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Revanth Reddy ministry

2026-05-07T19:37:21Z

LayneMatos1:

{{Short description|Cabinet of Telangana, India, from 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 3rd
| jurisdiction = [[Telangana]]
| flag =
| incumbent = [[Revanth Reddy]]
| image = Portrait of Telangana CM Revanth Reddy.png
| image_size =
| caption = [[Revanth Reddy]]
| date_formed = {{start date and age|2023|12|07|df=y|p=y}}
| date_dissolved =
| government_head = [[Revanth Reddy]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| government_head_history =
| state_head =
* [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] (2023–19 March 2024)
* [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] ''(additional charge)'' (20 March 2024 – 30 July 2024)
* [[Jishnu Dev Varma]] (31 July 2024–present)
| state_head_title = Governor
| members_number = 16
| former_members_number =
| total_number = 16
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_parties = {{unbulleted list|{{Color box|{{party color| All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}|border=darkgray}} [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] | {{Color box|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] |{{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}} (Legislative Assembly)
| opposition_leader = [[S. Madhusudhana Chary]] ([[Telangana Legislative Council|Council]]) [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] ([[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Assembly]])
| election = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| last_election = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry]]
| successor =
| deputy_government_head_title = Deputy Chief Minister
| deputy_government_head = [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]] }}

The '''Revanth Reddy ministry''' represents the third cabinet of the Indian state of [[Telangana]] under the leadership of [[Revanth Reddy]], who has been elected as the second [[Chief Minister of Telangana]]. The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), led by Revanth Reddy, secured an absolute majority in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]], winning 64 out of the 119 seats in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|state assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Congress names Revanth Reddy as Telangana chief minister |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/congress-names-revanth-reddy-as-telangana-chief-minister-101701791717284.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-05 |title=Congress announces Revanth Reddy as CM of Telangana |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/revanth-reddy-is-the-new-chief-minister-of-telangana/article67608096.ece |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Reddy assumed the office of Chief Minister of Telangana in a swearing-in ceremony held at [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|L. B. Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] on 7 December 2023. The oath of office and secrecy was administered to him and his eleven member cabinet by [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor]] [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revanth Reddy Takes Oath As Telangana Chief Minister, Gandhis On Stage |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/revanth-reddy-takes-oath-as-telangana-chief-minister-gandhis-attend-swearing-in-ceremony-4641721 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Telangana CM News {{!}} Telangana CM Swearing-In Ceremony Live: Revanth Reddy reaches LB Stadium for his oath-taking ceremony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/telangana-cm-swearing-in-ceremony-news-live-updates-congress-revanth-reddy-oath-taking/liveblog/105797180.cms |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
{{Politics of Telangana}}

==Council of Ministers==
'''Source:'''<ref>https://cm.telangana.gov.in/council-of-ministers/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Telangana CM swearing-in: List of MLAs who took oath with Revanth Reddy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-cm-swearing-in-list-of-mlas-took-oath-revanth-reddy-101701930853077.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Telangana ministers list 2023: Full list of ministers and their portfolios in Revanth Reddy cabinet |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/telangana-full-list-of-ministers-2023-portfolios-revanth-reddy-cabinet/3330510/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |title=New Telangana Ministers And Their Portfolios |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/071223/telangana-new-council-of-ministers-who-gets-what.html |access-date=28 December 2023 |date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228161638/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/071223/telangana-new-council-of-ministers-who-gets-what.html |archive-date=28 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=9 December 2023 |title=Revanth Reddy assigns portfolios to 11 ministers in Telangana Cabinet: Full list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/revanth-reddy-portfolios-11-ministers-telangana-cabinet-keeps-law-order-general-administration-full-list-2474051-2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121125317/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/revanth-reddy-portfolios-11-ministers-telangana-cabinet-keeps-law-order-general-administration-full-list-2474051-2023-12-09 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=8 June 2025 |title=Telangana Cabinet expanded with inclusion of Vivek Venkataswamy, Vakiti Srihari and Adluri Lakshman Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-cabinet-expanded-with-inclusion-of-vivek-venkataswamy-vakiti-srihari-and-adluri-lakshman-kumar/article69670975.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609051647/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-cabinet-expanded-with-inclusion-of-vivek-venkataswamy-vakiti-srihari-and-adluri-lakshman-kumar/article69670975.ece |archive-date=9 June 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=11 June 2025 |title=Telangana govt allocates portfolios to new Ministers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-govt-allocates-portfolios-to-new-ministers/article69684145.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612034823/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-govt-allocates-portfolios-to-new-ministers/article69684145.ece |archive-date=12 June 2025 |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{| class ="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Portfolio
! rowspan=2 | Minister
! rowspan=2 | Constituency
! colspan=2 | Tenure
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|- style="text-align: center;"
! Took office
! Left office
|- style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=7 | '''[[List of Chief Ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]]'''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* [[Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development (Telangana)|Municipal Administration and Urban Development]]
* General Administration
* Education
* Law & Order
* Other departments not allocated to any Minister
| '''[[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]'''
| [[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]
| 7 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! colspan= 7 |'''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Telangana|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* Finance & Planning
* [[Department of Energy (Telangana)|Energy]]
| '''[[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]]'''
| [[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira]] (SC)
| 7 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=7 | '''Cabinet Ministers'''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* Irrigation & Command Area Development
* Food and Civil Supplies
| '''[[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]'''
| [[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency|Huzurnagar]]
| 7 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=14}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* [[Department of Transport (Telangana)|Transport]]
* Backward Classes Welfare
| '''[[Ponnam Prabhakar]]'''
| [[Husnabad Assembly constituency|Husnabad]]
| 7 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* Roads and Buildings
* Cinematography
| '''[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]'''
| [[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
| 7 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* Environment & Forests
* [[Department of Endowments (Telangana)|Endowment]]
| '''[[Konda Surekha]]'''
| [[Warangal East Assembly constituency|Warangal East]]
| 7 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* [[Department of Panchayat Raj and Rural Development (Telangana)|Panchayat Raj and Rural Development]]
* Women and Child Development
| '''[[Seethakka|Dansari Anasuya Seethakka]]'''
| [[Mulug Assembly constituency|Mulug]] (ST)
| 7 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* [[Department of Information Technology, Electronics and Communications (Telangana)|Information Technology, Electronics and Communications]]
* Industries and Commerce
* Legislative Affairs
| '''[[D. Sridhar Babu|Duddilla Sridhar Babu]]'''
| [[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
| 7 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* Revenue
* Housing
* Information and Public Relations.
| '''[[Ponguleti Srinivasa Reddy]]'''
| [[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]]
| 7 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* [[Department of Agriculture and Co-operation (Telangana)|Agriculture and Co-operation]]
* Marketing
* Handlooms & Textiles
| '''[[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]'''
| [[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]
| 7 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* Health, Medical and Family Welfare
* Science and Technology
| '''[[Damodar Raja Narasimha|Cilarapu Damodar Raja Narasimha]]'''
| [[Andole Assembly constituency|Andole]] (SC)
| 7 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* Prohibition & Excise
* Tourism & Culture
* Archaeology
| '''[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]'''
| [[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
| 7 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* Labour, Employment, Training & Factories
* Mines & Geology
| '''[[G. Vivekanand|Gaddam Vivekanand]]'''
| [[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]] (SC)
| 8 June 2025
| ''Incumbent''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* Scheduled Castes Development
* Tribal Welfare
* Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, Senior Citizens, and Transgender Persons
| '''[[Adluri Laxman Kumar]]'''
| [[Dharmapuri, Telangana Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]] (SC)
| 8 June 2025
| ''Incumbent''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development & Fisheries
* Sports & Youth Services
| '''[[Vakiti Srihari]]'''
| [[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
| 8 June 2025
| ''Incumbent''
|- style="text-align: center;"
|
* Public Enterprises
* Minorities Welfare
| '''[[Mohammad Azharuddin]]'''
| [[Provisional government|Provisional]]{{efn|Appointed as minister subject to election as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] or [[Member of the Legislative Council|MLC]] within six months}}
| 31 October 2025
| ''Incumbent''
|}

==By Departments==
An alphabetical list of all the departments of Telangana Government
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Agriculture and Co-operation
| minister1 = [[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development and Fisheries
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = 8 June 2025
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Vakiti Srihari]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 June 2025
| minister2_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Backward Classes Welfare
| minister1 = [[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Home (Cinematography)
| minister1 = [[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Consumer Affairs Food & Civil Supplies
| minister1 = [[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Revenue (Endowments)
| minister1 = [[Konda Surekha]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Energy
| minister1 = [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]] ([[List of deputy chief ministers of Telangana|Deputy Chief Minister]])
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = EFS&T (Environment & Forests)
| minister1 = [[Konda Surekha]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Finance
| minister1 = [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]] ([[List of deputy chief ministers of Telangana|Deputy Chief Minister]])
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = General Administration (Political)
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Industries and Commerce (Handlooms & Textiles)
| minister1 = [[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Health, Medical & Family Welfare, EFS&T (Science and Technology)
| minister1 = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha|Cilarapu Damodar Raja Narasimha]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Higher Education
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Home
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Housing
| minister1 = [[Ponguleti Srinivasa Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Industries and Commerce
| minister1 = [[D. Sridhar Babu|Duddilla Sridhar Babu]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = GAD (Information and Public Relations)
| minister1 = [[Ponguleti Srinivasa Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Information Technology, Electronics and Communications
| minister1 = [[D. Sridhar Babu|Duddilla Sridhar Babu]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Irrigation and CAD
| minister1 = [[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Labour, Employment Training and Factories
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = 8 June 2025
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[G. Vivekanand]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 June 2025
| minister2_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Law & Order
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Legislative Affairs
| minister1 = [[D. Sridhar Babu|Duddilla Sridhar Babu]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minorities Welfare
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = 8 June 2025
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Adluri Laxman Kumar]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 June 2025
| minister2_termend = 31 October 2025
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
| minister3_termstart = 31 October 2025
| minister3_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Municipal Administration & Urban Development
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Panchayat Raj and Rural Development
| minister1 = [[Seethakka|Dansari Anasuya Seethakka]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Planning
| minister1 = [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]] ([[List of deputy chief ministers of Telangana|Deputy Chief Minister]])
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Public Enterprises
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2025
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
| minister2_termstart = 31 October 2025
| minister2_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Revenue (Registration and Stamps)
| minister1 = [[Ponguleti Srinivasa Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Revenue (Prohibition & Excise)
| minister1 = [[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Revenue (Commercial Taxes)
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Transport, Roads and Buildings (Roads and Buildings)
| minister1 = [[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = School Education (SE Wing)
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Scheduled Castes Development
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = 8 June 2025
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Adluri Laxman Kumar]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 June 2025
| minister2_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = YAT&C (Sports and Youth Services)
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = 8 June 2025
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Vakiti Srihari]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 June 2025
| minister2_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Transport, Roads and Buildings (Transport)
| minister1 = [[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Tribal Welfare
| minister1 = [[Revanth Reddy]] ''([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]])''
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = 8 June 2025
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Adluri Laxman Kumar]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 June 2025
| minister2_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Women and Child Welfare
| minister1 = [[Seethakka|Dansari Anasuya Seethakka]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = YAT&C (Tourism and Culture)
| minister1 = [[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = YAT&C (Archaeology)
| minister1 = [[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister1_termend = ''Incumbent''
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==Major decisions==
On the day of Reddy's swearing-in, the iron barricades at the entrance to the [[Praja Bhavan|chief minister's office]] were removed. Reddy announced his availability at the office to listen to people's grievances daily from 8 December 2023, reflecting the promise of people's government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-12-07 |title=Telangana CM Revanth Reddy gets iron barricades removed from office premises |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/telangana-cm-revanth-reddy-fulfills-first-poll-promise-gets-iron-barricades-removed-from-office-premises-watch-11701940233656.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

Another promise was fulfilled on 9 December 2023, when free bus rides for women were announced by the Telangana Government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-09 |title=Telangana Chief Minister launches free bus rides for women and enhanced Aarogyasri Scheme |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-chief-minister-launches-free-bus-rides-for-women-and-enhanced-aarogyasri-scheme/article67621023.ece |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Telangana state government has donated Rs 3 crore to the [[Tablighi Jamaat]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Why is Telangana govt giving Rs 3 crore to Tablighi Jamaat, asks BJP leader |website=The New Indian Express |date=2023-12-21 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/Dec/21/why-is-telangana-govt-giving-rs-3-crore-to-tablighi-jamaat-asks-bjp-leader-2643459.html |access-date=2024-03-21}}</ref> and the Telangana State High Court has issued a notice for doing so.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vamshidhar |first=Vujjini |title=TS HC Issues Notices to Government on Allocation of Rs 2.45 Crore to Tablighi Jamaat |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=2024-01-02 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/020124/ts-hc-issues-notices-to-government-on-allocation-of-rs-245-crore-to-t.html |access-date=2024-03-21}}</ref>
{{Politics of Telangana}}

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
| caption= Representation of Ministers by district
| label1 = Khammam
| value1 = 25 | color1 = blue
| label2 = Medak
| value2 = 8.33 | color2 = yellow
| label3 = Mulugu
| value3 = 8.33 | color3 = pink
| label4 = Nagarkurnool
| value4 = 8.33 | color4 = green
| label5 = Nalgonda
| value5 = 8.33 | color5 = violet
| label6 = Peddapalli
| value6 = 8.33 | color6 = red
| label7 = Siddipet
| value7 = 8.33 | color7 = wheat
| label8 = Suryapet
| value8 = 8.33 | color8 = brown
| label9 = Vikarabad
| value9 = 8.33 | color9 = indigo
| label10 = Warangal
| value10 = 8.33 | color10 = orange
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! District
! Ministers
! Name of ministers
|-
| [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
| –
| –
|-
| [[Kumuram Bheem district|Kumuram Bheem Asifabad]]
| –
| –
|-
| [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
| 1
| –
|-
| [[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]
| –
| –
|-
| [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
| –
| –
|-
| [[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
| 1
| –
|-
| [[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
| 1
|
|-
| [[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar Bhupalpally]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Medak district|Medak]]
| 1
|
|-
| [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
| 1
|
|-
| [[Jangaon district|Jangaon]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Hanamkonda district|Hanamkonda]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Warangal district|Warangal]]
| 1
| ★[[Konda Surekha]]
|-
| [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
| 1
|
|-
| [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri kothagudem]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Khammam district|Khammam]]
| 3
|
|-
| [[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
| 1
| ★[[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|-
| [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
| 1
|
|-
| [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Medchal–Malkajgiri]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]
| 1
|
|-
| [[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
| 1
|
|-
| [[Mahabub Nagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]]
| 1
|
|-
| [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]
| –
|
|-
| [[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]
| –
|
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Current Indian ministries}}

[[Category:2023 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Government of Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2023|Revanth]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Telangana]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial ministries]]
[[Category:Telangana ministries]]

International Fleet Review 2026

2026-05-06T18:26:50Z

LayneMatos1: started first pg more to come - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}

{{About||a full list of ships present|List of ships present at International Fleet Review 2026|events of the same name in other countries|International Fleet Review (disambiguation){{!}}International Fleet Review}}{{Infobox event
| logo = IFR26-logo.webp
| logo_size = 150 px
| logo_caption = IFR 2026 logo
| image = MILAN 2026.jpg
| caption = Ships in the fleet review and MILAN exercise
| duration = 11 days
| date = {{start and end dates|2026|02|15|2026|02|25|df=yes}}
| venue = [[Eastern Naval Command]]
| location = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.695811|N|83.280709|E|region:IN_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| also_known_as = IFR 2026
| type = [[Fleet review]] 
[[Naval exercise]]
| theme = ''United Through Oceans''
| patron = [[Government of India]]
| organisers = [[Indian Navy]]
| participants = *[[List of ships present at International Fleet Review 2026#India (host)|66 ships]] from the Indian Navy, [[Indian Coast Guard]], [[Shipping Corporation of India]] and [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]]<ref name=":11" />
*[[List of ships present at International Fleet Review 2026#Foreign participants|19 ships]] and 45 marching contingents from 65 foreign navies<ref name=":4" /> and 74 nations<ref name=":11" />
*60+ aircraft<ref name=":11" /> from three countries<ref name=":6" />
| blank1_label =
| blank1_data =
| blank2_label =
| blank2_data =
| website = {{URL|https://www.ifrmilan26.com/}}
}}

The '''International Fleet Review 2026''' ('''IFR 2026''') was an international maritime exercise hosted and conducted by the [[Indian Navy]] on behalf of the [[President of India]] in February 2026 to improve relations with other navies in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2026 |title=IFR, MILAN-26, Naval conclave to gather world navies in Vizag this year: ENC chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ifr-milan-26-naval-conclave-to-gather-world-navies-in-vizag-this-year-enc-chief/articleshow/127565475.cms |access-date=15 February 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The IFR 2026, along with [[Milan (naval exercise)|MILAN]], is the largest maritime assembly hosted by India since its independence.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Peri |first=Usha |date=2026-02-16 |title=MILAN Village ready to host naval triad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2026/Feb/16/milan-village-ready-to-host-naval-triad |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==

The 2026 International Fleet Review is a cooperative maritime exercise held in India. It aims to enhance co-operation and promote local maritime capabilities. This is the third IFR being hosted by India after the International Fleet Review 2001 and the [[International Fleet Review 2016]] which were conducted during the presidency of [[K. R. Narayanan]] and [[Pranab Mukherjee]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Fleet Review|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1999-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1999-12-22_324.pdf|website=archive.pib.gov.in|access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="Introduction to IFR 2016 IN Official">{{cite web|title=Introduction to IFR 2016|url=https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/introduction-to-ifr-2016.htm|website=Indian Navy|publisher=Govt. of India|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=27 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127024945/https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/introduction-to-ifr-2016.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2001, 97 ships from 20 countries<ref name=":0">{{cite press release |title=India to host historic maritime convergence with International Fleet Review 2026, MILAN 2026, and IONS Conclave of Chiefs |date=31 October 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2184765&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref> participated in the event,{{sfn|Singh|2018}} while the 2016 edition saw 95 ships and over 50 countries.<ref name="President reviews international fleet -The Telegraph2">{{cite web |title=President reviews international fleet |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160206/jsp/frontpage/story_67833.jsp#.VwYv2vl97IU |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207085435/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160206/jsp/frontpage/story_67833.jsp#.VwYv2vl97IU |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

The [[President's fleet review]], also called the Presidential fleet review, is a gathering of naval ships for observation by the President of India who reviews the fleet of the Indian Navy. Past fleet reviews in India include a 2006 review conducted by president [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], which was the first public naval fleet review outside [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Fleet Review KALAM – 2006">{{cite web |title=President arrives for fleet review |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/president-arrives-for-fleet-review/article3177415.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> The last review was in 2022 during the Presidency of [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hon'ble President to Review Naval Fleet at Visakhapatnam|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1799655|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

Two other notable international fleet reviews were held before 2016: the [[International Fleet Review 2005]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[International Fleet Review 2013]] in [[Australia]]. IFR 2016 was the second international fleet review conducted in India; the first, in Mumbai in 2001, had 29 participants. A total of 95 warships from 50 navies, including the Indian Navy, participated in IFR 2016.<ref name="50 Navies Participated – The Diplomat">{{cite web|author1=Ankit Panda|title=With Over 50 Navies Participating, India Concludes 2016 International Fleet Review|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/with-over-50-navies-participating-india-concludes-2016-international-fleet-review/|website=The Diplomat|access-date=5 April 2016|date=8 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="DNA India After 15 Yrs IFR">{{cite web|author1=Ateeq Sk|title=After 15 years, second International Fleet Review to be held at Visakhapatnam in February|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-after-15-years-second-international-fleet-review-to-be-held-at-visakhapatnam-in-february-2121111|website=DNA India|access-date=5 April 2016|date=2 September 2015}}</ref>

During a press conference in the presence of the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] (CNS), [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Dinesh Kumar Tripathi]], on 31 October 2025, the Indian Navy announced three major events that would be hosted in February 2026. This included the International Fleet Review 2026, [[Milan (naval exercise)|Exercise MILAN]] 2026 and the [[Indian Ocean Naval Symposium]] (IONS) Conclave of Chiefs. The events were hosted 15–25 February 2016. Exercise MILAN is Indian Navy's flagship biennial multilateral [[naval exercise]]. India also hosts the chair of the IONS for the second time between 2025 and 2027 which has 25 members and 9 observers along with other invitees.<ref name=":0" /> The events also include the International City Parade.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=14 February 2026 |title=72 countries, 60 warships, including of US & Russia, to participate in international fleet review, MILAN exercise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/72-countries-60-warships-including-of-us-russia-to-participate-in-international-fleet-review-milan-exercise/articleshow/128332411.cms |access-date=15 February 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 14 and 15 February, the Indian Navy, along with the [[Indian Army]], conducted a full dress rehearsal for amphibious assault operations by [[BMP-2]]s at [[RK Beach]] in Visakhapatnam ahead of the IFR and City Parade.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=V. Kamalakara |date=2026-02-14 |title=Naval rehearsals enliven RK Beach in Visakhapatnam ahead of IFR, MILAN |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/naval-rehearsals-enliven-rk-beach-in-visakhapatnam-ahead-of-ifr-milan/article70632734.ece |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Events==

=== 16 February ===
The [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]] (FOC-in-C ENC), [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Bhalla]], inaugurated the MILAN Village which was established within the premises of {{INS|Satavahana}}. The commanding officer described the events as the largest maritime assembly hosted by India since 1947. This also marked the beginning of the three events.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=V. Kamalakara |date=2026-02-15 |title=ENC chief inaugurates MILAN Village ahead of International Fleet Review in Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/enc-chief-inaugurates-milan-village-ahead-of-international-fleet-review-in-visakhapatnam/article70635983.ece |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== 17 February ===
The IFR formally commenced with a Presidential Banquet at the Visakhapatnam Naval Base and a ceremonial band performance at the Eastern Naval Command officers’ mess.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-16 |title=IFR & MILAN-2026: Global warships make port calls off Vizag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ifr-milan-2026-global-warships-make-port-calls-off-vizag/articleshow/128432519.cms |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=PATNAIK |first=K. M. P. |date=2026-02-18 |title=IFR-2026 Commences With Presidential Banquet |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ifr-2026-commences-with-presidential-banquet-1938019 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> A full dress rehearsal for the Fleet Review was conducted on the day. {{INS|Sukanya}} hosted the families of naval personnel to witness the event. While the ships were anchored in six columns, ''Sukanya'' passed the ships in between the columns imitating the course of the [[presidential yacht]] the following day.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Gopal |first=B. Madhu |date=2026-02-17 |title=Visakhapatnam set for grand Presidential Fleet Review on February 18 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-set-for-grand-presidential-fleet-review-on-february-18/article70643607.ece |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===18 February===
The International Fleet Review was conducted by the [[President of India]], [[Droupadi Murmu]], in the presence of [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Syed Abdul Nazeer|S Abdul Nazeer]] and [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister]] [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|N Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=India’s naval might on full display at International Fleet review off Vizag coast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/indias-naval-might-on-full-display-at-international-fleet-review-off-vizag-coast/articleshow/128494386.cms |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

The President initially received a Ceremonial [[Guard of Honour]] from a 150 personnel contingent and a [[21-gun salute]]. Thereafter, she and the guests boarded {{INS|Sumedha}} which served as the [[presidential yacht]]. The ship was adorned with the [[State Emblem of India|Ashoka Emblem]] and flew the Presidential Standard.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |title=In A First, Germany, Philippines And UAE To Join Indian Navy's Fleet Review In Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.news18.com/india/germany-philippines-and-uae-among-70-nations-to-join-indian-navys-fleet-review-in-visakhapatnam-ws-l-9893761.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260211124140/https://www.news18.com/india/germany-philippines-and-uae-among-70-nations-to-join-indian-navys-fleet-review-in-visakhapatnam-ws-l-9893761.html |archive-date=2026-02-11 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref> During the Fleet Review, 52 ships<ref name=":11">{{Cite press release |title=Hon’ble President of India reviews the International Fleet Review 2026 off Visakhapatnam |date=2026-02-18 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2229820&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220074547/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2229820&reg=3&lang=1 |archive-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> were anchored in six columns<ref name=":8">{{cite news |last1=ANI |date=17 February 2026 |title=Naval ships from UAE, Indonesia, Bangladesh join Indian Navy for International Fleet Review, Exercise Milan |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/naval-ships-from-uae-indonesia-bangladesh-join-indian-navy-for-international-fleet-review-1.500445569 |access-date=17 February 2026 |publisher=Gulf News |location=Vishakhapatnam, India}}</ref> around {{Convert|22|km|abbr=on}} away from Visakhapatnam.<ref name=":9" /> ''Sumedha'' sailed past the anchored ships while the President received salute from the naval personnel on the ships. She also reviewed the [[Indian Naval Air Arm]] which was marked by a [[flypast]] by over 60 aircraft including helicopters, fixed wing aircraft as well as an [[Atlantique 2]] aircraft of the [[French Navy]]. Thereafter, a mobile column of warships and submarines sailed past the presidential yacht. Further maritime and waterfront demonstrations including a parade of sails, [[search and rescue]] and aerial manoeuvres by a Naval Air arm [[BAE Systems Hawk|Hawk aircraft]] were also part of the event.<ref name=":11" />

=== 19 February ===
The International City Parade, comprising 45 marching contingents<ref name=":4" /> and eight naval bands<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=India welcomes Thai, Australian, Sri Lankan ships for IFR, MILAN 2026 |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/world/india-welcomes-thai-australian-sri-lankan-ships-for-ifr-milan-2026-articleshow-47f6gxx |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en|date=2026-02-16}}</ref> from across 65 foreign navies, was conducted on the [[Beach Road, Visakhapatnam|Beach Road]], beside [[RK Beach]],<ref name=":1" /> in between the stretch of The Park Hotel and the Coastal Battery.<ref name=":14" /> The [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]], [[Syed Abdul Nazeer]], was the chief guest and reviewed the parade. The event was hosted by the Indian Navy chief, Admiral Dinesh Tripathi. Multiple guests included State ministers, Senior Central and State Government officials, [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)#Chief of the Naval Staff (1955–present)|Former Navy Chiefs]], Naval Chiefs and Heads of Delegations from participating friendly foreign countries and senior officers of the Indian Navy.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Governor, Andhra Pradesh reviews International City Parade (ICP) 2026 |date=2026-02-19 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2230603&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-19}}</ref>

The march past commenced at 1600 hours [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] with an [[air show]] by the [[Indian Naval Air Arm]].<ref name=":5" /> Cadets of the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]]'s Indian [[Sea Cadet Corps]] and the Indian Navy, followed by [[Sainik School, Korukonda|Korukonda Sainik School]] Band and [[Indian Air Force Band]] along with the marching contingents of the [[Indian Coast Guard]], [[Indian Air Force]], [[Indian Army]] and the Indian Navy opened the proceedings. Regiments from [[Australia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[France]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iran]], [[Malaysia]], [[Maldives]], [[Myanmar]], [[Philippines]], [[Russia]], [[Seychelles]], [[South Africa]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]] were also present during the march, tailed by state troopers from the [[Greyhounds (police)|Greyhounds]] and the [[Andhra Pradesh Police|Andra Pradesh Police]] and veterans organisations.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Peri |first=Usha |date=2026-02-20 |title=International City Parade in Visakhapatnam unites naval contingents and bands |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2026/Feb/20/international-city-parade-in-visakhapatnam-unites-naval-contingents-and-bands |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The event concluded with fireworks, a laser light show and a drone display while the warships anchored off the city coast.<ref name=":5" />

The MILAN exercise was inaugurated on the same day by the [[Defence Minister of India]], [[Rajnath Singh]].<ref name=":1" /> Singh addressed the Navy Chiefs and Heads of Delegations from 74 nations who would participate in the exercise.<ref name=":12">{{Cite press release |title=Global fraternity must join hands to tackle evolving maritime challenges, says Raksha Mantri as he inaugurates Exercise MILAN in Vizag |date=2026-02-19 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2230212&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> He had also interacted with the Naval Chiefs and Naval delegations from 9 [[ASEAN]] nations.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=MILAN 2026: Raksha Mantri interacts with visiting Navy Chiefs and Naval delegations from nine ASEAN member states |date=2026-02-19 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2230222&reg=3&lang=1&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref>

=== 20 February ===
The Indian Navy hosted the ninth edition of the Conclave of Chiefs of the [[Indian Ocean Naval Symposium]] (IONS). The Indian Navy took over the chairmanship of the IONS for the first time since 2008, from the [[Royal Thai Navy]]. The conclave included the participation of the Chief of Navies and Heads of Maritime Security Agencies of 33 member and observer states of the IONS. During the conclave, the [[Philippines]] joined as an observer while [[Oman]] joined the IONS Working Group on HADR.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=V. Kamalakara |date=2026-02-20 |title=India takes over IONS chair after 16 years at Naval Chiefs’ conclave |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/india-takes-over-ions-chair-after-16-years-at-naval-chiefs-conclave/article70656165.ece |access-date=2026-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite press release |title=India assumes the chairmanship of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium|date=2026-02-20|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2231000&reg=3&lang=1|access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India assumes chairmanship of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium {{!}} Myanmar International TV |url=https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/india-assumes-chairmanship-indian-ocean-naval-symposium |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=www.myanmaritv.com}}</ref>

The [[Commander of the Iranian Navy]], Commodore [[Shahram Irani]], also met the Indian Navy chief, Tripathi, while he visited India for the events. Irani emphasised the exchange of experience in long-range operations and escort missions for commercial vessels that will suit mutual interests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-21 |title=Iran Navy Chief in India, Destroyer Docks in Vizag |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2026/02/21/iran-navy-chief-in-india-destroyer-docks-in-vizag/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> {{clear}}

==Participating ships==
{{Main|List of ships present at International Fleet Review 2026}}

The 2026 edition of the IFR and MILAN exercise had 74 participating nations with 85 warships including 19 from foreign friendly nations. Meanwhile, the Indian fleet comprised 60 [[Indian Navy]] ships, four [[Indian Coast Guard]] vessels and one ship each from the [[Shipping Corporation of India]] and the [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]].<ref name=":11" /> The Indian Naval Ships will include {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}, three submarines,<ref name=":11" /> {{Sclass|Visakhapatnam|destroyer}}s, {{Sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|1|5=2019}}s and [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft|''Arnala''-class anti-submarine warfare corvettes]].<ref name=":0" /> Maiden participants with assets includes [[German Navy|Germany]], [[Philippine Navy|Philippines]] and the [[United Arab Emirates Navy|UAE]]. Over 60 [[naval aircraft]]<ref name=":11" /> from three countries will also took part in the events.<ref name=":1" /> {{INS|Sumedha}} served as the [[presidential yacht]] during the IFR on 18 February.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=2026-02-16 |title=President Murmu to witness naval strength at International Fleet Review in Visakhapatnam |url=https://theprint.in/india/president-murmu-to-witness-naval-strength-at-international-fleet-review-in-visakhapatnam/2856310/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ranjan |first=Rajeev |date=2026-02-18 |title=All About 'Made In India' INS Sumedha: President Murmu's 'Presidential Yacht' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/international-fleet-review-2026-vizag-president-droupadi-murmu-ins-sumedha-saryu-class-offshore-patrol-vehicle-11053409 |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

The first set of foreign ships, including {{Ship|MCGS|Huravee|2023|6}}, [[Seychelles Coast Guard#Current vessels|SCGS ''Zoroaster'']] and VPNS 17 from [[Vietnam People's Navy]], made their port call at [[Visakhapatnam]] on 12 February 2026.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Peri |first=Usha |date=2026-02-13 |title=Foreign naval ships arrive in Visakhapatnam ahead of IFR, MILAN, IONS 2026 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2026/Feb/13/foreign-naval-ships-arrive-in-visakhapatnam-ahead-of-ifr-milan-ions-2026 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As of 14 February, INS ''Vikrant'' was yet to enter the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=":6" /> The [[Russian Navy]] will deploy a frigate of its [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]] from [[Muscat]], [[Oman]]. The warship will make a port call at Visakhapatnam on 18 February.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=India, Russia to hold joint naval drills next month, TASS reports |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-russia-to-hold-joint-naval-drills-next-month-tass-reports/articleshow/127684574.cms?from=mdr |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Russia, India to hold joint naval drills in February, TASS reports |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/russia-india-to-hold-joint-naval-drills-in-february-tass-reports/article70559918.ece |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Indian Navy welcomed four warships from three Navies, including the [[Royal Australian Navy]], the [[Royal Thai Navy]] and the [[Sri Lanka Navy]], on 16 February.<ref name=":7" /> Another three ships from the [[Bangladesh Navy]], the [[UAE Navy]], and the [[Indonesian Navy]] arrived on 17 February. INS ''Vikrant'' also entered the harbour on this day.<ref name=":8" />

=== Visibility from space ===
The six columns of 52 warships anchored off the coast of Visakhapatnam during the International Fleet Review was captured in an image clicked by the ABA First Runner (AFR) satellite of the Azista Space. INS ''Vikrant'' remained the most prominent vessel in the picture. The image also demonstrated the increasing capabilities of space-based [[Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance|Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance]] (ISR) in the [[Maritime Domain Awareness]] (MDA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-25 |title=Massive naval buildup with 71 ships seen from space off Visakhapatnam coast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/massive-naval-buildup-with-71-ships-seen-from-space-off-visakhapatnam-coast-2874228-2026-02-25 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Exercise MILAN 2026==
{{Main|Milan (naval exercise)}}

[[File:MILAN26logo.png|left|thumb|201x201px|Milan 2026 commomorative logo]]
A total of 42 ships and submarines along with 29 aircraft participated in the exercise. It also included 18 warships from foreign friendly nations and aircraft from Germany, France and the USA.<ref name=":2">{{Cite press release |title=MILAN 2026 concludes successfully; closing ceremony onboard INS Vikrant marks maritime milestone |date=2026-02-25 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2232853&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-27}}</ref>

The MILAN Village was established as a [[residential complex]] dedicatedly constructed to accommodate the naval personnel, officers and their families for the IFR and MILAN 2026 within the premises of {{INS|Satavahana}}, the premier submarine training base of the force. The village also features about 50 stalls to exhibit handlooms, handicrafts, and traditional artefacts from [[Indian States]] as well as foreign navies.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

The exercise was inaugurated by the [[Defence Minister of India]], [[Rajnath Singh]], on 19 February. The exercise will be conducted in two phases, Harbour and Sea Phase. The Harbour Phase includes multiple events including the International Maritime Seminar, cross-deck visits, sports interactions and pre-sail planning conferences among others. Meanwhile, the Sea Phase was designed to enhance maritime cooperation and interoperability.<ref name=":12" /> The phase will include coordinated maritime security operations, tactical manoeuvres and communication drills<ref name=":12" /> as well as [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW), [[air defence]], and [[search and rescue]] operations.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=MILAN 2026: Raksha Mantri interacts with visiting Navy Chiefs and Naval delegations from nine ASEAN member states |date=2026-02-19 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2230222&reg=3&lang=1&reg=3&lang=1 |quote=The discussions also covered the ongoing Sea Phase of MILAN 2026, focusing on complex maritime drills including anti-submarine warfare (ASW), air defence, and search-and-rescue operations. |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref>

[[File:MILAN 2026.jpg|thumb|Ships in formation during Milan 2026]]
The sea phase of the exercise commenced on 22 February. The phase will include [[Anti-surface warfare|surface firing]] coordination, [[anti-air]], [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] drills along with [[maritime interdiction]], aircraft carrier and [[cross-deck]] helicopter operations. The operations also includes anti-submarine units tasked to detect and track [[Attack submarine|submarines]], aerial exercise for air defence units as well as [[search and rescue]] drills.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peri |first=Usha |date=2026-02-22 |title=Sea Phase of MILAN begins today with naval drills and surface firing |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2026/Feb/22/sea-phase-of-milan-begins-today-with-naval-drills-and-surface-firing |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 25 February, the exercise culminated with a closing ceremony hosted onboard INS ''Vikrant'' off the coast of Visakhapatnam.<ref name=":2" />

It was reported that the [[Philippine Navy]] ship {{BRP|Miguel Malvar|FFG-6}} was the only one to be able to detect an Indian submarine during the exercise during an [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti submarine drill]]. This was claimed by the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] spokesperson for the [[West Philippine Sea]], [[Rear admiral|Rear Admiral]] Roy Vincent Trinidad. The Indian Navy has deployed its {{Sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine}}s in the exercise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dava |first=Bianca |title=PH Navy ship detects Indian submarine during multilateral drills {{!}} ABS-CBN News |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/nation/2026/3/25/ph-navy-ship-detects-indian-submarine-during-multilateral-drills-1514 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260326012739/https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/nation/2026/3/25/ph-navy-ship-detects-indian-submarine-during-multilateral-drills-1514 |archive-date=2026-03-26 |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=ABS-CBN |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Post event ==
During its return journey on 4 March 2026, amid the [[2026 Iran war]], the participating ship from the [[Iran]]ian Navy, {{ship|IRIS|Dena}}, was sunk by a [[USS Charlotte (SSN-766)|US Navy submarine]] in international waters near the southern coast of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jayasinghe |first1=Uditha |last2=Ali |first2=Idrees |last3=Stewart |first3=Phil |title=U.S. sub sinks Iranian warship off Sri Lanka, killing 87 and expanding war zone |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/sri-lanka-rescues-30-people-board-distressed-iranian-ship-foreign-minister-says-2026-03-04/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Reuters |date=4 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-06 |title=India allows Iranian warship to dock at Kochi, crew housed at naval facilities |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-allows-iranian-warship-to-dock-at-kochi-crew-housed-at-naval-facilities-101772816133475.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently India allowed Iranian warship [[IRIS Lavan]] to dock at [[Cochin Port|Kochi]] on 4 March 2026 with 183-member crew housed at naval facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-06 |title=India allows Iranian warship to dock at Kochi, crew housed at naval facilities |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-allows-iranian-warship-to-dock-at-kochi-crew-housed-at-naval-facilities-101772816133475.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Sri Lanka allowed another Iranian warship [[IRIS Bushehr]] to dock at Trincomalee port and housed its 208-member crew at the naval camp on 5 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=2026-03-05 |title=Sri Lanka evacuates crew from Iranian navy vessel days after warship was destroyed by US |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/05/iran-ship-sri-lanka-port-after-us-sinking-of-frigate |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

India's former chief of naval staff, Admiral [[Arun Prakash]], commented that "It’s a bit of treachery of the US to attend a peaceful function side-by-side with Iranian navy, where there’s a lot of camaraderie, and then the moment the Iranian ship pops out of harbour, it’s sunk ... They could have delayed this action to spare India this embarrassment."<ref name=guardian-20260315>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/15/us-attack-iris-dena-undermines-indian-security-ties-iran |title='Bit of treachery': US attack on IRIS Dena undermines Indian security ties |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Wipulasena |first2=Aanya |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 March 2026 |access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Vietnamese Corvette VPNS-17.webp|Upgraded Petya class corvette VPNS-17 of Vietnam
File:KING aUNG zEYA.webp|UMS King Aung Zeya from Myanmar
File:IRIS Dena.webp|[[IRIS Dena]] from the Iranian Navy
File:Al Emaraat.webp|Al Emarat, a corvette of the UAE Navy, arriving in India ahead of the Fleet Review
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category|International Fleet Review 2026}}
*[[International Fleet Review 2016]]
*[[International Fleet Review 2013]]
*[[International Fleet Review 2005]]
*[[President's fleet review]]
*[[Fleet review (Commonwealth realms)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Military exercises and wargames]]
[[Category:February 2026 in India]]
[[Category:Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]

Silhadi

2026-05-03T16:31:24Z

LayneMatos1: starting first post with sources

{{short description|Rajput chief}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Raja Shiladitya Tomar (Silhadi)
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| death_date = 6 May 1532
| birth_place = [[Malwa Sultanate]]
| death_place = [[Dhar]], Malwa Sultanate
| burial_place =
| allegiance = [[Malwa Sultanate]] [[Kingdom of Mewar]] [[Mughal Empire]] (1528–1532)
| branch =
| service_years =
| rank = Chieftain
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Battle of Bayana]] [[Battle of Khanwa]]{{AWOL}}
| awards =
| other_work =
}}
'''Raja Shiladitya Tomar''', also called '''Silhadi Tomar''' (died 6 May 1532{{sfn|Dirk H. A. Kolff|1990|p=85}}), was a chieftain of northeast [[Malwa]] in the early decades of 16th century [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. He become vassal of Sanga of Mewar and remained as an ally and Sanga helped him and Medini Rai in various battles and in conquering Malwa from Sultans.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|pp=155-156}}

== Early life ==

Silhadi was a [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tomar Rajput]] chieftain. His association with the [[Gahlots]] and [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodias]] (a branch of Gahlots) is probably a result of his marriage into the Sisodia ruling family of [[Mewar Kingdom|Mewar]]. However, he most probably belonged to the Tomar clan, and came from the Tonwarghar tract located to the north of [[Gwalior]].{{sfn|Dirk H. A. Kolff|1990|p=88}}

Silhadi has also been described as a [[Purbiya]] [[Rajput]], but the term "Purbiya" here is not a clan name. He commanded a [[mercenary]] force of Rajputs from the eastern region (''Purab''), which included [[Awadh]], [[Bihar]] and the area around [[Varanasi]]. These soldiers were called Purbiya (eastern), and therefore, Silhadi was described as a Purbiya too.{{sfn|Dirk H. A. Kolff|1990|p=88}}

== Military career ==

Along with his relative [[Medini Rai]],{{sfn|Upendra Nath Day|1965|p=283}} Silhadi rose to position of power in the service of Sultan Mahmood Khilji II (ruled 1510-1531) of the [[Malwa Sultanate]]. Medini Rai and Silhadi were [[de facto]] rulers of the northeastern [[Malwa]] region during Mahmood’s reign. Bhilsa, [[Chanderi]] and [[Raisen]] were their strongholds. At one time they had become so powerful that they seemed to start open rebellion. But in any ways they became semi-independent regions.

Both Silhadi and Rai assisted by [[Rana Sanga]] of Mewar managed to conquer most of the Malwa. Chanderi was capital of Medini rai's kingdom Malwa now, under lordship of Sanga.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|pp=156}} While Silhadi established himself as lord of Sarangpur and Raisen region as a vassal ruler of Rana Sanga.{{sfn|Jadunath Sarkar|1960|pp=57}} He remained a decisive factor in the politics of north and central India during his life and was responsible for sinking the fortunes of many kings by his sudden defections. He joined the Mughals with a garrison of 30,000 Rajputs.{{sfn|Jadunath Sarkar|1960|pp=58}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Gautam Das |title=Unlearned Lessons: An Appraisal of India's Military Mishaps |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsEGZDgHTCcC |year=2007|publisher=Har-Anand |isbn=978-81-241-1257-1 |page=310 }}</ref> After betraying Rana Sanga, Silhadi converted to Islam and was given the name "Silah-al-din".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tLxsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 Babur By Stephen F. Dale pg.160]</ref> According to some historians this betrayal never happened and was a later concoction. [[R. C. Majumdar|R.C Majumadar]] mentions, "Silhadi continued to help mewar loyally long after the battle and was one of the trustiest officers of Sanga's Son and successor RatanSimha, story of treachery of Silhadi was a much later invention".{{sfn|Majumdar|1951|pp=346}} [[Dirk H. A. Kolff]] mentions that Silhadi, who was kept under surveillance in camp of [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] of Gujarat opted to convert to Islam as a radical solution during siege of Raisen fort by the Gujarati Army.{{sfn|Dirk H. A. Kolff|1990|p=98}}

==Death==
In 1531, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] of Gujarat reached Dhár, hearing that Silhadi kept in captivity certain women who had belonged to the [[harem]] of Sultán Násir-ud-dín of Málwa, Bahádur marched against him and forced him to surrender and embrace Islám. The chief secretly sent to the Rána of Chitor for aid and delayed handing over Raisen. On learning this Bahádur dispatched a force to keep Chitor in check and pressed the siege. At his own request, Silhadi was sent to persuade the garrison to surrender. But their reproaches stung him so sharply, that, joining with them, they sallied forth sword in hand and were all slain.<ref name="GBP">{{cite book|editor=James Macnabb Campbell|editor-link=James Macnabb Campbell|title=History of Gujarát|chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm|series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|volume=I. Part II.|year=1896|publisher=The Government Central Press|pages=254–257|chapter=II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.)}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

Kolff in his book,{{sfn|Dirk H. A. Kolff|1990|p=98}} mentions that conversion to Islam was more of a radical solution than anything else.
″But Silhadi, who was kept under surveillance in Bahadur Shah’s
camp, seems personally to have been prepared to opt for radical
solutions. When he saw that his men in the fort of Raisen, under the
command of his brother Lakshman, were sorely put to defend
themselves against the Gujarati army, he told the sultan that he
wished ‘to be dignified with the nobility of Islam’. The sultan was
delighted, ‘repeated to him the words expressing the unity of God’,
whereupon Silhadi accepted the faith receiving a special robe of
honour and various kinds of food from the royal kitchen. By
embracing Islam, Silhadi seemed to have found a definitive answer
to the problem of the muslim women under his care as well as to the
central problem of his place in the islamic kingdom."

A son of Silhadi was sent with 2,000 Purbiya soldiers to meet another son of his, named Bhupat, who was assisted by the rana of Mewar. The latter was by now on his way to relieve Raisen. But the Rajput rescue force was defeated and the head of Silhadi’s son along with those of many comrades in arms was sent to the sultan. Soon Bahadur Shah sent him away to a Mandu prison.
Lakshman, after a siege of months, sent a message to the sultan asking him to summon Silhadi to his presence, to forgive him and to offer him
an assurance of safety. He, Lakshman, would then evacuate the fort and surrender. Bahadur Shah granted this request. Durgavati, who was Bhupat’s mother, asked the sultan to allow her husband to come up into the fort so that he, rather than strangers, would conduct her and the other women down into the camp. So Silhadi, accompanied by one of the sultan’s trusted amirs, was allowed to see his family. At the meeting Silhadi was asked what iqta Bahadur Shah offered them ‘in exchange for the fort of Raisen, and the country of Gondwana’.The sultan had chosen the town of Baroda in Gujarat as their place of residence and Silhadi told them so. They must have realised that they were thus to be cut off from Rajasthan, the land of their Sisodia allies, from Hindustan, which included the Purbiya recruiting grounds, and finally, from Malwa.{{sfn|Dirk H. A. Kolff|1990|p=99}}

Durgavati and the Purbiya leaders indicated that nothing the sultan could give in recompense for their loss of freedom would really be worth considering: ‘Although the Sultan would show us favour and kindness, still for generations the sultanat of these lands essentially is for us a real experience. The right way of bravery is this, that we should perform jauhar of our women and children, and should ourselves fight and be slain; and there should be no further longing left in our hearts.’ [[Nizamuddin Ahmad|Nizamuddin]], who describes the scene, singles out Durgavati as the main pleader for such drastic action. Silhadi was much moved by her stand. He explained to the Muslim amir who was still there with him and who offered much friendly counsel, what life in the last resort meant to him: Every day one kror of betel leaves, and some seers of camphor are consumed in my harem, and every day three hundred women put on new garments. If we are killed with our women and children, what honour and glory. That was decisive. ‘Rani Durgawati, taking her daughter-in-law, who was the sister of Rana Sanga, with (her) two children by
the hand got into the jauhar and they with seven hundred beautiful women were burnt.’ Silhadi, Lakshman and Taj Khan then armed themselves and died as consecrated warriors in a fight with the sultan’s Deccani infantry at the foot of the fort.{{sfn|Dirk H. A. Kolff|1990|p=100}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite book|author=Jadunath Sarkar|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ|title=Military History of India|date=1960|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=9780861251551|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Chaurasia|first=Radhey Shyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC|title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0123-4|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Gopi Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ|title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.)|date=1954|publisher=S.L. Agarwala|language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Dirk H. A. Kolff |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA87 |year=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=Upendra Nath Day |title=Medieval Malwa: a political and cultural history, 1401-1562 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0s1AQAAIAAJ |year=1965 |publisher=Munshi Ram Manohar Lal |isbn=9788121504010 |oclc=934073 }}
* {{cite book |last=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra | title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate, 346|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03lDAAAAYAAJ&q=some+attribute+the+hindu+defeat+to+the+weakness+of+the+hindu | year=1951 | publisher=Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan}}

[[Category:1532 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Raisen]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian people]]

Milind Chittal

2026-04-30T04:31:56Z

LayneMatos1: article

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Milind Chittal
| image = File:Milind Chittal -Kirana Gharana Vocalist.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_name = Milind Chittal
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1959|07|19}}
| birth_place = [[Karwar]], Karnataka, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| origin = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| occupation = Singer, [[chartered accountant]]
| years_active =
| label =
| website = [https://www.quora.com/profile/Milind-Chittal-3/ milindchittal.com]
}}

''' Milind Chittal''' is an Indian classical vocalist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fanfare Joel Flegler|year = 1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyflAAAAMAAJ&q=milind+chittal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Profiles in Creativity|year = 1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qitlAAAAMAAJ&q=milind+chittal}}</ref><ref name="Nadkarni1999">{{cite book|author=Mohan Nadkarni|title=The great masters: profiles in Hindustani classical vocal music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_kTAQAAIAAJ&q=MILIND+CHITTAL|date=April 1999|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|pages=31, 396|isbn=9788172232849}}</ref> Chittal is the son of Kannada writer [[Yashwant Chittal]]. He trained under [[Firoz Dastur]] of the [[Kirana Gharana]]. He is a 'Top' grade artist for classical music on All India Radio. He is also a qualified [[Chartered Accountant]] and lived and worked in [[Dubai]] for a significant number of years while continuing to perform and teach music .<ref>{{cite web|title=Firoz Dastur ITCSRA|url=http://www.itcsra.org/aspfiles/personwindow.asp?personid=301|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210201721/http://www.itcsra.org/aspfiles/personwindow.asp?personid=301|archive-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Chittal's devotional album ''Enchanting Ram Bhajans'' was nominated for GiMA awards' for the best devotional album in 2015.<ref name=gifa>"Best Devotional Album", {{cite web|title=2015 Global Indian Film Award nominees|work=GIFA website|url=http://gima.co.in/oty-non-film-music-nominees.php?y=2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/armaan-malik-lagori-and-kanishk-seth-lead-gima-2015-non-film-music-awards-150210 "Armaan Malik, Lagori and Kanishk Seth lead GiMA 2015 Non-Film Music Awards"]. ''Radio and Music'', 10 February 2015.</ref> He has performed at major music festivals all over India<ref>{{cite web|title=Soak in the music at Gunidas sangeet sammellan ''DNA''|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-soak-in-the-music-at-gunidas-sangeet-sammelan-1772640}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Harballabh music festival star performers|url=http://harballabh.org/star-performers.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sawai Gandharva Mahotsav|url=http://sawaigandharvabhimsenmahotsav.com/programs-1994}}</ref> and has also performed abroad in USA, Canada, UK, New Zealand, Australia ,UAE and Oman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne, Australia concerts|url=https://www.eventbrite.com.au/e/vocal-recital-by-pt-milind-chittal-tickets-942255239787}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Neema Newcastle UK concerts|url=http://www.neemanewcastle.net/Gallery}}</ref> He has given playback for the television serial ''The Discovery of India'' produced by Shyam Benegal.<ref>{{cite web|title= Discovery of India (Bharat Ek Khoj) credits track|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YATqDtzLh18}}</ref> He was featured in ''[[Surabhi (TV series)|Surabhi]]'' in the year 1998<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070826221631/http://www.indiasurabhi.com/surabhi03.html Episode 313 surabhi]}}</ref> and the Umang television series in 2011.<ref>Dhaneshwar, Amarendra [http://afternoondc.in/film-review/youth-enthral-with-lilting-music/article_26686 "Youth enthral with lilting music"]. ''Afternoon Dispatch and Courier'', 7 June 2011.</ref>
Chittal was a member of the Jury for the 3iii International Indian Icon contest <ref> 3iii International Indian Icon [https://www.facebook.com/3iii.official/photos/1609490252567181]</ref>.He participated in the biggest Hanuman Janmotsav in 2024 where musicians from all over the world chanted for world peace.<ref> Hanuman Janmotsav [https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=804306548393672&set=a.203994321758234]</ref>
Milind has recorded music albums for several music companies like [[Times Music]], [[Magnasound]], [[Mystica Music]] and [[Fountain Music]].<ref>{{cite web|title=itunes.apple.com|url=https://music.apple.com/in/artist/milind-chittal/299468644}}</ref>

===Discography===
Following is a list of some of his albums:

*‘Abhang’ – Marathi devotional songs
*‘Aesthetic Melodies’ – Classical Music album of various ragas
*‘Alaap’ – Classical Music album of various ragas
*‘Bandishein’ – Short compositions in various ragas performed live in concerts
*‘Embracing Krishna’ –Krishna Bhajans CD by Mystica Music Co.
*‘Enchanting Ram bhajans’ –Ram Bhajans CD by Mystica Music Co.
*‘Evening Reflections’ – Classical Music album of various evening ragas
*‘Exuberance’-Ragas Marwa, Kalavati and Jogia by Mystica Music Co.
*‘Khayal’ – Classical Music album of various ragas performed live in concerts
*‘Malhar Rang’ – Classical Music album of Monsoon ragas
*‘Morning & Afternoon Ragas’ – Classical Music album of various ragas
*‘Payaliya Jhankar’ – Classical ragas based on theme ‘Payaliya Jhankar’
*‘Raag Rang’ – Classical Music album of short compositions in various ragas
*‘Simply Divine Bhajans’ – Hindi Bhajans CD
*‘Tarana’ – Compilation of 12 taranas in various ragas
*‘Thumris of Kirana Gharana’ by Times Music
* Classical Music albums by Fountain Music Company:
# Ragas Ahir Bhairav and Hindol
# Ragas Darbari Kanada and Jog
# Ragas Malkauns,Abhogi Kanada and Shankara
# Ragas Puriya Kalyan and Miyan Ki Malhar
# Ragas Yaman Kalyan,Basant and Gujari Todi

===Awards and prizes===
Milind Chittal was nominated for Best Devotional Album at the 2015 Global Indian Film Awards<ref name=gifa />

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chittal, Milind}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:People from Karwar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian accountants]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Kirana gharana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]

Vinay Prakash Gond

2026-04-29T19:56:13Z

LayneMatos1: starting initial stub initial version.

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinay Prakash Gond
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Ramkola Assembly constituency|Ramkola]]
| predecessor = [[Ramanand Baudh]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|01|1}}
| birth_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Farmer]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| father = Gaya Prasad
| spouse = Sangita Devi
| children = 3
| alma_mater = Ashok Vidyapith Inter College
| education = [[Secondary education|Secondary Education]]
}}
'''Vinay Prakash Gond''' is an Indian [[politician]], [[farmer]], and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Ramkola Assembly constituency]] of [[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18335/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="on">{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/vinay-gond/ |title=Vinay Gond, BJP MLA from Ramkola |website=ourneta.com |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref name="on"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/vinay-prakash-gond |title=Vinay Prakash Gond |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref>

==Early life==

Vinay Prakash Gond was born on 1 January 1976 in Bhathahi Khurd, [[Kushinagar]], to a [[Hindu]] family of Gaya Prasad.<ref name="upla"/> He married Sangita Devi on 1 January 1983, and they had three children.<ref name="upla"/>

==Education==

Vinay Prakash Gond completed his higher [[secondary education]] at Ashok Vidyapith Inter College, [[Gorakhpur]], in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4044 |title=Vinay Prakash(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAMKOLA (SC)(KUSHINAGAR) |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Posts held ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|01
|2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Ramkola Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gond, Vinay Prakash}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Kushinagar]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

2024 WazirX hack

2026-04-28T22:12:46Z

LayneMatos1: new the article needs work!

{{Short description|Cyberattack and cryptocurrency theft}}
{{Infobox event
| date = July 18, 2024
| type = [[Cyberattack]]; cryptocurrency theft
| outcome = Approx. US$230–235 million stolen; withdrawals and trading suspended
| suspects = Attributed to the [[Lazarus Group]]
| target = WazirX
}}
On 18 July, 2024, WazirX, an Indian [[cryptocurrency exchange]], reported a cyberattack in which approximately US$234.9 million (around ₹2,000 crore) in digital assets were stolen from a [[Multisignature wallet|multi-signature wallet]] used under a third-party custody arrangement with Liminal Custody.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Venugopal |first1=Sahana |date=3 September 2024 |title=WazirX Cyberattack: What is WazirX's legal status after a $230 million wallet hack? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/what-is-wazirxs-legal-status-after-a-230-million-wallet-hack/article68595715.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=WazirX cryptocurrency exchange halts withdrawals after security breach |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/wazirx-cryptocurrency-withdrawals-security-breach-9461946/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Global analysis later linked the attack to the [[Lazarus Group]], a North Korea–associated threat actor targeting crypto infrastructures worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement on Cryptocurrency Thefts by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Public-Private Collaboration |url=https://2021-2025.state.gov/office-of-the-spokesperson/releases/2025/01/joint-statement-on-cryptocurrency-thefts-by-the-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea-and-public-private-collaboration/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=United States Department of State |language=en}}</ref>

== Hack ==
On 18 July 2024, $234.9 million worth of crypto assets have been taken out of the exchange and sent to a new address by North Korean hackers belonging to [[Lazarus Group]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla|first=Siddharth|date=2024-07-18|title=WazirX Pauses Crypto, Rupee Withdrawals After Wallet Breach|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-18/wazirx-pauses-crypto-rupee-withdrawals-after-wallet-breach-lyqzzwm1|access-date=2024-07-31|work=Bloomberg.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand|first=Vijay|date=2024-07-29|title=North Korean Lazarus Group linked to $235 million WazirX crypto breach - CNBC TV18|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/wazirx-crypto-breach-cyfirma-north-korean-lazarus-group-19450904.htm|access-date=2024-07-31|website=CNBCTV18|language=en}}</ref>

=== Modus operandi ===
WazirX's [[multisig]] [[Cryptocurrency wallet|wallet]], controlled by five WazirX and one Liminal signature, required three WazirX and one Liminal signature to initiate transactions. Hackers created a fake WazirX account, deposited tokens, and began purchasing Gala (GALA) tokens. After draining the [[hot wallet]], they accessed the [[cold wallet]]. When WazirX signatories accessed the multisig wallet, the hackers altered the smart contract controlling it. Once modified in their favor, the attackers gained full control, no longer needing WazirX's keys, and drained all the funds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anupam|first=Suprita|date=2024-09-25|title=The End Of WazirX: The $234 Mn Heist, Nischal Shetty Under Fire And The Blame Game|url=https://inc42.com/features/wazirx-crypto-heist-nischal-shetty-blame-game/|access-date=2024-09-26|website=Inc42 Media|language=en}}</ref> Before the attack, the crypto exchange stated in its June 2024 proof-of-reserves disclosure that it had about $500 million in digital assets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=|first=|date=2024-07-29|title=WazirX crypto exchange hack: how much of the assets was lost, CEO Nischal Shetty's announcement, and what happens next|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/wazirx-crypto-exchange-hack-how-much-of-the-assets-was-lost-and-what-happens-next/article68459460.ece|access-date=2024-07-31|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Exchange closure ===
On 18 July 2024, the exchange suspended crypto trading by disclosing the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh|first=Manish|date=2024-07-21|title=WazirX halts trading after $230 million 'force majeure' loss|url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/21/wazirx-halts-trading-after-230-million-hit-to-crypto-exchange/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAEqQb3DWP_YrVKDE1Q-eSYG-fqRWZTsj8fXpaIkOtiq_BnXD9WNfAgJR9Xl6ysmU0W_KRakHLRgKg3SdcdKqLbS08NUaD7vsgbLSIPzlekFATRNS5ZjQfFb1hPEc1PCWFdanjXZ9m0W5qwu5fR2axTOfFadiT_W_jEI-auYNXKgZ|access-date=2024-08-31|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma|first=Manoj|date=2024-07-10|title=WazirX halts trading, announces $23 mn bounty after hackers steal $234 mn. Key updates|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/macro/wazirx-halts-trading-announces-23-mn-bounty-after-hackers-steal-234-mn-key-updates/117654|access-date=2024-08-31|website=www.fortuneindia.com|language=en}}</ref> User balances were reset to 18 July 2024 (1:00 PM IST), reversing trades made after the hack. This followed user protests after WazirX froze some funds, halted withdrawals, and proposed spreading losses across all users.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-08-09 |title=WazirX CEO Nischal Shetty shares move to restore account balances and undo all platform trades post-withdrawal halt |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/wazirx-ceo-nischal-shetty-shares-move-to-restore-account-balances-and-undo-all-platform-trades-post-withdrawal-halt/article68504503.ece |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A [[First information report|First Information Report]] (FIR) was filed with the Special Cell in New Delhi. One individual, SK Masud Alam, was arrested for opening a "mule" account (under the alias Souvik Mondal) that facilitated the hack.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Navdeep |date=2024-07-18 |title=WazirX temporarily suspends crypto deposits and withdrawals after $230M hack |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/cryptocurrency/wazirx-temporarily-suspends-crypto-deposits-and-withdrawals-after-230m-hack/articleshow/111834527.cms |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2024-07-21 |title=WazirX halts trading after $230 million 'force majeure' loss |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/21/wazirx-halts-trading-after-230-million-hit-to-crypto-exchange/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
According to a report by [[Mandiant]] dated 14 August, WazirX’s cyberattack originated from Liminal Custody which was a Singapore-based security partner of the crypto exchange.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Divyesh |date=2024-09-09 |title=Crypto firm WazirX's security partner says no evidence of cyberattack on its system |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/wazirx-security-partner-liminal-company-cyberattack-security-breach-audit-findings-2596809-2024-09-09 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>As per the report, the attack did not affect the exchange’s hot wallets or primary trading platform infrastructure and was confined to the externally managed multisig custody environment. Liminal Custody disputed aspects of the forensic methodology and conclusions<ref>{{cite web |author=Radhika Parashar & Siddharth Suvarna |date=29 July 2024 |title=WazirX Wallet Hack: Liminal Denies Responsibility Amid Recent Allegations |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/cryptocurrency/news/liminal-refutes-responsibility-wazirx-hack-recent-allegations-6212869 |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Gadgets360 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> and they commissioned [[Grant Thornton]] for a comprehensive review of their frontend, backend, UI, and transaction workflow. As per their report, of the 240,000 wallet addresses WazirX submitted to the Singapore court, only a handful were warm/cold wallets managed through Liminal and majority of them had zero balance<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=WazirX Shares 2.4 Lakh Non-Zero Fund Crypto Addresses but Investigators Say They’re Lying |url=https://www.binance.com/en/square/post/15129385610761 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=[[Binance]]}}</ref>; the vast majority were hot wallets controlled directly by WazirX. They drew a direct parallel to the Radiant Capital hack (same attack vector: compromised signer devices, Ledger, UI mismatch and malicious contract upgrade), noting that Radiant took full transparency and accountability while WazirX did not.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-24 |title=WazirX accused of running “persistent disinformation campaign” by Liminal while users wait for court updates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/wazirx-accused-of-running-persistent-disinformation-campaign-by-liminal-while-users-wait-for-court-updates/article68786444.ece |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

However, investigative developments in India added further scrutiny to the custody provider’s response. Reports related to the incident noted that the Delhi Police's Intelligence Fusion and Strategic Operations (IFSO) unit alleged that Liminal failed to provide critical logs and technical data associated with the date of the breach. While responses were submitted, authorities stated that the required technical information was not fully provided.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-14 |title=WazirX Cyberattack: Liminal Responds To Claims Of Non Cooperation; Here's What It Said |url=https://news.abplive.com/business/crypto/wazirx-cyberattack-liminal-responds-to-claims-of-non-cooperation-here-s-what-it-said-1731266 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian police arrest suspect in $230 million WazirX crypto exchange hack |url=https://therecord.media/wazirx-crypto-exchange-hack-suspect-arrested-india |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=therecord.media |language=en}}</ref>

WazirX terminated its custody agreement with Liminal, and began moving assets to other secure institutional partners.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Navdeep |date=2024-08-14 |title=WazirX ends custody deal with Liminal, begins migration of funds to new wallets after $230 million hack |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/cryptocurrency/wazirx-ends-custody-deal-with-liminal-begins-migration-of-funds-to-new-wallets-after-230-million-hack/articleshow/112527520.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
On 13 October 2025, the [[High Court of Singapore]] sanctioned (with modifications) a creditor-approved restructuring scheme submitted by Zettai Pte Ltd., WazirX’s Singapore-based entity, after the proposal was supported by about 95.7% of creditors by number and 94.6% by value.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WazirX News: Singapore Clears Plan for Restart, Bringing Respite to Victims of $230M Hack |url=https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2025/10/13/wazirx-restructuring-cleared-in-massive-relief-for-usd230m-hack-victims |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.coindesk.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[scheme of arrangement]] was pursued under Singapore’s Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act 2018 and included steps to restructure liabilities, pro-rata distribution of rebalanced assets (approx. 85 % of claim value), and issuance of Recovery Tokens (RTs) for potential future distributions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WazirX’s Revival - an understated moment for India’s Crypto Industry? |url=https://m.economictimes.com/wealth/invest/wazirxs-revival-an-understated-moment-for-indias-crypto-industry/amp_articleshow/125462692.cms |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref> Following the court sanction, the endorsed scheme was filed with Singapore’s [[Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority]] (ACRA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=WazirX to reopen within 10 business days after Singapore High Court approval |url=https://news.superex.com/articles/6047.html |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Superex |language=en-US}}</ref>

During the restructuring process, WazirX continued court proceedings and creditor engagement, including a creditor vote reported as showing high participation and renewed support for the restructuring scheme after an earlier proposal was rejected by the [[Supreme Court of Singapore|Singapore court]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-08-19 |title=WazirX users vote again to support restructuring scheme after Singapore court struck down the first proposal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/wazirx-users-vote-again-to-support-restructuring-scheme-after-singapore-court-struck-down-the-first-proposal/article69950414.ece |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=}}</ref> The exchange later resumed operations under revised custody arrangements and implemented additional security measures, including the use of institutional custody providers such as [[BitGo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Decrypt / Vismaya |date=2025-10-23 |title=WazirX to Resume Trading and Withdrawals More Than a Year After $234M Hack |url=https://decrypt.co/345632/wazirx-to-resume-trading-and-withdrawals-more-than-a-year-after-234m-hack |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Decrypt |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch: WazirX founder Nischal Shetty candid on the aftermath of 234M hack |url=https://www.thestreet.com/crypto/markets/watch-wazirx-founder-nischal-shetty-candid-on-the-aftermath-of-234m-hack |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251227125035/https://www.thestreet.com/crypto/markets/watch-wazirx-founder-nischal-shetty-candid-on-the-aftermath-of-234m-hack |archive-date=2025-12-27 |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=TheStreet Crypto: Bitcoin and cryptocurrency news, advice, analysis and more |language=en}}</ref>

=== Exchange restart ===
After the restructuring scheme became legally effective, WazirX restarted operations on 24 October 2025, and returned 85% funds to users. The platform introduced a temporary 0% trading-fee offer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-23 |title=India's crypto exchange WazirX to resume operations on October 24 with 0% trading fees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/wazirx-to-resume-operations-on-october-24-with-0-trading-fees/articleshow/124759623.cms |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Platform operations resumed with the exchange migrating custody to global crypto institutional custody providers such as [[BitGo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=WazirX resumes operations, looks to rebuild trust - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/tech/technology/wazirx-resumes-operations-looks-to-rebuild-trust/amp_articleshow/124886580.cms |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanzgiri |first=Vallari |date=2025-03-13 |title=WazirX Partners with BitGo Trust to enhance security funds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/cryptocurrency/wazirx-partners-with-bitgo-trust-to-rebuild-user-trust/article69321066.ece |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Manoj |date=2025-11-05 |title=After restructuring and restarting post hack, WazirX is now rebuilding to reclaim No. 1 spot: Nischal Shetty |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/after-restructuring-and-restarting-post-hack-wazirx-is-now-rebuilding-to-reclaim-no-1-spot-nischal-shetty/127922 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Mishra |editor-first1=Durgesh |editor-last2=Yang |editor-first2=Xin She |editor-last3=Unal |editor-first3=Aynur |editor-last4=Jat |editor-first4=Dharm Singh |chapter=Building Resilient Cryptocurrency Ecosystems: Lessons from Cyberattacks and the Role of Blockchain and AI |chapter-url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2i6KEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |last1=Bhandari |first1=Ravi Baijulal |last2=Ramteke |first2=Neha |last3=Kankariya |first3=Rajkumar |last4=Salunkhe |first4=Harshal Anil |last5=Raidas |first5=Abhishek |last6=Lohar |first6=Ameya |title=Data Science and Big Data Analytics: Proceedings of IDBA 2025, Volume 2 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|year=2025 |pages=174–186 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2i6KEQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chaudhari |first1=Deepesh |last2=Shukla |first2=Sandeep |title=Blockchain-Based Secure Framework for Cryptocurrency Exchange Systems |journal=2024 6th Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS), [[IEEE Access]] |year=2024 |publisher=IEEE |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10732611}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Seerwani |first1=Prerna |last2=Mohan |first2=M. P. Ram |title=Virtual Digital Assets Service Providers under Indian Insolvency Framework |journal=IIM Ahmedabad Working Paper |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] |date=2025-10-01 |url=https://www.iima.ac.in/hindi/sites/default/files/2025-10/WP%20No.2025-10-01.pdf}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jithesh |first=A |title=The Great WazirX Hack: A Crypto Killer? |journal=Case House of IIM Raipur |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Management Raipur]]|date=2025-02-17 |url=https://casehouse.iimraipur.edu.in/admin/uploads/CHIRP_86110_CA.pdf}}

{{authority control}}

{{Hacking in the 2020s}}

[[Category:Cryptocurrency theft]]
[[Category:Robberies in India]]
[[Category:2020s in hacking]]
[[Category:Cybercrime in India]]
[[Category:Cyberattacks]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:India–North Korea relations]]
[[Category:2024 in economic history]]
[[Category:2024 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Cyberwarfare in North Korea]]
[[Category:July 2024 crimes in Asia]]

Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line

2026-04-28T00:15:54Z

LayneMatos1: started the article v1 - done

{{Short description|Railway route in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Main line
| color = blue
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = (Kolkata - Haldibari) Intercity Express route map.png
| photo2a = Vardhman jun.jpg
| size = 250
| spacing = 0
| color = white
| color_border = transparent
}}
| image_width =
| caption = Route map of Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Main line And [[Barddhaman Junction railway station ]] is an important Railway Station on Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Main line
| type =
| system = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = {{color|green|Operational}}
| locale = [[West Bengal]]
| start = •[[Howrah railway station]] (south)
| end = •[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station]] (north)
| stations = 120 (Excluding Termini)
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = {{start date and age|1971}}
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = # [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
# [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = * [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] - [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|NJP Jn]]: {{cvt|564|km|mi}}
* [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] - [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|NJP Jn]]: {{cvt|573|km|mi}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = # [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] - [[Chandanpur railway station|Chandanpur]](0-38km): '''4''' tracks
# [[Chandanpur railway station|Chandanpur]] - [[Saktigarh railway station|Saktigarh]](38-81km): '''3''' tracks
# [[Saktigarh railway station|Saktigarh]] - [[Khana railway station|Khana]] (81-106km): '''4''' tracks
# [[Khana railway station|Khana]] - [[Sainthia Junction railway station|Sainthia]] (106-177km): '''2''' tracks
# [[Sainthia Junction railway station|Sainthia]] - [[Murarai railway station|Murarai]] (177-236km): '''3''' tracks
# [[Murarai railway station|Murarai]] - [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|NJP Jn]] (236-564km): '''2''' tracks
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Fully Electrified (Operational from 9 January 2020)
| speed = 130kmph (max)
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line''' is a railway line connecting [[Howrah railway station]] to [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The line continues through [[North Bengal]] and western part of [[Assam]] to connect with [[Guwahati Junction railway station|Guwahati]].The [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]–[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]] line is divided into two routes: one is the '''[[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Bardhaman]]–[[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]]–[[New Farakka Junction railway station|New Farakka]]''' or '''[[Khana railway station|Khana]]–[[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]]–[[Gumani railway station|Gumani]]''' section (Part of [[Sahibganj loop]]), which is considered as '''Howrah-NJP main line'''.The other is the '''[[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]]-''' '''[[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]]–'''[[New Farakka Junction railway station|'''New Farakka''']] section (Part of [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop|BAK loop]]), which is considered as '''Howrah-NJP loop line'''. The {{stnlnk|Naihati}}–{{stnlnk|Bandel}} link allows trains from another terminus {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} in [[Kolkata]] to use this route. Other parts of West Bengal and Bihar are well-connected to this line. It is under the administrative jurisdiction of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] and [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]].

==Main stations==
{| class=wikitable
! colspan="3" |HWH-NJP Main Line
|-
! Station Code !! Station name !! Distance (km)
|-
| HWH || '''[[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]''' || 00
|-
| BWN || [[Barddhaman Junction railway station|'''Bardhaman''']]|| 93
|-
| BHP || [[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station|Bolpur Santiniketan]]|| 145
|-
| RPH || '''[[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Jn]]'''|| 205
|-
| NFK || [[New Farakka Junction railway station|New Farakka Jn]]|| 294
|-
| MLDT || '''[[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]]''' || 329
|-
| KNE || [[Kishanganj railway station|Kishanganj]]|| 477
|-
| NJP || '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]]'''|| 564
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |HWH-NJP Loop line
|-
!Station Code
!Station name
!Distance (km)
|-
|HWH
|'''[[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]'''
|00
|-
|BDC
|[[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]]
|38
|-
|KWAE
|'''[[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]]'''
|143
|-
|AZ
|[[Azimganj Junction railway station|Azimganj]]
|216
|-
|NFK
|[[New Farakka Junction railway station|New Farakka Jn]]
|295
|-
|MLDT
|'''[[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]]'''
|330
|-
|KNE
|[[Kishanganj railway station|Kishanganj]]
|478
|-
|NJP
|[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|'''New Jalpaiguri''']]
|565
|}
Note: Bold letters indicates Major Railway Stations/Major Cities.

== Route details ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Subject
!Main Line (SBG Loop)
!Loop Line (BAK Loop)
|-
|Route
|Howrah → Bardhaman → Khana → Rampurhat → Gumani → New Farakka → Malda → NJP
|Howrah → Bandel → Katwa → Azimganj → Jangipur → New Farakka → Malda → NJP
|-
|Major station
|[[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Bardhaman]], [[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station|Bolpur]], [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]]
|[[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]], [[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]], [[Azimganj Junction railway station|Azimganj]]
|-
|Distance
|564 km (350 mi)
|565 km (351 mi)
|-
|Travel Time (Fastest)
|7 hr 30 min (NJP VB)
|9 hr 40 min (Garib Rath)
|-
|Max Speed
|130 kmph
|110 kmph
|-
|Number of tracks
|
# [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] - [[Chandanpur railway station|Chandanpur]](0–38 km): '''4''' tracks
# [[Chandanpur railway station|Chandanpur]] - [[Saktigarh railway station|Saktigarh]](38–81 km): '''3''' tracks
# [[Saktigarh railway station|Saktigarh]] - [[Khana railway station|Khana]] (81–106 km): '''4''' tracks
# [[Khana railway station|Khana]] - [[Sainthia Junction railway station|Sainthia]] (106–177 km): '''2''' tracks
# [[Sainthia Junction railway station|Sainthia]] - [[Murarai railway station|Murarai]] (177–236 km): '''3''' tracks
# [[Murarai railway station|Murarai]] - [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|NJP Jn]] (236–564 km): '''2''' tracks
|
# [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] - [[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]] (0–38 km): '''3''' tracks
# [[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]] - [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|NJP Jn]] (39–565 km): '''2''' tracks
|-
|Operational Role
|Acts as '''main trunk line''' Kolkata–North Bengal.
|Acts as '''bypass/alternate line''' when Sahibganj loop congested or disrupted.
|-
|Tourist Destinations
|[[Rampurhat]] ([[Tarapith]])
[[Bolpur]] ([[Shantiniketan]])
|[[Nabadwip|Nabadwip Dham]] (Birthplace of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], Mayapur ISKCON temple)
[[Khagraghat Road railway station|Khagraghat]] ([[Hazarduari Palace]])
|-
|Prestigious Trains
|Almost all premium trains like [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express|Vande bharat]](22301/02),[[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]] (12041/42), [[Agartala–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express|Humsafar]] (12503/04), [[Malda Town–SMVT Bengaluru Amrit Bharat Express|Amrit bharat]] (13433/34), [[Darjeeling Mail]] (12343/44), [[Padatik Express|Padatik]] (12377/78),[[Saraighat Express|Saraighat]] (12345/46) etc.
|Mainly passenger & ordinary express trains; very few prestigious trains like Garib rath (12501/02,12517/18), Vande Bharat Sleeper Express (27575/27576) etc.
|-
|Number of Trains
|10 (Excluding Howrah Bypass)
18 (Including Howrah Bypass-Via Dankuni)
|6
|-
|Branch Routes
|
# Dankuni-Andul
# Bardhaman-Katwa
# Khana-Asansol
# Ahmadpur-Katwa
# Sainthia-Andal
# Rampurhat-Dumka
# Nalhati-Azimganj
# Bonidanga-Sahibganj
|
# Bardhaman-Katwa
# Ahmadpur-Katwa
# Nalhati-Azimganj
# Azimganj-Cossimbazar
|-
|Historical Importance
|Oldest & primary alignment of Howrah–Delhi main line (before Kiul–Patna line got prominence).
|Originally built as a branch/loop for Katwa–Azimganj–Farakka region connectivity.
|-
|Geography
|Runs through Burdwan, Birbhum & Jharkhand border areas (Rampurhat, Pakur, etc.).
|Runs through Nadia & Murshidabad districts (Katwa, Azimganj, Jiaganj).
|-
|Bridges
|Crosses Ajay River, Mayurakshi River, Gumani River and [[Farakka Barrage]].
|Crosses Bhagirathi Canal ([[Ahiran|Ahiran Bridge]]) and also [[Farakka Barrage]].
|-
|Others
|
* Fastest
* Least Distance
* More Tracks
* More number of Premium trains
* More Branch routes
* More freight congestion (Trunk Route)
* More popular Tourist Destination
|
* Less freight pressure
* Less train congestion
* Less traffic
* More Historic Places
|}

== Sections ==
The {{convert|561|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}) long trunk line, been treated in more detail in smaller sections:

For HWH-NJP Main Line :

* [[Howrah–Barddhaman main line|Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line]]
* [[Howrah–Barddhaman chord line|Howrah-Bardhaman Chord Line]]
* [[Bardhaman-Rampurhat Section]]
* [[Rampurhat-Malda Town Section]]

For HWH-NJP Loop Line :
* [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line|Howrah–Bandel–Katwa section]]
* [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]]
For Common Line (New Farakka-Malda Town-NJP) :

*[[Barsoi–New Farakka section]]
* [[Katihar–Siliguri line|Katihar–New Jalpaiguri, Thakurganj and Siliguri sections]]

==Earlier development==
During the British period all connections to North Bengal were through the eastern part of Bengal. From 1878, the railway route from Calcutta (now spelt Kolkata) to Siliguri was in two laps. The first lap was a 185 km journey along the Eastern Bengal State Railway from Calcutta Station (later renamed Sealdah) to Damookdeah Ghat on the southern bank of the [[Padma River]], then across the river in a ferry and the second lap of the journey. A 336 km [[metre-gauge]] line of the North Bengal Railway linked Saraghat on the northern bank of the Padma to Siliguri.<ref name=njp>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/rinbad-siliguri.html|title = India: the complex history of the junctions at Siliguri and New Jalpaiguri | publisher= IRFCA|access-date = 2011-11-12 }}</ref>

The {{convert|1.849|km}} long [[Hardinge Bridge]] across the Padma came up in 1912. Presently, it is between the Paksey and Bheramara stations on the broad-gauge line between {{stnlnk|Darshana}} and {{stnlnk|Parbatipur}} in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Sifatul Quader |year=2012 |chapter=Hardinge Bridge |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hardinge_Bridge |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> In 1926 the metre-gauge section north of the bridge was converted to broad gauge, and so the entire {{convert|529|km}} long Calcutta–Siliguri route became broad gauge.<ref name=njp/> The route till 1947 thus ran: 
0 {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} 
{{convert|23|km}} {{stnlnk|Barrackpore}} 
{{convert|38|km}} {{stnlnk|Naihati}} 
{{convert|74|km}} {{stnlnk|Ranaghat}} 
{{convert|169|km}} [[Bheramara Upazila|Bheramara]]–[[Hardinge Bridge]] 
{{convert|225|km}} {{stnlnk|Iswardi}} 
{{convert|287|km}} {{stnlnk|Santahar}} 
{{convert|342|km}} {{stnlnk|Hili}} 
{{convert|386|km}} [[Parbatipur railway station|Parabtipur]] 
{{convert|430|km}} [[Nilphamari Sadar Upazila|Nilphamari]] 
{{convert|464.4|km}} {{stnlnk|Haldibari}} 
{{convert|489|km}} {{stnlnk|Jalpaiguri}} 
{{convert|529|km}} [[Siliguri Town railway station|Siliguri]].

{{see also|Sealdah–Ranaghat line|Chilahati–Parbatipur–Santahar–Darshana line}}

==Post-partition development==
With the partition of India in 1947, a major portion of the Calcutta–Siliguri line ran through East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. With several rail links in Bihar, the attention was on those links, and new links were developed. However, one hurdle stood out. There was no bridge across the [[Ganges|Ganga]] river even in Bihar. A generally acceptable route to Siliguri was via [[Sahibganj loop]] to Sakrigali ghat. Across the Ganges by ferry to Manihari Ghat. Then metre gauge via {{stnlnk|Katihar}} and {{stnlnk|Barsoi}} to {{stnlnk|Kishanganj}} and finally narrow gauge to Sliguri.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://goethals1907-2007.blogspot.com/2007_10_01_archive.html |title = my school i wish |work = Madhyamgram Re-visited after 15 years |access-date = 2011-01-23 }}</ref> In 1949 Kishanganj–Siliguri section was converted to metre gauge.<ref name=njp/>

In the early 1960s, when [[Farakka Barrage]] was being constructed, a far reaching change was made. Indian Railways constructed a new broad-gauge rail link from south Bengal. {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}}, a new broad-gauge station was built south of Siliguri Town.<ref name=njp/> The {{convert|37|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long {{track gauge|1676mm}} wide {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] line was constructed from Khejuriaghat, on the north bank of the [[Ganges|Ganga]] to Malda between 1959 and 1963.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v21-4YYgocUC&q=Muri-Chandrapura+line&pg=PA60 |title = Transport Geography of India: Commodity Flow and the Regional Structure of Indian Economy| work= page 60|last= Moonis Raza & Yash Aggarwal|year = 1986|publisher= Concept Publishing Company, A-15/16 Commercial Block, Mohan Garden, New Delhi – 110059| isbn = 81-7022-089-0|access-date = 2 May 2013}}</ref>

The {{convert|2240|m|abbr=on}} long [[Farakka Barrage]] carries a rail-cum-road bridge across the [[Ganges|Ganga]]. The rail bridge was opened in 1971 thereby linking the [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]] to {{stnlnk|Malda Town}}, New Jalpaiguri and other railway stations in North Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Salman|first1=Salman M. A.|last2=Uprety|first2=Kishor|title=Conflict and cooperation on South Asia's international rivers: a legal perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&pg=PA135|access-date= 2011-07-05|year=2002|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3|pages=135–136}}</ref>

==Reorganisation in the Siliguri area==
The [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] came up as a narrow-gauge (2 feet) railway in 1881. In 1915, it was extended up the Teesta Valley to Gielle Kola and to the south to Kishanganj.<ref name=njp/> In 1949 Kishanganj – Siliguri was converted from narrow-gauge to metre-gauge and extended north-east into Assam, partly along the narrow-gauge Teesta Valley route. Along with development of the metre-gauge line, a new Siliguri Junction station, north of the traditional Siliguri Town station, became the main station in the area.<ref name=njp/> With the development of the broad-gauge system and the New Jalpaiguri station, the narrow gauge DHR was extended to New Jalpaiguri.<ref name=njp/>

The earlier Siliguri–Kishanganj metre-gauge line is now part of the Siliguri–Kishanganj–Katihar metre-gauge line. Part of the metre-gauge track runs parallel to the broad-gauge track and part of it has a separate route.<ref name=njp/>

The Siliguri–Haldibari route, part of the original broad-gauge Calcutta–Siliguri track via Hardinge Bridge, got delinked from the trunk route because of partition in 1947. As all the other tracks in the area were metre gauge, it was converted from broad gauge to metre gauge in the late 1940s. When New Jalpaiguri station came up, the line was extended to New Jalpaiguri. When broad-gauge lines were laid in the area, it was reconverted to broad gauge and now functions as the [[Haldibari–New Jalpaiguri line]].<ref name=njp/>

==Assam link==
The railway system in Assam got delinked from the rest of India in 1947.<ref name=njp/> In order to establish a link with Assam, the Assam Rail Link Project, connecting Kishanganj with Fakirgram was started on a war footing on 26 January 1948. A 229 km-long metre-gauge line was built and commissioned in two years. The Kishanganj branch of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was taken over and converted to metre gauge. It was connected to the North Eastern Railway network at Barsoi. The Teesta Valley Line up to Sivok was taken over and converted to metre gauge. The link spanned three major rivers – Teesta, Torsha, and Sankosh. The Kishanganj–Naxalbari section was completed on 31 July 1948, the Naxalbari–New Bagrakot section on 26 January 1950, the Madarihat–Hashimara section on 25 December 1949 and Alipurduar–Fakirgram section on 26 January 1950.

In the seventies a new broad-gauge line was laid between New Jalpaiguri and Guwahati. The entire Barauni–Katihar–Guwahati line is being electrified.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.topnews.in/electrification-barauni-katihar-guwahati-railway-section-rs-506-crore-219338 |title= Electrification of Barauni–Katihar–Guwahati railway section at Rs. 506 crore | publisher= Top News |date=7 February 2008|access-date = 2011-11-12 }}</ref>

==Branch lines==
The Katihar–Barsoi–Raiganj–Radhikapur–Dinajpur–Parabatipur line is now operated on the Indian side up to {{stnlnk|Radhikapur}} only. The transit facility in the Radhikapur–Birol sector is virtually closed. The railway track on the Indian side has been converted to broad gauge while that on the Bangladesh side remains [[metre gauge]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nitdb.org/Ex_Sum_Singhabad-Rohanpur_Route.pdf | title = Executive Summary | access-date = 2011-11-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426032103/http://www.nitdb.org/Ex_Sum_Singhabad-Rohanpur_Route.pdf | archive-date = 26 April 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The Old Maldah–Rajshahi section is used up to {{stnlnk|Singhabad}} on the Indian side. Bangladesh started export of fertilizer to Nepal utilizing the Rahanpur–Singhabad transit point in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/07/11/bangladesh-export-nepal-thru-i-31397.html | title = Bangladesh export to Nepal thru India resumes tomorrow | publisher = Priyo Internet Life | access-date = 2011-11-12 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120406181147/http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/07/11/bangladesh-export-nepal-thru-i-31397.html | archive-date = 6 April 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The {{convert|87.26 |km}}-long {{stnlnk|Eklakhi}}–{{stnlnk|Balurghat}} broad-gauge line was opened in 2004.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=6114 |title = Opening of Eklakhi–Balurghat new line | publisher= Press Information Bureau| access-date = 2011-12-01 }}</ref> Extension of the Eklakhi–Balurghat branch line to Hili was announced in the Rail Budget for 2010–11.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article985043.ece|title = Railway projects galore for Bengal | work=The Hindu Business Line|date=26 February 2010 | access-date = 2011-12-10 }}</ref>

See also [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]] for other branch lines along this route.

==Railway electrification==
Fully electrified. Passenger service with electric locomotives initiated on 09.01.2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/planning/downloads/vision_2020_blue_050411.pdf |title=Vision 2020 - A Blueprint for Railway Electrification Programme |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=2011-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710212957/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/planning/downloads/vision_2020_blue_050411.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,532 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314144929/http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C294%2C302%2C532 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2011 |title=Brief on Railway Electrification |publisher=Central Organisation for Railway Electrification [CORE] |access-date=2012-09-19 }}</ref>

==Trains==
Some of the important trains running through main line are as follows:
# [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express|Howrah-New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express]]
# [[New Jalpaiguri–Howrah Shatabdi Express|Howrah-New Jalpaiguri Shatabdi Express]]
# [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri AC Express|Howrah–New Jalpaiguri AC Superfast Express]]
# [[Darjeeling Mail|Sealdah-New Jalpaiguri Superfast Darjeeling Mail]]
# [[Padatik Express|Sealdah-New Alipurduar Padatik Superfast Express]]
# [[Kanchan Kanya Express|Sealdah-Alipurduar Kanchan Kanya Express]]
# [[Uttar Banga Express|Sealdah-Bamanhat Uttar Banga Express]]
# [[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchenjunga Express]]
# [[Sealdah–Agartala Kanchenjunga Express]]
# [[Saraighat Express|Howrah-Guwahati Saraighat Superfast Express]]
# [[Kolkata–Haldibari Intercity Express]]
# [[Kolkata–Silghat Town Kaziranga Express|Kolkata - Silghat Town Kaziranga Express]]
Some of the important trains running through loop line are as follows:

# [[Teesta Torsha Express|Sealdah-New Alipurduar Teesta Torsha Express]]
# [[Hate Bazare Express|Sealdah-Saharsa Hate Bazare Express]]
# [[Kamrup Express|Howrah-Dibrugarh Kamrup Express]]
# [[Paharia Express|Digha-New Jalpaiguri Paharia Express]]
# [[Dibrugarh–Kolkata Superfast Express|Kolkata-Dibrugarh Superfast Express]]
# [[Kolkata–Guwahati Garib Rath Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

|{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in North-East India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-New Jalpaiguri line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Transport in Jalpaiguri]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]

Blastobasis transcripta

2026-04-25T14:47:44Z

LayneMatos1: Adding New Stub - done

{{Short description|Species of moth in genus Blastobasis}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Blastobasis transcripta
| authority = [[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1918<ref name="Global Lepidoptera Index"/>
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Blastobasis transcripta''''' is a [[moth]] in the family [[Blastobasidae]].<ref name="Global Lepidoptera Index"/><ref name=Savela/> It is found in [[India]].<ref name=Savela/><ref>{{LepIndex |id=122689 |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref> The larvae have been recorded feeding within the twigs of ''[[Pinus longifolia]]''.<ref name="Adamski 2013"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Adamski 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Adamski |first1=D. |title=Review of the Blastobasinae of Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Blastobasidae) |journal=Zootaxa |date=2013 |volume=3618 |pages=1–223 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3618.1 |doi-access=free |pmid=25136727}}</ref>

<ref name="Global Lepidoptera Index">{{cite web |url=https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/55434/taxon/247522 |title=''Blastobasis transcripta'' Meyrick, 1918 |work=Global Lepidoptera Index 1.1.25.097 |date=7 April 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>

<ref name=Savela>{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |title=''Blastobasis'' Zeller, 1855 |work=Lepidoptera and some other life forms |url=https://nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/blastobasidae/blastobasinae/blastobasis/#transcripta |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q9658970}}

[[Category:Blastobasis]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1918]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Blastobasis-stub}}

C. Jayachandran

2026-04-24T23:22:37Z

LayneMatos1: Adding Data - done

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. Jayachandran
| honorific_prefix = '''Justice'''
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Kerala High Court|Judge of the Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 20 October 2021
| term_end =
| appointer =
| nominator =
| predecessor =
| alma_mater = [[Kerala Law Academy]] [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]
| birth_name = Chandrasekharan Kartha Jayachandran
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|5|28|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| father =
| mother =
| spouse =
| children =
| website = {{URL|https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php|High Court of Kerala}}
| signature =
}}
'''Chandrasekharan Kartha Jayachandran''' ({{lang|ml|സി. ജയചന്ദ്രൻ}}; born 28 May 1972) is an Indian judge presently serving as an additional judge of the [[Kerala High Court]]. Headquartered at [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kochi]], this is the highest court in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[union territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/mra.html|title=Official|accessdate=}}</ref> Jayachandran was appointed as an additional judge of the High Court with effect from 20 October 2021. He had joined the judicial service directly as an additional district judge in February 2011, and worked as Principal District Judge in [[Kollam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kottayam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/four-judicial-officers-appointed-as-hc-judges/article36988704.ece|title=Four judicial officers appointed as HC judges|work=The Hindu|date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

He completed a [[Bachelor of laws|LLB]] at the [[Kerala Law Academy]] and an [[Master of laws|LLM]] at the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayachandran, C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]

Banga Mata

2026-04-20T14:04:31Z

LayneMatos1:

{{Short description|Personification of Bengal}}
{{About|the national personification of [[Bengal]]|the Bengali poem|Bangamata (poem)}}
[[File:Bharat Mata by Abanindranath Tagore.jpg|thumb|[[Banga Mata (painting)|''Banga Mata'']], 1905 painting by [[Abanindranath Tagore]]<ref name="banga">{{cite web |title=Abanindranath Tagore Bharat Mata, Bengal School of Art, Rabindranath Tagore, & Facts Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abanindranath-Tagore#ref431075 |website=britannica.com |language=en |date=3 August 2025}}</ref>]]

'''Banga Mata''' ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গমাতা}} {{IPA|bn|ˈbɔŋɡoˌmat̪aˑ|}}) or '''Bangla Ma''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলা মা}} {{IPA|bn|ˈbaŋlaˑ ˈmaˑ|}}), often translated into English as '''Mother Bengal''', is a [[national personification|personification]] of [[Bengal]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Amritjit|last2=Iyer|first2=Nalini|last3=Gairola|first3=Rahul K.|title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics|date=2016|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9781498531054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&q=bangamata+poem+rabindranath+tagore&pg=PA98|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bose |first1=Sugata |last2=Jalal |first2=Ayesha |year=1998 |title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bodaohHyDRcC&pg=PA121 |edition=1st |publisher=Psychology Press |page=121 |isbn=978-0-415-16952-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Swarupa|title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, c. 1867-1905|date=2009|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789047429586|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9SwCQAAQBAJ&q=bangamata+poem+rabindranath+tagore&pg=PA323|language=en}}</ref> emerged during the [[Bengali Renaissance]] and later adopted by the [[Bengali nationalism|Bengali nationalists]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HrBJJBFutsC&q=bangamata+rabindranath+tagore&pg=PA88|title=Social Thought of Rabindranath Tagore: A Historical Analysis|first=Tapati|last=Dasgupta|year=1993|publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170173021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey1v6JEmvakC&q=bangamata+rabindranath+tagore&pg=PA89|title=Science, Spirituality and the Modernization of India|first=Makarand|last=Paranjape|year=2014|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843317760}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://appweb.cortland.edu/ojs/index.php/Wagadu/article/viewArticle/250/464|title=Symbols of Water and Woman on Selected Examples of Modern Bengali Literature in the Context of Mythological Tradition|access-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212184455/http://appweb.cortland.edu/ojs/index.php/Wagadu/article/viewArticle/250/464|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> '''Banga Mata''' is originally an old abstract personification of undivided Bengal (modeled after similar ones from europe, such as [[Britannia]]) and not based on an actual person. It remains popular in [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] and [[Indian people|Indian Bengali]] as a cultural expression and a patriotic symbol.

[[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] (1838–1894), a writer, poet and journalist from undivided [[Bengal]], composed an ode to Mother Bengal called [[Vande Mataram]] around 1876 as an alternative to the British royal anthem.<ref>[[Sri Aurobindo]] commented on his English translation of the poem, saying, "It is difficult to translate the National Anthem of Bengal [[Bangladesh]] ([[East Bengal]]) and [[India]]'s [[West Bengal]] into verse in another language owing to its unique union of sweetness, simple directness and high poetic force." Quoted in Bhabatosh Chatterjee (ed.), ''Bankim Chandra Chatterjee: Essays in Perspective'', Sahitya Akademi, Delhi, 1994, p. 601.</ref>

In [[Amar Sonar Bangla]], the national anthem of Bangladesh, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] used the word "Maa" (Mother) numerous times to refer to the motherland, i.e. Bengal. Despite her popularity in patriotic songs and poems, her physical representations and images are rare.

==History==
[[File:Map of Bengal.svg|thumb|Map of Bengal]]
[[File:কোলকাতা ভাষা শহীদ মিনার.jpg|thumb|Mother Language Day Monument in Kolkata, West Bengal, showing language martyrs on the lap of Mother Bengal.<ref>https://aitcofficial.org/aitc/wb-cm-to-inaugurate-bhasha-shahid-swarak-today/</ref>]]
=== Swadeshi movement ===
{{Main|Swadeshi movement}}

The Swadeshi movement was a campaign that promoted self-sufficiency through the use of indigenous goods while rejecting British products.<ref>L. M. Bhole, ''Essays on Gandhian Socio-Economics'', Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2000. Chapter 14: "Savadesi: Meaning and Contemporary Relevance".</ref> It emerged as a major response to the partition of Bengal, which was announced by the colonial administration in December 1903 and formally implemented in 1905. Widespread discontent in Bengal, the epicenter of the agitation, led to the formal launch of the movement at a meeting in Calcutta’s Town Hall on 7 August 1905. The movement not only encouraged economic self-reliance but also contributed significantly to the growth of Indian nationalism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swadeshi Movement: Timeline and Important facts that you must know |date=7 August 2015 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/swadeshi-movement-286966-2015-08-07 |publisher=India Today |access-date=7 August 2015 |archive-date=2018-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130232035/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/swadeshi-movement-286966-2015-08-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> During this period, [[Abanindranath Tagore]] created the painting originally titled Banga Mata (“Banga” meaning Bengal), which was later renamed [[Bharat Mata]] (“Bharat” being an ancient name for India) on the suggestion of [[Sister Nivedita]]. The painting came to symbolize nationalist aspirations and became closely associated with the ideals of the Swadeshi movement.<ref name="banga" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Partition of Bengal Date, History, Curzon, Swadeshi Movement, Annulment, & Facts Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Partition-of-Bengal |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=5 September 2025 |language=en |date=15 July 2025}}</ref>

=== First Partition of Bengal ===
{{Main|Partition of Bengal (1905)}}

The first incarnations of Mother Bengal, or Bangamata, emerged during resistance to the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]]. The partition took place in October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim areas of Eastern Bengal from the largely Hindu areas of Western Bengal. Wealthy Hindus centered around Calcutta, who dominated Bengal's businesses and rural life complained that the partition would make them a minority in a province due to the incorporation of the [[Bihar and Orissa Province]] into the [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref name="britannica.com"/> It was during this time the Mother Bengal was an immensely popular theme in Bengali patriotic songs and poems and was mentioned in several of them, such as the song ″Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara″ and ″Banga Amar Janani Amar″ (Our Bengal Our Mother) by [[Dwijendralal Ray]]. These songs were meant to rekindle the unified spirit of Bengal, to raise public consciousness against the communal political divide.<ref>John R. McLane, "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905," ''Indian Economic and Social History Review,'' July 1965, 2#3, pp 221–237</ref><ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|title=Partition of Bengal|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/60754/partition-of-Bengal|access-date=2017-08-18}}</ref>

===Bangladesh Liberation War===
{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War}}

Although Bengali Muslims played crucial role setting up the partition of Bengal in response to their socio-economic aspirations, it was reinterpreted, often aligning with [[Bengali nationalism]] during the [[Independence of Bangladesh]]. Many of Bengali patriotic songs were regularly played on the [[Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra]], the clandestine radio station broadcast to revolutionaries and the Bengali public during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="start">{{cite news |author=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |author-link=Syed Badrul Ahsan |date=2012-12-01 |title=1971 and the songs we sang |work=The Daily Star |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/1971-and-the-songs-we-sang/ |access-date=2013-12-13}}</ref> Some of these patriotic songs, such as “Jonmo Amar Dhonno Holo Maa-go” and “Bangla Moder Bangla Maa Amra Tomar Koti Shontan” have significant representations of “Mother Bengal”. These patriotic songs are still immensely popular in modern day [[Bangladesh]]<ref name="start"/>

==In art and literature==
* [[Vande Mataram]], by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Banglar Mati Banglar Jol]], by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
* Banga Amar Janani Amar, by [[Dwijendralal Ray]]
* [[Bangamata (poem)]], by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[Amar Sonar Bangla]], by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in 1905
*[[O Amar Desher Mati]], by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
* Bangladesh, by [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
* Aaji Bangladesher Hridoy, by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
* Bangla Mayer Kol, by [[S. D. Burman]]; better known by first line ''Takdum Takdum Bajai ''Bangla''desher Dhol''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/lyrics/ami-takdum-takdum-bajai-lyrics/GQlbSRx8DkY|title = Ami Takdum Takdum Bajai (Full Song & Lyrics) - S. D. Burman - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn| date=31 December 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Voice of the Bhati Regions of Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/echoes/the-voice-the-bhati-regions-bangladesh-163636 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>
* Oh Amar Bangla Maa, by Abul Umrah Fakhruddin and Alauddin Ali<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.songtexte.com/songtext/jagoroner-gaan/o-amar-bangla-ma-tor-335fc041.html|title=Jagoroner Gaan - O Amar Bangla Ma Tor Songtext}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Alauddin Ali: The King of Melody |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/echoes/alauddin-ali-the-king-melody-191506 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>
:

==See also==
* [[National personification]], contains the list of personifications for various nations and territories.
* [[Bharat Mata]], the national personification of India as a [[mother goddess]].
* [[Sri Lanka Matha]], the national personification in the national anthem of Sri Lanka as a mother goddess.
* [[Ibu Pertiwi]], the national personification of [[Indonesia]].
* [[Vande Mataram]], song sung in reverence of Bharat Mata and Banga Mata.
* [[Joy Bangla (slogan)|Joy Bangla]]
* [[Columbia (name)|Columbia]], an equivalent symbol for the United States.
* [[Telugu Thalli]]
* [[Janani Janmabhumishcha Swargadapi Gariyasi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Bengal}}
{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{National personifications}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:National personifications]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bengali nationalism]]
[[Category:Personifications of country subdivisions]]

Kashmir Super League

2026-04-19T16:28:37Z

LayneMatos1: started some info from scratch - done

{{Short description|Football league in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox football league
|name = Kashmir Super League
|image =
|pixels =
|organiser = Fucan Sports Pvt Ltd
|founded = 2025
|country = India
|confed =
|divisions =
|teams = 6
|promotion =
|relegation =
|levels =
|domest_cup =
|champions = United Elegant FC (1st title)
|season =
|most_champs =
|most_caps =
|top_goalscorer =
|tv = KSL ([[YouTube]])
|website = {{URL|https://kashmirsuperleague.org/|kashmirsuperleague.org}}
|current = 2025
}}

'''Kashmir Super League''' ('''KSL'''), also known as '''Khyber Cement Kashmir Super League''' due to sponsorship reasons, is a franchise-based professional football league held in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Excelsior |first1=Daily |title=Gul inaugurates Kashmir Super League player bidding event |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/gul-inaugurates-kashmir-super-league-player-bidding-event/ |website=Daily Excelsior |access-date=22 July 2025 |date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Network |first1=KL News |title=United Elegant FC Crowned Champions in Khyber Cement KSL |url=https://kashmirlife.net/united-elegant-fc-crowned-champions-in-khyber-cement-ksl-398418/ |website=Kashmir Life |access-date=25 July 2025 |date=24 July 2025}}</ref> It is the first corporate-owned, auction‑based football competition in the region .<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sofi |first1=Jahangir |title=Khyber Cement Kashmir Super League: Kashmir hosts historic player auction for first-ever franchise-based football league |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/khyber-cement-kashmir-super-league-kashmir-hosts-historic-player-auction-for-first-ever-franchise-based-football-league/ |website=Greater Kashmir |access-date=14 July 2025 |date=27 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Abid |title=DFA Srinagar accepts its failure, terms KSL a 'savior' for football |url=https://ksportswatch.com/dfa-srinagar-accepts-its-failure-terms-ksl-a-savior-for-football/ |website=KSportsWatch |access-date=20 July 2025 |date=15 July 2025}}</ref> It was launched in 2025 to promote and provide a professional platform for players in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=J&K Hosts First-Ever Franchise Football League, Athletes Bag Lakhs In Auction |url=https://www.news18.com/india/jk-hosts-first-ever-franchise-football-kashmir-super-league-athletes-bag-lakhs-in-auction-9408607.html |website=News18 |access-date=14 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Secy Sports Council kicks off KSL — The Kashmir Monitor |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/secy-sports-council-kicks-off-ksl/ |access-date=19 July 2025 |date=27 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmir Super League: Football, Electric crowds, fierce competition |url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/144748/kashmir-super-league-football-electric-crowds-fierce-competition.html |website=www.crosstownnews.in |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref>

The inaugural season was won by United Elegant FC who defeated Kashmir Avengers FC in a penalty shootout.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khyber Cements Kashmir Super League 2025: United Elegant FC clinch KSL title before record crowd at TRC Ground, Srinagar |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/khyber-cements-kashmir-super-league-2025-united-elegant-fc-clinch-ksl-title-before-record-crowd-at-trc-ground-srinagar/ |website=Greater Kashmir |access-date=4 August 2025 |date=3 August 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
The league was officially launched on 8 July 2025 by Sports Minister [[Satish Sharma (politician)|Satish Sharma]] along with other dignitaries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trophy, jerseys of Kashmir Super League launched |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/trophy-jerseys-of-kashmir-super-league-launched/ |website=The Tribune |access-date=26 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The trophy and team jerseys were unveiled at the ceremony.<ref name="RisingLaunch">{{Cite web |title=Satish Sharma launches Kashmir Super League 2025 |url=https://risingkashmir.com/satish-sharma-launches-kashmir-super-league-2025/ |website=Rising Kashmir |date=8 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=SERVICE |first1=GK NEWS |title=Kashmir Super League 2025 launched with fanfare |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/kashmir-super-league-2025-launched-with-fanfare/ |website=Greater Kashmir |access-date=14 July 2025 |date=8 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Khyber Cements Kashmir Super League : New JK United FC Clinches Thrilling 3–2 Win in 10th Match |url=https://risingkashmir.com/khyber-cements-kashmir-super-league-new-jk-united-fc-clinches-thrilling-3-2-win-in-10th-match/ |website=Rising Kashmir |access-date=22 July 2025 |date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

== Format ==
The league features six teams competing in a round-robin format followed by playoffs. All matches are held at the [[TRC Turf Ground]] in Srinagar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Excelsior |first1=Daily |title=Six teams to participate in Kashmir Super League 2025 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/six-teams-to-participate-in-kashmir-super-league-2025/ |website=Daily Excelsior |access-date=14 July 2025 |date=5 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=J&K's biggest football tournament kicks off at TRC Srinagar |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2025/06/05/jks-biggest-football-tournament-kicks-off-at-trc-srinagar/ |website=Kashmir Reader |access-date=27 July 2025 |date=5 June 2025}}</ref>

The league also adopts the [[Nivia Sports|Nivia]] [[Indian Super League|ISL]]‑standard match ball, aligning it with national-level football protocols.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khyber Kashmir Super League Names Nivia As Official Ball Partner |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/05/08/khyber-kashmir-super-league-names-nivia-as-official-ball-partner/ |website=Kashmir Observer |access-date=22 July 2025 |date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Football fever all set to ignite Kashmir Valley |url=https://www.onlykashmir.in/27175/football-fever-all-set-to-ignite-kashmir-valley/ |website=Only Kashmir |access-date=30 July 2025 |date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

== Sponsorship ==
The league is primarily sponsored by '''Khyber Cement''' and powered by '''Athwas Hyundai'''. It is managed by '''Fucan Sports Pvt Ltd'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmir Super League 2025 announced |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2025/05/10/kashmir-super-league-2025-announced/ |website=Kashmir Reader |date=10 May 2025 |access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Khyber Kashmir Super League Names Nivia As Official Ball Partner |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/05/08/khyber-kashmir-super-league-names-nivia-as-official-ball-partner/ |website=Kashmir Observer |access-date=19 July 2025 |date=8 May 2025}}</ref>

== Teams ==
* Greenend Heroes FC
* Athwas India XI
* New JK United FC
* Arco United FC
* Aqua Kashmir Avengers FC
* United Elegant FC<ref name="KOKickoff">{{Cite web |title=Kashmir Super League Kicks Off At TRC With Thrilling Game |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/07/10/kashmir-super-league-kicks-off-at-trc-with-thrilling-game/ |website=Kashmir Observer |date=10 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Network |first1=KL News |title=Kashmir Super League 2025 Launched, Six Teams to Compete |url=https://kashmirlife.net/kashmir-super-league-2025-launched-six-teams-to-compete-396349/ |website=Kashmir Life |access-date=14 July 2025 |date=8 July 2025}}</ref>

==Champions==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!Season
!Champions
!Runners-up
!Ref
|-
| align="center" |2025
|United Elegant FC
|Kashmir Avengers FC
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khyber Cements Kashmir Super League 2025: United Elegant FC clinch KSL title before record crowd at TRC Ground, Srinagar |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/khyber-cements-kashmir-super-league-2025-united-elegant-fc-clinch-ksl-title-before-record-crowd-at-trc-ground-srinagar/ |date=3 August 2025 |website=Greater Kashmir }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Football in India]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Football Association]]
* [[TRC Turf Ground]]

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://kashmirsuperleague.org/ Official website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/kashmirsuperleague1 Kashmir Super League on Facebook]

[[Category:Football in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2025]]

Chapaguri Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:46:56Z

LayneMatos1: Adding A Entry - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chapaguri
| constituency_no = 63
| type = SLA
| map_image = Chapaguri Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| established = 1978
| district = [[Baksa district|Baksa]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
| abolished= 2023
}}
'''Chapaguri Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Chapaguri forms part of the [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> It is a reserved seat for the Scheduled tribes (ST).

This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Town Details==

Following are details on Chapaguri Assembly constituency<ref name="ch ref3">{{cite news |title=Chapaguri Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Chapaguri Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/chapaguri-election-result-s03a063/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}</ref>-

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Baksa district .
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Kokrajhar Lok Sabha/Parliamentary constituency.
* Assembly Categorisation: Rural constituency.
* Literacy Level:70.53%.
* Eligible Electors as per 2021 General Elections: 1,59,257 Eligible Electors. Male Electors:79,384 . Female Electors: 79,873.
* Geographic Co-Ordinates: 26°43'33.6"N 91°12'10.4"E..
* Total Area Covered:262 square kilometres.
* Area Includes: Chapaguri and Kaklabari mouzas and Reserved forest in Patacharkuchi thana in Barpeta subdivision; and Uttar Baska and Dakhin Baska mouzas in Barama thana in Nalbari sub-division, of Baksa district of Assam.
* Inter State Border :Baksa.
* Number Of Polling Stations: Year 2011-184, Year 2016-185, Year 2021-63.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
!Manik Chandra Das
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Plain Tribals Council of Assam}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
!Bimal Gayari
![[Plain Tribals Council of Assam]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Suren Swargiary]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
!Jagmohan Basumatary
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
!Tijen Basumatary
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
![[Thaneswar Basumatary]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
![[Hitesh Basumatary]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Bodoland People's Front]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
![[Thaneswar Basumatary]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
![[Urkhao Gwra Brahma]]
![[United People's Party Liberal]]
|}
== Election results ==
===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam Legislative Assembly Election, 2021]]: Chapaguri<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
||candidate=[[Urkhao Gwra Brahma]]
|party=United People's Party Liberal
|votes= 61,804
|percentage= 48.58
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link

||candidate=[[Hitesh Basumatary]]

|party=Bodoland People's Front

|votes=35,065

|percentage= 27.56

|change=-10.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link

||candidate=Sujan Das

|party=Independent (politician)

|votes= 20,989

|percentage=16.50

|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,884|percentage=1.48|change=-0.31}}
{{Election box majority||votes=26,739|percentage=16.58|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,223|percentage=78.92|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,61,197
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United People's Party Liberal
|loser = Bodoland People's Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapaguri<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = [[Thaneswar Basumatary]]
|votes = 43,250
|percentage = 37.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sujan Das
|votes = 41,769
|percentage = 36.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Hitesh Basumatary]]
|votes = 27,342
|percentage = 23.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,058
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,481
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,14,419
|percentage = 83.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,37,267
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bodoland People's Front
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

{{coord|26.78|92.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Baksa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Assam]]

Magadi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:51Z

LayneMatos1: starting

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Magadi
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 182
| map_image = 182-Magadi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|district = [[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Rural]]
|established = 1951
|electors = {{formatnum:233433}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = None
|mla = H. C. Balakrishna
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|preceded_by = [[A. Manjunath]]
}}
'''Magadi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || S. Sidappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || B. Singri Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 elections in India#Mysore|1957 By-election]] {{efn|Died in 1957}} || T. D. Maranna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || C. R. Range Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || C. R. R. Gowda
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || H. G. Channappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Berraswamy Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | H. G. Channappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[H. M. Revanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[H. C. Balakrishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[H. M. Revanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="3" | [[H. C. Balakrishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[A. Manjunath]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[H. C. Balakrishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Magadi">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Magadi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10182.htm?ac=182 |access-date=14 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414174257/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10182.htm?ac=182 |archive-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. C. Balakrishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 94,650 |percentage = 46.74% |change = {{increase}}11.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. Manjunath]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 82,811 |percentage = 40.89% |change = {{decrease}}20.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prasad Gawda. K. R |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,197 |percentage = 9.97% |change = {{increase}}7.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 604 |percentage = 0.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,839 |percentage = 5.85% |change = {{decrease}}20.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 202,733 |percentage = 86.85% |change = {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 202,508}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 233,433 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}14.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. Manjunath]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 119,492 |percentage = 61.52% |change = {{increase}}11.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. C. Balakrishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 68,067 |percentage = 35.05% |change = {{decrease}}5.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Hanumantharaj |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,410 |percentage = 2.27% |change = {{increase}}1.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 839 |percentage = 0.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 51,425 |percentage = 26.48% |change = {{increase}}16.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 194,331 |percentage = 86.42% |change = {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 194,218}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,869 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}11.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. C. Balakrishna]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 74,821 |percentage = 50.32% |change = {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. Manjunath]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,462 |percentage = 40.66% |change = {{increase}}33.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Kirshnamurthy |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 27,143 |percentage = 18.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. K. Jagadish Prasad |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,604 |percentage = 1.08% |change = {{decrease}}34.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. G. Krishnamurthy |party = Bharatiya Dr. B.R.Ambedkar Janta Party |votes = 1,228 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. T. Ravikumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,069 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,359 |percentage = 9.66% |change = {{decrease}}7.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 170,277 |percentage = 83.88% |change = {{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,705}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 202,992 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. C. Balakrishna]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 75,991 |percentage = 52.75% |change = {{increase}}11.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Nagaraju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 51,072 |percentage = 35.46% |change = {{increase}}10.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalpana Shivanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,399 |percentage = 7.22% |change = {{decrease}}24.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Shivakumar |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,628 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Shivalingaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,126 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaffer Pasha |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,056 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,919 |percentage = 17.30% |change = {{increase}}7.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,085 |percentage = 77.36% |change = {{increase}}8.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,047}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,252 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}11.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. C. Balakrishna]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 49,197 |percentage = 41.19% |change = {{increase}}33.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. M. Revanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,921 |percentage = 31.75% |change = {{decrease}}16.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pushpa. C |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,261 |percentage = 24.50% |change = {{decrease}}19.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parthasarthy. T. G |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,056 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,276 |percentage = 9.44% |change = {{increase}}4.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,911 |percentage = 69.19% |change = {{decrease}}3.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,437}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,298 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.57 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. M. Revanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,802 |percentage = 48.24% |change = {{increase}}8.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Balakrishna S/o. H. G. Channappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,707 |percentage = 43.59% |change = {{decrease}}10.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Kemegowda S/o Late Ramegowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,094 |percentage = 7.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,095 |percentage = 4.66% |change = {{decrease}}9.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,965 |percentage = 72.73% |change = {{decrease}}3.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,446}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,519 |percentage = 2.25% |change = {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,945 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.82 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. C. Balakrishna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,735 |percentage = 54.01% |change = {{increase}}52.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. M. Revanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,131 |percentage = 40.11% |change = {{decrease}}12.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Revanna (V. G. Doddi) |party = Janata Dal |votes = 3,347 |percentage = 3.19% |change = {{decrease}}12.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Javarappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,917 |percentage = 1.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,604 |percentage = 13.90% |change = {{decrease}}11.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,249 |percentage = 76.48% |change = {{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,044}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,205 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,919 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.09 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. M. Revanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,697 |percentage = 52.66% |change = {{increase}}9.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Berraswamy Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,001 |percentage = 27.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. G. Channappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 13,589 |percentage = 15.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mariyappa Gowada |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 1,663 |percentage = 1.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Maheshaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 978 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,696 |percentage = 25.59% |change = {{increase}}14.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,618 |percentage = 74.06% |change = {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,675}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,943 |percentage = 4.26% |change = {{increase}}3.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,052 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.29 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. G. Channappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 38,605 |percentage = 54.59% |change = {{increase}}9.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. M. Revanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,507 |percentage = 43.14% |change = {{decrease}}4.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. C. Nagaraju |party = Lokdal |votes = 1,357 |percentage = 1.92% |change = {{decrease}}3.99 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,098 |percentage = 11.45% |change = {{increase}}8.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,574 |percentage = 71.71% |change = {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,718}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 856 |percentage = 1.20% |change = {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,813 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. G. Channappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,947 |percentage = 47.67% |change = {{increase}}40.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. A. Rangaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,277 |percentage = 45.10% |change = {{decrease}}3.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. C. Nagaraju |party = Lokdal |votes = 3,837 |percentage = 5.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,670 |percentage = 2.57% |change = {{decrease}}5.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,094 |percentage = 71.60% |change = {{decrease}}6.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,921}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,173 |percentage = 1.77% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,316 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Berraswamy Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 31,628 |percentage = 49.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hulikatte. G. Channappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,255 |percentage = 40.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harthi. G. Channappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,311 |percentage = 6.69% |change = {{decrease}}17.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. R. Venkatappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,137 |percentage = 1.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. L. Prasanna Kumara Gupta |party = Independent politician |votes = 606 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,373 |percentage = 8.34% |change = {{decrease}}17.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,777 |percentage = 78.06% |change = {{increase}}14.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,448}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,329 |percentage = 2.02% |change = {{increase}}2.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,267 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.12 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}1.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. G. Channappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,948 |percentage = 50.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. R. Range Gowda |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 9,738 |percentage = 24.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. V. Susheelamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,629 |percentage = 24.49% |change = {{decrease}}9.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,210 |percentage = 25.97% |change = {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,311 |percentage = 63.20% |change = {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,315}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,779 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.26 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. R. R. Gowda |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 16,738 |percentage = 53.64% |change = {{decrease}}15.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. G. Channappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,562 |percentage = 33.85% |change = {{increase}}3.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. R. Venkatappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,530 |percentage = 11.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. R. S. Nath |party = Independent politician |votes = 374 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,176 |percentage = 19.79% |change = {{decrease}}18.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,948 |percentage = 64.54% |change = {{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,204}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,599 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}15.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. R. Range Gowda |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 20,441 |percentage = 69.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. D. Maranna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,100 |percentage = 30.80% |change = {{decrease}}38.66 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,341 |percentage = 38.39% |change = {{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,095 |percentage = 61.55% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,541}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,518 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 elections in India#Mysore|1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. D. Maranna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,567 |percentage = 69.46% |change = {{increase}}25.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Honnashiddiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,602 |percentage = 30.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,965 |percentage = 38.93% |change = {{increase}}27.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,169}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}13.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Singri Gowda |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 16,165 |percentage = 55.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. D. Maranna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,843 |percentage = 44.27% |change = {{decrease}}4.99 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,322 |percentage = 11.45% |change = {{increase}}6.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,008 |percentage = 64.72% |change = {{increase}}9.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,008}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,819 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.64 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Magadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Sidappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,999 |percentage = 49.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Singri Gowda |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 9,803 |percentage = 43.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Rangappa Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,528 |percentage = 6.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,196 |percentage = 5.36% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,330 |percentage = 55.62% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,330}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,147 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ramanagara district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.96|77.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ramanagara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Vittal Karmali

2026-04-13T22:49:22Z

LayneMatos1: starting a biography and citations.

{{short description|Indian politician (died 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vittal Karmali
| image = Vittal Karmali.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Official portrait in 1963
| birth_name = Vittal Subrai Kamali
| death_date = {{Death date|1967|9|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Goa]], India
| office2 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]]
| office1 = Minister of Law, Education and Public health [[Government of Goa|Government of Goa, Daman and Diu]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Dayanand Bandodkar]]
| governor1 = [[M. R. Sachdev]]
| term_start1 = 20 December 1963
| term_end1 = 1967
| party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (1963–September 1967)
| term_start3 = 1967
| term_end3 = 2 September 1967
| majority3 = 4,571
| predecessor3 = [[Pundalik Naik (politician)|Pundalik Naik]]
| successor3 = [[Krishnanath Naik]]
| constituency3 = [[Siroda Assembly constituency|Siroda]]
| term_start2 = 11 December 1963
| term_end2 = 1967
| constituency2 = [[Curchorem Assembly constituency|Curchorem]]
| predecessor2 = ''constituency established''
| successor2 = [[Abdul Razak (politician)|Abdul Razak]]
| cabinet = Minister
| committees = Public accounts
| portfolio = {{plainlist|
* Information
* Education
* Public health}}
| occupation = Politician
| nickname = {{plainlist|
* V.S. Karmali
* Shrirang Karmali<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5xHAAAAMAAJ&q=Vithal+Subrai+Karmali|title=Praśāsana-sabdāvalī, Aṅgrezī-Hindī|first=India Standing Commission for Scientific and Technical|last=Terminology|date=1 December 1965|via=Google Books}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Vittal Subraya Karmali'''{{efn|alternatively spelled as '''Vithal Subrai Karmali'''}} (unknown – 2 September 1967), also known as '''V.S. Karmali''' or '''Shrirang Karmali''', was an Indian politician. He was a former member of the [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Curchorem Assembly constituency]] from 1963 to 1967 and [[Siroda Assembly constituency]] from 1967 to September 1967. He also served as the [[cabinet minister]] in the first [[Dayanand Bandodkar]] ministry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=173#elections-results |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzxuAAAAMAAJ&q=Vittal+Karmali |title=Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Union Territories, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Delhi, Goa, Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep and Pondicherry |last2=Arora |first2=Ranjana |date=1996 |publisher=Deep & Deep |isbn=978-81-7100-730-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aggarwal |first=Jatendra M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OIZAAAAMAAJ&q=Vittal+Karmali |title=Indian Foreign Affairs |date=1963 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnweAAAAMAAJ&q=Vittal+Karmali |title=Asian Recorder |date=1964 |publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Karmali contested in the [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Curchorem Assembly constituency]] on the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MGP) ticket and emerged victorious. He served for four years from 1963 to 1967. Karmali was made the [[cabinet minister]] in the first [[Dayanand Bandodkar]] ministry and was allotted Law, Education and Public health as portfolios.

He then successfully contested in the [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Siroda Assembly constituency]] on the MGP ticket and defeated [[United Goans (Sequiera Group)]] candidate, J. F. S. Fernandes by a margin of 3277 votes. He served for few months from 1967 until his death in September 1967, following this a [[by-election]] was held in the constituency in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Printout |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/printmember.php?mem_id=173 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref>

==Death==
Karmali died on 2 September 1967, he was remembered for his role in setting up large number of [[primary schools]] in [[Goa]] as the then [[education minister]] in [[Dayanand Bandodkar]]'s ministry.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PzoAAAAMAAJ&q=Vithal+Subrai+Karmali |title=New Era |date=1967 |publisher=Publications Unit, Department of Information, Government of Goa, Daman, and Diu. |language=en}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* Chairman of the Public Account Committee<ref name=":0" />

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karmali, Vittal}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1963–1967]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1967–1972]]

Vinay Verma

2026-04-13T22:36:43Z

LayneMatos1: starting some info basic info.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinay Verma
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Shohratgarh Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| predecessor1 =
| birth_date = 1984
| birth_place =
| party = [[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Open Schooling]]
}}
'''Vinay Verma''' (born 1984)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vinay Verma(Apna Dal (Soneylal)):Constituency- SHOHRATGARH(SIDDARTHNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3915 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Shohratgarh Assembly constituency in [[Siddharthnagar district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]] Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Shohratgarh, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates: Shohratgarh में ADAL ने SBSP को हराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/shohratgarh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425915-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Verma is from [[Bansgaon]], [[Gorakhpur district]], Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of Ramashankar Verma, Clerk in Noida Authority. He passed Class 10th through the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Verma won from [[Shohratgarh Assembly constituency]] representing Apna Dal (Soneylal) Party in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He has more than a dozen Civil as wel as Criminal Cases in Up,Gangstar is the sensitive one .He polled 71,062 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Prem Chand Nishad of [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]], by a margin of 24,463 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Shohratgarh, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: ADAL retains Shohratgarh seat, Vinay Verma wins with 23206 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/shohratgarh-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923331-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shohratgarh Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Vinay Verma of ADS Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/shohratgarh-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4851464.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Vinay}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Siddharthnagar district]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Kamta Prasad Sinha

2026-04-11T01:02:46Z

LayneMatos1: started some details basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Short description|Fourth Sant Satguru of Radhasoami Faith and Founder Radhasoami Satsang Sabha}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Kamta Prasad Sinha
| image =
| alias = Param Purush Puran Dhani Sarkar Sahab, Sarkar Saheb
| location = [[Ghazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| religion = Sant SatGuru Of [[Radha Soami]] Sect
| sect = [[Sant Mat]] [[Radhasoami]]
| title = Spiritual Teacher (Sant [[Satguru]])
| period = 1907-1913
| predecessor = [[Maharaj Sahab]]
| successor = [[Anand Swarup]]
| birth_date = 12 December 1871
| birth_place = Murar, [[Bihar]]
| death_date = 7 December 1913 (aged 55)
| death_place = Murar, [[Bihar]]
}}
'''Kamta Prasad Sinha''', commonly known as '''Param Guru Sarkar Sahab''', was the fourth revered sant satguru of the Radhasoami faith.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shai |first=Radhasoami |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61840 |title=Souvenir In Commemoration Of The First Centenary Of The Radhasoami Satsang |date=1961}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/548158e2e41301125fd790cf_INFIEP_72/110/ET/72-110-ET-V1-S1__l_.pdf}}</ref> He was the Spiritual Guru and Head of [[Radha Soami Satsang Sabha|Radhasoami Satsang]], from 1907 to 1913.
[[File:SARKAR SAHAB WITH HIS FOLLOWERS AT GHAZIPUR SATSANG GHAR.jpg|thumb|SARKAR SAHAB WITH HIS FOLLOWERS AT GHAZIPUR SATSANG GHAR]]

[[Dayalbagh]] based Center of [[Radha Soami|Radhasoami Faith]] was also founded by him in 1907 <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sarkar Sahab was born on 12 December 1871, at Murar in Bihar. His parents named Him as Kamta Prasad Sinha. Even in His childhood, He had evinced traits of exceptional intelligence and memory. He had good command of Hindi, English, Urdu and Persian and a special aptitude for music and poetry. He was a skillful rider and an expert at the game of chess. He was also a well-known cricket player.

He passed the LL.B. Examination and started practice of law at Ghazipur, rising to be a lawyer of high eminence. Sarkar Sahab was initiated into the Radhasoami Faith in 1891 by Maharaj Sahab. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Shai |first=Radhasoami |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61840 |title=Souvenir In Commemoration Of The First Centenary Of The Radhasoami Satsang |date=1961}}</ref>

== As Fourth Sant Satguru ==
Sarkar Sahab succeeded [[Maharaj Sahab]] in 1907.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://www.bahaistudies.net/asma/radhasoami-dayalbagh.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1961 |title=Souvenir In Commemoration Of The First Centenary Of The Radhasoami Satsang : Shai, Radhasoami : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61840/page/n349/mode/1up |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slX3eRycszMC&q=brahm+sankar+mishra |title=Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith |date=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01092-2 |language=en}}</ref> Some influential members of the Central Administrative Council established by Maharaj Sahab were not prepared to accept Sarkar Sahab as the Successor of Maharaj Sahab. When all efforts of Sarkar Sahab to change their uncooperative attitude proved to be of no avail, the Ghazipur Satsang held a meeting in which a separate and independent body, The [[Radha Soami Satsang Sabha|Radhasoami Satsang Sabha]] was formed. Out of 116 branch Satsangs of [[Maharaj Sahab]]'s time representatives of 111 had attended that meeting. He was succeeded by [[Anand Swarup]] alias Sahab Ji Maharaj in 1913.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shai |first=Radhasoami |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61840 |title=Souvenir In Commemoration Of The First Centenary Of The Radhasoami Satsang |date=1961}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slX3eRycszMC&dq=Gurcharan+Das+Mehta+radhaswami&pg=PA51 |title=Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith |date=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01092-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Literature ==
He was also the author of Holy book ''Prem Samachar''<ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=http://radhasoamidayal.net/Guru4.html|access-date=2024-06-03|archive-date=2018-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531172605/http://radhasoamidayal.net/Guru4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''Four Letters''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Four letters from the pen of His Holiness Huzur Sarkar Sahab {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/42651963 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> composed in form of Prose and Poetry addressing the teaching of [[Radha Soami|Radhasoami faith]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discourses on Radhasoami faith {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/1331569773 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> He contributed a number of Articles to ''Prem Samachar'', a monthly magazine published in 1913.

One of these articles, entitled "Param Guru" is a fine exposition of the status of the Sant Satguru in the Radhasoami Faith. It has been clearly established in that article that the "NIJ DHAR (Devine Current)" shall not be withdrawn from this plane of creation until the redemption of all JIVAS has been affected. Sarkar Sahab also composed some SHABDAS (hymns), the recitation of which deeply moves the hearts of the devotees. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Shai |first=Radhasoami |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61840 |title=Souvenir In Commemoration Of The First Centenary Of The Radhasoami Satsang |date=1961}}</ref>

==Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh==
The Guru Lineage of Sarkar Sahab continue till date at: [[Dayalbagh]], [[Agra]] (Headquarter of the community) . Lineage: [[Shiv Dayal Singh]] (Soami Ji Maharaj)- [[Salig Ram]](Huzur Maharaj)— [[Maharaj Sahab|Brahm Shankar Misra]](Maharaj Sahab) — Kamta Prasad Sinha(Sarkar Sahab) — [[Anand Swarup]] (Sahab Ji Maharaj, Founder of Dayalbagh) — [[Gurcharan Das Mehta]](Mehta Ji Maharaj) — [[Makund Behari Lal]](Lal Sahab) — [[Prem Saran Satsangi]](Satsangi Sahab). Dayalbagh was founded by [[Anand Swarup]], Kt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/ |title=Home |website=dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> The present Guru<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sant Satguru in Radhasoami Faith |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/radhasoami-faith/sant-satguru.htm |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> [[Prem Saran Satsangi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sant Satguru in Radhasoami Faith |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/radhasoami-faith/sant-satguru.htm |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref>( Param Guru Huzur Prof. PS Satsangi Sahab) is an emeritus professor, physicist and system scientist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapters - Sysi.org |url=https://www.sysi.org/chapters.html |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=www.sysi.org}}</ref> of [[IIT Delhi]]. The 200th birth anniversary of Shiv Dayal Singh was celebrated in [[Dayalbagh]] from August 2017 to 24 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/agra-temple-113-years-in-the-making-inches-towards-completion/articleshow/59040687.cms|title=Agra: Agra temple, 113 years in the making, inches towards completion | Agra News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bicentennial Celebration Closing Function August 24, 2018 Flyer |url=https://www.dei.ac.in/dei/files/events/2017/Bicentennial_Celebration_Closing_Function_August_24_2018_Flyer.pdf |website=www.dei.ac.in}}</ref>
{{Gallery
|| alt1=thumb|SANT SATGURU OF RADHASOAMI FAITH (DAYALBAGH GURU LINEAGE) }}

== Departure ==
In summer of 1913, Sarkar Sahab was keeping indifferent health and went to Mussoorie for a change. When he returned to Murar in October, 1913, His health had greatly deteriorated. Thereafter, AKHAND PATH (Continuous recitation of Shabdas) was held in the courtyard in front of His bedroom and continued till 6 December 1913. He was pleased to leave His Mortal Frame at 6 am on 7 December 1913. His Holy Samadh is situated at Murar. Most gracious Huzur named the Holy Samadh as Radhasoami Vihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Login – Dayalbagh Press & Publications Pvt. Ltd. |url=https://dbpress.dayalbagh.org.in/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fdbpress.dayalbagh.org.in%2Fbooks%2Fdayalbagh-origin-early-history-development-english%2F |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Samadh ==
Sarkar Sahab samadh is located in [[Bihar]] at Murar considered as a holy place among his followers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satsang Hall Murar - Murar |url=https://wikimapia.org/21789277/Satsang-Hall-Murar |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=wikimapia.org |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shiv Dayal Singh]]
* [[Maharaj Sahab]]
* [[Anand Swarup|Anand Swaroop]]
* [[Salig Ram]]
* [[Gurcharan Das Mehta]]
* [[Makund Behari Lal]]
* [[Prem Saran Satsangi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Kamta Prasad}}
[[Category:Radha Soami]]
[[Category:Surat Shabd Yoga]]
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]

{{Hindu-bio-stub}}

Lokmanya Tilak National Award

2026-04-09T12:44:42Z

LayneMatos1: stub

{{Short description|Indian award}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Lokmanya Tilak National Award
| image =
| caption =
| awarded_for = To honour people who have worked for the nation’s progress and development.
| presenter = [[Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir|Tilak Smarak Mandir Trust]]
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| year = 1983
| website = {{URL|https://rohittilak.com/lokmanya-tilak-award.html|Lokmanya Tilak Awards}}
}}

The '''Lokmanya Tilak National Award''' is a national-level award instituted to honour works in the field of nation development and progress. It is named after Indian nationalist leader and [[List of Indian independence activists|freedom fighter]] [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], popularly known as ''[[List of honorary titles of Indian leaders|Lokmanya]]''. The award is presented annually on 1st August by the Tilak Smarak Mandir Trust on the occasion of Lokmanya Tilak's death anniversary. Lokmanya Tilak was a prominent figure in India's freedom struggle during the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Lokmanya Tilak Award to be conferred on PM Modi? Also awarded to Indira, Vajpayee, Manmohan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/pm-modi-what-is-the-lokmanya-tilak-award-past-recipients-include-indira-gandhi-atal-bihari-vajpayee-manmohan-singh-101688994614096.html?utm_source=ht_site_copyURL&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=1 August 2023|access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Notable recipients of the Lokmanya Tilak National Award|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/notable-recipients-of-the-lokmanya-tilak-national-award-1242843.html|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=10 July 2023|access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref>

==Award==
The award constitutes a memento, citation and the amount of ₹100,000.

==List of recipients==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Recipient
!Ref.
|-
|1983
|[[Shreedhar Mahadev Joshi]]
|
|-
|1984
|[[Godavari Parulekar]]
|
|-
|1985
|[[Indira Gandhi]] (posthumous)
|
|-
|1986
|[[Shripad Amrit Dange]]
|
|-
|1987
|[[Achyut Patwardhan]]
|
|-
|1988
|[[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] (posthumous)
|
|-
|1989
|[[Sudha Joshi]]
|
|-
|1990
|[[Madhu Limaye]]
|
|-
|1991
|[[Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras]]
|
|-
|1992
|[[Pandurang Shastri Athavale]]
|
|-
|1993
|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|
|-
|1994
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|
|-
|1995
|[[T. N. Seshan]]
|
|-
|1996
|[[Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar]]
|
|-
|1997
|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|
|-
|1998
|[[Rajagopala Chidambaram]]
|
|-
|1999
|[[Vijay P. Bhatkar]]
|
|-
|2000
|[[Rahul Bajaj]]
|
|-
|2001
|[[M. S. Swaminathan]]
|
|-
|2002
|[[Verghese Kurien]]
|
|-
|2003
|[[Ramoji Rao]]
|
|-
|2004
|[[N. R. Narayana Murthy]]
|
|-
|2005
|[[Sam Pitroda]]
|
|-
|2006
|[[G. Madhavan Nair]]
|
|-
|2007
|[[A. Sivathanu Pillai]]
|
|-
|2008
|[[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]]
|
|-
|2009
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|
|-
|2010
|[[Sheila Dikshit]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lokmanya Tilak Award for Sheila Dixit|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Lokmanya-Tilak-Award-for-Sheila-Dixit/article16206324.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=23 July 2010|access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|[[Kota Harinarayana]]
|
|-
|2012
|[[Vikas Amte]] and [[Prakash Amte]]
|
|-
|2013
|[[E. Sreedharan]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title="Metro Man" E Sreedharan chosen for Lokmanya Tilak award|url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/metro-man-e-sreedharan-chosen-for-lokmanya-tilak-award/articleshow/21454174.cms|publisher=The Economic Times|date=29 July 2013|access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|[[Avinash Chander (scientist)|Avinash Chander]]
|
|-
|2015
|[[Subbiah Arunan]]
|
|-
|2016
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|
|-
|2017
|[[Balkrishna]]
|
|-
|2018
|[[K. Sivan]]
|
|-
|2019
|[[Baba Kalyani]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Baba Kalyani to get Tilak award on August 1|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/baba-kalyani-to-get-tilak-award-on-aug-1/articleshow/70403230.cms|publisher=India Today|date=27 July 2019|access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[Sonam Wangchuk]]
|
|-
|2021
|[[Cyrus S. Poonawalla]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Serum's Cyrus Poonawalla receives Lokmanya Tilak National Award 2021 for his work amid Covid-19|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/serums-cyrus-poonawalla-receives-lokmanya-tilak-national-award-2021-for-his-work-amid-covid-19-304107-2021-08-13|publisher=Business Standard|date=13 August 2021|access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Tessy Thomas]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=DRDO scientist Tessy Thomas to receive Tilak National Award Monday|url=https://theprint.in/india/drdo-scientist-tessy-thomas-to-receive-tilak-national-award-monday/1061030/|publisher=The Print|date=29 July 2022|access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Modi in Pune: PM Receives Prestigious Lokmanya Tilak Award, Flags Off 2 Metro Lines|url=https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-pune-visit-updates-metro-lokmanya-tilak-award-inauguration-development-projects-8472733.html|website=News18|date=1 August 2023|access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[Sudha Murty]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sudha Murty of Infosys to be conferred with Lokmanya Tilak National Award|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/sudha-murty-of-infosys-to-be-conferred-with-lokmanya-tilak-national-award-9479538/|publisher=Indian Express|date=16 July 2024|access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitin Gadkari to receive Lokmanya National award|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/nitin-gadkari-to-receive-lokmanya-national-award-101753297115810.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=24 July 2025|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1983]]
[[Category:Memorials to Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]

Pathan Lal Jamatia

2026-04-07T14:15:58Z

LayneMatos1: created new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
'''Pathan Lal Jamatia''' (born 1982)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He is an MLA from [[Ampinagar Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Gomati district|Gomati District]]. He won the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Tipra Motha Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Legislative Assembly {{!}} Official website of Tripura State Portal, India |url=https://tripura.gov.in/members-legislative-assembly |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pathan Lal Jamatia
| office = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ampinagar Assembly constituency|Ampinagar]]
| preceded = [[Sindhu Chandra Jamatia]]
| party = [[Tipra Motha Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|05|09|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[Tripura University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Teacher}}
}}

== Early life and education ==
Jamatia is from [[Krishnapur Assembly constituency|Krishnapur]], Gomati District, Tripura. He is the son of late Bichitra Sadhan Jamatia. He completed his M.A. in education in 2007 at [[Tripura University]]. His wife is a teacher in a private school.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pathan Lal Jamatia(Tipra Motha Party):Constituency- Ampinagar (ST)(Gomati) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6830 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jamatia won from Ampinagar Assembly constituency representing the [[Tipra Motha Party]] in the 2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election. He polled 21,525 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Patal Kanya Jamatia of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 12,186 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathan Lal Jamatia in Tripura Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/pathan-lal-jamatia-ampinagar-candidate-s23a041c002/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-election-winner-list-2023-bjp-ipft-congress-left-winner-candidate-list-for-tripura-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidate-party-101677728980359.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura Election Results 2023: Constituency-wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/tripura-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-2341581-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamatia, Pathan Lal}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Gomati district]]
[[Category:Tripura University alumni]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Navaratnas

2026-04-01T00:39:40Z

LayneMatos1: article

{{short description|Group of nine extraordinary people in certain kings' courts in India}}
{{other uses|Navaratna (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Navaratnāḥ''' ([[Sanskrit]] [[dvigu]] ''nava-ratna'', {{IPA|sa|nɐʋɐrɐt̪nɐ}}, {{Translation|nine jewels}}) refers to a distinguished assembly of nine learned and virtuous individuals who adorned the royal [[sabhā]] (court) of certain illustrious [[List of Indian monarchs|bhūpati-s]] (kings) in [[History of India|Bhāratavarṣa]]. These ''navaratnāḥ'' were revered for their unparalleled proficiency in various [[Shastra|śāstra-s]] (sciences), [[Indian art|kalā-s]] (arts), and [[Rule of law|neeti]] (statecraft). Each ''ratna'' embodied excellence in a specific field—be it [[kāvya]] (poetry), [[Song|saṅgīta]] (music), [[Jyotiḥśāstra|jyotiṣa]] (astronomy), [[Baidya|vaidyaśāstra]] (medicine), [[Logic|tarka]] (logic), or [[dharmaśāstra]] (law and ethics).

Though primarily known from ''[[Puranas|purāṇic]]'' and ''[[History of India|itihāsic]]'' traditions, the concept symbolizes the ideal of a king as a patron of [[jñāna]] (knowledge) and [[kalā]] (art). The most renowned ''navaratna'' councils are traditionally associated with [[Vikramaditya|Vikramāditya]] of [[Ujjain|Ujjayinī]], [[Akbar|Jalaluddin Akbar]] of [[Hindustan]], and [[Krishnachandra Roy|Rājā Kṛṣṇacandra]] of [[Nadia district|Nadīyā]].

== Vikramāditya's Navaratnāḥ ==

The court of [[Vikramaditya|Vikramāditya]], the legendary ruler of [[Ujjain|Ujjayinī]], is celebrated in traditional accounts for its assemblage of nine illustrious scholars, collectively known as the ''navaratnāḥ''. Their names are preserved in works such as the ''Jyotirvidābharaṇa'', attributed to [[Kalidasa|Kālidāsa]], though the text's authenticity is debated among scholars.

These ''ratna'' exemplified the zenith of classical Indian intellectual life, each representing mastery over a particular branch of [[śāstra]], [[kalā]], or [[Law|nīti]]. The most frequently cited names include:

* [[Kalidasa|Kālidāsa]] – master of [[kāvya]] (poetry) and [[Natya Shastra|nāṭya]] (drama)
* [[Varahamihira|Varāhamihira]] – authority on [[jyotiṣa]] (astronomy and astrology)
* [[Dhanvantari]] – revered figure in [[Ayurveda|vaidyaśāstra]] (medicine)
* [[Amarasimha|Amarasiṃha]] – lexicographer known for the ''[[Amarakosha]]''
* [[Śanku]] – expert in architectural sciences (''śilpaśāstra'')
* [[Ghaṭakarpara]] – poet of epigrammatic verse
* [[Vetala Bhatta|Vetālabaṭṭa]] – known for wit and political counsel
* [[Kṣapaṇaka]] – philosopher and sage linked with [[Tarka Shastra|tarka]] (logic)
* [[Vararuci]] – grammarian associated with [[vyākaraṇa]]

Another popular tradition mentions the astronomer [[Brahmagupta]] and the magician Vaitālika, instead of Ghaṭakharapara and Vetāla-Bhaṭṭa, among the nine scholars.<ref name="GSS_Akbar"/>

These navaratnāḥ reflect an idealized vision of a sovereign as a patron of [[jñāna]] and [[kalā]], upholding dharma through the counsel of sages steeped in both learning and artistry.<ref name="MS_1974">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA100 |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |author=M. Srinivasachariar |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1974 |isbn=9788120802841 |pages=94–111 }}</ref>

However, Jyotirvid-abharaṇa is a literary forgery of a date later than Kālidāsa,<ref name="MS_1974"/> and was probably attributed to Kālidāsa to popularize it.<ref name="AMS">{{cite book |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Varāhamihira and His Times |year=1991 |publisher=Kusumanjali |oclc=28644897 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ }}</ref> [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi|V. V. Mirashi]] dates the work to 12th century, and points out that it could not have been composed by Kālidāsa, because it contains grammatical faults.<ref name="VVM_1969">{{cite book |author1=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |author2=Narayan Raghunath Navlekar |title=Kalidasa: Date, Life And Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sueiThBrP4gC&pg=PA8 |publisher=Popular |year=1969 |isbn=978-81-7154-468-4 |pages=8–29 |author1-link=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi }}</ref> Other scholars have variously dated the text to the 13th century ([[Sudhakara Dvivedi|Sudhākara Dvivedī]]), 16th century ([[Arthur Berriedale Keith|A.B. Keith]]), and 18th century ([[Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern|H. Kern]]).<ref name="AMS"/>

There is no mention of such "Nāvārāṭṇās" in earlier literature. [[Dinesh Chandra Sircar|D. C. Sircar]] calls this tradition "absolutely worthless for historical purposes".<ref name="DCS_1969">{{cite book |url=http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in:8080/handle/2015/131352 |title=Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition |author=D. C. Sircar |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1969 |isbn=978-8121503488 |pages=120–123 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617064610/http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in:8080/handle/2015/131352 |archivedate=2016-06-17 }}</ref>

There is no historical evidence to show that these nine scholars were contemporary figures or proteges of the same king.<ref name="VVM_1969"/><ref name="KCJ_1972">{{cite book |author=Kailāśa Chandra Jain |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA158 |year=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 |pages=156–165 }}</ref> Varārucci is believed to have lived around 3rd or 4th century CE. The period of Kālidāsa is debated, but most historians place him around 5th century CE. Varāhamihira is known to have lived in 6th century CE. Dhanavantari was the author of a medical glossary ([[Nighantu]]); his period is uncertain. Amarasiṃha cannot be dated with certainty either, but his lexicon utilizes the works of Dhanavantari and Kālidāsa; therefore, he cannot be dated to 1st century BCE, when the legendary Vikramāditya is said to have established the [[Vikrama Samvat]] in 57 BCE. Not much is known about Śaṅku, Vetalabhatta, Kṣapanaka and Ghaṭakarpara. Some Jain writers identify [[Siddhasena Divakara]] as Kṣapanaka, but this claim is not accepted by historians.<ref name="DCS_1969"/>

Kālidāsa is the only figure whose association with Vikramāditya is mentioned in works earlier than ''Jyotirvidābharaṇa''. [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rājashekhara]]'s ''Kāvyamimāṃsā'' (10th century), [[Bhoja]]'s ''Śṛṅgāra Prakāśa'' (11th century) and [[Kshemendra|Kṣhemendra]]'s ''Āucitya-Vicāra-Carcā'' (11th century) mention that Vikramāditya sent Kālidāsa as his ambassador to the Kuntala country (identified with present-day [[Uttara Kannada]]). The historicity of these legends is doubtful.<ref name="DCS_1969"/>

==Akbar's Navaratna==
[[File:Akbar,_Todarmal,_Tansen_and_Abul_Fazal,_Faizi_and_Abdur_Rahim_Khan-i-Khana_in_a_court_scene_(16th_Century_A.D.).jpg|center|thumb|520x520px|Some of the purported Navarāṭṇas in Emperor [[Akbar|Akbar's]] Court: [[Tānsen]], [[Todar Mal|Todarmal]], [[Abul Fazl|Abul Fazal]], [[Faizi|Fāʿizī]] and [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan|Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana]] c.16th century]]

According to popular tradition, the court of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] ruler [[Akbar]] had nine intellectuals called the Navarāṭṇas or the nine gems. As in Vikramāditya's case, this tradition has no historical basis. According to historian [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai|G.S. Sardesai]], Hindu pāṇḍits in the court of [[Shah Jahan]] or [[Dara Shikoh]] - Jagannāthrai or Kavindrachārya - may have started this tradition.<ref name="GSS_Akbar">{{cite journal |author=G.S. Sardesai |author-link=Govind Sakharam Sardesai |title=The Nine Gems of Akbar's Court |editor1=Ramananda Chatterjee |editor2=Kedar Nath Chatterji |journal=The Modern Review |volume=74 |issue=1–6 |year=1943 |pages=129–133 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170937/page/n153/mode/1up?view=theater }}</ref>

Since this tradition is historically inaccurate, the names of the nine gems varies between sources. Some of the names included in various lists include:<ref name="GSS_Akbar"/><ref name="ML_Din"/>

{{columns-list |colwidth=20em |
* [[Abul Fazl|Abu'l-Faẓl ibn Mubārak]]
* [[Faizi|Fāʿizī]]
* [[Todar Mal]]
* [[Man Singh I|Mān Siṃha I]]
* [[Birbal|Rāja Bīrbal]]
* [[Mulla Do-Piyaza|Mulla Do-Pyaza]] (often depicted as mythical)
* [[Tānsen]]
* [[Hakim Humam|Ḥakīm Ḥumām]]
* [[Bairam Khan|Bāiram Khān]]
* [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni|ʽAbd al-Qādir Badayūnī]]
}}

For example, a painting kept at the Lala Srī Rāmdās Library (Delhi) in the 1940s depicts the following people as the nine gems: ʽAbdul Raḥīm, Todar Mal, Mān Siṃha, Bīrbal, Miyan Kokultāsh, Ḥakīm Ḥumām, Abul Ḥasan, Abu'l-Faẓl, and Fāʿizī.<ref name="ML_Din">{{cite book |author=Makhanlal Roychoudhury |title=The Din-I-Ilahi or The Religion of Akbar |year=1941 |publisher=University of Calcutta |page=137 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp/page/n198/mode/1up }}</ref>

==Rāja Krishnachandra's Navaratnas==

[[Krishnachandra Roy|Rāja Kṛṣṇacandra]] was a ruler of Bengal, who ruled over 1727 to 1772. According to legend, his court had 9 famous scholars, who are mentioned as ‘Nabaratnas’ (নবরত্ন). These included

#[[Gopal Bhar|Gopāl Bhār]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofbengal.com/rangan_datta/Shivniwas_Rangan_Datta.html|title=www.historyofbengal.com: Shivniwas|website=www.historyofbengal.com|access-date=2016-04-11}}</ref><ref>Siegel, Lee (1987). ''Laughing Matters: Comic Tradition in India''. {{ISBN|0-226-75691-2}}. pp. 314-318.</ref>
#[[Bhāratchandra Rāygunākar]],<ref name="sen">Sen, Sukumar (1991, reprint 2007). ''Bangala Sahityer Itihās'', Vol.II, {{in lang|bn}}, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7215-025-3}}, pp.424-32</ref>
#[[Ramprasad Sen|Rāmprasād Sen]],<ref name="Harding_220">{{Harvnb|Harding|1998}}, p.220</ref>
#[[Bāneśwar Bidyālankār]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-01 |title=kotha to bolar jonyei (কথা তো বলার জন্যেই): নবরত্ন -- সুস্মিতা |url=https://kothatobolarjonyei.blogspot.com/2017/05/noboratnsusmita.html |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=kotha to bolar jonyei (কথা তো বলার জন্যেই)}}</ref>
#[[Kṛṣṇādhana Rāy]],<ref name=":0" />
#[[Rāmmohan Goswāmī]],<ref name=":0" />
#[[Madhusūdana Nyāyālankār]],<ref name=":0" />
#[[Jagannath Tarka Panchanan|Jagannath Tarkapanchanan]]<ref name=":0" />
#[[Harirām Tarkasiddhānta]].<ref name=":0" />

==Similar groups==
Many famous emperors in India had courtiers labeled in similar ways. For example, the valuable members of the court of [[Krishnadevaraya|Kṛṣṇa Deva Rāya]] were termed [[Ashtadiggajas|Aṣṭadiggajas]], ''the eight scholars.'' [[Lakshmana Sena|Lakṣmaṇa Sena]] the ruler of the [[Sena Empire]] had ''Pañcaratnas'' (meaning 5 gems who were Govardhana, Śaraṇa, Jayadeva (author of ''Gīta Govinda''), Umapati, Dhoyi in his court). [[Ashta Pradhan|Aṣṭapradhān]] maṇḍal was the title given to the council of [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Śivājī Mahārāj]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/may/engpdf/18-20.pdf|magazine=Orissa Review|access-date=2023-09-19|title=The Five Jewels of Laxmana Sena}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Mughal court]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Chandragupta II]]

Gateway of India (film)

2026-03-29T03:27:20Z

LayneMatos1: Adding New Post - done

{{Distinguish||text=the [[Gateway of India]], an arch-monument built in the early twentieth century in the city of Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gateway Of India
| image = Gateway of India (1957) film.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Om Prakash]]
| producer = Om Prakash
| story =
| screenplay = Jagdish Kanwal
| writer = Jagdish Kanwal
| starring = [[Madhubala]] [[Bharat Bhushan]] [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] [[Anita Guha]] [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
| music = [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]]
| cinematography = G. Singh
| editing = Dharamveer
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1957|07|08|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| color_process = [[Black and white]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}4.5 million
}}
'''''Gateway of India''''' is a 1957 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi-language]] [[black comedy]] film directed and produced by [[Om Prakash]] and cinematographed by G. Singh. The film is edited by Dharamvir and music is composed by [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]]. It features an ensemble cast including [[Madhubala]], [[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Anita Guha]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Master Bhagwan]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/movies/gateway-of-india/10124 |title = Gateway of India (1957) - BollywoodMDB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/gateway-of-india-2463 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204060317/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/gateway-of-india-2463 | url-status=live | archive-date=4 February 2020 | title=Gateway of India (1957) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gateway-of-india/critic-review/gateway-of-india-movie-review/ |title = Gateway of India Review /5 | Gateway of India Movie Review | Gateway of India 1957 Public Review | Film Review| website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>

Among the earliest films whose story extends over just a few hours, ''Gateway of India'' tells the story of an [[heir]]ess who runs away from her house to escape her murderous uncle. It was a moderate commercial success upon being released in theatres, and also received favourable reviews from the critics. In October 2015, the film was mentioned by Deepa Gahlot in her book ''50 Films that Deserve a New Audience''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gahlot|first1=Deepa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ&q=gateway+of+india+1957+film&pg=PT145|title=Take-2: 50 Films That Deserve a New Audience|date=October 2015|isbn=9789384544850}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Anju ([[Madhubala]]) overhears her uncle Shyamlal, plotting to kill her, in order to [[Inheritance|inherit]] her father's property. Before he does so, he must find the all-important documents, which she and her loyal servant have hidden.

The uncle kills the poor servant, and tells his minions to put the corpse in a box and deliver it the next morning to the [[Gateway of India]].

He intends to imprison Anju too till she hands over the papers and then kill her, but she escapes. Her uncle sends two goons after her and she has to stay a few steps ahead of them. The adventure takes place over one night, as Anju flees from one tight spot after another, outwitting dangerous thugs and men, who are, to put it mildly, not gentlemen. And before she runs out again, she tells them all to meet her at the Gateway of India the next morning.

The suave bloke Kishore ([[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]]), who gives a ride in his car is a drug dealer and pimp. The next guy, Chandan ([[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]]), whose car she slips into, takes her to a brothel run by his sister (Manorama). She gets out of there, and runs right into the home of a bootlegger ([[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]) and his brother Tony. She pretends to get drunk, does a song, dance number and skips out again, tripping the guards.

This time she climbs over the gate into the window of a Bluebeard type ([[Bhagwan Dada]]), who has married half a dozen women and then killed them to collect insurance.

Now he wants to marry for good, settle down and have kids. Anju bats her eyelids at him too, promises to marry him (he gets to dance to a dream sequence dressed as a Chinaman), tells him to meet her at the Gateway of India and walks off only to run into a street don ([[Om Prakash]]) who takes a fancy to her. With him she switches to Bambaiya jargon and smooth talks him into a Gateway rendezvous.

The two goons are still snapping at her heels, when she encounters a poet Prakash ([[Bharat Bhushan]]). She goes to the Gateway of India where the rogue's gallery has congregated, taking the precaution of calling the police. Her uncle tells the cops that she is mad, but the box with the corpse arrives to prove she was telling the truth, and Prakash comes by to help. The criminals all end up in jail and in a move very bold for the time, she runs after Prakash and proposes him, giving him no chance to turn her down.

== Cast ==
* [[Madhubala]] as Anju / Padma / Darling / Lajwanti / Chanchal / Lata
* [[Bharat Bhushan]] as Prakash
* [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Kishore
* [[Anita Guha]] as Kishore's girlfriend
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Johny
* [[Om Prakash]] as Street Don
* [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] as brothel owner
* [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Chandan
* [[Bhagwan Dada]]
* Shyamlal as Anju's uncle
* [[Ratan Gaurang]] as the chef in restaurant
* Aziz Kashmiri
* [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] (guest appearance)
* [[Randhir (actor)|Randhir]] (guest appearance)
* [[Raj Mehra]] (guest appearance)

== Production ==
Omprakash had written the story of ''Gateway of India'' keeping only one name in his mind: Madhubala. After finishing the story he approached Ataullah Khan, Madhubala's dominating father who used to handle her contracts. Since the film needed night shootings, Khan, who never allowed Madhubala to shoot in nights, refused and asked Omprakash to approach any other actress. However, Omprakash was adamant and ultimately Khan had to give in. Upon listening the story, Khan was so much impressed that he decided to charge lesser than Madhubala's usual high market price.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Akbar|first=Katijia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9ZABAAAQBAJ&q=gateway+of+India+Madhubala&pg=PT61|title=I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala|date=2011-04-01|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-21-0|language=en}}</ref>

A large part of ''Gateway of India'' was shot in the streets of [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. Omprakash had booked a suite at the [[Taj Hotels|Taj Hotel]] for Madhubala to relax between midnight shoots. Since he was a respectable name in the industry, several top actors like Bharat Bhushan and Pradeep Kumar agreed to appear in few minutes' roles.<ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film, specially the song "Do Ghadi Voh Jo" became popular. The music was by [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]] and lyrics by [[Rajendra Krishan]]

1. "Hum Abhi Aata Tum Abhi Jata" - [[Mohammed Rafi]]

2. "Jalwa Jo Tera Dekha" - [[Asha Bhosle|Asha Bhonsle]], [[Shamshad Begum]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]] and [[Meena Khadikar|Meena Mangeshkar]]

3. "Dekhta Chala Gaya" - [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], Lata Mangeshkar and Mohammed Rafi

4. "Na Hanso Hampe" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]

5. "Chal Mere Dil Ke Udan Khatole" - Mohammed Rafi

6. "Ye Raat Badi Mushkil Hai" - [[Geeta Dutt]]

7. "Sapne Mein Sajan Se" - Lata Mangeshkar

8. "Do Ghadi Voh Jo" - Lata Mangeshkar and Mohammed Rafi

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
''Gateway of India'' received favourable reviews by critics. A retrospective review by [[Deepa Gahlot]] found the film's story and themes to be offbeat, as most of the leading actresses in those days were "damsels in distress", while Madhubala played a runner who "survives on her own, without the help of a man." She praised Madhubala highly for her performance: "The chameleon-like character Madhubala played in ''Gateway of India'' was one of her best performances and she was a fine comedienne."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gone Girl Gang|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/financial+chronicle-epaper-finance/the+gone+girl+gang-newsid-95308112|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Dailyhunt|language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Gateway of India'' grossed {{INR}}0.45 crore (equivalent to {{INR}}91 crore in 2018) at the box office to emerge as the nineteenth highest-grossing film of 1957.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Highest Grossing Hindi Movies of 1957|url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls005576789/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=IMDb|language=en}}</ref> As per ''Silhouette'' magazine, the film was a moderate commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-26|title=Bharat Bhushan's Unforgettable Singer-Poet Musicals|url=https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/bharat-bhushan/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=Silhouette Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=admin1|date=2020-10-01|title=Biography and Superhit Movies of Chandrashekhar G. Vaidya|url=http://www.indiaeinfo.com/biography-and-superhit-movies-of-chandrashekhar-g-vaidya/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=India In 2020}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0130731}}

[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:1957 black comedy films]]
[[Category:1957 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1950s crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about inheritances]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Anupama Srinivasan

2026-03-24T02:30:55Z

LayneMatos1: new initial stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anupama Srinivasan
| nationality =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist | Film director | editor }}
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''Flickering Lights'' (2023) 
''Nocturnes'' (2024)
}}'''Anupama Srinivasan''' is an Indian [[film director]]. She is known for the documentaries ''Flickering Lights'' (2023) and ''Nocturnes'' (2024), both co-directed with [[Anirban Dutta]].

== Early life and education ==
Anupama was born in [[Delhi]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=I Wonder – PSBT |url=https://psbt.org/films/i-wonder/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204183359/https://psbt.org/films/i-wonder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She received her BA in [[Applied mathematics|Applied Mathematics]] from [[Harvard University]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> and furthered her studies in film direction at [[Film and Television Institute of India]], Pune.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-23 |title=Sundance Film Festival screens Indian documentary on the secret world of moths |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sundance-film-festival-screens-indian-documentary-on-the-secret-world-of-moths/articleshow/107039792.cms |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203213229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sundance-film-festival-screens-indian-documentary-on-the-secret-world-of-moths/articleshow/107039792.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" />

== Career ==
In 2015, Anupama and Dutta started working on ''Flickering Lights,'' a documentary about a village in Manipur awaiting electricity.<ref name=":0" /> It was screened at the [[Busan International Film Festival]] in South Korea<ref name=":0" /> and won the award for best cinematography at the [[International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-24 |title=Films from 12 countries to be screened at GICFF |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/films-from-12-countries-to-be-screened-at-gicff/articleshow/107098321.cms |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203211403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/films-from-12-countries-to-be-screened-at-gicff/articleshow/107098321.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-17 |title=Indian films bag 2 awards at Amsterdam Documentary Festival |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/indian-films-bag-2-awards-at-amsterdam-documentary-festival/articleshow/105298364.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=2024-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203212028/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/indian-films-bag-2-awards-at-amsterdam-documentary-festival/articleshow/105298364.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Nocturnes (2024) ===
The idea for ''Nocturnes'' began when Anirban Dutta and Anupama met Mansi by chance at a restaurant in the [[western Himalayas]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Han |first=Grace |date=2024-02-17 |title=Interview With Anupama Srinivasan and Anirban Dutta: When You Give Enough Time to Look at Something, You Will Discover More |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2024/02/interview-with-anupama-srnivasan-and-anirban-dutta/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Asian Movie Pulse |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310192939/https://asianmoviepulse.com/2024/02/interview-with-anupama-srnivasan-and-anirban-dutta/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mansi spoke passionately about her research on moths in the Eastern Himalayas. Intrigued by her stories and the beauty of the forest, Anirban and Anupama decided to change their plans and focus on making a film about Mansi's work with moths.<ref name=":5" />

''Nocturnes'' received acclaim at the [[Sundance Film Festival]], winning the World Cinema Documentary Special Jury Award for Craft.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Nocturnes directors Anirban Dutta and Anupama Srinivasan interview on the only Indian documentary at Sundance 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/nocturnes-documentary-anirban-dutta-anupama-srinivasan-interview-sundance-film-festival-101706176137317.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127061406/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/nocturnes-documentary-anirban-dutta-anupama-srinivasan-interview-sundance-film-festival-101706176137317.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The jury at Sundance said, "The images and sound in this film immediately invoke in the audience a meditative state as they enter the film's world, at the same time bringing a laser focus to the film's main subject. The confidence of the cinematography and sound design in building this story is part of its power and allure".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-02-01 |title='Nocturnes is as much about sound as it is about images' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2024/Feb/01/nocturnes-is-as-much-about-sound-as-it-is-about-images |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203080641/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2024/Feb/01/nocturnes-is-as-much-about-sound-as-it-is-about-images |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Nocturnes'' was also selected for the [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024]], where it competed in the South Asia Competition and won the Silver Gateway Award.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-10-24 |title=‘Rhythm of a Flower’ Takes Top Prize at Mumbai Film Festival, Sundance Winner ‘Girls Will Be Girls’ Gets Three Honors |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/mumbai-film-festival-2024-award-winners-1236189732/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>, as well as the [[Thessaloniki Documentary Festival]], where it won the WWF Award for Best Film in the Habitat Section. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-03-17 |title=26th TiDF: The Awards|url=https://www.filmfestival.gr/en/all-news-en/28858-26th-tidf-the-awards|access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Thessaloniki International Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Selected filmography ==

* ''Nocturnes'' (2024 documentary)<ref name=":1" />
* ''Flickering Lights'' (2023 documentary)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2024-02-01 |title=The passion and patience that led to the award-winning documentary 'Nocturnes' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1062977/the-passion-and-patience-that-led-to-the-award-winning-documentary-nocturnes |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202224353/https://scroll.in/reel/1062977/the-passion-and-patience-that-led-to-the-award-winning-documentary-nocturnes |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Nirnay'' (2012)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Catapult Film Fund - Films - Flickering Lights |url=https://catapultfilmfund.org/films/FlickeringLights/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=catapultfilmfund.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204184105/https://catapultfilmfund.org/films/FlickeringLights/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''I Wonder...'' (2009)<ref name=":4" />
* ''On my Own Again'' (2007)<ref name=":4" />
* ''On my Own'' (2002)<ref name=":4" />

== Awards and recognition ==

* ''Nocturnes –'' Silver Gateway Award, South Asia Competition at [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024]]<ref name=":6" />
* ''Nocturnes –'' World Cinema Documentary Special Jury Award for Craft at [[Sundance Film Festival]] (2024)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Nocturnes –'' WWF Award for Best Film at [[Thessaloniki Documentary Festival]] (2024) <ref name=":8" />
* ''Flickering Lights –'' Best Cinematography at [[International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam]] (2023)<ref name=":2" />
* ''Nirnay –'' Most Innovative Film Award at [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] (2014)<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=7698839}}
* {{YouTube|id=5nB3_a9I0rg|title=Dialogue with Filmmakers {{!}} Anupama Srinivasan}}

[[Category:Living people]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, Anupama}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film directors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]

Kurukshetram (1977 film)

2026-03-20T14:16:28Z

LayneMatos1: Content updated and refined

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kurukshetram
| image = Kurukshetram poster.JPG
| caption =
| director = [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
| producer = A. S. R. Anjaneyulu
| writer = [[Samudrala Jr.]] {{small|(screenplay)}}
 [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]| [[Sobhan Babu]]|[[Krishnam Raju]]|[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]|[[Vijaya Nirmala]]}}
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| cinematography = P. L. Roy
| editing = Kotagiri Gopala Rao
| studio = Madhavi Padmalaya Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1977|01|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 168 min.
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kurukshetram''''' is a 1977 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] that includes [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], and [[Vijaya Nirmala]]. It was produced by A. S. R. Anjaneyulu, with Krishna serving as the presenter. The screenplay was written by [[Samudrala Jr.]], while the dialogues were penned by [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]]. Notable supporting roles were played by [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Jaya Prada|Jayaprada]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], and [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]. The music was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao|Saluri Rajeswara Rao]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title=45 ఏళ్ళ ‘కురుక్షేత్రము’ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/45-years-of-kurukshetra-movie-45-120598.html |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=NTV |language=te-IN}}</ref>

The film was shot in various locations, including [[Mysore]] and [[Rajasthan]], and is notable for its elaborate sets and innovative production techniques, particularly for its time. Despite underperforming at the Telugu box office, ''Kurukshetram'' found success with its Hindi dubbed version. The film is recognized for its technical superiority and craftsmanship.<ref name=":1" />

== Plot ==
The film depicts a series of key events from the [[Mahabharata]], beginning with the division of the kingdom. It progresses through significant moments, including the marriage of [[Subhadra]] and [[Arjuna]], the slaying of [[Jarasandha]], the [[Rajasuya|Rajasuya Yagna]], the infamous dice game, the subsequent exile of the Pandavas, and culminates in the [[Kurukshetra War]].

==Cast==
{{cast listing|*[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as [[Arjuna]]
*[[Sobhan Babu]] as [[Krishna]]
*[[Krishnam Raju]] as [[Karna]]
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as [[Draupadi]]
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as [[Duryodhana]]
*[[Vijaya Nirmala]] as [[Subhadra]]
*[[Anjali Devi]] as [[Kunti]]
*[[Jaya Prada]] as [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]]
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as [[Bhishma]]
*[[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as [[Sakuni]]
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as [[Shalya|Salya]]
*[[Kantha Rao]] as [[Drupada]]
*[[Mannava Balayya|M. Balayya]] as [[Yudhishthira|Dharma Raju]]
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as [[Abhimanyu]]
*Randhawa as [[Bhima]]
*[[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry]] as [[Indra]]
*[[Giri Babu]] as [[Dushasana|Dussasana]]
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as [[Dhrutarashtra]]
*[[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Rama Krishna]] as [[Balarama]]
*[[Chandrakala]] as [[Rukmini]]
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as [[Satyabhama]]
*[[Mohan Babu]] as [[Sisupala]]
*Tyagaraju as [[Jayadratha|Saindhava]]
*[[P. J. Sarma]] as [[Kripa|Krupacharya]]}}
*Jyothi Lakshmi as dancer in Mayasabha

==Production==

=== Development ===
''Kurukshetram'' and ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' were produced around the same time. [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] began the production of ''Kurukshetram'' in parallel with [[N. T. Rama Rao]]'s ''Daana Veera Soora Karna''.<ref name="dvsk">{{cite web |last=Chinarayana |first=Pulagam |date=17 January 2017 |editor-last=Sri |editor2-last=NaChaKi |title=Daana Veera Soora Karna - Retrospective |url=https://archive.telugucinema.com/daana-veera-soora-karna-retrospective |access-date=13 July 2023 |work=[[TeluguCinema.com]]}}</ref> He co-produced the film with A. S. R. Anjaneyulu, who had previously produced ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]'' (1965). The film was directed by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]], with [[K. S. R. Das]] overseeing the war sequences. [[Samudrala Jr.]] wrote the screenplay, while [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]] wrote the dialogues.<ref name=":1" /> Despite being a long-time associate of N. T. Rama Rao, Kameswara Rao’s decision to direct ''Kurukshetram'' caused a strain in their relationship.<ref name=":2" />

=== Casting ===
In ''Kurukshetram'', Krishna portrayed [[Arjuna]], while [[Sobhan Babu]] played [[Krishna]], and [[Krishnam Raju]] took on the role of [[Karna]]. [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] appeared as [[Duryodhana]], with [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as [[Abhimanyu]], and Randhava, son of renowned wrestler [[Dara Singh]], as [[Bhima]].<ref name=":1" /> [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] portrayed [[Bhishma]]. Only a few actors like Satyanarayana, Gummadi, [[Dhulipala]], and [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]], appeared in both ''Kurukshetram'' and ''Daana Veera Soora Karna''.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chinthakindhi Ramu |title=ఎన్టీఆర్ పెట్టిన కండీషన్‌ను బ్రేక్ చేసిన కైకాల సత్యనారాయణ... ‘దాన వీర శూర కర్ణ’ సమయంలో... |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/kaikala-satyanarayana-when-kaikala-satyanarayana-breaks-sr-nt-rama-rao-condition-during-daana-veera-soora-karna-r2vooh |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=[[Asianet News Network]] |language=te}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Unlike ''Daana Veera Soora Karna'', which was filmed entirely at [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]], ''Kurukshetram'' featured elaborate sets and was shot in various locations, including [[Mysore]] and [[Rajasthan]], and [[Kurukshetra]] in [[Haryana]]. For the war scenes, Krishna took the crew along with elephants, horses, camels, and chariots to Kurukshetra. At a time when [[Computer-generated imagery|computer-generated graphics]] were not available, Krishna's innovative production techniques were considered groundbreaking in the Telugu film industry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Krishna, who rode risks to superstardom |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/krishna-who-rode-risks-to-superstardom-101668534141261.html |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Music==
The music for ''Kurukshetram'' was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao|Saluri Rajeswara Rao]], featuring lyrics by renowned writers such as [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]], [[C. Narayana Reddy]], [[Daasarathi|Dasaradhi]], [[Veturi]], and [[Aarudra]]. Verses from [[Tirupati Venkata Kavulu]], [[Jandhyala Papayya Sastry|Karunasri]], [[Samudrala Jr.]], and Joshua were also included. The film notably featured recitations from the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], which were secured by [[Padmalaya Studios]] after his death.<ref name="dvsk" /> Notable songs from the soundtrack include "Mrogindi Kalyana Veena" and "Dharmakshetram Idhi Kurukshetram."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=R |first=M. S. |date=2024-09-23 |title=దానవీరశూర కర్ణుడు గెలిస్తే... ‘కురుక్షేత్రం’లో అర్జునుడు ఓడిపోయాడు... |url=https://muchata.com/kurukshetram/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Muchata |language=te}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music =
| title1 = Dharma Kshetram
| lyrics1 = [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Alukala Kulukula
| lyrics2 = [[Veturi]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela|P. Suseela]]
| title3 = Ide Mayasabha Mandiram
| lyrics3 = [[Samudrala Jr.|Jr. Samudrala]]
| extra3 = B. Vasantha, Vani Jairam
| title4 = Harivillu Divinunchi
| lyrics4 = [[Dasarathi]]
| extra4 = P. Suseela, [[V. Ramakrishna]]
| title5 = Mrogindi Kalyanaveena
| lyrics5 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Suseela
}}

== Reception ==
Despite underperforming at the Telugu box office, ''Kurukshetram'' received some appreciation in Bangalore,<ref name=":2" /> while its Hindi dubbed version achieved significant success.<ref name=":1" /> The film is recognized for its technical superiority and innovative production techniques, showcasing Krishna's dedication.<ref name=":0" /> However, critics felt that Krishna and Sobhan Babu's portrayals of Arjuna and Krishna did not resonate as strongly as N. T. Rama Rao's previous performances, which was seen as a disadvantage for ''Kurukshetram''. In contrast, Satyanarayana's portrayal of Duryodhana received praise, reminiscent of [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]'s powerful performances in similar roles. In retrospect, while ''Daana Veera Soora Karna'' became a blockbuster, ''Kurukshetram'' is noted for its ensemble cast and production quality.<ref name=":1" />

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1865426}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kamalakara Kameswara Rao}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Padmalaya Studios films]]

Sudarshan Shetty

2026-03-14T06:26:10Z

LayneMatos1: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Sudarshan Shetty
| image = Sudarshan Shetty.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1961}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], India
| known_for = [[Installation art]], sculpture, [[video art]] and [[mixed media]]
| education = [[Sir J. J. School of Art|Sir JJ School of Art, Mumbai]]
| movement = Contemporary art
| notable_works = ''Love'', ''Flying Bus'', ''The more I die the lighter I get'', ''This too shall pass''
| awards = [[Ford Foundation|Ford Foundation Fellowship]]
| website =
}}

'''Sudarshan Shetty''' (born 1961) is a contemporary Indian artist who has worked in painting, sculpture, installation, video, sound and performance. He has been a resident at the [[Mattress Factory]], [[Pittsburgh]], United States, and was a [[Ford Foundation]] Fellow at the [[New School for General Studies]], [[New York City|New York]].<ref>[http://www.jacktiltongallery.com/shetty.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125094041/http://www.jacktiltongallery.com/shetty.html|date=25 November 2009}}</ref>

In 1999, he was the only Indian artist commissioned to make a public sculpture (Home and Away) in Fukuoka, Japan, as a part of the Hakata Reverain Art Project, curated by [[Fumio Nanjo]].

Among Shetty's solo shows are "The pieces earth took away " Galerie Krinzinger, Vienna (2012), " listen outside this house" at GALLERYSKE, Bangalore (2011), "Between the tea cup and a sinking constellation", Galerie Daniel Templon, Paris (2011), "this too shall pass" at Dr Bhau Daji Lad Museum, Mumbai (2010) and "The more I die the lighter I get", Tilton Gallery, New York (2010).<ref>[http://www.khojworkshop.org/printpdf/book/export/html/11240] {{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref>

==Early years==
Sudarshan Shetty was born in a [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]] family<ref>{{Cite web |title=I have no choice but to be a sculptor - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-have-no-choice-but-to-be-a-sculptor/748419/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> at [[Mangalore]], India, in 1961. Though Shetty was born there, his family moved to Mumbai when he was six months old.<ref name="galleryske1">Thomas McEvilley, Being Elsewhere, essay published in The more I die the lighter I get, GALLERYSKE and Tilton Gallery, {{ISBN|978-81-920008-0-0}}</ref> Sudarshan Shetty's father, Adve Vasu Shetty, was himself a kind of artist, specifically a performer in [[Yakshagana]].<ref name="galleryske1"/> There was "a lot of music and singing in the house" where he grew up.<ref name="galleryske1"/> Sudarshan Shetty trained in painting at the Sir JJ School of Art, Mumbai, during the late 1980s, but found himself increasingly attracted to the idioms of sculpture and installation.<ref>Hoskote, Ranjit Private Mythologies, Contemporary Art from India, curated by Akira Tatehata The Japan Foundation, Tokyo exhibition catalogue</ref> From 1989 to 1991, he worked at the Kanoria Centre for the Arts in Ahmedabad.<ref name="perspectives1">Vitamin 3-D: New Perspectives in Sculpture and Installation, Phaidon Press {{ISBN|978-0-7148-4974-4}}</ref> There, he interacted closely with colleagues at the [[National Institute of Design]] and the Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology. Through these conversations, Shetty honed his knowledge of the relationship between sculpture, design and architecture. Shetty currently lives in [[Chembur]], Mumbai.<ref name="perspectives1"/>

==Art practice==
Sudarshan Shetty's oeuvre has been defined mostly by large sculptural installations and multi-media works. Experimenting with innumerable materials and medium, his installations or assemblages use quotidian objects juxtaposed in an attempt to open up new possibilities of meaning.<ref name="artconcerns2006">{{cite web|url=http://artconcerns.net/2006/html/review_SudarshanShetty.htm |access-date=24 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119070606/http://www.artconcerns.net/2006/html/review_SudarshanShetty.htm |archive-date=19 November 2010 |title=Art Concerns - Conectando leitores }}</ref> Eschewing straightforward devices of narrative and explicit symbolism <ref name="contemporary1">Rao, Vyjayanthi, Object Lessons, India Contemporary, Exhibition Catalogue, Gem Museum for Contemporary Art, The Hague, 2009</ref> and displaying a fascination for the mechanics of toys and mechanised objects,<ref>Mehta, Anupa Unsteady Equilibrium, essay in India 20: Conversations with Contemporary Artists, MAPIN Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-944142-60-8}}</ref> Shetty infuses domestic, essentially inert objects with new life. The world of everyday contraptions, objects (especially those from middle-class showcases, or shop-front show windows), continues to be reconfigured from moment to moment in his work.<ref>12) Burte, Himanshu The Naked Object of Magic: A personal encounter with the work of Sudarshan Shetty</ref>

He often uses simple, repetitive, mechanical movements and sound in kinetic works that explore aspects of temporality. Shetty says, "The ploy is to attract the viewer and then to disenchant them with the mechanical movement." <ref>Interview with Gitanjali Dang A Change of Heart, Hindustan Times, 2006</ref> These mechanical pieces together, with scenes of domestic interiority, are conceived to create places of amusement or what Shetty refers to as a 'fairground spectacle'. Things form a gaggle of actors, their movements become acts in a play.<ref name="exhibition1">Desai, Radhika All that is solid melts into air, essay in Affair Exhibition Catalogue</ref>

"The idea is definitely to bring the activity of a marketplace to the fore. This is also a ploy to bring in a passerby into this arena – to seduce with the familiar." <ref>Interview with Gopal Mirchandani, Affair Exhibition Catalogue</ref>

Sudarshan's earlier concerns and themes evolved around the politics of absence or loss of body, of death, of 'being elsewhere'. The artist's preoccupation with absence or what he calls the 'philosophical absence of a physical body' <ref>Interview with Farah Siddiqui, Candid Strokes, Imperia Magazine</ref> was an inherent part of shows like Consanguinity (2003), Eight Corners of the World (2006) and Love (2006).
'I am interested in the idea of absence, a human absence, of being elsewhere. I think most of us are condemned to be elsewhere: I embrace this predicament and rejoice in it.'<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.verveonline.com/31/life/sudarshan/full.shtml |title=Life | The Presence of Absence |publisher=Verveonline.com |date= |access-date=2015-10-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116194335/http://www.verveonline.com/31/life/sudarshan/full.shtml |archive-date=16 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

With his recent shows, The more I die the lighter I get, and this too shall pass and for a few years preceding it, Sudarshan has become more absorbed with the ideas of futility and meaninglessness. Heightening notions of futility through repetitiveness, where mechanical shoes walk on and on, vessels fill and empty and coats dip in and out of liquids, there is artifice in the making of the work itself and in staging it where the object becomes the referential to the real event maybe distant in the viewer's memory of it. Transience and mortality are underlying themes in his recent works, where 'the compulsions of an engagement with the world and the resultant disenchantment are two sides of the same coin.'<ref name="interview1">Interview with Ina Puri, Take on Art Magazine, Vol. 1, Issue 4</ref> For Shetty, being part of the process and engaging with it are no longer seen as a choice because 'only through an exercised distance with it I may have a chance to arrive at some answers.'<ref name="interview1"/>

"In setting-up of most of my shows, the artifice involved in 'staging' a show becomes an inherent part of the exercise. I am interested in playing out the fictional aspect in creating a sense of 'drama' or a 'spectacle', and at the same time, revealing the meaninglessness involved in doing so. And both these positions remain mutually inclusive and feed off each other in the work."<ref>Interview with Vogue magazine</ref>

The use of the skeleton characterises several of Shetty's kinetic works.<ref>Donde, Dipa and Ginwala, Natasha, Where in the World, Exhibition Catalogue, Devi Art Foundation, New Delhi, 2008</ref> The skeletons represent the lost body <ref name="galleryske1"/> and also evoke futility in their process of facture.<ref name="galleryske1"/> The artist acquires an actual skeleton, takes it apart, makes a mould for each piece of bone, casts them all, and reassembles the skeleton in stainless steel. There is a certain futility in the painstaking procedure which is particularly the futility of art.<ref name="galleryske1"/> Skeletons have featured in almost all of Shetty's shows in the last decade from the mechanical dinosaur making metallic love to a sports car (Love 2006) to the stilted bull in "The more I die the lighter I get" (2010) and the rocking skeleton of a horse in "This too shall pass" (2010).

[[Mumbai]], is Shetty's main source of information and inspiration. Most of what he calls "the information for my work" comes, he says, "from my day-to-day negotiation with this city." <ref name="galleryske1"/> The city provides the backdrop for his recordings of human life.<ref name="exhibition1"/>

==Works==
'''Paper Moon (1995)'''

His first important solo, Paper Moon, coincided with the shift between painting and sculpture that was taking place in Shetty's oeuvre.<ref name="galleryske1"/> The exhibition that took place at Pundole Art Gallery and Framasji Cawasjee Hall, Mumbai and at Ravindra Bhavan, New Delhi, comprised largely fibreglass and wood sculptures of familiar objects, which critic [[Ranjit Hoskote]] described as 'highly stylised, phantasmagoric fairground images.'

'''Consanguinity (2003)'''

In 2003, the Bose Pacia Modern in New York opened the Habitat Visual Arts Center in New Delhi,<ref name="galleryske1"/> where Shetty exhibited his major solo Consanguinity. The intersection between body and object is most clearly visible in Consanguinity, a show that was clearly an elegy for the absent body.<ref name="contemporary1"/> Anthropomorphised objects formed the core of the show with bleeding trumpets, snapping scissors in a bathtub and eyeballs encased in glass jars. Blood and its multiple forms were repeatedly encountered in the nine exhibits, which explore the very proposition of human mortality.<ref>Nath, Deeksha In Cold Blood Art India Vol. IX issue I, New Delhi 2004</ref>

'''Party is Elsewhere (2005)'''

In 2005, Shetty had a show called 'Party is Elsewhere', which was conceived for an anniversary party for a gallery space in a building that had been gutted by fire prior to the date. The relentless beating of two wooden hammers on two large tables with 365 empty wine glasses kept one in a state of constant alarm. There was violence in the noise and the fragility of the wine glasses was created. A neon sign in cursive writing cryptically announced: Party is Elsewhere.<ref name="anthropology1">Rao, Vyjayanthi, Object Lessons – Between Art and Anthropology, essay published in The more I die the lighter I get, GALLERYSKE and Tilton Gallery, {{ISBN|978-81-920008-0-0}}</ref>

'''Shift (2005)'''

In his 2005 show, Shift, he collaborated with architects Shantanu Poredi and Maneesha Aggarwal to produce a model of a collapsible building <ref name="contemporary1"/> that was a museum when upright and a platform for a street market when it collapsed.

'''Love (2006)'''

Love, a GALLERYSKE show, which took place at Bodhi Art in Mumbai in 2006 <ref name="galleryske1"/> had artist [[Baiju Parthan]] proclaim, "This show has raised the bar for Installation art in India." <ref>Mirchandani, Gopal Love etc…Art and Deal Vol. 5, No. 1, 2007</ref> In an interview with Gopal Mirchandani, Shetty said, "The challenge was to use many accepted notions and images that come to be associated with the idea of love and work with them." The result is a skeletal steel dinosaur ceaselessly mating with a shiny Jaguar car;<ref name="artconcerns2006"/> a Braille machine typing the word love endlessly; a projection of a mechanical heart that morphs into a biological heart which further morphs into a Valentine's heart, thus attempting to understand love through its multitudinous definitions and derivations.

'''Eight Corners of the World (2006)'''

Using objects that are ubiquitous and familiar, this show took place at GALLERYSKE in 2006. Eight Corners of the World, focused on the dynamic cosmos of domestic interiors <ref name="jakimowicz2006">Jakimowicz, Marta The Secret Life of Objects, Art India, Vol XI Issue I, 2006</ref> and was one of Shetty's darker works, several elements of this complex installation suggest death.<ref name="galleryske1"/> The repetitive movements of the animated constructions on display, combined with a medley of sounds, especially of flowing liquids and the mostly murky lighting created a world <ref name="jakimowicz2006"/> where the human figure was conspicuous by its absence.<ref name="jakimowicz2006"/>

'''Pure (2007)'''

In 2007, Pittsburgh's Mattress Factory hosted Shetty's Pure.<ref>{{cite web|last=Forgenie |first=Cacy |url=http://artkrush.com/161373 |title=Flavorpill |publisher=Artkrush.com |date=2015-10-22 |accessdate=2015-10-26}}</ref> The result of a residency there, Pure presented a miniature world system that keeps itself going through a network of pumps, pipes and valves.<ref name="galleryske1"/>

'''Leaving Home (2008)'''

Continuing his preoccupation with objects of domesticity, Leaving Home was a solo exhibition at Gallery Krinzinger in Vienna. "Leaving Home" was an ambitious, existential reflection on the human tendency to create things and devices that shape our lives.<ref>Duenser, Severin for the exhibition Leaving Home, Gallery Krinzinger</ref>

'''History of Loss (2008)'''

History of Loss, made in 2008 and exhibited first at the Outdoor Sculpture Park at the prestigious Frieze Art Fair, comprises a wall of cast-aluminium replicas of cars reminiscent of the Volkswagen Beetle. Each car was moulded first and then deliberately dropped from a height of 300 feet and made to crash. This work was later exhibited at the 2009–2011 Vancouver Biennale.

'''Saving Skin (2008)'''

Saving Skin at the Tilton Gallery in 2008 was Shetty's first show in New York.<ref name="galleryske1"/> The show saw a suite of mechanised installations that were concerned with recalling the loss of the body within an increasingly mechanised universe and these installations extend his research into the futility of such experiments.

'''Six Drops (2009)'''

Six Drops, which was exhibited at GALLERYSKE in 2009, is a series of computer-generated inkjet prints on paper. The images have been set against a view of a hall at the Tate Modern. Drawing on Asian theologies, the six drops of the work's title refer to six enemies of the creative self: lust, anger, greed, delusion, pride and envy.<ref name="anthropology1"/>

'''The House of Shades (2010)'''

Commissioned by [[Louis Vuitton]] for the Women's Fashion Week in [[Milan]],<ref>{{cite web | last=Fontanella-Khan | first=Amana | title=Mumbai-based artist Sudarshan Shetty talks traffic, dystopia and trucks | url=http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/play/sudarshan-shetty-862025 | publisher=Cnngo.com | access-date=2015-10-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912093326/http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/play/sudarshan-shetty-862025 | archive-date=12 September 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The house of shades echoes the form of an airport kiosk, a glass enclosure that plays with the traditional architectural notion of inside outside.<ref>Interview with [[Vogue Magazine]].{{where|date=October 2015}}</ref> This work was installed at [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]].

'''The More I die the Lighter I get (2010)'''

His second solo at the Tilton Gallery, in ''The more I die, the lighter I get'', Shetty constructs diverse scenarios to explore the philosophical questions of life, death, absence and emptiness. His suite of installations highlights the intertwined fates of the human, inhuman and non-human forces in a world that constantly negates the presence of death.

'''This too shall pass (2010)'''

The first of a series of exhibitions planned by the museum through a residency program that invites eminent artists who have studied at the Sir J.J. School of Art<ref>{{cite web | last=Sorabjee | first=Deepika | title=Artist Sudarshan Shetty's spectacular multi-media mash-up | url=http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/play/mash-contemporary-art-meets-historic-musuem-118464 | publisher=[[CNN]] | access-date=2015-10-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912023656/http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/play/mash-contemporary-art-meets-historic-musuem-118464 | archive-date=12 September 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> to work within the space of the museum and its objects. The show 'this too shall pass' is built around the notions of permanence and the 'artifice' involved in presenting it. The exhibits attempt, through a world of representations and suggestions, to play on the viewer's encounters with the quotidian worlds of the city, home and street by incorporating images of everyday objects, machine parts and ready-mades, available in the streets around the artist's surroundings in Mumbai. The assemblages suggest and embed traces of urban processing as the city itself serves as the artist's studio while the museum is infused with the performative qualities of the street.

'''Between the teacup and a sinking constellation (2011)'''

Shetty creates hybrids that explore the possible overlap between Indian and Western traditions. Addressing domestic preoccupations and the concept of movement, the show was characterised by duality- the teacup signifying the concerns of the present, while a sinking constellation refers to the transient nature of it all.<ref>{{cite web|last=Balasubramaniam |first=Chitra |url=http://www.sculpture.org/documents/scmag13/janfeb_13/fullfeature.shtml |title=January/February 2013 Sculpture Magazine - Dan Steinhilber |publisher=Sculpture.org |date= |accessdate=2015-10-26}}</ref>

The focal point of the exhibition was a distorted automobile, handcrafted in wood. Slowly rotating, the car appears as an archaeological find, raising many questions about the accident and the civilisation that forged it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slash-paris.com/en/evenements/sudarshan-shetty-between-the-tea-cup-and-a-sinking-constellation |title=Sudarshan Shetty — Between the tea cup and a sinking constellation — Daniel Templon Gallery — Exhibition — Slash Paris |publisher=Slash-paris.com |date=2011-09-19 |accessdate=2015-10-26}}</ref>

'''Listen Outside This House (2011)'''

Listen outside this house is built around the idea that words have a way of opening up a world of images and references that continually shift in their meaning and evocation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://galleryske.com/SudarshanShetty/ListenOutsideThisHouse/ArtistStatement.html |title=Sudarshan Shetty - Artist Statement |publisher=Galleryske.com |date= |accessdate=2015-10-26}}</ref>

The words highlight the duality of change and permanence, the absolute nothingness of everything, and the potential irrelevance of existence.<ref>{{cite web|last=Balasubramaniam |first=Chitra |url=http://www.sculpture.org/documents/scmag13/janfeb_13/fullfeature.shtml |title=January/February 2013 Sculpture Magazine - Dan Steinhilber |publisher=Sculpture.org |date= |accessdate=2015-10-26}}</ref> The work in the show uses various objects- a dilapidated historical monument, pages from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, a salvaged seasoned door to bring the artifice involved in setting up a show to the surface and to bring in a world view through the idea of words.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.timeoutbengaluru.net/art/features/word-sanctuary |title = Art | Sudarshan Shetty | Listen outside this house | the Mahabharata … |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131105174241/http://www.timeoutbengaluru.net/art/features/word-sanctuary |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Flying Bus (2012)'''

Installed on the grounds of Maker Maxity in Bandra-Kurla Complex, Mumbai the Flying Bus, is a replica of a 1970s double-decker bus with two stainless steel wings attached on either side. The bus is positioned as if poised to take off.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sorabjee |first=Deepika |url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/play/flying-bus-772350 |title=Sudarshan Shetty, Flying Bus | CNN Travel |publisher=Travel.cnn.com |date=2012-01-30 |accessdate=2015-10-26}}</ref> The work draws on themes of immigration, transit and living on the edge. A plaque beside the Bus states, "Sometimes when we travel we forget who we are." The Flying Bus is arguably India's most significant public art project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/art/mumbai-based-artist-sudarshan-shetty-demonstrates-his-sense-of-play#ixzz2gYT1yezK |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131105174247/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/art/mumbai-based-artist-sudarshan-shetty-demonstrates-his-sense-of-play%23ixzz2gYT1yezK |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2013 |title=Mumbai-based artist Sudarshan Shetty demonstrates his sense of play | The National |publisher=Thenational.ae |date=2012-03-27 |accessdate=2015-10-26}}</ref>

'''The pieces earth took away, (2012)'''

Shetty appropriates the notion of tradition and pairs it with recurrent themes in his practice of artifice or fabulation, to create a five-part installation on the act of mourning.<ref>Garcia-Anton, Katya – A letter to Sudarshan Shetty – 2 Take on Art Magazine, Issue 10 February 2013</ref>

The work in the show bears references to the thirteen days of mourning in Hindu Rituals as well as heightens the contrast between the eternal cycle of reincarnation and the linear ephemerality of a domestic experience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artforum.com/inprint/id=38266 |title=Sabine B. Vogel on Sudarshan Shetty - artforum.com / in print |publisher=Artforum.com |date= |accessdate=2015-10-26}}</ref>

'''Path to Water, (2013)'''

Presented by GALLERYSKE at the Art Feature Section of Art Basel, Path to Water consists of five hand-carved reliefs depicting two elephants in a jungle. Each bears an interpretation of a single line of poetry – "Bahut kathin hai dagar panghat ki," by Amir Khusrau, a celebrated 12/13th-century courtier, Sufi mystic, and musician. Path to Water continues Shetty's exploration of the ambiguity of meaning that an archaeological artefact implicitly contains, and the absence of fixity in language.<ref>{{cite web| last=D'Mello | first=Rosalyn | title=GALLERYSKE at Art Basel 2013 | date=June 5, 2013 | publisher=Blouin Art Info|url=http://in.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/911060/galleryske-at-art-basel-2013|accessdate=2015-10-26 }}</ref>

==Solo exhibitions==

'''2018'''

''Shoonya Ghar – Empty is this house'', Unlimited, [[Art Basel]], Basel, Switzerland

'''2017'''

''Shoonya Ghar,'' Al Serkal, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

''Shoonya Ghar'', [[Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum|Dr. Bhau Daji Lad]], Mumbai City Museum, Mumbai, India

'''2016'''

''Shoonya Ghar'', [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], New Delhi

'''2015'''

''Mimic Momento'' , [[Daniel Templon|Galerie Daniel Templon]], Brussels

''who must write these lines'' , GALLERYSKE, Bangalore

'''2014'''

''every broken moment, piece by piece'' , GALLERYSKE, New Delhi

'''2012'''

''The pieces earth took away'', Galerie Krinzinger, Vienna

'''2011'''

''Listen outside this house'', GALLERYSKE, Bangalore

''Between the teacup and a sinking constellation'', [[Daniel Templon|Galerie Daniel Templon]], Paris

'''2010'''

''this too shall pass'', Dr Bhau Daji Lad Museum, Mumbai

''The more I die the lighter I get'', Tilton Gallery, New York

'''2009'''

''Untitled'', [[Daniel Templon|Galerie Daniel Templon]], Paris

''Six Drops'', GALLERYSKE, Bangalore

'''2008'''

''Leaving Home'', Gallery Krinzinger, Vienna

''Saving Skin'', Jack Tilton Gallery, New York

'''2006'''

''Love'', GALLERYSKE and Bodhi Art, Mumbai

'''2005'''

''Eight corners of the world'', GALLERYSKE, Bangalore

''Shift'', a collaborative architectural installation with Shantanu Poredi and Manisha Agarwal, Philips Contemporary, Mumbai

''Party is elsewhere'', Jamaat Art Gallery, Mumbai

'''2004 '''

''Statics'', Chemould Gallery, Mumbai

'''2003 '''

''Consanguinity'', Nature Morte, Bose Pacia Modern at the [[Habitat]] Visual Arts Centre, New Delhi

'''2001'''

''For Here or To Go'' Installation at the Fukuoka Asian Art Museum, Fukuoka

'''2000'''

''Lone Boat River Song'', Spike Island, Bristol

'''1996'''

Paintings, Max Mueller Bhavan, Mumbai

'''1995'''

''Paper Moon'', Pundole Art Gallery and Framji Cawasjee Hall, Mumbai

''Paper Moon'', Ravindra Bhavan, New Delhi

'''1991'''

''Spirit of India'', Holland Art Gallery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Sudarshan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Artists from Mangalore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Indian installation artists]]
[[Category:Indian video artists]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Public art in Mumbai]]

Pallicchan Nair

2026-03-11T13:40:11Z

LayneMatos1: enhanced references for consistency

{{Short description|Intermediate sub-caste}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''Pallichan Nair''' is an intermediate Nair subcaste <ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1961 - Volume 7 |page=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=T. Madhava Menon |title=A handbook of Kerala, Volume 2 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 2002 |page=800}}</ref> seen predominantly in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] and [[Cochin]] areas. They are found in [[Travancore]] in very low numbers. They are the palanquin / pallak bearers for the ruling dynasties, at some places for the Jenmi Namboothiris<ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1961, Vol 7 |publisher=India Office of Registrar General, 1965 |page=19}}</ref> and Nair chieftains.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Kerala studies, Vol 4 |publisher=University of Kerala, 1977 |page=152}}</ref> Today, two sub-castes among the Nairs, Pallichan and [[Maniyani (caste)|Maniyani]], are theyyam worshippers, and they have their own shrines for their theyyams.<ref name ="The Sacred in Popular Hinduism">{{ cite book|title= The Sacred in Popular Hindusim: n Empirical Study in Chirakkal, North Malabar | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29IcAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=maniyani}}</ref>

Pallichan and [[Chakkala Nair|Vattakad]] were treated as an intermediate class.<ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1961 - Volume 7 |page=19}}</ref>

==Notable people==


* [[Nalapat Narayana Menon]] - writer
* [[Kamala Surayya]] - poet

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Nair]]

Akira (2016 Hindi film)

2026-03-10T13:39:54Z

LayneMatos1: reworked details per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|2016 film by A. R. Murugadoss}}
{{For|the Japanese film with the same name|Akira (1988 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Akira
| image = Akira poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. R. Murugadoss]]
| producer = [[Fox Star Studios]] A.R. Murugadoss
| writer = '''Additional Screenplay and Dialogues:''' [[Anurag Kashyap]] '''Dialogues:''' Karan Singh Rathore
| screenplay = Santha Kumar A. R. Murugadoss
| story = Santha Kumar
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Mouna Guru]]'' (2011) by Santha Kumar}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
* [[Konkana Sen Sharma]]
* [[Anurag Kashyap]]
}}
| music = '''Score:''' John Stewart Eduri '''Songs:''' [[Vishal–Shekhar]]<ref name=ibtimes>{{cite web |title='Kaththi' Director AR Murugadoss Gives Anirudh a Bollywood Ticket |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaththi-director-ar-murugadoss-gives-anirudh-bollywood-ticket-614558 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=21 June 2015 |date=20 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Akira is the title for AR Murugadoss-Sonakshi project? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/akira-is-the-title-for-ar-murugadoss-sonakshi-project-news-tamil-pdrjCSijdedhe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140346/http://www.sify.com/movies/akira-is-the-title-for-ar-murugadoss-sonakshi-project-news-tamil-pdrjCSijdedhe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=21 June 2015 |date=17 March 2015}}</ref>
| cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Fox Star Studios]] [[AR Murugadoss|A.R. Murugadoss Productions]]
| distributor = Fox Star Studios
| released = {{Film date|2016|09|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}3.6 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/akira-day-2-box-office-collection-sonakshi-sinhas-film-witnesses-growth-set-recover-its-cost-692361 |title='Akira' day 2 box office collection: Sonakshi Sinha's film remains steady; set to recover its cost |first=Parismita |last=Goswami |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=3 September 2016 }}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}15.06 crore<ref name=BO/>
}}
'''''Akira''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] co-written, produced and directed by [[A. R. Murugadoss]]. It is a remake of the 2011 Tamil-language film ''[[Mouna Guru]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonakshi Sinha on sets of her action thriller 'Akira' |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sonakshi-sinha-on-sets-of-her-action-thriller-akira/16072193 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=18 March 2015 |access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> and features [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Konkana Sen Sharma]] and [[Anurag Kashyap]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Black Widow of Indian cinema |last=Bharadwaj |first=Rahul Deo |work=The Hans India |date=10 June 2016 |access-date=26 July 2016 |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Bollywood/2016-07-10/The-Black-Widow-of-Indian-cinema/240994}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began in March 2015, and the film was released worldwide on 2 September 2016.<ref name="akira">{{cite web |title=A.R. Murugadoss' next starring Sonakshi Sinha titled Akira |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/5303367/A.R.-Murugadoss-next-starring-Sonakshi-Sinha-titled-Akira |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323151825/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/5303367/A.R.-Murugadoss-next-starring-Sonakshi-Sinha-titled-Akira |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2015 |access-date=18 March 2015 |date=26 April 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sonakshi-sinha-starrer-akiras-teaser-poster-announces-new-release-date-september-2-2865163/ |title=Sonakshi starrer Akira's teaser poster announces new release date September 2 |date=20 June 2016 }}</ref> The soundtrack composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]], was released on 16 August 2016. The film received mixed reviews from critics with praise for the performances of the cast but criticism for the writing of the film.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

A [[tie-in]] [[action game|action]] [[mobile video game]], titled ''Akira: The Game'', was also released along with the film. The video game was developed by [[Vroovy]].

== Plot ==
Akira Sharma, a young girl, witnesses a group of men [[Acid attack|throwing acid]] on a woman's face. She helps the police catch one of the criminals and is therefore harassed by the accused, who slashes her face out of revenge, giving her a scar. Subsequently, her father enrolls her in a self-defense class. A couple of days later, she comes across the same men who had escaped earlier and tries to catch them. One of them tries to throw acid on her, but it ends up on his own face in the brawl. Akira is arrested, convicted, and sent to a [[Youth detention center|remand home]] for the attack.

8 years later, Akira is released and later grows into a rebellious tough woman. When she starts going to college, her brother comes to pick her mother and her. And hence she moves from Jodhpur to [[Mumbai]]. She joins a college and begins living in a hostel, where she finds it difficult to adjust to normal life. The college is also dealing with a thieving student, as more and more electronics keep getting stolen. When a corrupt and drunk-on-power police officer, [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Rane hits an elderly college professor with his car and then beats him up, the college students take out a massive protest. The protests turn violent, however Akira patiently waits to hand over their petition to the Commissioner.

A couple of days later, Rane goes to help a car crash victim but robs and kills him, when he finds loot in his trunk. His girlfriend, Maya, who is in the same college as Akira, secretly records his conversation about evidence disposal. Her bag with the camera is, however, stolen, and someone starts blackmailing Rane. Suspecting Maya, he brutally kills her. Despite his insistence, the case is handled by [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Rabiya, who suspects Maya's murder.

Meanwhile, the college announces that they will pardon the electronic thief if they return all the stolen items anonymously. Akira finds a bag full of stolen items, including the camera, in front of her dorm. Rane's associates catch her with the camera and decide to kill her and two other witnesses. She, however, escapes when the men reload their gun after killing the other two.

Rane and his men, declare Akira to be mentally unstable. Given her violent past and her rebellious behaviour, her family members as well as her friends are easily convinced. She is taken away to a mental asylum, and, with the help of a corrupt doctor, they give her electric shocks to drive her insane. With the help of another mentally ill patient, she brutally murders the doctors and the guards and escapes. She abducts one of Rane's associates and blackmails him to prove her innocence. Rane, however, traces her hideout and attacks it. Rabiya, with an arrest-warrant for Rane, arrives and seizes all the arms but is stopped by the Commissioner, as the car-crash victim was the brother of a major politician – something which will lead to riots if the news of his murder breaks out. Rane gets back the charge, and the commissioner orders him to take Akira to a [[mental asylum]].

Helpless, Rabiya leaves but quietly carries along the seized arms, leaving those inside unarmed. Enraged, Akira easily kills Rane and his associates in hand-to-hand combat and then goes back to the mental asylum. Completely sane, she is released three months later. In the end, she starts living her late father's life in Jodhpur and is living peacefully there teaching [[deaf]] children.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sonakshi Sinha]] as Akira Sharma
** Mishiekka Arora as young Akira
* [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] as [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Rabiya Sultan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Anurag Kashyap]] as [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Govind Rane [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Rose J Kaur as Sister Marlyn
* [[Raai Laxmi]] as Maya Amin, Rane's girlfriend
* Teena Singh as Nikki, a college bully <ref>{{cite web |title=The new B-town birdie |url=http://epaper.tribuneindia.com/c/11948165 |website=The Tribune India |access-date=26 July 2016 |date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
* Phalguni Khanna as an acid attack victim
* [[Amit Sadh]] as Dr. Siddharth "Sid" Nerurkar, Shilpa's brother
* [[Urmila Mahanta]] as Anna Jain, the college Principal's daughter
* Lokesh Vijay Gupte as Inspector Dinesh Manik, Rane's associate
* [[Chaitanya Choudhury]] as Ajay Sharma, Akira's elder brother
** Taher Penwala as young Ajay
* [[Ashish Dixit]] as Vishal, Shilpa's brother and Akira's friend
* [[Smita Jaykar]] as Akira's mother
* Ankita Karan Patel as Shilpa Sharma, Ajay's wife
* Saurabh Goyal as Sunil Vij, Maya's friend
* [[Nandu Madhav]] as Inspector Rajeshwar Raai, Rane's associate<ref name="Movie review: Akira moves only in fits and starts">{{cite web |title=Movie review: Akira moves only in fits and starts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/movie-review-akira-moves-only-in-fits-and-starts-697301-2016-09-02 |website=India Today |access-date=10 September 2018 |language=en |date=2 September 2016}}</ref>
*[[Krishna Bhatt]] as David
* Uday Sabnis as Constable Bapu Raao
* Narsingh Pandey as Akira's college professor
* Arun Verma as Akira's psychiatrist
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Jignesh Sharma, Akira's father (special appearance)
* Kajol Saroj as a patient at the asylum
* Shyam Bhimsaria as the comic Drunkard during the bathroom fight
{{colend}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Akira
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 16 August 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Akira (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by Vishal-Shekhar on iTunes |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/akira-original-motion-picture/id1144378109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924051517/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/akira-original-motion-picture/id1144378109 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2016 |website=iTunes |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature Film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:25
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Vishal–Shekhar]] John Stewart Eduri Aditya N. Abhijeet Nalani DJ Kiran Kamath
| prev_title = [[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Banjo (2016 film)|Banjo]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

The songs featured in the film were composed by the duo [[Vishal–Shekhar]]. The [[background score]] of the film was composed by John Stewart Eduri.

The song ''Kehkasha Tu Meri'' is a remake of the duo's Marathi song ''Harvali Pakhare'' from the 2012 film ''[[Balak-Palak]]'', sung by [[Shekhar Ravjiani]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Akira (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:25

| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Rajj Rajj Ke
| note1 = Version 1
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| length1 = 4:20

| title2 = Purza
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| length2 = 3:35

| title3 = Kehkasha Tu Meri
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]
| length3 = 3:02

| title4 = Rajj Rajj Ke
| note4 = Version 2
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = [[Nahid Afrin]], Vishal Dadlani
| length4 = 4:20

| title5 = Baadal
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| extra5 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length5 = 4:49

| title6 = Rajj Rajj Ke
| note6 = Remix by DJ Kiran Kamath
| writer6 =
| lyrics6 =
| music6 =
| extra6 = Nahid Afrin, Vishal Dadlani
| length6 = 4:19
}}

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
On [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 33% based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 5.60/10.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Tomatoes |first1=Rotten |title=Akira |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/naam_hai_akira |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=29 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Anupama Chopra]] giving the film 2.5/5, praised the performances of Sinha, Kashyap and Sharma, but criticised the second half. She wrote that "Anurag [Kashyap] gives Rane just the right touches of menace and sleaze." The second half, however, "strikes so badly in this film that it almost completely negates the first half, which is effective."<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=Akira review by Anupama Chopra: Hits and misses |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/akira-review-by-anupama-chopra-hits-and-misses/story-7vhjw18hASpkA2x6vNjZCJ.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=29 September 2021 |language=en |date=2 September 2016}}</ref>

[[Anna M.M. Vetticad]], praised the acting but criticised the character development. For Sinha's character, she wrote, "Akira is the most poorly fleshed out character in the entire story...a woman who can fight as skillfully and strongly as any man. That is it. The workings of her mind, her motivations and her feelings, remain a mystery." She, however, praised Kashyap's portrayal of Rane, calling it the "best-written character" whose "drug-addled brain is never so clouded as to make him lose sight of his self-interest."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vetticad |first1=Anna M.M. |title=Akira review: Is this what Sonakshi Sinha deems a 'woman-centric film'? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/akira-review-is-this-what-sonakshi-sinha-deems-a-woman-centric-film-2988470.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=29 September 2021 |date=2 September 2016}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[Reuters]]'', Shilpa Jamkhandikar praised the acting but criticised the writing calling it a mashup of "many half-baked sub-plots" and very similar in style to cop movies from the 80s. She believes that "[Akira] is a great example of a movie with a timely topic that suffers from outdated treatment." She, however, praised Kahyap's character, Rane, writing "[he] channels every 80s bad cop character we've seen. If it wasn't for him, "Akira" would have been a complete loss as a film."<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last1=Jamkhandikar |first1=Shilpa |title=Movie Review: Akira |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/movie-review-akira/movie-review-akira-idINKCN11816X?edition-redirect=in |website=Reuters |access-date=29 September 2021 |language=en |date=2 September 2016}}</ref>

===Box office===
====India====
The film collected {{INRConvert|56|m}} on its opening day in [[India]]. By the end of its first weekend, ''Akira'' had grossed {{INRConvert|170|m}} and its first week collection was approximately {{INRConvert|223|m}} domestically.<ref name=BO>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/834/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904165904/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/834 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2016 |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Akira – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 September 2016}}</ref>

====Overseas====
''Akira'' collected {{INRConvert|14.2|m}} from [[North America]] ([[America]] and [[Canada]]), {{INRConvert|28.2|m}} from [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], {{INRConvert|6.1|m}} from [[United Kingdom|UK]]. The film collected {{INRConvert|7.8|m}} from [[Pakistan]].<ref name=BO/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5465370}}

{{AR Murugadoss}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. R. Murugadoss]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]

Sambhavami Yuge Yuge (2006 film)

2026-03-03T21:56:10Z

LayneMatos1: starting first article first draft

{{Short description|2006 Indian Telugu film by Ravi Varma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sambhavami Yuge Yuge
| image = Sambhavami Yuge Yuge (2006 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Ravi Varma
| writer = Jack Yathi Raj (dialogues)
| screenplay = Ravi Varma
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Koduri Narendar Reddy Koduri Madhusudan Reddy Saibabu Jagarlamudi
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Naveen Chandra|Anji]]
*Koutilya
*Raj
*Srijana
*Neeraja
*Jack
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = A. N. Raja
| editing = C. V. Rao
| music = Anil
| studio = Illusions [[First Frame Entertainments]] KN Reddy Movies
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|3|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sambhavami Yuge Yuge''''' is a 2006 Indian Telugu-language [[action drama film|action drama]] film directed by Ravi Varma and starring newcomers [[Naveen Chandra|Anji]], Koutilya, Raj, Srijana, Neeraja and Jack. The film is a remake of the Brazilian film ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]'' (2002; which is an adaptation of the 1997 [[Paulo Lins]] novel [[City of God (Lins novel)|''City of God'']]). This was Naveen Chandra's first film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/first-look-poster-of-naveen-chandras-28-c-out-2184347.html |title=First look poster of Naveen Chandra's 28°C out! | Regional News | Zee News |work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=2022-07-11 |archive-date=2022-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711070759/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/first-look-poster-of-naveen-chandras-28-c-out-2184347.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Naveen Chandra]] as Anji (credited as Anji)
*Koutilya as Gopi
*Raj as Ali
*Srijana as Shalini
*Neeraja as Ali's girlfriend
*Jack as Mallanna
*Sitara as Anji's girlfriend
*Mani Mahesh
*Costumes Krishna as Anji's father
*Hussain
*Sathya Priya
*Nisha
*[[Noel Sean]]
}}

==Production==
[[Naveen Chandra]] made his debut with this film under the stage name of Anji. Shooting for the film began on 18 July 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-syy.html |title=Sambhavami Yuge Yuge - press meet Photos - Telugu Cinema - Anji, Kautilya, Raj, Srijana, Sitara|work=[[Idlebrain.com]] |access-date=2022-07-11 |archive-date=2022-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711070611/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-syy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Noel Sean]] also made his debut with this film in a small role.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/wish-you-the-best-writes-noel-sean-after-divorce-from-ester-noronha-2288735 |title="Wish You the Best," Writes Noel Sean After Divorce from Ester Noronha |work=[[NDTV]]|date=September 2020 |access-date=2022-07-11 |archive-date=2022-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711072846/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/wish-you-the-best-writes-noel-sean-after-divorce-from-ester-noronha-2288735 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by debutante Anil in 2005 and was well received. Lyrics were by Krishna Chaitanya. The audio rights were bagged by [[Madhura Audio|Madhura Entertainment]].<ref name="t">{{Cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/audio/syy_audio.php|title=Audio Reviews: Sambhaavi Yuge Yuge|work=[[Telugucinema.com]]|url-status=dead|date=1 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119120711/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/audio/syy_audio.php|archive-date=19 November 2006}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' opined that "the magic of the music that this album exhibits removes a feel that this is of a standard come-and-go kind standard to this scale of movies".<ref name="t"/> After this film, Krishna Chaitanya worked as a lyricist under Anil for several films.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy-wannabe-director/article2684418.ece |title=Itsy Bitsy - Wannabe director - the Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 December 2011 |access-date=2022-07-11 |archive-date=2022-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711070607/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy-wannabe-director/article2684418.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

*"Alale Pongenu Vegamgaa" - Ramki
*"Vela Vela Kaantulanni" - [[Snigdha (actress)|Nayani]], Rohit
*"Paikam Munumunduku Tosina Maikam" - Nidheesh Gopalan, Sindhu Rajaram
*"Cheekati Undi Veluge Raanandi" - Vijay
*"Leta Tamalapaaku Kattaro" - [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Malgudi Subha]]
*"Andagatte Mundarunte" - Giri
*"Dance Fight" (Music bit)
*"Alale Pongenu Vegamgaa" (Instrumental) - Nidheesh Gopalan, Vijay, Sindhu Rajaram

==Reception==
Navya Vaitla of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote that "The director's inability to structure the scenes is major flaw. There is no smooth flow from one scene to another. Much of the film including its premise is very superficial. And it lacks nativity. The second half is quite boring".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/sambhavamiyugeyugey_review.php|title=Sambhavami Yugey Yugey - Review|date=10 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119124759/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/sambhavamiyugeyugey_review.php|archive-date=19 November 2006|work=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of foreign films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Teen crime films]]
[[Category:Indian teen drama films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Films based on Brazilian novels]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Films about squatting]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Remakes of Brazilian films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Semi-autobiographical films]]

Manmadhudu 2

2026-03-03T17:49:01Z

LayneMatos1: small edit

{{short description|2019 film by Rahul Ravindran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Manmadhudu 2 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rahul Ravindran]]
| producer = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] P. Kiran
| screenplay = Rahul Ravindran Satyanand
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[I Do (2006 film)|I Do]]'' (2006)|[[Alain Chabat]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|Nagarjuna|[[Rakul Preet Singh]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
| cinematography = [[M. Sukumar]]
| editing = Chota K. Prasad Bonthala Nageswara Reddy
| studio = [[Viacom18 Studios]] [[Annapurna Studios]] [[Anandi Art Creations]]
| distributor = Viacom18 Studios
| released = {{film date|df=y|2019|8|9}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget = {{INR}}30 [[crore]]
}}

'''''Manmadhudu 2''''' ({{translation|Cupid 2}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Rahul Ravindran]]. It is produced by [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and P. Kiran under [[Annapurna Studios]], [[Anandi Art Creations]] and [[Viacom18 Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-26 |title=Akkineni Nagarjuna to team up with Rahul Ravindran for 'Manmadhudu 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akkineni-nagarjuna-to-team-up-with-rahul-ravindran-for-manmadhudu-2/articleshow/66807401.cms |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=Times of India |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408044246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akkineni-nagarjuna-to-team-up-with-rahul-ravindran-for-manmadhudu-2/articleshow/66807401.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars Nagarjuna and [[Rakul Preet Singh]], with music composed by [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]. The film is an official remake of the French film ''[[I Do (2006 film)|I Do]]'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-25 |title=Manmadhudu 2 is remake of a French film, confirms Nagarjuna |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/manmadhudu-2-is-a-remake-of-a-french-film-confirms-nagarjuna-1573467-2019-07-25 |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=India Today |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206112743/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/manmadhudu-2-is-a-remake-of-a-french-film-confirms-nagarjuna-1573467-2019-07-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is a [[spiritual successor]] to Nagarjuna's ''[[Manmadhudu]]'' (2002). The film opened up to mixed to negative reviews and became a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-18 |title=Actor Nagarjuna to star in the Telugu remake of this Ajay Devgn movie? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/actor-nagarjuna-to-star-in-the-telugu-remake-of-this-ajay-devgn-movie-928767.html |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=Deccan Herald |quote=The film was a ‘spiritual successor’ to the cult movie Manmadhudu}}</ref>

==Plot==
Samba Siva Rao / Sam is an aged bachelor and a perfumer by profession who lives in [[Portugal]], creator of Gucci Bloom. In his youth, a breakup with Suma due to the traditional harassment of his family makes him averse to the concept of marriage and pushes him to believe in flings. However, his family consisting of his mother and three sisters – Swarnalatha, Sangeetha, and Swetha – give an ultimatum to enter wedlock within three months. To solve the problem, Sam enters into a contract and hires a young girl named Avantika to act as his fiancé for a few weeks and ditch him on the wedding day so that his family will leave him alone. As Avantika, wants to adopt her deceased sister's son for which a bank balance is obligatory as per Portuguese rules, she also agrees. However, the situation changes when Sam's family gets emotionally closer to Avantika and even she too. According to the plan, Avantika absconds. As a result, Sam's mother collapses with a heart attack. To rescue her from danger, Sam again hires Avantika with Plan B: to act horribly toward the family so that they do not like her anymore. In that process, Avantika shifts to Sam's residence when the two starts liking each other, but Sam maintains silence because of the age gap. A grief-stricken Avantika completes their contract and takes off. At last, Sam stands up to his family, confesses his schemes, and expresses his love for Avantika, which she overhears and comes back. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Sam and Avantika and the couple adopting Avanthika's nephew.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Samba Siva Rao [[pseudonym|a.k. a.]] Sam
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Avantika (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Attharu Pushparaju, Sam's maternal uncle
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Kishore, Sam's PA
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Sam's mother
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Janani, NGO director
* [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Swarnalatha, Sam's elder sister
* [[Devadarshini]] as Sangeetha, Sam's elder sister
* Nishanthi Evani as Swetha, Sam's younger sister
* Sri Satya as Avantika's sister
}}
===Cameo appearances===
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] as the girl who Sam meets at a bridge<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-17 |title=Manmadhudu 2: Samantha to play a cameo in father-in-law Nagarjuna's film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/manmadhudu-2-samantha-to-play-a-cameo-in-father-in-law-nagarjuna-s-film-1503805-2019-04-17 |access-date=2019-12-07 |website=India Today}}</ref> (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
* [[Keerthy Suresh]] as Suma, Sam's ex-girlfriend<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-05 |title=After Samantha Akkieneni, Keerthy Suresh joins Nagarjuna's Manmadhudu 2 for a cameo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-samantha-akkieneni-keerthy-suresh-joins-nagarjuna-s-manmadhudu-2-for-a-cameo-1543137-2019-06-05 |access-date=2019-12-07 |website=India Today |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702053122/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-samantha-akkieneni-keerthy-suresh-joins-nagarjuna-s-manmadhudu-2-for-a-cameo-1543137-2019-06-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Akshara Gowda]] as Akshara, the girl whom Sam meets at the bar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshara Gowda marks her Telugu debut with 'Manmadhudu 2' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/akshara-gowda-marks-her-telugu-debut-with-manmadhudu-2-imagegallery-tollywood-te3ng2hdadchi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429233919/http://www.sify.com/movies/akshara-gowda-marks-her-telugu-debut-with-manmadhudu-2-imagegallery-tollywood-te3ng2hdadchi.html |archive-date=29 April 2019 |access-date=2019-12-07 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
* [[Brahmanandam]] as [[Manmadhudu|Suribabu Lavangam]]
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Amit, Avantika's sadistic ex-boyfriend

== Production ==
The film is being produced by [[Annapurna Studios]], [[Anandi Art Creations]] and [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]].
Movie launched on March 25, 2019, with a formal puja ceremony in Annapurna Studios, Hyderabad. [[Naga Chaitanya]], [[Amala Akkineni]], [[Sumanth]] and [[Sushanth]] has graced the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-25 |title=Nagarjuna starrer Manmadhudu 2 launched |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rakul-preet-singh-and-nagarjuna-akkineni-in-manmadhudu-2-5641617/ |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325093901/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rakul-preet-singh-and-nagarjuna-akkineni-in-manmadhudu-2-5641617/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
After filming some important scenes in some locations at Portugal (including [[Lisbon]]) and [[Switzerland]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-16 |title=Nagarjuna bids adieu to Portugal team on the wrap up of schedule for Manmadhudu 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/nagarjuna-bids-adieu-to-portugal-team-on-the-wrap-up-of-schedule-for-manmadhudu-2/articleshow/69357887.cms |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=Times of India |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015120605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/nagarjuna-bids-adieu-to-portugal-team-on-the-wrap-up-of-schedule-for-manmadhudu-2/articleshow/69357887.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://wherewasitshot.com/manmadhudu-2/ Manmadhudu 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125041414/https://wherewasitshot.com/manmadhudu-2/ |date=25 November 2023 }}. ''wherewasitshot.com''.</ref> the team wrapped up the schedule and returned to [[Hyderabad]].

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Manmadhudu 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2019|8|4}}
| recorded = 2019
| genre =
| length = 10:37
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
| prev_title = [[Guna 369]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[SR Kalyanamandapam]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|F5UPlZT4yrE|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

Music composed by [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]], and released on [[Aditya Music]] label.

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 10:37
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Hey Menina
| lyrics1 = Subham Viswanadh
| extra1 = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
| length1 = 3:01
| title2 = Naa Lona
| lyrics2 = Subham Viswanadh
| extra2 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length2 = 4:02
| title3 = Maa Chakkani Pellanta
| lyrics3 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra3 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Deepthi Parthasarathy
| length3 = 3:32
}}

== Release ==
The movie was released on 9 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=Manmadhudu 2: Nagarjuna, Rakul Preet Singh's Romantic Drama to Release on August 9 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/manmadhudu-2-nagarjuna-rakul-preet-singhs-romantic-drama-to-release-on-august-9-2231837.html |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=News18 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206111242/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/manmadhudu-2-nagarjuna-rakul-preet-singhs-romantic-drama-to-release-on-august-9-2231837.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars stating "The director missed a trick or two with the climax but gets almost everything else bang on, ensuring a hilarious entertainer that you wouldn't mind watching on repeat. Too much of something can be an overkill, they often say. But when it comes to Vennela Kishore's comedy in Manmadhudu 2, that doesn't ring true. In fact, it only leaves you wanting for more".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=MANMADHUDU 2 MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/manmadhudu-2/movie-review/70601288.cms |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=Times of India |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206114851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/manmadhudu-2/movie-review/70601288.cms |url-status=live }}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Manmadhudu 2, directed by Rahul Ravindran, aims to be a breezy entertainer but it barely scratches the surface. Witty one-liners and a handful of neatly crafted moments are the only takeaways from Manmadhudu 2".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=Manmadhudu 2 Review: Excellent Nagarjuna and Rakul Preet drive a passable entertainer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/manmadhudu-2-review-excellent-nagarjuna-and-rakul-preet-drive-a-passable-entertainer-1579206-2019-08-09 |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=India Today |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816163856/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/manmadhudu-2-review-excellent-nagarjuna-and-rakul-preet-drive-a-passable-entertainer-1579206-2019-08-09 |url-status=live }}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "This could have been a meaningful drama about toxic relationships, but Rahul Ravindran does not quite dig deep into that aspect of the film. This could also have been a film about a man who is afraid of breakups because that seems more unbearable than being lonely, but we do not see enough of that. This could have been about a family trying to make Sam understand the meaning of happiness and companionship, but all we get to see is a bunch of them trying all sorts of things to convince Sam, except for pouring their hearts out to him directly. Manmadhudu 2 could have been so much more than what it is but it ends up nowhere".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=Manmadhudu 2 movie review: Nagarjuna, Rakul Preet's film doesn't tap into its potentially rich emotional aspect |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manmadhudu-2-movie-review-nagarjuna-rakul-preets-film-doesnt-tap-into-its-potentially-rich-emotional-aspect-7137361.html |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405183146/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manmadhudu-2-movie-review-nagarjuna-rakul-preets-film-doesnt-tap-into-its-potentially-rich-emotional-aspect-7137361.html |url-status=live }}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Rahul Ravindran has not set this story in a perfect world. The hero’s family is regressive in its thinking even as all of them seem lovely. The hero is a womanizer. Sam also seems to enjoy trips to strip clubs and so on. And yet, the film is not crass. It is an imperfect world and we should accept something good even if we find it in the most unlikely places".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=Manmadhudu 2 movie review: Nagarjuna, Rakul Preet deliver the goods |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/manmadhudu-2-movie-review-rating-nagarjuna-rakul-preet-5893040/ |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810060004/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/manmadhudu-2-movie-review-rating-nagarjuna-rakul-preet-5893040/ |url-status=live }}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Save for a few comic sequences provided by Vennela Kishore, Manmadhudu 2 is a bumpy ride that struggles to take off at the right time. The convoluted plot devoid of the emotional arc makes it a dreary affair".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title='Manmadhudu 2' review: A bumpy ride that fails to take off |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/aug/10/manmadhudu-2-review-a-bumpy-ride-that-fails-to-take-off-2016778.html |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206105859/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/aug/10/manmadhudu-2-review-a-bumpy-ride-that-fails-to-take-off-2016778.html |url-status=live }}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]'' stated "The film has its moments but holds itself back too much and Nagarjuna's character, especially, needs more work".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title='Manmadhudu 2' review: Nagarjuna's romcom blows hot and cold |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manmadhudu-2-review-nagarjunas-romcom-blows-hot-and-cold-106934 |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=The News Minute}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Manmadhudu 2 doesn’t live up to that promise and here’s hoping that with the next one, Rahul will be back in form".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title='Manmadhudu 2' review: Something amiss in this rom-com |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/manmadhudu-2-review-this-nagarjuna-rakul-preet-singh-film-has-a-lot-more-comedy-than-romance/article28942421.ece |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars stating "Despite decent performances by the film’s lead cast, Nagarjuna and Rakul Preet Singh, the film’s writing is a huge let down. Except for a couple of funny one-liners, the film is a disgrace and shouldn’t belong to the world of Manmadhudu".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=Manmadhudu 2 movie review: Nagarjuna, Rakul Preet starrer is a hopelessly bad rom-com |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/manmadhudu-2-movie-review-nagarjuna-rakul-preet-starrer-is-a-hopelessly-bad-rom-com/story-DTOWsJKwvQvw13dHEMecsO.html |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206110023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/manmadhudu-2-movie-review-nagarjuna-rakul-preet-starrer-is-a-hopelessly-bad-rom-com/story-DTOWsJKwvQvw13dHEMecsO.html |url-status=live }}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' stating "Manmadhudu 2 is a big blunder from Nagarjuna, who bought the remake rights of the French film. He spoke very highly about this film but it does not come to pass. The film’s leading lights stressed many times that the film is for a family audience, it is anything but that".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-05 |title=Manmadhudu 2 movie review: Himalayan blunder from Nagarjuna! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/110819/manmadhudu-2-movie-review-himalayan-blunder-from-nagarjuna.html |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt10076106}}

{{Viacom18 Studios}}
{{Nagarjuna (actor)}}

[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Fiction about Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Films about fashion in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rahul Ravindran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
[[Category:Films set in Lisbon]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lisbon]]
[[Category:Films shot in Portugal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of French films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]

Poruthathu Pothum

2026-03-03T05:11:14Z

LayneMatos1: created a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Poruthathu Pothum.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[P. Kalaimani]]
| screenplay = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| story = P. Kalaimani
| producer = [[Pala. Karuppiah]]
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Nirosha]] [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]]
| cinematography = [[B. R. Vijayalakshmi]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Kamala Chithram
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1989|7|15|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Poruthathu Pothum''''' ({{Translation|Enough is enough}})<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mariappan |first=Julie |date=29 January 2016 |title=No room for dissent in AIADMK, alleges expelled MLA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/no-room-for-dissent-in-aiadmk-alleges-expelled-mla/articleshow/50765332.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131133957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/no-room-for-dissent-in-aiadmk-alleges-expelled-mla/articleshow/50765332.cms |archive-date=31 January 2016 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[P. Kalaimani]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabirdoss |first=Yogesh |date=24 December 2012 |title=Captain's ship approaching MK dock? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2012/Dec/24/captains-ship-approaching-mk-dock-436513.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613080647/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2012/dec/24/captains-ship-approaching-mk-dock-436513.html |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Nirosha]] and [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]], with [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] and [[Major Sundarrajan]] in supporting roles. It was released on 15 July 1989.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2024}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijayakanth]] in a [[dual role]] as
**Nallarasu (Vallarasu)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=28 December 2023 |title=Adios, Captain Vijayakanth: The quintessential cop and crusader on-screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adios-captain-vijayakanth-the-quintessential-cop-and-crusader-on-screen/article67682992.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230012220/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adios-captain-vijayakanth-the-quintessential-cop-and-crusader-on-screen/article67682992.ece |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
**Ponnuthangam
*[[Nirosha]] as Thilaka
*[[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]] as Rosy
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as [[Inspector]] David
*[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Azhala Sundaram
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Devadas
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Police commissioner
*[[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as Mohan Raj
*[[Ra. Sankaran]]
*[[S. N. Vasanth]] as Suresh
*[[Srividya]] as Punithavadi
*[[Kamala Kamesh]]
*[[C. I. D. Sakunthala]]
*[[Ennathe Kannaiah]] as Prisoner
*I. S. R.
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*[[LIC Narasimhan]] as Advocate
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poruthathu Podhum Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/poruthathu-podhum-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/JGOM9 |archive-date=27 October 2024 |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poruthathu Pothum (1989) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/poruthathu-pothum-songs-T0002886 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241015122827/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/poruthathu-pothum-songs-T0002886 |archive-date=15 October 2024 |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aararo Paada
| length1 = 4:29
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| title2 = Aararo Paada
| length2 = 4:35
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| title3 = Adi Raanimangamma
| length3 = 4:32
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| title4 = Raaththiri Thookkam
| length4 = 4:37
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title5 = Veppamaram
| length5 = 4:33
| lyrics5 = [[Valampuri John]]
| extra5 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| total_length = 22:46 
}}

== Reception ==
P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that despite the many loopholes, the flow of the film can be appreciated; when the [[Intermission|interval]] comes, however, it seems like so soon.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எஸ். |date=6 August 1989 |title=பொறுத்தது போதும்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1989-08-06/page/n23/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230803083949/https://archive.org/details/kalki1989-08-06/page/n23/mode/2up |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=15 October 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=23 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1989 action films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Kalaimani]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. Karunanidhi]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Muddha Mandaram

2026-02-26T19:39:56Z

LayneMatos1: starting

{{Short description|Telugu language drama TV series}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Muddha Mandaram.jpg
| image_size =
| company =
| last_aired = {{End date|2019|12|27|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|11|17|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| num_episodes = 1585
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer = Annapurna Studios
| country = India
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Muddha Mandaram''''' ({{translation|Lumpy Hibiscus}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language]] TV series which aired on [[Zee Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Muddha Mandaram to be aired from Nov 17 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/muddha-mandaram-to-be-aired-from-nov-17/articleshow/45134261.cms |access-date=2014-11-13 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=2023-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715013949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/muddha-mandaram-to-be-aired-from-nov-17/articleshow/45134261.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered from 17 November 2014 and ended on 27 December 2019 completing 1585 episodes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Popular daily soap Muddha Mandaram completes 1500 episodes; the team celebrates the occasion - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/popular-daily-soap-muddha-mandaram-completes-1500-episodes-the-team-celebrates-the-occasion/articleshow/71219955.cms |access-date=2019-09-20 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=2019-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013202533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/popular-daily-soap-muddha-mandaram-completes-1500-episodes-the-team-celebrates-the-occasion/articleshow/71219955.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars Thanuja Puttaswamy, Pawon Sai and Haritha in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Popular daily soap 'Mudda Mandaram' to go off-air soon; climax to feature special cameos - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/popular-daily-soap-mudda-mandaram-to-go-off-air-soon-climax-to-feature-special-cameos/articleshow/72940487.cms |access-date=2019-12-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is produced under the banner of ''Annapurna Studios''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zee Telugu to launch new fiction show "Mudda Mandaram" produced by Annapurna Studios |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-telugu-to-launch-new-fiction-show-mudda-mandaram-produced-by-annapurna-studios/ |access-date=2014-11-12 |website=Medianws4U}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around Akhilandeshwari and Parvathi, two strong-willed women and their conflicts. The show explores the mindset and class conflict of two diverse personalities and how issues spiral out of control and affect their relationships.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Muddha Mandaram to be aired soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/mudda-mandaram-to-be-aired-soon/articleshow/44933005.cms |access-date=2014-10-25 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=2024-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103183810/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/mudda-mandaram-to-be-aired-soon/articleshow/44933005.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Thanuja Puttaswamy as Parvathi (Paaru)
* Pawon Sai as Deva
* Haritha as Akhilandeshwari
* [[Goparaju Ramana]]
* Sandra Jaichandran<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sandra joins the cast of Muddha Mandaram - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sandra-joins-the-cast-of-muddha-mandaram/articleshow/45568257.cms |access-date=2014-12-19 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413123139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sandra-joins-the-cast-of-muddha-mandaram/articleshow/45568257.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Language
! Title
! Original release
! Network(s)
! Last aired
! Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Muddha Mandaram'' ముద్ద మందారం
| 17 November 2014
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 27 December 2019
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Sembaruthi]]'' செம்பருத்தி
| 16 October 2017
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 31 July 2022
| rowspan="5" | Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Chembarathi (TV series)|Chembarathi]]'' ചെമ്പരത്തി
| 26 November 2018
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 25 March 2022
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Paaru (Kannada TV series)|Paaru]]'' ಪಾರು
| 3 December 2018
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 16 March 2024
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Paaru (Marathi TV series)|Paaru]]'' पारू
| 12 February 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 6 February 2026
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Vasudha (2024 TV series)|Vasudha]]'' वसुधा
| 16 September 2024
| [[Zee TV]]
| Ongoing
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt10305866}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/muddha-mandaram/0-6-93 ''Muddha Mandaram''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]

Sri Gurunatha Swamy temple

2026-02-24T16:15:44Z

LayneMatos1: starting basic location w/ infobox.

{{short description|Hindu temple in Anthiyur, Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sri Gurunatha Swamy temple
| image = Sri Gurunatha Swamy.JPG
| caption = Sri Gurunatha Swamy

| deity = {{hlist |[[Murugan]] |[[Shiva]] |[[Vishnu]] |[[Kamakshi]]}}

| location = [[Anthiyur]]
| district = [[Erode]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.59584|77.58775|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Sri Gurunatha Swamy temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in Pudupalayam, [[Anthiyur]] in [[Erode district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Mythology ==
About 600 years ago, people worshipped three stones in Pichavaram near [[Chidambaram]]. Due to threats from the local ruler, the people threw the stones in the nearby river, and escaped from the village. These stones were later found in Pudupalayam near [[Anthiyur]], and a temple was later built with the help of the [[Pandyas]]. The three stones represent different deities, identified with [[Kamakshi]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva]] and [[Murugan]] combined as Gurunathaswami.<ref name="DM">{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1519|title=Gurunatha Swami Temple |work=[[Dinamalar]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Festival ==
The annual temple festival is held during the [[Tamil calendar]] month of [[Aadi (month)|Aadi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/four-day-gurunathaswamy-temple-festival-begins-in-anthiyur-in-erode/article69928156.ece|title=Four-day Gurunathaswamy temple festival begins in Anthiyur in Erode|date=13 August 2025|access-date=1 January 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The "Kulukkai box", a large box located at the centre of the temple's main [[prakara]] is opened only during the festival. The box is used to store various [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] materials, and are inhabited by snakes, and the locals worship it to protect their properties from harmful creatures.<ref name="DM"/> A cattle fair is held during the festival which draws hundreds of horses and other domesticated animals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/gurunathaswamy-temple-festival-begins-in-anthiyur/article67175600.ece|title=Experience the Annual Festival of Arulmigu Gurunathaswamy Temple in Erode, Tamil Nadu|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 August 2023|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=8 August 2024 |title=Horse and Cattle Fair Draws Huge Crowd At Anthiyur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/horse-and-cattle-fair-draws-huge-crowd-at-anthiyur/article68500639.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://gurunathaswamy.co.in Shri Gurunatha Swamy]

[[Category:Hindu temples in Erode district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Shital Morjaria

2026-02-18T14:01:37Z

LayneMatos1: cleanup

{{short description|Indian journalist and film-maker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shital Morjaria
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Journalist and film-maker
| notable_works = [[All I Want Is Everything (film)|All I Want Is Everything]]
}}
'''Shital Morjaria''' is an Indian journalist and film-maker. Her debut full-length film ''[[All I Want Is Everything (film)|All I Want Is Everything]]'' was released in 2013. Before that she made a few documentary films. She is also the executive producer of [[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]].<ref name="Shital Morjaria | Three women in a boat">{{cite news|title=Shital Morjaria {{!}} Three women in a boat|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tVUMygRlgcySM5wjySiC9M/Shital-Morjaria--Three-women-in-a-boat.html|accessdate=19 March 2013|newspaper=Live Mint}}</ref> In 2008, she received The Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism award for her show ''Naveena''.<ref name="2007 winners">{{cite news|title=2007 winner|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ramnath-goenka-foundation/2007_winners.html|accessdate=19 March 2013|newspaper=Express India|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624120717/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ramnath-goenka-foundation/2007_winners.html|archivedate=24 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Career ==
Morjaria started her career as a news presenter of a television show named ''News Wave''. For the next 15 years she worked in other fields of print and visual media. Morjaria was awarded the Ramnath Goenka Award, the highest award in India for journalism, for her program ''Naveena''. The show focused on issues faced by Indian women.<ref name="Voices in the dark">{{cite news|title=Voices in the dark|url=http://postnoon.com/2013/03/08/voices-in-the-dark/112875|accessdate=19 March 2013|newspaper=Post Noon}}</ref> In 2013, she made her directorial debut in big screen with the film ''[[All I Want Is Everything (film)|All I Want Is Everything]]''.<ref name="Morjaria biography">{{cite web|title=Morjaria biography|url=http://www.tv9.net/Tv9-andhrapradesh/team_shital.htm|accessdate=19 March 2013}}</ref>

== Works ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Actors
|-
| 2011 || ''[[All I Want Is Everything (film)|All I Want Is Everything]]'' || Sagari Venkata, Sampada Harkara, Iantha Mitchell
|}

=== Other works ===
* ''News Wave'' (on DD Metro II, as a news reporter)
* ''Naveena''<ref name="2007 winners" />

== Awards ==
* [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|The Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism]] (2007)<ref name="2007 winners" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5263447}}
* [https://www.shitalmorjaria.com/ Shital Morjaria] Website
* [https://www.youtube.com/@shital.morjaria YouTube]
* [https://www.instagram.com/morjariaphotography Instagram]
* [https://substack.com/@shitalmorjaria Substack]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morjaria, Shital}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Nagpur

2026-02-12T03:34:27Z

LayneMatos1: Adding Post

{{Short description|College in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Primary sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = MKSSS's Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Nagpur
| image =
| motto = '''Empowerment of women through education'''
| established = 2010
| chairman = Shri Milind Kukde
| students = ~850 (female)
| city = [[Nagpur]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| address = Mouje Sukli (Gupchup) Nagpur
| campus = 52609.1 sq.m
| website = https://cumminscollege.edu.in
| coordinates = {{Coord|21.0669652|78.9789163|display=inline}}
}}
'''MKSSS's Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Nagpur''' (CCOEW, Nagpur) is a private engineering college with NAAC (A+) Accreditation in [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, India, run by [[Maharshi Karve Stree Shikshan Samstha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://maharshikarve.ac.in/cummins-college-of-engineering-for-women-nagpur/ |title=Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Nagpur |access-date=2018-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805134210/https://maharshikarve.ac.in/cummins-college-of-engineering-for-women-nagpur/ |archive-date=2018-08-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Maharshi Karve Stree Shikshan Samstha, (MKSSS),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cumminscollege.edu.in/institute-profile.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217142431/http://cumminscollege.edu.in/institute-profile.php|archive-date=2017-12-17|title=Institute Profile | About Legacy of Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Nagpur}}</ref>

MKSSS's, Pune established first women engineering college in Pune called MKSSS's [[Cummins]] College of Engineering for Women, Over the course of 119 years the Parent organization has branched out more institutions in other districts in Maharashtra State. The institutes are located at Pune, Nagpur, Satara, Wai, Ratnagiri, Kamshet, etc. The Cummins College of Engineering for Women Located in Nagpur is affiliated to [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-engineering-college-for-women-registers-strong-placements/articleshow/20700654.cms|title = Pune engineering college for women registers strong placements | Pune News - Times of India}}</ref>

== Academics ==
Cummins College of Engineering, Nagpur provides undergraduate programs in various disciplines of engineering such as Allied Sciences which are also related to [[Research and development|Research and Development]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cumminscollege.edu.in/allied-science.php|title=Allied Science {{!}} Cummins College of Engineering For Women, Nagpur.|website=www.cumminscollege.edu.in|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> Computer Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Consultancy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cumminscollege.edu.in/departments.php|title=Departments {{!}} Cummins College of Engineering For Women, Nagpur.|website=www.cumminscollege.edu.in|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

== Campus Facilities ==
The campus is spread across 13 acres near river Vena in Nagpur. Cummins College features a hostel facility for all outstation students that can house up to 180 students currently, which is to be extended to 700 students shortly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cumminscollege.edu.in/facility-hostel.php|title=Hostel Facilities {{!}} Cummins College of Engineering For Women, Nagpur.|website=www.cumminscollege.edu.in|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> Transportation facilities are also provided for day scholars who attend the college.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cumminscollege.edu.in/facility-transport.php|title=Transport Facilities {{!}} Cummins College of Engineering For Women, Nagpur.|website=www.cumminscollege.edu.in|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> The institution also features grounds for activities such as Kabaddi, Badminton, Cricket and Volleyball. Indoor arenas are available for Table Tennis, [[Carrom]] and Chess.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cumminscollege.edu.in/facility-sports.php|title=Sports Facilities {{!}} Cummins College of Engineering For Women, Nagpur.|website=www.cumminscollege.edu.in|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.cumminscollege.edu.in/index.php Official Website]
*https://web.archive.org/web/20171217142431/http://cumminscollege.edu.in/institute-profile.php
* https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-engineering-college-for-women-registers-strong-placements/articleshow/20700654.cms

[[Category:Women's engineering colleges in India]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Maharashtra]]

A. Sivathanu Pillai

2026-02-08T08:53:41Z

LayneMatos1: small fix

{{short description|Indian scientist (born 1947)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist

| name = A Sivathanu Pillai
| image = A._Sivathanu_Pillai_(cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Pillai in 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|07|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nagercoil, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu]], India
| fields = [[Nuclear physics]] [[Aerospace engineering]] [[Electrical engineering]]
| occupation = [[Nuclear physicist]] [[Rocket scientist]] Administrator
| alma_mater = [[Thiagarajar College of Engineering]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]]) [[University of Pune]] (PhD)
| known_for = Known as Father of Brahmos Aerospace<ref name = "Pragyan-2012">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/12014023.cms|title=NITT's four-day fest gets underway|date=24 February 2012|access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>
| spouse = Seetha Sivathanu Pillai
| children = 1
| workplaces = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Shri]] (2002)|[[Padma Bhushan]] (2013)|[[Order of Friendship]] (2014)}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''A. Sivathanu Pillai''' is an Indian [[scientist]] who was an honorary distinguished professor<ref name = "NASA ISRO">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/for-trip-to-mars-nasa-wants-to-ride-with-isro-1281975|title=For Trip To Mars, NASA Wants To Ride With ISRO|date=28 February 2015|access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref> at [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (2015–2018)<ref name="NASA ISRO"/><ref name = "India NPT">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/time-for-india-to-join-global-space-rule-framing-to-avoid-npt-like-mistake-say-experts-116022800113_1.html|title=Time for India to join global space rule framing to avoid NPT like mistake, say experts|date=28 February 2015|access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref> and an honorary professor at [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]] in the Department of Mechanical Engineering (2015–2016)<ref name ="IIT Delhi DME">{{cite news|url=http://mech.iitd.ac.in/content/dr-sivathanu-pillai|title=Dr. A. Sivathanu Pillai, IIT Delhi|publisher=[[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]|date=21 April 2015|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> and a visiting professor at [[Indian Institute of Science]] (2014–2015).

He is the president of Project Management Associates<ref name = "PMA India">{{cite news|url=http://pma-india.org/dr-a-sivathanu-pillai/|title=National Managing Committee (2015–2018) of the PMA India|publisher=Project Management Associates|date=21 April 2015|access-date=21 April 2015|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411124013/http://www.pma-india.org/dr-a-sivathanu-pillai/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is the former chairperson of the board of governors of the [[National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra]].<ref name="NIT Sivathanu">{{cite news|url=http://www.nitkkr.ac.in/pagesUI/homePage.jsf?pageEvent=46&page=content&language=2|title=Dr. A. Sivathanu Pillai, Chairperson Board of Governors|publisher=National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra|date=17 September 2013|access-date=17 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521040721/http://www.nitkkr.ac.in/pagesUI/homePage.jsf?pageEvent=46&page=content&language=2|archive-date=21 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was Chief Controller of Research and Development from 1996 to 2014 and held the rank of "Distinguished Scientist" from 1999 to 2014 at the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] at the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] of the [[Republic of India]].<ref name = "DRDO Pillai Profile">{{cite news|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=chiefcontrollers-pillai.jsp|title=Profile, DRDO India: Sivathanu Pillai|publisher=DRDO, Ministry of Defence of Government of India|date=4 June 2011|access-date=4 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163124/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=chiefcontrollers-pillai.jsp|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is also the founder-[[CEO]] and [[managing director]] of the [[BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited]].<ref name="Brahmos India: Pillai Information">{{cite news|url=http://www.brahmos.com/people.php?id=2|title=Profile, Brahmos India: Sivathanu Pillai|publisher=BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited|date=4 June 2011|access-date=4 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708091225/http://www.brahmos.com/people.php?id=2|archive-date=8 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He also previously was Vice President of International Project Management Association<ref name = "IPMA Executive Boad Members">{{cite news|url=http://www.asapm.org/asapmag/resources/PR_IPMA_ExBo_Remits11_2010.pdf|title=The Executive Board members of the International Project Management Association — Remits for year 2011 and 2012|publisher=International Project Management Association|date=31 July 2011|access-date=4 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523041746/http://www.asapm.org/asapmag/resources/PR_IPMA_ExBo_Remits11_2010.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and as Special Secretary representing India in the India-Russia Inter-Governmental Commission on Military-Technical Cooperation.

==Early life and education==
Apathukatha Sivathanu Pillai was born in [[Nagercoil]] in [[Kanyakumari District]], [[Tamilnadu]] on 15 July 1947. He completed his schooling at D.V.D. Higher Secondary School, Nagercoil,. He earned his [[Bachelor of Electrical Engineering]] from [[Thiagarajar College of Engineering]]<ref name="Pillai Kalam merge"/> in 1969.<ref name="Pillai Kalam merge">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/APJ-Abdul-Kalam-tried-to-merge-ISRO-and-DRDO-Sivathanu-Pillai/articleshow/53460266.cms |title=Archive: APJ Abdul Kalam tried to merge ISRO and DRDO - Sivathanu Pillai |access-date=6 November 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106161003/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/APJ-Abdul-Kalam-tried-to-merge-ISRO-and-DRDO-Sivathanu-Pillai/articleshow/53460266.cms |archive-date=6 November 2016}}</ref>

In 1991, he attended the six-week Advanced Management Program at [[Harvard Business School]]. He then earned [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Technology Management from [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] in 1996.<ref name = "Padma Shri: Pillai">{{cite news|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/nl/may02/padmashri.htm|title=Sivathanu Pillai conferred Padma Shri|publisher=DRDO, Ministry of Defence of Government of India|date=May 2002|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314041321/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/nl/may02/padmashri.htm|archive-date=14 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pillai is a close friend<ref name = "Kalam museum Sivathanu">{{cite news|url=http://www.aspillai.com/news.php?nid=7|title=President Kalam gets museum in his honour|date=7 July 2007|access-date=14 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> of former President of India [[APJ Abdul Kalam|A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]

==Career==
[[File:The CEO & MD, Dr. A. Sivathanu Pillai introducing a model missile to the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh at BrahMos Complex in New Delhi on June 28, 2006.jpg|thumb|right|Sivathanu Pillai introducing a model missile to [[List of Prime Ministers of India|13th Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] at BrahMos Complex in New Delhi.]]
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Bhushan Award to Dr. Apathukatha Sivathanu Pillai, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 20, 2013.jpg|thumb|right|[[List of Presidents of India|13th]] [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] presenting the Padma Bhushan Sivathanu Pillai at an Investiture Ceremony at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], in New Delhi.]]

===Academia===
Pillai is as honorary distinguished professor<ref name="NASA ISRO"/> at [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] and an honorary professor at [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]] in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and a visiting professor at [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="India NPT" /><ref name="IIT Delhi DME" />

He was the chairperson of the board of governors of the [[National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra]].<ref name="NIT Sivathanu"/>

===ISRO and DRDO===
Pillai joined the [[Defence Research & Development Service|Defence Research and Development Service]] and has four decades of experience in [[ISRO]] and [[DRDO]] and has worked with [[Vikram Sarabhai]], [[Satish Dhawan]] and [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|APJ Abdul Kalam]].<ref name="India Space">{{cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/science-technology/india-space-programme-visionary-a-sivathanu-pillai-brahmos.html|title=India's space programme needs a visionary: Sivathanu Pillai|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|location=India|date=31 January 2016|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202193456/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/science-technology/india-space-programme-visionary-a-sivathanu-pillai-brahmos.html|archive-date=2 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He joined DRDO in 1986 and was the Programme Director of IGMDP under the leadership of [[A. P. J. Kalam]]. He contributed to the successful development of SLV III as a core team member and to the evolution of PSLV configuration for ISRO.<ref name="Pillai Kalam Missile Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/decoding-the-missile-man.html |title=Archive: Decoding the Missile Man by Sivathanu Pillai |access-date=6 November 2016 |publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106162552/http://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/decoding-the-missile-man.html |archive-date=6 November 2016}}</ref>

===Brahmos Aerospace===
In August 2007 he was given a third extension of his retirement date by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]].<ref name = "DRDO Extension 3">{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/drdo-disowns-chief-controller-says-he-is-retired|title=DRDO disowns chief controller, says he is retired|work=[[The Sunday Guardian]]|date=17 November 2012|access-date=17 September 2013|archive-date=10 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210184557/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/drdo-disowns-chief-controller-says-he-is-retired|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "DRDO Chief: Pillai Tenure Exctension">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/antony-prevails-over-drdo-gets-brahmos-chie/207765/|title=A Sivathanu Pillai: Extension as DRDO chief tenure extended|work=The Indian Express |date=31 July 2007|access-date=4 June 2011}}</ref><ref name = "Pillai Tenure Exctension">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_fight-to-retain-indias-leading-missile-scientist_1112683|title=Fight to retain India's leading missile scientist|work=Daily News and Analysis |location=India|date=31 July 2007|access-date=4 June 2011}}</ref>

Pillai is regarded as the "Father of Brahmos",<ref name = "Pillai profile">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130512/edit.htm#3|title=PROFILE — BrahMos aerospace his baby|work=The Tribune |date= 5 December 2013|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> the joint venture between India and Russia to design, develop, produce and market the supersonic cruise missile BrahMos and he is the chief executive and managing director of BrahMos Aerospace. In 2007, under his leadership as CEO of Brahmos Aerospace, the company bought [[Kerala Hitech Industries Limited]]. It has been then converted into Brahmos Aerospace Trivandrum Limited, the second missile making unit of BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited for a world-class missile facility with system integration and testing.<ref name = "Missile Man Pillai">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1977991.ece|title=Missile man of India Sivathanu Pillai describes BrahMos plans|work=The Hindu|date=31 December 2007|access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref><ref name = "Brahmos KELTEC">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1962270.ece|title=BrahMos takes over KELTEC|work=The Hindu|date=6 December 2007|access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year of award or honor !! Name of award or honor<ref name="CV Detailed Official: Brahmos Pillai">{{cite news|url=http://www.brahmos.com/download/Dr-Pillai-Profile.pdf|title=Official CV and full Profile: Sivathanu Pillai|publisher=Brahmos Aerospace, India|date=4 June 2011|access-date=4 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723152952/http://www.brahmos.com/download/Dr-Pillai-Profile.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "Brahmos Pillai Award PM">{{cite news|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/nl/2010/jul10.pdf|title=Sivathanu Pillai receives the Technology Leadership Award for year 2009 on May 26, 2010 from Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh for his outstanding leadership in design, development, production and marketing of the BrahMos missile|publisher=DRDO, Ministry of Defence of Government of India|date=26 May 2010|access-date=25 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314040841/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/nl/2010/jul10.pdf|archive-date=14 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> !! Awarding organization
|-
| 2014
| Lifetime Achievement Award<ref name = "Pillai Rotary">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/After-Missions-to-Moon-and-Mars-World-Vies-to-Mine-Heavenly-Bodies/2014/10/15/article2478627.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019172622/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/After-Missions-to-Moon-and-Mars-World-Vies-to-Mine-Heavenly-Bodies/2014/10/15/article2478627.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2014|title=After Missions to Moon and Mars, World Vies to Mine Heavenly Bodies|work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=15 October 2014|access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref>
| [[Rotary International]].
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2014
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award]]<ref name = "Pillai LBS Award">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/as-pillai-father-of-brahmos-gets-lal-bahadur-shastri-award/article6478452.ece|title=AS Pillai, father of BrahMos, gets Lal Bahadur Shastri Award|work=[[Business Line]] |date=8 October 2014|access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref><ref name = "LBSAward">{{cite news|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/president-of-india-presented-the-lal-bahadur-shastri-national-award-2014-1412761510-1|title=President of India presented the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award 2014|date=7 October 2014|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref>
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of Management]].
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2014
| [[Order of Friendship]]<ref name = "Pillai Order">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/russia-honours-brahmos-chief-with-order-of-friendship-award-114022601148_1.html|title=Russia honours BrahMos chief with 'Order of Friendship' award|work=[[Business Standard]] |date=26 February 2014|access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref>
| [[President of Russia]].
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2013
| [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref name = "Pillai PB">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-19/news/38674467_1_brahmos-aerospace-sivathanu-pillai-guided-missile-development-programme|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812142149/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-19/news/38674467_1_brahmos-aerospace-sivathanu-pillai-guided-missile-development-programme|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2014|title=BrahMos chief A Sivathanu Pillai to be conferred Padma Bhushan|work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=19 April 2013|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>
| [[President of India]].
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2009
| [[DRDO]] Technology Leadership Award
| [[Prime Minister of India]].
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2009
| Level A certification of Project Directorship
| International Project Management Association (IPMA), Switzerland.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2008
| Honorary Doctorate
| [[Thapar University]], India.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2007
| Honorary Doctorate
| [[Avinashilingam University]], India.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2006
| Honorary Doctorate
| [[Bharathiar University]], India.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2006
| Honorary Doctorate
| State Marine Technical University of St. Petersburg, Russia.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2006
| Honorary Doctorate
| [[Andhra University]], India.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2006
| Raja Rammohan Puraskar Award
| [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2005
| [[DRDO]] Performance Excellence Award
| [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2005
| Honorary Doctorate
| [[Sathyabama University]], India.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2005
| Honorary Doctorate
| [[Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University]], India.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2003
| The Order of the Peter the Great and the Academician of the university
| The Moscow University of Security, Defence and Law Enforcement, Russia.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2003
| Award for dedicated service, co-operation, development and peace
| OISCA International, Japan.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2002
| [[Padma Shri]]<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
| [[President of India]].
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2001
| Dr. Davidson Frame Award
| University of Technology & Management, USA.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 1988
| [[DRDO]] Scientist of the year
| [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
|}

==Books, research papers and journals==
Sivathanu Pillai is a published author and coauthor of several books, research papers and journals.
* {{cite book |title=The Path Unexplored |publisher= Pentagon Press |year=2014 |isbn=9788182747906}}
* {{cite book |title=Thoughts For Change — We Can Do It |publisher=Pentagon Press| year=2012 |isbn=9788182747074}}
* {{cite book |title=Envisioning an empowered nation: technology for societal transformation |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-07-053154-3}}
* {{cite book |title=Technology Leadership – A Revolution in the Making: defining the future visionary leaders |isbn=9780070583283|last1=Sivathanu Pillai|first1=A.|year=2005|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company }}
* {{cite book |title=Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Engineering |publisher=World Scientific |year=2010 |isbn=978-981-4277-92-1}}
* {{cite book |title=Ocean Warfare: The Technology Waves |publisher=Manas Publications |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7049-239-9}}
* {{cite book |title=Revolution in Leadership – Building Technology Competence |isbn=9788182745520|last1=Sivathanu Pillai|first1=A.|year=2011|publisher=Pentagon Press }}
* {{cite book |title=Nanotechnology Engineering in Nano- and Bio-Medicine: Devices and Applications |isbn=9780470758632 |last1=Varadan |first1=Vijay K. |last2=Pillai |first2=Sivathanu |last3=Chen |first3=Dr Linfeng |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|author=Sieff, Martin|date=2009|title=Shifting superpowers: the new and emerging relationship between the United States, China, and India|publisher=Cato Institute|isbn=978-1-935308-21-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/shiftingsuperpow0000sief}}
* {{Cite book|author=Frankel, Francine R.|date=1995|title=Bridging the nonproliferation divide: the United States and India|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-8191-9943-0}}
* {{Cite book|author=Kalam, A P J Abdul|date=2010|title=Ignited Minds : Unleashing the Power within India|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2960-1}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921024108/http://www.aspillai.com/ Official Website]
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=chiefcontrollers-pillai.jsp
| title = Dr A Sivathanu Pillai : Official Biography
| publisher = Defence Research and Development Organisation, India
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140630122502/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=chiefcontrollers-pillai.jsp
| archive-date = 30 June 2014 }}
* {{cite web
| url = http://mech.iitd.ac.in/content/dr-sivathanu-pillai
| title = Dr A Sivathanu Pillai
| publisher = [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160401204059/http://mech.iitd.ac.in/content/dr-sivathanu-pillai
| archive-date = 1 April 2016}}
* [http://www.brahmos.com/people.php?id=2 Pillars of BrahMos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708091225/http://www.brahmos.com/people.php?id=2 |date=8 July 2011 }}

===Others===
* [http://www.eetindia.co.in/ART_8800704532_1800007_NT_21514b59.HTM?jumpto=view_welcomead_1411635350263 India primes for growth in defence electronics]{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite web
|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/nl/may02/padmashri.htm
|title=Padma Shri conferred on three DRDO scientists
|publisher=Defence Research and Development Organisation, India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314041321/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/nl/may02/padmashri.htm
|archive-date=14 March 2012
|url-status=dead
|access-date=29 June 2011
}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140725135316/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/26-Jul-2006/tipu-sultan-the-first-to-use-missile-technology Tipu Sultan the first to use missile technology]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article2938697.ece?homepage=true Humans will soon inhabit other planets: Sivathanu Pillai]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2743409.ece Hypersonic missiles to replace ballistic missiles]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article700744.ece India should have its own computer operating system: Pillai]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1384231.ece Nanotechnology will change lives: Sivathanu Pillai]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bus}}
{{s-new|Organisation founded February 1998}}
{{s-ttl|title= CEO and MD of [[BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited|BrahMos Aerospace]]|years=1995–2014}}
{{s-aft | after = Sudhir Mishra}}
{{s-edu}}
{{s-bef | before = }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra|Chairperson of the Board of Governors at National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra]]
| years = }}
{{s-aft | after = }}
{{s-end}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, A. Sivathanu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Tamil scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:People from Nagercoil]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]

Delhi Lok Adalat

2026-01-24T17:44:20Z

LayneMatos1: Adding A Page - done

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
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'''Delhi Lok Adalat''' or Delhi Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism<ref name="del lok ref4">{{cite news |title=Is India ready for ‘mandatory mediation’? |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/legally-speaking/india-ready-mandatory-mediation |access-date=22 November 2021 |publisher=The Sunday Guardian Live |date=11 September 2021}}</ref> used in the Union Territory of [[Delhi]]. The Delhi Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[constitution]]al protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]]<ref name="ass lok ref1">{{cite news |title='Lok Adalat' to be held in Assam on September 11 - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/lok-adalat-to-be-held-in-assam-on-september-11-550500 |access-date=17 November 2021 |publisher=sentinelassam.com |date=14 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate [[jurisdiction]], litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2021-11-21|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==
Delhi Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987<ref name="aru lokad ref1">{{cite news |title=Arunachal:First E Lok Adalat held in various districts of Arunachal Pradesh in various |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-first-e-lok-adalat-held-in-various-districts-of-arunachal-pradesh/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |publisher=arunachal24.in |date=26 September 2020}}</ref> and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations. The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.

Delhi Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.
*High Court.
*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.
*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.
* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.<ref name="aru lokad ref3">{{cite news |title=APSLSA introduced mobile Legal Services cum Lok Adalat Van |url=https://arunachal24.in/apslsa-introduced-mobile-legal-services-cum-lok-adalat-van/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |publisher=arunachal24.in |date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

Mr. Justice Siddharth Mridul., Chief Justice, Delhi High Court, Delhi, is current patron in Chief of Delhi Lok Adalat.<ref name="del lo ref1" />

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]]<ref name="aru lokad ref1" /> and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:<ref name="Lok Ref2" />

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="aru lokad ref1" />
* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.
* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1"/>

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.<ref name="aru lokad ref1" />
* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to recovery of money.
* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.<ref name="Assam Lok7">{{cite news |title=Assam State Legal Services Authority: Lok Adalat to ease load of courts {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/lok-adalat-to-ease-load-of-courts/articleshow/25905103.cms |access-date=17 November 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=17 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* General Maintenance related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.<ref name="Loka Ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat disposes of 8.5 lakh cases in a day across Maharashtra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/lok-adalat-disposes-of-8-5-lakh-cases-in-a-day-across-maharashtra-101632673899685.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Assam Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.<ref name="and lok ref15">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat can't decide cases on merits|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/lok-adalat-cant-decide-cases-on-merits-sc-1041603.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

Lok Adalat or Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) system was strengthened by Government of India in Year 2021 by introducing Draft Mediation bill, 2021 adding many provisions for fast and efficient resolution through this system.<ref name="lok ref 20">{{cite news |title=Explainer: What does the ‘Draft Mediation Bill’ propose |url=https://factly.in/explainer-what-does-the-draft-mediation-bill-propose/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |publisher=FACTLY |date=20 November 2021}}</ref>

== Details of cases Resolved ==

1. In 2021 February, Delhi Lok Adalat or Delhi State Legal Services Authority (DSLSA) organised Ghar-Ghar Lok Adalat to settle unpaid traffic challans.<ref name="Del Ref2">{{cite news |last1=Ch |first1=Sakshi |title=Delhi: Lok Adalat held to amicably settle traffic challans descends into chaos {{!}} Delhi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/lok-adalat-held-to-amicably-settle-traffic-challans-descends-into-chaos/articleshow/80913985.cms |access-date=22 November 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=15 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

2. In 2021 September, Delhi Lok Adalat or Delhi State Legal Services Authority (DSLSA) organised National Lok Adalat on many issues in Delhi High Courts, Delhi District Courts, Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs), State Commission and District Consumer Forums, Delhi.<ref name="Del Ref8">{{cite news |title=Conducting a National Lok Adalat on 11.09.2021 (Second Saturday) |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/latest-news/conducting-a-national-lok-adalat-on-11-09-2021-second-saturday-176186 |access-date=22 November 2021 |publisher=Latest Laws |date=22 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://aslsa.assam.gov.in/information-services/lok-adalat Official website]

== External links ==
* [https://www.example.com www.example.com]

{{Lok Adalat}}


[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Lok Adalat]]

TMSR

2026-01-23T04:57:44Z

LayneMatos1: added some pg added tags...

'''TMSR''', as an acronym, may refer to:

== Indian drama ==
* ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahe]]'', 2021 TV series
* ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahen]]'', 2001 film

== Music ==
* [[The Most Serene Republic]], Canadian indie rock group

== Sports ==
* [[TMS Ringsted]], Danish handball club

== Thorium molten salt reactor ==
* TMSR 500, prior designation of the [[ThorCon nuclear reactor]]
* [[TMSR (Chinese reactor project)]]
** [[TMSR-LF1]], active experimental reactor

{{disambiguation}}

Chinchwadi

2026-01-22T18:06:25Z

LayneMatos1: updated page

{{Orphan|date=September 2020}}

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Chinchwadi
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = mr
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|coordinates = 
|population_total =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = India
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|website = 
}}
'''Chinchwadi''' is a small [[village]] in [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].<ref name="COI-1"/> The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded a total of 623 residents in the village.<ref name="COI-1"/> Chinchwadi's geographical area is approximately {{convert|423|hectare|acre}}.<ref name="COI-1"/>

==See also==
* [[Chinchwad]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name="COI-1">{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2732_PART_B_DCHB_RATNAGIRI.pdf | title=District Census Handbook | publisher=[[Census of India]] | accessdate=16 April 2016|page=102}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district]]

{{Ratnagiri-geo-stub}}

Akhil Niyogi

2026-01-16T14:30:04Z

LayneMatos1: new initial stub and citations!

{{Short description|Bengali writer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Akhil Niyogi
| native_name = অখিল নিয়োগী
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 25 October 1902
| birth_place = Sankrail-Tangail, [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = 21 February 1993 (aged 90)
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| alma_mater = [[Scottish Church Collegiate School]]
| other_names = Swapanburo
(স্বপনবুড়ো)
| known_for = Bengali Literature
| awards = Vidyasagar Puraskar (1988)
}}

'''Akhil Niyogi''' also known as '''Swapanburo''' (25 October 1902 — 21 February 1993) was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] children's writer and editor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śāheda |first=Saiẏada Mohāmmada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sotAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80 |title=Chaṛāẏa Bāṅālī samāja o saṃskr̥ti |date=1988 |publisher=Ḍhākā Biśvabidyālaẏa |language=bn}}</ref> He is better known by the pseudonym ''Swapnaburo''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U31eicYxxBoC&q=Swapan+buro |title=Calcutta Municipal Gazette |date=1974 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. Press in India |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born as Akhilbandhu Niyogi in 1902 at Sankrail-Tangail village of [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh district]], now [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="b">Edited by Anjali Basu "Sangsad Bangali Charitavidhan", 2nd volume, 2019 AD.</ref> Niyogi's father's name is Govinda Chandra Niyogi and mother is Bhavatarini Devi. His father was a headmaster of Bindubasini High School at Tangail. He Passed Matriculation from [[Scottish Church Collegiate School]] and [[Indian School Certificate|ISC]] from [[City College, Kolkata|City College]]. Later he got admission in [[Government College of Art & Craft]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
While studying at [[Government College of Art & Craft|Government Art College]] his novel 'Beporoya' was published serially in ''Shisusathi'' magazine.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}} While a student at the Art College, he was the founder-editor of the Artist Welfare Society. A magazine called ''Chitra'' was published on behalf of the society. Niyogi started his career as a commercial artist later he was seen in the roles of lyricist, director, actor etc. He was the screenwriter of the documentary on [[Sriniketan]] produced by the West Bengal government during [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath's]] lifetime. He directed the film ''Muktir Bandhan''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&dq=AKHIL+NEOGY&pg=PT282 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Muktir Bandhan (1947) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/muktir-bandhan-1947-bengali-movie |access-date=2022-02-08 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref> Since 1945 onward, he was a regular contributor of the [[Jugantar Patrika|Jugantar]] magazine.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:সম্পাদক সমীপেষু: মহাকাশের মৃত্যু |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/letters-to-the-editor/letters-to-the-editor-death-of-stars-1.1247522 |access-date=2022-02-08 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |type=Letter to the editor |language=bn}}</ref> He used to write songs for children under the pseudonym 'Swapnaburo' and gradually became popular by this name.<ref>{{Cite book |last=JAMUNA |first=K. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KS0nDwAAQBAJ&dq=AKHIL+NEOGY&pg=PT39 |title=Children's Literature in Indian Languages |date=2017-06-01 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2456-1 |language=en}}</ref> He went to [[Vienna]] in 1952 at the invitation of the International Committee of the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]]. Netaji's wife and daughter were first mentioned in his book ''Sat Samudra Tero Nadir Pare''. In 1988, the [[Government of West Bengal]] honored him with the Vidyasagar Award.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Swapan Buro Archives |url=https://books.katha.org/book-author/swapan-buro/ |access-date=2022-02-08 |website=Katha Books |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Published books==
*''Babuibasa Boarding''
*''Banpalashir Khude Dakat''
*''Bastuhara''
*''Panka Theke Padma Jage''
*''Dhanni Chele''
*''Kishore Abhijan''
*''Pala Parban Chara-chanda''
*''Bhuture Desh''
*''Khelar Sathi''

==Death==
Akhil Niyogi died on 21 February 1993 in [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-21 |script-title=bn:নোবেলজয়ী অর্থনীতিবিদ অভিজিৎ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের জন্ম |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/feature/news/bd/842416.details |access-date=2022-02-08 |work=banglanews24.com |language=bn}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ashapoorna Devi]]
* [[Premendra Mitra]]
* [[Leela Majumdar]]
* [[Khagendranath Mitra]]
* [[Dhirendralal Dhar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.milansagar.com/kobi/akhil_niyogi/kobi-akhilniyogi.html Milansagar - akhil_niyogil]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Niyogi, Akhil}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Government College of Art & Craft alumni]]
[[Category:Scottish Church Collegiate School alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:City College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:People from Mymensingh District]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]

Anupama Ramachandran

2026-01-14T00:09:43Z

LayneMatos1: new some post initial version!

{{Short description|Indian snooker player (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox snooker player
| name = Anupama Ramachandran
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|05|19|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| Sport country = India
| Professional =
| High ranking =
| Official maximums =
| Best finish =
| medals-expand =
| medals =
}}

'''Anupama Ramachandran''' (born 19 May 2002) is an Indian [[snooker]] and [[English billiards]] player. She won the Asian snooker championship for women in 2024 and the 2025 women's [[IBSF World Snooker Championship]].

==Biography==
Anupama Ramachandran was born on 21 May 2002.<ref name="CSI">{{cite web |title=Anupama Ramachandran |website=Cue Sports India |url=https://cuesportsindia.com/profiles/players/Women/38/anupama-ramachandran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810002905/https://cuesportsindia.com/profiles/players/Women/38/anupama-ramachandran |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> She attended Vidya Mandir Senior Secondary School.<ref name="SCALING"/> When she was 13, she started playing [[English billiards]] at a workshop at the Mylapore Club.<ref name="SCALING"/> She has played competitively at snooker since she was 15,<ref name="SCALING"/> and won eight national junior titles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Surana |first=Neha |title=Cueist Anupama eyes senior Nationals gold |newspaper=Times of India |date=1 December 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/cueist-anupama-eyes-senior-nationals-gold/articleshow/105651400.cms |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2017 she defeated Keerthana Pandian 3–1 to win the [[International Billiards and Snooker Federation]] (IBSF) Under-16 Women's Snooker Open,<ref name="2017U16"/> and she was runner-up at the women's [[IBSF World Under-21 Snooker Championship]] in 2022 and 2023.<ref name="2022U21"/><ref name="2023U21"/> In 2023 she lost 1–4 to [[Vidya Pillai]] in the final of the IBSF women's [[six-red snooker]] championship<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidya Pilai clinches six-red |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/vidya-pillai-clinches-6-red-snooker-world-title/articleshow/105508586.cms |date=26 November 2023 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> Later that year, she won the Indian national title in English billiards, recovering from 0–2 (sets of 100-up) to defeat [[Amee Kamani]] 3–2.<ref name="BILL23"/>

At the 2024 Asian Championship for women, Ramachandran beat Panchaya Channoi 3–1 to take the title.<ref name="ASIAN24"/> She reached her first ranking final on the [[World Women's Snooker]] tour at the 2024 US Open, with wins against world number 1 [[Mink Nutcharut]] in the quarter-finals and fourth-ranked [[Rebecca Kenna]] in the semi-finals.<ref name="WWSUS24">{{cite web |title=Outstanding On Yee Is US Open Champion! |url=https://www.womenssnooker.com/outstanding-on-yee-is-us-open-champion/ |website=World Women's Snooker |date=12 August 2024 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="WWSQA">{{cite web |title=Anupama Ramachandran Q&A |url=https://www.womenssnooker.com/anupama-ramachandran-qa/ |website=World Women's Snooker |date=4 September 2024 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> She lost the final 0–4 to [[Ng On-yee]].<ref name="WWSUS24"/>

She progressed to the final of the 2025 IBSF Women's World Championship and defeated [[Ng On-yee]] 3-2 to take the title.<ref name="IBSF25">{{cite web|title=WORLD Snooker Championships Women – Doha / Qatar 2025|url=http://esnooker.pl/turnieje/2025/ms/en/show_drabinka.php?id_t=517 |publisher=IBSF |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

She has received funds from the Mission International Medals Scheme (MIMS), which supports sportspeople in Tamil Nadu.

Anupama was coached by Mr S A Saleem a former International player. From the summer of 2023 she is being coached by Mr Nigel Bond former professional Snooker Player.<ref name="SCALING"/> Her uncle K. Narayanan, a Sports Performance Specialist helps her with mental toughness.<ref name="SCALING"/> As of February 2025, she was a postgraduate student at MOP Vaishnav College for Women, studying public policy.<ref name="SCALING">{{cite news |first=Rajalakshmi |last=V. |title=From a summer workshop to scaling new heights |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-a-summer-workshop-to-scaling-new-heights/article69173604.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 February 2025 }}</ref>

==Career finals==
===Snooker===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Individual women's snooker finals
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"|Outcome
! scope="col" style="width:50px;"|Year
! scope="col" |Championship
! scope="col" |Opponent in the final
! scope="col" style="width:50px;"|Score
! class=unsortable scope="col" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| align = "center" | 2017
|IBSF U16 Women's Snooker Open
| {{flagathlete|[[Keerthana Pandian]]|IND}}
| align = "center" | 3–1
| align = "center" |<ref name="2017U16">{{cite web|title=U16 Women Snooker Open → Saint Petersburg – Russia 2017|url=http://ibsf.info/turnieje/2017/ms16/en/ms16w_2017_knockout.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902220601/http://ibsf.info/turnieje/2017/ms16/en/ms16w_2017_knockout.php |publisher=IBSF |archive-date=2 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
| align = "center" | 2021
| Indian Championship
| {{flagathlete|[[Amee Kamani]]|IND}}
| align="center"| 1–3
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |last=Francis |first=Laveena |title=Amee Kamani wins senior national snooker championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/snooker/billiards/amee-kamani-wins-senior-national-snooker-championship/articleshow/88305749.cms |newspaper=Times of India |date=15 December 2021 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
| align="center" |2022
|[[IBSF World Under-21 Snooker Championship]]
| {{flagathlete|[[Panchaya Channoi]]|THA}}
| align = "center" | 1–4
| align="center"|<ref name="2022U21">{{cite web |title=IBSF Snooker Championships U21w – Bucharest / Romania 2022 |url=http://esnooker.pl/turnieje/2022/ms22/en/show_drabinka.php?id_t=357 |website=IBSF |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
| align="center" | 2023
|[[IBSF World Under-21 Snooker Championship]]
| {{flagathlete|[[Keerthana Pandian]]|IND}}
| align = "center" | 2–3
| align="center"|<ref name="2023U21">{{cite web |title=2023 World Snooker Championships U21 – Women's|url=http://esnooker.pl/turnieje/2023/ms21/en/index2.php |website=IBSF |access-date=16 July 2023 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| align = "center" | 2023
| Indian Championship
| {{flagathlete|[[Amee Kamani]]|IND}}
| align="center"| 3–2
| align="center"|<ref name="BILL23"/>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| align = "center" | 2024
| Asian Championship
| {{flagathlete|[[Panchaya Channoi]]|THA}}
| align="center"| 3–1
| align="center"|<ref name="ASIAN24">{{cite news|title=Sitwala clinches crown |newspaper=Times of India |date=6 July 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/dhruv-sitwala-wins-asian-billiards-championship-anupama-ramachandran-claims-womens-snooker-title/articleshow/111524840.cms |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
| align = "center" | 2025
| Indian [[Six-red snooker]] Championship
| {{flagathlete|[[Keerthana Pandian]]|IND}}
| align="center"| 3–4
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Keerthana Pandian retains National 6-Red Snooker Championship title with 4-3 win |website=Telegana Today |url=https://telanganatoday.com/keerthana-pandian-retains-national-6-red-snooker-championship-title-with-4-3-win |date=27 September 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| align = "center" | 2025
| [[IBSF World Snooker Championship]]
| {{flagathlete|[[Ng On-yee]]|HKG}}
| align="center"| 3–2
| align="center"|<ref name="IBSF25"/>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
| align = "center" | 2026
| Indian Championship
| {{flagathlete|[[Amee Kamani]]|IND}}
| align="center"| 1-3
| align="center"|<ref name="IWS26">{{cite web |first=Ramendra |last=Singh |title=Amee clinches Women’s Nat’l Snooker crown with 3-1 win |website=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/amee-clinches-womens-natl-snooker-crown-with-3-1-win/amp_articleshow/126469797.cms|date=12 January 2026 |access-date=13 January 2026 }}</ref>
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Team finals and titles
|-
!scope="col" width="80"|Outcome
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Championship
!scope="col"|Team/partner
!scope="col" |Opponent(s) in the final
!scope="col" align="center" width="70"|Score
!scope="col" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| align = "center" | 2023
| Women's Snooker World Cup
| {{flagcountry|IND}} 1 (with [[Amee Kamani]])
| {{flagcountry|ENG}} 1 ([[Reanne Evans]] and [[Rebecca Kenna]])
| align="center"|4–3
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenssnooker.com/incredible-india-are-world-cup-winners/ |title=Incredible India Are World Cup Winners |date=27 February 2023 |publisher=World Women´s Snooker |access-date=24 August 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228082910/https://www.womenssnooker.com/incredible-india-are-world-cup-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===English billiards===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Individual English billiards finals
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"|Outcome
! scope="col" style="width:50px;"|Year
! scope="col" |Championship
! scope="col" |Opponent in the final
! scope="col" |Score
! class=unsortable scope="col" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| align = "center" | 2023
| Indian Championship
| {{flagathlete|[[Amee Kamani]]|IND}}
| align="center"| 3–2 ''(100-up)''
| align="center"|<ref name="BILL23">{{cite news |title=National Billiards & Snooker: Anupama rallies to stun Amee for maiden senior national crown |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/national-billiards-snooker-anupama-rallies-to-stun-amee-for-maiden-senior-national-crown-1503250104.html |newspaper=The Statesman |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| align = "center" | 2026
| Indian Championship
| {{flagathlete|[[Amee Kamani]]|IND}}
| align="center"| 197-112
| align="center"|<ref name="IWB26S">{{cite web |first=Ramendra |last=Singh |title=TN’s Anupama cues up a comeback, denies MP’s Kamani double crown |website=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/tns-anupama-cues-up-a-comeback-denies-mps-kamani-double-crown/amp_articleshow/126491333.cms|date=13 January 2026 |access-date=13 January 2026 }}</ref>
|}

===State titles and junior national titles===
Results of finals:<ref name="CSI"/>
*2017 National Girls U18 Snooker Championship – Winner
*2017 National Girls U18 Billiards Championship – runner-up
*2017 Tamil Nadu State Women Billiards Championship – Winner
*2017 Tamil Nadu State Women Snooker Championship – Winner
*2017 Tamil Nadu State Girls U21 Billiards Championship – Winner
*2017 Tamil Nadu State Girls U21 Snooker Championship – Winner
*2017 Tamil Nadu State Girls U18 Billiards Championship – Winner
*2017 Tamil Nadu State Girls U18 Snooker Championship – Winner
*2016 Tamil Nadu State Girls U21 Billiards Championship – Winner
*2016 Tamil Nadu State Girls U21 Snooker Championship – Winner
*2016 Tamil Nadu State Girls U18 Billiards Championship – Winner
*2016 Tamil Nadu State Girls U18 Snooker Championship – Winner
*2015 Tamil Nadu State Girls U18 Snooker Championship – runner-up

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.womenssnooker.com/player/anupama-ramachandran/ Anupama Ramachandran at World Women's Snooker]
*[https://snookerscores.net/player/anupama-ramachandran Anupama Ramachandran at WPBSA SnookerScores]
*[https://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?season=-1&player=3085 Anupama Ramachandran at snooker.org]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Anupama}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female snooker players]]
[[Category:Indian snooker players]]
[[Category:2002 births]]

Arjun Singh Shekhawat

2026-01-09T09:12:06Z

LayneMatos1: new some bio and citations!

{{Short description|Indian writer, educator, and social activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Dr. Arjun Singh Shekhawat
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_place = Pali, Rajasthan, India
| occupation = Writer, Educator, Social Activist
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Rajasthani literature, Tribal culture
| notable_works =
* ''Bhakhra Bhomiya''
* ''The Tribal Culture of Garasia''
* ''Aadavalo Ardayo''
* ''Anbolya Bol''
* ''Rajasthani Vrat Kathavan''
* ''Malopanna''
| awards = Padma Shri (2021)
}}

'''Arjun Singh Shekhawat''' is an Indian writer, [[Teacher|educator]], and social activist from Pali, [[Rajasthan]], known for his extensive contributions to [[Rajasthani language]] and literature, particularly focusing on tribal culture. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2021 by the [[Government of India]] for his contributions to literature and education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Rajasthan&Year=2021-2021|title=Padma Awards Dashboard|access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337|title=Padma Awards 2021 announced|access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dr. Shekhawat was born in the [[Pali district]] of Rajasthan. He holds multiple degrees, including M.A. in Hindi and Rajasthani, B.Ed., Ayurved Ratna, Vaidya Acharya, R.E.S., and R.M.P. He began his career as a teacher and later served as a Deputy District Education Officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/pali-news/writer-arjun-singh-shekhawat-honored-with-padma-shri-award-2021-7164104|title=लेखक अर्जुन सिंह शेखावत पद्मश्री अवार्ड 2021 से सम्मानित|language=hi|access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/news/civil-felicitation-of-padma-shri-awardee-dr-arjun-singh-shekhawat-129122520.html|title=पद्मश्री से सम्मानित डॉ. अर्जुन सिंह शेखावत का नागरिक अभिनंदन|language=hi|access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref>

== Literary career ==
Shekhawat has authored over 14 books, edited three, and contributed to 19 anthologies. His work primarily focuses on the tribal and folk culture of Rajasthan.

Some of his prominent works include:
* ''Anbolya Bol'' (Essays, 1988)
* ''Rajasthani Vrat Kathavan'' (1999)
* ''Malopanna'' (Poetry, 1991)
* ''Sanskriti Ra Vadera'' (2002)
* ''Bhakhra Bhomiya'' (2006)
* ''Aajado Ro Alakh'' (1999)
* ''Rajathani Gadhya Sangrah'' (since 1976, included in board curriculum)
* ''Aadavalo Ardayo'' (In press)
* ''Mahuda Ra Phool Prem Mein''
* ''Baar Ek Halki Si'' (1957)
* ''Ek Jan Avishkar'' (1980)
* ''Vishwa Ka Dwitiya Edition - P.L. Mistry'' (2002)
* ''Sanskriti Ki Vasiyat'' (In press)
* ''The Tribal Culture of Garasia'' (Translated to English, received UNESCO recognition)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aapanorajasthan.org/arjun%20singh%20shekhawat.php|title=अर्जुन सिंह शेखावत|access-date=2023-10-26|website=aapanorajasthan.org|language=hi}}</ref>

He has also translated various literary works into Rajasthani, including:
* Russian folk tales
* Works of [[Mahasweta Devi]] (e.g., ''Aranya Adhikar'' into ''Van Ra Baris'')
* Green style literature
* Malayalam poetry and English stories

== Activism and advocacy ==
Dr. Shekhawat has been actively involved in the movement demanding the inclusion of Rajasthani in the Eighth Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]]. He is the Vice President of Akhil Bharatiya Rajasthani Bhasha Manyata Samiti. In 2021, he stated that he would return the Padma Shri if Rajasthani is not officially recognized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/rajasthan/dr-arjun-singh-shekhawat-who-will-return-padmashri-if-rajasthani-language-is-not-recognized-681324.html|title=पद्मश्री लौटा दूंगा, राजस्थानी भाषा को मान्यता नहीं मिली तो: अर्जुन सिंह शेखावत|language=hi|access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/pali-news/rajasthani-language-should-now-get-constitutional-recognition-7290356|title=राजस्थानी भाषा को अब मिले संवैधानिक मान्यता: अर्जुन सिंह शेखावत|language=hi|access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Padma Shri]] (2021), for literature and education<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337|title=Padma Awards 2021 announced|access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/padma-shri-for-3-from-raj/articleshow/80456624.cms|title=Padma Shri for 3 from Raj|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref>
* D.Litt. (Hon.) from Rajasthani Manch (2003)
* Man of the Year (1996) by ABI, USA
* Gauri Shankar Kamlesh Rajasthani Sahitya Award (2003) by Gyan Bharti, Kota
* Shivchand Bharati Award (2006) by Rajasthan Sahitya Akademi
* Mahendra Janodia Award by Rajasthan Ratnakar, Delhi
* Various civil honors and literary felicitations across India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/news/civil-felicitation-of-padma-shri-awardee-dr-arjun-singh-shekhawat-129122520.html|title=पद्मश्री से सम्मानित डॉ. अर्जुन सिंह शेखावत का नागरिक अभिनंदन|language=hi|access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref>

== Representation and cultural work ==
Shekhawat has represented Rajasthan in national and international literary forums:
* Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, Delhi
* Tribal Academy, Tejgadh (Gujarat)
* Indian Council for Cultural Relations
* [[Sahitya Akademi]], Delhi
* INTACH and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] Cultural Centers
* International conferences on tribal literature in Odisha, Gujarat, and London
* Organized a major public conference in Kheml (1991) in support of Rajasthani language recognition

== Broadcast and media ==
His literary and cultural works have been broadcast on [[All India Radio]] and Doordarshan. He directed documentaries on tribal culture that were aired nationally under AMRT, and many of his interviews, lectures, and recitations have featured in media.

== Associations ==
He is associated with multiple cultural and literary bodies including:
* District Convener, Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH)
* Founder-President, Rajasthani Gyanpeeth and Adivasi Academy
* Trustee, Narayan Seva Sansthan
* Former President, Pali Zilla Shikshak Sangh

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in Padma Awards Official Dashboard]
* [https://www.aapanorajasthan.org/arjun%20singh%20shekhawat.php Profile on Aapano Rajasthan]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shekhawat, Arjun}}
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Pali district]]
[[Category:Rajasthani literature]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

National Highway 21 (India)

2026-01-09T03:13:18Z

LayneMatos1: details

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{For | the old National Highway 21|National Highway 5 (India)|National Highway 154 (India)|National Highway 205 (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 21
| length_km = 502
| image = Ghat ki Guni Tunnel National Highway 11 Jaipur Agra NH11 Rajasthan India 2013.jpg
| image_notes = Ghat ki Guni Tunnel near Jaipur
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q25351501|title=National Highway 21|text= Map of National Highway '''21''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[Jaipur]]
| destinations = From Patrika Chowk on [[NH48]] in [[Jaipur]]City to [[Dausa]]-[[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]-[[Agra]]-[[Jalesar|Sikandra Rao]]-[[Kasganj]]-[[Budaun]] - Ramganga Tiraha - [[Bareilly]] City, Lalpur Chauraha on [[NH30]] in Bareilly.
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[Bareilly]]
| junction =
| states = [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 48 
| next_route = 30 
}}

'''National Highway 21''' ('''NH 21''') is a primary [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]]. This highway connects [[Jaipur]] in [[Rajasthan]] to [[Agra]] and [[Bareilly]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=159565|title=Press Information Bureau - GOI|access-date=21 Feb 2018}}</ref> This national highway is {{convert|502|km|mi|abbr=on}} long starting from Patrika Chowk in Jaipur till its end at Lalpur Chauraha in Bareilly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03.pdf|title=The List of National Highways in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref>

==Route==
* [[Jaipur]] to [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]
* [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] to [[Agra]]
* [[Agra]] to [[Jalesar|Sikandra Rao]]
* [[Sikandra Rao]] to [[Budaun]]
* [[Budaun]] to [[Bareilly]]
*

The Jaipur to Agra section of NH 21 was known as NH 11 before [[List of National Highways in India by highway number|renumbering]] of all national highways by the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date= 14 October 2019}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} Terminal near Patrika Chowk, Jaipur.
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} near Ghat ki Ghuni, Jaipur.
: {{jct|NH|52|country=IND}} near Jaipur
: {{jct|NH|248|country=IND}} near Jaipur
: {{jct|NH|148|country=IND}} near Dausa
: {{jct|NH|921|country=IND}} near [[Mahwa, Rajasthan|Mahwa]]
: {{jct|NH|123|country=IND}} near Uncha Nagla
: {{jct|NH|321|country=IND}} near [[Kiraoli]]
: {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} near Kiraoli
: {{jct|NH|509|country=IND}} near Agra
: {{jct|NH|19|country=IND}} near Agra
: {{jct|NH|34|country=IND}} near [[Sikandra Rao]]
: {{jct|NH|530B|country=IND}} near Sikandra Rao
: {{jct|NH|30|country=IND}} Terminal near Lalpur Chauraha, Bareilly.

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11623873 NH 21 on OpenStreetMap]

{{commons category}}
{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH21 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:National highways in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Transport in Bareilly]]

M. S. Sheela

2025-12-18T08:58:29Z

LayneMatos1: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = M.S.Sheela
| image = M. S. Sheela.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| origin = [[India]]
| instrument =
| genre = [[Carnatic classical music|Indian classical music]]
| occupation = Classical vocalist
| website = {{url|http://www.mssheela.com}}
}}
'''M S Sheela''' is a [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] classical, light music and devotional singer. She is a [[All India Radio|AIR]] and [[Doordarshan]] artist in both classical and light music.{{Dead link|date=February 2023}} She was awarded Sangeeta Nataka Academy award by the president of India in the year 2019.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/M_S_Sheela.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628135658/https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/M_S_Sheela.pdf | archive-date=2022-06-28}}</ref>

==Biography==
M. S. Sheela got her initial musical guidance from her mother M. N. Rathna, a musician. later continued learning Carnatic music under [[R. K. Srikantan]].{{Cite needed|date=February 2023}}

==Singing career==
M S Sheela has sung for albums like 'Srividyadarshana' (compositions of [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]), 'Ninada' (compositions of [[Veene Sheshanna]]) and ''′Sadashiva Madhurya′'' (compositions of Mysore Sadashiv Rao) series produced by All India Radio, Bangalore.{{Cite needed|date=February 2023}}

==Contributions to Indian Classical Music==
Sheela and her husband through Hamsadhwani creations organise many music workshops, programmes by youth and seasoned musicians. An annual Hamsadhwani festival is also observed by Hamsadhwani creations. They also felicitate great achievers of the field through ''′Hamsadhwani Puraskara′''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Captivated by beauty of classical music, Sheela|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Captivated-by-beauty-of-classical-music/2013/11/25/article1908847.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234408/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Captivated-by-beauty-of-classical-music/2013/11/25/article1908847.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2013|newspaper=newindianexpress|date=27 November 2013|location= India}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==

* Sangita Kala Acharya from [[Madras Music Academy]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangita Kala Acharya |url=https://musicacademymadras.in/awards/sangita-kala-acharya/}}</ref>
* [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] from [[Government of Karnataka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Government |url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
* Ganakalashree by Ganakala Parishat <ref>{{cite news|title=Music and dance reviews|last = Mysore | first = V Subramanya|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/368204/music-dance-reviews.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=28 November 2013|location= India}}</ref>
* Chowdaiah Award by The Academy of Music<ref>{{cite news|title=Chowdiah Award presented to Rashid Khan, Sheela|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/chowdiah-award-presented-to-rashid-khan-sheela/article5336295.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 November 2013|location= India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheela, M S}}
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Vijai Shankar Dubey

2025-12-01T13:35:06Z

LayneMatos1: starting some entry with sources.

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name= V S Dubey
| image = VSDUBEY.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|7|15}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.babusofindia.com/2014/05/gujarat-model-up-babu-5-reasons-why-pm.html|title=Gujarat Model, UP Babu: 5 reasons why PM chooses Nripendra Misra as his principal secretary|website=www.babusofindia.com}}</ref>
| office = [[Former Chief Secretary]] / [[Vice Chancellor]]
|term_start =
| predecessor =
| spouse = Asha Dubey
| children = Shalini Shivani Vikas
| education = Postgraduate in History from [[Allahabad University]].
| alma_mater = Allahabad University,
}}

'''Vijai Shankar Dubey''' is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of 1966 cadre batch. He is the only IAS officer to have served as Chief Secretary of two states [[Bihar]] & [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/dubey-appointed-chief-secy-of-jharkhand_4184.html|title=Dubey appointed Chief Secy of Jharkhand|date=12 November 2000}}</ref>

==Career==
V S Dubey is a native of Village Odra District Ambedkar Nagar( Then Ayodhya)[[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was a gold medalist from the Allahabad University and joined IAS in 1966. He was the district magistrate of [[Patna]] in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://patna.bih.nic.in/aspfiles/dm_successor.asp|title=Successor list of District Magistrate Patna|website=patna.bih.nic.in|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=14 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714181813/http://www.patna.bih.nic.in/aspfiles/dm_successor.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was appointed as Chief Secretary of [[Bihar]] in 1998 and then was handpicked by the Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government to be the first Chief Secretary of [[Jharkhand]] State in 2000.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jharkhand: Born amid mayhem|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/11/15/stories/041555ma.htm}}</ref>
After retirement in 2002, he went on to serve as vice-chancellor of [[Nalanda Open University]] from 2003 to 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-babus-get-prize-posting-in-retirement/story-2UQ5iHFKTRPwaC1IVOW69J.html|title=Bihar babus get prize posting in retirement|date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151123/jsp/frontpage/story_54476.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123161057/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151123/jsp/frontpage/story_54476.jsp | archive-date=23 November 2015 | title=What you need to do, Mr CM }}</ref>
Dubey was the first officer to be appointed as Chairman of the Bihar Administrative Reforms Commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/nitish-constitutes-bihar-administrative-commission/346465|title=Nitish constitutes Bihar Administrative Commission}}</ref> On 11 June 2010, Dubey was appointed as an advisor to Jharkhand Governor [[M. O. H. Farook|MOH Farook]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20100611/1524376.html|title=VS Dubey {{sic|nolink=y|a|pointed}} as third advisor to Jharkhand Governor|website=news.webindia123.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igovernment.in/articles/31134/ex-cs-appointed-advisor-to-jharkhand-governor|title=Ex- CS appointed Advisor to Jharkhand Governor - igovernment.in|website=www.igovernment.in}}</ref> Dubey, as advisor to Jharkhand Governor during the President's rule, held portfolios of finance, industries, personnel, cabinet vigilance, mines and geology, energy, road construction, building construction, forest and environment, revenue and land reforms etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100629/jsp/jharkhand/story_12622894.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322015230/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100629/jsp/jharkhand/story_12622894.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2018|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) - Jharkhand - Dubey push for projects|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
Dubey is remembered as a no-nonsense, development-oriented officer, credited with initiating several schemes, including intensifying, expanding railway network in Jharkhand. He has worked with chief minister Nitish Kumar in various capacities.<ref>{{cite news |title=What you need to do, Mr CM |access-date=2023-03-31 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1151123/jsp/frontpage/story_54476.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123161057/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151123/jsp/frontpage/story_54476.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref>
Dubey is the Working President of [[Mahavir Cancer Sansthan]] in Patna, Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mahavircancersansthan.com/OurteamManagement.html|title=Welcome to MCS|website=www.mahavircancersansthan.com}}</ref>

==Fodder Scam==
[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] was the Chief Minister of undivided Bihar when the then finance commissioner V S Dubey found financial irregularities. On 19 January 1996, State Finance Secretary Dubey ordered investigations into cases of excessive withdrawals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/lalu-prasad-yadav-convicted-in-fodder-scam-how-a-one-line-fax-unearthed-corruption-scandal-unseated-ex-bihar-cm-4293169.html|title=Lalu Prasad Yadav convicted in fodder scam: How a one line fax unearthed corruption scandal, unseated ex-Bihar CM - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> He followed it up on 20 January 1996 by dispatching one of his secretaries to make an inquiry of the excessive withdrawals of money by the Animal Husbandry department from the Ranchi treasury. The inquiry uncovered criminal wrongdoing which is commonly known as [[Fodder Scam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fodder-scam-a-recap-and-timeline/article18408968.ece|title=The fodder scam: a recap|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=8 May 2017|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Vijai Shankar}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1942 births]]

Timeline of Karnataka

2025-11-15T12:49:25Z

LayneMatos1: starting some post added tags.

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
[[File:Nandi file.jpg|thumb|alt=The Nandhi statue|Nandi statue near [[Mysore]]]]
[[File:Gomateswara.jpg|thumb|alt=Bahubali statue in Sharavanabelogola|The [[Bahubali]] is the tallest monolith statue in the world and is 57 feet in height]]
The name [[Karnataka]] is derived from ''Karunadu'', meaning 'lofty land' or 'high plateau', due to its location on the Deccan Plateau. The name can also mean 'land of black soil' (''kari'', 'black'; ''nadu'', - 'area' or 'region') in [[Kannada]]. There are other possible roots of the name.<ref name="karname">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/karnataka-a-50-year-old-name-centuries-of-legacy/article66077277.ece |title=Karnataka: a 50-year-old name, centuries of legacy | work=The Hindu |date=2022-11-01 |access-date=2022-11-28}}</ref> The recorded history of [[Karnataka]] goes back to the [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]] epics. The capital of "Vaali" and "Sugriva" referenced in the [[Ramayana]] is said to be [[Hampi]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Karnataka is mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]] as "Karnata Desha".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khajane|first=Muralidhara|date=2018-11-10|title=The word Karnataka has existed since 1336, say historians|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/the-word-karnataka-has-existed-since-1336-say-historians/article25465678.ece|access-date=2021-01-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>" Historically, the region was also called "[[Kuntala country|Kuntala Rajya]]".<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.esamskriti.com/essay-chapters/Jainism-in-Karnataka-1.aspx
|title=The Kuntala and its extent in Karnataka.
}}</ref>

Karnataka was also part of the [[Dakshinapatha]] (southern region) which is mentioned in many Indian epics. Vatapi, associated with the sage ''[[Agastya]]'', is identified with [[Badami]] in [[Bagalkot district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manorama yearbook 2002.
|publisher=Malayalam Manorama
}}</ref>

[[Karnataka]] is situated on the western edge of the [[Deccan Plateau]]. It neighbours [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]] to the north, [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the east, [[Telangana]] to the northeast, and [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] to the south. On the west, it opens out on the [[Arabian Sea]].

==Prehistory==

[[File:Stanza from Kavirajamarga.svg|thumb|240px|right|A Stanza in [[Kannada]] of [[Kavirajamarga]] praising people for their literary skills]]
During 4th and 3rd century BCE, Karnataka was part of [[Nanda dynasty|Nanda]] and [[Maurya Empire]]. The [[Brahmagiri (hill), Karnataka|Brahmagiri]] edicts in Chitradurga dated around c.230BCE belongs to emperor [[Ashoka]] and says of the nearby region as "Isila", which means "fortified region" in [[Sanskrit]]. In [[Kannada]] "Isila" can mean "To shoot an arrow" ("sila" or "sala" means to-shoot and "ise" or "ese" means to-throw in Kannada). After [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]], Shatavahana came to power in the north and [[Ganges|Ganga]] in the south which can roughly be taken as the starting point of Karnataka in modern times. [[Kavirajamarga]] by [[Amoghavarsha|Amogavarsha]] states Karnataka as the region between the [[Kaveri River]] in the south and the [[Godavari River]] in the north. It also says "Kavya prayoga parinathamathigal" (See Image) which means people in the region are experts in [[poetry]] and [[literature]].<ref name="Timeline">{{Cite web|title=Timeline|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/timeline.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Isila and Brahmigiri Excavation Sites|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_karnataka.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517075246/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_karnataka.asp|archive-date=2008-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kavirajamarga and Amoghavarsha.|url=http://www.culturopedia.com/Literature/kannada_literature.html}}</ref>

==Starting period==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| Starting period
| Shatavahana
| Semukha / Gouthamiputhra
| Deccan comprising present Andhra, Karnataka, Maharashtra
|-
|}

[[File:Vidyashankara Temple at Shringeri.jpg|thumb|270px|right|alt=Sringeri Temple|The Vidyashankara temple in [[Shringeri]] built during Vijaynagar times.]]

Around 3 BCE the [[Shatavahana]] came to power. The Shatavahanas ruled parts of [[North Karnataka|northern Karnataka]]. They used [[Prakrit]] as the administrative language and they might belong to Karnataka. Semukha and Gouthamiputhra Shatakarni were important rulers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Satavahana and Prakrit|url=http://www.salivahana.com/The%20Satavahana%20Rule.html}}</ref> The empire lasted for almost 300 years. With the disintegration of Shatavahana Empire, the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] came to the power in the north of Karnataka and the Gangas in the south.

==Banavasi Kadamba==
{{See also|Kadamba Dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| A.D.325 - A.D.540
| Banavasi Kadamba
| Mayura Varma / Kakustha Varma
| Central, Northern Karnataka, parts of Southern Maharashtra
|-
|}
[[File:halmidi file.jpg|thumb|alt=Kannada Halmidi Inscription |The [[Halmidi]] is the oldest available inscription in Kannada dated to c.450 CE]]
The [[Kadambas]] are considered the earliest indigenous rulers of Karnataka. Its founder was [[Mayurasharma|Mayuravarma]] and its most powerful ruler was Kakusthavarma. The Kadamba name is attributed to the [[Neolamarckia cadamba|Kadamba tree]] that was grown near the place where the empire was founded. Kadambas ruled for almost 200 years before [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] took over their empire, but some minor branches of Kadambas ruled [[Hangal|Hanagal]], [[Goa]] and other regions till the 14th century. The details about this old empire are available through inscriptions like [[Chandravalli]], [[Chandragiri]], [[Halmidi]], [[Talagunda]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kadamba Reference|date=16 October 2009 |url=https://southindiancoins.blogspot.com/2009/10/kadambas-of-banavasi-coins.html}}</ref>

==Gangas of Talakadu==
{{See also|Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Ganga literature}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.325 - CE.999
| Gangas of Talakadu
| Avanitha / Durvinitha / Ratchamalla
| South Karnataka / parts of Andhra and Tamil Nadu
|-
|}
[[File:ganga file.jpg|thumb|alt=The Emblem of Ganga Empire|The Ganga Emblem - 10th century copper plate]]
The [[Gangas]] first ruled from Nandagiri and then from Talakadu. They were patrons of [[Jain]] and [[Hindu]] religions. They were also instrumental in laying a strong foundation for the flourishing and development of [[Kannada literature]]. They ruled for almost 700 years. During their peak period, the empire included [[Kodagu district|Kodaugu]], [[Tumkur]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore district]]s, parts of [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Durvinita|Durvinitha]], Shripurusha and [[Rachamalla II|Ratchamalla]] were famous rulers. The most famous example of Ganga architecture is the [[Gommateshwara statue|Gomateshwara]] in [[Shravanabelagola]] built in c. 983 CE by the Ganga minister "Chavundaraya". The statue is carved out of a single monolith rock and measures 57 feet high. This is the tallest [[monolith]] statue in the world, and is so perfect that the fingers of the hand are cut up slightly as a mark of induced imperfection (''Drushti Nevarane'' in Kannada). The statue is naked, and shows the beauty of the human in that form. The statue is the first of its kind in Karnataka and comparable statues were not produced thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sharavanabelogala and Ganga contribution.|url=http://shravanabelagola.net/}}</ref>

==Chalukyas of Badami==
{{See also|Chalukya dynasty|Badami Chalukya Architecture}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.500 - CE.757
| Chalukyas of Badami
| Pulakeshi II (Immadi Pulakeshi)/ Vikramaditya II
| Most of Karnataka and Maharashtra, large parts of Andhra Pradesh, parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Orissa
|-
|}
[[File:Vishnu image inside cave number 3 in Badami.jpg|thumb|alt=The famous Badami cave temple in Karnataka |Cave 3 in the [[Badami cave temples]] is constructed by carving large rock structure and an example of Chalukya architecture.]]
The [[Chalukya]] empire was established by [[Pulakeshi II|Pulakeshi]]. His son [[Kirttivarma I]] consolidated and strengthened the empire. Mangalesha who was a powerful ruler extended the empire. The name "Chalukya" has no definite meaning. According to legend, the brave man who was born out of god [[Brahma]]'s Cheluka (a type of vessel) was named Chalukya. They were patrons of deity [[Vishnu]]. The most famous ruler was [[Pulakeshin II]] (c. 610 CE - c. 642 CE). He was having the title of "Satyasherya Parameshwara" and "Dakshina Patheshwarya" because he defeated most of the southern and northern rulers [[Harshavardhana]] of Kanouj. During his rule, the empire extended up to the south of Karnataka and included the whole of western India (i.e. Gujarat, Maharashtra). Later victories also brought the eastern portions (Orissa, Andhra) into his rule. Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] visited his court and called the empire "Maholocha" (Maharashtra). His description included Pulakeshin II's personal details and military techniques that were employed. An artistic picture in [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] depicts the arrival of the representative of Persian emperor Kusru 2nd to his kingdom. Pulakeshin II was finally defeated by [[Pallava]] ruler Narasimhavarma who occupied [[Badami]] and called himself "Vatapikonda", which literally means "The one who won Badami". The end of Pulakeshi II remains a mystery. But the empire could last up to 757 CE. Their contribution to architecture includes cave temples of [[Badami]], [[Aihole]], [[Pattadakal]], [[Mahakuta group of temples|Mahakoota]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pulakeshi and his adventures.|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/pfr2006/MaritimeHistory3.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Huen-Tsang visit to India|url=http://www.indhistory.com/chalukyas.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031219041449/http://www.indhistory.com/chalukyas.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 December 2003}}</ref><ref name="Timeline"/>

==Rastrakuta of Manyakheta==
{{See also|Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakuta literature}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.757 - CE.973
| Rastrakuta of Manyakheta (modern Malkhed)
| Druva Dharavarsha / Krishna I / Govinda III / Nrupatunga Amoghavarsha I / Indra IV / Krishna III
| All of Karnataka and Maharashtra, large parts of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhyapradash, extended to [[Kannauj]] at their peak.
|-
|}
[[File:janapada file.jpg|thumb|alt=The Somana Kunitha or dance |The Janapada Art of "Somana Kunitha".]]
The name Rastrakuta is a formal title like Patela, Gowda, Hegade, Reddy etc. Dantidurga and his son Krishna overtook the empire from [[Chalukyas]] and built a powerful empire on it. During the rule of Govinda, the empire became more powerful all over the south and the north. His son Nrupatunga Amogavarsha got immortalised as "Kavichakravarthi" due to the work of [[Kavirajamarga]]. In c. 914 CE Arab traveller Hassan-al-Masood visited the empire. The 10th century was a golden age for the literature of [[Kannada]]. The famous poet "Pampa" was in the court of [[Arikesari II|Arikesari]] who was a feudatory to Rastrakutas. [[Adikavi Pampa]] popularised the "[[Champu]]" style through the epic "[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya]]". Other famous poets who lived in this period are [[Sri Ponna|Ponna]], [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]], etc. among others. During c. 973 CE Taila 2nd of Chalukya defeated the Rastrakutas after a prolonged battle taking advantage of Karka 2nd's (the last ruler of Rastrakutas) weakness. The world-famous [[Ellora Kailasanathar Temple|Kailash Temple]] at [[Ellora]] is an excellent example of their architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rastrakutas and their empire.|url=http://www.gloriousindia.com/history/rashtrakutas.html}}</ref>

==Chalukyas of Kalyana==
{{See also|Western Chalukya Empire|Kannada literature in the Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukya Architecture}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.973 - CE.1198
| Chalukyas of Kalyana
| Vikramadithya VI
| Entire Karnataka and Maharashtra, large areas in Andhra Pradesh, parts of Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh while at their peak
|-
|}
[[File:Hoysala Stepped Well (Pushkarni) at Hulikere.jpg|right|thumb|Hoysala stepped temple tank (''Kalyani'') at Hulikere, Karnataka]]
After the Rastrakutha came to the Chalukya who ruled from Kalyana. The most famous among them was Vikramadithya 6th. He was responsible for the setting of a new era called "Vikrama shaka". An important event that took place during this period (c. 1150 CE) is the social and religious movement of [[Basaveshwara]] who was in the court of Bijjala. The literature that flourished under Basaveshwara, [[Allama Prabhu|Allamaprabhu]], [[Channabasavanna]] and [[Akka Mahadevi|Akkamahadevi]] during this period gave rise to "[[Vachana Sahitya|Vachanna]]" in Nadugannada (middle Kannada) which was simple to understand, elegant and effective in reaching the people. The Vachanna form of literature was instrumental in removing the Sanskrit influence to a large extent and thus popularised Kannada as an effective language for literature. The Kashmiri poet [[Bilhana]] came to his court and lived there. He wrote "vikramankadevacharita" praising Vikramaditya 6th. The Kalachurya took over their empire and ruled for about 20 years but were ineffective to see the integrity of the empire. Thus the empire got broke up which was shared by Sevunas in the north and Hoysalas in the south.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vikrama Shaka and Vikramadithya.|url=http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20LAND%20HISTORY%20AND%20PEOPLE%20HTML/VIKRAMADITYA-6.htm}}</ref>

==Sevunas of Devagiri==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.1198 - CE.1312
| Sevunas of Devagiri
| Singana II
| Northern Karnataka, most of Maharashtra, and parts of Andhra Pradesh
|-
|}
[[File:Hoysaleshvara Temple at Halebidu.jpg|thumb|alt=Hoysaleshwara Temple in Halebid |The [[Hoysaleswara Temple]] in [[Halebidu]]]]
The Sevunas were from [[Nasik]] and came to power during 835 CE. They ruled parts of Deccan and very small parts of Karnataka until the beginning of the 12th century, with Devagiri as the capital. Singana II was the main ruler and during his reign, most of the empire experienced stability that could not be maintained thereafter. They were constantly at war with Hoysalas and other rulers and fell to [[Delhi Sultan]] [[Alauddin Khilji]] and his general [[Malik Kafur]].

==Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra==
{{See also|Hoysala Empire|Literature in the Hoysala Empire|Hoysala architecture}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.1000 - CE.1346
| Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra
| Vishnuvardhana / Ballala II
| Southern Karnataka including the coast, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
|-
|}
[[File:Hoysala emblem at Chennakeshava temple in Belur.jpg|thumb|alt=The emblem of Hoysala empire |The Hoysala royal emblem at the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava Temple]] in [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]]]
The [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]] were famous for their architecture. The empire was founded by the legendary person "Sala", who hailed from the village of Sosavur (present-day Angadi in Chikkamagalur). Once, he accompanied his teacher Sudatta to the temple of Vasantika, but, a tiger came in their way and tried to attack them. The master threw a "Khatari" (knife) and exclaimed "Hoy Sala (Hit, Sala)" and he obediently agreed and mauled the tiger, killing it. Sudatta blessed him and said that he would establish a mighty empire. The emblem of Hoysala depicts Sala fighting with the tiger. Some people interpret that the man represents Hoysala and tiger represents the Cholas (tiger being their emblem), while this represents the Hoysala's victory over Cholas in Talakkad. This legend is also depicted in their royal emblem and found in many inscriptions and in front of [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] temple. The Hoysalas were patrons of [[Jain]] religion but also respected all religions. During the 8th Century CE, the famous philosopher [[Adi Shankaracharya]] established [[Dakshinamnaya Sharada Peetha]] at [[Sringeri]] in Chikamagalur and gave impetus to the Vidheka (Hindu) religion. The famous philosopher [[Ramanujacharya]] established the Cheluvanarayana Temple in Yadugiri (now [[Melukote]], near Mysore). The famous Hoysala king Bittideva (also called Bittiga) was influenced by Ramanujacharya and got converted to Hindu, changing his name to [[Vishnuvardhana]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://vishnutemplesofkarnataka.info/Mandya/Thondanur.htm
|title=Bettydeva and VishnuVardhana
}}</ref>

The world-famous [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]], [[Hoysaleshwara Temple, Halebid]] and [[Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathpura]] are examples of their architecture. After [[Veera Ballala III]]'s death in a battle at Madurai, the Hoysala Dynasty came to an end. The famous expert in epigraphy Mr. Furgusen described the architecture of "Hoysaleshwara" temple as exceeding the art of any [[Gothic architecture]]. Some European critics compare Hoysala architecture at [[Halebid]] with the [[Parthenon]] in [[Athens, Greece]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hoysaleshwara and furgusen comments|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/halebidu.html}}</ref>

==Vijayanagara==
{{See also|Vijayanagara Empire|Kannada literature in Vijayanagara empire|Vijayanagara Architecture}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.1336 - CE.1565
| Vijayanagara
| Devaraya II / Krishnadevaraya
| The whole of South India, encompassing present-day states of [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Telangana]], along with parts of [[Orissa]] and [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|}
[[File:Hampi Stone Chariot.jpg|thumb|alt=The stone chariot of Vijayanagar |The Stone Chariot near Vittala temple in [[Hampi]]]]

The '''[[Vijayanagara]]''' empire was founded by the duo '''Harihara''' and '''Bukka'''. This empire was established during tough times when [[Kakatiyas]] of [[Warangal]] and King Kampili of Kummatadurga were killed and their dynasties uprooted by the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The feeble Hoysala emperor [[Veera Ballala III]] desperately fought from [[Tiruvannamalai]] and finally succumbed in a battle at [[Madurai]]. At such a time, Hakka and Bukka, under the spiritual guidance of [[Vidyaranya]], found a rabbit trying to shoo off hunting dogs. Hence, in 1336 CE, they built a city and named it Vidyanagara at first (in memory of Vidyaranya), but changed it into [[Vijayanagara]]. Hakka assumed the name of [[Harihara Raya I]] and due to his work, the empire got firmly established in 1346 CE. He subdued the [[Madurai Sultanate]] and helped in bringing back the idol of Sri [[Ranganatha]] of [[Srirangam]], that had been shifted to [[Tirupati]] during an attack by Delhi Sultanate. His brother Bukka succeeded him, assuming the name of [[Bukka Raya I]]. His successors were able administrators and were successful in
blocking Muslim invasion in South India for about 300 years. Italian, Portuguese and Persian visitors (Parsee, Kantae, Abdul Razak) described the Vijayanagar capital [[Hampi]] as equivalent to [[Rome]] in those days. '''[[Krishnadevaraya]]''' was the most famous ruler of the empire . After his death in 1530, internal feuds arose in the royal family. There was no one to hold the empire stably and crush the rebellions of the vassals. Seeking advantage of this, the [[Berar Sultanate]], and Sultans of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]], [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]], [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda]] and [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]] defeated the forces of [[Aliya Rama Raya]] in the battle of '''Talikota''' in c. 1565 CE. These Sultans also sacked [[Hampi]]. The Stone Chariot of Vijaya Vitthala Temple (in Hampi) is an excellent example of Vijayanagar architecture.<ref name="Timeline"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijayanagar empire and foreign Visitors|url=http://www.vijayanagara.org/HTML/Forin_Visitors.html}}</ref>

==Bahamani==
{{See also|Bahmani Sultanate}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.1347 - CE.1527
| Bahumani Sultanate
| Muhammadshah I / II
| Deccan area comprising northern Karnataka and Andhra
|-
|}
[[File:Jogmonsoon.jpg|thumb|alt=Jog Falls in Karnataka |The [[Jog Falls]] measures 857 feet in height and an important source of electricity in the region.]]
The Bahumani empire was established due to the conquest of the Muslim rulers in south India. The Muslim raids were so intense that in almost two attacks, four empires of the south were destroyed ([[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Devagiri]] in c. 1318 CE, Varangal of Andhra in c. 1323 CE, [[Pandya]] of Tamil Nadu in c. 1330 CE, and partially Hoysala). But Hoysala [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala]] shifted his capital to [[Thiruvannaamalai|Tiruvannamalai]] and continued his fight. Amir Hassan from Persia called himself as Bahamani and established the Bahamani kingdom. Muhammad Shah was an able ruler and strengthened the empire. The empire occupied large chunks of Maharashtra and also parts of [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]] ([[Bijapur]], [[Bidar]], [[Gulbarga]] area) Muhammad Gawan was the most famous minister under the Bahumans. They ruled from Bidar. Russian traveller Nikiten visited the empire in c. 1470 CE and described Bidar as a beautiful city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russian Traveller to India - Nikitin|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/nikitin.htm}}</ref>

==Sultans of Bijapur==
{{See also|Bijapur Sultanate}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.1490 - CE.1686
| Sultans of Bijapur
| Yusaf Addil Khan / Ibrahim Addil Shah II
| Bijapur and adjoining areas
|-
|}
[[File:GolGumbaz2.jpg|thumb|alt="The Gol Gumbaz in Bijapur |The [[Gol Gumbaz]] in Bijapur]]
Around c. 1490 CE the empire broke into five parts, of which [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]] and [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] belong to Karnataka. The other kingdoms are [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]] and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda]]. Muhammad Ibrahim Adil Shah built the famous [[Gol Gumbaz]] in Bijapur. [[Muslim architecture]] flourished under their reign but many remained uncompleted. Farista who was in the court of Ibrahim II compiled an encyclopedia called "Najumal-Ullum" (star of scientists) which contained much arts of southern style. The [[Mughals]], under [[Aurangzeb]] finally defeated [[Sikandar Adil Shah]] in 1686, while the erstwhile Sultan was imprisoned in [[Daulatabad Fort]], where he died in 1686, ending the Adil Shahi Dynasty.

==Nayakas of Keladi==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.1500 - CE.1763
| Nayakas of Keladi
| Shivappa Nayaka / Rani Channama
| Coastal and Central Karnataka
|-
|}
The [[Keladi Nayaka|Nayakas]] of Keladi ruled the [[Malnad]] and [[Karavali]] (west coast) regions during the Vijayanagar reign. They successfully repelled the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and Bijapur sultans. They carried forward the principles and traditions of [[Hindu]] religion after the demise of the Vijayanagar empire. During its peak, the kingdom stretched from [[Banavasi]] (in Uttara Kannada) to [[Kannur]] (in Kerala) and the West Coast to Sakkarepattana (in Kodagu), and included present-day districts of Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada, Shimoga, Chikkamagalur, Hassan and parts of Kodagu. The most famous among them was [[Shivappa Nayaka]], who had excellent military and administrative skills. He sheltered Tirumala Nayaka of Vijayanagara from the [[Bijapur Sultans]]. He was famous for his [[taxation]] and agricultural systems. His land taxation system is famous as "Shivappanayakana Shisthu" (Discipline of Shivappanayaka). An important queen was [[Keladi Chennamma]]. She was one of the first Indian rulers to defy and defeat the Mughal hordes of [[Aurangzeb]]. While sheltering [[Shivaji]]'s son [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]], she employed guerilla warfare and fought with Aurangzeb's forces. The Mughal emperor himself had to sue for peace with her. She is immortalised in Kannada traditional (janapada) songs. Later, during the reign of Rani Veerammaji, [[Hyderali|Hyder Ali]] of Mysore occupied their kingdom and imprisoned her in [[Madhugiri]].

==Wodeyars of Mysore==
{{See also|Kingdom of Mysore}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.1399 - CE.1761
| Wodeyars of Mysore
| Ranadhira Kantirava / Chikkadevaraja
| Southern Karnataka, parts of northern Tamil Nadu
|-
|}
[[File:Mahisha statue at the Chamundeswari Temple, Mysuru, Karnataka, India (2007).jpg|thumb|alt=The statue of demon Mahishasura |Statue of Mahishasura]]
The Yeduraya and Krishnadeva of Yadava clan who came from [[Dwarka|Dwaraka]] to Mysore were approached for help to contain Marappanayaka. They defeated and killed him. His heir was married to Yeduraya and he came to crown in c.1399 CE. Mysore was previously called "MahishaMandala" which means the region of demon Mahisha. The demon was killed by a goddess in this region and hence got the name Mysore. The small kingdom was made into a mighty empire by '''RajaWodeyar'''. They shifted their capital from Mysore to [[Srirangapatna|Srirangapattana]]. Chikkadevaraja. Wodeyar is the most famous ruler among them and got the title "Karnataka Chakravarthy" by defeating Nayakas (Ikkeri), Sultans (Madurai) and [[Shivaji]]. By 1686 CE the kingdom included almost all of south India. In 1687 CE they bought the city of [[Bangalore]] from Mughal by paying three lakh Rupees. By 1761 CE Hyder Ali who was a normal soldier took over their empire.

==Sultanate of Srirangapattana==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.1761 - CE.1799
| Sultanate of Srirangapattana
| HyderAli / Tippu Sultan
| Most of Karnataka, parts Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu and Kerala
|-
|}
[[File:halebid file.jpg|thumb|right|Temple architecture of Halebid]]
Hyder Ali, who overtook the Mysore from the Wodeyars ruled from Srirangapattana. He soon displaced Nanjaraj, the prime minister, and made the Raja a prisoner in his own palace. Tipu Sultan succeeded Hyder Ali. He fought bloody wars against the [[Great Britain|British]] and their allies but was resoundingly defeated by a confederation of the British, the [[Marathas]] and the [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nijamas]] in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and died on the battlefield in 1799 CE.

==Mysore Wodeyars==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.1800 - CE.1831
| Mysore Wodeyars
| Krishna Raja Wodeyar III
| Old Mysore area
|-
|}
[[File:tulasi file.jpg|thumb|alt=The Tulasi plant is worshipped in Karnataka |The worshipped Tulasi plant.]]
After the defeat of Tipu, according to the treaty in 1800 CE, the British divided the state in which [[Bellary]], [[Kadapa]], [[Kurnool]] areas went to [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nijamas]]; [[Marathas]] got the northern parts; the coastal parts were retained by the British, but they divided it among Bombay and Madras presidencies. The then governor-general of British India [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Markvis of Wellesley]] reinstated the Wodeyar in Mysore and administration was given to ''Dewan Purnaiya'' because the throne prince was still young. Purnaiya was an able administrator, and under his guidance, the empire functioned like any modern government. The other ministers in line were [[K. Seshadri Iyer|Sir Sheshadri Aiyar]], [[Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya|Dr. M. Visveswaraya]] and [[Mirza Ismail|Sir Mirza Ismail]]. Around 1824 CE "[[Kittur Chennamma|Rani Channamma]]" and her general "[[Sangolli Rayanna|Sangoli Rayanna]]" of [[Kittur]] started to fight against British and declared independence. Due to this, in 1831 CE the British took over the empire.

==British takeover==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.1831 - CE.1881
| British Takeover.
| Commissioners of British
| Old Mysore and other areas
|-
|}
[[File:oldpaint file.jpg|thumb|alt=Wall Painting |Painting of Mysore style]]
In 1831 CE the British overtook the empire and appointed the commissioners, who were yakshith
given the power to rule on behalf of the British empire. Among them, [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]] was the most important. They systematically changed the way the empire functioned and brought in major changes but they continued some of the older traditions. During this period the state got divided between [[Bombay]] and [[Madras]] provinces, Hyderabad Nijamas and Mysore.

==Mysore Wodeyars==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| CE.1881 - CE.1950
| Mysore Wodeyars
| Krishna Raja Wodeyar 4/Jayachamaraja Wodeyar
| old Mysore area
|-
|}

[[File:hanuman file new.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Hanuman is popular in Karnataka]]

After a period of British Commissioners' rule, Mysore was given back to the Jessicas. During this period the urge to independence gained momentum with the result that many leaders were imprisoned. The struggle finally led to the grant of independence to India by the British. The rule of the Wodeyars continued until the Indian independence and finally they merged Mysore with the Indian union which got incorporated into India as a state.

==Karnataka State==
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After the [[Independence Day (India)|Indian independence]] and [[Partition of India|partition]] of the country, the states were [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganised]] based on the linguistic and other criteria and thus the divided areas of Kannada speaking population came together to form the present day Karnataka under the name of Mysore. On 1973 November 1, the name Mysore was changed to Karnataka. The state choose the city of Bangalore as its capital and gave Kannada the status of an administrative language. The Vidhana Soudha build by Kengal Hanumanthya became the state parliament house. The Attara Kachery was made the state high court.

[[File:Vidhana Soudha 2012.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Karnataka state parliament |[[Vidhana Soudha]]]]

==Bengaluru City==

Bengaluru, often hailed as the "Silicon Valley of India" and the "Garden City," boasts a rich and dynamic history spanning millennia, from ancient settlements to its modern-day status as a global technology hub. The national language of Karnataka, and thus prominently spoken in Bengaluru, is Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ).

Ancient Roots (c. 4000 BCE - 1537 CE):

Evidence suggests human habitation around Bengaluru dates back to the Stone Age (around 4000 BCE), with findings of stone implements. Iron Age tools and burial mounds from around 800 BCE have also been discovered. The region was involved in trans-oceanic trade with the Romans in the 1st century CE, as indicated by Roman coins found in the area.

The earliest written reference to "Bengaluru" appears in a 9th-century CE Ganga inscription (hero-stone) from Begur, mentioning "Bengaval-uru" (City of Guards) and a battle fought there. This indicates its significance as a strategic military location. Successive South Indian dynasties, including the Western Gangas (4th-10th centuries CE), the Cholas (11th-12th centuries CE), and the Hoysalas (12th-14th centuries CE), ruled the region, leaving their architectural and cultural imprints. One popular legend attributes the name "Bengaluru" to a 12th-century incident where Hoysala King Veera Ballala II, lost in a forest, was offered "benda kaalu" (boiled beans) by an old woman, leading him to name the place "Benda-Kaal-ooru."

Foundation of Modern Bengaluru (1537 CE):

The foundation of modern Bengaluru is widely attributed to Kempe Gowda I in 1537 CE. A local chieftain and feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda built a mud fort and established a town within its walls, which would become the nucleus of the burgeoning city. He planned the town meticulously, dividing it into "petes" (markets) with main streets like Chikkapete and Doddapete. He also constructed temples and water tanks, laying the groundwork for the city's infrastructure. His son, Kempe Gowda II, further contributed to the city's beautification.

Changing Hands and Dynasties (17th - 18th Centuries):

Over the centuries, Bengaluru witnessed the rule of various powers:

Marathas (1638-1687): Shahaji Bhosle, father of Chhatrapati Shivaji, captured and ruled Bengaluru for a period.
Mughals (1687-1690): The Mughals took control and later sold the city to the Mysore Kingdom's Wadiyar dynasty.
Mysore Kingdom (Wadiyar Dynasty, 1690-1799): Bengaluru became part of the Mysore Kingdom. In 1759, Krishna Raja Wadiyar II gave Bengaluru as a personal jagir to Hyder Ali, a military commander, who significantly developed the city, strengthening the fort and promoting trade. His son, Tipu Sultan, continued these efforts, further expanding Lal Bagh and contributing to the city's economic growth, particularly in sericulture.
British Influence and Cantonment (Late 18th Century - 1947):

The British East India Company's involvement grew during the Anglo-Mysore Wars.

1791: Lord Cornwallis captured the Bangalore Fort during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
1799: Following Tipu Sultan's death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, Bengaluru was returned to the Wodeyar dynasty.
1809: The British shifted their military cantonment to Bengaluru, establishing the Bangalore Cantonment outside the old city. This area developed as a distinct entity, governed by the British, and attracted a large European and Anglo-Indian population due to its salubrious climate. The old city, meanwhile, remained under the Maharaja of Mysore's nominal rule as a princely state of the British Raj.
1831-1881: Bengaluru served as the headquarters of the British administration.
1862: Separate municipal boards were established for Bangalore City and the Cantonment.
Late 19th - Early 20th Centuries: The British period saw significant infrastructure development, including the introduction of electricity (1905, making Bengaluru the first Asian city to have streetlights), railway lines (1859), and the construction of iconic buildings like the Attara Kacheri (High Court) and Bangalore Palace. The city also faced challenges like the Great Famine of 1875-77 and the plague epidemic in 1898, which led to the development of new extensions like Basavanagudi and Malleswaram. Educational institutions like the Indian Institute of Science (1909) were established.
Post-Independence Growth and "Silicon Valley" Transformation (1947 - Present):

1947: After India gained independence, Bengaluru became the capital of the Mysore State.
1949: The two separate urban settlements, Bangalore City and Bangalore Cantonment, merged into a single urban center, forming the Bangalore City Corporation.
1956: Mysore State was reorganized and later renamed Karnataka in 1973, with Bengaluru remaining its capital.
Mid-20th Century: The city experienced significant industrial growth, particularly with the establishment of public sector undertakings like Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), laying the groundwork for its future as a technological hub.
1980s - Present: Bengaluru witnessed an unprecedented IT boom, attracting major multinational corporations and domestic tech giants like Infosys and Wipro. This rapid growth in the information technology and software sectors earned it the moniker "Silicon Valley of India" and led to a massive influx of population, transforming it into a vibrant, diverse, and cosmopolitan metropolis.
2006: The city officially reverted to its original Kannada name, Bengaluru.
Today, Bengaluru continues to be a leading center for technology, education, research, and innovation, while striving to balance its rapid modernization with its rich historical and cultural heritage. The presence of Kannada as the state language is a fundamental aspect of its cultural identity, shaping its linguistic landscape and heritage.

Kannada:

==ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ನಗರ==

"ಸಿಲಿಕಾನ್ ವ್ಯಾಲಿ ಆಫ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ" ಮತ್ತು "ಗಾರ್ಡನ್ ಸಿಟಿ" ಎಂದು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಗುರುತಿಸಲ್ಪಡುವ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, ಸಹಸ್ರಮಾನಗಳಷ್ಟು ವಿಸ್ತಾರವಾದ, ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ವಸಾಹತುಗಳಿಂದ ಹಿಡಿದು ಜಾಗತಿಕ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಗಿ ಇಂದಿನ ಸ್ಥಾನದವರೆಗಿನ ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕ ಇತಿಹಾಸವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಭಾಷೆ, ಮತ್ತು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾಗಿ ಮಾತನಾಡಲ್ಪಡುವ ಭಾಷೆ **ಕನ್ನಡ (ಕನ್ನಡ)** ಆಗಿದೆ.

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### ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಬೇರುಗಳು (ಸುಮಾರು 4000 BCE - 1537 CE):

ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಸುತ್ತ ಮಾನವ ವಾಸದ ಕುರುಹುಗಳು ಶಿಲಾಯುಗಕ್ಕೆ (ಸುಮಾರು 4000 BCE) ಸೇರಿದವು ಎಂದು ಪುರಾವೆಗಳು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತವೆ, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಕಲ್ಲಿನ ಉಪಕರಣಗಳು ಕಂಡುಬಂದಿವೆ. ಸುಮಾರು 800 BCE ಯ ಕಬ್ಬಿಣಯುಗದ ಉಪಕರಣಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಮಾಧಿ ದಿಬ್ಬಗಳು ಸಹ ಪತ್ತೆಯಾಗಿವೆ. 1ನೇ ಶತಮಾನ CE ನಲ್ಲಿ ರೋಮನ್ ನಾಣ್ಯಗಳು ಕಂಡುಬಂದಿರುವುದರ ಮೂಲಕ, ಈ ಪ್ರದೇಶವು ರೋಮನ್ನರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸಾಗರೋತ್ತರ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿತ್ತು ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿಯುತ್ತದೆ.

"ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು" ಎಂಬ ಪದದ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಹಳೆಯ ಲಿಖಿತ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖವು 9ನೇ ಶತಮಾನ CE ಯ ಬೇಗೂರಿನ ಗಂಗರ ಶಾಸನದಲ್ಲಿ (ವೀರಗಲ್ಲು) ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆ, ಇದು "ಬೆಂಗವಳ-ಊರು" (ಕಾವಲುಗಾರರ ನಗರ) ಮತ್ತು ಅಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಯುದ್ಧವನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಒಂದು ಕಾರ್ಯತಂತ್ರದ ಮಿಲಿಟರಿ ಸ್ಥಳವಾಗಿ ಅದರ ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗರು (4ನೇ-10ನೇ ಶತಮಾನ CE), ಚೋಳರು (11ನೇ-12ನೇ ಶತಮಾನ CE), ಮತ್ತು ಹೊಯ್ಸಳರು (12ನೇ-14ನೇ ಶತಮಾನ CE) ಸೇರಿದಂತೆ ಸತತ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಭಾರತೀಯ ರಾಜವಂಶಗಳು ಈ ಪ್ರದೇಶವನ್ನು ಆಳಿ ತಮ್ಮ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಛಾಪು ಮೂಡಿಸಿವೆ. 12ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ರಾಜ ವೀರ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ II ಕಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ದಾರಿ ತಪ್ಪಿದಾಗ ಒಬ್ಬ ಮುದುಕಿ "ಬೆಂದ ಕಾಳು" (ಬೇಯಿಸಿದ ಬೇಳೆ) ನೀಡಿದಳು, ಇದರಿಂದಾಗಿ ಅವನು ಆ ಸ್ಥಳಕ್ಕೆ "ಬೆಂದ-ಕಾಲ್-ಊರು" ಎಂದು ಹೆಸರಿಸಿದನು ಎಂಬ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯ ದಂತಕಥೆಯೂ ಇದೆ.

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### ಆಧುನಿಕ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆ (1537 CE):

ಆಧುನಿಕ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆಯು ವ್ಯಾಪಕವಾಗಿ **ಕೆಂಪೇಗೌಡ I** ಗೆ 1537 CE ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸಲ್ಲುತ್ತದೆ. ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥ ಮತ್ತು ಊಳಿಗಮಾನ್ಯ ಆಡಳಿತಗಾರನಾಗಿದ್ದ ಕೆಂಪೇಗೌಡ, ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಕೋಟೆಯನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿ ಅದರ ಗೋಡೆಗಳೊಳಗೆ ಒಂದು ಪಟ್ಟಣವನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದನು, ಇದು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವ ನಗರದ ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಯಿತು. ಅವನು ಪಟ್ಟಣವನ್ನು ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮವಾಗಿ ಯೋಜಿಸಿದನು, ಅದನ್ನು "ಪೇಟೆಗಳಾಗಿ" (ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆಗಳು) ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಿದನು ಮತ್ತು ಚಿಕ್ಕಪೇಟೆ ಹಾಗೂ ದೊಡ್ಡಪೇಟೆಗಳಂತಹ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ರಸ್ತೆಗಳನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿದನು. ಅವನು ದೇವಾಲಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ನೀರಿನ ಟ್ಯಾಂಕ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಸಹ ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿ, ನಗರದ ಮೂಲಸೌಕರ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಅಡಿಪಾಯ ಹಾಕಿದನು. ಅವನ ಮಗ, ಕೆಂಪೇಗೌಡ II, ನಗರದ ಸೌಂದರ್ಯೀಕರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತಷ್ಟು ಕೊಡುಗೆ ನೀಡಿದನು.

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### ಕೈ ಬದಲಾದ ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ರಾಜವಂಶಗಳು (17ನೇ - 18ನೇ ಶತಮಾನಗಳು):

ಶತಮಾನಗಳಾದ್ಯಂತ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ವಿವಿಧ ಶಕ್ತಿಗಳ ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆಗೆ ಸಾಕ್ಷಿಯಾಯಿತು:
* **ಮರಾಠರು (1638-1687):** ಛತ್ರಪತಿ ಶಿವಾಜಿಯ ತಂದೆ ಶಾಹಜಿ ಭೋಂಸ್ಲೆ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರನ್ನು ವಶಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಕಾಲ ಆಳಿದರು.
* **ಮೊಘಲರು (1687-1690):** ಮೊಘಲರು ಅಧಿಕಾರ ವಹಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ನಗರವನ್ನು ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಒಡೆಯರ್ ರಾಜವಂಶಕ್ಕೆ ಮಾರಿದರು.
* **ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ (ಒಡೆಯರ್ ರಾಜವಂಶ, 1690-1799):** ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಭಾಗವಾಯಿತು. 1759 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜ ಒಡೆಯರ್ II ಬೆಂಗಳೂರನ್ನು ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಜಾಗಿರ್‌ ಆಗಿ ಸೇನಾ ಕಮಾಂಡರ್ **ಹೈದರ್ ಅಲಿಗೆ** ನೀಡಿದರು, ಅವರು ಕೋಟೆಯನ್ನು ಬಲಪಡಿಸುವ ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯಾಪಾರವನ್ನು ಉತ್ತೇಜಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ನಗರವನ್ನು ಗಣನೀಯವಾಗಿ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸಿದರು. ಅವರ ಪುತ್ರ, **ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಸುಲ್ತಾನ್**, ಈ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಗಳನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರಿಸಿ, ಲಾಲ್ ಬಾಗ್ ಅನ್ನು ಮತ್ತಷ್ಟು ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ರೇಷ್ಮೆ ಕೃಷಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಗರದ ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಗೆ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ನೀಡಿದರು.

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### ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಮತ್ತು ಕಂಟೋನ್ಮೆಂಟ್ (18ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಅಂತ್ಯ - 1947):

ಆಂಗ್ಲೋ-ಮೈಸೂರು ಯುದ್ಧಗಳ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಈಸ್ಟ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಪಾತ್ರ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಯಿತು.
* **1791:** ಮೂರನೇ ಆಂಗ್ಲೋ-ಮೈಸೂರು ಯುದ್ಧದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಕಾರ್ನ್‌ವಾಲಿಸ್ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಕೋಟೆಯನ್ನು ವಶಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು.
* **1799:** ನಾಲ್ಕನೇ ಆಂಗ್ಲೋ-ಮೈಸೂರು ಯುದ್ಧದಲ್ಲಿ ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಸುಲ್ತಾನ್ ನಿಧನದ ನಂತರ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರನ್ನು ಒಡೆಯರ್ ರಾಜವಂಶಕ್ಕೆ ಹಿಂದಿರುಗಿಸಲಾಯಿತು.
* **1809:** ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷರು ತಮ್ಮ ಮಿಲಿಟರಿ ಕಂಟೋನ್ಮೆಂಟ್ ಅನ್ನು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಸ್ಥಳಾಂತರಿಸಿದರು, ಹಳೆಯ ನಗರದ ಹೊರಗೆ **ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಕಂಟೋನ್ಮೆಂಟ್** ಅನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದರು. ಈ ಪ್ರದೇಶವು ಒಂದು ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಘಟಕವಾಗಿ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಹೊಂದಿತು, ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷರಿಂದ ಆಡಳಿತಕ್ಕೊಳಪಟ್ಟಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ಆರೋಗ್ಯಕರ ಹವಾಮಾನದಿಂದಾಗಿ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಯುರೋಪಿಯನ್ ಮತ್ತು ಆಂಗ್ಲೋ-ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಆಕರ್ಷಿಸಿತು. ಹಳೆಯ ನಗರವು ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ರಾಜ್‌ನ ರಾಜಪ್ರಭುತ್ವದ ರಾಜ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಮೈಸೂರು ಮಹಾರಾಜರ ನಾಮಮಾತ್ರ ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆಯ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಉಳಿಯಿತು.
* **1831-1881:** ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಆಡಳಿತದ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಕಛೇರಿಯಾಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಿಸಿತು.
* **1862:** ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ನಗರ ಮತ್ತು ಕಂಟೋನ್ಮೆಂಟ್‌ಗೆ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಪುರಸಭೆ ಮಂಡಳಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಲಾಯಿತು.
* **19ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಅಂತ್ಯ - 20ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಆರಂಭ:** ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಆಡಳಿತಾವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಗಣನೀಯ ಮೂಲಸೌಕರ್ಯ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಕಂಡುಬಂದಿತು, ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪರಿಚಯ (1905, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಬೀದಿ ದೀಪಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ ಮೊದಲ ಏಷ್ಯಾದ ನಗರವಾಯಿತು), ರೈಲ್ವೆ ಮಾರ್ಗಗಳು (1859), ಮತ್ತು ಅಟ್ಟಾರಾ ಕಚೇರಿ (ಹೈಕೋರ್ಟ್) ಮತ್ತು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಅರಮನೆಯಂತಹ ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಕಟ್ಟಡಗಳ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ ಸೇರಿವೆ. ನಗರವು 1875-77 ರ ಮಹಾ ಬರಗಾಲ ಮತ್ತು 1898 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ಲೇಗ್ ಸಾಂಕ್ರಾಮಿಕದಂತಹ ಸವಾಲುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಹ ಎದುರಿಸಿತು, ಇದು ಬಸವನಗುಡಿ ಮತ್ತು ಮಲ್ಲೇಶ್ವರಂನಂತಹ ಹೊಸ ವಿಸ್ತರಣೆಗಳ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಗೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು. ಭಾರತೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯಂತಹ (1909) ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಲಾಯಿತು.

---

### ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯಾನಂತರದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ ಮತ್ತು "ಸಿಲಿಕಾನ್ ವ್ಯಾಲಿ" ಪರಿವರ್ತನೆ (1947 - ಇಂದಿನವರೆಗೆ):

* **1947:** ಭಾರತಕ್ಕೆ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ಬಂದ ನಂತರ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಮೈಸೂರು ರಾಜ್ಯದ ರಾಜಧಾನಿಯಾಯಿತು.
* **1949:** ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ನಗರ ಮತ್ತು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಕಂಟೋನ್ಮೆಂಟ್ ಎಂಬ ಎರಡು ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ನಗರ ವಸಾಹತುಗಳು ಒಂದೇ ನಗರ ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಗಿ ವಿಲೀನಗೊಂಡು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ನಗರ ನಿಗಮವನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸಿದವು.
* **1956:** ಮೈಸೂರು ರಾಜ್ಯವನ್ನು ಮರುಸಂಘಟಿಸಲಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ 1973 ರಲ್ಲಿ **ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ** ಎಂದು ಮರುನಾಮಕರಣ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಅದರ ರಾಜಧಾನಿಯಾಗಿ ಉಳಿಯಿತು.
* **20ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಮಧ್ಯಭಾಗ:** ನಗರವು ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕಾ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸಿತು, ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಹಿಂದೂಸ್ತಾನ್ ಏರೋನಾಟಿಕ್ಸ್ ಲಿಮಿಟೆಡ್ (HAL) ನಂತಹ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ವಲಯದ ಉದ್ಯಮಗಳ ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ, ಅದರ ಭವಿಷ್ಯದ ತಾಂತ್ರಿಕ ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಗಿ ಅಡಿಪಾಯ ಹಾಕಲಾಯಿತು.
* **1980ರ ದಶಕ - ಇಂದಿನವರೆಗೆ:** ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಅಭೂತಪೂರ್ವ **IT ಬೂಮ್‌ಗೆ** ಸಾಕ್ಷಿಯಾಯಿತು, ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಬಹುರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ನಿಗಮಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಇನ್ಫೋಸಿಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಪ್ರೋದಂತಹ ದೇಶೀಯ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ ದೈತ್ಯರನ್ನು ಆಕರ್ಷಿಸಿತು. ಮಾಹಿತಿ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಫ್ಟ್‌ವೇರ್ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿನ ಈ ವೇಗದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯು "ಭಾರತದ ಸಿಲಿಕಾನ್ ವ್ಯಾಲಿ" ಎಂಬ ಬಿರುದನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಅಗಾಧ ಒಳಹರಿವಿಗೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು, ಇದು ಒಂದು ರೋಮಾಂಚಕ, ವೈವಿಧ್ಯಮಯ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಸ್ಮೋಪಾಲಿಟನ್ ಮಹಾನಗರವಾಗಿ ಪರಿವರ್ತಿಸಿತು.
* **2006:** ನಗರವು ಅಧಿಕೃತವಾಗಿ ತನ್ನ ಮೂಲ ಕನ್ನಡ ಹೆಸರು, **ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು** ಗೆ ಮರಳಿತು.

ಇಂದು, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ, ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ, ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಆವಿಷ್ಕಾರದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಗಿ ಮುಂದುವರಿದಿದೆ, ತನ್ನ ವೇಗದ ಆಧುನೀಕರಣವನ್ನು ತನ್ನ ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಪರಂಪರೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸಮತೋಲನಗೊಳಿಸಲು ಶ್ರಮಿಸುತ್ತಿದೆ. ರಾಜ್ಯ ಭಾಷೆಯಾಗಿ **ಕನ್ನಡದ** ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವವು ಅದರ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಗುರುತಿನ ಮೂಲಭೂತ ಅಂಶವಾಗಿದೆ, ಅದರ ಭಾಷಿಕ ಭೂದೃಶ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಪರಂಪರೆಯನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

==Summary==

The table shows the summary
<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/timeline.htm
|title=Timeline of Karnataka
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Time Period / Era
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire / Dynasty
! style="text-align: left;"|Main Rulers
! style="text-align: left;"|Empire Extent
|-
| Starting period
| Shatavahana
| Semukha, Gouthamiputhra
| Deccan comprising present Andhra, Karnataka, Maharashtra
|-
| CE.325 - CE.540
| Banavasi Kadamba
| Mayura Sharma, Kakusta Varma
| Central, Western, Northwestern Karnataka
|-
| CE.325 - CE.999
| Gangas of Talakadu
| Avanitha, Durvinitha, Ratchamalla
| South Karnataka, parts of Andhra and Tamil Nadu
|-
| CE.500 - CE.757
| Chalukyas of Badami
| Mangalesha, Pulakeshi II ( Immadi Pulakesh)
| Parts of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarath, Orrisa, Andhra
|-
| CE.757 - CE.973
| Rastrakutha of Malakeada
| Krishna I, Govinda III, Nrupatunga Amoghavarsha I
| Parts of Karnataka, Andra, Tamil Nadu, Madhyapradash, Maharashtra
|-
| CE.973 - CE.1198
| Chalukyas of Kalyana
| Vikramadithya VI
| Parts of Karnataka, Andra, Tamil Nadu, Madhyapradash, Maharashtra
|-
| CE.1198 - CE.1312
| Sevunas of Devagiri
| Singana II
| Parts of Karnataka, Andra, Maharashtra
|-
| CE.1000 - CE.1346
| Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra
| Vishnuvardhana, Ballala II
| Parts of south and coastal Karnataka, Andra, Tamil Nadu
|-
| CE.1336 - CE.1565
| Vijayanagara
| Devaraya II, Krishnadevaraya
| Most of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
|-
| CE.1347 - CE.1527
| Bahumani
| Muhammad Shah I, Muhammad Shah II
| Deccan area
|-
| CE.1490 - CE.1686
| Sultans of Bijapur
| Yusaf Addil Khan, Ibrahim Addil Shah II
| Bijapur and adjoining areas
|-
| CE.1500 - CE.1763
| Nayakas of Kelaedi
| Shivappa Nayaka, Rani Channama
| Parts of Coastal Karnataka
|-
| CE.1399 - CE.1761
| Wodeyars of Mysore
| RajaWodeyar, Ranadhira Kantirava, Chikadevaraja
| Old Mysore region
|-
| CE.1588 - CE.1779
| Nayakas of Chitradurga
| Thimmanna Nayaka, Madakari Nayaka
| Parts of Central Karnataka, Andra
|-
| CE.1761 - CE.1799
| Sultanate of Srirangapatana
| HyderAli, Tippu Sultan
| Parts of Karnataka, Andhra
|-
| CE.1800 - CE.1831
| Mysore Wodeyars
| Krishna Raja Wodeyar III
| Old Mysore area
|-
| CE.1831 - CE.1881
| British Takeover.
| Commissioners of British
| Old Mysore and other areas
|-
| CE.1881 - CE.1950
| Mysore Wodeyars
| Krishna Raja Wodeyar IV, Jayachamaraja Wodeyar
| old Mysore area
|-
| CE.1956
| Karnataka State
| Government
| Whole of Karnataka
|-
|}

==Graphical timeline==
{{Karnataka timeline}}

==See also==
* [[History of Karnataka]]
* [[Political history of medieval Karnataka]]
* [[Etymology of Karnataka]]
* [[Kannada literature]]
* [[Charition mime]]
* [[History of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:History of Karnataka| ]]
[[Category:Timelines of Indian states|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]

Belagavi City Corporation

2025-11-05T07:25:27Z

LayneMatos1: new new place basic info

{{Short description|Local civic body in Belagavi, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Belagavi City Corporation
| native_name = ಬೆಳಗಾವಿ ಮಹಾನಗರ ಪಾಲಿಕೆಯ
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation|Municipal Corporation]]
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
|established={{start date and age|1 December 1851}}| leader1 = Mangesh Pawar
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref name="BJP Belagavi Mayor 2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-poura-karmika-civic-worker-elected-mayor-of-belagavi/article67848637.ece|title=BJP's Savita Kamble is elected Belagavi City Corporation mayor|work=The Hindu|accessdate=15 March 2025}}</ref>
| election1 =15 March 2025
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = Vani Joshi
|leader3=Shri P.N.Lokesh, ([[Karnataka Administrative Service|KAS]])|leader4=| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref name="BJP Belagavi Mayor 2024"/>
| election2 =15 March 2025
| leader3_type =[[Municipal Commissioner]]
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type =Administrator
| party4 =
| election4 =
| leader5_type =
| party5 =
| election5 =
| seats = 58
| structure1 = File:Belagavi Municipal Corporation 2021.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
|political_groups1 =
'''Government (35)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (35)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-impresses-in-urban-local-body-polls-wins-35-seats-in-belagavi-101630953946450.html|title=BJP impresses in Urban Local Body polls, wins 35 seats in Belagavi|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref>
'''Opposition (11)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (10)
*{{Color box|#20E045}} [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] (1)

'''Others (12)'''
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (05)
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti|MES]] (07)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = September 2021
| next_election1 = 2026
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = [[Belagavi]], [[Karnataka]]
| website = [https://belagavicitycorp.org/ BCC]
}}

'''Belagavi City Corporation (BCC)''' is the municipal governing body of the city of [[Belagavi]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. The [[municipal corporation]] consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's infrastructure and administration.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubli/State-supersedes-Belgaum-city-corporation-again/articleshow/14661971.cms | title=State supersedes Belagavi city corporation again | date=4 July 2012 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=22 October 2018 }}</ref> Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Belagavi Mahanagara Palike is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

==History==
It was established as ''Belgaum city Municipal Corporation Committee'' on 1 December 1851. It had a population of 23,115 and was having an income of 35,460 in 1851. It was the first Municipal Corporation that was established in Bombay Karnataka. Later, many other municipal corporations were established like [[Nipani]] in 1854 and subsequently, many other municipalities were established under ''Bombay District Municipalities Act of 1901''.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 July 2018|title=Belgaum city Municipal Corporation was established in 1851 - All About Belgaum|url=https://allaboutbelgaum.com/lifestyle/history-lifestyle/belgaum-city-municipal-corporation-established-1851/|website=All About Belgaum|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> The Municipal Corporation [[Belgaum]] elections were fought on the linguistic basis before 2022.

== List of Corporators ==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Wards Share
|label1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|value1 = 17.24
|color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|value2 = 60.35
|color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|label3 = Independent
|value3 = 13.80
|color3 = Grey
|label4 = [[Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti|MES]]
|value4 = 06.90
|color4 = Orange
|label5 = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|value5 = 01.71
|color5 = {{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Councilors by Party<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=Belagavi city corporation elections 2021 results {{!}} All About Belgaum|url=https://allaboutbelgaum.com/ulb-polls/belagavi-city-corporation-elections-2021-results/,%20https://allaboutbelgaum.com/ulb-polls/belagavi-city-corporation-elections-2021-results/|access-date=2021-09-13|language=en-US}}</ref>
!Zone
!Ward No.
!Ward Name
!Areas Covered
!Assembly Constituency
!Councillor Name
!Party
!Reservation Category
|-
|
|1
|
|
|
|Iqra Mulla
|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
|-
|
|2
|
|
|
|Muzamil Doni
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|
|-
|
|3
|
|
|
|Jyoti Kadolkar
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|
|-
|
|4
|
|
|
|Jayterth Saundatti
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|5
|
|
|
|Afriza Mulla
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|
|-
|
|6
|
|
|
|Santosh Pednekar
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|7
|
|
|
|Shankar Patil
|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
|-
|
|8
|
|
|
|Sohail Sangoli
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|
|-
|
|9
|
|
|
|Puja Patil
|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
|-
|
|10
|
|
|
|Vaishali Bhatkande
|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
|-
|
|11
|
|
|
|Samiulla Madiwale
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|
|-
|
|12
|
|
|
|Madinsahab Matwale
|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
|-
|
|13
|
|
|
|Reshma Bhairakdar
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|
|-
|
|14
|
|
|
|Shivaji Mandolkar
|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
|-
|
|15
|
|
|
|Netravati
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|16
|
|
|
|Raju Bhatkande
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|17
|
|
|
|Savita Kamble
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|18
|
|
|
|Sahidkhan Pathan
|[[AIMIM]]
|
|-
|
|19
|
|
|
|Riyaz Killedar
|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
|-
|
|20
|
|
|
|Shakela Mulla
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|
|-
|
|21
|
|
|
|Priti Kamkar
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|22
|
|
|
|Raviraj Sambrekar
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|23
|
|
|
|Jayant Jadhav
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|24
|
|
|
|Girish Dhongadi
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|25
|
|
|
|Zarina Fatekhan
|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
|-
|
|26
|
|
|
|Rekha Hugar
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|27
|
|
|
|Ravi Salunkhe
|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
|-
|
|28
|
|
|
|Ravi Dhotre
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|29
|
|
|
|Nitin Jadhav
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|30
|
|
|
|Nandu Mirajkar
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|31
|
|
|
|Veena Vijapure
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|32
|
|
|
|Sandeep J
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|33
|
|
|
|Reshma Patil
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|34
|
|
|
|Shreyas Nakadi
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|35
|
|
|
|Laxmi Rathod
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|36
|
|
|
|Rajshekar Doni
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|37
|
|
|
|Shamobin Pathan
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|
|-
|
|38
|
|
|
|Mohd Patwegar
|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
|-
|
|39
|
|
|
|Udaykumar Upari
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|40
|
|
|
|Reshma Kamkar
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|41
|
|
|
|Mangesh Pawar
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|42
|
|
|
|Abhjijeet Jawalkar
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|43
|
|
|
|Vani Joshi
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|44
|
|
|
|Anand chavan
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|45
|
|
|
|Rupa chikaldani
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|46
|
|
|
|Hanmant Kongali
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|47
|
|
|
|Asmita Patil
|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
|-
|
|48
|
|
|
|Basavraj Modgekar
|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
|-
|
|49
|
|
|
|Deepali Topagi
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|50
|
|
|
|Sarika Patil
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|51
|
|
|
|Shrishail Kamble
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|52
|
|
|
|Khurshia Mulla
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|
|-
|
|53
|
|
|
|Ramesh Maligol
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|54
|
|
|
|Madhavi Raghoche
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|55
|
|
|
|Savita Patil
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|56
|
|
|
|Laxmi Lokari
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|
|-
|
|57
|
|
|
|Shobha Somnache
|[[BJP]]
|
|-
|
|58
|
|
|
|Priya Satgoud
|[[BJP]]
|
|}

==Mayor==
Mayor's post is reserved for General category and Deputy Mayor's Post was limited to General Woman.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rani|first=Sushma|date=2018-07-01|title=The Scheduled Castes in India : Post- Independence Scenario|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/27/58077|journal=Contemporary Social Sciences|volume=27|issue=3|pages=149–156|doi=10.29070/27/58077|s2cid=189468108|issn=0302-9298|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Functions ==
Belagavi Mahanagara Palike is created for the following functions:<ref name="Be9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Be10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Be11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Be12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Be13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== Proposed Expansion ==

In June 2023, the Public works department minister [[Satish Jarkiholi]] instructed the city corporation to start working on merging the villages attached to the city. The plan is to increase the number of city corporation wards up to 90 from 58.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/belagavi-corporation-mulls-expansion-with-more-wards-for-city/articleshow/101353715.cms#:~:text=The%20government%20has%20now%20proposed,wards%20upto%2090%20from%2058| title=Belagavi city corporation to expand | date=29 June 2023 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=29 June 2023 }}</ref>

The following town/villages will be merged into city corporation.

* [[Bastawad]]
* Modaga
* Hindalaga
* Macche
* [[Halaga]]
* [[Sambra]]
* Peeranwadi
* Dhamane
* Kakati
* [[Honaga]]
* Bennali

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://belagavicitycorp.org/WebSiteBGM/Contactus.aspx Official website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belgaum]]
[[Category:1851 establishments in India]]

National Highway 544D (India)

2025-10-21T02:13:25Z

LayneMatos1: improve section for clarity

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 544D
|map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=6|frame-lat=15.3|frame-long=79|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q55473691|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 544D}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Map of the National Highway in red
| length_km = 417
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Anantapur|Ananthpur]]
| terminus_b = [[Guntur]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 44
| next_route = 16
| states = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| destinations =
}}
'''National Highway 544D''', commonly called '''NH 544D''', and sometimes '''Anantapur-Guntur National highway 544D''', is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/164279.pdf|title=New highways notification dated May, 2015|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref> NH-544D traverses the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2015-12-25/1350-km-new-NHs-for-AP/195365|title=1,350-km new NHs for Andhra Pradesh|date=25 Dec 2015|work=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref>

==History==

===Amaravati–Anantapur Expressway===
'''Amaravati – Anantapur Expressway''' was a proposed greenfield [[Expressways of India|expressway]] of length 598.78 km in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Greenfield Expressway (Anantapur to Amaravati)|url=http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/CMDASHBOARDREPORTS/GreenFieldExpressReport.aspx|website=Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation|publisher=Roads and Buildings Department|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026081851/http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/CMDASHBOARDREPORTS/GreenFieldExpressReport.aspx|archive-date=26 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amaravati-Anantapur highway to cost Rs 27,635 crore|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/041016/amaravati-anantapur-highway-to-cost-rs-27635-crore.html|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=9 November 2016|location=Vijayawada|date=4 October 2016}}</ref> It was mainly proposed to connect the cities of [[Rayalaseema]] to the other part of the [[Andhra Pradesh|state]] with an [[Expressways of India|expressway]].

This proposed expressway was to serve as a major expressway along with [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]]. It would have had two feeder expressways connected to [[Kurnool]] and [[Kadapa]] with a length of 123.7 km and 104.05 km.<ref>{{Cite web|title= APRDC |url=https://aprdc.ap.gov.in/CMDASHBOARDREPORTS/GreenFieldExpressReport.aspx|access-date=2020-09-04|website=aprdc.ap.gov.in}}</ref> It was initially planned to go through the capital of the [[Andhra Pradesh|state]], [[Amaravati]] but the plan was subsequently changed to connect at the junction of [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] at [[Chilakaluripet]].<ref name="Bandari">{{Cite web|last=Bandari|first=Pavan Kumar|date=2020-07-28|title=Andhra govt. decides to shorten Anantapur-Amaravati expressway, saves Rs 3,500 crore|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-government-decides-to-shorten-anantapur-amaravati-expressway-saves-rs-3500-crore-636004|access-date=2020-09-04|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> The [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] proposed to this expressway at the [[Chilakaluripet|Chilakaluripet junction]] of [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] to which the [[Government of India|Central government]] agreed thereby saving Rs 3,500 crore and also 741 hectares of land from acquiring.<ref name="Bandari"/> This also reduces the distance of about 47 km of road length. It was to be built by the [[National Highways Authority of India]] under Phase–VII of the [[National Highways Development Project]].

The cost of the project was expected to be {{INRConvert|27635|c|year=2016}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amaravati-Anantapur highway to cost Rs 29,000 crore|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/041016/amaravati-anantapur-highway-to-cost-rs-27635-crore.html|access-date=9 November 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=4 October 2016}}</ref> It would cut travel time between Amaravathi and Anantapur by 120 minutes. The expressway was to be six lanes wide with service roads. The road was designed for a speed of 120 mph with straight alignments, avoiding habitations and locations of archaeological and religious importance. Tunnels and viaducts were proposed to be constructed to avoid hilly terrains and valley sections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/041016/amaravati-anantapur-highway-to-cost-rs-27635-crore.html|title=Amaravati-Anantapur highway to cost Rs 27,635 crore|date=4 October 2016 }}</ref>

It was to connect [[Chilakaluripet]] from [[Anantapur]] with two feeder expressways [[Kurnool Feeder Road|Kurnool Feeder]] and [[Kadapa Feeder Road|Kadapa Feeder]] intersecting with it. The spinal corridor takes off from NH-44 near Maruru in Ananthapuramu District and ends at Pedaparimi near Sakhamuru, thereby crossing the Vijayawada IRR near Tadikonda and ORR near Velavarthipadu. Few fragments of the proposed expressway pass through Nallamala Forest area. The expressway traverses across the districts of Ananthapuram, Kurnool, Kadapa, Prakasam and Guntur. 6-lane road starts from Yadavalli which forms a single straight stretch to the state capital. The expressway is proposed to be designed as a high-speed corridor by making it completely access-controlled.

The expressway was divided into 18 legs. But after changing its north end to Chilakaluripeta, the project remain with 14 legs.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Amaravathi - Anatapuram Expressway|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/27_Dec_2018_1227597339232G3DM2163PreFessibilityreport.pdf}}</ref>

The expressway would stretch for a length of {{Convert|598.78|km|mi|abbr=on}} and include {{Convert|368.50|km|mi|abbr=on}} of the service road. It will have a total length of 368.50 km of the Service Road. It will have 33 major bridges, four railway over bridges, 14 interchanges, and a 10 km length of the tunnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/CMDASHBOARDREPORTS/GreenFieldExpressReport.aspx|title=Green Field Express Way (Anantapur to Amaravati)|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026081851/http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/CMDASHBOARDREPORTS/GreenFieldExpressReport.aspx|archive-date=26 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In view of the huge cost for land acquisition, the state government proposal to upgrade existing state highway between Anantapur and Tadipatri and extending it to Giddaluru and upgrading the state highway Giddaluru-Vinukonda- Guntur as an alternative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prajasakti.com/anamtapauram-amaraaavatai-ekasaparaesa-vaee-ika-laeenatataee |title=అనంతపురం అమరావతి ఇక లేనట్టే.. |date=2021-04-02 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Prajasakti}}</ref> The proposal is accepted by the national government and is named as '''Anantapur-Guntur National highway 544D'''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/anantapur-guntur-nh-gets-govts-nod/articleshow/96213341.cms |title=Anantapur-Guntur national highway gets govt's nod |date=2022-12-14 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=TOI}}</ref>

==Route ==

=== Way points on the route ===
[[Anantapur]], [[Tadipatri]], Kolimigundla, Belum Caves, Owk, Banaganapalli, [[Nandyal]], Gajualapalli, [[Giddalur]], Cumbum, Thokapalli, Vinukonda, [[Narasaraopet]], [[Guntur]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{Cleanup road junction list|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} Terminal near Ananthpur.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|716|country=IND}} near Tadipatri.
: {{jct|NH|67|country=IND}} near Bugga.
: {{jct|NH|40|country=IND}} near Nandyal.
: {{jct|NH|167|country=IND}} near Narasaraopet.
: {{jct|NH|16|country=IND}} Terminal near Guntur.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/5739298 NH 544D on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH44 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Andhra Pradesh]]

Gajraj Bahadur Nagar

2025-10-13T14:26:11Z

LayneMatos1: Adding A Details

{{short description|Indian politician (1928 – 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gajraj Bahadur Nagar (1928 – 2001)
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1 October 1928
| birth_place = Bhowapur, [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date = 2001
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Lawyer}}
| years_active = 1977–2001
|spouse=Bhagwan Devi Nagar
|relatives=[[CarryMinati|Ajey Nagar]] (grandson)
|education=[[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]], ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]])
| party = [[Janata Party]]
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Gajraj Bahadur Nagar''' (1928 - 2001) was an Indian politician. He won the [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] from Mewla Maharajpur constituency of Faridabad in 1977<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mewla Maharajpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mewlamaharajpur-haryana-assembly-constituency#1977 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> and became the Minister of Food and Supplies in the Haryana Cabinet and died in 2001 at the age of 73.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-09 |title=The amazing survival saga of Haryana Chief Minister Bhajan Lal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19820630-the-amazing-survival-saga-of-haryana-chief-minister-bhajan-lal-771934-2013-10-09 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Verinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsoxXeEH_6IC&dq=Gajraj+Bahadur+Nagar&pg=PA569 |title=Pressure Groups and Politics of Influence |date=1997 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-881-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Samarth |date=2024-03-15 |title=Carry Minati: My mother wanted me to go for medical studies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/carry-minati-my-mother-wanted-me-to-go-for-medical-studies-101710483408788.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Nagar was born in a [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] family in Bhowapur, a village in [[Faridabad]], Haryana. He was a law (LLB) student and became the first student union president of [[Delhi University Students Union|DUSU]] in 1954-55.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Delhi University Students Union's first president to minister in Haryana: Gajraj Bahadur Nagar |url=https://www.pixstory.com/story/from-delhi-university-students-union-s-first-president-to-minister-in-haryana-gajraj-bahadur-nagar/212824 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Pixstory |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227095711/https://www.pixstory.com/story/from-delhi-university-students-union-s-first-president-to-minister-in-haryana-gajraj-bahadur-nagar/212824 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His wife Bhagwan Devi Nagar died in February 2021.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== See also ==
* [[Mewla–Maharajpur Assembly constituency]]
* [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category: 1928 births]]
[[Category: 2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Faridabad]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of Delhi University Students Union]]

Bachgoti Rajput

2025-09-28T15:53:33Z

LayneMatos1: new initial info added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
'''Bachgoti, Bachalgoti or Bachal, Bachhal'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=K̲h̲ān̲ |first1=Rānā Muḥammad Sarvar |title=The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture, and Nobility |date=2005 |publisher=Rana Muhammad Sarwar Khan |pages=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IARuAAAAMAAJ&q=bachal+ |access-date=28 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1903 |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |pages=123, 166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9E8iwF1lPMsC&dq=bachgoti+BACHAL&pg=RA2-PA6 |access-date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Husain |first1=Iqbal |title=The Ruhela Chieftaincies: The Rise and Fall of Ruhela Power in India in the Eighteenth Century |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563068-8 |pages=19,38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnRuAAAAMAAJ&q=bachhal+rajput |access-date=6 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> are a Hindu [[Rajput]] clan found scattered in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]] states of India. During Muslim rule of India, many of them converted to Islam and are now part of the [[Muslim Rajput]] community known as '''Bachgoti Khanzada'''. [[Edmund Barrow|E. G. Barrow]] in his book mentions Bachal Rajputs formed part of Indian Army<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barrow |first1=E. G. |title=Barrow's Sepoy Officer's Manual: A Book of Reference for Infantry Officers of the Indian Army |date=1918 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company |pages=198 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvc2AQAAMAAJ&q=bachgoti+bachal |access-date=28 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> especially [[Rajputana Rifles]]<ref name=rr/>
Among Rajputs [[Bargujar]]s accepted wives from Bachal Rajputs<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bingley |first1=A. H. |title=Handbook on Rajputs |date=December 1996 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0204-5 |pages=44–46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cc2HyXP5dygC&dq=bachal+rajput&pg=RA2-PA46-IA19 |access-date=28 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=Richard G. |title=Kin Clan Raja and Rule: State-Hinterland Relations in Preindustrial India |date=15 November 2023 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-32544-9 |pages=24–36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GebeEAAAQBAJ&q=bachgoti+&pg=PA24 |access-date=28 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Nitya |last2=Rürup |first2=Luise |title=A Just Right: Women's Ownership of Natural Resources and Livelihood Security |date=1997 |publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung |isbn=978-81-7440-044-4 |pages=242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PjsAAAAMAAJ&q=bachgoti+ |access-date=28 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=Richard G. |title=Kin Clan Raja and Rule: State-Hinterland Relations in Preindustrial India |date=15 November 2023 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-32544-9 |pages=24–88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GebeEAAAQBAJ&dq=bachgoti+rajput&pg=PA24 |access-date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Allāh |first1=Niʻmat |title=Niamatullah's History of the Afghans |date=1958 |publisher=Santiniketan Press |pages=139–140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QYNAAAAIAAJ&q=bachgoti |access-date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |date=1900 |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |pages=233,269,270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ&dq=bachgoti+rajput&pg=PA233 |access-date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=rr>{{cite book |last1=Sethna |first1=A. M. |last2=Katju |first2=Valmiki |title=Traditions of a Regiment: The Story of the Rajputana Rifles |date=1982 |publisher=Lancers Publishers |pages=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkssAAAAIAAJ&q=bachgoti+ |access-date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}
{{India-ethno-stub}}

[[Category:Rajput clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Haryana]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]

Kankagrambhukti

2025-09-25T08:58:30Z

LayneMatos1: update citations additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Historical region in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2013}}
'''Kankagrambhukti''' ({{langx|bn|কঙ্কগ্রামভুক্তি}}) was an ancient and medieval region/ territory spread across what are now [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]], [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]] and [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] districts in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

Ancient [[Rarh region]] was divided into several smaller regions – Kankangrambhukti, [[Bardhamanbhukti]] and [[Dandabhukti]], as part of the [[Gupta Empire]]. Kankagram was located on the banks of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]].<ref name=Ghosh>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, pp. 82-86, Prakash Bhaban</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Birbhum topics}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}

{{coord|23.9167|N|87.5333|E|source:fallingraingenomics_region:IN-WB |format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Ancient divisions in Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2019–20

2025-08-18T17:56:14Z

LayneMatos1: Starting data

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2019–20
| team1_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team1_name = Sri Lanka
| team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team2_name = West Indies
| from_date = 17 February
| to_date = 6 March 2020
| team1_captain = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] (ODIs) [[Lasith Malinga]] (T20Is)
| team2_captain = [[Kieron Pollard]]
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 3
| team2_ODIs_won = 0
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Avishka Fernando]] (206)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Shai Hope]] (238)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Angelo Mathews]] (5)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Alzarri Joseph]] (10)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (SL)
| no_of_twenty20s = 2
| team1_twenty20s_won = 0
| team2_twenty20s_won = 2
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Kusal Perera]] (81)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]] (76) [[Lendl Simmons]] (76)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = Seven bowlers took one wicket each<ref name="7bowlers" group="n">[[Dasun Shanaka]], [[Wanindu Hasaranga]], [[Lahiru Kumara]], [[Isuru Udana]], [[Angelo Mathews]], [[Lakshan Sandakan]] and [[Lasith Malinga]] all took one wicket each.</ref>
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Oshane Thomas]] (6)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Andre Russell]] (WI)
}}
The [[West Indies cricket team]] toured Sri Lanka in February and March 2020 to play three [[One Day International]] (ODI) and two [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/742337 |title=Schedule for inaugural World Test Championship announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/06/20/6dc2c8d4-e1a5-4dec-94b4-7121fab3cd7f/ICC_Tours.pdf |title=Men's Future Tours Programme |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=International Cricket Council |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711080228/https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/06/20/6dc2c8d4-e1a5-4dec-94b4-7121fab3cd7f/ICC_Tours.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/injured-sri-lanka-pacer-isuru-udana-virtually-ruled-out-of-third-t20-vs-india-1634902-2020-01-08 |title=Injured Sri Lanka pacer Isuru Udana virtually ruled out of third T20 vs India |work=India Today |access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref> The full schedule for the tour was confirmed by [[Sri Lanka Cricket]] on 21 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricket.lk/2020/01/west-indies-tour-of-sri-lanka-2020-tour-itinerary/ |title=West Indies Tour of Sri Lanka 2020 – Tour Itinerary |work=Sri Lanka Cricket |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28529329/wi-tour-sl-february-three-odis-two-t20is |title=WI to tour SL in February for three ODIs, two T20Is |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref> The West Indies [[West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015–16|last toured Sri Lanka]] in October and November 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepapare.com/west-indies-tour-of-sri-lanka-2020-schedule/ |title=Windies to tour Sri Lanka in February |work=The Papare |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref>

On 19 February 2020, Sri Lanka named their ODI squad, with [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] returning as captain of the side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricket.lk/2020/02/sri-lanka-odi-squad-for-west-indies-series/ |title=Sri Lanka ODI squad for West Indies series |work=Cricket Sri Lanka |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] had led the team in their previous ODI series, [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Pakistan in 2019–20|against Pakistan]], but was dropped due to poor form.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28734400/dimuth-karunaratne-back-captain-niroshan-dickwella-recalled-west-indies-odis |title=Dimuth Karunaratne back as captain, Niroshan Dickwella recalled for West Indies ODIs |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> Sri Lanka won the first two ODIs, to give them an unassailable lead in the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepapare.com/west-indies-tour-of-sri-lanka-2020-2nd-odi-match-report-scorecard/ |title=Mendis, Fernando and bowlers give Sri Lanka series win |work=The Papare |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref> Sri Lanka won the final ODI by six runs, winning the series 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1632095 |title=Mathews steps up for injury-hit Sri Lanka to secure series whitewash |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>

In the first T20I match, [[Kieron Pollard]] became the first cricketer to play in 500 [[Twenty20]] matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/kieron-pollard-becomes-first-player-to-play-500-t20s20200304202444 |title=Kieron Pollard becomes first player to play 500 T20s |work=ANI News |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226215449/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/kieron-pollard-becomes-first-player-to-play-500-t20s20200304202444/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sri-lanka-vs-west-indies-kieron-pollard-achieves-historic-first-in-pallekele-t20i-watch/story-oFF9BapQE53MZslAkZ3joK.html |title=Sri Lanka vs West Indies: Kieron Pollard achieves historic first in Pallekele T20I |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> The West Indies won the T20I series 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/russell-powers-west-indies-series-sweep-sri-lanka/ |title=Russell Powers West Indies to Series Sweep of Sri Lanka |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20Is
|-
! {{cr|SL}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepapare.com/west-indies-tour-of-sri-lanka-2020-sri-lanka-odi-squad/ |title=Thisara Perera is back – Sri Lanka squad for West Indies ODI series named |work=The Papare |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
! {{cr|WIN}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28626718/shimron-hetmyer,-evin-lewis-fail-fitness-tests,-miss-sri-lanka-odis |title=Shimron Hetmyer, Evin Lewis fail fitness tests, miss out on Sri Lanka ODIs |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
! {{cr|SL}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28792049/thisara-perera-nuwan-pradeep-back-sri-lanka-t20i-squad |title=Thisara Perera, Nuwan Pradeep back in Sri Lanka T20I squad |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref>
! {{cr|WIN}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28757341/andre-russell-oshane-thomas-back-west-indies-t20i-squad |title=Andre Russell, Oshane Thomas back in West Indies T20I squad |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Niroshan Dickwella]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Avishka Fernando]]
* [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
* [[Shehan Jayasuriya]]
* [[Lahiru Kumara]]
* [[Angelo Mathews]]
* [[Kusal Mendis]]
* [[Kusal Perera]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Thisara Perera]]
* [[Nuwan Pradeep]]
* [[Lakshan Sandakan]]
* [[Dasun Shanaka]]
* [[Dhananjaya de Silva]]
* [[Isuru Udana]]
|
* [[Kieron Pollard]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Fabian Allen]]
* [[Sunil Ambris]]
* [[Darren Bravo]]
* [[Roston Chase]]
* [[Sheldon Cottrell]]
* [[Jason Holder]]
* [[Shai Hope]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Alzarri Joseph]]
* [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]]
* [[Keemo Paul]]
* [[Nicholas Pooran]]
* [[Rovman Powell]]
* [[Romario Shepherd]]
* [[Hayden Walsh Jr.]]
|
* [[Lasith Malinga]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Niroshan Dickwella]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Asitha Fernando]]
* [[Avishka Fernando]]
* [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
* [[Shehan Jayasuriya]]
* [[Lahiru Kumara]]
* [[Angelo Mathews]]
* [[Kusal Mendis]]
* [[Kusal Perera]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Thisara Perera]]
* <s>[[Nuwan Pradeep]]</s>
* [[Lakshan Sandakan]]
* [[Dasun Shanaka]]
* <s>[[Dhananjaya de Silva]]</s>
* [[Isuru Udana]]
|
* [[Kieron Pollard]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Fabian Allen]]
* [[Dwayne Bravo]]
* [[Sheldon Cottrell]]
* [[Shimron Hetmyer]]
* [[Shai Hope]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]]
* [[Nicholas Pooran]]
* [[Rovman Powell]]
* [[Andre Russell]]
* [[Lendl Simmons]]
* [[Oshane Thomas]]
* [[Hayden Walsh Jr.]]
* [[Kesrick Williams]]
|}

During the ODI series, [[Nuwan Pradeep]] and [[Dhananjaya de Silva]] both suffered injuries and were ruled out of Sri Lanka's T20I squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28821140/nuwan-pradeep-dhananjaya-de-silva-west-indies-t20is |title=Nuwan Pradeep, Dhananjaya de Silva out of West Indies T20Is |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref> [[Asitha Fernando]] replaced Pradeep, but no replacement was named for de Silva.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1633560 |title=Pradeep, de Silva out for Windies T20Is, Asitha Fernando in |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

==Tour matches==
===One-day match: Sri Lanka Board President's XI vs West Indies===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 February 2020
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL|name=Sri Lanka Board President's XI}}
| score1 = 282 (49.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Darren Bravo]] 100 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Dilshan Madushanka]] 3/47 (7 overs)
| score2 = 283/8 (47.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 120 (124)
| wickets2 = [[Sheldon Cottrell]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka Board President's XI won by 2 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1213869.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium|P. Sara Oval]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Hemantha Boteju]] (SL) and [[Rohitha Kottahachchi]] (SL)
| motm =
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===One-day match: Sri Lanka Board President's XI vs West Indies===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 February 2020
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL|name=Sri Lanka Board President's XI}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 276/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Minod Bhanuka]] 69 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Keemo Paul]] 2/45 (9 overs)
| score2 = 277/4 (46.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Roston Chase]] 136 (113)
| wickets2 = [[Vishwa Fernando]] 2/56 (8.3 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1213870.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Chilaw Marians Cricket Club Ground|FTZ Sports Complex]], [[Katunayake]]
| umpires = [[Deepal Gunawardene]] (SL) and [[Ravindra Kottahachchi]] (SL)
| motm =
| toss = Sri Lanka Board President's XI won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 February 2020
| time = 09:45
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 289/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shai Hope]] 115 (140)
| wickets1 = [[Isuru Udana]] 3/82 (10 overs)
| score2 = 290/9 (49.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] 52 (57)
| wickets2 = [[Alzarri Joseph]] 3/42 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 1 wicket
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1213871.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Singhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 February 2020
| time = 14:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 345/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Avishka Fernando]] 127 (123)
| wickets1 = [[Sheldon Cottrell]] 4/67 (10 overs)
| score2 = 184 (39.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shai Hope]] 51 (65)
| wickets2 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 3/30 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 161 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1213872.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Mahinda Rajapaksa International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hambantota]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Lyndon Hannibal]] (SL)
| motm = [[Avishka Fernando]] (SL)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Kusal Perera]] (SL) played in his 100th ODI.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200226-fernando-and-mendis-power-sri-lanka-to-345-8-against-west-indies |title=Fernando and Mendis power Sri Lanka to 345-8 against West Indies |work=France24 |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
* In terms of runs, this was Sri Lanka's biggest win against the West Indies in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1625848 |title=Record-breaking Sri Lankan batting delivers series win with 161-run victory |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 March 2020
| time = 14:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 307 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kusal Mendis]] 55 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Alzarri Joseph]] 4/65 (10 overs)
| score2 = 301/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shai Hope]] 72 (88)
| wickets2 = [[Angelo Mathews]] 4/59 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 6 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1213873.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires = [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Angelo Mathews]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 March 2020
| time = 19:00
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 196/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Lendl Simmons]] 67[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 1/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 171 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kusal Perera]] 66 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Oshane Thomas]] 5/28 (3 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 25 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1213874.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Prageeth Rambukwella]] (SL)
| motm = [[Oshane Thomas]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Kieron Pollard]] (WI) played in his 500th [[Twenty20]] match,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19745/preview/1213874/sri-lanka-vs-west-indies-1st-t20i-west-indies-in-sri-lanka-2019-20 |title=Sri Lanka look to end torrid run and mar Kieron Pollard's 500th T20 party |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> and scored his 10,000th run in the format.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1635434 |title=Thomas five-for powers Windies to 25-run victory |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Oshane Thomas]] (WI) took his first [[List of five-wicket hauls in Twenty20 International cricket|five-wicket haul in T20Is]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/amazing-oshane-puts-west-indies-top-first-t20i-vs-sri-lanka/ |title=Amazing Oshane puts West Indies Up Top in first T20I vs Sri Lanka |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 March 2020
| time = 19:00
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 155/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dasun Shanaka]] 31[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets1 = [[Fabian Allen]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 158/3 (17 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]] 43 (21)
| wickets2 = [[Dasun Shanaka]] 1/10 (1 over)
| result = West Indies won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1213875.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires = [[Lyndon Hannibal]] (SL) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Andre Russell]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Statistics==
===Most runs (ODI)===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Rank
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Runs
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Player
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Innings
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Average
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| High Score
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| 100
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| 50
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | '''238'''
| style="background:gold;"| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|Shai|Hope}} || style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | 3 || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| '''79.33''' || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| 115 || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| '''1''' || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| '''2'''
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | '''206'''
| {{flagicon|SL}} {{sortname|Avishka|Fernando}} || align=center rowspan=4| 3 || align=center | 68.66 || align=center | '''127''' || align=center rowspan=2 | '''1''' || align=center rowspan=2 | 1
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | '''194'''
| {{flagicon|SL}} {{sortname|Kusal|Mendis}} || align=center | 64.66 || align=center | 119
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | '''106'''
| {{flagicon|SL}} {{sortname|Thisara|Perera}} || align=center | 35.33 || align=center | 38 || align=center rowspan=2 | 0 || align=center | 0
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | '''97'''
| {{flagicon|SL}} {{sortname|Dimuth|Karunaratne}} || align=center | 32.33 || align=center | 52 || align=center | 1
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last Updated: 1 August 2020
|}

===Most wickets (ODI)===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Rank
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Wickets
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Player
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Innings
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Best
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Average
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"|Economy
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | '''10'''
| style="background:gold;"| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|Alzarri|Joseph}} || style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | 3 || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| 4/65 || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| '''16.40''' || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| 5.46
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | '''5'''
| {{flagicon|SL}} {{sortname|Angelo|Mathews}} || align=center rowspan=7 | 3 || align=center | '''4/59''' || align=center | 19.20 || align=center | 5.33
|-
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|Sheldon|Cottrel}} || align=center | 4/67 || align=center | 38.80 || align=center | 6.46
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | '''4'''
| {{flagicon|SL}} {{sortname|Wanindu|Hasaranga}} || align=center | 3/30 || align=center | 29.50 || align=center | '''3.93'''
|-
| {{flagicon|SL}} {{sortname|Isuru|Udana}} || align=center | 3/82 || align=center | 44.75 || align=center | 7.45
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3 | '''3'''
| {{flagicon|SL}} {{sortname|Nuwan|Pradeep}} || align=center | 2/37 || align=center | 33.66 || align=center | 4.92
|-
| {{flagicon|SL}} {{sortname|Lakshan|Sandakan}} || align=center | 3/57 || align=center | 43.33 || align=center | 6.78
|-
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|Jason|Holder}} || align=center | 2/68 || align=center | 57.00 || align=center | 6.10
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last Updated: 1 August 2020
|}

===Most runs (T20I)===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Rank
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Runs
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Player
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Innings
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Average
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| High Score
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Strike Rate
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| 50
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | '''81'''
| style="background:gold;"| {{flagicon|SL}}
{{sortname|Kusal|Perera}}
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | 2 || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| 40.50 || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| 66 || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| 158.82 || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| '''1'''
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | '''76'''
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|Brandon|King|dab=cricketer}} || align=center rowspan=4| 2 || align=center | 38.00 || align=center | 43 || align=center | 165.21 || align=center | 0
|-
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|Lendl|Simmons}} || align=center | '''76.00''' || align=center | '''67*''' || align=center | 128.81 || align=center | '''1'''
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | '''75'''
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|Andre|Russell}} || align=center | 75.00 || align=center | 40* || align=center | '''267.85''' || align=center | 0
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | '''52'''
| {{flagicon|SL}} {{sortname|Wanindu|Hasaranga}} || align=center | 26.00 || align=center | 44 || align=center | 123.80 || align=center | 0
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | '''43'''
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|Shimron|Hetmyer}} || align=center | 1 || align=center | - || align=center | 43* || align=center | 102.38 || align=center | 0
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last Updated: 1 August 2020
|}

===Most wickets (T20I)===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Rank
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Wickets
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Player
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Innings
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Best
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"| Average
! scope=col style="background:#9cf;"|Economy
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | '''6'''
| style="background:gold;"| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|Oshane|Thomas}} || style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | 2 || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| '''5/28''' || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| '''8.66''' || style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| 7.42
|-
| align=center rowspan=4 | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4 | '''2'''
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|Fabian|Allen}} || align=center rowspan=2| 1 || align=center | 2/24 || align=center | 12.00 || align=center | '''6.00'''
|-
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|Rovman|Powell}} || align=center | 2/31 || align=center | 15.50 || align=center | 7.75
|-
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|Sheldon|Cottrel}} || align=center rowspan=2 | 2 || align=center | 1/14 || align=center | 21.50 || align=center | 6.97
|-
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} {{sortname|DJ|Bravo}} || align=center | 1/30 || align=center | 32.50 || align=center | 8.12
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last Updated: 1 August 2020
|}

[[Sri Lankan cricket team in South Africa in 2020-21]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/1213866.html Series home at ESPN Cricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}
{{International cricket in 2019–20}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2019-20}}
[[Category:2020 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:2020 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2019–20]]
[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of Sri Lanka]]

Robert Buckley Comyn

2025-07-21T04:52:17Z

LayneMatos1:

{{Short description|British judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sir Robert Buckley Comyn
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| order1 = [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start1 =1835
| term_end1 =1842
| predecessor1 = [[Ralph Palmer (judge)|Sir Ralph Palmer]]
| successor1 = Sir [[Edward John Gambier]]
| birth_date = 26 October 1792
| birth_place =
| death_date = 23 May 1853
| death_place =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =[[lawyer]], [[judge]]
| profession =[[Chief Justice]]
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Robert Buckley Comyn''' (26 October 1792 – 23 May 1853) was a British judge who served as [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Madras High Court]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] from 1835 to 1842.

Born at Tottenham, the third son of Rev. Thomas Comyn, M.A. ([[Balliol College, Oxford]]),<ref>{{alox2|title=Comyn, (Sir) Robert Buckley}}</ref> vicar of [[Tottenham]] and Chaplain of the [[Royal Hospital Chelsea|Royal Hospital, Chelsea]],<ref>{{Cite ODNB | url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-6048 |doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/6048|title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year = 2004}}</ref> and Harriet Charlotte (née Stables), Comyn was educated at the [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood|Merchant Taylors' School]], then [[St John's College, Oxford]] (B.A. 1813, M.A. 1815). His grandfather, Stephen Comyn, of Widial, Herts., was a barrister and [[Bencher]] of the [[Inner Temple]], as was his uncle, Robert Valens Comyn,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/comyn-valens-1700-51 |title = COMYN, Valens (bef.1700-51), of Eversley, Hants. | History of Parliament Online}}</ref><ref>Alumni Oxonienses 1715-1886, vol. I- Later Series, ed. Joseph Foster, James Parker & Co., 1891, pg 284</ref> and Robert elected to join this profession.

He was [[called to the Bar]] from [[Lincoln's Inn]] in 1814, and was in practice until his appointment as a puisne judge at Calcutta in 1825. He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in February of that year. In 1835, Comyn was appointed [[Chief Justice of Madras|Chief Justice of the Madras High Court]], and remained in that capacity until his retirement in 1842. He received the degree of [[D.C.L.]] from Oxford, and was elected a Bencher of the [[Middle Temple]] in 1844.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Comyn,_Robert_Buckley_(DNB00) | title=Comyn Robert Buckley| volume=11}}</ref><ref>The Gentleman's Magazine, vol. XI, July to December inclusive, 1853, ed. [[Edward Cave|Sylvanus Urban]], pg 93</ref>

Comyn wrote three books: two on law (on usury and landlord/ tenant law), and one volume on the history of Western Europe from the time of [[Charlemagne]] to that of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Comyn,_Robert_Buckley_(DNB00) | title=Comyn Robert Buckley| volume=11}}</ref>

Comyn's sister, Harriet (died 1817), married firstly, Thomas Ainley, of Gloucester, then, as his widow, married in 1814 to John Stracey, of Sprouston Lodge, Norfolk, son of Sir Edward Stracey, 1st [[Stracey Baronets|Baronet]], of Rackheath Hall, Norfolk.<ref>The Baronetage of England, John Debrett, fourth ed., vol. 2, 1819, pg 1325-26</ref> The Comyn family descended from Robert Comyn, [[Archdeacon of Ludlow|Archdeacon of Salop (now Ludlow)]] from 1713 to circa 1727.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/comyn-valens-1700-51 |title = COMYN, Valens (bef.1700-51), of Eversley, Hants. | History of Parliament Online}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Comyn, Robert Buckley}}
[[Category:1792 births]]
[[Category:1853 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British judges]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Oxford]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}
{{UK-law-bio-stub}}