bhagirath Scindia, son of Hanuvant Rao Scindia who was the younger brother of the then ruling Maharaja [[Jankoji Rao Scindia II|Jankojirao Scindia II]]{{cn|date=October 2024}} on 19 January 1834. The erstwhile Maharaja of Gwalior, [[Jankoji Rao Scindia II|Jankojirao II]], died in 1843 without leaving an heir leading his widow Tara Raje to adopt Bhagirath Rao. Bhagirath Scindia succeeded the Gwalior ''gaddi'' under the name of Jayajirao Sindhia on 22 February 1843 at the age of 9. Mama Sahib, the maternal uncle of Jankojirao II, was chosen as regent.<ref>[https://www.scindia.edu/house/ Scindia house] ''scindia.edu''. Retrieved 30 August 2021</ref>

==Early reign and campaigns against the British==
{{Main|Gwalior campaign}}

[[File:Jayajirao Shinde's darbar, Mural.jpg|thumb|Durbar of Jayajirao Scindia, {{Circa|1905}}]]
Dada Khasgiwale, the comptroller of the Scindia household overthrew Mama Sahib as the regent nearly leading to a civil war. The British East India Company decided to interfere by withdrawing their Resident Colonel Alexander Speirs and demanded the surrender of Dada Khasgiwale. A British force under Sir Hugh Gough started marching towards Gwalior, and crossed the [[Chambal River|Chambal]] in December 1843. On 29 December followed the simultaneous battles of [[Gwalior campaign#Battle of Maharajpore|Maharajpura]] and [[Gwalior campaign#Battle of Punniar|Panniar]], in which the [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] army was annihilated. Khasgiwale was arrested by the British and was sent to Benares Jail where he died in 1845.

A treaty was then made, under which certain lands to the value of 1.8 million, including [[Chanderi District]], were ceded for the upkeep of a contingent force, besides other lands for the liquidation of the expenses incurred in the war, the State army was reduced, and a Council of Regency was appointed during the minority, to act under the resident's advice.

When in 1857, the Indian rebellion against the British began, as per the descendant of martyr Tatya Tope (Who fought against British in the war for Indian independence of 1857), Mr. Parag Tope in his book Operation Red Lotus, Jayajirao Scindia gave full support to Tatya Tope who acted as the link between Gwalior Durbar and freedom fighters in Kanpur and Jhansi, Jayajirao ordered his army to join Tatya and freedom fighters when they come to Gwalior, this way Jayajirao gave very significant covert support to the freedom fighters even after losing against British at Maharajpur and Punniar but by keeping his support covert Scindia ensured that if the rebellion failed British fury will not fall on the common people of Gwalior, this was an age-old Maratha policy of “Gupt-Yuddh” against enemy if you are weak (Scindia fought and lost against British at Maharajpura and Punniar and did not surrender without fighting like many other rulers). Maharani Tarabai Raje Scindia asked the Scindia treasurer martyr Amarchand Bainthia to open Scindia treasury for the freedom fighters.

British punished Scindia by not returning Gwalior fort to them after crushing war for Indian independence in 1857 and gave back the [[Gwalior Fort|fort of Gwalior]] to Scindia only as late as 1886.

==Development work==
[[File:The Maharaja Scindhia of Gwalior with state officials.jpg|thumb|left|The Maharaja Scindhia of Gwalior with state officials]]
[[file:The Maharajah Scindia of Gwalior" (r.1843-1886) as seen in the Illustrated London News.gif|thumb|right|upright|"The Maharajah Scindia of Gwalior" as seen in ''[[the Illustrated London News]]'', {{Circa|1875}}<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/princes/gwalior/gwalior.html Princes of Gwalior] ''columbia.edu''. Retrieved 30 August 2021</ref>]]
In 1872, Jayajirao lent Rs. 7.5 million for the construction of the Agra-Gwalior portion of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, and a similar amount in 1873 for the Indore-Neemuch section of the Rajputana-Malwa railway. In 1882 land was ceded by the state for the Midland section of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway.

Jayaajirao constructed many new buildings like Moti Mahal, [[Jai Vilas Mahal|Jai Vilas Palace]], Kampoo Kothi, Victoria Hall, Gorkhi Dwar and Daffrine Sarai. He reconstructed the Koteshwar Mandir and constructed about 69 Shiva temples across his state. He gave Rs. 1.5 million for the reconstruction of Gwalior fort's boundary wall and the broken parts of Man Mandir, Gujari Mahal, and Johar Kund. In 1886 Gwalior fort and Morar cantonment, with some other villages, which had been held by British troops since 1858, were exchanged for Jhansi city.

==Honours==
In 1861, Jayajirao was created a Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India. His photos appeared in the London press and was regarded as the friend of the British Empire. In 1877, he became a Counsellor of the Empress and later on a GCB and CIE.

[[Image:Another view of the Maharaja.jpg|thumb|upright|left|a photo by Talboys Wheeler from The Imperial Assemblage, 1877]]

==Family==
Jayajirao married Chimnabai Kadam in 1843 and Laxmibai Gujar in 1852. Balwantrao Shinde was his eldest son from Laxmibai. Jayajirao married his third wife Babuibai Sawant in 1873 and fourth wife Sakhyabai. Jayajirao and Sakhyabai had a son, his fourth but only surviving son, named [[Madho Rao Scindia|Madho Rao]] (b. 1876) who succeeded him as ruler of Gwalior. One of his sons was [[Bhaiyya Ganpatrao|Shrimant Ganpat Rao]], who died in 1920.
<ref name="Royalfamily">{{cite web |title=RoyalFamily |url=http://www.royalfamilyofindia.com/gwalior/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603114242/http://www.royalfamilyofindia.com/gwalior/ |archive-date=2016-06-03 |accessdate=18 April 2017}}</ref>

Ganpat Rao was a famous musician who trained [[Jaddanbai]], mother of actress [[Nargis]].<ref name="Jaddanbai">{{cite web|title=Culcutta Living City|url=http://cba1415.web.unc.edu/files/2014/04/20140512100459514.pdf|accessdate=18 April 2017|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101528/http://cba1415.web.unc.edu/files/2014/04/20140512100459514.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Samadhi of Jayajirao Shinde.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Jayajirao Scindia]]
Jayajirao Scindia died in June 1886 at Jai Vilas Palace, Gwalior.

==Full name and titles==
His official full name was also ''General [[His Highness]] Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, [[Maharajadhiraj]] Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jayaji Rao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan [[Maharaja]] [[Scindia]] of [[Gwalior]]''', [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]

*1835–1843: Shrimant Kumar Bhagirath Rao Scindia
*1843–1845: [[His Highness]] Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, [[Maharaja]] [[Scindia]] of [[Gwalior]]
*1845–1861: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior
*1861–1866: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, [[Order of the Star of India|KSI]]
*1866–1877: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]]
*1877–1878: General His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], GCSI
*1878–1886: General His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, GCB, GCSI, [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Shreenath Madhavji : Mahayoddha Mahadji Ki Shourya Gatha |last=Neelesh Ishwarchandra Karkare |publisher=Neelesh Ishwarchandra ( Gwalior) |year=2014 |isbn=9789352670925}}
* {{cite book |title=Tawaareekh-E-ShindeShahi |last=Neelesh Ishwarchandra Karkare |publisher=Neelesh Ishwarchandra ( Gwalior) |year=2017 |isbn=9789352672417}}

==External links==
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Scindia|Scindia Dynasty]]||19 January 1835||20 June 1886}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jankoji Rao Scindia II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Gwalior State|Maharaja of Gwalior]]|years=1843–1886}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Madho Rao Scindia|Madhavrao II]]}}
{{end}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Scindia, Jayajirao}}
[[Category:1834 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Scindia dynasty|Jayajirao]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Gwalior]]

Rini Raj

2026-02-10T03:03:22Z

Legalwiki68: creating info

{{Short description|Indian television actress (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rini Raj
| image =
| caption =
| birthname = Rini Raj
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1999|11}}
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| education =
| height =
| years active = 2011{{endash}}present
| parents =
| relatives =
| children =
| spouse =
}}

'''Rini Raj''' (born November 1999<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/karuthamuth-fame-actress-rini-raj-s-birthday-celebration-pics-goes-trending/photoshow/87733008.cms |title=22ലേക്ക് കാലെടുത്ത് വെച്ച് റിനി രാജ്! കറുത്തമുത്ത് നായികയുടെ പിറന്നാളാഘോഷ ചിത്രങ്ങള്‍ വൈറല്‍! |work=Samayam |language=ml}}</ref>) is an Indian film and television actress who predominantly works in the [[Malayalam]] industry. She is well known for her role as Balachandrika in the [[Malayalam]] soap opera ''[[Karuthamuthu]]''.

==Career==
Rini started her acting career at the age of 12.<ref>[https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/age-21-acting-started-at-age-12-actress-rini-raj-with-fans-qr3d23 'സത്യമാണ്, വയസ് 21 ആണ്, അഭിനയം 12 വയസിൽ തുടങ്ങി': ആരാധകരോടായി റിനി]</ref> She starred in a music video, Orma when she was a grade 7 student. She played the second female lead in the 2014 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Maramkothi]]''. She played the protagonist, Myna in the soap opera ''[[Mangalyapattu]]'' aired in ''[[Mazhavil Manorama]]''.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/my-greatest-wish-is-to-be-a-regular-college-student-with-lots-of-friends-rini-raj/articleshow/63157252.cms My greatest wish is to be a regular college student with lots of friends: Rini Raj]</ref> She played one of the three female leads in 2017 film ''Smart Boys''.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/231016/smart-girl-on-the-go.html Rini Raj: Smart girl on the go]</ref> She rose into fame playing Balachandrika in ''[[Karuthamuthu]]''.<ref>[https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/serial-actress-rini-talking-about-character-selection-558859/ വിളിക്കുമ്പോൾ പറയുന്ന കഥാപാത്രമായിരിക്കില്ല അവിടെ ചെല്ലുമ്പോൾ; സീരിയൽ താരം റിനി പറയുന്നു]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rini-raj-shares-a-cute-video-with-her-on-screen-daughter-take-a-look/articleshow/67126341.cms Rini Raj shares a cute video with her on-screen daughter; take a look]</ref> She played a supporting role in ''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/this-video-of-kasthooriman-actresses-will-set-new-friendship-goals-watch-video/articleshow/78475730.cms This video of Kasthooriman actresses will set new friendship goals; watch video]</ref> She then played the female lead Abhirami in ''Thamarathumbi''.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-will-give-my-future-husband-a-second-chance-if-he-is-like-rajeevan-says-happily-single-rini-raj-of-thamara-thumbi-fame/articleshow/71941398.cms I will give my future husband a second chance if he is like Rajeevan, says happily single Rini Raj of Thamara Thumbi fame]</ref> She is currently part of celebrity game show ''Star Magic''.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/karuthamuthu-fame-rini-raj-gets-inked-see-video/articleshow/88002822.cms Karuthamuthu fame Rini Raj gets inked; see video]</ref><ref>[https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/karuthamuth-star-rini-with-super-photoshoot-pictures-r40j3u 'ടീമിനൊപ്പം വൈശാലി'; ഫോട്ടോഷൂട്ട് ചിത്രങ്ങളുമായി റിനി]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-star-magics-girl-gang-is-back-with-a-new-funny-video/articleshow/75835386.cms Watch: Star Magic's ‘girl gang’ is back with a new funny video]</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Maramkothi]]''
| Anima
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=5|2016
| ''Smart Boys''
| Radhika
| Malayalam
|
| <ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151031/entertainment-mollywood/article/smart-boys-shoot-underway Smart Boys shoot underway]</ref><ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/040316/smart-boys-with-a-smart-idea.html Smart Boys with a smart idea]</ref>
|-
| ''Ottakolam''
| Saranya
| Malayalam
|
|
|-
| ''Yaamam''
| Neena
| Malayalam
| Short film
|
|-
| ''Nizhal''
|
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
| ''Pattai Kalappu''
| Radhika
| Tamil
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''Kalpitham''
| Bhadra
| Malayalam
| Short film
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Kudumba Sthreeyum Kunjadum]]''
| Gopalakrishnan's wife
| Malayalam
|
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2016-2017
| ''[[Mangalyapattu]]''
| Myna
| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|
|-
| 2017-2019
| ''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
| Balachandrika
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actors Rini Raj, Darshana and Pradeep Chandran have a blast on the sets of Karuthamuthu; see video - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actors-rini-raj-darshana-and-pradeep-chandran-have-a-blast-on-the-sets-of-karuthamuthu-see-video/articleshow/66635342.cms |website=The Times of India |date=15 November 2018 |language=en |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2019-2020
| ''Thamarathumbi''
| Abhirami
| [[Surya TV]]
|
|
|-
| 2020-2021
| ''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
| Urmila
| Asianet
|
|
|-
| 2020–2022
| ''Star Magic''
| Contestant
| [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|
| <ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-heres-how-star-magic-team-stays-connected-during-lockdown-days/articleshow/75518780.cms Watch: Here's how Star Magic team stays connected during lockdown days]</ref>
|-
|2022-2023||''[[Thumbapoo]]''||Sanjana||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||||
|-
|2023-2024||''Mazhayethum Mumpe''||Anamika||[[Amrita TV]]||||
|-
|2023-2024||''[[Parvathy (TV series)|Parvathy]]''||Gargi||[[Zee Keralam]]||||
|-
|}

====Special appearances====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]''
| Guest
| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
| <ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/janikutty-maina-and-rubi-on-onnum-onnum-moonnu/articleshow/55727820.cms Janikutty, Maina and Rubi on ‘Onnum Onnum Moonnu’]</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''Pularvela''
| Guest
| [[Manorama News]]
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''Sell me the answer''
| Participant
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
| <ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/karuthamuth-team-to-appear-on-sell-me-the-answer/articleshow/66827677.cms Karuthamuthu team to appear on Sell Me The Answer]</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''Urvashi Theatures''
| Participant
| Asianet
|
| <ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ronson-vincent-turns-up-as-lord-krishna-on-urvashi-theatres/articleshow/63398663.cms Ronson Vincent turns up as Lord Krishna on Urvashi Theatres]</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''Comedy Stars''
| Guest
| Asianet
|
| <ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/minister-mercykutty-amma-to-karthyayani-amma-comedy-stars-to-felicitate-women-power/articleshow/68322530.cms Minister Mercykutty Amma to Karthyayani Amma: Comedy Stars to felicitate women power]</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''Red Carpet''
| Contestant
| [[Amrita TV]]
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9957697|name=Rini Raj}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Rini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1999 births]]

Murali Kartik

2026-02-08T02:30:19Z

Legalwiki68: minor changes

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1976)}}
{{Tone|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Murali Kartik
| image = Murali kartik bowling.jpg
| caption = Kartik bowling for [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] in 2010.
| country = India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|9|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| heightft = 6
| heightinch = 0
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = [[Slow left arm orthodox]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2000–2007
| testdebutdate = 24 February
| testdebutyear = 2000
| testdebutagainst = South Africa
| testcap = 226
| lasttestdate = 20 November
| lasttestyear = 2004
| lasttestagainst = South Africa
| odidebutdate = 16 March
| odidebutyear = 2002
| odidebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| odicap = 144
| lastodidate = 18 November
| lastodiyear = 2007
| lastodiagainst = Pakistan
| odishirt =
| oneT20I = true
| T20Idebutdate = 20 October
| T20Idebutyear = 2007
| T20Idebutagainst = Australia
| T20Icap = 19
| club1 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1996–2014}}
| club2 = [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|2005–2006}}
| club3 = [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]]
| year3 = {{nowrap|2007–2009}}
| club4 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year4 = {{nowrap|2008–2010}}
| club5 = [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]]
| year5 = {{nowrap|2010–2011}}
| club6 = [[Pune Warriors India]]
| year6 = {{nowrap|2011–2012}}
| club7 = [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]
| year7 = 2012
| club8 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year8 = 2013
| clubnumber8 = 222
| club9 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| year9 = 2014
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 8
| runs1 = 88
| bat avg1 = 9.77
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 43
| deliveries1 = 1,932
| wickets1 = 24
| bowl avg1 = 34.16
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/44
| catches/stumpings1 = 2/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 37
| runs2 = 126
| bat avg2 = 14.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 32*
| deliveries2 = 1,907
| wickets2 = 37
| bowl avg2 = 43.56
| fivefor2 = 1
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 6/27
| catches/stumpings2 = 10/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 203
| runs3 = 4,423
| bat avg3 = 20.19
| 100s/50s3 = 0/21
| top score3 = 96
| deliveries3 = 42,547
| wickets3 = 644
| bowl avg3 = 26.70
| fivefor3 = 36
| tenfor3 = 5
| best bowling3 = 9/70
| catches/stumpings3 = 143/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 194
| runs4 = 773
| bat avg4 = 11.89
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 44
| deliveries4 = 9,619
| wickets4 = 249
| bowl avg4 = 28.29
| fivefor4 = 2
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 6/27
| catches/stumpings4 = 66/–
| date = 14 June
| year = 2014
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/murali-kartik-30049 ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Murali Kartik'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vvs-laxman-on-murali-kartik-s-retirement-india-have-missed-out-on-a-match-winner-752423 |title=VVS Laxman on Murali Kartik's retirement: "India have missed out on a match-winner" |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028171624/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vvs-laxman-on-murali-kartik-s-retirement-india-have-missed-out-on-a-match-winner-752423 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{audio|Murali_Kartik.ogg|pronunciation}}, born 11 September 1976) is an Indian cricket commentator and former [[cricketer]] who sporadically represented the [[India national cricket team|national team]] from 2000 to 2007. He was a slow [[left arm orthodox|left-arm orthodox]] bowler. He was not selected for international matches during his prime years due to the presence of [[Anil Kumble]] and [[Harbhajan Singh]] in the Indian squad.<ref name="cricinfo"/> A left-handed batsman who had some success with the bat at first-class level with 21 half-centuries, Murli was not able to repeat such performances at international level.<ref name="cricinfo">{{cite web |first=S |last=Rajesh |title=Murali Kartik |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30049.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309003552/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30049.html |archive-date=9 March 2007 }}</ref>

After starting out in the [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] junior system, Murali moved through the age group ranks at [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] and was selected for the Indian Under-19 team. He made his first-class debut in 1996–97 and after a few productive seasons at the domestic level, made his Test debut in early 2000 as Kumble's bowling partner. However, he ran into disciplinary problems and was expelled from the [[National Cricket Academy]] in the same year. At the same time, new national captain [[Sourav Ganguly]] was reluctant to entrust him with responsibility. Ganguly called for [[off spin|off-spin]]ner [[Harbhajan Singh]] to be recalled in 2001 and was rewarded with a series-winning performance against Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recalling the record-breaking bowling by Harbhajan Singh |url=https://www.scorewaves.com/news-details/harbhajan-singh-2011-test-series-ind-vs-australia |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=ScoreWaves |language=en}}</ref> This entrenched the off-spinner in the team and left Kartik on the outer.

For the next four years, Kartik was on the fringes of selection. He made his ODI debut in 2002. However a series of disappointing performances lead to him missing the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]]. He was recalled in late 2003 for limited overs matches and played in approximately half of India's matches over six months, as well as one Test after Harbhajan suffered a serious injury. In late 2004, Kartik played in three Tests as India fielded three spinners and claimed his only man-of-the-match award in Tests against Australia in Mumbai, but was again dropped two matches later. In late 2005, Murali became a regular member of the ODI team for a few months when the [[International Cricket Council]] introduced an experimental rule that allowed one substitute to be used, opening an extra vacancy in the national team. However, Kartik was unable to secure his position in the team and the rule was later revoked. In late 2007, Kartik broke back into the ODI team and took 6/27 in one victory over Australia, but lost form soon after and was again dropped. He has not represented India since then.

Aside from domestic cricket, Kartik played for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] and has been in demand in English [[county cricket]] as an overseas player, representing [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]], [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]], [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] and [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]].{{Not verified in body|date=October 2021}}

Kartik has been part of the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] commentary team since 2015 and regularly commentates on the [[India national cricket team|Indian national team's]] home games.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/commentary-bio-bubble-covid-19-quarantine-kartik-murali-deep-dasgupta-ajit-agarkar-sunil-gavaskar-pragyan-ojha-books-friends-hotels/article33978808.ece | title=Commentary from within a bio-bubble: Part of the job | date=4 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Early life==

Born on 11 September 1976 in [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref name="cricinfo" /> Murali Kartik wanted to be a genetic engineer. He was a [[fast bowling|medium pacer]] in his early years<ref name="belli"/> before switching to a left-arm finger spinner in the classical mould. Kartik grew up trying to emulate past Indian orthodox spinners [[Bishen Singh Bedi]], [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] and [[Venkatapathy Raju]]. He also garnered attention for what was perceived to be a fiery attitude. Still, he took pride in coach [[Kapil Dev]], saying of him, "I have never seen a player with such an attitude towards the game in my 20 years of international cricket".<ref name="comeback">{{cite news |author=Santhosh S |title=Murali Kartik – on the comeback trail |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/108234.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=23 November 2001 |access-date=13 February 2007|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102091543/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/108234.html |archive-date=2 November 2012 }}</ref>

Kartik started out in the junior system at [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]. He broke into their Under-16 team in December 1992 and took a match total of 10/74 on debut against [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]], and scored 52 [[not out]] in an innings victory. He took 2/91 in the next match against [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] but could no longer play in the Under-16s because of his advancing age.<ref name=o/> He could not break into the Under-19s at Delhi and played no further youth domestic matches for two years before transferring to [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] and breaking into their Under-19 team.<ref name=o>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=7118&opponentmatch=exact&playername=Halcombe&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason= |title=Player Oracle M Kartik |access-date=9 December 2008 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604041203/http://www.cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=7118&opponentmatch=exact&playername=Halcombe&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason= |archive-date=4 June 2011 }}</ref>

In five matches for his new team during 1994–95, he took 24 wickets at an average of 14.58, including a [[five-wicket haul]] (5/28) against [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]. He was rewarded for his performance with a selection into the Under-19 [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]] team for the zonal one-day tournament, taking five wickets at an average of 25.00 in four matches. He had little success with the bat, scoring 47 on one occasion during the season, but otherwise only aggregating nine runs in six innings.<ref name=o/>

The following season in 1995–96, Murali had a more successful season for Railways Under-19s. He started with 5/73 and 5/55 against [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] and made it three five-wicket hauls in a row with 5/42 against Vidarbha. He took another five-wicket haul later in the season against [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] and ended the competition with 38 wickets at 18.94 in seven matches. Railways made the final, where they faced [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]. Murali was Railways' most effective bowler, taking 4/57 in Punjab's first innings of 310. He then made 14 not out as Railways ceded a first-innings lead, which was enough to give Punjab the title as the match ended in a draw. Kartik took 3/138 in the second innings. After the final, the newly crowned champions took on the [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]], and Kartik took 2/25 and 4/89 to help his team to a six-wicket victory. Kartik had a less successful time in the zonal one-dayers for Central, taking only one wicket in three matches. He also improved his batting marginally, scoring 57 and three other double-digit scores.<ref name=o/>

As a result of his performances during the season, Kartik was called up to the Indian Under-19 team for an international series against South Africa. In the youth Test, he took 4/40 as India dismissed South Africa for 159 to take a 19-run lead. In the second innings, he took 3/30 as South Africa fell for 107 in pursuit of 277. In two youth [[one-day international]]s that followed, Kartik was prominent in the Indian victories, taking 3/23 and 3/33, respectively.<ref name=o/>

== Domestic career ==

The following season, 1996–97, Kartik was promoted into the senior ranks. In his first match, a List A fixture against Madhya Pradesh, Kartik took 2/27 from ten overs but was unable to prevent a four-wicket loss. He made his first-class debut the next day against the same team and bowled 16 overs, taking a total of 1/18 in a drawn match. In a closely contested match, Madhya Pradesh were 8/89 and 17 runs short with two wickets in hand when time ran out. Kartik had scored a rearguard 47 in the second innings, without which Madhya Pradesh would have won.<ref name=o/>
In his next first-class match, against Vidarbha, he took a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] in the first innings, ending with 6/28, helping to bowl Vidarbha out for 130. He then took 3/27 in the second innings as Vidarbha made only 95 to cede victory to Railways.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sankhya |last=Krishnan |title=He sees something positive in every situation |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/84646.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=30 April 2000 |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710112112/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/84646.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Railways v Vidarbha at Delhi 7–10 Nov 1996 |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/CENTRAL/I-RLYS_VIDAR_RJI-C_07-10NOV1996.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709210544/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/CENTRAL/I-RLYS_VIDAR_RJI-C_07-10NOV1996.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He ended the season with 16 wickets at 19.37<ref>{{cite web |title=Bowling – Most Wickets |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701133146/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and 185 runs at 20.55, including a 74 against [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Batting – Most Runs |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RJI_AVS_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707041217/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RJI_AVS_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Still, he was overlooked for the [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]] selection for the [[Duleep Trophy]] after taking only six wickets in his last four matches for the season.<ref name=o/><ref>{{cite web |title=Best Bowling Averages |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/DULEEP/STATS/IND_LOCAL_DULEEP_AVS_BOWL_BEST_AVS.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701144315/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/DULEEP/STATS/IND_LOCAL_DULEEP_AVS_BOWL_BEST_AVS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In four one-day matches for Railways, Kartik took seven wickets at 12.42, including a match-winning 4/13 against Rajasthan.<ref name=o/>

The following season, he managed 14 wickets at 18.42 in four matches<ref>{{cite web |title=Bowling – Most Wickets |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RANJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=14 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714045034/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RANJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but was dropped in the later stages of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranji Trophy 1997–98, Super league |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/RJI-SL/ |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707014924/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/RJI-SL/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After taking a match total of 7/74 in helping to orchestrate an innings victory over Rajasthan in his third match of the season, Kartik went wicketless in the next match against Madhya Pradesh and was dropped. He scored 70 runs at 23.33 during the tournament.<ref name=o/> In four one-dayers for Railways, he took four wickets at 29.75 at an [[economy rate]] of 3.30.<ref name=o/> Despite being dropped by Railways, Kartik was called up to make his senior debut for Central Zone. He took two wickets at 63.00 in two first-class matches and then took three wickets at 43.00 at an economy rate of 4.30 in three matches.<ref name=o/>

Despite the modest returns during the season, Kartik was selected for an [[India A cricket team|India A]] tour of Pakistan in February and March 1998. In four first-class matches, which were persistently curtailed by the weather, Kartik bowled only 31 overs and only two in the two matches against Pakistan A. He finished with four wickets at 27.50. In the two one-dayers, he proved expensive, taking 1/53 and 0/73 from ten overs each, as Pakistan won both matches easily.<ref name=o/>

At the start of the 1998–99 season, Kartik took 23 wickets for Vijay Cricket Club in the Chennai League.<ref name=o/> He played more regularly in the 1998–99 Ranji Trophy, taking 29 wickets in seven matches at 19.3 to be the 13th-highest wicket-taker.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bowling – Most Wickets |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RANJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712063504/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RANJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This included a 3/8 and 4/62 in an innings win over Rajasthan and 5/84 and 5/55 in the last two matches of the campaign against [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] and [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]. He also added 29 and 53 with the bat against Tamil Nadu to help stave off a defeat after they were trailing by over 200 in the first innings.<ref name=o/>

He was rewarded with selection for [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]] and, after taking 4/133 against [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]], claimed 5/73 and 2/22 in the final to help them defeat [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]] by 112 runs in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] to claim the Duleep Trophy<ref>{{cite web |title=Final: Central Zone vs West Zone at Aurangabad, 17–21 Dec 1998 |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/DULEEP/CENTRAL_WEST_DULEEP-FINAL_17-21DEC1998.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707142717/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/DULEEP/CENTRAL_WEST_DULEEP-FINAL_17-21DEC1998.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and was the leading wicket-taker during the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bowling – Most Wickets |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/DULEEP/STATS/IND_LOCAL_DULEEP_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707091059/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/DULEEP/STATS/IND_LOCAL_DULEEP_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He scored a total of 183 runs at 18.30 for the entire Indian first-class season.<ref name=o/> He took five wickets at 26.60 in four zonal one-dayers, winning all four matches.<ref name=o/>

==International career==
===Early international career===
Kartik had a truncated but productive 1999–2000 Indian season. After taking a solitary wicket in a truncated match for India A against the touring [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]], Kartik snared 6/62 and 6/31 against Vidarbha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vidarbha v Railways at Nagpur 31 Oct – 3 Nova 1999 |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/CENTRAL/VIDAR_I-RLYS_RJI-C_31OCT-03NOV1999.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724044024/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/CENTRAL/VIDAR_I-RLYS_RJI-C_31OCT-03NOV1999.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He then went on an India A tour to the West Indies, so his only other first-class match was a Ranji Trophy encounter against Rajasthan, in which he took 4/53.<ref name=o/> In four first-class matches in the Caribbean, Kartik took 18 wickets at 16.38. This included two matches against West Indies A, in which he took 6/75 before claiming 3/64 and 5/73 in the second match, although he was unable to force a victory in either.<ref name=o/> In two one-day matches against West Indies, Kartik took two wickets at 26.00 at an economy rate of 3.46.<ref name=o/> Returning to India, he took 12 wickets at 13.08 in five matches for Railways and the Indian Board president's XI before playing in the zonal one-dayers with less success, managing only two wickets at 91.50 at an economy rate of 4.57. Despite these struggles, he was selected for the India A team for the Challenger Trophy, where he took four wickets at 38.00 at an expensive economy rate of 5.84.<ref name=o/>

Despite the downturn in his limited overs fortunes towards the end of the season, Kartik's form was enough to earn him selection in the Indian Board president's XI for the tour match against the visiting South Africans before the Tests. He had a match total of 2/122, which was enough for him to secure national selection, playing in both Tests against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] in early 2000 at [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]] as India sought a second spinner to accompany [[Anil Kumble]] after [[Harbhajan Singh]]'s performance in the role the previous season had been deemed inadequate. Kartik scored 14 before being bowled by [[Shaun Pollock]] as India batted first and made 225. He then took 2/28 from 18 overs as India restricted the tourists to 176 before collapsing to be all out for 113 in the second innings. Kartik scored only two runs before being [[caught behind]] by Pollock. Kartik took 1/50 in the second innings as South Africa ground their way to the target of 163 with four wickets in hand.<ref name=o/> In the second Test, Kartik took 3/123 and scored a duck and two as India was crushed by an innings. Overall, Kartik performed steadily, taking six wickets at 33.50.<ref name="statsgurutest">{{cite web |title=M Kartik – Tests – Innings by innings list |url=http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=7136;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=2000-02-24;start=2000-02-24;enddefault=2004-11-24;end=2004-11-24;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 February 2007}}</ref>

Kartik was selected in 2000 for the first intake of the [[National Cricket Academy]] in Bangalore, after earlier having made his Test debut in early 2000 in a home series against South Africa.<ref>{{cite news |first=Partab |last=Ramchand |title=First list of NCA trainees |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/first-list-of-nca-trainees-84401 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 April 2000 |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref> However, his stay was cut short along with that of Harbhajan, when they were expelled by the director [[Hanumant Singh]] over disciplinary issues.<ref>{{cite news |first=Partab |last=Ramchand |title=Three players offloaded from National Cricket Academy |url=http://feedsuk.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2000/JUN/038509_CI_20JUN2000.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709234142/http://feedsuk.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2000/JUN/038509_CI_20JUN2000.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=20 June 2000 |access-date=8 February 2007 }}</ref>

In the 2000–01 season, Kartik started in fine form as he set out to maintain a Test position. In the [[Irani Trophy]], the traditional season opener between the reigning Ranji champions—Mumbai—and the Rest of India, Kartik orchestrated the defeat of the title-holders. After taking 4/73 in Mumbai's 260, Kartik scored 22 in Rest of India's total of 389. He then took 9/70 to cut down Mumbai for 184, and his batting colleagues accumulated the 55 needed for victory without loss.<ref name=o/> Kartik then took 3/82 and 1/45 against Madhya Pradesh to secure his spot in the Test team.<ref name=o/>

Kartik then played in one Test against [[Bangladesh cricket team|Bangladesh]] and [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]], respectively, in India, taking match totals of 1/42 and 2/66. He scored 43 in the nine-wicket win over Bangladesh but did not bat in the seven-wicket win over Zimbabwe. New captain [[Sourav Ganguly]]—who had taken over after [[Sachin Tendulkar]] resigned following the South African whitewash—did not show much confidence in him, only giving him short but frequent spells.<ref name="belli">{{cite news |first=Anand |last=Vasu |title=Murali Kartik, belligerent practitioner of a difficult art |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/121437.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=26 November 2002 |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=19 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119194044/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/121437.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kartik was dropped from the team after the first Test against Zimbabwe. In the one-day domestic circuit, Kartik took nine wickets at 25.22 at an economy rate of 4.02, giving himself a chance for a Test recall in the Duleep Trophy.<ref name=o/>

In the Duleep Trophy, Kartik struggled, taking 2/129 against East and then 0/178 in the first innings as North Zone accumulated 8/690 declared. He then had to endure the humiliation of not being trusted to bowl in the second innings as North reached 8/233. In the last match against South, Kartik could only aggregate 1/87. Although Kartik had scored 45 and 27 in his two innings, he totalled only three Duleep Trophy wickets at an average of 131.33.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bowling – Most Wickets |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/IND_LOCAL/DULEEP/STATS/IND_LOCAL_DULEEP_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710144232/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/IND_LOCAL/DULEEP/STATS/IND_LOCAL_DULEEP_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The selectors were unsatisfied with these performances, and despite a shoulder injury to Kumble, Kartik was overlooked as India hosted [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the 2001 [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]].<ref name="statsgurutest"/> Harbhajan was recalled and took 32 wickets at 17 to engineer an Indian series win and permanently establish himself as India's leading spinner alongside Kumble. Kartik played in one more match for Railways at the end of the season, and his poor season continued, managing only a total of 2/152, although he did score 79 with the bat.<ref name=o/>

Kartik started the new 2001–02 season well, taking 20 wickets at 15.40 in the first four first-class matches of the season, including five-wicket hauls against Rajasthan and Vidarbha and 3/84 against the touring English Test team for a Board president's XI, but this was not enough for the selectors to recall him for Tests.<ref name=o/> He continued his form for Railways in the one-dayers, taking seven wickets at 20.57 in four matches at an economy rate of 4.00<ref name=o/> before suffering a serious back injury that forced him to travel to [[Adelaide]] for treatment, which was funded by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]].<ref name="comeback"/> He made a successful comeback in January after a month-long layoff. He ended as fourth-highest wicket taker in-the Ranji Trophy, with 34 at an average of 17,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bowling – Most Wickets |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RANJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040519103331/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RANJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |archive-date=19 May 2004 }}</ref> taking 5/51 and 3/7 and scoring 69 in his final match of the season to secure a win over Baroda.<ref name=o/> He batted well in the second half of the season, scoring 42 and 58.<ref name=o/> He also performed well in the Challenger Trophy and zonal one-dayers after his surgery, taking ten wickets at 21.70 in seven matches.<ref name=o/> At the end of the season, Kartik was rewarded with his debut in One Day Internationals (ODIs); where he conceded 47 runs without a wicket from eight overs against the Zimbabwean batsmen; however, India won by five wickets.<ref name=o/>

===Support role===
Since then, Kartik was India's third choice Test spinner behind Kumble and Harbhajan for most of the decade, only playing when they were injured or when India selected three spinners. At the end of the 2001–02 season, Kartik was selected for an India A tour of South Africa. He struggled in the first two matches, before taking 6/101 and scoring 59 in the second match against South Africa A to end the three games with ten wickets at 32.50. He had more success in the one-dayers, taking four wickets at 17.50 at an economy rate of 2.50 in three matches.<ref name=o/>

The West Indies toured India at the start of the 2002–03 season and Kartik had a chance to press his claims for Test selection in two tour matches against the visitors. However, he had little impact, taking 2/92 for the Board president's XI and 0/117 for Railways against the Caribbean tourists, although he scored 72 with the bat in the latter match. He then took a total of 2/135 as Railways, the reigning Ranji Trophy holders, defeated the Rest of India in the Irani Trophy. With these lean returns, Kartik was overlooked for the Tests.<ref name=o/>

Kartik had opportunities in the ODI format following his strong form in domestic limited overs matches, playing in four consecutive matches against the West Indies. After going wicketless in the first of these matches, he broke through in the next match to take his maiden ODI wicket in his third appearance. Kartik then took 3/36 in the next match as India scraped home by three wickets, but in his fourth outing of the series, he conceded 69 runs in nine overs without a wicket, after which he was dropped.<ref name=o/> He had taken four wickets at 47.25, at an economy rate of 4.84.<ref name=o/>

Kartik was called into the Test squad to tour New Zealand in late 2002 after Kumble withdrew,<ref name="belli"/> but in the warm-up match he bowled one only over, in which he was hammered for 23 runs. He then watched from the sidelines as India only fielded one spin bowler—Harbhajan—in the Tests, held on green, pace-friendly surfaces. Kartik returned to India and was ineffective in the zonal one-dayers, taking a total of 1/148 from 24 overs in three matches, conceding more than a run a ball. Combined with his results against the West Indies, the poor returns saw him left out of the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] squad, with Harbhajan and Kumble preferred.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

While the World Cup was in progress, Kartik toured the West Indies with India A, playing against the domestic teams in five first-class matches. He took 14 wickets at 30.50 including a 5/105 against [[Barbados cricket team|Barbados]] and 4/57 against [[Trinidad and Tobago cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref name=o/> India A then toured England during the northern hemisphere summer and Kartik took 10 wickets at 40.00 and scored 79 runs at 26.33 including a 50 in four first-class matches, and three wickets at 44.33 in one-dayers.<ref name=o/>

At the start of the 2003–04 season, Kartik took 2/118 and 2/41 for India A in a match against the touring New Zealanders, and was overlooked for the Test series against the visitors. He managed only a total of 1/84 from 18 overs in the Challenger Trophy but was called into the ODI team and gained semi-regular appearances during the TVS Trophy against New Zealand and Australia, competing with Kumble and Harbhajan for a regular position in the team. In four matches during the competition, he was economical although not very penetrative, taking four wickets at 38.25 at an economy rate of 3.82.<ref name=o/>

=== Occasional international appearances in 2004 and 2005 ===

After taking match figures of 6/117 and 5/140 for India A against Sri Lanka A,<ref>{{cite news |title=Kartik fashions India A triumph |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125337.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=3 December 2003 |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710081541/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125337.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2003-04/SL-A_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/SL-A_IND-A_06-09DEC2003.html |title=3rd Match: India A v Sri Lanka A, at Mumbai, 06-09 Dec 2003 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107101409/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-a-tour-of-india-2003-04-414723/india-a-vs-sri-lanka-a-431623/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Kartik made his first overseas appearance for India, replacing the injured Harbhajan midway through the 2003–04 tour of Australia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kartik joins Indian team in Australia |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125635.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=11 December 2003 |access-date=12 February 2007 |archive-date=15 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715010056/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125635.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He had little success in his first tour match, taking 1/64 and 1/53 against Australia A. He played in the final Test at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] when India fielded two spinners for the only time in the series. He was punished by the Australian batsmen, taking a total of 1/211 from 45 overs, a [[run rate]] of 4.68 in a high-scoring draw.<ref name=o/><ref name="statsgurutest"/>

Kartik then made sporadic appearances in the VB triangular ODI series, playing in four of India's ten matches, as he and Kumble were brought in and out of the team in an attempt to challenge the Australian superiority. He continued to be punished by the Australian batsmen, taking a total of 1/178 from 26 overs, an economy rate of 6.84. However, he did manage to resist the Australians with the bat; in his only two innings he made 32 not out and 23 as the Indian batting was dismissed for only 203 and 151 respectively.<ref name=o/>

Despite these performances, Kartik was retained for the ODI tour of Pakistan with Harbhajan still injured, taking five wickets at 32.80 at an economy of 5.46. He played in three of the five matches and India won all of these. Kartik was also in the Test squad, but did not play a match as India opted to field only Kumble and won the series 2–1.<ref name=o/><ref name="statsguruodi">{{cite web |title=M Kartik – ODIs – Innings by innings list |url=http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=7136;class=odiplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=2000-02-24;start=2000-02-24;enddefault=2004-11-24;end=2004-11-24;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2007}}</ref>

Kartik started the 2004–05 season by scoring 56 and 16 and taking 2/42 and 2/49 as Rest of India defeated Mumbai in the Irani Trophy, but it was not enough to prevent Harbhajan from resuming his position in the team for the home Test series against Australia. He got an opportunity in the Third Test in [[Nagpur]], when Harbhajan was ill, taking 3/57 and 2/74 as India lost by 342 runs to lose their first home series to Australia since 1969–70. Kartik held his place when Harbhajan returned for the final Test in Mumbai as India fielded three spinners, and took 4/44 and 3/32 in a man of the match performance which saw India win by 13 runs. Both of these performances occurred under the captaincy of [[Rahul Dravid]] with Ganguly injured, in which Kartik netted his wickets at an average of 17.50 compared to 51.08 under Ganguly's leadership. Kartik played the last of his eight Tests in a subsequent opening match against South Africa in [[Kanpur]], taking a total of 2/93 under Ganguly's command, only to be dropped after India chose to only use two spinners in the subsequent matches.<ref name="statsgurutest"/> Kartik spent the next month watching from the sidelines as the reserve slow bowler, as only Kumble and Harbhajan played during the tour of Bangladesh. During this campaign, he played the second ODI, taking 2/43 as India lost to Bangladesh for the first time.<ref name=o/> Kartik returned to India and took seven wickets at 35.42 at an economy rate of 4.69 in the zonal one-dayers and Challenger Trophy, and then played four first-class matches to end the season, taking 10 wickets at 19.10.<ref name=o/> At the end of the season, he took 2/54 in a home ODI against Pakistan, who scored 7/319 to overhaul the target.<ref name=o/>

He enjoyed more opportunities in the ODI arena in 2005, when Kumble was dropped by newly appointed coach [[Greg Chappell]] due to his lack of athleticism, as well as the introduction of the experimental rules which allowed the use of one substitute, thus opening an extra position in the team. Kartik had a modest start under the new regime, taking 1/52 from nine overs in a win over a depleted host Zimbabwe team.<ref name=o/> He returned to India and started the new season in fine all-round form. After taking 2/34 in the first innings, he scored his highest first-class score of 96 to guide Railways to 311, giving them a first-innings lead of 88 runs over Rest of India in the Irani Trophy. He then took 3/28 to dismiss Rest of India for 137 in their second innings, setting up a nine-wicket win.<ref name=o/> He then took seven wickets at 16.85 at an economy rate of 4.56 in three matches for India Seniors in the Challenger Trophy, including a match-winning 5/29 in the final against India B.<ref name=o/>

Kartik was thus selected in the Indian ODI team for the home summer, and played in ten of the twelve ODIs that India hosted in late 2005. He started well with 3/48 in a 152-run crushing of Sri Lanka in [[Nagpur]], and went on to finish the series with eight wickets at 30.25, playing in six of the seven matches. However, his form dissipated and he went wicketless in the South African series, conceding 126 runs in 28 overs, and giving away more than a run a ball in the last two matches.<ref name=o/> Kumble remained in favour for the Tests along with Harbhajan, and Kartik returned to Ranji competition while they bowled against Sri Lanka in the five-dayers. Kartik took 5/95 against Mumbai and then 8/40 against Delhi, and in three Ranji Trophy matches took 17 wickets at 19.94.<ref name=o/>

Despite his ineffectiveness against South Africa, Kartik was retained in the ODI squad, but after conceding 64 runs from nine overs in the first ODI loss against Pakistan, he was replaced in early-2006 in the Test and ODI squad by 17-year-old leg-spinner [[Piyush Chawla]] and off-spinner [[Ramesh Powar]] respectively.<ref name="statsguruodi"/>

=== County career ===

In late 2006, India's ODI team began to hit rocky waters. After losing a bilateral series in the West Indies due to his poor performance, they were knocked out of a triangular tournament in [[Malaysia]] ahead of the finals, and were eliminated in the first round of the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy]] on home soil. Kartik took four wickets at 34.00 and an economy rate of 5.36 in the Challenger Trophy and could not earn a recall.<ref name=o/> He had a steady domestic first-class season, taking 26 wickets at 25.53 in nine matches, never taking more than five wickets in a match.<ref name=o/> He took 13 wickets at 27.92 in eight one-day matches for the season, and was overlooked as Kumble and Harbhajan were the spinners selected for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]]. India were knocked out in the first round after losing to Bangladesh, and Harbhajan was dropped while Kumble retired from ODIs, but Kartik did not do enough to persuade the selectors to hand him a recall.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

In 2004, Kartik played in the [[Lancashire League (cricket)|Lancashire League]] with [[Ramsbottom Cricket Club|Ramsbottom]] as their professional. In 19 games, he took 80 wickets at 9.92 and scored 464 runs at 25.77. He scored three fifties with a best of 83 against Colne and took nine five-wicket innings hauls including a best of 9/30 against Enfield in addition to two other matches in which he took seven wickets.<ref name=o/>

In 2005, he returned to Ramsbottom as their professional for a second season, with more effect. He took 83 wickets at 9.19 and scored 519 runs at 37.07 in 20 matches. He scored five fifties including a best of 66, and took eight five-wicket innings hauls including a best of 9/47 against Church as well as 7/27 against [[Lowerhouse Cricket Club|Lowerhouse]].<ref name=o/> These performances earned him notice, and in late 2005, he appeared as a late-season overseas player substitute for [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]], and became the first overseas Lancashire player to take ten wickets on their debut, with 10/168 against [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]. This 5/93 and 5/75 helped Lancashire to an eight-wicket win, and in his only other first-class match, he took 4/43 and 2/4, which was not enough as the Roses went down to [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]] by four runs. His sixteen wickets at 16.25 placed him second on the season's bowling averages, and helped the team to be promoted from Second Division. In two one-day games, Kartik took five wickets at 13.40.<ref name=o/>

Despite these performances, he was not initially offered a contract for 2006. Eventually in August 2006, he was again signed as a late-season overseas player for Lancashire just in time to appear in the [[C&G Trophy]] final against [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Kartik joins Lancashire |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/257524.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=23 August 2006 |access-date=12 February 2007 |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708162828/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/257524.html |url-status=live }}</ref> taking 2/28 and scoring a duck in a 15-run defeat.<ref name=o/> He took eight wickets at 17.25 in four one-dayers, and six wickets at 39.00 in three first-class matches with a best of 3/89, as well a 40 with the bat against [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]].<ref name=o/>

In 2007, he joined [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] as an overseas registration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kartik joins Middlesex for 2007 |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/263608.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=18 October 2006 |access-date=12 February 2007 |archive-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711041007/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/263608.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his debut as the county club's 700th first-class cricketer against [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] at Taunton in April 2007. He took 51 wickets at 24.96 in 12 matches and agreed to sign on for a further season in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Murali Kartik in squad for next two ODIs |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/indvaus/content/story/313774.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=6 September 2007 |access-date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711015226/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/indvaus/content/story/313774.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A highlight of Kartik's stint was a haul of 6/21 and 3/52 that helped set up an innings win over [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club in 2005|Glamorgan]], and 6/85 and 3/83 that secured a 38-run win over Leicestershire. A third five-wicket haul, 5/38 against [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club|Derbyshire]], was not enough to prevent a 15-run defeat.<ref name=o/> With the bat, Kartik contributed 209 runs at 19.00 with a best of 35.<ref name=o/> Kartik was also prolific for his new county in the one-dayers, taking 21 wickets at 23.52 in 15 matches, taking three wickets in a match twice, both of which resulted in wins.<ref name=o/> During the T20 tournament, Kartik took nine wickets at 10.77 and an economy rate of 5.70, including a haul of 5/13 in a vain attempt to halt an Essex run-chase.<ref name=o/>

=== Brief international return and later career ===

In late 2007, Kartik was recalled to the ODI team in place of the struggling Powar midway through the series against Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Murali Kartik signs for Middlesex in 2008 |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/indvaus/content/story/309865.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 October 2007 |access-date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709150704/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/indvaus/content/story/309865.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He played his first ODI in 18 months when he returned for the fourth match at [[Mohali]]. He took 1/48,<ref name="statsguruodi"/> and conceded only two runs in the 48th over as Australia stumbled in a tight run chase to give India their first win of the series.<ref>{{cite web |first=George |last=Binoy |title='I felt we would get across the line' – Ponting |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/indvaus/content/current/story/314544.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=8 October 2007 |access-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212170409/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/indvaus/content/current/story/314544.html |archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref>

Kartik took only one wicket in the next two matches, which Australia won.<ref name="statsguruodi"/> In the seventh and final match, Kartik took a career best of 6/27 from 10 overs at the [[Wankhede Stadium]] in Mumbai to bowl Australia out for 193. The tourists had reached 2/117 after 19.4 overs, scoring at over six runs and over before Kartik removed [[Brad Hodge]] and [[Andrew Symonds]] from consecutive balls. He failed to get his hat-trick, but in the 32nd over he removed [[Brad Haddin]] from the first ball, and then [[Brad Hogg]] and [[Brett Lee]] from the fourth and fifth balls. Again Kartik missed the hat-trick opportunity, but returned to claim his six wicket.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commentary 7th ODI India v Australia at Mumbai, Oct 17, 2007 |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/297799.html?innings=1;view=commentary |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=17 October 2007 |access-date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107101409/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-india-2007-08-297424/india-vs-australia-7th-odi-297799/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mumbai"/> In reply, India had fallen to 8/143 before Kartik chipped in with an unbeaten 21 from 34 balls in an unbroken 52-run stand with [[Zaheer Khan]], guiding India to a two-wicket victory. Kartik was recognised as the man of the match.<ref name="mumbai">{{cite web |title=7th ODI India v Australia at Mumbai, Oct 17, 2007 |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/297799.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 July 2008|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216101844/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/297799.html |archive-date=16 February 2008 }}</ref> Kartik then made his T20 international debut, taking 0/27 from four overs in an Indian win over Australia.<ref name=o/>

In the following series against Pakistan, Kartik was only selected in the first, third and fifth matches, and took two wickets at an average of 68.00 at an economy rate of 5.23.<ref name="statsguruodi"/> As a result, Kartik was omitted from the ODI tour of Australia in favour of Chawla.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganguly dropped as selectors focus on youth |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/332389.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=20 January 2008 |access-date=25 July 2008|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311084726/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/332389.html |archive-date=11 March 2008 }}</ref>

Due to his international commitments, Kartik made only sporadic appearances during the Indian domestic scene in 2007–08. He took nine wickets at 44.22 and scored 77 runs at 19.25 in three first-class fixtures. After being dropped from India's limited-overs team, Kartik continued his strong one-day form at domestic level, taking six wickets at 25.33 at an economy rate of only 3.16 in six matches.<ref name=o/>

Kartik was purchased by the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the inaugural [[2008 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The No. 12 shirt |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/indvaus/content/story/350430.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=8 May 2007 |access-date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716083907/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/indvaus/content/story/350430.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He played in six matches, taking three wickets at 42.33, but was dropped because his economy rate was beyond eight runs an over. All of these came in one match in which he took 3/17.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bowling averages Indian Premier League, 2007/08 |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?id=3519;type=tournament |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 July 2008|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706024700/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?id=3519;type=tournament |archive-date=6 July 2008 }}</ref>

[[File:Murali kartik unorthodox shot.jpg|thumb|Kartik playing an unorthodox shot for [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] in 2010.]]Kartik was part of the Middlesex team that won the [[2008 Twenty20 Cup]] in England, their first domestic title for 15 years. He played in 11 matches and took 14 wickets at 20.14 at an economy rate of 6.71, claiming at least one wicket in all but one of the matches.<ref name=o/> Kartik represented Middlesex in the Stanford competition in October, taking two wickets at 25.50 at an economy rate of 6.37.<ref name=o/>

His second first-class season with Middlesex was much less successful than the first; Kartik took only 16 wickets at 34.06 in seven matches, with a best of 4/101 against Derbyshire. He scored 161 runs at 20.12 with a best of 44 against [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]]. His one-day form was also lean, yielding six wickets at 33.00 in six matches.<ref name=o/>

Kartik returned to India and took 16 wickets at 32.75 in six matches for Railways in the Ranji Trophy. After taking 5/85 in the first innings of the season opener against Karnataka, his performances fell away and he managed only four wickets in his last three matches. Nevertheless, he was selected for Central Zone in the Duleep Trophy and took a total of 2/98 as they lost on first innings to South and were eliminated after one match. Kartik made his contribution with the bat, scoring 197 runs at 24.62 for the season, including a score of 56 against Maharashtra and two other efforts of 30.<ref name=o/> Playing for both Railways and Central, Kartik took 12 wickets at 23.50 in the one-day matches for the season.<ref name=o/> He also scored 65 runs at 13.00.<ref name=o/>

During the [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009 IPL]] season, which was held in South Africa, Kartik played in ten matches and took four wickets at 50.25, but he was one of the most economical bowlers, conceding only 5.91 runs per over. Kolkata were wracked by infighting and came last. Kartik also scored 21 runs not out.<ref name=o/> In the 2009 English season, Kartik resumed service for Middlesex, and as in the IPL he was most effective as a stock bowler, taking only four wickets at 51.50 in eight T20 fixtures at an economy rate of 6.86, never taking multiple wickets in a match. Middlesex, who had won the domestic title the previous year, only tasted victory in two of the Twenty20 matches that Kartik played in.<ref name=o/>

Kartik played in ten first-class matches for Middlesex, taking 33 wickets at 22.87. He took his season's innings best of 5/65 and then 2/26 in the season opener against cross-London rivals Surrey, and then took 3/32 and 4/53 in a hard-fought 47-run win over [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]], and a total of 6/139 in the next match against Essex, but his season fell away at the end, managing only six wickets in the last three matches.<ref name=o/> With the bat, he made 336 runs at 24.00, the most prolific season of his career with the willow, including 62 against Essex and 57 not out against [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]]. He played in a solitary one-dayer, taking 2/19 against [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]].<ref name=o/>

At the end of the 2009 season, it was announced that Kartik would join [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] as their overseas player for the 2010 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.somersetcountycc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/News/Newsdetail/0,,11333~1804062,00.html |title=SOMERSET SIGN MURALI KARTIK FOR 2010 |publisher=Somerset County Cricket Club |date=22 September 2009 |access-date=22 September 2009|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923184021/http://www.somersetcountycc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/News/Newsdetail/0,,11333~1804062,00.html |archive-date=23 September 2009 }}</ref>

During the 2009–10 Indian season, Kartik played in seven matches for Railways in the Ranji Trophy, taking 17 wickets at 25.05 including a best of 5/81 against Mumbai. He also scored 44 against the team and ended with 97 runs at 12.12 for the season. However his figures were not enough to gain selection for Central Zone in the Duleep Trophy.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

As of 2020, he is currently a cricket commentator, working on [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] coverage of India home games and the [[Indian Premier League]].
<ref name=o/> On 23 January 2026, before the second [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] at [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Raipur]], Kartik was involved in a widely publicized exchange with Indian cricketer [[Hardik Pandya]]. A video showing the two in an animated discussion near the boundary line before the match went viral on [[social media]]. Despite the incident, Pandya went on to record figures of 1/25 during the match, contributing to India's seven-wicket victory.<ref>{{cite web |title=WATCH: Hardik Pandya & Murali Kartik's heated exchange in Raipur |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/watch-hardik-pandya-murali-kartiks-heated-exchange-in-raipur |website=KhelWire |date=23 January 2026 |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Tamils|Cricket
}}
* {{Official website|http://www.muralikartikworld.com/}}
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=30049}}
*[https://cricketandcricketer.com/murali-kartik/ Unlucky Cricketer] at [https://cricketandcricketer.com/ cricketandcricketer.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kartik, Murali}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Railways cricketers]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Central Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Lancashire cricketers]]
[[Category:Middlesex cricketers]]
[[Category:Somerset cricketers]]
[[Category:Surrey cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate cricketers in England]]
[[Category:India Red cricketers]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]
[[Category:Pune Warriors India cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket commentators]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Tendulkar (surname)

2026-02-07T21:19:31Z

Legalwiki68:

'''Tendulkar''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: '''तेंडुलकर''') is a surname found among [[Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins|RSB]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

==Origin==
{{Empty section|date=November 2021}}

==Notable people==
People with ''tendulkar'' as surname:

* [[Sachin Tendulkar]], former Indian cricketer
* [[Dinanath Gopal Tendulkar]], an Indian writer
* [[Priya Tendulkar|Priya Vijay Tendulkar]], an Indian actress
* [[Suresh Tendulkar]], an Indian economist
* [[Vijay Tendulkar]], an Indian playwright
* [[Arjun Tendulkar]], Mumbai cricketer

{{surname|Tendulkar}}

==References==

{{Maharashtra-stub}}

Bakht Singh

2026-02-06T05:55:40Z

Legalwiki68: adjusted intro per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|Indian Christian Evangelist (1903–2000)}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Bakht Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Bakht Singh 1959.JPG
| image_size = 
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| birth_name = Bakht Singh Chabra
| birth_date = 6 June 1903
| birth_place = [[Sargodha District]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| baptised = 
| disappeared_date = 
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| death_date = 17 September 2000 (aged 97)
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
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| burial_place = Narayanaguda Burial Ground, [[Hyderabad]], India
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| other_names = Bro. Bakht Singh
| citizenship = Indian
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| occupation = [[Evangelism|Evangelist]], [[Author]], [[pastor]]
| years_active = 1926 - 2000
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| mother = Lakshmi Bai Joya
| father = Lal Jawahar Mal
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'''Bakht Singh Chabra''' also known as '''Brother Bakht Singh''' (6 June 1903 – 17 September 2000) was a Christian [[Evangelism|evangelist]] in India. He is often regarded as one of the most well-known Bible teachers and preachers and pioneers of the Indian Church movement and [[Contextualization (Bible translation)|Gospel contextualization]]. According to Indian traditions, he is also known as 'Elijah of 21st Century' in [[Christendom]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} According to his autobiography, Bakht Singh became a Christian when he was an engineering student in Canada in 1929, even though previously he had torn up the Bible and was strongly opposed to Christianity. He was [[Colonial India]]'s foremost evangelist, preacher and indigenous church planter who founded churches and established Hebron Ministries. He began a worldwide indigenous church-planting movement in India that grew to more than 10,000 local churches. Bakht Singh died on 17 September 2000, in Hyderabad, India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brother Bakht Singh Website|url=http://www.brotherbakhtsingh.org/briefbio.html|website=www.brotherbakhtsingh.org|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.gloryofhiscross.org/apostle8.htm Bakht Singh, an Apostle of Christ from India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008053526/http://gloryofhiscross.org/apostle8.htm |date=8 October 2010 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Bakht Singh was born during the [[British Raj|British Raj in India]] to religious Sikh parents Shri. Lal Jawahar Mal and Smt. Lakshmi Bai Joya in 1903 in Joiya village, [[Sargodha District]] of the Punjab, British India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bro. Bakht Singh|last=T. E|first=Koshy|isbn=81-7362-553-0|pages=29}}</ref> He studied in a Christian missionary school. He was actively involved in social work through the Sikh temple. He was married to Rama Bai at the age of 12, on 6 June 1915.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bro. Bakht Singh|last=T.E.|first=Koshy|isbn=81-7362-553-0}}</ref> After graduating from [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] he went to England for higher studies in 1926 and studied [[Agricultural Engineering]]. His parents were not in favor of him going to England; they were concerned that he would be influenced by [[Christianity|Christians]]. Bakht Singh promised his parents that he would not be converted.<ref>[http://www.brotherbakhtsingh.org/webtestimony.html Brother Bakht Singh Website]</ref>

==Life in England and Canada==
In England, he enjoyed the freedom of, and was greatly influenced by, the British lifestyle. He quickly adapted to this lifestyle, started smoking and drinking, travelled around Europe, and indulged in all kinds of fun and entertainment. He shaved his long hair, breaking ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'', or the practice of Sikhism to allow one's hair to grow naturally out of respect for the perfection of the creation of [[Waheguru]]. Years later{{When|date=June 2011}} he went to [[King's College London|Kings College]] in London, and in 1929, Bakht Singh went to Canada and continued his studies in agricultural engineering at the [[University of Manitoba]] in [[Winnipeg|Winnipeg, Manitoba]]. He was befriended by John and Edith Hayward, local residents and devout Christians, who invited him to live with them. The Haywards always read the [[Bible]] at every supper; they also gave him a Bible. He liked their company and he visited church and started reading the Bible. After seeking for some time, he became Christian and was baptized on 4 February 1932 in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]].<ref>Koshy, T.E. "Bakht Singh of India". Authentic Publishing, 1 March 2008.</ref>

==Christian work in India==
Bakht Singh returned to India in 1933 and met his parents in [[Bombay]]. He had earlier informed his parents about his conversion by a letter. Reluctantly, they accepted him but requested him to keep it a secret for the sake of the family's honor. Upon his refusal, they left him. Suddenly, he was homeless. But he started preaching in the streets of Bombay. Soon he started attracting large crowds.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Bakht Singh began speaking as a fiery itinerant preacher and revivalist throughout [[British Raj|colonial India]], gaining a large following. He at first preached as an [[Anglican]] evangelist before becoming independent. "Singh's role in the 1937 revival that swept the Martinbur United Presbyterian Church inaugurated one of the most notable movements in the history of the church in the Indian subcontinent," stated Jonathan Bonk in ''Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions'' published by Simon & Schuster Macmillan in 1998.<ref>Bonk, Jonathan. "Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions". Published by MacMillan, 1998.</ref>

He started thoroughly contextualized local assemblies patterned on [[New Testament]] principles after spending a night in prayer on a mountaintop at Pallavaram, Chennai in 1941. He held his first "Holy Convocation", based on [[Leviticus]] 23, in [[Madras]] in 1941. After this, the convocations were held annually in Madras and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in the south, and in [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Kalimpong]] in the north. The one in Hyderabad was always the largest, drawing up to 25,000 participants. They would eat and sleep in huge tents, and meet under a large thatched [[pandal]] for hours-long prayer, praise and teaching meetings that began at dawn and ended late at night. The care and feeding of guests was handled by volunteers. Expenses for the meetings were given by voluntary offerings; no appeals were issued.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}}

Bro Bakht Singh expounded on believer-priesthood. All believers are equal in the sight of God.

==Testimonies==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}
[[J. Edwin Orr]], a British Church historian: "Brother Bakht Singh is an Indian equivalent of the greater Western evangelists, as skillful as [[Charles Grandison Finney|Finney]] and as direct as [[Dwight L. Moody]]. He is a first-class Bible teacher of the order of [[G. Campbell Morgan]] or Graham Scroggie."

[[Dave Hunt (Christian apologist)|Dave Hunt]], an apologetics writer: "The arrival of Bakht Singh turned the churches of Madras upside down. . . . Crowds gathered in the open air, as many as 12,000 on one occasion to hear this man of God. Many seriously ill were healed when Bakht Singh prayed for them, even deaf and dumb began to hear and speak."

Bob Finley, President of Christian Aid Mission: "I have never seen a man who has a greater knowledge and understanding of the Bible than Bakht Singh. All our Western preachers and teachers seem to be children before this great man of God."

[[Norman Grubb]] missionary statesman, author and teacher: "In all my missionary experience I think these churches on their New Testament foundations are the nearest I have seen to a replica of the early church and a pattern for the birth and growth of the young churches in all the countries which we used to talk about as mission fields."

Jonathan Bonk: "Singh's role in the 1937 revival that swept the Martinbur United Presbyterian Church inaugurated one of the most notable movements in the history of the church in the Indian subcontinent."

[[T. E. Koshy]], has published biographies of Bhakt Singh which is widely popular, stressing on how impactful Singh was on missionaries such as him.

==Death==
[[File:bakht-singh.jpg|thumb|Grave of Bakht singh]]
On 17 September 2000, Singh died in his sleep and was buried at [[Christian Cemetery, Narayanguda]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brother Bakht Singh Website|url=http://www.brotherbakhtsingh.org/briefbio.html|website=www.brotherbakhtsingh.org|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> The funeral was attended by nearly 250,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gloryofhiscross.org/apostle8.htm |title=Bakht Singh Passes into Glory |access-date=2010-10-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008053526/http://gloryofhiscross.org/apostle8.htm |archive-date=8 October 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Books==
*''Bethany'' (1971)
*''God's Dwelling Place'' (1973)
*''The Return of God's Glory'' (1973)
*''The Skill of Loving Hands'' (1978)
*''The Joy of the Lord'' (1984)
*''Forty mountain peaks, a study of Isaiah chapters 24-66'' (1971)
*''David Recovered all'' (1967)
*''The true salt'' (1973)
*''My Chosen'' (1964)
*''The Overcomer's Secret''
*''The Voice of the Lord'' (1970)
*''The Holy Spirit His Works and significance'' (1974)
*''Walk Before Me Studies in the life of Abraham'' (1975)
*''Fullness of God''
*''Much Business'' (1977)
*''The Greatest secret: Power of His resurrection''
*''Salt and Light'' (1964)
*''A Word In Season To The Weary''

==See also==
* [[Sadhu Sundar Singh]]
* [[Pandita Ramabai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.brotherbakhtsingh.org Bakht Singh: Life Testimony and Legacy]
* [http://www.horebchurch.com/ Horeb House of Worship - Chicago, IL]
* [http://www.hebrontimes.in Hebrontimes ]

{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bakht}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century evangelicals]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Converts to Christianity from Sikhism]]
[[Category:Evangelical pastors]]
[[Category:Evangelical writers]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:University of Manitoba alumni]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Palakollu

2026-01-30T03:08:05Z

Legalwiki68: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palakollu
| native_name = పాలకొల్లు
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name = Palakol, Palacole
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = CompleteTempleComplex.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| image_alt = Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple at Palakollu
| image_caption = [[Ksheerarama|Ksheera Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple]]
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.5167|N|81.7300|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[West Godavari district]]
| established_title = Municipality constituted
| established_date = 1 April 1919
| government_type = Nagar Palika
| governing_body = [[Palakollu Municipality]] (PMC); [[Eluru Urban Development Authority]] (EUDA)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 19.49
| area_footnotes = <ref name="DCHB-WestGodavari">{{cite web
|title=District Census Handbook – West Godavari: Primary Census Abstract (Town)
|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf
|website=Census of India
|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh
|year=2011
|pages=22–23, 54–55
|access-date=27 August 2025
}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 1.5
| population_total = 81,199
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name="DCHB-WestGodavari" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 534250–534267
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08814
| registration_plate = AP 37
| website = {{URL|http://palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Palakollu''' is a city and the administrative headquarters of [[Palakollu Mandal]] in the [[Narasapuram revenue division]] of [[West Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web
|title=About Palacole Municipality
|url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-palacole-municipality
|website=CDMA Andhra Pradesh
|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh
|access-date=27 August 2025
}}</ref> Located in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region, the city's municipal area spans {{convert|19.49|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="DCHB-WestGodavari" />

As per the 2011 [[Census of India]], Palakollu (municipality plus outgrowth) had a population of 81,199.<ref name="DCHB-WestGodavari" /> Palakollu is also noted for [[Ksheerarama]], one of the five [[Pancharama Kshetras]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Religious Tourism – West Godavari District
|url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/religioustourism/
|website=Government of Andhra Pradesh
|access-date=27 August 2025
}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Palakollu has historically been referred to by other names – "Upamanyapuram", "Ksheerapuri", "Palakolanu", and in English writings "Palacole" – which are mentioned in traditions associated with the local Sri Ksheera Ramalingeswara Swamy (Ksheerarama) temple.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palakollu City – Etymology |url=https://areaprofiler.gov.in/aboutUsIntgeratedPES.do?stateCode=28&lbCode=6066&languageId=1 |website=AreaProfiler (Government of India) |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
Palakollu (historically also written as Palakol) is referred to in sources by several earlier names, including Kṣīrārāma, Kṣīrapuram, Palakolanu, and Upamanyapuram.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYrXAAAAMAAJ&q=palakolanu Pañchārāmas in Medieval Āndhradēśa] – Google Books search showing the historical toponym “Palakolanu”.</ref>

In 1613, the Dutch established a trading factory at Palakollu as part of the Dutch Coromandel network; the post dealt in textiles, lamp oil, timber, roof tiles, and bricks and was temporarily abandoned in 1730.<ref name="Bowrey">{{cite book |last=Bowrey |first=Thomas |editor-last=Temple |editor-first=Richard Carnac |title=A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669–1679 |url=https://archive.org/details/ageographicalac00bowrgoog |year=1895 |publisher=Hakluyt Society |page=105}}</ref> By the terms following the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the town passed to British control, with the Dutch continuing to rent it until 1804; it was restored to the Dutch in 1818 and finally ceded to the British again in 1824.<ref name="Bowrey" />

Palakollu is associated with the concept of Trilinga Deśam in regional tradition and is home to Kṣīrārāma (Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple), one of the five Pancharama Kshetras dedicated to Shiva; the presiding deity is locally known as Ksheera Ramalingeswara Swamy.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BRsoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA15 Readings in Indian History. Selected and Edited by Sir William Wilson Hunter] (1899), p. 15 (Google Books scan).</ref>

=== Under the Qutb Shahi reign ===
==== Textile industry center ====
During the Golkonda Qutb Shahi period (16th–17th centuries), the Palakollu region participated in the Coromandel textile economy, producing cotton goods such as calicoes and blankets, including dyed fabrics routed via [[Machilipatnam]] for coastal and inland markets.<ref name="joshi">{{cite journal |last=Joshi |first=P. M. |title=Textile Industry and Trade of the Kingdom of Golkonda |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1941 |volume=5 |pages=609–617 |jstor=44304839}}</ref> A severe drought affecting the Krishna and Godavari deltas circa 1770, together with late‑18th‑century headwinds and 19th‑century competition from English mill‑made textiles, contributed to contraction in regional handloom activity noted in contemporary Dutch records.<ref name="joshi" /><ref name="subrah1990">{{cite journal |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=Rural Industry and Commercial Agriculture in Late Seventeenth‑Century South‑Eastern India |journal=Past & Present |year=1990 |issue=126 |pages=76–114 |doi=10.1093/past/126.1.76 |jstor=650810}}</ref>

==== Fabric and ironwork ====
Regional industrial linkages included nearby [[Narasapuram]] shipbuilding; scarcity of iron timbering in the Godavari delta limited ship construction to ancillary work, fostering ancillary ironwork such as nails and tools in and around Palakollu that supplied maritime yards.<ref name="subrah1988">{{cite journal |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=A Note on Narsapur Peta: A “Syncretic” Shipbuilding Centre in South India, 1570–1700 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |year=1988 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=305–311 |doi=10.2307/3632014 |jstor=3632014}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Palakollu is located at {{Coord|16.5167|N|81.7300|E|display=inline}} in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India.<ref name="fallingrain_Palakollu"/> The town stands at an average elevation of about {{convert|5|m|ft|sigfig=2}} above mean sea level on predominantly flat, deltaic terrain.<ref name="fallingrain_Palakollu">{{cite web |title=Palakollu, India – Maps and weather |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Palakollu.html |website=FallingRain |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Palakollu has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen–Geiger Aw), with hot, humid summers and most annual precipitation falling during the monsoon months from June to October.<ref name="climate-data_24239"/> Long‑term averages indicate a mean annual temperature of about 27.9 °C and annual rainfall around 1,208 mm; May is typically the warmest month and October the wettest.<ref name="climate-data_24239">{{cite web |title=Palakollu climate: temperature and rainfall |url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/24239/ |website=Climate‑Data.org |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location= Palakollu
|metric first= Y
|single line= Y
|open = Y
|Jan high C= 27.7
|Feb high C= 30
|Mar high C= 32.8
|Apr high C= 35
|May high C= 37
|Jun high C= 36.3
|Jul high C= 32.4
|Aug high C= 32.2
|Sep high C= 32
|Oct high C= 31
|Nov high C= 28.8
|Dec high C= 27.6
|Jan mean C=23.4
|Feb mean C=25.4
|Mar mean C=27.8
|Apr mean C=30.5
|May mean C=32.4
|Jun mean C=31.8
|Jul mean C=29
|Aug mean C=28.9
|Sep mean C=28.8
|Oct mean C=27.8
|Nov mean C=25.4
|Dec mean C=23.5
|Jan low C= 19.2
|Feb low C= 20.9
|Mar low C= 22.8
|Apr low C= 26
|May low C= 27.8
|Jun low C= 27.3
|Jul low C= 25.6
|Aug low C= 25.6
|Sep low C= 25.6
|Oct low C= 24.6
|Nov low C= 21.1
|Dec low C= 19.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 1
|Feb precipitation mm = 6
|Mar precipitation mm = 4
|Apr precipitation mm = 7
|May precipitation mm = 41
|Jun precipitation mm = 145
|Jul precipitation mm = 266
|Aug precipitation mm = 190
|Sep precipitation mm = 191
|Oct precipitation mm = 286
|Nov precipitation mm = 52
|Dec precipitation mm = 19
|year precipitation mm = 1208
|Jan precipitation days = 1.2
|Feb precipitation days = 0.2
|Mar precipitation days = 0.2
|Apr precipitation days = 0.4
|May precipitation days = 1.6
|Jun precipitation days = 3.0
|Jul precipitation days = 6.1
|Aug precipitation days = 6.4
|Sep precipitation days = 5.4
|Oct precipitation days = 8.7
|Nov precipitation days = 9.1
|Dec precipitation days = 3.7
|year precipitation days = 46.0
|source= Climate‑Data.org<ref name="climate-data_24239"/>
}}

== Culture ==
[[File:Konaseema.jpg|right|thumbnail|Palakollu near the Konaseema delta region]]

Palakollu ki cultural life ka kendr Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple (Ksheerarama) hai, jo [[Pancharama Kshetras]] me se ek mana jata hai aur yahan parakramik darshanon ke saath teerth yatra hoti rehti hai.<ref name="ap_religioustourism">{{cite web |title=Religious Tourism – West Godavari District |url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/religioustourism/ |website=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> Mandir me Maha Shivaratri jaise bade tyohaar vishesh bhav se manaye jate hain, jisse sthaniya paramparaon aur bhakti samaroho ka pradarshan hota hai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Ksheera Rama Temple – Palakollu |url=https://www.trawell.in/andhra/rajahmundry/sri-ksheera-rama-temple-palakollu |website=Trawell.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

[[File:CompleteTempleComplex.jpg|thumb|200px|Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple]]
Konaseema kshetra ke nadi‑delta aur backwater paridrishya se prabhavit Palakollu me dharmik paryatan ke saath sthaley utsav aur rivaazon ka ayojan hota rehta hai, jismein parivarik aur samudayik bhagidari drishyamaan hoti hai.<ref name="ap_religioustourism"/>

== Administration ==

=== Municipality ===
{{Main|Palakollu Municipality}}
[[File:Palakollu Municipality logo.jpg|right|thumb|Palakollu Municipality official logo]]
The [[Palakollu Municipality|Palakollu Municipal Council]] (PMC) is the local self-government of the town. It was constituted as a municipality on 1 April 1919. The civic body's jurisdiction covers {{convert|19.49|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and comprises 32 municipal wards, each represented by an elected councillor.<ref name="citi charter">{{cite web |title=Citizen's charter |url=http://palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in/sites/default/files/palakol_cdma_ap_gov_in/orgcharts/Organization%20Chart%2024.12.2016%20NEW%20new.pdf |publisher=Palakollu Municipal Council |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> The elected council is headed by a municipal chairperson as presiding officer, while executive functions are vested in the municipal commissioner appointed by the state government.<ref name="citi charter" />

PMC's functions include construction and maintenance of roads and drains; town planning and building regulation; upkeep of municipal markets and parks; solid waste management; registration of births and deaths; issuance of trade licences; property tax administration; and delivery of community welfare services such as maternal and child health and early childhood education.<ref name="citi charter" />

The municipality was constituted in 1919 and was graded as a third‑grade municipality in 1952 before being upgraded to first grade in August 1965.<ref name="About Palakollu Municipality">{{cite web |title=About Palakollu Municipality |url=http://palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-palacole-municipality |publisher=Palakollu Municipality |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> On 1 January 2019, the [[Eluru Urban Development Authority]] (EUDA) was created under the Andhra Pradesh Metropolitan Region and Urban Development Authorities Act, 2016; Palakollu Municipality was brought within EUDA's planning jurisdiction thereafter.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

[[Palakollu (Assembly constituency)]] is a legislative assembly constituency of Andhra Pradesh. Historical municipal leadership has included long‑serving chairpersons; specific tenures and projects require citations for verification.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

=== E‑governance services ===
The Government of Andhra Pradesh operates [[Mee Seva (Andhra Pradesh)|MeeSeva]] centres to deliver citizen services locally and online, including digitally signed certificates (income, residence), land records, and other registrations with records stored in state databases.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ap.meeseva.gov.in/DeptPortal/UserInterface/LoginForm.aspx |title=Andhra Pradesh State Portal – MeeSeva Services |website=ap.meeseva.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AP to offer 331 Mee Seva services by Oct |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-to-offer-331-mee-seva-services-by-oct/article4598834.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
Palakollu functions as a healthcare node for surrounding mandals in West Godavari district. The [[Government General Hospital]] serves Palakollu and nearby areas, alongside private multi‑specialty and single‑specialty clinics.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

=== Politics ===
{{Main|Palakollu (Assembly constituency)}}
Palakollu Assembly constituency forms part of the [[Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Constituency boundaries and reservations are defined by the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |pages=20, 30 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical population
| 1901 | 10848
| 1911 | 12953
| 1921 | 14535
| 1931 | 16906
| 1941 | 19869
| 1951 | 23037
| 1961 | 28481
| 1971 | 36196
| 1981 | 46146
| 1991 | 56969
| 2001 | 76308
| 2011 | 81199
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="census2011"/>
}}

[[File:River during sunset (Andhra Pradesh, 2016).jpg|thumb|Palakollu]]

As of the 2011 [[Census of India]], the town had a population of 81,199; 40,103 males and 41,096 females — a sex ratio of 1,024 females per 1,000 males.<ref name="censusindia1"/> Children aged 0–6 years numbered 7,318 (3,743 boys and 3,575 girls; child sex ratio 955).<ref name="censusindia1"/> The average literacy rate stands at 76.95%, above the then state average of 73.00%.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="aplit2014"/><ref name=population/>

=== Language and religion ===
Telugu is the official language of administration and public instruction in Palakollu; other languages are used within minority communities.<ref name="censusindia1"/>

According to the 2011 census, the religious composition of Palakollu was: Hindus (95.64%), Muslims (2.11%), Christians (1.97%), Jains (40 people), Sikhs (10 people), Buddhists (3 people); 143 people did not state a religion.<ref name="census2011r"/>

{{Bar box
|float = right
|title = Religion in Palakollu (2011)<ref name="census2011r"/>
|titlebar= #ddd
|bars =
{{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|95.64}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|2.11}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|DodgerBlue|1.97}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.34}}
}}

== Economy ==
Palakollu's economy is primarily agri-based, with food processing, rice milling, trading, and services supporting the town's role as a commercial centre for surrounding Godavari delta mandals.<ref name="ap_agriculture">{{cite web |title=AGRICULTURE |url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/departments/agriculture/ |website=Government of Andhra Pradesh – West Godavari District |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> The town and nearby mandals also participate in coir-related activities and small-scale manufacturing aligned with delta agriculture and cottage industries.<ref name="apiic_industrial-clusters">{{cite web |title=Industrial Clusters |url=https://apiic.in/industrial-clusters/ |website=Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC) |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

'''Industries'''
Small and cottage enterprises operate alongside agro-processing, including coir and allied units documented in regional industrial cluster plans for West Godavari district.<ref name="apiic_industrial-clusters"/> Rice milling remains a significant activity in the Godavari delta, supplying local markets and distribution networks serving coastal Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="ap_agriculture"/>

'''Aquaculture'''
Aquaculture and inland fisheries are major occupations in the West Godavari region, including areas around Palakollu, with district programmes supporting marine, brackish, and inland fishery resources.<ref>{{cite web |title=FISHERIES |url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/fisheries/ |website=Government of Andhra Pradesh – West Godavari District |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> Seasonal fishing in the Godavari estuary includes the prized pulasa (hilsa), noted in regional coverage for its local economic importance and seasonality.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murali Sankar |first=K. N. |title=Pulasa fishermen wait for Pushkaram to end |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pulasa-fishermen-wait-for-pushkaram-to-end/article7453925.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 July 2015 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

== Tourism ==

Palakollu draws visitors for pilgrimage and regional excursions in the Godavari delta, notably to the Sri Kshiraramalingeswara Swamy Temple and nearby coastal and backwater destinations in West Godavari district.<ref name="ap_tourist-places-2">{{cite web |title=Tourist Places – West Godavari District |url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/tourist-places-2/ |website=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

Perupalem Beach on the Bay of Bengal is a popular coastal outing listed among the district's tourist places and is commonly visited on day trips from Palakollu.<ref name="ap_tourist-places-2"/> In the backwaters of the Vasishta Godavari within the broader Konaseema region, resort stays are marketed for river-facing leisure and cultural experiences near Palakollu; the operator notes Palakollu as a nearby urban center for access.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palavelli Boutique Resorts – Konaseema |url=http://www.palavelliresorts.com/konaseemaresorts/index.php |website=Palavelli Boutique Resorts |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

The Sri Kshiraramalingeswara Swamy Temple (Ksheerarama) in Palakollu is highlighted by district tourism as a key heritage and pilgrimage site.<ref name="ap_tourist-places-2"/>

== Transport ==
Palakollu is connected to regional destinations by road and rail, with onward air access via [[Rajahmundry Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajahmundry airport tops in occupancy rates |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100816/rajahmundry-airport-tops-in-occupancy-rates.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 August 2016 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="indianrailways_1404647822154">{{cite web |title=Divisional information – Vijayawada Division |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1404647822154-Division%20profile.pdf |publisher=South Central Railway, Indian Railways |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Roadways ===
[[File:Palakollu bus station phase 1 platforms.jpg|thumb|Palakollu bus station phase 1 platforms|left]]
The municipal road network in Palakollu totals {{convert|78.80|km|mi|abbr=on}} across urban roads administered by the civic body.<ref>{{cite web |title=Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration |publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |archive-date=1 August 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Railways ===
{{Main|Palakollu railway station}}
[[File:Palakollu Railway Station Entrance.jpg|thumb|Palakollu Railway Station entrance|right]]
Palakollu railway station lies under the [[Vijayawada railway division]] and is classified as a B‑category station in the [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement showing Category‑wise number of stations |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf |publisher=Indian Railways |page=2 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="indianrailways_1404647822154"/> The station is situated on the [[Bhimavaram–Narasapuram branch line]] and has been the subject of capacity works including additional platforms reported during the 2010s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway station to have two more platforms |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/railway-station-to-have-two-more-platforms/article3941115.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 September 2012 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Waterways ===
[[National Waterway 4 (India)|National Waterway 4]] (notified 24 November 2008) links inland waterways across Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and the Union territory of Puducherry, including reaches of the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and the [[Buckingham Canal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Waterways – Declaration |url=http://shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File337.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410022602/http://www.shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File337.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Shipping, Government of India |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> Development of NW‑4 was assigned to the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] with works and timelines announced by the central government in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Development Authority for Inland Waterways in India |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=63957 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=2 August 2010 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Airways ===
[[Rajahmundry Airport]] (approximately 70 km by road) serves Palakollu with scheduled domestic flights; a new terminal became operational in May 2012, and runway extension works were undertaken to accommodate larger aircraft types.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajahmundry airport terminal operational |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/article3429120.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=17 May 2012 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gearing up for big planes by 2018 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Rajahmundry-gearing-up-for-big-planes-by-2018/article15422036.ece |work=The Hindu |date=October 2016 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

== Education ==
Palakollu serves as an education hub for surrounding rural areas and towns in the West Godavari region, with municipal and state-run institutions alongside private schools and colleges.<ref name="ap_schooleducation">{{cite web |title=School Education Department – West Godavari District |url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/schooleducation/ |website=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> As per the 2011 Census of India, the town recorded an average literacy rate of 83.90%, with 63,097 literates (32,397 males; 30,700 females).<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract, 2011 – West Godavari (Town-level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/ |website=Census of India |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

Primary and secondary education is provided by government, aided, and private schools under the School Education Department of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=RMSA – Notification (School Education Department, AP) |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |website=Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021012956/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> The Palakollu Municipal Corporation lists its network of municipal schools and related civic education services for the urban area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palakol Municipal Corporation – Schools |url=http://palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/palakol-municipal-corporation-schools |website=palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> According to state school information reporting for the mid‑2010s, the urban area had on the order of 150–160 recognized schools across government, residential, private, and municipal managements.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information Report (Consolidated) |url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissioner of School Education, Andhra Pradesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |archive-date=8 November 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

Instruction is commonly offered in Telugu and English, with Urdu available in select schools subject to state/CBSE affiliations and local demand.<ref name="ap_schooleducation"/>
Palakollu and its vicinity host several higher‑education institutions spanning arts, science, commerce, engineering, and professional programs, including D.N.R. Educational Institutions and the Jogaiah Institute of Technology & Sciences (JITS).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri D.N.R. Govt. Degree College for Women – History |url=https://www.sridnrgdcw.ac.in/page.php?menu=college-profile&slug=history |website=Sri D.N.R. Govt. Degree College for Women, Palakollu |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jogaiah Institute of Technology and Sciences, Palakole |url=https://engineering.careers360.com/jogaiah-institute-of-technology-and-sciences-palakole |website=Careers360 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|24em|refs=
<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web
|title=District Census Handbook – West Godavari: Primary Census Abstract (Town)
|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf
|website=Census of India
|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh
|year=2011
|pages=54–55
|access-date=27 August 2025
}}</ref>
<ref name="census2011">{{cite web
|title=Town amenities and demographic tables – Andhra Pradesh (DCHB)
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html
|website=Census of India
|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
|access-date=27 August 2025
}} ''On this page, select “Andhra Pradesh” from the download menu; data for “Palacole (M + OG)” are in the downloadable file.''</ref>
<ref name="census2011r">{{cite web
|title=C‑1 Population by Religious Community (2011)
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html
|website=Census of India
|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html
|archive-date=13 September 2015
|access-date=27 August 2025
}} ''On this page, select “Andhra Pradesh” from the download menu; data for “Palacole (M + OG)” are in the downloadable file.''</ref>
<ref name=population>{{cite web
|title=Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts
|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-andhrapradesh.php
|website=citypopulation.de
|access-date=27 August 2025
}}</ref>
<ref name="aplit2014">{{cite web
|title=Literacy of Andhra Pradesh (Census 2011)
|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf
|website=AP State Statistical Abstract 2014
|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh
|format=PDF
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf
|archive-date=14 July 2014
|url-status=dead
|access-date=27 August 2025
}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Palakollu}}
{{commons category|Palakollu}}


{{Geographic location
|Centre = Palakollu
|East = [[Amalapuram]] [[Bay of Bengal]]
|North = [[Rajahmundry]]
|West = [[Vijayawada]]
|South = [[Narasapuram]] [[Bay of Bengal]]
}}
{{Navboxes
|title =Articles related to Palakollu
|list =
{{Major Cities of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Cities and towns in West Godavari district}}
}}
{{Subject bar |portal1=Asia|portal2=Geography |portal3=India |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Palakollu, India |n=yes |n-search=Category:Palakollu |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Palakollu| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in West Godavari district]]

Tampara Lake

2026-01-24T14:41:31Z

Legalwiki68:

{{Short description|Lake in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Tampara Lake
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Ganjam]],[[Chhatrapur]], [[Odisha]]
| coords = {{coord|19.35|N|84.98|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = Freshwater Lake
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length = {{convert|5.4|km|abbr=on}}
| pushpin_map = Odisha
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Anshupa Lake within Odisha
| width = {{convert|0.65|km|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|300|ha|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| frozen =
| islands =
| sections =
| cities = Chhatrapur
| website =
| embedded = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Tampara Lake
| designation1_date = 12 October 2021
| designation1_number = 2489<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Tampara Lake|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2489|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref>}}
}}
'''Tampara Lake''' is a {{convert|300|ha|adj=on}} [[fresh water]] lake situated on the right bank of the [[Rushikulya River]], near [[Chhatrapur]], the district headquarters of [[Ganjam district]], [[Odisha]], India. It is {{cvt|23|km}} from the city of [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]].The lake is connected to the [[Rushikulya River]]. The flood waters from the river enriches its biodiversity, thus the wetland supports 60 species of birds and 46 fish species. The lake is instrumental in [[flood control]] during the monsoon season. The wetland is an important source of livelihood for the local population and also provides water for agriculture, drinking and transportation of local goods. Chhatrapur town also uses this lake's water for drinking purposes. Nowadays, this lake is used for water sports, Indian Army's water activities training centre. There are boating and recreation facilities on the site for tourism.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tampara Lake|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1851484|website=PIB|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Humuri Tampara- A Sweet Water Lake|url=https://ganjam.nic.in/tourist-place/humuri-tampara/|website=ganjam.nic.in|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> The lake has been designated as a protected [[Ramsar site]] since 2021.<ref name="RSIS"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://ganjam.nic.in/tourist-place/humuri-tampara/ Humuri Tampara- A Sweet Water Lake]

{{Hydrography of Odisha}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}

[[Category:Lakes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Odisha]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]

Rosa Thermal Power Plant

2026-01-23T07:31:57Z

Legalwiki68: creating new details

{{short description|Power plant in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2014}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2019}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

{{Infobox power station
| name = Rosa Thermal Power Plant
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption=
| location_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.8186|N|79.9374|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = Rosa village, [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| status = O
| construction_began = 2007
| commissioned = 2009
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = [[Reliance Power]]
| operator = Rosa Power Supply Company Limited
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_secondary =
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational= 4 × 300 MW
| ps_units_manu_model =
| ps_units_uc =
| ps_units_planned =
| ps_units_decommissioned=
| ps_electrical_capacity= 1,200 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac=
| ps_annual_generation=
| th_cogeneration =
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| website =
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}}

'''Rosa Power Plant''' is a 1,200 [[Megawatt|MW]] capacity, coal based Thermal power plant at Rosa village near [[Shahjahanpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. Yes Bank Limited acquired 29.97% stake in 2020 because of dues on Reliance Power. [[Reliance Power|Reliance Power Limited]] have now 70.03% of stake in Rosa Power Supply Company Limited.

==Description==
The power plant is being developed in two stages, with the first stage (Rosa Phase I) already having become commercially operational on 12 March 2010. It is also the first project of the company to become operational.

Rosa Power Supply Company Limited (RPSCL), the holding company of Rosa Power Plant, was incorporated on 1 September 1994 as a subsidiary of Aditya Birla Power Company. It was later transferred to Reliance Power on 1 November 2006 and is now a fully owned subsidiary of Reliance Power. It is a project that has received a considerable support from the Uttar Pradesh government with it being designated a 'priority project'. The entire power generated will be sold to the [[Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited]] (UPPCL). The tariff for the power generated by the plant will be determined in accordance with the guidelines for tariff as set by Uttar Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission.

The construction for the Phase I of the project began in June 2007 and by December 2009 the first unit of the project had started generating power. The Boiler, Turbine and Generator (BTG) which are the main equipments for the plant were supplied by Shanghai Electric Corporation, China.

The project uses coal as the primary fuel. The coal for the project would be supplied from the Ashoka Coal mines of Central Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of [[Coal India| Coal India Limited]]. The coal mines are located in Jharkhand and the coal will be transported by Railways over a distance of 870 km.

The power generated from the plant will be evacuated using the UP state's transmission network.

The water required for the power plant is sourced from Garrah river located a kilometer from the project

The Phase I of the project entailed an investment of almost Rs. 3,000 Crore which was funded with a debt equity ratio of 70:30.

The entire 600 MW plant is being run and managed by employee strength of 100 led by management.

== Operations ==
There are four functioning units, all of which are [[coal]]-fired [[thermal power station]]s. The machinery for all the units are from [[Shanghai Electric| Shanghai Electric Corporation]]. The last unit of 300 MW was commissioned in April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-02/news/31275383_1_rosa-project-power-plant-reliance-power |title=Reliance Power's first thermal power at Rosa project becomes fully operational - Economic Times |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214133453/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-02/news/31275383_1_rosa-project-power-plant-reliance-power |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Capacity ==
Rosa Thermal Power Station has a capacity of 1,200 [[Megawatt|MW]] (4x300 MW).

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| 1 || 300 || 2009, December || Running
|-
| 1 || 300 || 2010 March || Running <ref>{{Cite web | title=:: Rosa Phase I :: | url=https://www.reliancepower.co.in/business_areas/power_projects/coal_based_projects/rosa_one.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115045207/http://www.reliancepower.co.in:80/business_areas/power_projects/coal_based_projects/rosa_one.htm | access-date=2025-02-27 | archive-date=2012-01-15}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 300 || 2011 December || Running
|-
| 2 || 300 || 2012 March || Running <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Rosa_Thermal_Power_Plant |title = Rosa Thermal Power Plant - SourceWatch}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Energy}}
* [https://www.reliancepower.co.in/business_areas/power_projects/coal_based_projects/rosa_one.htm Reliance Rosa Project]
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Rosa_Thermal_Power_Plant Rosa Thermal Power Plant] at [[SourceWatch]]

{{Power Plants of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shahjahanpur district]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2009]]

Mumbai Marathi Grantha Sangrahalaya

2026-01-22T17:17:36Z

Legalwiki68: new some info more to come!

{{Short description|Public library in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox library
| name = Mumbai Marathi Grantha Sangrahalaya
| logo = 
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| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| service_area = [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]]
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| num_branches = 29
| items_collected = Books, journals, bibliographies, dolamudrites
| collection_size = 645,569 books (2021)
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| members = 11,787 (2014)
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| director = [[Sharad Pawar]] (President)
| num_employees = 100+ (2019)<ref name=m/>
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The '''Mumbai Marathi Grantha Sangrahalaya''' (MMGS) is a public library in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=मुंबई मराठी ग्रंथालय; सांस्कृतिक आणि भाषिक चळवळ |url=https://www.lokmat.com/mumbai/mumbai-marathi-library-cultural-and-linguistic-move/ |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=6 February 2019 |language=Marathi}}</ref> It is one of India's oldest libraries, founded in 1898. It has a collection of more than 645,569 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] books, some of which are rare and over 200 years old. The library was used by various notable personalities and Marathi scholars, including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar]].<ref name=h>{{cite news |last1=Kamath |first1=Naresh |title=Premier Marathi library in Mumbai grapples with multiple problems |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/premier-marathi-library-in-mumbai-grapples-with-multiple-problems-101635621301151.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=31 October 2021}}</ref> It was declared as a special museum by the [[Ministry of Higher and Technical Education (Maharashtra)]] in 2019.<ref name=ma/>

== History ==
The Mumbai Marathi Grantha Sangrahalaya was established in 1898 by Mukund Balkrishna Gurjar, Narhar Mahadev Joshi, Shridhar Balaji Modak, Anant Neelkanth Pithkar, Vinayak Balwant Joshi, Narayan Krishna Gadre, Shankar Hari Shejwalkar, Narayan Mahadev Bakre, Vitthal Vasudev Tillu, Ganesh Laxman Page and Ambadas Gopal Puntambekar. On 10 March 1959, the central library and office building of the organization at Naigaon, [[Dadar]] was inaugurated by the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://www.mumbaimgs.org/index5acd.html?q=node/880 |website=Mumbaimgs.org |publisher=MMGS}}</ref>

In February 2019, it was declared as a special museum by the [[Ministry of Higher and Technical Education (Maharashtra)|State Minister of Higher and Technical Education]], [[Uday Samant]].<ref name=ma>{{cite news |title=एकमेवाद्वितीय असे महाराष्ट्रभूषण! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/samwad/mumbai-marathi-grantha-sangrahalaya/articleshow/74030127.cms |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=9 February 2020 |language=Marathi}}</ref> The library also owns Sharada Cinema, a 75-seater single-screen theatre in Dadar's Naigaon, which has been shut since November 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhupkar |first1=Alka |title=Dadar theatre stripped down to its walls, activists fear prime property may be redeveloped |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/dadar-theatre-stripped-down-to-its-walls/articleshow/69225779.cms |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=8 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2020, books at the main building were under threat to such hazards as water leaks and pigeons due to years of deterioration at the main (Dadar) branch.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/threat-to-literary-heritage-as-govt-fails-to-exit-library/articleshow/74019515.cms | title=Threat to literary heritage as govt fails to exit library | newspaper=Mumbai Mirror | first=Shruti | last=Ganapatye | date=8 February 2020 | accessdate=20 June 2022}}</ref>

== Collections ==
Mumbai Marathi Grantha Sangrahalaya has a collection of more than 645,569 books in the [[Marathi language]]. Some of the books are more than 200 years old. Some rare books kept by the library include ''Geeta Rahasya'' written by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Vishnushastri Chiplunkar]]'s essays, ''Mao Che Laskari Avahan'' on the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] and a book named ''Maharana Pratap Ani Tyache Purvaj''. It has books authored by [[V.V. Shirwadkar]], [[Shripad Krushna Kolhatkar]], [[Vinda Karandikar]] and [[Krishnaji Keshav Damle]].<ref name=h/>

== Membership ==
The membership has declined over the years to about 8,642 from 11,787 in 2014. The library had 44 branches, which has now come down to 29 branches. Of these 29, only 21 are operational. It had 11,787 members in 2014.<ref name=h/>

== Funding ==
The Mumbai Marathi Grantha Sangrahalaya is funded by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) and the State [[Government of Maharashtra]]. In 2019-20, it received funding of ₹19.68 lakh from BMC and ₹34.00 lakh from the state government. In October 2019, [[Hindustan Times|HT]] reported that one of the major problems for the library is the pittance funding it gets from BMS and the state government.<ref name=h/>

Of the 29 branches of the Mumbai Marathi Grantha Sangrahalaya, 4 are located in [[Pune]] and the rest is in [[Mumbai]]. As per a 2019 report, fourteen of these libraries receive a maximum of Rs 1 lakh each from the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, while the state government contributes a lesser amount.<ref name=m>{{cite news |last1=Dhupkar |first1=Alka |title=Amid calls for library revival, Pawar brokers peace |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/amid-calls-for-library-revival-pawar-brokers-peace/articleshow/67680337.cms |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=25 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Activists raise voice against rack and ruin of library trust |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/activists-raise-voice-against-rack-and-ruin-of-library-trust/articleshow/67632626.cms |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=22 January 2019}}</ref>

== Trustee ==
Its trustees include NCP parliamentarian [[Supriya Sule]], [[Shiv Sena]] parliamentarians [[Sanjay Raut]], [[Anil Desai]] and political analyst Pratap Asbe. [[Nationalist Congress Party]] chief and former Union minister [[Sharad Pawar]] have headed the library for 28 years after being elected as the president unopposed. [[Sharad Pawar]] is the current chairperson of the library trust.<ref name=h/>

Pawar won as president in the election held in October 2021, defeating his opponent, Dhananjay Shinde, the general secretary of [[Aam Aadmi Party]]'s Maharashtra state unit.<ref>{{cite news |title=NCP chief Sharad Pawar made the president of Mumbai Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/ncp-chief-sharad-pawar-made-the-president-of-mumbai-marathi-granth-sangrahalaya-101635088501072.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamath |first1=Naresh |title=NCP chief Sharad Pawar-led panel contests election to retain control of 123-yr-old library |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/ncp-chief-sharad-pawar-led-panel-contests-election-to-retain-control-of-123-yr-old-library-101635000591840.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 October 2021}}</ref>

[[Suresh Prabhu]], [[Bhalchandra Mungekar]], [[Arvind Sawant]], Vidya Chavan and [[Shashi Prabhu]] are serving as the chairpersons of the library trust.<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Board |url=http://www.mumbaimgs.org/index2a62.html?q=node/3 |website=Mumbaimgs.org |publisher=MMGS}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|http://www.mumbaimgs.org/|Official website}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Public libraries in India]]
[[Category:Libraries in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 1898]]

Devanampriya

2026-01-21T11:58:50Z

Legalwiki68: enhance details further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Pali honorific epithet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Devanampiya Piyadasi inscriptions.jpg|thumb|300px|Various "Devanampiya Piyadasi" inscriptions on the [[Pillars of Ashoka]]]]
[[File:Devanampriyasa Asoka.jpg|thumb|300px|"Devānaṃpiyasa Asoka", honorific Devanampiya ([[Brahmi script]]: 𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀲𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓, "Beloved of the God", in the adjectival form -sa) and name of [[Ashoka]], in [[Brahmi script]], in the [[Maski]] [[Edict of Ashoka]]]]
[[File:Gujarra Devanampiyasa Piyadasino Asokaraja.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The full title ''Devanampiyasa [[Priyadasi|Piyadasino]] Asoka[[raja]]'' ({{Script|Brah|𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀲 𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀤𑀲𑀺𑀦𑁄 𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓𑀭𑀸𑀚}}) in the [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Gujarra|Gujarra inscription]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Asokan studies |date=1979 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.67068/67068#page/n103/mode/2up}}</ref>]]
[[File:Devanampiyena in the Lumbini Edict of Ashoka.jpg|thumb|300px|"Devānampiyena" (𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀦:"Of Devanampiya") in the [[Lumbini]] [[Minor Pillar Edict]] of Ashoka. [[Brahmi script]]]]
'''Devanampriya''' ([[Devanagari]]: देवानंप्रिय or देवानम्प्रिय), also called '''Devanampiya''' ([[Brahmi script]]: 𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬, ''Devānaṃpiya''), was a [[Pali]] honorific epithet used by a few Indian monarchs, but most particularly the 3rd Mauryan Emperor [[Ashoka The Great]] (r.269-233 BCE) in his inscriptions (the [[Edicts of Ashoka]]).<ref name=CSH/> "Devanampriya" means "Beloved of the Gods". It is often used by Ashoka in conjunction with the title ''[[Priyadasi]]'', which means "He who regards others with kindness", "Humane".<ref name=CSH/>

However, this title was used by a number of Ceylonese kings from [[Uttiya of Anuradhapura|Uttiya]] to Yasalalakatissa from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century CE.<ref>Nicholas, C.W (1949). The titles of Sinhalese kings. ''University of Ceylon Review''. Pages 235-248' http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/bitstream/123456789/947/1/Mr.Nicholas%2CC.W.pdf</ref>

The Kalsi version of the [[Major Rock Edicts|Major Rock Edict No.8]] also uses the title "Devampriyas" to describe previous kings (whereas the other versions use the term "Kings"), suggesting that the title "Denampriya" had a rather wide usage and might just have meant "King".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400866328 |pages=235–236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlCUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=37 Note 3 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n173/mode/2up |language=Sanskrit}}</ref>

[[James Prinsep|Prinsep]] in his study and decipherment of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] had originally identified Devanampriya Priyadasi with the King of Ceylon [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura]]. However, in 1837, [[George Turnour]] discovered Sri Lankan manuscripts ([[Dipavamsa]], or "Island Chronicle" ) associating Piyadasi with Ashoka:
{{blockquote|"Two hundred and eighteen years after the beatitude of the [[Buddha]], was the inauguration of Piyadassi, .... who, the grandson of Chandragupta, and the son of Bindusara, and was at the time Governor of [[Ujain|Ujjayani]]."|[[Dipavamsa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Charles |title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor |date=2012 |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=9781408703885 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&pg=PT79 |language=en}}</ref>}}

Since then, the association of "Devanampriya Priyadarsin" with Ashoka was reinforced through various inscriptions, and especially confirmed in the [[Minor Rock Edict]] inscription discovered in [[Maski]], associating Ashoka with Devanampriya:<ref name=CSH>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |publisher=CUP Archive |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Subhadra Sen |title=Ashoka |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9788184758078 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5ru08et_ZAC&pg=PT13 |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|
[A proclamation] of '''''Devanampriya Asoka'''''. 
Two and a half years [and somewhat more] (have passed) since I am a Buddha-Sakya. 
[A year and] somewhat more (has passed) [since] I have visited the Samgha and have shown zeal. 
Those gods who formerly had been unmingled (with men) in Jambudvipa, have how become mingled (with them). 
This object can be reached even by a lowly (person) who is devoted to morality. 
One must not think thus, — (viz.) that only an exalted (person) may reach this. 
Both the lowly and the exalted must be told : "If you act thus, this matter (will be) prosperous and of long duration, and will thus progress to one and a half."
|Maski inscription of Ashoka.<ref>{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |pages=174–175 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n353/mode/2up |language=Sanskrit}}</ref>}}

;Historical Usage
Devānaṃpiya may refer to:

*[[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura]] (died 267 BCE), ruler of Sri Lanka based at the ancient capital of Anuradhapura from 307 to 267 BC
*[[Ashoka]] (ca. 304–232 BCE), Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty
*[[Dasharatha Maurya]] (ca. 232 to 224 BCE), grandson of Ashoka, in his [[Barabar caves]] inscriptions, in the form "Devanampiya Dasaratha"

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Edicts of Ashoka]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles in Sri Lanka]]

Jindal

2026-01-14T17:48:52Z

Legalwiki68:

{{Wiktionary}}
'''Jindal''' is often used as a family name.

* [[O. P. Jindal]] (1930–2005), Indian industrialist and parliamentarian
* [[Savitri Jindal]] (born 1950), chairperson emeritus of Jindal Steel and Power
* [[Bobby Jindal]] (born 1971), American politician and former Governor of Louisiana, United States
* [[Pragun Akhil Jindal]] (born 1996), Indian author and speaker
* [[Gaurang Jindal]] (born 2005), Indian Cricket Player (Under arm bowler) from Agar Nagar

== See also ==
* [[Jindal Steel and Power Limited]], led by [[Naveen Jindal]]
* [[Jindal Stainless Limited]], led by Ratan Jindal
* [[JSW Group]], led by [[Sajjan Jindal]]

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Manjal Prasadam

2026-01-04T07:52:20Z

Legalwiki68:

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox television
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| producer = Harsh Kawa Ravindra Rajawat Sudeep karat

| editor = Abhilash Vishwanath
| location = [[Ottappalam]]
| cinematography = Deepak
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Spinwheel Production
| channel = [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers Television]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|11|28}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017|2|3|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Manjal Prasadam''''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[television series|mythological television series]] which launched on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers Television]] by 28 November 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Manjal-Prasadam-on-Flowers-from-November-28/articleshow/55596870.cms|title= Manjal Prasadam on Flowers, from November 28|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

Model turned Actress ''Ann Mathews'' essays the main protagonist of the series along with renowned Bharathanatiyam dancer [[Kalamandalam Radhika]] playing the role of Nagamadathamma and Kalyani Nair portrays the role of Renuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Im-glad-to-be-back-on-the-small-screen-Ann-Mathews/articleshow/55633429.cms|title= I'm glad to be back on the small screen: Ann Mathews|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> [[Nithin Jake Joseph]] essays the role of a herpetologist.<ref name=".0">{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/tv-actor/nithin-jake-joseph|title=Nithin Jake Joseph|work=NETTV4U|access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> Renowned Malayalam film producer turned actor Sudeep Karat has played a vital role. The series concluded on 3 February 2017 with 50 episodes.

The show won the Kerala State Television Award in 2017 for the Second Best Tele-serial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/personally-i-would-slap-people-like-jishin-in-our-society-ajoobsha/articleshow/67722110.cms|title=Personally, I would slap people like Jishin in our society: Ajoobsha|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>

== Plot==
Manjal Prasadam serial tells story of a family that believes in old Hindu beliefs and sticks to old generation traditions in their living style. A Sarppa Kavu is a place where snakes are worshiped and they are considered like gods giving protection to a family. Turning point of this serial's story is when a new generation girl of this family who studied in city comes to her come with friends. They create some problems and after effect of it is outlined in this beautiful serial Manjal Prasadam.

== Cast ==
===Main cast===
* Ann Mathews as ''Vaishnavi''
* [[Kalamandalam Radhika]] (Kalaradhi) as ''Muthasshi'' / '' Nagamadathamma''/''Kunji kutty''
* Sanuja as ''Dakshaki''/ ''Dakshina ''
* Kalyani Nair as ''Renuka''
* [[Sudeep Karat]] as ''Unni Thampuran''

===Recurring cast===
*Shahana as '' Swathy''
*[[Nithin Jake Joseph]] as ''Eshwar''
* [[:ml:അജൂബ് ഷാ|Ajoobsha]] as ''Sunder''
* Sreerag Ram as ''Rahul''
*Sayana as ''Kalyani''
* Anil Narayan as ''Narayanan Namboothiri''
*Kalamandalam Geethanandan as ''Bhattathiri''
*Dr Jamil David as ''Sreedharan Namboothiri''

==Airing History==
===Original airing===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:55%;"
! Aired !! Time
|-
| {{start date|df=yes|2016|11|28}} - {{end date|df=yes|2016|12|17}} || Monday - Friday 09:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|-
| {{start date|df=yes|2016|12|19}} - {{end date|df=yes|2017|02|03}} || Monday - Friday 7:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Flowers (TV channel) original programming]]

Smoking in India

2026-01-03T19:14:06Z

Legalwiki68: new new stub added tags.

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Rajput (Jodhpur) (8411728143).jpg|thumb|A [[Rajput]] Smoking through a hookah, [[Rajasthan, India]].]]

'''Smoking in India''' is one of the oldest industries and provides employment to more than five million people directly and indirectly. India is the second-largest producer of tobacco in the world. Smoking has been known since [[Spiritual use of cannabis#Ancient and modern India and Nepal|at least 2000 BC]] when [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] was smoked and is first mentioned in the [[Atharvaveda]] (compiled {{circa|1200 BC|1000 BC}}). [[Fumigation]] (''[[dhupa]]'') and fire offerings (''[[Homa (ritual)|homa]]'') are prescribed in the [[Ayurveda]] for medical purposes and have been practiced for at least 3,000 years while smoking, ''dhumrapana'' has been practiced for at least 2,000 years. [[Tobacco]] was introduced to India in the 17th century. It later merged with existing practices of smoking (mostly of cannabis).

[[Godfrey Phillips India Limited]] is an India-based company that operates in two segments: Cigarettes and tobacco products, and Tea and other retail products. It is the second-largest player in the Indian tobacco industry after [[ITC Limited]].<ref>Kameswara Rao Poranki, "The Impact of Brand Awareness on Customer Satisfaction: A Case Study of Godfrey Phillips India Limited, India." ''Research Journal of Social Science & Management'' 5.1 (2015): 38–44.</ref>

[[tobacco packaging warning messages|Health warnings]] were introduced in 1975.<ref name=Shimkhada/> Smoking in public places was prohibited nationwide from 22 October 2002. There are approximately 120 million smokers in India. According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), India is home to 12% of the world's smokers. More than 1 million people die every year due to tobacco related illnesses.<ref name=Chandrupatla>{{Cite journal |last=Chandrupatla |first=Siddardha G. |last2=Tavares |first2=Mary |last3=Natto |first3=Zuhair S. |date=27 July 2017 |title=Tobacco Use and Effects of Professional Advice on Smoking Cessation among Youth in India |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1861–1867 |doi=10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.7.1861 |issn=2476-762X |pmc=5648391 |pmid=28749122}}</ref> As of 2015, the number of men smoking tobacco in India rose to 108 million, an increase of 36%, between 1998 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Since 1998, number of Indian male smokers {{as written|inc|eased [sic]|expecting=increased}} by 36%: New study |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-since-1998-number-of-indian-male-smokers-inceased-by-36-new-study-2183088 |access-date=2016-02-27 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> As per recent report of WHO, nearly 267 million people consume some form of tobacco in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tobacco |url=https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/tobacco |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=who.int}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Man smoking from a Hooka in India in 1935.jpg|thumb|Man smoking a [[hookah]] in India, 1935]]

[[Cannabis smoking]] in India has been known since [[Spiritual use of cannabis#Ancient and modern India and Nepal|at least 2000 BC]].<ref>''Marihuana and medicine'', p. 3.</ref> Fumigation (''dhupa'') and fire offerings (''homa'') are prescribed in the [[Ayurveda]] for medical purposes and have been practiced for at least 3,000 years while smoking, ''dhumrapana'' (literally "drinking smoke"), has been practiced for at least 2,000 years. Fumigation and fire offerings have been performed with various substances, including clarified butter ([[ghee]]), fish [[offal]], dried [[snakeskin]]s, and various pastes molded around [[Incense|incense sticks]] and lit to spread the smoke over wide areas. The practice of inhaling smoke was employed as a remedy for many different ailments was not limited to just cannabis, but also various plants and medicinal concoctions recommended to promote general health. Before modern times, smoking was done with [[smoking pipe (tobacco)|pipes]] with stems of various lengths, or [[Chillum (pipe)|chillums]]. Today ''dhumrapana'' has been replaced almost entirely by [[cigarette smoking]], but both ''dhupa'' and ''homa'' are still practiced. [[Beedi]], a type of handrolled herbal cigarette consisting of [[clove]]s, ground [[Areca nut|betel nut]], and tobacco, usually with rather low proportion of tobacco, are a modern descendant of the historical ''dhumrapana''.<ref>P. Ram Manohar, "Smoking and Ayurvedic Medicine in India" in ''Smoke'', pp. 68–75</ref>

Tobacco was introduced to India in the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Tobacco |url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/en/atlas2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030925220802/http://www.who.int/tobacco/en/atlas2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2003 |access-date=2013-10-07 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> It later merged with existing practices of smoking (mostly of cannabis). By the start of the 20th century, tobacco smoking, especially among the youth, had become so common that the more health-conscious sections of the intelligentsia began to take note of public smoking and widespread sale and marketing of tobacco products as a growing social menace.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-30 |title=From the Archives (September 1919): Smoking.(Letter to the Editor: An Excerpt)|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-september-1919-smokingletter-to-the-editor-an-excerpt/article29550181.ece |access-date=2019-10-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Landmark case==
The Supreme Court in Murli S Deora vs. Union of India and Ors., recognized the [[harmful effects of smoking]] in public and also the effect on [[passive smokers]], and in the absence of statutory provisions at that time, prohibited smoking in public places such as auditoriums, hospital buildings, health institutions, educational institutions, libraries, court buildings, public offices, public conveyances, including the railways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environment and Health by Adv. Vijay Hiremath on Page 116 |url=http://www.cehat.org/humanrights/caselaws.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201524/http://www.cehat.org/humanrights/caselaws.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=1 June 2014}} This source contains quotations from the legislation, which is in the public domain.</ref>
{{blockquote|"Tobacco is universally regarded as one of the major public health hazards and is responsible directly or indirectly for an estimated eight lakh deaths annually in the country. It has also been found that treatment of tobacco related diseases and the loss of productivity caused therein cost the country almost Rs. 13,500 crores annually, which more than offsets all the benefits accruing in the form of revenue and employment generated by tobacco industry".|Supreme Court of India|Murli S. Deora vs Union of India And Ors on 2 November 2001}}

==Prevalence==
There are approximately 130 million smokers in India. Around 267 million individuals (aged 15 and above) in India, accounting for 29% of all adults, were reported as tobacco consumers based on the Global Adult Tobacco Survey India conducted during 2016–17.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tobacco |url=https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/tobacco |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=who.int}}</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), India is home to 12% of the world's smokers. More than 1 million die each year due to tobacco in India.<ref name=Chandrupatla/> According to 2002 WHO estimates, 25% of adult males in India smoke. Among adult females, the figure is much lower at between 13 and 15%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=D 1.3 Adult Smokers |url=http://www.china-europe-usa.com/level_4_data/hum/013_4.htm |access-date=2 May 2013 |publisher=China-europe-usa.com}}</ref> About 13.5% of students below the age of 16 were current tobacco users and 9.3% were former tobacco users and three-quarters of students in India have never tried any form of tobacco.<ref name=Chandrupatla/> [[Smokeless tobacco]] is more prevalent than cigarettes or bidis in India.<ref name=Chandrupatla/>

According to the study, "A Nationally Representative Case-Control Study of Smoking and Death in India", tobacco will be responsible for 1 in 5 of all male deaths and 1 in 20 of all female deaths in the country by 2010. This means approximately 1 million Indians would die annually from smoking by 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seema Singh |date=14 February 2008 |title=1 mn Indian smokers will die every year |publisher=Livemint |url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/02/14083856/82161-mn-Indian-smokers-wil.html |access-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> According to the [[Indian Heart Association]] (IHA), India accounts for 83% of the world's heart disease burden, despite having less than 20% of the world's population. The IHA has identified a reduction in smoking as a significant target of cardiovascular health prevention efforts.<ref>Indian Heart Association Why South Asians Facts Web. 27 April 2015. <http://indianheartassociation.org/why-indians-why-south-asians/overview/></ref>

A survey conducted by the International Institute of Population Science and the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], reveals that 56.6% of people in [[Kolkata]] smoke, the highest rate in the country. 82% of men and 23.5% of women smoke in Kolkata<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shujaat Bukhari |date=24 September 2011 |title=J&K tops States in number of smokers |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2482666.ece |access-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> The highest number of beedi smokers is in [[Uttarakhand]]. According to a health ministry report released in 2008, an estimated 100 million individuals, primarily from the impoverished and illiterate segments of the population, are [[beedi]] smokers. The report further indicates that smoking beedis has resulted in 200,000 deaths caused by tuberculosis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-05-14 |title=200,000 TB Deaths Due to Beedi-smoking in India: Report |url=https://www.medindia.net/news/200000-tb-deaths-due-to-beedi-smoking-in-india-report-36674-1.htm |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Medindia}}</ref>

==Legislation==
{{Main|Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and Distribution) Act, 2003}}
{{See also|Tobacco control}}
[[File:No smoking sign at the Shanti Stupa (Friar's Balsam Flickr).jpg|thumb|No smoking sign in [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]]]]

The first legislation regarding [[tobacco control]] in India was the ''Cigarettes (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act, 1975'', which mandated specific statutory [[tobacco packaging warning messages|health warnings on cigarette packs]] in 1975.<ref name=Shimkhada>{{Cite journal |author1=Riti Shimkhada |author2=John Peabody |date=2003 |title=Tobacco control in India |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2572308/pdf/12640476.pdf |journal=[[Bulletin of the World Health Organization]] |pmid=12640476 |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

The ''[[Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and Distribution) Act, 2003]]'', abbreviated to COTPA, received assent from the President on 18 May 2003. It came into force on 1 May 2004.<ref name=Chandrupatla/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementation of the Framework Convetnion on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in India : A Shadow Report – 2010 |url=http://www.hriday-shan.org/hriday/FCTC_SHADOW_REPORT_INDIA-2010.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617083940/http://www.hriday-shan.org/hriday/FCTC_SHADOW_REPORT_INDIA-2010.PDF |archive-date=17 June 2012 |access-date=2013-10-07 |publisher=HRIDAY}}</ref> The Act extends to the whole of India and is applicable to cigarettes, cigars, bidis, gutka, pan masala (containing tobacco), Mavva, Khaini, snuff and all products containing tobacco in any form.<ref name=smokefreekerala>{{Cite web |title=COTPA Law |url=http://www.smokefreekerala.org/districts/Ernakulam/index.php?cid=7&id=10 |access-date=2013-10-07 |publisher=Smokefreekerala.org}}</ref>

Prohibition of sale of tobacco products in an area within 100 yards of any educational institution was brought into force from 1 December 2004.<ref name=Chandrupatla/><ref name=smokefreekerala/>

===Regional smoking bans===
On 12 July 1999, [[Kerala]] became the first state in India to [[smoking ban|ban smoking]] in public places when a Division Bench of the Kerala High Court declared "public smoking as illegal first time in the history of whole world, unconstitutional and violative of Article 21 of the Constitution." The Bench, headed by Dr. Justice K. Narayana Kurup, held that "tobacco smoking" in public places (in the form of cigarettes, cigars, beedies or otherwise) "falls within the mischief of the penal provisions relating to public nuisance as contained in the Indian Penal Code and also the definition of air pollution as contained in the statutes dealing with the protection and preservation of the environment, in particular, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution), Act 1981."

In 2007, [[Chandigarh]] became the first city in India to become 'smoke-free'. However, despite there being some difficulties and apathy by the authorities<ref>Sarin, Jaideep, [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/chandigarhs-smoke-free-city-campaign-loses-steam_10070935.html "Chandigarh’s ’smoke-free city’ campaign loses steam"], [[Indo-Asian News Service]], New Delhi, 13 July 2008</ref> the Smoke-Free Chandigarh<ref>Website, [http://chandigarh.tobaccofreeindia.com "Smoke Free Chandigarh Website"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214110159/http://chandigarh.tobaccofreeindia.com/ |date=14 December 2011 }}, [[Burning Brain Society]], Chandigarh</ref> project has been a success story. Taking a cue from the Chandigarh's success, cities like [[Shimla]] also followed the Smoke-Free Chandigarh model to become smoke-free.<ref>''The Hindu'', IANS, [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903111821.htm "Shimla to turn smoke-free soon"], Chandigarh</ref> The success of Chandigarh had been widely recognised and the architect of smoke-free Chandigarh [[Hemant Goswami]].<ref>''The Times of India'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024054444/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-01/india/28045306_1_smoke-free-unsung-heroes-free-rice "Our Unsung Hero, Kicking the Butt"], Chandigarh</ref> was also awarded the Global Smoke-Free Partnership Award for the initiative.<ref>World Heart Federation, [http://www.worldheart.org/about-us/partnerships/global-smokefree-partnership/print.html?no_cache=1 "Global Smoke Free Partnership"], Chandigarh</ref>

===Nationwide public smoking ban===
Smoking in public places was prohibited nationwide from 2 October 2008 under the ''Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places Rules, 2008'' and COTPA. The nationwide smoke-free law pertains only to public places. Places where smoking is restricted include auditoriums, cinemas, hospitals, public transport (aircraft, buses, trains, metros, monorails, taxis) and their related facilities (airports, bus stands/stations, railway stations), restaurants, hotels, bars, pubs, amusement centres, offices (government and private), libraries, courts, post offices, markets, shopping malls, canteens, refreshment rooms, banquet halls, discothèques, coffee houses, educational institutions and parks. Smoking is allowed inside one's home or vehicle.<ref name=expressindia>{{Cite news |last=Agencies |title=Smoking ban to be enforced from Oct 2: Ramadoss |work=Express India |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/karnatakapoll08/story_page.php?id=317035 |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref> Then Health Minister [[Anbumani Ramadoss]] was quoted as saying, "Smoking on the road or the park will save others from the wrath of passive smoking".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kounteya Sinha |date=10 September 2008 |title=From October 2, head for the road to smoke |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/From-October-2-head-for-the-road-to-smoke/articleshow/3464490.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2013-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007043151/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-10/india/27943650_1_smoke-free-policy-smoking-ban-separate-ventilation-arrangement |archive-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> Smoking is also permitted in airports, restaurants, bars, pubs, discothèques and some other enclosed workplaces if they provide designated separate smoking areas.<ref name=expressindia/> Anybody violating this law will be charged with a fine of {{INR}}5000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2007 |title=India to declare all places of work as smoke free |url=http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-11644.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430061955/http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-11644.html |archive-date=30 April 2011 |access-date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Spiritindia.com}}</ref> The sale of tobacco products within 100 yards of educational institutions is also prohibited.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2011 |title=Bangalore: Smoking ban still long way to go |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article481308.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006181559/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article481308.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=13 August 2012 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Pictorial warnings===
Rules mandating [[Tobacco packaging warning messages|pictorial warnings on tobacco products]] were notified on 3 May 2009 came into force from 31 May 2009 after several rounds of amendments and delays.<ref name=smokefreekerala/> Section 7 of COTPA deals with the "Display of pictorial health warning on all tobacco products packets". It prohibits the production, sale and import of cigarettes or any other tobacco product unless every package of cigarettes or any other tobacco product bears pictorial warnings on its label covering at least 40% of the package. The warnings are changed once a year. The law also prohibited more than two languages from being used on the pack to ensure that the specified warning is legible and prominent.<ref name=smokefreekerala/>

===Hookah law===
The nationwide smoking ban did not prohibit consumption of [[hookah]] in [[Hookah lounge|hookah bar]]s. However, several cities in India have banned consumption of hookah in hookah bars. Police raids usually focus on punishing the owners and operators of hookah bars rather than the customers. Customers are usually fined while owners may face stiff fines and/or jail time. It is still legal to purchase hookahs at shops and consume them at home.

Authorities generally apply [[Section 144]] (Unlawful assembly) of [[Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India)|CrPC]] to shut down hookah bars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2012 |title=Hookah bars banned in Ludhiana district |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Ludhiana/Hookah-bars-banned-in-Ludhiana-district/SP-Article1-819900.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304161925/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Ludhiana/Hookah-bars-banned-in-Ludhiana-district/SP-Article1-819900.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=13 August 2012 |website=The Hindustan Times}}</ref> Governments also use the COTPA.

Hookah bars are banned in state of Maharashtra. Other regions that have bans are:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! City/Region !! State !! Date of Ban !! Remarks
|-
| – || [[Maharashtra]] || 5 October 2011<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2011 |title=Hookah banned across Maharashtra |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_hookah-banned-across-maharashtra_1595391 |access-date=13 August 2012 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> || Serving hookah is punishable by a fine of {{INRConvert|1200}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2012 |title=Home minister warns of a ban on hookah parlours |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Home-minister-warns-of-a-ban-on-hookah-parlours/Article1-834643.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406175844/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Home-minister-warns-of-a-ban-on-hookah-parlours/Article1-834643.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2012 |access-date=13 August 2012 |website=The Hindustan Times}}</ref> The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|BMC]] had banned hookah bars in Mumbai on 2 July 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2011 |title=Bar owners move HC on hookah ban |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai/Article1-726827.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125175348/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai/Article1-726827.aspx |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=13 August 2012 |website=The Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jaipur]] || [[Rajasthan]] || 9 December 2011 ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2011 |title='Hookah bars' banned in Jaipur, IBN Live News |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/hookah-bars-banned-in-jaipur/923989.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709031432/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/hookah-bars-banned-in-jaipur/923989.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=13 August 2012 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com}}</ref> HC lifts ban on hookah bar in Rajasthan, says the ban is illegal.
|-
| [[Ludhiana district]] || [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 1 March 2012 ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2012 |title=DC orders ban on hookah bars |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/DC-orders-ban-on-hookah-bars/articleshow/12121005.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620165931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-03/ludhiana/31119413_1_hookah-bars-civil-surgeon-smoking-tobacco |archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gurgaon district]] || [[Haryana]] || 3 April 2012 ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2012 |title=Hookah bars banned in Gurgaon |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Hookah-bars-banned-in-Gurgaon/SP-Article1-835246.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907181426/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Hookah-bars-banned-in-Gurgaon/SP-Article1-835246.aspx |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=13 August 2012 |website=The Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| [[Faridabad district]] || [[Haryana]] || 2011 ||
|-
| [[Panchkula district]] || [[Haryana]] || 30 November 2011 ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2011 |title=Hookah bars banned in Panchkula |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article2676246.ece |access-date=2 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indore]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 20 May 2011 ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2011 |title=Madhya Pradesh govt bans hookah lounges in Indore |work=DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-madhya-pradesh-govt-bans-hookah-lounges-in-indore-1545149e |access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamluk]] || [[West Bengal]] || 2 December 2022 ||
|-
|}

===E-cigarette law===
Import, sales and consumption of [[electronic cigarette]]s is banned in India. Punjab became the first state in India to ban vaping in 2014. Following the incidents of mass confiscation of E-cigarettes from various teenagers in schools of Delhi and NCR, Indian government banned sale and import of e-cigarettes.

==Advertising==
The Cable Television Network (Regulation) Amendment Bill, in force since 8 September 2000, completely prohibits cigarette and alcohol advertisements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2000 |title=Alcohol in India |url=http://www.ias.org.uk/resources/publications/theglobe/globe200103-04/gl200103-04_p27.html |access-date=14 January 2013 |publisher=Ias.org.uk}}</ref>

With effect from 2 October 2012, the government began screening two anti-tobacco advertisements, titled "Sponge" and "Mukesh", in movie theatres and on television, after the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] card is shown.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-30 |title=Government to launch fresh campaign against smoking |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=PTI |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-30/news/42537022_1_tobacco-use-tobacco-products-tobacco-smoking |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007035231/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-30/news/42537022_1_tobacco-use-tobacco-products-tobacco-smoking |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 October 2013 |access-date=2013-10-07}}</ref> It is also mandatory for theatres to display a disclaimer on-screen whenever smoking scenes are depicted in the movie.<ref name=Ramnath>{{Cite web |author=Nandini Ramnath |date=2013-10-04 |title=Where there is smoke, there is fire |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/dJw34mq55PAmYCg6RftbIJ/Where-there-is-smoke-there-is-fire.html |access-date=2013-10-07 |publisher=Livemint}}</ref> The "Sponge" and "Mukesh" ads were replaced by new ads, titled "Child" and "Dhuan", from 2 October 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aarti Dhar |date=2013-09-30 |title=New ad spots to focus on passive smoking |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-ad-spots-to-focus-on-passive-smoking/article5186977.ece?homepage=true |access-date=2013-10-07}}</ref>

==In film==
{{main|Smoking in Bollywood}}
Bollywood has a long history of depicting characters smoking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Matters: January 2009 |url=http://salaambombayfoundation.blogspot.com/2009_01_01_archive.html |access-date=2010-05-31 |publisher=Salaambombayfoundation.blogspot.com}}</ref> According to a WHO study, tobacco is portrayed in 76% of Bollywood films, with cigarettes making up 72% of all the portrayals.<ref name=scenesmoking>{{Cite web |title=Celebrity Quotes |url=http://www.scenesmoking.org/bollywood.htm |access-date=2010-05-31 |publisher=SceneSmoking.org}}</ref> Even though [[chewing tobacco]] and bidis account for the majority of tobacco use in India, cigarettes do make up 20% of the market.<ref name=gym>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-24 |title=UT researchers find link between advertising and increased tobacco use among India's youth |url=http://gym09.hriday-shan.org/tag/tobbaco/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620033329/http://gym09.hriday-shan.org/tag/tobbaco/ |archive-date=2011-06-20 |access-date=2015-12-07 |publisher=Gym09.hriday-shan.org}}</ref> Prior to the 1990s, Bollywood portrayed smoking primarily as the vice of villains. The heroes portrayed in classic films were the "poor-but-proud" types. They rescued damsels in distress, performed heroic feats, and beat up gangs of bad guys single-handedly, but never did they risk their image by smoking on screen.<ref name=blogs>{{Cite news |date=2008-10-03 |title="Dum Maro Dum" while you still can, on celluloid at least | Analysis & Opinion | |publisher=Blogs.reuters.com |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/indiamasala/2008/10/03/dum-maro-dum-while-you-still-can-on-celluloid-at-least/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2010-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004172035/http://blogs.reuters.com/indiamasala/2008/10/03/dum-maro-dum-while-you-still-can-on-celluloid-at-least/ |archive-date=2008-10-04}}</ref> Even the villains were classy about the tobacco use, smoking [[cigars]] in three-piece suits as they plotted their evil plans. However, the modern day heroes have brought a new tradition of "lighting up a cigarette while performing [[martial arts]] stunts."<ref name=blogs/> Influenced by Western cinema such as [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] films, the heroes in Bollywood movies now have more suave, attitude, and machismo, all which appears to be complemented by the use of cigarettes. As noted by the WHO study, the occurrence of "good guys" in films smoking or using tobacco has gone up from 27% in 1991 to 53% in 2002.<ref name=scenesmoking/>

Proposed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in May 2005, a [[smoking ban]] that prohibited films and television shows from displaying actors or actresses smoking went into effect on 2 October 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Leo Juarez |title=Bollywood smoking ban sparks controversy – Jun 27, 2005 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Movies/06/27/bollywood.smoking/index.html |access-date=2010-05-31}}</ref> The Indian government felt that films were glamorizing cigarettes, and with nearly 15 million people going to see Bollywood films on a daily basis, then Health Minister Anubumani Ramadoss claimed that the ban would "protect the lives of millions of people who could become addicted to smoking under the influence of movies."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unavailable News Item |url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni0086978/ |publisher=IMDb}}</ref> Under the smoking ban, smoking scenes in any movie was prohibited, including any old or historical movies where, some argued, smoking was necessary to make the depiction accurate. If producers wished to show a character smoking, the scene would have to be accompanied by a note saying that smoking is injurious to health, along with [[disclaimers]] at the beginning and end of films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-21 |title=Bollywood Smoking Against Smokers | Latest Bollywood|Kollywood|Tollywood| News |url=http://thebollywoodactress.com/bollywood-smoking-against-smokers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100107064659/http://thebollywoodactress.com/bollywood-smoking-against-smokers/ |archive-date=7 January 2010 |access-date=2010-05-31 |publisher=Thebollywoodactress.com}}</ref>

During the tobacco ban, the use of tobacco was still implied in movies and television, even if it was not explicitly shown; it was "sung and danced about" instead.<ref name=gym/> So Bollywood, in conjunction with tobacco companies, was still able to get around the smoking ban. Bollywood was also able to bypass the tobacco ban because of the lack of enforcement. Corruption within the government and police lead to officials not being successfully impose such policies, such as the smoking ban in cinema. As noted by one, "The authorities aren’t organized enough...I’ll just pay a [[bribe]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=India to mark Gandhi anniversary with world's biggest smoking ban |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4861298.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917203729/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4861298.ece |archive-date=17 September 2011 |access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> The [[Delhi High Court]] subsequently overturned the ban in January 2009, citing that the ban was a form of [[censorship]] that restricted the right to freedom of speech.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-23 |title=Indian Court Stubs Out Ban on Smoking in Bollywood – Asia – World |url=http://dalje.com/en-world/indian-court-stubs-out-ban-on-smoking-in-bollywood/227481 |access-date=2010-05-31 |publisher=Dalje.com}}</ref>

Anti-smoking ads must be screened at the beginning of the movie and during the interval. In addition, a disclaimer must be displayed on-screen during each scene where smoking is present.<ref name=Ramnath/>

[[Woody Allen]] refused to release his film ''[[Blue Jasmine]]'' in India because he objected to anti-smoking ads that appear before and during any film that depicts smoking. "Due to content in the film, it cannot be shown in India in its intended manner. Therefore, the film is not scheduled to play there."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jamkhandikar |first=Shilpa |date=2013-10-03 |title=Woody Allen stops "Blue Jasmine" India release because of anti-tobacco ads |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2013/10/03/woody-allen-stops-blue-jasmine-india-release-because-of-anti-tobacco-ads/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004142443/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2013/10/03/woody-allen-stops-blue-jasmine-india-release-because-of-anti-tobacco-ads/ |archive-date=2013-10-04}}</ref> Deepak Sharma, COO of PVR Pictures, stated, "Allen has the creative control as per the agreement. He wasn't comfortable with the disclaimer that we are required to run when some smoking scene is shown in films. He feels that when the scroll comes, attention goes to it rather than the scene. We had to abide by the law and we don't have control over the film, so it's alright."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-10-05 |title=Woody Allen found anti-tobacco ad distracting, says distributor |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/Woody-Allen-found-anti-tobacco-ad-distracting-says-distributor/2013/10/05/article1820271.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006163833/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/Woody-Allen-found-anti-tobacco-ad-distracting-says-distributor/2013/10/05/article1820271.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=2013-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-20 |title=Woody Allen finds Indian anti-tobacco ad distracting, cancels film screening |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/health/1898433/report-woody-allen-finds-indian-anti-tobacco-ad-distracting-cancels-film-screening |access-date=2013-10-07 |work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>

In August 2014, an expert committee headed by Malayalam film director, script writer, and producer [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] recommended that the Kerala government remove the warnings. Gopalakrishnan stated, "When the movie is on, these messages appear in bold and there is a format which the filmmakers must follow. People won't go to drink after watching these scenes. These warnings that pop-up hampers the continuity or the flow of the film. We are not asking to completely do away with the warnings; it can be shown before the film and during the interval. Why are there warnings only for alcohol and smoking scenes? There are fight scenes, item dance and rape scenes shown in films without any warnings."<ref>{{Cite web |title=No more statutory warning messages for smoking and drinking in Malayalam films |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/No-more-statutory-warning-messages-for-smoking-and-drinking-in-Malayalam-films/articleshow/40314352.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Key players==
The market largely consists of small retailers and importers, but with a few organized players such as ITC with their brand EON, Godfrey Philips with the brands Zest and Verge, and Vape Stop which is an aggregator of international brands.

==See also==
* [[Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act]]
* [[Godfrey Phillips India]], the second largest tobacco company
* [[ITC Limited]], the largest tobacco company
* {{section link|Koolimadu|Anti Tobacco Initiative}}
* [[Smoking in Bollywood]]
* [[Tobacco control]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Chhabra, Akshita, Showket Hussain, and Shazia Rashid. "Recent trends of tobacco use in India." ''Journal of Public Health'' 29 (2021): 27–36. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshita-Chhabra-2/publication/333906455_Recent_trends_of_tobacco_use_in_India/links/5d1ec2e3458515c11c129208/Recent-trends-of-tobacco-use-in-India.pdf online]
* Mishra, Gauravi A., Sharmila A. Pimple, and Surendra S. Shastri. "An overview of the tobacco problem in India." ''Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology'' 33.03 (2012): 139–145. [https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.4103/0971-5851.103139.pdf online]
* Mohan, Priya, Harry A. Lando, and Sigamani Panneer. "Assessment of tobacco consumption and control in India." ''Indian Journal of Clinical Medicine'' 9 (2018): 1179916118759289. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1179916118759289 online]
* Poranki, Kameswara Rao. "The Impact of Brand Awareness on Customer Satisfaction: A Case Study of Godfrey Phillips India Limited, India." ''Research Journal of Social Science & Management'' 5.1 (2015): 38–44. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kameswara-Poranki-2/publication/288990272_The_Impact_of_Brand_Awareness_on_Customer_Satisfaction_A_Case_Study_of_Godfrey_Phillips_India_Limited_India/links/5688003308aebccc4e15520a/The-Impact-of-Brand-Awareness-on-Customer-Satisfaction-A-Case-Study-of-Godfrey-Phillips-India-Limited-India.pdf online]
* Roy, Anoushka. "ITC Vs Godfrey Phillips India – A Comparison of the Two Tobacco Giants" ''Trade Brains'' (9 March 2022) [https://tradebrains.in/itc-vs-godfrey-phillips-india/ online]
* Sharma, Khushbu, Mohammed Junaid, and Madan Kumar Parangimalar Diwakar. "Economic implications of tobacco industry in India: an overview." ''Indian Journal of Public Health'' 61.2 (2017): 131–133. [https://journals.lww.com/IJPH/Fulltext/2017/61020/Economic_Implications_of_Tobacco_Industry_in.12.aspx online]
* Yadav, Amit, and Stanton A. Glantz. "Tobacco imagery in entertainment media: evolution of tobacco-free movies and television programmes rules in India." ''BMJ global health'' 6.1 (2021): e003639. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:XiUOnRn_5b8J:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,27&as_ylo=2019&scillfp=7492636530649520469&oi=lle online]

==External links==
{{Commons}}

*[http://mohfw.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/smokefreerules-37451613.pdf Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places Rules, 2008]

{{India topics}}
{{Smoking nav|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Smoking in India| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Nipon Goswami

2026-01-01T01:27:25Z

Legalwiki68: creating page

{{Short description|Indian actor (1942–2022)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nipon Goswami
| image = Nipon Goswami actor.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1942|09|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kolibari, [[Tezpur]], [[Darrang district]], [[Assam Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|27|1942|09|02|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India
| birth_name =
| alias =
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII Pune]]
| occupation = Actor
| notable_works = ''[[Dr. Bezbarua]]''
| spouse =
| children = 1
| mother =
| father =
}}

'''Nipon Goswami''' (3 September 1942 – 27 October 2022) was an Indian actor and theatre artist associated with [[Assamese language|Assamese]]-language films.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nipon Goswami: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Nipon-Goswami |access-date=19 March 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nipon Goswami movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/nipon-goswami-65487 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030211657/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/nipon-goswami-65487 |url-status=live |archive-date=30 October 2020 |website=Cinestaan |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref> He was one of the veteran actors of [[Assamese Film Industry]]. He started his acting career as a stage actor and later established himself as a film actor. His most notable for his work in the 1969 film ''[[Dr. Bezbarua]]'' as well as ''[[Piyoli Phukan]]'', ''[[Tumi Aahibaane]]'' and ''[[Aparoopa]]''.

==Personal life==
Goswami was born on 3 September 1942 at Kolibari in [[Tezpur]], [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nipon Goswami Death News: Assamese actor Nipon Goswami passes away |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/assamese-actor-nipon-goswami-passes-away/articleshow/95119418.cms |access-date=27 October 2022 |work=Economic Times |date=27 October 2022}}</ref> His father Chandradhar Goswami was an actor and his mother Nirupama Goswami was a singer. He did his primary schooling at Kolibari LP School. After that, he moved to Tezpur Govt. HS School. He died after suffering from heart-related ailments on 27 October 2022, at the age of 80.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2022 |title=Veteran Assamese actor Nipon Goswami passes away at 75 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/veteran-assamese-actor-nipon-goswami-passes-away-at-75.html |access-date=27 October 2022 |work=Northeast Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2022 |title=Veteran actor Nipon Goswami passes away |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2022/10/veteran-actor-nipon-goswami-passes-away/ |access-date=28 October 2022 |work=TheNewsMill}}</ref>

==Acting career==
A graduate of [[Film and Television Institute of India, Pune]], Goswami debuted in the Assamese film industry as a child artist in the film ''[[Piyoli Phukan]]'', directed by [[Phani Sarma]] in 1957.<ref>{{cite news |title=Golden memories of actors' 50 years - Honour for Nipon, Mazid |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/golden-memories-of-actors-50-years-honour-for-nipon-mazid/cid/684344 |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=27 September 2007}}</ref> As a lead actor, ''Sangram'' was his first Assamese film and a hit movie. His next film ''[[Dr. Bezbaruah]]'' released in 1969 brought him recognition as a star to act in many movies in the coming years. He also acted in a few [[Standard Hindi|Hindi]] films as a character actor.<ref name="R1">{{cite web |date=17 February 2012 |title=Nipon Goswami to attend GPC program |url=http://www.assamtimes.org/social/6059.html |accessdate=16 April 2012 |publisher=assamtimes.org |quote=Eminent film and theater artiste Nipon Goswami will attend the Guest of the Month programme of Guwahati Press Club on February 21 (Tuesday). - Birthplace: Tezpur, Assam. |archive-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313052139/http://www.assamtimes.org/social/6059.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="R2">{{cite web |title=Nipon Goswami |url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/movies/nipon-goswami.html |accessdate=16 April 2012 |publisher=onlinesivasagar.com |quote=Nipon Goswami is not just a name to an actor, it actually represents an era in Assamese cinema world, Jollywood. Whatever may be the role, from romantic hero to villain and from child role to old grand father, every possible character is fantastically portrayed by this veteran actor.}}</ref> Goswami was actively involved in mobile theatres, notably, ''Abaahan'', ''Kohinoor'', ''Hengul'', and ''Shakuntala''. He also appeared in few television serials like ''Writu Aahe Writu Jaai''.<ref name="R1" /><ref name="R2" />

In his later years he acted in multiple films including ''[[Tumi Aahibaane]]'', ''[[The Underworld (film)|Underworld]]'' and ''[[Dr. Bezbaruah 2]]''.

==Filmography==
===Assamese===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Notes
|-
|1957 || ''[[Piyoli Phukan]]'' || [[Phani Sarma]] || Debut Film
|-
| 1968 || ''Sangram'' || Amar Pathak ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Dr. Bezbaruah]]'' || [[Brajen Barua]] ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Mukuta'' || Brajen Barua ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Maanab Aru Daanab'' || Indukalpa Hazarika ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Morisika'' || Amulya Manna ||
|-
| 1973 || ''Ganesh'' || AK Films Unit ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Brishti'' || Deuti Baruah ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Bohagor Duporia'' || Jones Mahalia ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Sandhya Raag'' || [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]] ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Duranir Rong'' || Jones Mahalia ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Ajoli Nabou'' || Nip Baruah ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Maak aru Morom'' || Nip Baruah ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Aparoopa]]'' || [[Jahnu Barua]] ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Ghar Sangsar'' || Sivaprasad Thakur ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Kokadeuta Naati Aru Haati'' || Nip Baruah ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Nayanmani'' || Suprabha Devi ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Jibon Surabhi'' || Naresh Kumar ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Shakuntala Aru Sankar Joseph Ali]]'' || Nip Baruah ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Deep Jyoti'' || Prodyot Bose ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Aaroti'' || Ashim Das ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Protidaan'' || Dara Ahmed ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Siraj'' || [[Bhupen Hazarika]] ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Aai Mor Janame Janame'' || Nip Baruah ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Hridoyor Aree Aree'' || Jadav Chandra Das ||
|-
| 1999 || ''Bukur Majot Jowle'' || Ashok Kumar Bishaya ||
|-
| 1997 || ''Deutar Biya'' || Deepak Bhuyan ||
|-
| 1999 || ''Baibhav'' || [[Manju Borah]] ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Hiya Diya Niya]]'' || [[Munin Barua]] ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Tumi Mur Matho Mur]]'' || [[Zubeen Garg]] ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Jon Jwole Kopalat'' || Munna Ahmed ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Jugantoror Tejal Puwa'' || Johns Moholia ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Priya O Priya'' || Anjan Kalita ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Prem Aru Prem]]'' || Sambhu Gupta ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Jonaki Mon]]'' || Jibanraj Barman ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Kokadeutar Ghar Jowai'' || [[Suman Haripriya]] ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Mitha Mitha Logonot'' || Achyut Kumar Bhagawati 
Sushanta Majindar Baruah ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Jumon Sumon'' || Mohibul Haque ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Priya Milon'' || Munna Ahmed ||
|-
| 2004 || ''Kadambari'' || Bani Das||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Antaheen Jatra]]'' || Munna Ahmed ||
|-
| 2006 || ''Aghari Aatma'' || Munna Ahmed ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Jeevan Baator Logori]]'' || Timothy Das Hanche ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Poley Poley Urey Mon]]'' || Timothy Das Hanche ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Borolar Ghor]]'' || [[Mani C. Kappan]] ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Mahasamar]]'' || Johns Mohaliya ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Jilmil Jonak]]'' || Sibanan Boruah ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Morisika'' || Nipon Dholua ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Gaane Ki Aane]]'' || Rajesh Jashpal ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Tumi Aahibane]]''
|Prerana Barbarooah ||Played three roles.
|-
||''Sesh Angikar''|| Pranay Phukan ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[The Underworld (film)|The Underworld]]''|| Rajesh Jashpal ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Lankakanda]]''|| Rajani Barman || Last film before his death
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Dr. Bezbaruah 2]]''|| Nipon Goswami || Posthumous Film
|}

===Hindi===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Director
|-
| || ''Mouka'' ||
|-
|1968 || ''[[Do Bhai (1969 film)|Do Bhai]]'' || [[Brij Sadanah]]
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Jaggu]]'' || [[Samir Ganguly]]
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Do Anjaane]]'' || [[Dulal Guha]]
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Virodhi (1992 film)|Virodhi]]'' || [[Rajkumar Kohli]]
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Kaal Sandhya]]'' || Bhabendra Nath Saikia
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman]]'' || [[Kalpana Lajmi]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[18.11 - A Code of Secrecy]]'' || Mohibul Haque
|-
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Purab Ki Awaaz]]'' || Chandra Mudoi
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1029756}}
* [https://archive.today/20130104084723/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-21/guwahati/31082420_1_cinema-halls-assamese-films-film-distributors Promote regional cinema: Nipon Goswami to government]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110105150255/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/31/stories/2010123160710400.htm Cine star Nipon Goswami joins Congress]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Nipon}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Assamese-language actors]]
[[Category:Assamese actors]]
[[Category:People from Tezpur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Assamese cinema]]

Yagachi River

2025-12-13T00:57:56Z

Legalwiki68: basic add details for consistency and corrected details to improve readability

{{more citations needed|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Short description|River in southern India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Yagachi
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map_size =
| map =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = States
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Southern India]]
| subdivision_type4 = Origin
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chikkamagaluru district]], [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| length = {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kspcb.karnataka.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/Yagachi.pdf|access-date=14 August 2024|title=River info from KSPCB|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817232109/https://kspcb.karnataka.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/Yagachi.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max = {{convert|90|m|ft}}
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max = {{convert|25000|cuft/s|m³/s}}
| discharge2_location =
| discharge2_min =
| discharge2_avg =
| discharge2_max =

| source1 = [[Baba Budangiri|Chandradrona Mountain Range]], [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]
| source1_location = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|13.38688|N|75.71795|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|1897|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Hemavati River]]
| mouth_location = [[Gorur]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|12|53|41|N|76|00|01|E|display=inline}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|910|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|1002|km2|abbr=on}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://cwejournal.org/pdf/Vol18No3/CWE_Vol18_No3_p_1154-1167.pdf|access-date=14 August 2024|title=Drainage Morphometric Analysis of the Yagachi Watershed Area}}</ref>
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right = Votehole
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Yagachi''' is a river in [[Karnataka]], India. It is a major tributary of Hemavati river.<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA882299F23774E0440003BA962ED3|Yagachi River (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> It rises in the [[Baba Budangiri|Baba Budan Hill Range]] near the city of [[Chikmagalur|Chikkamagaluru]], flows through [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur taluk]], [[Hassan District]]. It joins the [[Hemavati River]], near Gorur. It has a small tributary called Votehole or Watehole. Votehole dam is built on the stream (1.51 [[Tmcft]]) near Rajanahalli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/district/hasana/karnataka-rains-monsoon-season-vatehole-reservoir-not-yet-filled-2416657|access-date= 30 July 2023|title= Less rain in Votehole Catchment}}</ref> The length of Left bank and Right bank canal of Votehole is 10 km & 40 km respectively.

[[File: Yagachi Dam.jpg|thumb|left|Yagachi Dam at Belur]]
The Yagachi dam was constructed in the year 2001. The reservoir is situated at an elevation of 965 meters above [[Mean sea level|MSL]]. The length of the Yagachi dam is 1280 meters. The maximum height above the foundation of the reservoir is 26.237 meters.

==Storage capacity==
Yagachi dam has a Gross Storage Capacity of 3.17 [[Tmcft]]. On 10 August 2019, the dam recorded a highest outflow of about 25,000 cusecs, due to torrential rains in Chikkamagaluru Taluk. Its catchment area extends from south of [[Mullayyanagiri]] (Bababudan Range) to [[Gorur Dam]].

In 2025, the dam achieved its FRL early, in the last week of May, due to early onset of South-west Monsoon, making it the first dam to get filled in Karnataka, that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vijaykarnataka.com/news/hasana/yagachi-reservoir-in-hassan-filled-heavy-pre-monsoon-rains-disrupt-traffic-on-shiradi-ghat-highway/articleshow/121389102.cms|access-date= 26 May 2025|title=Monsoon bring early joy to people of Hassan & Chikkamagaluru}}</ref>

==Beneficiaries==
Yagachi, along with Votehole serves as the source of irrigation and drinking water for the cities of Belur, Chikkamagaluru, [[Arsikere]] and [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]].

==Notes==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

{{Coord|12|53|01|N|075|59|59|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Geography of Hassan district]]

Kokborok literature

2025-12-06T21:47:48Z

Legalwiki68: fixes

{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Dolai_Twima_Naro_by_Dr._Bijoy_Debbarma.jpg|thumb|''Dolai Twima Naro'' (''Beside the Bank of River Dolai'') is a 2008 Kokborok novel by Dr. Bijoy Debbarma]]
[[Kokborok]] (Tiprakok/Tripuri) is the native language of [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] people in present [[Tripura]] state in Northeast of India. During the 20th century many of Royal family and its officials contributes to develop the Kokborok language in many ways.

== Historical record ==

A significant hint for the antiquity of the Kokborok language can be found in the following lines in the "[[Rajmala]]", the chronicle written now in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] of the [[Kings of Tripura]], which mentions that "Rajmala" was first written in Kokborok (Tiprakok):
:Purbe Rajmala chhilo Tripur bhashate,
:Payar Gathilo sob sokole bhujhite,
:Su-bhashate Dharmaraje Rajmala Koilo,
:Rajmala boliya lockete hoilo."
::- ''Rajmala - 2nd part, Dharma Manikya Chapter, page 6''.

The meaning of the quotation is - the Rajmala had been in Tripur language earlier. As ordered by the king [[Dharma Manikya I|Dharma Manikya]], the chronicle was translated or written afresh in elegant language, i.e., in Bengali in the 14th century AD.

== Written period ==

Since the Rajmala was written there has been little written material in Kokborok and only since the end of the 19th century there has been some effort of writing the language in the written form. And from the second half of the 20th century only there has been a vigorous development process and activities for creating literature in Kokborok. The Tripura state Government had recognised Kokborok as a state language in 1979 only and since then important Govt. notifications are being published in Kokborok along with Bengali.

The development of Kokborok literature of the last century can be divided into the following periods:

== Period-I ==

''First effort for giving the language in printed book form and creation of literature of language''

[[Radhamohan Thakur]] wrote the grammar of Kokborok named "[[Kok-Borokma]]", published in 1900 AD, and two other books, "[[Traipur Kothamala]]" and "[[Traipur Bhasabidhan]]". [[Traipur Kothamala]] was the Kokborok-Bengali-[[English language|English]] translation book published in 1906 AD. The "Traipur Bhasabidhan" was published in 1907.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

[[Daulot Ahmed]] was a contemporary of [[Radhamohan Thakur]] and was a pioneer of writing Kokborok Grammar jointly with Mohammad Omar. The ''Amar jantra, Comilla'' published his Kokborok grammar book "Kokbokma" in 1897 AD, which was given a commendatory review by ''The Education Gazette'', a renowned newspaper of that time.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Period-II ==

''Tripura Janasiksha Samiti and the Kwtal Kothoma''

After the works of [[Radhamohan Thakur]] and [[Daulot Ahmed]], [[Khushikrshna]], a disciple of [[Ratnamani]], a well-known personality to the people of Tripura, contributed to a compilation of 33 spiritual songs in Kokborok under the title "[[Tripura Kha-Khachangma Khumber Boi]]", published in 1942 AD.

On 27 December 1945 AD the "[[Tripura Janasiksha Samiti]]" came into being and it established many schools in different areas of Tripura. The first Kokborok magazine "[[Kwtal Kothoma]]" was first edited and published in 1954 by [[Sudhanwa Debbarma]], who was a founder of the Samiti. Folk songs, folk tales and articles were published in this magazine. Some mention-worthy writers and their topics published serially in the magazine were:

a) "[[Chethuang]]", a novel by [[Sudhanwa Debbarma]].

b) "[[Phunukmung]]", collection of riddles in Kokborok.

c) "[[Gandhiji Koklam]]", a talk on [[Mahatma Gandhi]] by [[Dasrath Deb Barma]].

During this period there were some other persons and activists who played a vital role for development of the Kokborok language and literature. [[Bangshi Thakur]] ([[Amarendra Deb Barma]]) became popular in [[Agartala]] town and rural areas for his composition of [[Holi]] (color festival) songs in Kokborok. He wrote many Kokborok poems; in 1948 AD, his "[[Koktang Kului]]", a brief Kokborok grammar and translation book, was published. [[Sudhir Krishna Deb Barma]] was a renowned writer, vocalist and linguist. He wrote two books "[[Koktang]]" and "[[Surungma Yakhili]]", published in 1954 and 1962 AD respectively. [[Ajit Bandhu Deb Barma]] was a renowned man of literature and a journalist and is remembered for his innumerable writings and articles in newspapers. His book "[[Kok-Surungma]]" (Bagsa and Bagnui) was published in 1963 AD and "[[Kokrobam]]", a Kokborok dictionary, was published in 1967 AD. [[Mahendra Deb Barma]] published his textbook for children "[[Cherai Surungma]]" in 1958 AD. [[Alindralal Tripura]] was the founder of the "Kokborok Sahitya Sabha", he wrote a lot of books and plays, among those "[[Lamani Homchang]]", performed in 1972. [[Sonacharan Debbarma]] composed songs in the 1950s and published them under the title "[[Firogoi Faidi]]". Books such as "[[Bharatni Panchali]]", "[[Ramayan Kocharjak]]" and "[[Yapri Kwtal]]" were also published by the State Education Department.

== Period-III ==

''Movement for development of Kokborok language and creation of Kokborok literature in later parts of 1960s and 1970s''

This part of the century witnessed a nationalistic movement led by the [[Twipra Students Federation]], two organisations came into being in this period which extended mentionable help in the progress of development of Kokborok literature and culture, "[[Tripura Kokborok Unnayan Parishad]]" was established under [[Bir Chandra Deb Barma]] in 1967 AD. This organisation brought published a book "[[Tripura Kokborok Bhashar Likhito Rupe Uttaran]]" in 1972 AD. The other organisation was "[[Tripura Kokborok Sahitya Sabha]] founded by [[Sailendralal Tripura]] and [[Alindralal Tripura]] with this organisation published a book on [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] philosophy "[[Tripura Somhita]] in 1967 AD and "[[Srungsama]]" in 1973 AD, the latter was published by the [[Tripura Baptist Literature Society]].

"[[Khani Ruchapmung]]" a collection of seventeen Kokborok songs by [[Budurai]], "[[Kok-Borok Swrung]]" written in Roman script by [[Dasaratha Deb Barma]] in 1977 and "[[Bubar]]" by [[Monoranjan Deb Barma]] in 1978 were some of the notable publication of the 1970s.

=== Smai Kwtal{{Redundant symbol}} ===



But the biggest and greatest Kokborok literary work of this century was the "[[Smai Kwtal]]", the New Testament of the [[Bible]] in Kokborok language, published in 1976 AD by the [[Bible Society of India]]. The "Smai Kwtal" benchmarked all other works in the coming years and was the first popular literature to have seen the day-to-day use among the Tripuri community. It has gone through many reprints and revisions and is still always in demand due to which there is always a shortage in prints of the book.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

== Period-IV ==

''1980s focus of movement for Kokborok literature''

In consequence of the education thrust by the "[[Tripura Janasiksha Samiti]]" and the literary organisations many educated Tripuri's became aware of their social obligation, and there has been a speedy flow in Kokborok literary movement and Kokborok was on way to be recognised as having a developed language and literature. The publication of Kokborok literature of different branches in this decade were:

=== Novels ===

"[[Hachuk Khurio]]" (In the lap of Hills) by [[Sudhanwa Debbarma]] is the first modern Kokborok novel. It was published by the Kokborok Sahitya Sabha and Snskriti Samsad in 1987 AD. Also "[[Tongthai Naitungnani(2007)]]" ("In search of above") by [[Shyamlal Deb Barma]] was published serially in ''Lama'', a literary magazine.

=== Short stories ===

[[Dundurkma]], a compilation of 12 short stories by [[Shyamlal Deb Barma]], was published in 1984 and also [[Adong]] in 1987 edited by him. [[Nakhwrai]], a compilation of four stories by [[Binoy Deb Barma]] in 1989. [[Elemni Bibi]], a compilation of eight stories by [[Haripada Deb Barma]] in 1989.

=== Poetry ===

[[Kok-Borok Koklob Bwchab]] (A collection of poems) in 1983 edited by [[Naresh Chandra Dev Varma]] and [[Shyamlal Deb Barma]]; [[simalwng sakao holongni Khum]] (Flower of stone on a crematorium) in 1984 by [[Nanda Kumar Deb Barma]]; [[Kogtang-Koklob Bwtang]] (collection of poems and rhymes) in 1983 and [[Muktwi]] by [[Santimoy Chakraborty]]. [[Luku Sochama Rwchabmung]] (Songs of the masses) by [[Mahendra Deb Barma]] in 1984. [[Ha Kwchak]] (Red Soil) 1983 and [[Nwng Hamjakma Rwya]] 1988 and also [[Ang bai Kwkharang twini khorang]] in 1986 and [[Rwchapmung]] by [[Sudhanya Tripura]]. [[Haping Garingo Chibuksa Ringo]] 1987 and [[Kolomtwi Kisi Mwkhang]] 1986 also [[Bolong Kwkhrang]] 1987 by [[Chandra Kanta Murasing]]. [[Sonnet Koktangrog]] by [[Binoy Deb Barma]] 1988. [[Kungkila Nwng twmani aswk pung]] by [[Narendra Deb Barma]] 1988. [[Horni boro or Sangh tram panchali]] by [[Alindralal Tripura]]. [[Bolongni Bwsajwksong mwsao]] by [[Nanada Kumar Deb Barma]] 1988 and [[Kok-Borok Gono Sangit]] by [[Shyamlal Deb Barma]] 1988.

=== Other ===

[[Tripurani Kereng Kotoma]] 1980 by [[Santimoy Chakraborty]] and some of the translated books were [[Kok-Borok Geeta]] by [[Nanda Kumar Deb Barma]] 1988, [[Nok Arini Kothoma]] and [[Kok-Borok bai Rabindranath]] in 1986 by [[Shyamlal Deb Barma]] also [[Takhumsa Bodo 1989 l]] by [[Narendra Chandra Deb Barma]]. Also many literary magazines were popular in this decade such as ''Lama'' of the [[Tripura Upajati Ganamukti Parishad]], ''Chati'' of [[Kokborok Sahitya-O-Sanskriti Samsad]] and ''Dangdu 1985'' of Tripura Rajya Kokborok Sahitya Sabha.

== Period-V ==

''Last decade of the 20th century - Adolescence of Kokborok literature''

Kokborok literature of different branches published in this decade deserved appreciation and compliment for their literary quality and standard. The publications are:

=== Novel ===

[[Hachuk Khurio]] (In the lap of Hills), 2nd part, 1994 by [[Sudhanwa Debbarma]]. [[Khong (novel)|Khong]] in 1996 by [[Shyamlal Deb Barma]].

=== Short stories ===

Belonia, 1994 by [[Nagendra Jamatia]], [[Mokol Bwskango]] 1994 and [[Biyal (story)|Biyal]] 1997 and [[Chethuang Tolao]] 2000 by Snehamoy Roy Choudhury, [[Bolongni Khum]] 1996 and [[Busu (short story)|Busu]] 2000 by [[Sunil Deb Barma]], [[Swkal jwkma]] 1998 by [[Bijoy Deb Barma]], [[Naphurai Jamatia]] and [[Rabindra Kishore Deb Barma]]. [[Osthirog]] 2000 by [[Biswa Kumar Deb Barma]], [[Jalai Tokpuku]] 2000 by [[Haripada Deb Barma]] and [[Naithok]] 1998 by [[Naphurai Jamatia]] and [[Ashok Deb Barma]].[[kerang the great]] 2015 by [[nanda kumar Debbarma]]

=== Poetry ===

[[Ani Ganao Ang]] and [[Ani Rwchabmung]] 2000 by [[Nanda Kumar Deb Barma]], [[Himalayni Bedek Buprao]] 1991 and [[Love-ism]] 1995 by [[Chandramani Deb Barma]], [[Dormo Lam boy Kok-Borok Baul]] 1992 by [[khajual Jamatia]], [[Khumpui Barrwrwk]] 1995 by [[Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission]], [[Vakharai]] 1996 by [[Kumud Ranjan Deb Barma]], [[Nono Rikha Khumpui]] 1997 and [[Jaduni Khorang]] 200 by [[Sudhanya Tripura]], [[Bolong Muphunjak Yakbai]] 1998 by [[Bikashroy Deb barma]], [[Longtrainin Eklobyo]] 1998 by [[Bijoy Deb Barma]], [[Lok Chethuang Lok]] 1999 and [[Pindi Uatwi Pin]] 1999 by [[Chandrakanta Murasingh|Chandrakanta Murasing]], [[Sinijak Kwrwi Bumui]] 2000 by [[Kunja Bihari Deb Barma]] and [[Kokthiarog thwngo bonbonia]] 2000 by [[Shyamlal Deb Barma]].

=== Others ===

Some of the translation books were [[Komola Kantoni Doptar]] 1992 by [[Nagendra Chandra Deb Barma]], [[Mangni Uansokthani Geeta]] 1997 by [[Annaprasad Jamatia]] and [[Lobmung Bwchab]] (Psalms) by [[Tripura Baptist Christian Union]]. Other prominent books are [[Kwrak Kothoma]] 1995 by [[Krishnadhan Jamatia]], [[Anglo-Kokborok Dictionary]] 1996 by [[Binoy Deb Barma]], [[Phukmung]] 1994 by [[Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission]], [[Kokboroni Rangchak-richak]] 1994 by [[Binoy Deb Barma]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] 1995 by [[Sukanta Deb Barma]], [[Kokborokni Kokrok Kisa]] 1996 by Nitai Acharjee, [[Sachlang Jorani Imangni Kumpui]] 1997 by [[Bimal Deb Barma]], [[Kokborok Sikhum]] 1997 by [[Rabindra Kishore Deb Barma]] and [[Bemar Tai Bini Hamrimung]] 1999 by [[Nilmani Deb Barma]].

==21st century==
''A new dawn in Kokborok literature''

The new century started with glittering hope for the language with publications of Kokborok Dictionary and the History Chronicle of the Tripura Kingdom, Rajmala, in [[Kokborok]].
<ref>{{cite news |author1=Malsami Jacob |title=Revival of Tripura's ancient literature |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/revival-of-tripuras-ancient-literature-1502902441.html |work=The Statesman |agency=Newspaper |publisher=The Statesman |date=22 June 2020 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

===Dictionary===

The 21st century began for Kokborok literature with the monumental work, the [[Anglo-Kokborok-Bengali Dictionary]] compiled by [[Binoy Deb Barma]] and published in 2002 A.D. by the [[Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission]]. This is the 2nd edition of his previous ground breaking dictionary published in 1996 and is a trilingual dictionary.

A concise [[Kokborok-English-Bengali Dictionary]] also by [[Binoy Debbarma]] was published in 2001 by the Language Wing, Education Department of [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]], [[Khumulwng]].

===General===
[[Twiprani Laihbuma]] (The Rajmala - History of Tripura) translated by R.K Debbarma and published in 2002 AD by KOHM. [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkor]] 2001 by [[Chandra Bala Debbarma]] also by KOHM, [[Thangphlaihni Bithilwng]] (The Borok herbal medicine) 2002, Bubagratang (Rajmala) in 2009 by Atul Debbarma, Mao Tse Tung in 2014 by Shyamlal Debbarma, Bugrakotor Alekjanser in 2014 by Rabindra Kishore Debbarma.

Tales and Tunes of Tripura Hills: An anthology of Kokborok Folk Songs, Myths and Tales, Proverbs and Riddles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muṛāsiṃ |first=Candrakānta |title=Tales and tunes of Tripura hills |date=2007 |isbn=978-81-260-2586-2 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi |oclc=646512233}}</ref> The translated works by Poet Chandra Kanta Murasingh is the first book in Kokborok published by the [[Sahitya Akademi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kokborok treasure dug out from Tripura hills - Sahitya Akademi brings out a book of proverbs and myths compiled by poet Chandra Kanta Murasingh |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/kokborok-treasure-dug-out-from-tripura-hills-sahitya-akademi-brings-out-a-book-of-proverbs-and-myths-complied-by-poet-chandra-kanta-murasingh/cid/602713 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

===Novels===
Rung (2001) by Nanda Kumar Debbarma, Mwnakni Pohor (2002) by Kunjabehari Debbarma, Langmani Rukungo (2003) by Sunil Debbarma, 1980 (2006) by Atul Debbarma, Tongthai Naitugwi (2007) by Shyamlal Debbarma,
[[Dolai Twima Naro]] 2008 by [[Bijoy Debbarma]], KOHM and Lokhopoti (2010) by Sefali Debbarma.n

===Short stories===
Jalai Tokpupu (2000) by Haripad Debbarma, Basulam (2001) and Mo salni pohoro(2003)by Kunjabihari Debbarma, [[Imangni Yakhili]] 2001 by [[Narendra Debbarma]], [[Yamroksa]] 2002 by [[Binoy Deb Barma]], [[Holong Beserni Khum]] 2002 by [[Rebati Debbarma]], Hachukni Muktwi (2002)by Rabindra Kishore Debbarma, [[Toksa Tiyari]] 2004, Toksa Hakaya (2006) by Atul Debbarma, [[Phola Kaithamni Kothoma]] 2007, Kothomani Hayung (2010) by Gopal Debbarma, [[Nokhaisa Kerang Kothoma]] 2011 by [[Bijoy Debbarma]], Busu (2000) by Sunil Debbarma, Khumpui Barrwrwk Twiyung Torrwrwk (2014) and Hatal Khamchuru Bahai (2014) by [[Sefali Debbarma]].

===Poetry===
[[Sana Muchungbo Sajakya Kokrok]] 2002 by [[Sona Charan Debbarma]], [[Kokthai Kwchambai Rwchapmung Kokblob]] 2006 by [[Mrinal Kanti Debbarma]], [[Nono Rwkha Khumbubar Barsa]] 2006 by [[Dr. Sudhanya Debbarma]], [[Rwchapmung Borok Jaduni]] 2006 by [[Kwlwi Debbarma]], [[Nwng Rwchablangmani Kokthairok]] 2006 compiled by [[Bimal Debbarma]], [[Mun Dodoro Mun]] 2010 by [[Narendra Debbarma]], [[Dumburni Muktwi]] 2011 and [[Nini Rang Thaisa Buini Rang Khokba]] 2012 by [[Prasenjit Debbarma]], [[Chokhreng]] 2012 by [[Binoy Debbarma]].

===Christian===
The world's best selling book of the 21st century, the [[Purpose Driven Life]] by [[Rick Warren]] was published in the language in 2008. It was translated by L.N Siama and published by the North East India Harvest Network, Shillong.

====Baibel Kwthar====
The full [[Holy Bible]] in Kokborok language was finally published for the first time in the year 2013 by the [[Bible Society of India]] after the earlier publication of the [[New Testament]] in Kokborok called the [[Smai Kwtal]] in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tranzsend.org.nz/index.php/world-reach/773-2013-07-31-21-09-11 |title=Baibel Kwthar - Release of the Bible in Kokborok |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104092156/http://www.tranzsend.org.nz/index.php/world-reach/773-2013-07-31-21-09-11 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The translation team of the Bible from the [[Tripura Baptist Christian Union]] (TBCU) were:
# Rev. Jong Bahadur Debbarma, CBA (who was also part of the previous Smai Kwtal translation team)
# Rev. Anil Debbarma, CBA
# Rev. Nilmani Debbarma, SNBA
# Mr. Mark Debbarma, CBA
[[Baibel Kwthar]] is currently the largest work and biggest book published in the language with more than 1,300 pages and is now the benchmark for publications in the language.

===Translated works===
The Language Wing of the Tripura Tribal Autonomous Districts Council (TTAADC), Khumulwng has been instrumental in bringing out major translated works of books in other languages in Kokborok. Some of the major translations are Veniceni Baniyasa (2007) by Jasuda Reang of [[Merchant of Venice]] by [[William Shakespeare]], Gura (2007) by Laxmidhan Murasing of Gora by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Srikanta Part - I of [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] (2009) by Shyamlal Debbarma, [[Robinson Crusoe]] in Kokborok (2009) by Purna Chandra Debbarma, Boltayerni Kandid (A translation of [[Candide]] of [[Voltaire]] in Kokborok) (2014) by Santosh Debbarma, Somerset Momni Kothomarok (2014) by Suprava Debbarma, etc.

===Compilations===
The new century saw publishing of many compilations of works of Kokborok authors of various genres of poetry, drama, short stories, essays and folk tales in single volumes such as:- An Anthology of Kokborok Poems (2009) by Binoy Debbarma, Rangbwtang (2011) by Dipankar Chakraborty, Surang (2014) and Suri (2015) by Suranjan Kundu Choudhury, Thungnuk Bwchap (2015) by Nanda Kumar Debbarma.

== Post-Modern Period-VI ==
[[File:Narendra_Debbarma_2024.jpg|center|thumb|Narendra Debbarma, Kokborok writer and historian in 2024]]
*Tipra Bisi Tei Lekhamung Raida (2020) by Mg. Narendra Debbarma<ref>{{Cite book |last=Debbarma |first=Mg. Narendra |title=TIPRA BISI Tei Lekhamung Raida |publisher=Aitorma Publications |date=March 2020 |edition=1st |location=[[Guwahati]] |language=Kokborok}}</ref>
*Tutankhamun ni Pyramid (2022) by [[Bikashrai Debbarma|Bg. Bikashrai Debbarma]]
*Chirik Morok (2022):<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chirik Morok |publisher=Nihārikā |first1=Bikash Roy |last1=Debbarma |first2=Nandakumar |last2=Debbarma |year=2022 |isbn=978-93-86781-09-3 |location=[[Agartala]] |oclc=1333438677}}</ref> The Kokborok Poetry Anthology by Bg. Bikash Roy Debbarma and [[Nanda Kumar Deb Barma|Bg Nanda Kumar Deb Barma]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deb Barma |first=B Motom |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chirik Morok recently published Poetry Anthology is the new benchmark for Tripura Literature |url=https://www.homchang.info/post/chirik-morok-recently-published-poetry-anthology-is-the-new-benchmark-for-tripura-literature |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Homchang Northeast |language=en}}</ref>
*Yokmarini Kokthai (2024): A historical events of missionary entrance and its activities in Tripura compiled by Life Dn. Abhijit Debbarma<ref>{{Cite book |last=Debbarma |first=Abhijit |title=Yokmarini Kokthai |date=May 2024 |publisher=Purbayon Publication |isbn=9789358602494 |edition=1st |location=Guwahati |publication-date=May 2024 |language=trp}}</ref>

== Contemporary ==
The present trend of development of the Kokborok literary works show that the Kokborok literature is moving forward slowly but steadily with its vivacity and distinctive originality to touch the rich literature of the rich languages.

== Young Kokborok writers ==
Young Kokborok writers one-of-a-kind groups were young generation youth writers, poets came together and form this group/team. Their intensity is writing poem, novel, short story, lyrics etc. Taking inspiration from practical issues from Tripura as well as Tripuri people and the other hand also write about people needs.

<ref>{{cite web |last1=Literature |first1=VII |title=Tripuri Literature |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Tripuri/Tripuri_lite.html |website=lisindia.cii.org |publisher=CIIL-Mysore |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>

[[List of Tripuri Indian Writers]]

== See also ==
* [[Tripuri people]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* ''Kokborok Literature - A century's development'', by N.C. Deb Barma, "Tui" Magazine, Tribal research Institute, Agartala.
* ''Tripura-e Kokborok Chorcha'', by Ramprasad Dutta.
* ''Cinema as Art and Popular Culture in Tripura: An Introduction,'' Aloy Deb Barma, Prajapita Debroy, TRI, Agartala.

== External links ==
*[http://kokborok.org/ www.kokborok.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516042324/http://kokborok.org/ |date=16 May 2019 }} Kokborok Literature website

{{Tripura}}

[[Category:Tripuri culture]]
[[Category:Kokborok]]
[[Category:Indian literature by language]]
[[Category:Literature by language]]

Tennis at the 1982 Asian Games

2025-11-19T13:08:32Z

Legalwiki68: improve structure also and fixed typos per standard format

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox sports competition event
| event = Tennis
| games = 1982 Asian Games
| image = Tennis pictogram.svg
| venue = [[R. K. Khanna Tennis Complex]]
| image_size = 100px
| dates = 22 November – 4 December 1982
| competitors =
| nations =
| prev = [[Tennis at the 1978 Asian Games|1978]]
| next = [[Tennis at the 1986 Asian Games|1986]]
}}
[[File:RK Khanna Tennis Complex New Delhi - Centre Court.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Centre court of R K Khanna Tennis Complex, as it appears today]]
[[Tennis]] competitions at the [[1982 Asian Games]] in [[Delhi]] were held from 22 November to 4 December 1982 at the [[R. K. Khanna Tennis Complex]] in New Delhi, India.<ref name="ocasia">{{cite web | url=http://www.ocasia.org/Sports/SportsT.aspx?GSCode=59 | title=Sports - Tennis | accessdate=2 April 2011 | publisher=[[Olympic Council of Asia]]}}</ref><ref name="cwgdelhi2010">{{cite web | url=http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/rk_khanna_tennis_complex | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927033242/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/rk_khanna_tennis_complex | url-status=usurped | archive-date=27 September 2010 | title=Competition Venues » R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex | accessdate=2 April 2011 | publisher=[[2010 Commonwealth Games]]'s official website}}</ref>

South Korea dominated the competition winning four gold medals.

==Medalists==
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}
|-
|Men's singles
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Yustedjo Tarik]]|INA|1982 Asian Games}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Kim Choon-ho]]|KOR|1982 Asian Games}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Liu Shuhua]]|CHN|1982 Asian Games}}
|-
|Men's doubles
|{{flagIOC2|KOR|1982 Asian Games}} [[Kim Choon-ho]] [[Lee Woo-ryong]]
|{{flagIOC2|KOR|1982 Asian Games}} [[Song Dong-wook]] [[Jeon Yeong-dae]]
|{{flagIOC2|CHN|1982 Asian Games}} [[Liu Shuhua]] [[Ma Keqin]]
|-
|Men's team
|{{flagIOC2|INA|1982 Asian Games}} [[Hadiman]] [[Yustedjo Tarik]] [[Donald Wailan-Walalangi]] [[Tintus Arianto Wibowo]]
|{{flagIOC2|IND|1982 Asian Games}} [[Nandan Bal]] [[Enrico Piperno]] [[Jayant Rikhye]] [[Srinivasan Vasudevan]]
|valign=top|{{flagIOC2|CHN|1982 Asian Games}} [[Liu Shuhua]] [[Ma Keqin]] [[You Wei]]
|-
|Women's singles
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Etsuko Inoue]]|JPN|1982 Asian Games}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Kim Soo-ok]]|KOR|1982 Asian Games}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Yu Liqiao]]|CHN|1982 Asian Games}}
|-
|Women's doubles
|{{flagIOC2|KOR|1982 Asian Games}} [[Shin Soon-ho]] [[Kim Nam-sook]]
|{{flagIOC2|JPN|1982 Asian Games}} [[Junko Kimura]] [[Kazuko Ito (tennis)|Kazuko Ito]]
|{{flagIOC2|JPN|1982 Asian Games}} [[Masako Yanagi]] [[Etsuko Inoue]]
|-
|Women's team
|{{flagIOC2|KOR|1982 Asian Games}} [[Kim Nam-sook]] [[Kim Soo-ok]] [[Seol Min-kyung]] [[Shin Soon-ho]]
|{{flagIOC2|CHN|1982 Asian Games}} [[Duan Lilan]] [[Wang Ping (tennis)|Wang Ping]] [[Yu Liqiao]] [[Zhu Xiaoyun]]
|{{flagIOC2|JPN|1982 Asian Games}} [[Etsuko Inoue]] [[Kazuko Ito (tennis)|Kazuko Ito]] [[Junko Kimura]] [[Masako Yanagi]]
|-
|Mixed doubles
|{{flagIOC2|KOR|1982 Asian Games}} [[Kim Choon-ho]] [[Shin Soon-ho]]
|{{flagIOC2|JPN|1982 Asian Games}} [[Ichiro Nakanishi]] [[Etsuko Inoue]]
|{{flagIOC2|JPN|1982 Asian Games}} [[Yoshitomo Onishi]] [[Masako Yanagi]]
|}

==Medal table==
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host =
| flag_template = flagIOC2team
| event = 1982 Asian Games
| team =
| gold_KOR = 4 | silver_KOR = 3 | bronze_KOR = 0
| gold_INA = 2 | silver_INA = 0 | bronze_INA = 0
| gold_JPN = 1 | silver_JPN = 2 | bronze_JPN = 3
| gold_CHN = 0 | silver_CHN = 1 | bronze_CHN = 4
| gold_IND = 0 | silver_IND = 1 | bronze_IND = 0
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://ocasia.org/ Olympic Council of Asia]

{{Events at the 1982 Asian Games}}
{{Tennis at the Asian Games}}

[[Category:Tennis at the 1982 Asian Games| ]]
[[Category:Events at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Tennis at the Asian Games|1982]]
[[Category:1982 in tennis|Asian Games]]
[[Category:Tennis tournaments in India|1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:1982 in Indian tennis|Asian]]

Taherpur

2025-10-10T19:28:20Z

Legalwiki68: refine intro for clarity

{{hatnote|For the city in Bangladesh, see [[Tahirpur Upazila]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Taherpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Taherpur rail station.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Taherpur railway station]]
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2665|N|88.5358|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Notified area|Notified Area]]
| governing_body = Taherpur Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Taherpur Info">{{cite web|title=Taherpur Info|url=http://taherpurulb.org/about-us}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.01
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 20,894
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_metro = 38,039
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Taherpur Info"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]
| website = {{URL|http://nadia.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
| leader_party = CPI(M)
| leader_name = Uttamananda Das
| leader_title = Chairman
}}

'''Taherpur''' is a town and a notified area in [[Ranaghat subdivision]] of [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm | title = District Wise List of Statutory Towns | accessdate = 2007-10-06 | last = | first = | work = Census of India 2001, Urban Frame | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041827/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm  |archivedate = 2007-09-27}}</ref>

==History==
===Zamindars of Tahirpur===
Taherpur has been named after a certain Pathan fief-holder Tahir Khan. Kamdev Bhatta, a [[Brahmin]] of shandilya gotra defeated the Pathan fief-holder Tahir Khan and laid the foundation of the Taherpur zamindari during the independent Sultanate period (1338-1538) of Bengal.
Kamdev descendant Raja Kangshanarayan of Taherpur organized the first grand autumn Durga Puja in Bengal.

===Kamdev Bhatta===

This Raj family from Bhatta Narayan to the immediate predecessor
of Kamdev Bhatta used to cultivate religious philosophy and literature over the ages. But Kamdev Bhatta was a man of different nature. In spite of studying religious
philosophy, he became skilled in shooting arrow, using sword and wrestling.
Later he united anumber of youths and made them expert in physical exercise and weapon training. Kamdev Bhatta had the credit of organising a group of youths and in course of time these youths became a fighting force in the region.
At that time, a man named Tahir Khan ruled that region. After his name the
Pargana was named as Tahirpur. Utilizing the weakness of Tahir Khan, Kamdev Bhatta attacked him with his organized force and after defeating him occupied the whole of Tahirpur region. He got the approval of the then reigning emperor of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book|title=Buildings of the British Raj in Bangladesh|last=Ahmad|first=Nazimuddin|year=1986|publisher=University press|isbn=9789840510917}}</ref>

===Taherpur Rajbari===
{{empty section|date=October 2025}}

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|32|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities and towns in Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|13|53|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Nrisinghapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Nrisinghapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|25|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2=Ghoralia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ghoralia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|15|N|88|28|52|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Harinadibhastsala | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Harinadibhastsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|28|7|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Beharia | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Beharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|12|5|N|88|30|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Phulia | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Phulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|20|40|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Bagula | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bagula]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|18|45|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Badkulla | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badkulla]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|50|N|88|30|55|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Patuli | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|17|20|N|88|31|47|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gangni | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Gangni]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kamgachhi | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kamgachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|12|55|N|88|33|40|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Raghabpur | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Raghabpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|12|0|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Panpara | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Panpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|33|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Aistala | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Aistala]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|55|N|88|33|2|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Satigachha | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Satigachha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|8|15|N|88|33|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Anulia | numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Anulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|55|N|88|32|44|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Gopalpur | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Gopalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|6|10|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Parbbatipur | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Parbbatipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|35|18|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Halalpur Krishnapur | numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Hijuli | numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Hijuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|9|40|N|88|34|44|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Ranaghat (CT) | numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|8|5|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Nasra | numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Nasra, Ranaghat]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|7|51|N|88|38|28|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Gangnapur | numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gangnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|5|50|N|88|31|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Belgharia | numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Belgharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|30|N|88|31|40|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ranaghat |label-size24=13 | numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[Ranaghat]] (M)|label-color24=#800000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|16|4|N|88|26|13|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Shantipur |label-size25=13 | numbered25=M| mark-title25= [[Shantipur]] (M)|label-color25=#800000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|15|25|N|88|33|29|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Birnagar |label-size26=13 | numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Birnagar]] (M)|label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|8|50|N|88|35|21|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Cooper's Camp |label-size27=11 | numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Cooper's Camp]] (M)|label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|16|25|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Taherpur | numbered28=M| mark-title28= Taherpur (M)|shape-color28=black| label-size28=13|label-color28=black 
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|13|34|N|88|40|30|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Panikhali| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Panikhali]] (R)| shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|14|34|N|88|36|17|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Aranghata| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Aranghata]] (R)| shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|14|44|N|88|42|21|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Duttapulia| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Duttapulia]] (R)| shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|22|3|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Hanskhali| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Hanskhali]] (R)| shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|9|45|N|88|30|38|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Habibpur| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Habibpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|11|58|N|88|37|50|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Dhantala| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Dhantala]] (R)| shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|10|27|N|88|35|48|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Nokari| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Nokari]] (R)| shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|6|50|N|88|31|25|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Payradanga| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Payradanga]] (R)| shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|18|0|N|88|21|0|E}}|label37= Bhagirathi| labela37=River|label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-75| label-pos37=top| label-size37=11| mark-size37=0| mark-title37=none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|19|40|N|88|35|0|E}}|label38= Churni |labela38 = River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-65| label-pos38=top| label-size38=11| mark-size38=0| mark-title38=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|22|30|N|88|46|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=3.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Taherpur is located at {{coord|23.2665|N|88.5358|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref> The Ranaghat subdivision has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] on the west, with [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] districts lying across the river. Topographically, Ranaghat subdivision is spread across the Krishnanagar-Santipur Plain, which occupies the central part of the district, and the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, the low-lying area found in the south-eastern part of the district. The [[Churni River|Churni]] separates the two plains. A portion of the east forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]]. The lower portion of the east is covered by a portion of the [[North 24 Parganas district]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | accessdate = 16 October 2020}}</ref> The subdivision has achieved reasonably high urbanisation. 41.68% of the population lives in urban areas and 58.32% lives in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 16 October 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
Taherpur is well connected with district headquarters and [[Kolkata]] by road. [[Taherpur railway station]] is situated on the [[Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line|Ranaghat–Krishnanagar line]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=roy |first=Joydeep |title=Taherpur Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/taherpur-thp/3245 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Rananghat and Taherpur police stations have jurisdiction over [[Ranaghat]], [[Birnagar]], Taherpur and [[Ranaghat I]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 7 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://nadiapolice.gov.in/ |title = Nadia District Police |work = Police Unit | publisher= West Bengal Police| accessdate = 17 May 2017}}</ref> The total area covered by the Taherpur police station is 154.74 km2 and the population covered is 173,926 (2001 census).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadiapolice.gov.in/PSDETAILS.html | title = Taherpur Police Station Details | publisher = Nadia Police | accessdate = 17 May 2017 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160329131028/http://nadiapolice.gov.in/PSDETAILS.html | archivedate = 29 March 2016 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Taherpur (Notified Area + Out Growth) had a total population of 38,039, of which 19,410 (51%) were males and 18,629 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 3,200. The total number of literate persons in Taherpur was 30,166 (86.59% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 18 May 2017 }}</ref>

The following municipality, notified area, outgrowths and census towns were part of Shantipur Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census: [[Shantipur]] (M), Taherpur (NA), Taherpur (OG), Barasat (OG), Bhaduri (OG), Mahisdanga (OG), [[Phulia]] (CT), [[Patuli, Nadia|Patuli]] (CT), [[Badkulla]] (CT), [[Ghoralia]] (CT), [[Beharia, Nadia|Beharia]] and [[Gangni]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | accessdate = 18 October 2020}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Taherpur had a population of 20,060. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Taherpur has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 76%. In Taherpur, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]

Mukesh Kumar Pal

2025-09-29T23:30:20Z

Legalwiki68: new first biography w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption = Mukesh Kumar Pal
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Mahesh Sahoo]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
}}
'''Mukesh Kumar Pal''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Pallahara Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pallahara Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Pallahara Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/pallahara-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Pallahara Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pallahara-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916901.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pal, Mukesh Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Chingsubam Akaba

2025-09-25T23:48:57Z

Legalwiki68: adding the data w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian Sanamahist cultural revivalist (b. 1944 - d. 2007)}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Chingsubam Akaba
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Chingsubam Akaba
| birth_date = 9 November 1944 <ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.kumhei.com/kumhei/kumhei/181-pandam|title=Pandam|website=Kumhei}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Soibam Leikai]], [[Imphal]], India
| death_date = 1 January 2007
| death_place = Soibam Leikai
| spouse = [[Chingsubam Wangambi]]
| founder = [[Meetei National Front]]<ref name="e-pao.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Opinion_on_Manipur_Integrity_Issue.Twin_statues_of_Akaba_and_Suisha_towards_A_tie_of_love_peace_and_fraternity_By_Nando_Luwang|title=Twin statues of Akaba and Suisha towards A tie of love peace and fraternity By Nando Luwang|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
| religion = [[Sanamahism]]
| sect = [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi laining]]
| known_for = '''[[Luchingpurel Oja Akaba]]''' <ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''Chingsubam Akaba''' (9 November 1944 – 1 January 2007) was an Indian [[Sanamahism|Sanamahist revivalist]].<ref name="e-pao.net"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur :: Meitei Mayek News :: 10th nov22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |script-title=mn:ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯐꯨꯔꯨꯞꯄꯨ ꯌꯣꯛꯈꯠꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯗ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯖꯥ ꯑꯀꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯷꯸ ꯁꯨꯕ ꯃꯄꯣꯛ ꯀꯨꯝꯑꯣꯟ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ |url=http://e-pao.net/GPM.asp?src=4..101122.nov22 |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=e-pao.net |language=mni }}</ref>

==Social activities ==
Akaba was the founding president of MEELAL. He established MEELAL on 18 August 2003 in order to aid the [[Meetei Mayek]] movement. MEELAL observes 18 May every year as the Mayek Chatpa Numit to mark the publication of a white paper on the issue of scripts by the State Government on 18 May 2005, which led to introduction of Meetei Mayek in the school syllabus from class I to X in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manipurngo.blogspot.com/2009/05/mayek-chatpa-numit.html|title=Manipur NGO's: Mayek Chatpa Numit|last=Sinlung|publisher=}}</ref>

==Politics==
He founded Meetei National Front in 1979 on the 23rd Day of Wakching (December).<ref name="e-pao.net"/> Oja Akaba joined the [[Manipur People's Party]] (MPP) for the 2007 general election in the state of [[Manipur]].<ref name="timesofindia.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manipur-revolutionary-killed/articleshow/1014959.cms|title=Manipur 'revolutionary' killed - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 January 2007 |publisher=}}</ref>

==Death==
Oja Akaba was shot at point blank range near the gate of his house at the midnight of 31 December 2006.The incident happened when he went out to see off his driver after attending a musical concert at Palace Compound on 31 December night 2006. He was dropped at his residence at Soibam Leikai by his driver at 12:10 am. The driver saw two unidentified people shoot him twice.<ref name="timesofindia.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=19..311217.dec17|title=Chingsubam Akaba fondly remembered on 10th death anniversary|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://www.ifp.co.in/page/items/29161/unity-of-hill-and-valley-stressed-upon-during-71st-birth-anniversary-of-chingsubam-akaba/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akaba, Chingsubam}}
[[Category:Sanamahist leaders]]
[[Category:Sanamahists]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:People from Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Scholars from Manipur]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]

Statue of Equality (Ambedkar)

2025-09-02T17:06:55Z

Legalwiki68: new basic biography w/ infobox.

{{short description|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial, Mumbai}}
{{Italic title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox monument
| name = ''Statue of Equality''
| native_name = Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial
|image = Narendra Modi unveiling a plaque to mark the laying of Foundation Stone of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial, at Indu Mills Compound, Mumbai. The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Devendra Fadnavis.jpg
|caption = PM [[Narendra Modi]] unveiling a plaque to mark the laying of Foundation Stone of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial (Statue of Equality), at Indu Mills Compound, Mumbai on 11 October 2015.
|location = Indu Mills Compound, [[Prabhadevi]], [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|designer = [[Shashi Prabhu]] [[Ram V. Sutar]]
|material =
|length =
|width =
|height = {{convert|137.3|m|ft}}
|begin = (contract for the construction of the statue was awarded on 10 March 2018<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-budget-rs-450-crore-for-statues-in-city-as-govt-struggles-to-cut-costs/articleshow/63240065.cms|title=Maharashtra budget: Rs 800 crore for statues in Mumbai as govt struggles to cut costs|date=10 March 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref>)
|complete = May 2026<ref>{{Cite web | title=Ambedkar memorial project at Mumbai's Indu Mill to be ready by May 2026 {{!}} Mumbai News - The Indian Express | date=6 December 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ambedkar-memorial-project-mumbai-indu-mill-ready-by-may-2026-9055367/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206033417/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ambedkar-memorial-project-mumbai-indu-mill-ready-by-may-2026-9055367/ | access-date=2024-12-17 | archive-date=2023-12-06}}</ref> (50% work completed as of 7 December 2022)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/MMRDAOfficial/status/1599954535338115073|title=The work of the ancillary building is 50% complete with rest of the work progressing rapidly|date=6 December 2022|newspaper=Twitter|accessdate=7 December 2022}}</ref>
|open =
|dedicated_to = [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]]
|map_image =
|map_caption =
|map_width =
|coordinates =
|lat =
|long =
|extra =
}}
The '''''Statue of Equality''''' also known as the '''Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial''' is a monument under-construction dedicated to [[B. R. Ambedkar]], the 20th-century Indian intellectual. The statue will be located at Indu Mills Compound in [[Mumbai]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ambedkar-memorial-statue-taller-than-that-of-liberty-sought/1041101/ |title=Ambedkar memorial: Statue taller than that of Liberty sought |publisher=Indian Express |date=2012-12-06 |accessdate=2013-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Statue-of-equality-should-come-up-at-Indu-Mill-site-Ambedkar/articleshow/11330635.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104072043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/pune/30580928_1_entire-land-memorial-years-acres|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-11-04|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Statue of equality should come up at Indu Mill site: Ambedkar|access-date=2018-11-03}}</ref> The statue will be {{convert|137.3|m|ft|adj=on}} in total height, including a {{convert|30.5|m|ft|adj=on}} pedestal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-has-reduced-height-of-mumbai-ambedkar-memorial-says-anandraj-ambedkar-1926447|title=Maharashtra Has Reduced Height Of Mumbai Ambedkar Memorial, Says Leader|website=NDTV.com|accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar statue to be 100 ft taller - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-statue-to-be-100-ft-taller/articleshow/69884187.cms|access-date=2021-02-26|website=The Times of India|date=21 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The Ambedkar statue will be the [[List of tallest statues|third tallest statue]] in the world after the ''[[Statue of Unity]]'' (182 m) and the [[Spring Temple Buddha]] (153 m).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ambedkar-statue-at-indu-mills-will-be-indias-second-tallest/articleshow/69900038.cms|title=Ambedkar statue at Indu Mills will be India's second tallest | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 June 2019 }}</ref> The statue will be completed in May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Ambedkar memorial project at Mumbai's Indu Mill to be ready by May 2026 {{!}} Mumbai News - The Indian Express | date=6 December 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ambedkar-memorial-project-mumbai-indu-mill-ready-by-may-2026-9055367/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206033417/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ambedkar-memorial-project-mumbai-indu-mill-ready-by-may-2026-9055367/ | access-date=2024-12-17 | archive-date=2023-12-06}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|right|thumb|The memorial will be dedicated to [[B. R. Ambedkar]]]]
It is to be situated on property formerly owned by [[National Textile Corporation]] known as Indu Mills (India United Mill No. 6) in [[Dadar]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Announce Indu Mills land allotment for memorial before Dec 6' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/announce-indu-mills-land-allotment-for-memorial-before-dec-6-114120401263_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India|date=4 December 2014|accessdate=3 November 2021}}</ref> The land is now owned by the [[Government of Maharashtra]].{{r|MMRDA}} The foundation stone was laid on 11 October 2015 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="PTI 2015">{{cite news | agency=PTI | title=PM Lays Foundation Stone of Ambedkar Memorial, Sena Stays Away | work=The New Indian Express | date=20 October 2015 | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/PM-Lays-Foundation-Stone-of-Ambedkar-Memorial-Sena-Stays-Away/2015/10/11/article3074585.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015194131/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/PM-Lays-Foundation-Stone-of-Ambedkar-Memorial-Sena-Stays-Away/2015/10/11/article3074585.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 October 2015 | access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref> Construction proper was to start in November 2015,<ref name="India 2015">{{cite news |agency=PTI | title=Work on Ambedkar memorial to start from November | work=Business Standard News | date=7 October 2015 | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/work-on-ambedkar-memorial-to-start-from-november-115100701549_1.html | access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref> but {{asof|2017|11|lc=yes}} the project had not been assigned to a construction contractor, due to only one bid being submitted back then.<ref name="MMRDA">{{cite web |title=Indu Mill "Grand Memorial of Bharatratna Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar" |url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/indu-mill |website=Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418033153/https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/indu-mill |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 10 March 2018, newspapers in [[India]] reported that the contract for the construction of the statue had been awarded to the [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]] at a cost of {{currency|783|INR}} [[crore]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-budget-rs-450-crore-for-statues-in-city-as-govt-struggles-to-cut-costs/articleshow/63240065.cms|title=Maharashtra budget: Rs 450 crore for statues in Mumbai as govt struggles to cut costs - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref>

==Structure of memorial==
The main entrance to the structure would be from the adjacent Cadell Road with SKS Marg as the secondary access point. The memorial will be linked with [[Chaitya Bhoomi]] for easy movement of crowds. The memorial will cost {{INRConvert|425|c}}{{Clarify|reason=A few sentences higher it says, ₹783 corore? which is it?|date=August 2025}} at 12-acre erstwhile Indu Mill land. Its main attraction will be a 25,000 sq ft stupa around a pond. A dome-like structure with 24 stone ribs will be in the middle of plot. There will be an Ashoka Chakra covering the memorial structure. There will also be a proposed 39,622 square feet interactive museum displaying several aspects of Baba Saheb Dr. Ambedkar's life. The memorial will have a facility to park around 400 vehicles.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi to be briefed on how Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial will look.|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/pm-modi-to-be-briefed-on-how-ambedkar-memorial-will-look/}}</ref>

===Stupa===
The [[stupa]] would be the most expensive part at {{INRConvert|110.95|c}}. It will be {{convert|140|ft|m}} tall with a circumference of {{convert|110|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Work on Ambedkar memorial to start from November |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/work-on-ambedkar-memorial-to-start-from-november-115100701549_1.html |website=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard Private Ltd. |accessdate=31 August 2018 |date=7 October 2015|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> It will have a ribbed ceiling thus resembling the Buddhist [[Chaitya]]s. An eight-tier bronze [[Canopy (building)|canopy]] representing the Buddha's eight-fold path at the top of the stupa in a built-up area of 2,400 square metres with a lotus pond at the foot of the dome.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ambedkar memorial on 12-acre Indu Mill land.|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ambedkar-memorial-on-12-acre-indu-mill-land-project-to-cost-state-rs-425-crore/}}</ref>

===Vipassana Hall===
There is also a proposed ''[[Vipassanā]]'' (meditation) Hall at the memorial with a seating capacity for 13,000 people.<ref name="I am in DNA of India 2015">{{cite web | title=Work on Ambedkar memorial to commence in November | website=I am in DNA of India | date=8 October 2015 | url=http://www.iamin.in/en/mumbai-south/news/work-ambedkar-memorial-commence-november-72115 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901003739/http://www.iamin.in/en/mumbai-south/news/work-ambedkar-memorial-commence-november-72115 | url-status=unfit | archive-date=1 September 2018 | accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref>

===Gallery of Struggle===
The Gallery of Struggle will depict momentous events associated with the life and work of Ambedkar, alongside 50,000 square feet library.<ref name="NDTV.com 2015">{{cite web | title=PM Narendra Modi Lays Foundation Stone of Ambedkar Memorial in Mumbai | website=NDTV.com | date=11 October 2015 | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-ambedkar-memorial-in-mumbai-1230859 | accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref>

==Controversy==
After the foundation stone was laid, some members of Ambedkar's family—his grandsons [[Prakash Ambedkar]] and [[Anandraj Ambedkar]]—together with Ambedkarites leaders from Maharashtra said they were unhappy with the design of the memorial. Some had concerns over the practical details of the design while others thought the memorial was not befitting the stature of Ambedkar.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Prakash Ambedkar pressed for the memorial to have a "think tank institution", an intellectual centre of international standards for scholars across the globe come for intellectual activity as his grandfather was an intellectual giant who contributed to many fields different many ways. Anandraj Ambedkar also suggested a design to the state government which was not considered as his design consisted of a 360-feet tall statue of his grandfather, ''Statue of Equality''. The design right now looks more like a ''joggers’ park'' than a memorial. Leaders demanded government to set up a technical committee of experts on [[Buddhism]], reputed architects from different Buddhist countries, and well-known people from the construction industry before finalizing the memorial's design with inclusion of a ''State of Equality'' (a larger-than-life sculpture of Ambedkar facing the ocean like New York City's [[Statue of Liberty]]) so to form an impressive part of Mumbai's skyline and should be the first thing that visitors see when landing in Mumbai.<ref name="Rashid 2015">{{cite news | last=Rashid | first=Omar | title=Ambedkar family not satisfied with memorial design | website=The Hindu | date=11 October 2015 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ambedkar-family-not-satisfied-with-memorial-design/article7750340.ece | accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ambedkar memorial design fails to impress Dalit leaders |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ambedkar-memorial-design-fails-to-impress-dalit-leaders/}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of tallest statues]]
* [[B. R. Ambedkar statue, Hyderabad]]
* ''[[Statue of Social Justice]]'', Vijayawada
* [[Ambedkar Memorial Park]]
* [[Deekshabhoomi]]
* ''[[Shiv Smarak]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial}}

* [https://www.nagpurtoday.in/the-great-honor-of-the-great-man/04131446 The great-honor of the great man (in Marathi)]

{{Statues in India}}

[[Category:Proposed statues in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Colossal statues in India]]
[[Category:Statues of B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Maharashtra]]

Sherpathri

2025-09-01T07:27:02Z

Legalwiki68: new initial entry w/ infobox.

{{tone|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = '''Sherpathri'''
|settlement_type = Block ([[Tehsil|Sub-Tehsil]])
| native_name = Shairpather
| native_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.1733|N|74.7283|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = Ancient
| founder =
| chief minister =
| leader_title1 =
| Governor =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1619
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
|url =
|title =
|work =
|publisher =
|date =
|accessdate =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Hindustan Times| date=23 September 2020| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parliament-passes-jammu-and-kashmir-official-languages-bill-2020/story-mF3yw1MkRYMKdspP7WbfeJ.html | access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 191131
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Delhi
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|837|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Delhi/Ellaquai+Dehati+Bank,+Sherpathri+Shadipora+Ganderbal+Rd,+Peerpora,+191131/@31.113433,76.6938614,6z/data=!4m8!4m7!1m2!1m1!1s0x390cfd5b347eb62d:0x37205b715389640!1m2!1m1!1s0x38e19c93352654c9:0x609d570b7c225268!3e0 | title=Distance between Sherpathri and New Delhi | access-date=22 May 2021 }}</ref>
}}

'''Sherpathri''' or '''Shairpather''' '''(شیر پٔتھر)''' is one of the [[Panchayat Samiti|Blocks]] in [[Ganderbal district|District Ganderbal]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>[https://ganderbal.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ Total Blocks in Ganderbal]</ref> It was formed in 2014 by the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|J&K Govt]] and is located 5 km from the main town. It is one of 7 Blocks in the [[Ganderbal District]].<ref>[https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/55507/block-diwas-2-secretary-rdd-assesses-public-issues-at-several-blocks-.html RDD visits Sherpathri]
</ref> Sherpathri Consists of 5 Halqas: [[Gogjigund]], Sehpora, Rabitar, [[Shallabugh]] and Hakim Gund.<ref>[http://www.earlytimes.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=119206 Sherpathri Residents Protest]</ref> Mr. Rafeeq Ahmad Wani is currently the Naib Tehsildar Sherpathri.

==Wicker work==
{{AI-generated|section=Wicker|date=August 2025}}
The Shairpathri area, encompassing approximately 25 small villages, has gained fame for its unique [[wicker]] [[artisan]]s, leading to its designation as the "Wicker Hub of Kashmir". The majority of the inhabitants are involved in this traditional [[craft]], creating a variety of products, including chairs, sofas, baskets, flower vases, and kitchen utensils, using locally harvested [[willow]] [[Reed (plant)|reeds]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kashmirlife.net/willow-wickers-give-kashmirs-shairpathri-belt-an-identity-an-economy-346367/?fbclid=IwAR0vHRkHde8O1vpQZ1owEUnNqO_1DB7eTfdcsc0qbT-HCgJ9fL0dVje3Vg8 |title=Willow Wickers Give Kashmir's Shairpathri Belt an Identity, an Economy |author=Saqib Khursheed |website=Kashmir Life |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>

== Geography ==

Sherpathri is located {{coord|34.1733|N|74.7283|E|}} 5 km west of [[Ganderbal]] town and 22 km from the [[Srinagar]] center, at an average elevation of {{convert|1650|m|ft}}. The famous [[Sonamarg]] hill station is at a distance of 70 km from here. The [[Sind River]], a major tributary to the [[Jhelum River|Jehlum River]] flows through Sherpathri. The sand (bajri) of this river has a great value for money for its quality.<ref>[https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/atkhuroo-rabitar-people-demand-completion-work-iron-bridge/ Sherpathri residents demand bridge over River Sind]</ref>

==Shallabugh Wetland==
Sherpathri consists one of Asia's largest Wetland [[Shallabugh Wetland]] in the [[Shallabugh]] village of the Sherpathri Block.<ref>[https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/health/pollution-takes-heavy-toll-on-shallabugh-wetland/?amp Shallabugh Wetland Pollution]</ref> A large number of migratory birds from different countries visit this wetland every year.<ref>[http://kashmirdispatch.com/2013/02/02/in-pictures-migratory-birds-flock-shallabugh/110841/ Shallabugh Wetland ]</ref>

== Demographics ==

The population of Block Sherpathri is 51355. Males constitute 52% of its total population while females constitute 48% of the total population. The total geographical area of this Block is 25.42 km2. Agriculture is the mainstay of the population. While Urdu is the official language in the region, people also speak their native language ([[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]) as well as [[English language|English]] (both of which are also official, as well as [[Hindi]]).<ref>[https://ganderbal.nic.in/ District Ganderbal]
</ref>

==Climate==
Sherpathri has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfa''). The valley is surrounded by the Himalayas on all sides. Winters are cool, with daytime temperature averaging to {{convert|2.5|°C|1}}, and drops below freezing point at night. Moderate to heavy snowfall occurs in winter and the [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway|highway]] connecting Kashmir with the rest of India faces frequent blockades due to icy roads and avalanches. Summers are warm with a July daytime average of {{convert|24.1|°C|1}}. The average annual rainfall is around {{convert|720|mm}}. Spring is the wettest season while autumn is the driest. The highest temperature reliably recorded is {{convert|39.5|°C}} and the lowest is {{convert|-20.0|°C}}.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==See also==
*[[Ganderbal]]
*[[Gogjigund]]
*[[Sind River]]
*[[Wakura]]
*[[Shallabugh Wetland]]
*[[Paribal Shallabugh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kashmir]]
[[Category:Villages in Ganderbal district]]

Munger railway station

2025-08-21T18:40:52Z

Legalwiki68: improved references based on references and updated info

{{Short description|Railway station in Munger, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Munger
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = MungerRailwayStation.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Munger railway station building
| address = Purabsarai, Refugee Colony, [[Munger]], [[Bihar]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| map_type = India Bihar#India
| map_dot_label = Munger railway station
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|30|53|N|86|50|38|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|59|m|ft}}
| line = [[Munger Ganga Bridge|Jamalpur–Khagaria and Sahibpur Kamal lines, Munger–Ratanpur line (Jamalpur Bypass)]]
| structure = At-grade
| platforms = 2
| tracks = 3
| parking = Yes
| opened = {{start date and age|1862}} JMP - MGR section
| electrified = 2020
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MGR
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Malda}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]
| status = Functional
| former = Monghyr
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| services =
| map_locator =
}}

[[File:Munger railway station with national flag.jpg|thumb]]
''' Munger railway station''', station code '''MGR''', is the railway station serving the [[Munger]] city in the [[Munger district]] in the Indian State of [[Bihar]].

==Background==

The previous railway station was closed for making [[Munger Ganga Bridge]] and a new railway station, 2.1 kilometer southeast from old one towards Purabsarai locality, on the new broad-gauge line, has been constructed and opened on 11 April 2016. Electrification completed in year 2020.
Munger railway station is now the main rail head for [[Munger]] city after Jamalpur Junction. Munger is part of the [[Malda railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].

==Connectivity==

Munger is connected to [[metropolitan area]]s of India like Delhi–Kolkata, [[Sahibganj loop]] and [[Barauni–Guwahati line]] also connected through recently opened Rail cum Road [[Munger Ganga Bridge]]. The new Munger railway station is located at {{Coord|25.22|N|86.28|E}} It has an average elevation of {{convert|59|m|ft}}. The station is located about 1.2 km from [[Munger Fort]] .

==Platforms==

[[File:Munger Railway station Pf no1.jpg|thumb|Platform No.1]]
There are 3 tracks with 2 platforms in Munger station. The platforms are interconnected with subway. There is space to construct 2 more platforms if needed in future. All 3 tracks are fully electrified.

==Trains==
* [[Deoghar-Agartala Weekly Express]]
* [[Deoghar-Deoghar Weekly Express]]
* [[Jaynagar-Bhagalpur Express]]
* [[Godda-Gomti Nagar Weekly Express]]

==See also==
* [[Munger]]
* [[Munger District]]
* [[Jamalpur Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|7514}}
{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1862]]
[[Category:Malda railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Munger district]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}