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Pole vault

2026-05-27T21:32:19Z

LaverneHenry: New - done

{{Short description|Track and field event}}
{{About|the track and field event|the Cold War era communications system|Pole Vault (communications system)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox athletics event
|event= Pole vault
|image= [[File:Pole Vault Sequence 3.jpg|300px]]
|caption= An athlete in the middle of the vaulting phase
|WRmen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Armand Duplantis]] {{T&Fcalc|6.31}} {{athAbbr|i}} (2026)}}
|ORmen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Armand Duplantis]] {{T&Fcalc|6.25}} (2024)}}
|CRmen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Armand Duplantis]] {{T&Fcalc|6.30}} (2025)}}
|WRwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Yelena Isinbayeva]] {{T&Fcalc|5.06}} (2009)}}
|ORwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Yelena Isinbayeva]] {{T&Fcalc|5.05}} (2008)}}
|CRwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Yelena Isinbayeva]] {{T&Fcalc|5.01}} (2005)}}
|ICRmen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Armand Duplantis]] {{T&Fcalc|6.25}} (2026)}}
|ICRwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Sandi Morris]] {{T&Fcalc|4.95}} (2018)}}}}

'''Pole vaulting''', also known as '''pole jumping''', is a [[track and field]] event in which an athlete uses a long and flexible pole, usually made from [[fiberglass]] or [[carbon fiber]], as an aid to jump over a [[#bar|bar]]. Pole jumping was already practiced by the [[Ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptians]], [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] and the [[Gaelic Ireland|ancient Irish people]], although modern pole vaulting, an athletic contest where height is measured, was first established by the German teacher [[Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths]] in the 1790s.<ref name=VaulterMag2012>{{Cite web|last=De Castro|first=Dylan|date=21 August 2012|title=Ancient Pole Vaulting|url=https://vaultermagazine.com/ancient-pole-vaulting/|website=Vaulter Magazine}}</ref> It has been a full medal event at the [[Olympic Games]] since [[Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics|1896]] for men and since [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000]] for women.

It is typically classified as one of the four major jumping events in [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], alongside the [[high jump]], [[long jump]] and [[triple jump]]. It is unusual among track and field events in that it requires a significant amount of specialised equipment in order to participate, even at a basic level. A number of elite pole vaulters have had backgrounds in [[gymnastics]], including world record breakers [[Yelena Isinbayeva]] and [[Brian Sternberg]], reflecting the similar physical attributes required for the events.<ref>Rosenbaum, Mike. [http://trackandfield.about.com/od/polevault/p/profileisinbaye.htm Yelena Isinbayeva: Pole Vault Record-Breaker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906144055/http://trackandfield.about.com/od/polevault/p/profileisinbaye.htm |date=6 September 2015 }}. About Track and Field. Retrieved on 25 January 2014.</ref><ref>Rudman, Steve (31 May 2013). [http://sportspressnw.com/2152412/2013/huskies-vault-legend-brian-sternberg-1943-13 Huskies vault legend Brian Sternberg (1943–13)]. Sports Press NW. Retrieved on 25 January 2014.</ref> Physical attributes such as speed, agility and strength, along with technical skill, are essential to pole vaulting.

==History==
[[File:Robert Musgrave of Keswick (1841-1901).png|thumb|Robert Musgrave of Keswick (1841−1901), the first man to clear more than ten feet in the pole vault.]]
[[File:Pole vaulting LOC det.4a15081.jpg|thumb|Pole vault in the 1890s at [[US Naval Academy]]]]

Pole jumping was already practiced by the [[Ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptians]], [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] and the [[Gaelic Ireland|ancient Irish people]].<ref name="VaulterMag2012" /><ref name=VaulterMag2017>{{Cite magazine|last=Memmel|first=Eliah|date=May 2017|title=Development of Pole Vaulting Safety and Technology|url=https://issuu.com/thevaultermagazine/docs/may_final_e02829ecdee094|magazine=Vaulter Magazine|issue=61|pages=18–22}}</ref> As depicted on stone engravings and artifacts dating back to c. 2500 BC, the Egyptians used [[spear]]s to mount enemy structures, and to pass over [[irrigation]] [[Ditch|ditches]]. Vases and pots from Greece show that poles were used by the locals to jump onto or over objects. From c. 1800 BC to c. 550 BC, a sport akin to pole vaulting was probably included in the Irish [[Tailteann Games (ancient)|Tailteann Games]], although the pole might have been used for gaining distance rather than height, as ancient Irish farmers used poles to jump over canals and rivers. Modern pole vaulting, an athletic contest where height is measured, was first established by the German teacher [[Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths]] in the 1790s.<ref name="VaulterMag2012" /><ref name="VaulterMag2017" /> GutsMuths is also considered by many to be the father of modern pole vaulting, as he described jumping standards, the distance of the approach, recommendations on hand grip, and the principles of pole jumping.<ref name="VaulterMag2017" /> It was first practiced as a sport in Germany,<ref name="VaulterMag2012" /> later spreading to the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref name="VaulterMag2017" /> The earliest recorded pole vaulting competition in England where height was measured took place at the [[Ulverston|Ulverston Football and Cricket Club]], [[Furness|Lancashire, north of the sands]], in 1843.<ref>Turnbull, Simon (13 June 2009). [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/athletics/kate-dennison-it-helps-being-a-little-bit-crazy-1704055.html Kate Dennison: 'It helps being a little bit crazy']. ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved on 15 June 2009.</ref> Pole vault was one of the athletics events of the inaugural [[Olympic Games]] in [[1896 Summer Olympics|1896]].<ref name="VaulterMag2012" />

Originally, poles were made of ash and from hickory wood. Bamboo poles were introduced in 1904, and both aluminum and steel poles appeared after 1945. [[Fiberglass|Glass fiber]] vaulting poles received much notice in the American press in the early 1960s. [[John Uelses]] set a new world record with one on 2 February 1962.<ref>"Track Goals All Too Low" (Associated Press story). The Sunday Press (Binghamton, NY), 4 February 1962, 5D.</ref> In February 1963 the standing world record was surpassed by UCLA's C. K. Yang and two other vaulters within a nine-day period using fiberglass poles.<ref>"How fair is a flip with the flexible pole?" LIFE, 22 February 1963, 36.</ref>. Poles made of glass fiber were not new at the time, however. Herb Jenks had been manufacturing them since 1948—the year [[Bob Mathias]] first used one—and Mathias's pole was fiberglass when he won the decathlon at the 1952 Olympics.<ref>Maule, Tex. "He Could Do It on Bamboo." Sports Illustrated, 26 February 1963, 12.</ref>

James Monroe Lindler of the Columbia Products Company (Columbia, SC) filed a patent application on 10 March 1967—granted patent status on 27 January 1970—for the manufacture of, "a vaulting pole of hollow construction with an integral helical winding," and a method of manufacturing the same (see: [https://patents.google.com/patent/US3491999A/en?oq=US3491999A US Patent US3491999A]). The process starts with a metal tube, referred to in the industry as a mandrel, around which is wound a tape made of glass fibers impregnated with a resin. This is baked in an oven and after cooling the mandrel is removed to leave a hollow glass fiber tube. This process was based on a similar method used for manufacturing glass fiber golf clubs patented by the Woolley Manufacturing Company of Escondido, California in 1954 (see: [https://patents.google.com/patent/US2822175A/en?oq=US3491999A US Patent US2822175A]).

[[File:Walter R. Dray, world record holder for the pole vault.png|thumb|Walter R. Dray, holder of the world record for the pole vault of 12ft 9 1/2in (3.90m) set at Danbury, Connecticut, 13 June 1908.]]

In September 2005, Jeffrey P. Watry, Ralph W. Paquin, and Kenneth A. Hursey of Gill Athletic, Champaign, Illinois, filed application to patent a new method of winding the glass fibers around the pole in layers, each wound in a different direction or orientation to provide specific properties to various parts of the pole. This was called Carbon Weave, and their patent was granted on 21 October 2008 (see: [https://patents.google.com/patent/US7438962B1/en?oq=US3491999A US Patent US3491999A]). David J. Dodge and William C. Doble of the Alliance Design and Development Group of New York City, New York, were granted a patent in 2006 for the manufacture of, "sports equipment having a tubular structural member" which led to the introduction of [[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers|carbon fiber]] vaulting poles in 2007 (see: [https://patents.google.com/patent/US7140398B2/en?oq=US7140398B2 US Patent US7140398B2]).

[[File:Allison Stokke.jpg|thumb|Pole vaulter [[Allison Stokke]] prepares for her jump.]]

In 2000, IAAF rule 260.18a (formerly 260.6a) was amended, so that "world records" (as opposed to "indoor world records") can be set in a facility "with or without roof". This rule was not applied retroactively.<ref>{{cite web|title=12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Berlin 2009.|url=http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/15/63/20090706014834_httppostedfile_p345-688_11303.pdf|publisher=IAAF Media & Public Relations Department|location=Monte Carlo|page=546|year=2009|access-date=17 August 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629134819/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/15/63/20090706014834_httppostedfile_p345-688_11303.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> With many indoor facilities not conforming to outdoor track specifications for size and flatness, the pole vault was the only world record set indoors until 2022.

== Modern vaulting ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
Today, athletes compete in the pole vault as one of the four [[jumping]] events in [[track and field]]. Because the [[high jump]] and pole vault are both vertical jumps, the competitions are conducted similarly. Each athlete can choose at what height they would like to enter the competition. Most pole vault competitions include warm-up periods or open practice jumps for an athlete waiting to jump for a certain amount of time after the event begins. Warm-up vaults are awarded if an athlete passes a certain number of heights, or does not jump for a certain amount of time. Once they enter, they have three attempts to clear the height. If a height is cleared, the vaulter advances to the next height, where they will have three more attempts. Once the vaulter has three consecutive misses, they are out of the competition and the highest height they cleared is their result. A "no height", often denoted "NH", refers to the failure of a vaulter to clear any bar during the competition.

Once the vaulter enters the competition, they can choose to pass heights. If a vaulter achieves a miss on their first attempt at a height, they can pass to the next height, but they will only have two attempts at that height, as they will be out once they achieve three consecutive misses. Similarly, after earning two misses at a height, they could pass to the next height, where they would have only one attempt.

[[File:Pole vault Its all for this moment.jpg|thumb|left|An athlete passes the bar with the aid of a pole.]]

The competitor who clears the highest height is the winner. If two or more vaulters have finished with the same height, the tie is broken by the number of misses at the final height. If the tied vaulters have the same number of misses at the last height cleared, the tie is broken by the total number of misses in the competition.

If there is still a tie for first place, a jump-off occurs to break the tie. Marks achieved in this type of jump-off are considered valid and count for any purpose that a mark achieved in a normal competition would.

If a tie in the other places still exists, a jump-off is not normally conducted, unless the competition is a qualifying meet, and the tie exists in the final qualifying spot. In this case, an administrative jump-off is conducted to break the tie, but the marks are not considered valid for any other purpose than breaking the tie.

A jump-off is a [[sudden death (sport)|sudden death]] competition in which the tied vaulters attempt the same height, starting with the last attempted height. If both vaulters miss, the [[#bar|bar]] goes down by a small increment, and if both clear, the bar goes up by a small increment. A jump-off ends when one vaulter clears and the other misses. Each vaulter gets one attempt at each height until one clears and one misses.

The equipment and rules for pole vaulting are similar to the [[high jump]]. Unlike high jump, however, the athlete in the vault has the ability to select the [[#standards|horizontal position]] of the bar, known as the standards, before each jump and can place it a distance beyond the back of the [[#box|box]], the metal pit that the pole is placed into immediately before takeoff. The range of distance the vaulter may place the standards varies depending on the level of competition.

[[File:Salto con l Asta.jpg|thumb|Painting by former athlete [[Raffaello Ducceschi]] depicting the pole vault ]]

If the pole used by the athlete dislodges the [[#bar|bar]] from the uprights, a foul attempt is ruled, even if the athlete has cleared the height. An athlete does not benefit from quickly leaving the landing pad before the bar has fallen. The exception to this rule is if the vaulter is vaulting outdoors and has made a clear effort to throw the pole back, but the wind has blown the pole into the bar; this counts as a clearance. This call is made at the discretion of the pole vault official. If the pole breaks during the execution of a vault, it is considered an equipment failure and is ruled a non-jump, neither a make nor a miss. Other types of equipment failure include the standards slipping down or the wind dislodging the bar when no contact was made by the vaulter.

Each athlete has a set amount of time in which to make an attempt. The time starts when the official deems the standards to be set, ready for the athlete to attempt their jump. When every athlete is still in the competition, each vaulter has one minute to complete their jump. When 3 athletes are remaining the time moves to 2 minutes. 2 athletes remaining gets 3 minutes. After the final jumper remains, he or she gets 5 minutes on the runway. The amount of time varies by level of competition and the number of vaulters remaining. If the vaulter fails to begin an attempt within this time, the vaulter is charged with a time foul and the attempt is a miss.

Poles are manufactured with ratings corresponding to the vaulter's maximum weight. As a safety precaution, some organizations forbid use of poles rated below the vaulter's weight. The recommended weight roughly corresponds to a flex rating that is determined by the manufacturer by applying a standardized amount of stress (most commonly 23 kgf (230 N or 50 lb)) on the pole and measuring how much the center of the pole is displaced. Therefore, two poles rated at the same weight are not necessarily the same stiffness.

Pole stiffness and length are important factors to a vaulter's performance. Therefore, it is not uncommon for an elite vaulter to carry as many as ten poles to a competition. The effective length of a pole can be changed by gripping the pole higher or lower in relation to the top of the pole. The left and right [[#grip|handgrips]] are typically a bit more than shoulder width apart. Poles are manufactured for people of all skill levels and body sizes, with lengths between {{Convert|3.05|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|5.30|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and a wide range of weight ratings. Each manufacturer determines the weight rating for the pole and the location of the maximum handhold band.

==Technology==
Competitive pole vaulting began using solid [[Fraxinus|ash]] poles. As the heights attained increased, bamboo poles gave way to tubular [[aluminum]],<ref>McCormick, Matthew (26 February 2014) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041417/http://illumin.usc.edu/printer/143/soaring-to-new-heights-the-evolution-of-pole-vaulting-and-pole-materials/ "Soaring to New Heights: The Evolution of Pole Vaulting and Pole Materials"] Retrieved on 19 February 2024.</ref> which was tapered at each end. Today's pole vaulters benefit from poles produced by wrapping pre-cut sheets of [[fiberglass]] that contains resin around a metal pole mandrel, to produce a slightly curved pole that bends more easily under the compression caused by an athlete's take-off. The shape of the fiberglass sheets and the amount of fiberglass used is carefully planned to provide the desired length and stiffness of pole. Different fiber types, including carbon fiber, are used to give poles specific characteristics intended to promote higher jumps. In recent years, carbon fiber has been added to the commonly used E-glass (E for initial electrical use) and S-glass (S for solid) materials to create a lighter pole.

As in the [[high jump]], the landing area was originally a heap of sawdust or sand where athletes landed on their feet. As technology enabled higher vaults, mats evolved into bags of large chunks of foam. Today's mats are foam usually {{convert|1|-|1.5|m|sp=us}} thick. They are usually built up with two cross-laid square section logs with gaps between them, topped by a solid layer of foam of the same thickness. This lattice construction is wrapped in a close-fitting cover topped with nylon mesh, which allows some air to escape, thus combining both foam and a measure of air cushioning. The final layer is a large mat of mesh-covered foam which is clipped around the edges of the complete pit and prevents the athlete from falling between the individual bags. The size of mats used has been increasing in area to minimize the risk of injury. Proper landing technique is on the back or shoulders. Landing on the feet should be avoided, to eliminate the risk of injury to the lower extremities, particularly ankle sprains.

Rule changes over the years have resulted in larger landing areas and additional padding of all hard and unyielding surfaces.

The pole vault crossbar has evolved from a triangular aluminum bar to a round fiberglass bar with rubber ends. This is balanced on standards and can be knocked off when it is hit by a pole vaulter or the pole. Rule changes have led to shorter pegs and crossbar ends that are semi-circular.

==Technique==
{{multiple image
|direction = vertical
|width = 200
|header = Phases of pole vaulting

|footer = Théo Mancheron competes in the men's [[decathlon]] pole vault final during the French Athletics Championships 2013 at [[Stade Charléty]] in Paris, 13 July 2013.
|image1 = Men decathlon PV French Athletics Championships 2013 t141910a.jpg
|image2 = Men decathlon PV French Athletics Championships 2013 t141910b.jpg
|image3 = Men decathlon PV French Athletics Championships 2013 t141910c.jpg
|image4 = Men decathlon PV French Athletics Championships 2013 t141911a.jpg
|image5 = Men decathlon PV French Athletics Championships 2013 t141911b.jpg
}}
[[File:PoleVaulting.png|alt=Pole-vaulting phases|none|thumb|462x462px|Pole-vaulting phases]]
Although many techniques are used by vaulters at various skill levels to clear the [[#bar|bar]], the generally accepted technical model can be broken down into several phases.

=== Approach ===
During the approach the pole vaulter sprints down the runway in such a way as to achieve maximum speed and correct position to initiate [[takeoff]] at the end of the approach. A tape measure is laid on the runway so vaulters know exactly where to start their run from. Each vaulter has a certain starting distance, dependent on how many steps away from the box they start. Top class vaulters use approaches with 18 to 22 strides, often referred to as a "step" in which every other foot is counted as one step. For example when a vaulter takes 18 strides, it would be referred to as a 9-step, as 22 strides would be an 11-step. The run-up to the vaulting pit begins forcefully with the vaulter running powerfully in a relaxed, upright position with knees lifted and torso leaning very slightly forward. Right handed vaulters will start with a step back with their right foot before starting the run, left handed vaulters with their left back to begin. The head, shoulders and hips are aligned, the vaulter increasing speed as the body becomes erect. The tip of the vaulting pole is angled higher than eye level until three paces from takeoff, when the pole tip descends efficiently, amplifying run speed as the pole is planted into the vault box. The faster the vaulter can run and the more efficient their take-off is, the greater the [[kinetic energy]] that can be achieved and used during the vault.

=== Plant and take-off ===
The plant and take-off is initiated typically three steps out from the final step. Vaulters will usually count their steps backwards from their starting point to the box only counting the steps taken on the left foot (vice versa for left-handers). For example, a vaulter on a "ten count" (referring to the number of counted steps from the starting point to the box) would count backwards from ten, only counting the steps taken with the left foot. These last three steps are normally quicker than the previous strides and are referred to as the "turn-over". The goal of this phase is to efficiently translate the [[kinetic energy]] accumulated from the approach into [[potential energy]] stored by the elasticity of the pole, and to gain as much initial vertical height as possible by jumping off the ground. The plant starts with the vaulter raising their arms up from around the hips or mid-torso until they are fully outstretched above the head, with the right arm extended directly above the head and the left arm extended perpendicular to the pole (vice versa for left-handed vaulters). At the same time, the vaulter is dropping the pole tip into the [[#box|box]]. On the final step, the vaulter jumps off the trail leg which should always remain straight and then drives the front knee forward. As the pole slides into the back of the [[#box|box]] the pole begins to bend and the vaulter continues up and forward, leaving the trail leg angled down and behind, the body in a backwards 'C' position.

=== Swing up ===
The swing and row simply consists of the vaulter swinging the trail leg forward and rowing the pole, bringing the top arm down to the hips, while trying to keep the trail leg straight to store more potential energy into the pole, the rowing motion also keeps the pole bent for a longer period of time for the vaulter to get into optimum position. When parallel to the pole the left arm hugs the pole tight to efficiently use the recoil within the pole. The goal is to carry out these motions as thoroughly and as quickly as possible; it is a race against the unbending of the pole. Effectively, this causes a double [[pendulum]] motion, with the top of the pole moving forward and pivoting from the box, while the vaulter acts as a second pendulum pivoting from the right hand. This action gives the vaulter the best position possible to be "ejected" off the pole. The swing continues until the hips are above the head and the arms are pulling the pole close to the chest; from there the vaulter shoots their legs up over the cross bar while keeping the pole close.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usatf.org/groups/coaches/library/2007/Pole%20Vault%20Training/2007NPEP-McGinnis.pdf|title=Mechanics of the pole vault|last=McGinnis|first=Peter|date=December 2015|website=usatf.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/learning-the-pole-vault-3259054|title=How to Do the Pole Vault in Track and Field|work=ThoughtCo|access-date=2 May 2018}}</ref>

=== Extension ===
The extension refers to the extension of the hips upward with outstretched legs as the shoulders drive down, causing the vaulter to be positioned upside down. This position is often referred to as "inversion". While this phase is executed, the pole begins to recoil, propelling the vaulter quickly upward. The hands of the vaulter remain close to the body as they move from the shins back to the region around the hips and upper torso.

=== Turn ===
The turn is executed immediately during the end of the rockback. As the name implies, the vaulter turns 180° toward the pole while extending the arms down past the head and shoulders. Typically the vaulter will begin to angle their body toward the [[#bar|bar]] as the turn is executed, although ideally the vaulter will remain as vertical as possible. The motion of the vaulter can be described as a spin around an imaginary axis from head to toe.

=== Fly-away ===
This is often highly emphasized by spectators and novice vaulters, but it is the easiest phase of the vault and is a result of proper execution of previous phases. This phase mainly consists of the vaulter pushing off the pole and releasing it so the pole falls away from the crossbar and mats. As the torso goes over and around the crossbar, the vaulter is facing the crossbar. Rotation of the body over the bar occurs naturally, and the vaulter's main concern is making sure that his arms, face and any other appendages do not knock the bar off as they go over. Vaulters aim to whip their upper torso around the top of the cross bar to ensure their elbows and face do not knock it off. The elite vaulter's center of gravity passes underneath the crossbar when they have their hips in the highest position like the crotch of an upside-down 'V'. The vaulter should land near the middle of the foam landing mats, or pit, face up. Landing on the feet or stomach first may lead to injuries or other problems.

== Terminology ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021|details=Zero sources}}
; {{anchor|bar}}'''Bar''': The cross bar that is suspended above the ground by the standards.
; {{anchor|box}}'''Box''': A trapezoidal indentation in the ground with a metal or fiberglass covering at the end of the runway in which vaulters "plant" their pole. The back wall of the box is nearly vertical and is approximately {{convert|8|in|cm}} in depth. The bottom of the box gradually slopes upward approximately {{convert|3|ft|cm|-1}} until it is level with the runway. The covering in the box ensures the pole will slide to the back of the box without catching on anything. The covering's lip overlaps onto the runway and ensures a smooth transition from all-weather surface so a pole being planted does not catch on the box.
; {{anchor|knee}}'''Drive knee''': During the plant phase, the knee is driven forward at the time of "takeoff" to help propel the vaulter upward.
; {{anchor|grip}}'''Grip''': The location of the vaulter's top hand on the pole. As the vaulter improves, their grip may move up the pole incrementally. The other hand is typically placed shoulder-width down from the top hand. Hands are not allowed to grip the very top of the pole (their hand perpendicular to the pole) for safety reasons.
; {{anchor|jump foot}}'''Jump foot''': The foot that the vaulter uses to leave the ground as they begin their vault. It is also referred to as the take-off foot.
; {{anchor|pit}}'''Pit''': The mats used for landing in pole vault.
; {{anchor|plant position}}'''Plant position''': The position a vaulter is in the moment the pole reaches the back of the box and the vaulter begins their vault. Their arms are fully extended and their drive knee begins to come up as they jump.
; {{anchor|pole}}'''Pole''': The fiberglass equipment used to propel the vaulter up and over the bar. One side is stiffer than the other to facilitate the bending of the pole after the plant. A vaulter may rest the pole on their arm to determine which side is the stiff side.
; {{anchor|standards}}'''Standards''': The equipment that holds the bar at a particular height above the ground. Standards may be adjusted to raise and lower the bar and also to adjust the horizontal position of the bar.
; {{anchor|steps}}'''Steps''': Since the box is in a fixed position, vaulters must adjust their approach to ensure they are in the correct position when attempting to vault.
; {{anchor|swing leg|trail leg}}'''Swing leg''' or '''trail leg''': The swing leg is also the jump foot. After a vaulter has left the ground, the leg that was last touching the ground stays extended and swings forward to help propel the vaulter upwards.
; '''[[Volzing]]''': A method of holding or pushing the bar back onto the pegs while jumping over a height. This takes considerable skill, although it is now against the rules and counted as a miss. The technique is named after U.S. Olympian [[Dave Volz]], who made an art form of the practice and surprised many by making the U.S. Olympic team in 1992.

==Area records==
*Updated 21 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/jumps/pole-vault/outdoor/men |title=Men's Pole Vault {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/jumps/pole-vault/outdoor/women |title=Women's Pole Vault {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref>
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultleft col3center col6center"
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2| Area
!scope="colgroup" colspan=3| Men
!scope="colgroup" colspan=3| Women
|-
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Season
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Season
!scope="col"| Athlete
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of world records in athletics|World]]
| '''{{T&Fcalc|6.31}}''' {{AthAbbr|i}} || 2026 || {{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|5.06}}''' || 2009 || {{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|-
!colspan=7| Area records
|-
!scope="row"| [[Confederation of African Athletics|Africa]] {{small|(''[[List of African records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|6.03}}''' || 1995 || {{flagathlete|[[Okkert Brits]]|RSA}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|4.42}}''' || 2000 || {{flagathlete|[[Elmarie Gerryts]]|RSA}}
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2| [[Asian Athletics|Asia]] {{small|(''[[List of Asian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
|rowspan=2| '''{{T&Fcalc|6.00}}''' || 2023 ||rowspan=2| {{flagathlete|[[Ernest John Obiena]]|PHI}}
|rowspan=2| '''{{T&Fcalc|4.72}}''' ||rowspan=2| 2019 ||rowspan=2| {{flagathlete|[[Li Ling (pole vaulter)|Li Ling]]|CHN}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 2023
|-
!scope="row"| [[European Athletic Association|Europe]] {{small|(''[[List of European records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|6.31}}''' {{AthAbbr|i}} || 2026 || {{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|5.06}}''' || 2009 || {{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association|North, Central America and Caribbean]] {{small|(''[[List of North, Central American and Caribbean records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|6.07}}''' || 2023 || {{flagathlete|[[KC Lightfoot]]|USA}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|5.03}}''' {{AthAbbr|i}} || 2016 || {{flagathlete|[[Jennifer Suhr]]|USA}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Oceania Athletics Association|Oceania]] {{small|(''[[List of Oceanian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|6.06}}''' {{AthAbbr|i}} || 2009 || {{flagathlete|[[Steve Hooker]]|AUS}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|4.94}}''' || 2018 || {{flagathlete|[[Eliza McCartney]]|NZL}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Atletismo Sudamericano|South America]] {{small|(''[[List of South American records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|6.03}}''' || 2016 || {{flagathlete|[[Thiago Braz]]|BRA}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|4.87}}''' || 2016 || {{flagathlete|[[Fabiana Murer]]|BRA}}
|}

==All-time top 25==
{{see also|Men's pole vault world record progression|Women's pole vault world record progression|Men's pole vault indoor world record progression|Women's pole vault indoor world record progression}}
{| style="wikitable"
|Tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 '''pole vault marks''' and the top 25 '''athletes''':
|-
| style="background: #f6F5CE" |''- denotes top performance for '''athletes''' in the top 25 '''pole vault marks'''''
|-
|''- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 '''pole vault marks''', by repeat athletes''
|-
| style="background: #CCFFCC" |''- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 '''athletes''' who fall outside the top 25 pole vault marks''
|}
*{{As of|2026|March}}.<ref name="AlltimeMO">{{Cite web|title=World Athletics {{!}} Pole Vault - men - senior - all|url=https://worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/jumps/pole-vault/outdoor/men/senior|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521192224/https://worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/jumps/pole-vault/outdoor/men/senior|archive-date=21 May 2025|access-date=14 June 2025|website=worldathletics.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name=AlltimeWO>[http://www.worldathletics.org/records/toplists/jumps/pole-vault/outdoor/women/senior Pole Vault – women – senior – outdoor]. World Athletics. Retrieved on 9 July 2021.</ref>

===Men (outdoor)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}} !! {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}} !! Mark !! Athlete !! Nation !! Date !! Place !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |1
|{{T&Fcalc|6.30}}
|[[Armand Duplantis]]
|{{flagu|Sweden}}
|15 September 2025
|[[Tokyo]]
|<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2025/sep/15/world-athletics-championships-2025-armand-duplantis-goes-for-pole-vault-gold-hurdles-finals-and-more-live#block-68c818f68f086519d3272908 World Athletics Championships 2025: Duplantis soars to pole vault gold and new world record – live] The Guardian</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" align="center" |
| align="center" |2
| {{T&Fcalc|6.29}}
| ''Duplantis #2''
| rowspan="11" |
| 12 August 2025
| [[Budapest]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2025 |title=Duplantis breaks world pole vault record on Budapest return |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/duplantis-world-pole-vault-record-budapest-gyulai-memorial |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 3
| {{T&Fcalc|6.28}}
| ''Duplantis #3''
| 15 June 2025
| [[Stockholm]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Duplantis breaks world pole vault record with 6.28m in Stockholm |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/mondo-duplantis-world-pole-vault-record-628m-stockholm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615204725/https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/mondo-duplantis-world-pole-vault-record-628m-stockholm |archive-date=15 June 2025 |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 4
| {{T&Fcalc|6.26}}
| ''Duplantis #4''
| 25 August 2024
| [[Chorzów]]
| <ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Ingebrigtsen and Duplantis break world records in Silesia|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/silesia-diamond-league-ingebrigtsen-world-3000m-record|access-date=26 August 2024|website=World Athletics}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |5
|{{T&Fcalc|6.25}}
| ''Duplantis #5''
| 5 August 2024
| [[Stade de France|Saint-Denis]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=FLASH: Duplantis breaks world pole vault record with 6.25m at Paris Olympics |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/olympic-games/paris24/news/article/paris-2024-olympics-report-men-pole-vault |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=World Athletics}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 6
| {{T&Fcalc|6.24}}
| ''Duplantis #6''
| 20 April 2024
| [[Xiamen]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=FLASH: Duplantis breaks world pole vault record with 6.24m in Xiamen |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/mondo-duplantis-world-pole-vault-record-xiamen |website=World Athletics |date=20 April 2024 |access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |7
|{{T&Fcalc|6.23}}
|''Duplantis #7''
|17 September 2023
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Tsegay smashes world 5000m record and Duplantis breaks world pole vault record in Eugene|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/diamond-league-final-eugene-2023-day-two-report|access-date=18 September 2023|website=World Athletics}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |8
|{{T&Fcalc|6.21}}
|''Duplantis #8''
|24 July 2022
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2022 |title=Duplantis breaks world pole vault record with 6.21m in Oregon |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-championships/world-athletics-championships-oregon21-7137279/news/report/wch-oregon22-report-men-pole-vault |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |9
|{{T&Fcalc|6.16}}
|''Duplantis #9''
|30 June 2022
|Stockholm
|<ref>{{cite news|author=Simon Turnbull|date=30 June 2022|title=Duplantis scales 6.16m in Stockholm for highest ever outdoor vault|publisher=World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/stockholm-galan-duplantis-outdoor-vault-bol-santos|access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" |10
| rowspan="3" | {{T&Fcalc|6.15}}
|''Duplantis #10''
|17 September 2020
|[[Rome]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=Duplantis conquers 6.15m in the Rome Diamond League |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/duplantis-conquers-15m-the-rome-diamond-league |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[European Athletic Association|European Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Duplantis #11''
|21 August 2024
|[[Lausanne]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Pole Vault Results |url=https://ps-cache.web.swisstiming.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/LAUSANNE_2024/PDF_ATHMPLEVAULTDIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73G2.PDF?h=IDx3tBElNUiIGFsnjy7720MRNhY= |website=swisstiming.com |date=21 August 2024 |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Duplantis #12''
|12 June 2025
|[[Oslo]]
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Bregman|first=Scott|date=13 June 2025|title=Diamond League Oslo 2025: Mondo Duplantis cruises to victory with meeting record|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/diamond-league-oslo-2025-mondo-duplantis-cruises-to-victory-with-meeting-record|url-status=dead|access-date=14 June 2025|website=Olympics.com}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |2
| align="center" | 13
| {{T&Fcalc|6.14}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
| [[Sergey Bubka]]
| {{flagu|Ukraine}}
| 31 July 1994
| [[Sestriere]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2001 |title=Bubka |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/bubka |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="17" |
| rowspan="2" align="center" |14
| rowspan="2" | {{T&Fcalc|6.13}}
| ''Bubka #2''
| rowspan="17" |
| 19 September 1992
| Tokyo
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 1994 |title=Athletics: Bubka back on world record trail: GB record for Regis |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/athletics-bubka-back-on-world-record-trail-gb-record-for-regis-1373688.html |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #13''
| 24 June 2025
| Ostrava
| <ref>{{cite web|title=2025 Ostrava Golden Spike - Men's Pole vault results|url=https://online.atletika.cz/_dataPublic/pdf/resultlist_424f616b-ef2f-4312-b4da-7677b9b3780a.pdf|website=atletika.cz|access-date=24 June 2025|date=24 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | 16
| rowspan="3" | {{T&Fcalc|6.12}}
| ''Bubka #3''
| 30 August 1992
| [[Padua]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 1992 |title=Athletics: Record No 15 for Bubka |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/athletics-record-no-15-for-bubka-1580504.html |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #14''
| 27 June 2023
| [[Ostrava]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Pole Vault Results|url=https://online.atletika.cz/_dataPublic/pdf/resultlist_8f0d8bb4-b1b9-4204-b3f7-a72fd872b27d.pdf|publisher=ČAS|date=27 June 2023|access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #15''
| 16 May 2026
| [[Shanghai]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Pole Vault Results|url=https://ath-wdl-archive.azureedge.net/2026/shanghai/ATHMPLEVAULTDIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73G2_1.0.PDF|website=azureedge.net|date=16 May 2026|access-date=27 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | 18
| rowspan="4" | {{T&Fcalc|6.11}}
| ''Bubka #4''
| 13 June 1992
| [[Dijon]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 1992 |title=BUBKA ELEVATES MARK IN VAULT TO 20-0 1/2 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1992/06/14/bubka-elevates-mark-in-vault-to-200-12/b1538a16-2493-41a5-a2cc-e4b3f9d728e8/ |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #16''
| 4 June 2023
| [[Hengelo]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Duplantis vaults world-leading meeting record of 6.11m in Hengelo |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-continental-tour/news/hengelo-fbk-games-2023 |publisher=World Athletics |author=Cathal Dennehy |date=4 June 2023 |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #17''
| 13 September 2024
| [[Brussels]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Pole Vault Results |url=https://ps-cache.web.swisstiming.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/BRUSSELS_2024/PDF_ATHMPLEVAULTDIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73G2.PDF?h=L83oz3ey/nKTHTPa/uH/PMcko6Q= |website=swisstiming.com |date=13 September 2024 |access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #18''
| 3 May 2025
| [[Keqiao]]
| <ref name=":10">{{cite web|title=Pole Vault Men Final|url=https://ath-wdl-archive.azureedge.net/2025/shanghai/ATHMPLEVAULTDIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73G2_1.0.PDF|website=diamondleague.com|date=3 May 2025|access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" align="center" |22
| rowspan="8" | {{T&Fcalc|6.10}}
| ''Bubka #5''
| 5 August 1991
| [[Malmö]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 1991 |title=BUBKA HITS THE MAGIC MARK: VAULTS OVER 20 FEET OUTDOORS |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1991/08/06/bubka-hits-the-magic-mark-vaults-over-20-feet-outdoors/ba1f8bc3-7ad2-4b81-b174-4a853b36f783/ |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #19''
| 6 June 2021
| Hengelo
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Goh |first=ZK |date=6 June 2021 |title=Sifan Hassan smashes women's 10,000m world record by over 10 seconds in Hengelo |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/sifan-hassan-10000m-world-record-hengelo-fbk-games-duplantis |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #20''
| 6 August 2022
| [[Chorzów]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Fraser-Pryce flies to world-leading 10.66 in Silesia |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/silesia-skolimowska-memorial-fraser-pryce-duplantis-jackson |publisher=World Athletics |author=Chris Broadbent |date=6 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #21''
| 25 August 2022
| [[Lausanne]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Ingebrigtsen, Rojas and Lyles light up Lausanne |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/athletissima-lausanne-2022 |publisher=World Athletics |author=Jess Whittington |date=26 August 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #22''
| 26 August 2023
| [[Budapest]]
| <ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Treble for Lyles and a relay championship record on night when Kipyegon and Duplantis shine |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-championships/budapest23/news/report/wch-budapest-23-day-eight-lyles-kipyegon-duplantis |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #23''
| 8 September 2023
| [[Brussels]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Pole Vault Result |url=https://livecache.sportresult.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/BRUSSELS2023/PDF_ATHMPLEVAULTDIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73G2.PDF?h=xzu0xCvQBVRxzLJsz0+kELD5WyQ= |work=sportresult.com |date=8 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #24''
| 12 June 2024
| [[Stadio Olimpico|Rome]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Mondo flies to championship record as Mihambo and Vadlejch also grab gold at Roma 2024|url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/mondo-flies-to-championship-record-as-mihambo-and-vadlejch-also-grab-gold-at-roma-2024|access-date=25 June 2025|date=12 June 2024|website=European Athletics}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #25''
| 16 August 2025
| Chorzów
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Pole Vault Results|url=https://ath-wdl-archive.azureedge.net/2025/silesia/ATHMPLEVAULTDIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73G2_1.0.PDF|website=azureedge.net|date=16 August 2025|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 3
| rowspan=23 align=center|
| {{T&Fcalc|6.08}}
| [[Emmanouil Karalis]]
| {{flagu|Greece}}
| 2 August 2025
| [[Volos, Greece|Volos]]
| <ref>{{cite web|date=2 August 2025|title=Karalis clears 6.08m in Volos as records fall around the world, athletes target Tokyo|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/national-championships-2025-cardoso-bonfim/|access-date=3 August 2025|website=worldathletics}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 4
| {{T&Fcalc|6.07}}
| [[KC Lightfoot]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 2 June 2023
| [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]
| <ref>{{cite web|date=3 June 2023|title=KC Lightfoot breaks American record in men's pole vault|url=https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2023/06/03/kc-lightfoot-pole-vault-american-record/|access-date=3 June 2023|website=NBC Sports}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 5
| {{T&Fcalc|6.06}}
| [[Sam Kendricks]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 27 July 2019
| [[Des Moines]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Kendricks tops 6.06m in Des Moines|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/sam-kendricks-pole-vault-606m|publisher=IAAF|author=Roy Jordan|date=28 July 2019|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="3" align="center" | 6
| rowspan="3" |{{T&Fcalc|6.05}}
| [[Maksim Tarasov]]
| {{flagu|Russia}}
| 16 June 1999
| [[Athens]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| [[Dmitri Markov]]
| {{flagu|Australia}}
| 9 August 2001
| [[Edmonton]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| [[Renaud Lavillenie]]
| {{flagu|France}}
| 30 May 2015
| [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2015 |title=Eugene: Lavillenie breaks Diamond League Pole Vault record |url=https://www.diamondleague.com/eugene-lavillenie-breaks-diamond-league-pole-vault-record/ |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[Diamond League]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |9
| {{T&Fcalc|6.04}}
| [[Brad Walker (athlete)|Brad Walker]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 8 June 2008
| [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="3" align="center" | 10
| rowspan="3" |{{T&Fcalc|6.03}}
| [[Okkert Brits]]
| {{flagu|South Africa}}
| 18 August 1995
| [[Cologne]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| [[Jeff Hartwig]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 14 June 2000
| [[Jonesboro, Arkansas|Jonesboro]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| [[Thiago Braz]]
| {{flagu|Brazil}}
| 15 August 2016
| [[Rio de Janeiro]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Pole Vault Results|url=https://smsprio2016-a.akamaihd.net/_odf-documents/A/T/ATM072101_Results_2016_08_15_90478aa7_6926_4e0d_b9b8_d6d137a28726.pdf|work=Rio 2016 official website|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920143033/https://smsprio2016-a.akamaihd.net/_odf-documents/A/T/ATM072101_Results_2016_08_15_90478aa7_6926_4e0d_b9b8_d6d137a28726.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |13
| {{T&Fcalc|6.02}}
| [[Piotr Lisek]]
| {{flagu|Poland}}
| 12 July 2019
| [[Monaco]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Lisek improves to 6.02m in Monaco – IAAF Diamond League|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/lisek-602-monaco-iaaf-diamond-league|publisher=IAAF|author=Mike Rowbottom|date=12 July 2019|access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=4 align=center| 14
| rowspan=4 | {{T&Fcalc|6.01}}
| [[Igor Trandenkov]]
| {{flagu|Russia}}
| 3 July 1996
| [[St. Petersburg]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Timothy Mack]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 18 September 2004
| [[Monaco]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Yevgeny Lukyanenko]]
| {{flagu|Russia}}
| 1 July 2008
| [[Bydgoszcz]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Björn Otto]]
| {{flagu|Germany}}
| 5 September 2012
| [[Aachen]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2012 |title=Otto überspringt magische 6-Meter-Marke |url=https://www.spiegel.de/sport/sonst/stabhochsprung-otto-ueberspringt-sechs-meter-a-854299.html |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=de}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan="8" align="center" | 18
| rowspan="8" | {{T&Fcalc|6.00}}
| [[Radion Gataullin]]
| {{flagu|Soviet Union}}
| 16 September 1989
| Tokyo
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Tim Lobinger]]
| {{flagu|Germany}}
| 24 August 1997
| [[Cologne]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Toby Stevenson (athlete)|Toby Stevenson]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 8 May 2004
| [[Modesto]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2004 |title=Stevenson pole vaults six metres! - UPDATED with results |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/stevenson-pole-vaults-six-metres-updated-wi |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Paul Burgess (athlete)|Paul Burgess]]
| {{flagu|Australia}}
| 26 February 2005
| [[Perth]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2005 |title='Budgie' flies high and clear over 6 metres |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/budgie-flies-high-and-clear-over-6-metres |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Steve Hooker]]
| {{flagu|Australia}}
| 27 January 2008
| Perth
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Timur Morgunov]]
| {{ANA}}
| 12 August 2018
| Berlin
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Pole Vault Results|url=http://www.european-athletics.org/externalmodules/AT/pdf/ATM072101_C73M.pdf|publisher=European Athletics|date=12 August 2018|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318210508/http://www.european-athletics.org/externalmodules/AT/pdf/ATM072101_C73M.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Chris Nilsen]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 6 May 2022
| [[Sioux Falls]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Watch Coyotes alum Chris Nilsen eclipse 6 meters competing at University of South Dakota|url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/sports/college/university-of-south-dakota/2022/05/07/watch-chris-nilsen-pole-vault-eclipse-6-meters-south-dakota/9692333002/|website=argusleader.com|author=Michael McCleary|access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Ernest John Obiena]]
| {{flagu|Philippines}}
| 10 June 2023
| [[Bergen]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Obiena joins pole vault's six-metre club in Bergen|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/bergen-jump-challenge-obiena-pole-vault-six-metres|work=World Athletics|date=10 June 2023|access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref>
|}

===Women (outdoor)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}} !! {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}} !! Mark !! Athlete !! Nation !! Date !! Place !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|1 || align=center|1 || {{T&Fcalc|5.06}} || [[Yelena Isinbayeva]] || {{flagu|Russia}} || 28 August 2009 || [[Zürich]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2009 |title=Athletics: Isinbayeva record |url=https://www.skysports.com/more-sports/news/5521229/athletics-isinbayeva-record |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4| || align=center|2 || {{T&Fcalc|5.05}} || ''Isinbayeva #2'' || rowspan=4| || 18 August 2008 || [[Beijing]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2008 |title=Isinbayeva Again! 5.05m World Pole Vault record in Beijing |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/isinbayeva-again-505m-world-pole-vault-record |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| align=center|3 || {{T&Fcalc|5.04}} || ''Isinbayeva #3'' || 29 July 2008 || [[Monaco]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2008 |title=Russia's Isinbayeva breaks pole vault record |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20080729-russias-isinbayeva-breaks-pole-vault-record-athletics-pole-vault |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[France 24]]}}</ref>
|-
| align=center|4 || {{T&Fcalc|5.03}} || ''Isinbayeva #4'' || 11 July 2008 || Rome || <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2008 |title=Isinbayeva sets pole vault record |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/7503036.stm |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
|-
| align=center|5 || {{T&Fcalc|5.01}} || ''Isinbayeva #5'' || 12 August 2005 || [[Helsinki]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2005 |title=5.01m Pole Vault WORLD RECORD - Guess who? |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/501m-pole-vault-world-record-guess-who |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|2 || align=center|5 || {{T&Fcalc|5.01}} || [[Anzhelika Sidorova]]|| {{ANA}} || 9 September 2021 || [[Zürich]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Pole Vault Result|url=https://livecache.sportresult.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/ZURICH2021/PDF_RE1820040.PDF?h=z3T1GxuWw7lY0Zb3rkb/NXV/7J4=|work=sportresult.com|date=9 September 2021|access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| || align=center|7 || {{T&Fcalc|5.00}} || ''Isinbayeva #6'' || || 22 July 2005 || [[London]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2005 |title=Raising the bar |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/4710775.stm |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|3 || align=center|7 || {{T&Fcalc|5.00}} || [[Sandi Morris]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 9 September 2016 || [[Brussels]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Pole Vault Results|url=http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2016/brussels/re1820040.pdf|publisher=sportresult.com|date=9 September 2016|access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4| || align=center|9 || {{T&Fcalc|4.96}} || ''Isinbayeva #7'' || rowspan=4| || 22 July 2005 || London || <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2005 |title=Athletics-Isinbayeva clears five metres to set world record |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/real-madrid/story/2114329/real-madrid-ipic-deal-can-help-turn-bernabeu-into-worlds-greatest-stadium |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 align=center|10 || rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|4.95}} || ''Isinbayeva #8'' || 16 July 2005 || [[Madrid]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2005 |title=Irrepressible Isinbayeva flies to 4.95m World record in Madrid |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/irrepressible-isinbayeva-flies-to-495m-world |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Morris #2'' || 27 July 2018 || [[Greenville, North Carolina|Greenville]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2018 |title=Morris vaults world-leading 4.95m and threatens world record in Greenville |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/liberty-bridge-jump-off-morris-2018 |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sidorova #2'' || 29 September 2019 || [[Doha]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Pole Vault Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-PV-W-f----.RS6.pdf?v=856451181|publisher=IAAF|date=29 September 2019|access-date=2 October 2019}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|4 || align=center|10 || {{T&Fcalc|4.95}} || [[Katie Moon|Katie Nageotte]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 26 June 2021 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2021 |title=Olmsted Falls graduate Katie Nageotte wins pole vault at U.S. Olympic trials |url=https://www.morningjournal.com/2021/06/27/olmsted-falls-graduate-katie-nageotte-wins-pole-vault-at-u-s-olympic-trials/ |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[The Morning Journal]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|5 || align=center|14 || {{T&Fcalc|4.94}} || [[Eliza McCartney]] || {{flagu|New Zealand}} || 17 July 2018 || [[Jockgrim]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=McCartney vaults world-leading 4.94m in Jockgrim|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/eliza-mccartney-jockgrim-494|publisher=IAAF|author=Jon Mulkeen|date=18 July 2018|access-date=26 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4| || rowspan=4 align=center|15 || rowspan=4|{{T&Fcalc|4.93}} || ''Isinbayeva #9'' || rowspan=4| || 5 July 2005 || [[Lausanne]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2005 |title=Isinbayeva reaches new world mark |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/4654227.stm |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Isinbayeva #10'' || 26 August 2005 || [[Brussels]] ||
|-
| ''Isinbayeva #11'' || 25 July 2008 || London || <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2008 |title=Olympics: Powell wins but pole vault queen denied |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/sport/olympics/olympics-powell-wins-pole-vault-queen-denied |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[Otago Daily Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Morris #3'' || 23 July 2016 || [[Houston]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2016 |title=Morris vaults world-leading 4.93m in Houston |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/sandi-morris-pole-vault-american-record-houst |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|6 || align=center|15 || {{T&Fcalc|4.93}} || [[Jennifer Suhr]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 14 April 2018 || [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| || align=center|15 || {{T&Fcalc|4.93}} || ''Nageotte #2'' || rowspan="5"| || 23 May 2021 || [[Marietta, Georgia|Marietta]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2021 |title=Nageotte, Morris and Norman world-leads highlight Doha Diamond League |url=https://www.usatf.org/news/2021/nageotte-morris-and-norman-world-leads-highlight-d |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[USA Track & Field|USATF]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" |21 || rowspan="4" |{{T&Fcalc|4.92}} || ''Isinbayeva #12'' || 3 September 2004 || [[Brussels]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2004 |title=Qatari investment pays off as Shaheen sets record |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/sep/04/athletics.duncanmackay#:~:text=Shaheen's%20was%20one%20of%20two%20world%20records%2C,Yelena%20Isinbayeva%20in%20the%20women's%20pole%20vault. |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Suhr #2'' || 6 July 2008 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] ||
|-
| ''McCartney #2'' || 23 June 2018 || [[Mannheim]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2018 |title=Athletics: Eliza McCartney breaks own national/Oceania pole vault record |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/athletics/athletics-eliza-mccartney-breaks-own-nationaloceania-pole-vault-record/UQJR3K7CLJQCWTXWE3MMO5TN3Q/ |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Nageotte #3'' || 1 August 2020 || [[Marietta, Georgia|Marietta]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2020 |title=Nageotte tops 4.92m in Atlanta, Reekie and Pozzi shine in Trieste |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/trieste-reekie-pozzi-4x1500-world-record |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|7
| align=center|21
|{{T&Fcalc|4.92}}
|[[Molly Caudery]]
|{{flagu|Great Britain}}
|22 June 2024
|[[Toulouse]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 2024|title=Great Britain's Molly Caudery sets new pole vault national record|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/articles/cgllv872g18o|access-date=22 June 2024|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=2 align=center|8 || rowspan="18" | || rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|4.91}} || [[Yarisley Silva]] || {{flagu|Cuba}} || 2 August 2015 || [[Beckum, Germany|Beckum]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Katerina Stefanidi]] || {{flagu|Greece}} || 6 August 2017 || London || <ref>{{cite web|date=6 August 2017|title=2017 World Athletics Championships - Women's pole vault final results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5151/AT-PV-W-f----.RS6.pdf?v=-628383735|access-date=6 August 2017|website=IAAF}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan="2" align="center" |10 || rowspan="2" | {{T&Fcalc|4.90}} || [[Holly Bradshaw]] || {{flagu|Great Britain}} || 26 June 2021 || [[Manchester]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2021 |title=Bradshaw soars over British pole vault record of 4.90m in Manchester |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/bradshaw-soars-over-british-record-of-4-90m-in-manchester |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[European Athletic Association|European Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| [[Nina Kennedy]]|| {{flagu|Australia}} || 23 August 2023 || [[Budapest]]|| <ref>{{Cite web|date=23 August 2023|title=2023 World Athletics Championships - Women's pole vault final results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7138987/AT-PV-W-f----.RS6.pdf|access-date=24 August 2023|work=World Athletics}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="2" align="center" |12 || rowspan="2" | {{T&Fcalc|4.88}} || [[Svetlana Feofanova]]|| {{flagu|Russia}} || 4 July 2004 || [[Herakleion]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2004 |title=Feofanova takes back women's Pole Vault World record, and Samitova improves women's 3000m Steeplechase World record |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/feofanova-takes-back-womens-pole-vault-world |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|[[Angelica Moser]]
|{{Flagu|Switzerland}}
|12 July 2024
|[[Monaco]]
|<ref>{{cite web|date=12 July 2024|title=2024 Herculis - Women's pole vault final result|url=https://ath-wdl-archive.azureedge.net/2024/monaco/ATHWPLEVAULTDIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73G2_1.0.PDF|access-date=17 July 2024|website=Diamond League}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |14 || {{T&Fcalc|4.87}} || [[Fabiana Murer]]|| {{flagu|Brazil}} || 3 July 2016 || [[São Bernardo do Campo]]|| <ref>{{cite news|author=Biscayart|first=Eduardo|date=3 July 2016|title=Murer soars over South American record of 4.87m at Brazilian Championships|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/fabiana-murer-pole-vault|access-date=3 July 2016|publisher=IAAF}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |15 || {{T&Fcalc|4.86}} || [[Polina Knoroz]]|| {{flagu|Russia}} || 10 August 2025 || [[Kazan]]||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="2" align="center" |16 || rowspan="2" |{{T&Fcalc|4.85}} || [[Wilma Murto]]|| {{flagu|Finland}} || 17 August 2022 || [[Munich]]|| <ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2022|title=2022 European Athletics Championships - Women's pole vault final results|url=https://results.mun.mev.atos.net/ECM2022/resECM2022/pdf/ECM2022/ATH/ECM2022_ATH_C73M_ATHWPLEVAULT----------FNL---------.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818093852/https://results.mun.mev.atos.net/ECM2022/resECM2022/pdf/ECM2022/ATH/ECM2022_ATH_C73M_ATHWPLEVAULT----------FNL---------.pdf|archive-date=18 August 2022|access-date=30 August 2022|work=European Athletics}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Alysha Newman]]||{{flagu|Canada}} || 7 August 2024 || [[Stade de France|Paris]] || <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ibrahim|first=Abdulhamid|date=7 August 2024|title=Alysha Newman sets Canadian record to capture women's pole vault bronze medal|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/athletics/womens-pole-vault-final-paris-2024-aug-7-1.7287439|access-date=15 June 2025|work=The Canadian Press}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="4" align="center" |18 || rowspan="4" |{{T&Fcalc|4.83}} || [[Stacy Dragila]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 8 June 2004 || [[Ostrava]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2004 |title=Bekele and Dragila break world records |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-06-09/bekele-and-dragila-break-world-records/1989858 |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Anna Rogowska]] || {{flagu|Poland}} || 26 August 2005 || [[Brussels]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Nikoleta Kyriakopoulou]] || {{flagu|Greece}} || 4 July 2015 || Paris || <ref>{{cite web|date=4 July 2015|title=2015 Meeting Areva - Women's pole vault results|url=https://ath-wdl-archive.azureedge.net/2015/paris/re1820040.pdf|access-date=5 July 2015|website=DIamond League}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Michaela Meijer]] || {{flagu|Sweden}} || 1 August 2020 || [[Norrköping]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Meijer clears a Swedish record of 4.83m in Norrköping|url=https://www.european-athletics.org/news/article=meijer-clears-swedish-record-83m-norrkoping/index.html|publisher=European Athletics|date=3 August 2020|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan="2" align="center" |22 || rowspan="2" |{{T&Fcalc|4.82}} || [[Monika Pyrek]] || {{flagu|Poland}} || 22 September 2007 || [[Stuttgart]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Silke Spiegelburg]] || {{flagu|Germany}} || 20 July 2012 || [[Monaco]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2012 |title=Silke Spiegelburg springt deutschen Rekord |url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/sport/silke-spiegelburg-springt-deutschen-rekord-doc7e4hodimhr4iizybd27 |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=Weser-Kurier |language=de}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=2 align=center|24 || rowspan="2" |{{T&Fcalc|4.81}} || [[Alana Boyd]] || {{flagu|Australia}} || 12 June 2008 || [[Ostrava]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Alana Boyd breaks Australian pole vault record to surge into Rio medal running|url=http://www.smh.com.au/olympics/rio-2016/alana-boyd-breaks-australian-pole-vault-record-to-surge-into-rio-medal-running-20160703-gpxbmu.html|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=29 January 2016|access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Tina Šutej]] ||{{flagu|Slovenia}} || 16 September 2023 || [[Hayward Field|Eugene]] || <ref>{{cite web|date=16 September 2023|title=2023 Prefontaine Classic - Women's pole vault results|url=https://ath-wdl-archive.azureedge.net/2023/eugene/ATHWPLEVAULTDIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73G2_1.0.PDF|access-date=19 September 2023|work=Diamond League}}</ref>
|}

===Men (indoor)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}} !! {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}} !! Mark !! Athlete !! Nation !! Date !! Place !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
|align="center" |1
|align="center" |1
|{{T&Fcalc|6.31}}
|[[Armand Duplantis]]
|{{flagu|Sweden}}
|12 March 2026
|[[Uppsala]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duplantis breaks world pole vault record in Uppsala {{!}} REPORTS {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-tour/news/duplantis-breaks-world-pole-vault-record-in-uppsala |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" align="center" |
| align="center" |2
|{{T&Fcalc|6.27}}
|''Duplantis #2''
|rowspan="7"|
|28 February 2025
|[[Clermont-Ferrand]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 February 2025|title=Mondo Duplantis breaks men's pole vault world record for 11th time|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/articles/c3rn8qq2elxo|access-date=3 March 2025|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |3
|{{T&Fcalc|6.25}}
|''Duplantis #3''
|21 March 2026
|[[Kujawsko-Pomorska Arena Toruń|Toruń]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Pole Vault Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7199326/AT-PV-M-f----.RS6.pdf|website=World Athletics|access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |4
|{{T&Fcalc|6.22}}
|''Duplantis #4''
|25 February 2023
|[[Clermont-Ferrand]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=FLASH: Duplantis breaks world pole vault record with 6.22m in Clermont-Ferrand {{!}} REPORT {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/mondo-duplantis-world-pole-vault-record-622m-clermont-ferrand|access-date=25 February 2023|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |5
|{{T&Fcalc|6.20}}
|''Duplantis #5''
|20 March 2022
|[[Belgrade]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pole Vault Final Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7138985/AT-PV-M-f----.RS6.pdf|publisher=World Athletics|date=20 March 2022|access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |6
|{{T&Fcalc|6.19}}
|''Duplantis #6''
|7 March 2022
|[[Belgrade]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 March 2022|title=Duplantis sets world pole vault record of 6.19m in Belgrade|publisher=World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-tour/news/mondo-duplantis-world-pole-vault-record-belgrade|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |7
|{{T&Fcalc|6.18}}
|''Duplantis #7''
|15 February 2020
|[[Glasgow]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2020 |title=World records ratified: Duplantis’s 6.18m pole vault and Yeshaneh's 1:04:31 half marathon |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/press-release/duplantis-yeshaneh-world-records-ratified |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |8
|{{T&Fcalc|6.17}}
|Duplantis #8
|8 February 2020
|[[Toruń]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2020 |title=6.17! Duplantis breaks world pole vault record in Torun |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/duplantis-world-pole-vault-record-torun |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |2 || align="center" | 8 || {{T&Fcalc|6.17}} || [[Emmanouil Karalis]] || {{flagu|Greece}} || 28 February 2026 || [[Paiania]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=Καραλής: ΔΙΑΣΤΗΜΙΚΟΣ Μανόλο πέταξε στα 6.17μ. και έγινε το Νο. 2 στον κόσμο όλων των εποχών |url=https://www.sport24.gr/stivos/karalis-diastimikos-manolo-ekane-me-6-17m-ti-2i-korifaia-epidosi-olon-ton-epoxon-sto-epi-konto/ |website=sport24.gr |access-date=28 February 2026 |language=el |date=28 February 2026}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |3 || align="center" |10 || {{T&Fcalc|6.16}} || [[Renaud Lavillenie]] || {{flagu|France}} || 15 February 2014 || [[Donetsk]] || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/26208821|title=Sergei Bubka's pole vault record broken by Renaud Lavillenie|date=16 February 2014|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2 May 2018}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |4 || align="center" |11 || {{T&Fcalc|6.15}} || [[Sergey Bubka]] || {{flagu|Ukraine}} || 21 February 1993 || [[Donetsk]] ||<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="12" | || align="center" |11 || {{T&Fcalc|6.15}} || ''Duplantis #9''|| rowspan="12" | || 22 March 2025 || [[Nanjing]] || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pole Vault Final Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7136586/AT-PV-M-f----.RS6.pdf|website=[[World Athletics]]|date=22 March 2025|access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |13 || {{T&Fcalc|6.14}} || ''Bubka #2''|| 13 February 1993 || [[Liévin]] ||
|-
| align="center" |14 || {{T&Fcalc|6.13}} || ''Bubka #3''|| 21 February 1992 || Berlin ||
|-
| align="center" |15 || {{T&Fcalc|6.12}} || ''Bubka #4''|| 23 March 1991 || [[Grenoble]] ||
|-
| align="center" |16 || {{T&Fcalc|6.11}} || ''Bubka #5''|| 19 March 1991 || [[Donetsk]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" |17 || rowspan="4" |{{T&Fcalc|6.10}} || ''Bubka #6''|| 15 March 1991 || [[San Sebastián]] ||
|-
| ''Duplantis #10''|| 24 February 2021 || [[Belgrade]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2026 |title=Duplantis rockets over 6.10m world lead in Belgrade |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/duplantis-rockets-over-6-10m-world-lead-in-belgrade |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[European Athletic Association|European Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #11''|| 2 February 2023 || [[Uppsala]] || <ref name="World Athletics">{{Cite news|title=Duplantis and Warholm open seasons with world-leading marks|url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-tour/news/duplantis-uppsala-warholm-ulsteinvik-610-4531-sutej-ostrava|publisher=World Athletics|date=3 February 2023|access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duplantis #12''|| 14 February 2025 || [[Berlin]] || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pole Vault Results|url=https://ps-cache.web.swisstiming.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/INDOORBERLIN_2025/PDF_ATHMPLEVAULT----------FNL-000100--_C73G2.PDF?h=BnfilOo8fZbNZCHEzBkRjuAYo/c=|website=swisstiming.com|date=14 February 2025|access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |21 || rowspan="2" |{{T&Fcalc|6.08}} || ''Bubka #7'' || 9 February 1991 || [[Volgograd]] ||
|-
| ''Lavillenie #2'' || 31 January 2014 || [[Bydgoszcz]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2014 |title=Lavillenie looks to the stars as he soars over 6.08m |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/lavillenie-looks-the-stars-soars-over-08m |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[European Athletic Association|European Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|23 || {{T&Fcalc|6.07}} || ''Duplantis #13''|| 19 February 2020 || [[Liévin]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2020 |title=Armand Duplantis wins in Liévin but misses world record |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/armand-mondo-duplantis-wins-lievin-misses-world-record |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[Olympic Games|Olympics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |5 || align="center" |24 || {{T&Fcalc|6.06}} || [[Steve Hooker]] || {{flagu|Australia}} || 7 February 2009 || [[Boston]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2009 |title=Hooker clears 6.06m in Boston |url=https://www.olympics.com.au/news/hooker-clears-606m-in-boston/ |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[Australian Olympic Committee]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | || rowspan="4" align="center" |24 || rowspan="4" | {{T&Fcalc|6.06}} || ''Lavillenie #3'' || rowspan="4" | || 27 February 2021 || [[Aubière]] || <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2021 |title=Lavillenie vaults 6.06m in Aubiere, his best clearance since 2014 |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-tour/news/renaud-lavillenie-clermont-ferrand-all-star-p |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Duplantis #14''
|10 February 2023
|Berlin
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Duplantis and Prescod break meeting records, Craft throws world best in Berlin|url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-tour/news/istaf-indoor-berlin-duplantis-pole-vault-prescod-60m|publisher=World Athletics|date=10 February 2023|access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''Duplantis #15''
|22 February 2026
|[[Clermont-Ferrand]]
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Duplantis opens 2026 season with 6.06m world lead at All Star Perche |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/home/news/duplantis-opens-2026-season-with-6-06m-world-lead-at-all-star-perche |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=[[European Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Karalis #2''
|7 March 2026
|[[Rouen]]
|<ref name=":6" />
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
|align=center|6
|align=center|24
|{{T&Fcalc|6.06}}
|[[Sondre Guttormsen]]
|{{flagu|Norway}}
|7 March 2026
|[[Rouen]]
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=Karalis and Guttormsen clear 6.06m in Rouen |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-tour/news/karalis-guttormsen-606m-rouen-perche-elite |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|7 || rowspan="21" | || {{T&Fcalc|6.05}} || [[Chris Nilsen]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 5 March 2022 || [[Rouen]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=2022 Perche Elite Tour Results|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7166573|publisher=[[World Athletics]]|date=5 March 2022|access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nilsen and Sutej soar as records fall in Rouen|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-tour/news/rouen-paris-nilsen-sutej|publisher=[[World Athletics]]|date=6 March 2022|access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan="2" align="center" |8 || rowspan="2" |{{T&Fcalc|6.02}} || [[Radion Gataullin]] || {{flagu|Soviet Union}} || 4 February 1989 || [[Gomel]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Jeff Hartwig]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 10 March 2002 || [[Sindelfingen]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2002 |title=Hartwig clears 6.02 metres in Germany |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/hartwig-clears-602-metres-in-germany |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="3" align="center" |10 || rowspan="3" | {{T&Fcalc|6.01}} || [[Sam Kendricks]]|| {{flagu|United States}} || 8 February 2020 || [[Rouen]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2020 |title=Indoor round-up: Kendricks sets North American indoor pole vault record |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-tour/news/kendricks-rouen-2020-indoor-pole-vault-record |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| [[Matvei Volkov]] || {{flagu|Belarus}} || 20 February 2026 || [[Mogilev]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2026 |title=Волков пишет историю. Рекордный первый день чемпионата Беларуси |url=https://bfla.eu/news/volkov-piset-istoriu-rekordnyj-pervyj-den-cempionata-belarusi |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[Belarus Athletic Federation]] |language=ru}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| [[Zach Bradford]] || {{flagu|USA}} || 28 February 2026 || [[Staten Island]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Pole Vault Final Results|url=https://results.usatf.org/2026Indoors/|website=[[USATF]]|access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="7" align="center" |13 || rowspan="3" |{{T&Fcalc|6.00}} || [[Maksim Tarasov]] || {{flagu|Russia}} || 5 February 1999 || [[Budapest]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Jean Galfione]] || {{flagu|France}} || 6 March 1999 || [[Maebashi]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 1999 |title=6m victory for Galfione as Szabo looks for more Maebashi gold and Fredricks finds his |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/6m-victory-for-galfione-as-szabo-looks-for-mo |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Danny Ecker]] || {{flagu|Germany}} || 11 February 2001 || [[Dortmund]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2001 |title=Danny Ecker six-metre man |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/danny-ecker-six-metre-man-1 |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| {{T&Fcalc|6.00}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || [[Shawnacy Barber]] || {{flagu|Canada}} || 15 January 2016 || [[Reno]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2016 |title=Shawn Barber joins 6-metre club, sets Canadian pole vault record |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/athletics/shawn-barber-pole-vault-canadian-record-reno-1.3407140 |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan="2" |{{T&Fcalc|6.00}} || [[Piotr Lisek]] || {{flagu|Poland}} || 4 February 2017 || [[Potsdam]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2017 |title=Niesamowity Piotr Lisek! Skoczył sześć metrów! |url=https://sport.tvp.pl/28936297/niesamowity-piotr-lisek-skoczyl-szesc-metrow |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[Telewizja Polska]] |language=pl}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[KC Lightfoot]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 13 February 2021 || [[Lubbock, Texas|Lubbock]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=KC Lightfoot Soars 6.00m to Smash his own NCAA Pole Vault Record|url=https://www.watchathletics.com/article/11333/kc-lightfoot-soars-6-00m-to-smash-his-own-ncaa-pole-vault-record|website=watchathletics.com|date=14 February 2021|access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|{{T&Fcalc|6.00}}
|[[Kurtis Marschall]]
|{{flagu|Australia}}
|21 February 2026
|[[Clermont-Ferrand, France|Clermont-Ferrand]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="2" align="center" |20 || rowspan="2" |{{T&Fcalc|5.96}} || [[Lawrence Johnson (pole vaulter)|Lawrence Johnson]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 3 March 2001 || [[Atlanta]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Menno Vloon]] || {{flagu|Netherlands}} || 27 February 2021 || [[Aubière]] || <ref name=":5" />
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan="2" align="center" |22 || rowspan="2" | {{T&Fcalc|5.95}} || [[Tim Lobinger]] || {{flagu|Germany}} || 18 February 2000 || [[Chemnitz]] ||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| [[Thiago Braz]] || {{flagu|Brazil}} || 20 March 2022 || [[Belgrade]] || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pole Vault Final Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7138985/AT-PV-M-f----.RS6.pdf|publisher=World Athletics|date=20 March 2022|access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center|24 || {{T&Fcalc|5.94}} || [[Philippe Collet]] || {{flagu|France}} || 10 March 1990 || [[Grenoble]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan="3" align="center" |25 || rowspan="3" |{{T&Fcalc|5.93}} || [[Billy Olson]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 8 February 1986 || [[East Rutherford]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Tye Harvey]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 3 March 2001 || [[Atlanta]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Ernest John Obiena]] || {{flagu|Philippines}} || 23 February 2024 || [[Berlin]] || <ref>{{Cite web|title=EJ Obiena erases 26-year Asian record in ruling Berlin event|url=https://www.spin.ph/athletics/ej-obiena-erases-26-year-asian-record-in-ruling-berlin-event-a795-20240224|publisher=Spin.ph|date=24 February 2024|access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Women (indoor)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}} !! {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}} !! Mark !! Athlete !! Nation !! Date !! Place !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|1 || align=center|1 || {{T&Fcalc|5.03}} || [[Jennifer Suhr]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 30 January 2016 || [[Brockport, New York|Brockport]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Jenn Suhr Sets Indoor Pole Vault World Record|url=http://www.flotrack.org/article/39331-jenn-suhr-sets-indoor-pole-vault-world-record|publisher=flotrack.org|date=30 January 2016|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| || align=center|2 || {{T&Fcalc|5.02}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || ''Suhr #2'' || || 2 March 2013 || [[Albuquerque]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|2 || align=center|3 || {{T&Fcalc|5.01}} || [[Yelena Isinbayeva]] || {{flagu|Russia}} || 23 February 2012 || Stockholm || <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2012 |title=Yelena Isinbayeva breaks world indoor pole vault record |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/17149919 |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3| || align=center|4 || {{T&Fcalc|5.00}} || ''Isinbayeva #2'' || rowspan=3| || 15 February 2009 || [[Donetsk]] ||
|-
| align=center|5 || {{T&Fcalc|4.97}} || ''Isinbayeva #3'' || 15 February 2009 || [[Donetsk]] ||
|-
| align=center|6 || {{T&Fcalc|4.95}} || ''Isinbayeva #4'' || 16 February 2008 || [[Donetsk]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|3 || align=center|6 || {{T&Fcalc|4.95}} || [[Sandi Morris]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 12 March 2016 || [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] ||
|-
| || align=center|6 || {{T&Fcalc|4.95}} || ''Morris #2'' || || 3 March 2018 || [[Birmingham]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|4 || align=center|6 || {{T&Fcalc|4.95}} || [[Anzhelika Sidorova]] || {{ANA}} || 29 February 2020 || Moscow || <ref>{{cite news|title=Indoor round-up: Thiam breaks Belgian indoor long jump record, Stark clocks world U20 indoor 60m hurdles record|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/indoor-round-up-29-february-2020|publisher=World Athletics|author=Bob Ramsak|date=1 March 2020|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|5 || align=center|10 || {{T&Fcalc|4.94}} || [[Katie Moon|Katie Nageotte]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 11 June 2021 || [[Marietta, Georgia|Marietta]] ||
|-
| rowspan=7| || align=center|11 || {{T&Fcalc|4.93}} || ''Isinbayeva #5'' || rowspan=7| || 10 February 2007 || [[Donetsk]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2007 |title=Isinbayeva breaks own world indoor record |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-02-11/isinbayeva-breaks-own-world-indoor-record/2191930 |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]}}</ref>
|-
| align=center|12 || {{T&Fcalc|4.92}} || ''Sidorova #2'' || 25 February 2020 || Moscow ||
|-
| rowspan=5 align=center|13 || rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|4.91}} || ''Isinbayeva #6'' || 12 February 2006 || [[Donetsk]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2006 |title=Russian woman vaults to new record |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/russian-woman-vaults-to-new-record-1.611593 |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Suhr #3'' || 16 January 2016 || [[Kent, Ohio|Kent]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|4.91}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || ''Nageotte #2'' || 18 February 2018 || [[Albuquerque]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|4.91}} || ''Sidorova #3'' || 8 February 2019 || [[Madrid]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2019 |title=World leads for Rojas and Sidorova in Madrid |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/madrid-indoor-meeting-2019-rojas-sidorova |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Morris #3'' || 8 February 2020 || New York City ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| rowspan=2 align=center|6 || rowspan=2 align=center|13 || rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|4.91}} || [[Nina Kennedy]] || {{flagu|Australia}} || 30 August 2023 || [[Zürich]] || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pole Vault Results|url=http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2023/zurich/ATHWPLEVAULTDIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73G2_1.0.PDF|website=sportresult.com|date=30 August 2023|access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| [[Amanda Moll]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 28 February 2025 || [[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indiananpolis]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Pole Vault Results|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7219850?eventId=10229527&gender=W|website=World Athletics|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2| || rowspan=2 align=center|20 || rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|4.90}} || ''Isinbayeva #7'' || rowspan=2| || 6 March 2005 || [[Madrid]] ||
|-
| ''Isinbayeva #8'' || 26 February 2009 || [[Prague]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| rowspan=2 align=center|8 || rowspan=2 align=center|20 || rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|4.90}} || [[Katerina Stefanidi]] || {{flagu|Greece}} || 20 February 2016 || New York City || <ref name="NYC2016"/>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| [[Demi Payne]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 20 February 2016 || New York City || <ref name="NYC2016">{{cite news|title=Stefanidi and Payne clear 4.90m at Millrose Games – indoor round-up|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/millrose-games-indoor-round-up|publisher=IAAF|date=21 February 2016|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6| || rowspan=6 align=center|20 || rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|4.90}} || ''Suhr #4'' || rowspan=6| || 12 March 2016 || [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] ||
|-
| ''Suhr #5'' || 17 March 2016 || [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|4.90}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || ''Morris #4'' || 12 January 2018 || [[Reno]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|4.90}} || ''Sidorova #4'' || 3 March 2018 || [[Birmingham]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|4.90}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || ''Morris #5'' || 15 February 2020 || [[Albuquerque]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|4.90}} || ''Sidorova #5'' || 21 February 2021 || Moscow ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center|10 || rowspan=16| || {{T&Fcalc|4.88}} || [[Hana Moll]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 30 January 2026 || [[Seattle]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Pole Vault Results|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7235401?eventId=10229527|website=World Athletics|access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center|11 || {{T&Fcalc|4.87}} || [[Holly Bradshaw]] || {{flagu|Great Britain}} || 20 January 2012 || [[Villeurbanne]] ||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|align=center|12
|{{T&Fcalc|4.86}}
|[[Molly Caudery]]
|{{flagu|Great Britain}}
|24 February 2024
|[[Rouen]]
|<ref name="worldathletics_org">{{cite web|title=World pole vault leads for Duplantis and Caudery in France|url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-tour/news/world-pole-vault-lead-duplantis-caudery|website=World Athletics|date=24 February 2024|access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="2" align="center" |13 || rowspan="2" |{{T&Fcalc|4.85}} || [[Svetlana Feofanova]] || {{flagu|Russia}} || 22 February 2004 || [[Peania]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Anna Rogowska]] || {{flagu|Poland}} || 6 March 2011 || Paris ||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |15 || {{T&Fcalc|4.84}} || [[Eliza McCartney]] || {{flagu|New Zealand}} || 10 February 2024 || [[Arena Stade Couvert de Liévin|Liévin]] || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tsegay, Girma and Holloway threaten world indoor records in Lievin|url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-tour/news/tsegay-girma-holloway-threaten-world-indoor-records-2024-lievin|website=[[World Athletics]]|author=Jon Mulkeen|date=10 February 2024|access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan=3 align="center" |16 || rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|4.83}} || [[Fabiana Murer]] || {{flagu|Brazil}} || 7 February 2015 || [[Nevers]] ||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| [[Alysha Newman]] || {{flagu|Canada}} || 22 February 2024 || [[Clermont-Ferrand]] || <ref name="worldathletics_org" />
|-bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| [[Bridget Williams (pole vaulter)|Bridget Williams]]|| {{flagu|United States}} || 22 February 2024 || [[Clermont-Ferrand|Clemont-Ferrand]] ||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan=2 align="center" |19 || rowspan="2" |{{T&Fcalc|4.82}} || [[Yarisley Silva]] || {{flagu|Cuba}} || 24 April 2013 || [[Des Moines]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Tina Šutej]]|| {{flagu|Slovenia}} || 2 February 2023 || [[Ostrava]] || <ref name="World Athletics"/>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="5" align="center" |21 || rowspan="5" |{{T&Fcalc|4.81}} || [[Stacy Dragila]] || {{flagu|United States}} || 6 March 2004 || [[Budapest]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Nikoleta Kyriakopoulou]] || {{flagu|Greece}} || 17 February 2016 || Stockholm ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Angelica Bengtsson]] || {{flagu|Sweden}} || 24 February 2019 || [[Clermont-Ferrand]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Indoor round-up: Brazier clocks 600m world best in New York, Lisek and Kendricks clear 5.93m world lead in Clermont-Ferrand|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/duplantis-collegiate-record-holloway-fayettev|publisher=IAAF|author1=Jon Mulkeen|author2=Bob Ramsak|date=25 February 2019|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Polina Knoroz]] || {{ANA}} || 19 February 2022 || [[Clermont-Ferrand]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=2022 All Star Perche by Quartus Results|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-tour/calendar-results/7166572/result|work=World Athletics|date=19 February 2022|access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|[[Wilma Murto]]
|{{flagu|Finland}}
|6 January 2024
|[[Kuortane]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Murto vaults into the 2024 season with a 4.81m clearance in Kuortane|url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/murto-vaults-into-the-2024-season-with-a-4-81m-clearance-in-kuortane|website=European Athletics|date=7 January 2024|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|}

==Six metres club==
The "six metres club" consists of pole vaulters who have reached at least {{T&Fcalc|6.00}}.<ref name="markconversion">US unit calculator for unofficial [http://www.usatf.org/statistics/calculators/markConversions/ mark conversions] in athletic events, hosted by ''USATF.org''</ref> In 1985 [[Sergey Bubka]] became the first pole vaulter to clear six metres.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Mark
!Athlete
!Nation
!Outdoors
!Indoors
!Season first cleared 6 metres
|-
|align=center|6.31
|[[Armand Duplantis]]
|{{flagu|Sweden}}
|align=center|6.30
|align=center|6.31
|align=center|2018
|-
|align=center|6.17
|[[Emmanouil Karalis]]
|{{GRE}}
|align=center|6.08
|align=center|6.17
|align=center|2024
|-
|align=center|6.16
|[[Renaud Lavillenie]]
|{{flagu|France}}
|align=center|6.05
|align=center|6.16
|align=center|2009
|-
|align=center|6.15
|[[Sergey Bubka]]
|{{URS}} / {{UKR}}
|align=center|6.14
|align=center|6.15
|align=center|1985
|-
|align=center|6.07
|[[KC Lightfoot]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
| align="center" |6.07
| align="center" |6.00
| align="center" |2021
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" |6.06
|[[Steve Hooker]]
|{{flagu|Australia}}
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|6.06
|align=center|2008
|-
|[[Sam Kendricks]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
|align=center|6.06
|align=center|6.01
|align=center|2017
|-
|[[Sondre Guttormsen]]
|{{NOR}}
| align="center" |5.90
| align="center" |6.06
| align="center" |2023
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|6.05
|[[Maksim Tarasov]]
|{{flagu|Russia}}
|align=center|6.05
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|1997
|-
|[[Dmitri Markov]]
|{{BLR}} / {{flagu|Australia}}
|align=center|6.05
|align=center|5.85
|align=center|1998
|-
|[[Chris Nilsen]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|6.05
|align=center|2022
|-
|rowspan=1 align=center|6.04
|[[Brad Walker (pole vaulter)|Brad Walker]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
|align=center|6.04
|align=center|5.86
|align=center|2006
|-
| rowspan="3" align=center |6.03
|[[Okkert Brits]]
|{{flagu|South Africa}}
|align=center|6.03
|align=center|5.90
|align=center|1995
|-
|[[Jeff Hartwig]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
|align=center|6.03
|align=center|6.02
|align=center|1998
|-
|[[Thiago Braz]]
|{{flagu|Brazil}}
|align=center|6.03
|align=center|5.95
|align=center|2016
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|6.02
|[[Radion Gataullin]]
|{{URS}} / {{flagu|Russia}}
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|6.02
|align=center|1989
|-
|[[Piotr Lisek]]
|{{flagu|Poland}}
|align=center|6.02
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|2017
|-
|rowspan=6align=center|6.01
|[[Igor Trandenkov]]
|{{flagu|Russia}}
|align=center|6.01
|align=center|5.90
|align=center|1996
|-
|[[Timothy Mack]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
|align=center|6.01
|align=center|5.85
|align=center|2004
|-
|[[Yevgeny Lukyanenko]]
|{{flagu|Russia}}
|align=center|6.01
|align=center|5.90
|align=center|2008
|-
|[[Björn Otto]]
|{{flagu|Germany}}
|align=center|6.01
|align=center|5.92
|align=center|2012
|-
|[[Matvei Volkov]]
|{{flagu|Belarus}}
|align=center|5.77
|align=center|6.01
|align=center|2026
|-
|[[Zach Bradford]]
|{{flagu|USA}}
|align=center|5.87
|align=center|6.01
|align=center|2026
|-
| rowspan="9" align="center" |6.00
|[[Tim Lobinger]]
|{{flagu|Germany}}
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|5.95
|align=center|1997
|-
|[[Jean Galfione]]
|{{flagu|France}}
|align=center|5.98
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|1999
|-
|[[Danny Ecker]]
|{{flagu|Germany}}
|align=center|5.93
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|2001
|-
|[[Toby Stevenson (athlete)|Toby Stevenson]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|5.81
|align=center|2004
|-
|[[Paul Burgess (athlete)|Paul Burgess]]
|{{flagu|Australia}}
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|5.80
|align=center|2005
|-
|[[Shawnacy Barber]]
|{{flagu|Canada}}
|align=center|5.93
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|2016
|-
|[[Timur Morgunov]]
|{{ANA}}
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|5.91
|align=center|2018
|-
|[[Ernest John Obiena]]
|{{PHI}}
|align=center|6.00
|align=center|5.93
|align=center|2023
|-
|[[Kurtis Marschall]]
|{{AUS}}
| align="center" |5.95
| align="center" |6.00
| align="center" |2026
|}

==Five metres club==
Four women have cleared 5 metres. [[Yelena Isinbayeva]] was the first to clear {{T&Fcalc|5.00}} on 22 July 2005. On 2 March 2013, [[Jennifer Suhr]] cleared {{T&Fcalc|5.02}} indoors to become the second. Sandi Morris cleared {{T&Fcalc|5.00}} on 9 September 2016, to become the third. [[Anzhelika Sidorova]] cleared {{T&Fcalc|5.01}} at the [[Diamond League]] final in [[Zürich]] on 9 September 2021.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Mark
!Athlete
!Nation
!Outdoors
!Indoors
!Season first cleared 5 metres
|-
|5.06
|align=left|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]] || align=left|{{flagu|Russia}} || 5.06 || 5.01
|2005
|-
|5.03
|align=left|[[Jennifer Suhr]]
|align=left|{{flagu|United States}}
|4.93
|5.03
|2013
|-
|5.01
|align=left|[[Anzhelika Sidorova]]
|align=left|{{ANA}}
|5.01
|4.95
|2021
|-
|5.00
|align=left|[[Sandi Morris]]
|align=left|{{flagu|United States}}
|5.00
|4.95
|2016
|}

==Milestones==
This is a list of the first time a milestone mark was cleared.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trackfield.brinkster.net/RecProgression.asp?RecCode=WR&EventCode=MF2&P=F|title=Track and Field Statistics|website=trackfield.brinkster.net|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Mark
!Athlete
!Nation
!Date
|-
| 8 ft (2.44 m)
| [[John Roper (athlete)|John Roper]]
| {{GBR}}
| 17 April 1843
|-
| 9 ft (2.75 m)
| [[Robert Dixon (pole vaulter)|Robert Dixon]]
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| 15 November 1848
|-
| 10 ft (3.05 m)
| [[Robert Musgrave]]
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| 17 April 1854
|-
| 11 ft (3.36 m)
| [[Edwin Woodburn]]
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| 21 July 1876
|-
| 12 ft (3.66 m)
| [[Norman Dole]]
| {{United States}}
| 23 April 1904
|-
|{{convert|13|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| [[Robert Gardner (athlete)|Robert Gardner]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 1 June 1912
|-
| {{height|m=4}}
| [[Marc Wright]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 8 June 1912
|-
|{{convert|14|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| [[Sabin Carr]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 27 May 1927
|-
| {{height|m=4.5}}
| [[William Sefton]]<ref>Note: [[Earle Meadows]] cleared the same height minutes later in the same competition</ref>
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 29 May 1937
|-
|{{convert|15|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| [[Cornelius Warmerdam|Cornelius "Dutch" Warmerdam]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 13 April 1940
|-
|{{convert|16|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| [[John Uelses]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 31 March 1962
|-
| {{height|m=5}}
| [[Brian Sternberg]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 27 April 1963
|-
|{{convert|17|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| [[John Pennel]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 24 August 1963
|-
|{{convert|18|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| [[Christos Papanikolaou]]
| {{GRE}}
| 24 October 1970
|-
| {{height|m=5.5}}
| [[Kjell Isaksson]]
| {{SWE}}
| 8 April 1972
|-
|{{convert|19|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| [[Thierry Vigneron]]
| {{flag|France}}
| 20 June 1981
|-
| {{height|m=6}}
| [[Sergey Bubka]]
| {{URS}}
| 13 July 1985
|-
| {{convert|20|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| [[Sergey Bubka]]
| {{flagu|Soviet Union}}
| 16 March 1991 (indoors) 5 August 1991 (outdoors)
|-
|}

This is a list of the first-time milestones for women.
{| class="wikitable"
!Mark
!Athlete
!Nation
!Date
|-
| {{height|m=4}}
| [[Zhang Chunzhen]]
| {{flagu|China}}
| 24 March 1991
|-
|{{convert|14|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| [[Emma George]]<ref>Note: George cleared {{T&Fcalc|4.28}}</ref>
| {{flagu|Australia}}
| 17 December 1995
|-
| {{height|m=4.5}}
| [[Emma George]]
| {{flagu|Australia}}
| 8 February 1997
|-
|{{convert|15|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| [[Emma George]]<ref>Note: George cleared {{T&Fcalc|4.58}}</ref>
| {{flagu|Australia}}
| 14 March 1998
|-
|{{convert|16|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| [[Svetlana Feofanova]]
| {{flagu|Russia}}
| 4 July 2004
|-
| {{height|m=5}}
| [[Yelena Isinbayeva]]
| {{flagu|Russia}}
| 22 July 2005
|-
|}

==Olympic medalists==
===Men===
{{Olympic medalists in men's pole vault}}

===Women===
{{Olympic medalists in women's pole vault}}

==World Championships medalists==
===Men===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in men's pole vault}}

===Women===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in women's pole vault}}

==World Indoor Championships medalists==
===Men===
{| {{MedalistTable}}
|-
|[[1985 IAAF World Indoor Games|1985 Paris]]{{ref label|WIG|A}} {{DetailsLink|1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergei Bubka]]|URS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Thierry Vigneron]]|FRA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vasiliy Bubka]]|URS}}
|-
|[[1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1987 Indianapolis]] {{DetailsLink|1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergei Bubka]]|URS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Earl Bell]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Thierry Vigneron]]|FRA}}
|-
|[[1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1989 Budapest]] {{DetailsLink|1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Radion Gataullin]]|URS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Grigoriy Yegorov]]|URS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Joe Dial]]|USA}}
|-
|[[1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1991 Seville]] {{DetailsLink|1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergei Bubka]]|URS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Viktor Ryzhenkov]]|URS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ferenc Salbert]]|FRA}}
|-
|[[1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1993 Toronto]] {{DetailsLink|1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Radion Gataullin]]|RUS|1991}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Grigoriy Yegorov]]|KAZ}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jean Galfione]]|FRA}}
|-
|[[1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1995 Barcelona]] {{DetailsLink|1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergei Bubka]]|UKR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Potapovich]]|KAZ}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Okkert Brits]]|RSA}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Andrei Tivontchik]]|GER}}
|-
|[[1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1997 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Potapovich]]|KAZ}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lawrence Johnson (pole vaulter)|Lawrence Johnson]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Maksim Tarasov]]|RUS}}
|-
|[[1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1999 Maebashi]] {{DetailsLink|1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jean Galfione]]|FRA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jeff Hartwig]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Danny Ecker]]|GER}}
|-
|[[2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2001 Lisbon]] {{DetailsLink|2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lawrence Johnson (pole vaulter)|Lawrence Johnson]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tye Harvey]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Romain Mesnil]]|FRA}}
|-
|[[2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2003 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tim Lobinger]]|GER}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Michael Stolle]]|GER}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Rens Blom]]|NED}}
|-
|[[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2004 Budapest]] {{DetailsLink|2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Pavlov (athlete)|Igor Pavlov]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Adam Ptáček]]|CZE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Denys Yurchenko]]|UKR}}
|-
|[[2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2006 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brad Walker (athlete)|Brad Walker]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Alhaji Jeng]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tim Lobinger]]|GER}}
|-
|[[2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2008 Valencia]] {{DetailsLink|2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yevgeny Lukyanenko]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brad Walker (athlete)|Brad Walker]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Steve Hooker]]|AUS}}
|-
|[[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2010 Doha]] {{DetailsLink|2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Steve Hooker]]|AUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Malte Mohr]]|GER}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Alexander Straub (athlete)|Alexander Straub]]|GER}}
|-
|[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2012 Istanbul]] {{DetailsLink|2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Renaud Lavillenie]]|FRA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Björn Otto]]|GER}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brad Walker (athlete)|Brad Walker]]|USA}}
|-
|[[2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2014 Sopot]] {{DetailsLink|2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Konstadinos Filippidis]]|GRE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Malte Mohr]]|GER}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jan Kudlička]]|CZE}}
|-
|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2016 Portland]] {{DetailsLink|2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Renaud Lavillenie]]|FRA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sam Kendricks]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Piotr Lisek]]|POL}}
|-
|[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2018 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Renaud Lavillenie]]|FRA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sam Kendricks]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Piotr Lisek]]|POL}}
|-
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2022 Belgrade]] {{DetailsLink|2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Thiago Braz]]|BRA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Chris Nilsen]]|USA}}
|-
|[[2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2024 Glasgow]] {{DetailsLink|2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sam Kendricks]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Emmanouil Karalis]]|GRE}}
|-
|[[2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2025 Nanjing]] {{DetailsLink|2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Emmanouil Karalis]]|GRE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sam Kendricks]]|USA}}
|-
|[[2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2026 Toruń]] {{DetailsLink|2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Emmanouil Karalis]]|GRE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kurtis Marschall]]|AUS}}
|}
*{{note label|WIG|A}} Known as the ''World Indoor Games''

===Women===
{| {{MedalistTable}}
|-
|[[1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1997 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stacy Dragila]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Emma George]]|AUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Cai Weiyan]]|CHN}}
|-
|[[1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1999 Maebashi]] {{DetailsLink|1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anastasija Reiberger|Nastja Ryshich]]|GER}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vala Flosadóttir]]|ISL}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Nicole Humbert]]|GER}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Zsuzsanna Szabó-Olgyai]]|HUN}}
|-
|[[2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2001 Lisbon]] {{DetailsLink|2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Pavla Hamáčková-Rybová|Pavla Hamáčková]]|CZE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Svetlana Feofanova]]|RUS}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Kellie Suttle]]|USA}}
|''none awarded''
|-
|[[2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2003 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Svetlana Feofanova]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Monika Pyrek]]|POL}}
|-
|[[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2004 Budapest]] {{DetailsLink|2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stacy Dragila]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Svetlana Feofanova]]|RUS}}
|-
|[[2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2006 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Rogowska]]|POL}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Svetlana Feofanova]]|RUS}}
|-
|[[2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2008 Valencia]] {{DetailsLink|2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jenn Suhr|Jennifer Stuczynski]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Fabiana Murer]]|BRA}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Monika Pyrek]]|POL}}
|-
|[[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2010 Doha]] {{DetailsLink|2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Fabiana Murer]]|BRA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Svetlana Feofanova]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Rogowska]]|POL}}
|-
|[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2012 Istanbul]] {{DetailsLink|2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vanessa Boslak]]|FRA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Holly Bradshaw|Holly Bleasdale]]|GBR}}
|-
|[[2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2014 Sopot]] {{DetailsLink|2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yarisley Silva]]|CUB}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anzhelika Sidorova]]|RUS}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Jiřina Ptáčníková|Jiřina Svobodová]]|CZE}}
|''none awarded''
|-
|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2016 Portland]] {{DetailsLink|2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jenn Suhr|Jennifer Suhr]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sandi Morris]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Katerina Stefanidi]]|GRE}}
|-
|[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2018 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sandi Morris]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anzhelika Sidorova]]|ANA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Katerina Stefanidi]]|GRE}}
|-
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2022 Belgrade]] {{DetailsLink|2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sandi Morris]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Katie Moon]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tina Šutej]]|SLO}}
|-
|[[2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2024 Glasgow]] {{DetailsLink|2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Molly Caudery]]|GBR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Eliza McCartney]]|NZL}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Katie Moon]]|USA}}
|-
|[[2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2025 Nanjing]] {{DetailsLink|2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Marie-Julie Bonnin]]|FRA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tina Šutej]]|SLO}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Angelica Moser]]|SUI}}
|-
|[[2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2026 Toruń]] {{DetailsLink|2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's pole vault}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Molly Caudery]]|GBR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tina Šutej]]|SLO}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Amálie Švábíková]]|CZE}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Imogen Ayris]]|NZL}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Angelica Moser]]|SUI}}
|}

==World leading marks==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{Sticky header}}
===Men===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Mark
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1970 in the sport of athletics|1970]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.49}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Christos Papanikolaou]]|GRE}}
|[[Athens]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1971 in the sport of athletics|1971]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.43}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kjell Isaksson]]|SWE}}
|[[Siena]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1972 in the sport of athletics|1972]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.63}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Bob Seagren]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1973 in the sport of athletics|1973]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.49}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Steve Smith (pole vaulter)|Steve Smith]]|USA}}
|[[New York City]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1974 in the sport of athletics|1974]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.53}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Steve Smith (pole vaulter)|Steve Smith]]|USA}}
|[[Pocatello]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1975 in the sport of athletics|1975]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.65}}
|{{flagathlete|[[David Roberts (pole vaulter)|David Roberts]]|USA}}
|[[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1976 in the sport of athletics|1976]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.70}}
|{{flagathlete|[[David Roberts (pole vaulter)|David Roberts]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1977 in the sport of athletics|1977]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.66}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Władysław Kozakiewicz]]|POL}}
|[[Warsaw]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1978 in the sport of athletics|1978]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.71}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mike Tully]]|USA}}
|[[Corvallis, Oregon|Corvallis]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1979 in the sport of athletics|1979]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|5.65}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Patrick Abada]]|FRA}}
|[[Paris]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Philippe Houvion]]|FRA}}
|[[Paris]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1980 in the sport of athletics|1980]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.78}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Władysław Kozakiewicz]]|POL}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1981 in the sport of athletics|1981]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.81}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vladimir Polyakov (pole vaulter)|Vladimir Polyakov]]|URS}}
|[[Tbilisi]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1982 in the sport of athletics|1982]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|5.75}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dave Volz]]|USA}}
|[[Nice]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Jean-Michel Bellot]]|FRA}}
|[[Colombes]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1983 in the sport of athletics|1983]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.83}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Thierry Vigneron]]|FRA}}
|[[Rome]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1984 in the sport of athletics|1984]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.94}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|URS}}
|[[Rome]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1985 in the sport of athletics|1985]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.00}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|URS}}
|[[Paris]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1986 in the sport of athletics|1986]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.01}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|URS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1987 in the sport of athletics|1987]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.03}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|URS}}
|[[Prague]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|URS}}
|[[Nice]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.03}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|URS}}
|[[Osaka]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 in the sport of athletics|1990]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.05}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|URS}}
|[[Donetsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.12}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|URS}}
|[[Grenoble]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|6.13}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|UKR}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.15}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|UKR}}
|[[Donetsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.14}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|UKR}}
|[[Sestriere]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.03}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Okkert Brits]]|RSA}}
|[[Cologne]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.02}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|UKR}}
|[[Atlanta]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Bubka]]|UKR}}
|[[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.01}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jeff Hartwig]]|USA}}
|[[Uniondale, New York|Uniondale]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Maxim Tarasov]]|RUS}}
|[[Athens]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.03}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jeff Hartwig]]|USA}}
|[[Jonesboro, Arkansas|Jonesboro]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dmitriy Markov]]|AUS}}
|[[Edmonton]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.02}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jeff Hartwig]]|USA}}
|[[Sindelfingen]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.95}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Romain Mesnil]]|FRA}}
|[[Castres]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.01}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Timothy Mack]]|USA}}
|[[Monaco]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.00}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Paul Burgess (athlete)|Paul Burgess]]|AUS}}
|[[Perth]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.00}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brad Walker (athlete)|Brad Walker]]|USA}}
|[[Jockgrim]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.95}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brad Walker (athlete)|Brad Walker]]|USA}}
|[[Brisbane]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.04}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brad Walker (athlete)|Brad Walker]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Steve Hooker]]|AUS}}
|[[Boston]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.01}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Steve Hooker]]|AUS}}
|[[Doha]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.03}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Renaud Lavillenie]]|FRA}}
|[[Paris]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.01}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Björn Otto]]|GER}}
|[[Aachen]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.02}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Renaud Lavillenie]]|FRA}}
|[[London]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.16}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Renaud Lavillenie]]|FRA}}
|[[Donetsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Renaud Lavillenie]]|FRA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.03}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Thiago Braz]]|BRA}}
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|-
|{{T&Fcalc|6.03}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Renaud Lavillenie]]|FRA}}
|[[Jablonec nad Nisou|Jablonec]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.00}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Piotr Lisek]]|POL}}
|[[Potsdam]]
|-
|{{T&Fcalc|6.00}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sam Kendricks]]|USA}}
|[[Sacramento]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sam Kendricks]]|USA}}
|[[Des Moines]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.18}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
|[[Glasgow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.10}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
|[[Hengelo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.21}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.23}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.26}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
|[[Chorzów]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.30}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2026 in the sport of athletics|2026]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.31}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}}
|[[Uppsala]]
|}
{{col-2}}

===Women===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Mark
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Zhang Chunzhen]]|CHN}}
|[[Guangzhou]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sun Caiyun]]|CHN}}
|[[Nanjing]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.11}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sun Caiyun]]|CHN}}
|[[Guangzhou]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.12}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sun Caiyun]]|CHN}}
|[[Guangzhou]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.28}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Emma George]]|AUS}}
|[[Perth]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.45}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Emma George]]|AUS}}
|[[Sapporo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.55}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Emma George]]|AUS}}
|[[Melbourne]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.59}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Emma George]]|AUS}}
|[[Brisbane]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|4.60}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Emma George]]|AUS}}
|[[Sydney]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Stacy Dragila]]|USA}}
|[[Seville]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.63}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stacy Dragila]]|USA}}
|[[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.81}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stacy Dragila]]|USA}}
|[[Palo Alto]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.78}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Svetlana Feofanova]]|RUS}}
|Stockholm
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.82}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|[[Gateshead]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.92}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|[[Brussels]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.01}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|[[Helsinki]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|4.91}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|London
|-
|[[Donetsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.93}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|[[Donetsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|[[Beijing]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|[[Zürich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.89}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jennifer Suhr]]|USA}}
|[[Des Moines]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.91}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jennifer Suhr]]|USA}}
|[[Rochester, New York|Rochester]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.01}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Isinbayeva]]|RUS}}
|Stockholm
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.02}} {{athAbbr|i}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jennifer Suhr]]|USA}}
|[[Albuquerque]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.80}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Fabiana Murer]]|BRA}}
|New York City
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.91}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yarisley Silva]]|CUB}}
|[[Beckum, Germany|Beckum]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.03}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jenn Suhr]]|USA}}
|[[Brockport, New York|Brockport]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.91}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Katerina Stefanidi]]|GRE}}
|[[London, United Kingdom|London]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.95}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sandi Morris]]|USA}}
|[[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.95}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anzhelika Sidorova]]|ANA}}
|[[Doha]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.95}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anzhelika Sidorova]]|ANA}}
|Moscow
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|{{T&Fcalc|5.01}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anzhelika Sidorova]]|ANA}}
|[[Zürich]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=3|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|4.85}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Katie Moon]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Sandi Morris]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Wilma Murto]]|FIN}}
|[[Munich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.91}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Nina Kennedy]]|AUS}}
|[[Zürich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.92}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Molly Caudery]]|GBR}}
|[[Toulouse]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.91}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Amanda Moll]]|USA}}
|[[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indianapolis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2026 in the sport of athletics|2026]]
|{{T&Fcalc|4.88}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Hana Moll]]|USA}}
|[[Seattle]]
|}
{{col-end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Sport of athletics}}
* [[List of pole vault national champions (women)]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pole vault}}
* [https://iaaf.gekko.de/?a=jumps&d=pole-vault IAAF list of pole-vault records in XML]
* [http://www.mastersathletics.net/fileadmin/html/Rankings/All_Time/polevaultmen.htm All-time Masters men's Pole Vault list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216192331/http://www.mastersathletics.net/fileadmin/html/Rankings/All_Time/polevaultmen.htm |date=16 February 2020 }}
* [http://www.mastersathletics.net/fileadmin/html/Rankings/All_Time/polevaultwomen.htm All-time Masters women's Pole Vault list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929070944/http://www.mastersathletics.net/fileadmin/html/Rankings/All_Time/polevaultwomen.htm |date=29 September 2018 }}

{{Athletics events}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pole Vault}}
[[Category:Pole vault| ]]
[[Category:Events in track and field]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics]]

Rashid ul Khairi

2026-04-30T05:44:19Z

LaverneHenry: New the info from scratch

{{Short description|Urdu novelist and social reformer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Allama Rashid ul Khairi راشد الخیری
|image = Portrait_of_Allama_Rashid-ul-Khairi.jpg
|caption=
|birth_date = January 1868
|birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British India]]
|death_date=February 1936
|death_place=[[Delhi]], [[British India]]
|relations= [[Sadiq ul Khairi]] (son) Raziq ul Khairi (son) [[Amina Nazli|Begum Amma Nazli]] (daughter-in-law) [[Haziqul Khairi]] (grandson)
}}

'''Allama Rashid-ul-Khairi''', born as '''Mohammad Abdur Rashid''' and largely known as Musavire Gham (مصوّرِ غم; lit "illustrator of grief"), was a social reformer from [[British India]]. He is recognised for his contributions to [[Urdu|Urdu literature]]. Khairi blended reformist and didactic teachings with literary works and is considered among the pioneers of the Urdu short story.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1460390|title=literary notes: Feminism, social reform and Rashid-ul-Khairi|first=Rauf|last=Parekh|date=29 January 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/725323|title=COLUMN: Pioneers of women's right|first=From|last=InpaperMagazine|date=10 June 2012|website=dawn.com|accessdate=13 March 2018}}</ref> He was the father of Urdu novelist [[Sadiq ul Khairi]] and grandfather of prominent jurist [[Haziqul Khairi]].

Khairi founded ''ISMAT'' in June 1908, a social and literary magazine for women that served the cause of Muslim women's education in India and fought for their legal rights. He wrote more than ninety books and booklets, including ''Sath Ruhoon K Aamalnamay'' and ''Nani Ashu'', two comedic works.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1073704|title=Ismat's 105 years celebrated|first=Peerzada|last=Salman|date=14 December 2013|website=dawn.com|accessdate=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks?author=rashidul-khairi|title=Rashidul Khairi's urdu books - Author Books|website=Rekhta|accessdate=13 March 2018}}</ref> Khairi's work depicts the circumstances of women during his time in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|last1=By Maneka Gandhi, Ozair Husain|title=The Complete Book of Muslim and Parsi Names|year=2004|isbn=9780143031840|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSdCL2ZfflIC&dq=rashid+alkhairi+was+novelist&pg=PA369}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/amp/566083-just-individual-life |title=Not just an individual life |website=thenews.com.pk |date=2018-08-12 |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1073704|title=Ismat's 105 years celebrated|first=Peerzada|last=Salman|date=14 December 2013|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>

According to [[Munshi Premchand]], "Rashid ul Khairi was a great name in literature for women in Urdu, and all those who know Urdu language should be grateful to him." [[Gail Minault]], Professor of History at the [[University of Texas]], in her book ''Secluded Scholars'' wrote that, "Rashid ul Khairi was a pioneer of women's right in the Islamic tradition and was one of the biggest bestsellers in the history of Urdu Novel. He saw the oppression of women, their physical and mental imprisonment, and how they were deprived of their rights and he wanted to do something about it."<ref name="auto"/> Renowned Urdu literature novelist [[Qurratulain Hyder]] stated, "Rashid ul Khairi was one of the greatest reformers of the nation in the twentieth century."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fp.brecorder.com/2008/07/20080726775838/|title=LITERARY NOTES: Urdu short story: A century of progress | date=26 July 2008 | publisher=Business Recorder | accessdate=18 November 2019}}</ref>

== Literary works ==

* ''Samarna Ka Chand''
* ''Subh-e-Zindagi''
* ''Sham-e-Zindagi''
* ''Shab-e-Zindagi''
* ''Nauha-e-Zindagi''
* ''Mah-e-Ajam''
* ''Shaheen-o-Darraj''
* ''Nani Ashu''
* ''Jauhar-e-Ismat''
* ''Mahboob-e-Khudawand''
* ''Amna Ka Lal''
* ''Aroos-e-Karbala''
* ''Azzuhra''
* ''Sarab-e-Maghrib''
* ''Bintul Waqt''
* ''Hayat-e-Saliha''
* ''Syyeda Ka Lal''

==See also==
*[[Haziqul Khairi]]
*[[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]]
*[[Amina Nazli]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Urdu-language novelists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language humorists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language religious writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers from British India]]

Mukul Goel

2026-04-24T00:19:25Z

LaverneHenry: made basic stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Director general of police|Director General]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
| term_start = June 2021
| term_end = 11 May 2022
| predecessor = Hitesh Chandra Awasthy
| successor = Devendra Singh Chauhan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|02|22}}
| birth_place = [[Shamli]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi]]
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
| awards = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] Police Medal for Meritorious Service [[File:IND Police Medal for Gallantry.png|30px]] Police Medal for Gallantry
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| module = {{Infobox police officer
|child = yes
|service_years = 1987−2024
|rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Director General of Police]]
|department = [[File:Uttar Pradesh Logo.png|20px]] [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
}}
}}
'''Mukul Goel''' is a retired Indian civil servant. He is the former [[Director General]] civil defence at Indian state [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name=DIG>{{cite news |title=IPS officer Mukul Goel named new DGP of UP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mukul-goel-named-new-dgp-of-up-7383506/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=1 July 2021}}</ref> and had previously served as the Additional Director General (ADG) of [[Border Security Force]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mukul Goel assumes charge as IG, BSF, Punjab Frontier |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/mukul-goel-assumes-charge-as-ig-bsf-punjab-frontier-345771 |publisher=[[Tribune India]] |date=4 January 2017}}</ref> He was suspended by the erstwhile [[Mayawati]]'s government in 2007 for alleged irregularities in police recruitment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasan |first1=M. |title=Maya boots out 6,500 policemen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/maya-boots-out-6-500-policemen/story-MtNGZoQ9VbvCm6teMH2UkN.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He is 1987 batch [[IPS officer]] of Uttar Pradesh cadre.<ref name=DIG/> On 11 May 2022 Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] removed Director General of Police Mukul Goel from his post for inefficiency and neglecting his work. Thereafter, he worked as DGP (Civil Defence) at UP Police.

== Early life ==
He was born on 22 February 1964 in [[Shamli]] (earlier part of Muzaffarnagar district), [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. He holds a [[Bachelor of Technology]] degree in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi|IIT Delhi]].<ref name=pioneer/>

== Career ==
Mukul Goel served [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] in various capacities such as police chief of districts like [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]], [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]], [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]], [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]], [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]] and [[Meerut district|Meerut]]. He also served as Deputy inspector general of police (DIG) in [[Kanpur]], [[Agra]] and [[Bareilly]] ranges. In 2013, he served as the [[Additional director general of police]] (Law and Order) after [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots|riots broke out in Muzaffarnagar]] and its neighboring districts. Later, he served as ADG of [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]] and ADG ([[Indian Railways]]).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vijay |first1=Arun |title=ADG Arun Kumar removed, Mukul Goel replaces him |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20130927/281500748954687 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=27 September 2013}}</ref> In 2016, Goel was appointed as the IG of [[Border Security Force]] and moved to [[New Delhi]] on deputation.<ref name=financialexpress>{{cite news |title=Who is Mukul Goel? Suspended during Mayawati rule, Uttar Pradesh's new DGP has his hands full in poll year |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-mukul-goel-suspended-during-mayawati-rule-uttar-pradeshs-new-dgp-has-his-hands-full-in-poll-year/2281745/ |publisher=The Financial Express |date=1 July 2021}}</ref> In June 2021, the [[Yogi Adityanath]]-led [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] appointed him as the [[Director General of Police]] of the state.<ref name=DIG/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Qureshi |first1=Siraj |title=Mukul Goel takes charge as Uttar Pradesh DGP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mukul-goel-takes-charge-as-uttar-pradesh-dgp-1823603-2021-07-04 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=4 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="1987 Batch IPS Officer Mukul Goyal is the new DGP of UP">{{cite news |last1=News18 |title=1987 Batch IPS Officer Mukul Goyal is the new DGP of UP |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/1987-batch-ips-officer-mukul-goyal-is-the-new-dgp-of-up-3911084.html |accessdate=12 May 2022 |date=30 June 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512182425/https://www.news18.com/news/india/1987-batch-ips-officer-mukul-goyal-is-the-new-dgp-of-up-3911084.html |archivedate=12 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Honours and decorations ==
* [[File:IND Police Medal for Gallantry.png|30x30px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Gallantry]], 2003<ref name=pioneer/>
* [[File:IND_Police_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service.png|30x30px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Meritorious service]], 2003<ref name=pioneer/>
* [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30x30px]] [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Distinguished service]], 2012<ref name=pioneer>{{cite news |title=Criminals, anti-social elements will not be spared: Mukul Goel |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/criminals--anti-social-elements-will-not-be-spared--mukul-goel.html |publisher=[[Daily Pioneer]] |date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2000, he was suspended after the murder of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] politician and legislator [[Nirbhay Pal Sharma]] during his tenure in [[Saharanpur]] as SSP. It was also alleged that [[Nirbhay Pal Sharma]] had called the police but the police did not respond on time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Santosh |title=मुकुल गोयल: सस्पेंशन झेला, दंगों को कुचलने में अहम रोल, जानिए कौन हैं UP के नए DGP? |url=https://www.aajtak.in/crime/police-and-intelligence/story/mukul-goyal-uttar-pradesh-dgp-profile-career-information-awards-1282538-2021-07-01 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=1 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MLA's murder bares police inefficiency |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001111/nation.htm#5 |publisher=[[Tribune India]] |date=10 November 2000}}</ref>

In September 2007, Mukul Goel, along with other 24 IPS officers were suspended by then UP Chief minister [[Mayawati]] after various FIRs were lodged against them for alleged irregularities in the recruitment of [[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC), Police and Radio wireless personnel. Later, they were reinstated when all the cases were withdrawn by then [[Akhilesh Yadav]]-led government in 2012 when [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP) came in power.<ref>{{cite news |title=ADG (Law & Order) removed |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/adg-(law---order)--removed/1174992/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=financialexpress/><ref>{{cite news |title=SP govt back, many IPS officers on central deputation set to return |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/sp-govt-back-many-ips-officers-on-central-deputation-set-to-return/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=23 March 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goel, Mukul}}
[[Category:Director generals of Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Department of School Education & Literacy (Jharkhand)

2026-04-21T09:28:02Z

LaverneHenry:

{{short description|State government department in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of School Education and Literacy
| native_name = स्कूली शिक्षा एवं साक्षरता विभाग
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_captioodpq
n =
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = MDI Bhavan, Dhurwa [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Hemant Soren]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in Charge
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Uma Shankar Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Principal Secretary (India)|Secretary]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| agency_type =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{URL|https://schooleducation.jharkhand.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Department of School Education & Literacy''' (DoSE&L) is a department of [[Government of Jharkhand]] responsible for the formulation, implementation and monitoring of policies related to school education and literacy across the elementary and secondary levels within the state of [[Jharkhand]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official website of DoSE&L |url=https://schooleducation.jharkhand.gov.in/ |access-date=29 Sep 2025 |website=schooleducation.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of School Education & Literacy Development |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/school |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718080132/https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/school |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Education Policy Compliance Profile Jharkhand |url=https://ccs.in/sites/default/files/2022-11/jharkhand-state-of-education-report_0_0_0.pdf |access-date=29 Sep 2025 |website=Centre for Civil Society}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-17 |title=Jharkhand to appoint over 800 English-medium teachers in model schools |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-to-appoint-over-800-english-medium-teachers-in-model-schools/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-14 |title=End intermediate studies in colleges, education dept to all dist authorities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/end-intermediate-studies-in-colleges-education-dept-to-all-dist-authorities/articleshow/121835987.cms |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It aims to achieve equitable access, quality instruction, promotion of tribal languages and literacy, especially among marginalized groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Soma |date=2024-09-01 |title=Seeti Bajao School Bulao initiative: How it is bringing students back to school in Jharkhand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/how-the-seeti-bajao-initiative-in-jharkhand-is-bringing-students-back-to-school/article68571582.ece |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-11 |title='Palash' programme boosts tribal education in state |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/palash-programme-boosts-tribal-education-in-state/articleshow/123243086.cms |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Tribal, regional languages to be mandatory in schools in India's Jharkhand |url=https://asianews.network/tribal-regional-languages-to-be-mandatory-in-schools-in-indias-jharkhand/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==

The Department of School Education & Literacy is headed by a Cabinet Minister in the [[Government of Jharkhand]]. The portfolio was held by [[Ramdas Soren]] until his death on 15 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jharkhand Education Minister Ramdas Soren dies at 62 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-education-minister-ramdas-soren-dies-at-62-9094350 |work=NDTV |date=15 August 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jharkhand education minister Ramdas Soren passes away |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jharkhand-education-minister-ramdas-soren-dies-at-62-2771910-2025-08-16 |work=India Today |date=16 August 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref> Following his demise, Chief Minister [[Hemant Soren]] took additional charge of the department until a new minister is appointed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren to take charge of School Education & Literacy Department |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-cm-hemant-soren-to-take-charge-of-school-education-literacy-department/ |website=Avenue Mail |date=18 August 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren takes additional charge of education, registration departments |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/08/18/cal37-jh-cm-departments.html |work=The Week (PTI) |date=18 August 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>

The administrative functions of the department are overseen by the Principal Secretary, Uma Shankar Singh, IAS, who is responsible for implementation of policies and programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DoSE&L - Department of School Education & Literacy |url=https://schooleducation.jharkhand.gov.in/content/dosel |website=Department of School Education & Literacy, Government of Jharkhand |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]
* [[Ministry of Education (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Ratnavel Pandian Subbiah

2026-04-20T09:49:30Z

LaverneHenry: New the post first draft.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Thirupudaimaruthur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| website =
| signature_alt =
| signature =
| occupation = [[Judge|Justice]]
| alma_mater = [[Madras Law College]]
| children =
| father = [[Judge|Justice]] S [[Ratnavel Pandian]]
| party =
| spouse =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1959|06|21}}
| name = Justice R Subbiah
| appointer1 = [[Prathiba Patil]], the then [[President of India]]
| office1 = [[List of Justices of Tamil Nadu|2nd]] Judge of [[Madras High Court|High Court]]
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] Justice of [[Madras High Court]]
| nominator = [[Prathiba Patil]], the then [[President of India]]
| appointer = [[Prathiba Patil]], the then [[President of India]]
| office = [[Madras High Court]]
| caption =
| alt =
| image_size = 220px
| image = Chennai High Court.jpg
| footnotes =
}}
Justice '''Ratnavel Pandian Subbiah''' is a sitting judge of the Charted [[Madras High Court|High Court of Madras]]. Subbiah is the Executive Chairman for the Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Legal Services Authority!|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/|website=nalsa.gov.in|access-date=2021-03-28|language=en}}</ref> He was elevated as a judge of High Court of Madras on 24 March 2008.

Subbiah is the son of retired Supreme Court judge S [[Ratnavel Pandian|Rathnavel Pandian]]. Subbiah was appointed as an Additional judge of the Madras High Court on 24 March 2008 by the [[President of India]], [[Pratibha Patil]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Appointment of Judges for High Courts|url=https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/memohc_0.pdf}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Subbiah was born on 21 June 1959. He is the son of [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} SUPREME COURT OF INDIA|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=main.sci.gov.in}}</ref> Justice S [[Ratnavel Pandian]].

After completing his graduation with a degree in law, from [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law College]], Subbiah has enrolled as an advocate on 14 December 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bar Council of Tamilnadu and Puducherry - Official Website|url=http://barcounciloftamilnadupuducherry.org/a/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=barcounciloftamilnadupuducherry.org|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518061656/http://barcounciloftamilnadupuducherry.org/a/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Advocate profession ==
Subbiah had practiced for 23 years in the [[Madras High Court|High Court of Madras]] in all subjects. He specialized in constitutional, civil, criminal and service matters.

Subbiah worked as a panel advocate for Pondicherry Industrial Promotion and Development Investment Corporation and he worked as a panel [[advocate]] for the [[Chennai Port|Chennai Port Trust]] and for the [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), Chennai.

Subbiah worked as a standing counsel for the Industrial Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu and for various Government Organizations and he worked as special government pleader (CS) Government of [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Judge of High Court ==
Subbiah was appointed as an additional judge of the [[Madras High Court]] on 24 March 2008. President of India Srimathi [[Pratibha Patil]] issued the warrant to appoint him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madras High Court - Home Page|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in}}</ref>

Subbiah was appointed as Permanent Judge of the [[Madras High Court]] on 9 November 2009.

== Important orders ==

=== John Doe Order ===
[[John Doe]] order is a pre-infringement injunction remedy provided to protect the intellectual property rights of the creator of artistic works like movies, songs, etc. [[John Doe]] order is also known as Rolling Anton Pillar, [[Anton Piller order|Anton Pillar]] or Ashok Kumar order.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

[[John Doe]] Order was passed by Justice R Subbiah in the case relating to the movie ''Dhammu''. This Movie was created by Creative Commercials Media & Entertainment Ltd. and the [[John Doe]] order was passed against BSNL and other ISP's restraining them from infringing their copyrights.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

=== Corruption Act Order ===
Subbiah and Justice Krishnan Ramaswamy, sitting in a Bench, dismissed a petition filed by a Puduchery [[Member Of Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]], challenging his disqualification through an order by the [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]]. The Bench Dismissed the Petition filed by the Petitioner by giving a finding that Corruption was proved before the [[Special court|Special Court]] and hence, the petitioner has lost his locus to be a Member of Legislative Assembly.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

=== Online Gaming Order ===
Subbiah, sitting as a Judge of [[Madras High Court]], refused to stay ordinance banning Online Gambling Games. This order was passed on a petition challenging the Ordinance. The Ordinance was passed, when many youth and students have lost their earning through online Gaming. It was argued on the side of the Petitioner that [[Rummy]] is a game of wit. But, the Ordinance already made clear that the online Gaming spoiled the life of youngsters. Following that object for which the Ordinance was promulgated, Subbiah had dismissed the plea.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

=== Right to Education Order ===
A challenge was made by CBSC Schools Under the [[Right to Education Act]] that the State Government has no right to interfere with the collection of fee. Subbiah, as a member in the Bench, ruled that the State Government is having right to reimburse the Fee Collected under Section 25 of the [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|Right to Education Act]]. This Act provides free education for the Weaker Section Students, in All Schools and every School should reserve 25% of the total seat for the free education for the Weaker Section Students. All private unaided schools were fixing their own fee structure, till the year 2009. But, after the Court order, the fee structure was regularized.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

=== TCS Employee Order ===
A Pregnant Woman employee of [[TCS IT Wiz|TCS]] IT Company was terminated from service. When she filed a case before the [[High courts of India|High Court]], Subbiah had passed an interim order restraining the [[IT company]] from removing her from the employment. Afterwards the IT Company had withdrawn the termination order of the employee.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subbiah, Ratnavel Pandian}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]

Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T16:51:39Z

LaverneHenry: Starting The Article Needs Work

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Odisha}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Bhandaripokhari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhandaripokhari
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 43
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Sanjib Kumar Mallick]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,40,416{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Bhandaripokhari''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Bhadrak district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=44|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113145056/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=44|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 January 2017|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Bhadrak (44) District : Bhadrak|accessdate= 25 February 2014}}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes Bhandaripokhari block and Bonth block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp18.htm |title= 18 - Bhndaripokhari Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|39.07}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|40.49}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.27}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.37}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.33}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|58.16}}
{{bar percent|1998 (bypoll)|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.51}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|44.2}}
{{bar percent|1991 (bypoll)|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|46.79}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|72.25}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.41}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|54.22}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|56.08}}
}}

Since its formation in 1952, 15 elections were held till date including two bypolls in 1991 & 1998. In 1952, it was known as Banth constituency. It was disestablished in 1956 and revived as Bhandaripokhari in 1974.

List of members elected from Bhandaripokhari constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=17 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bhandaripokhari Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/bhandaripokhari.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="byElections1952-95">{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Banth constituency''}}
|-
| [[1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Gokulananda Mohanty]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''1957-1974 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Bairagi Jena
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Kapil Charan Sethi
| {{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Purusottam Sethi
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Panchanan Mandal
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
| {{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 1991 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Arjun Charan Sethi on his election to Lok Sabha}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Bhandaripokhari 1991 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/1422 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
| Prafulla Kumar Jena
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
|-
| 1998 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Arjun Charan Sethi on his election to Lok Sabha}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Bhandaripokhari 1998 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/420 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
| Kumar Shree Chiranjibi
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Ratha Das
| {{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Ananta Sethi]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="3" | [[Prafulla Samal]]
| {{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name="election2014">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bhandaripokhari Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bhandaripokhari-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhandaripokhari Assembly Election Results 2024: Bhandaripokhari Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/bhandaripokhari-constituency-result-18043 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Sanjib Kumar Mallick]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sanjib Kumar Mallick]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Niranjan Patnaik]] by a margin of 1,551 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bhandaripokhari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sanjib Kumar Mallick]]
|votes = 72,447
|percentage = 39.07
|change = {{decrease}}6.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Niranjan Patnaik]]
|votes = 70,896
|percentage = 38.23
|change = {{increase}}14.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sudhanshu Shekhar Nayak
|votes = 38,952
|percentage = 21.01
|change = {{increase}}2.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 357
|percentage = 0.19
|change = {{decrease}}0.19
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,551
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,85,437
|percentage = 77.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prafulla Samal]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Niranjan Patnaik]] by a margin of 8,859 votes.

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bhandaripokhari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Prafulla Samal]]
|votes = 70,180
|percentage = 40.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Niranjan Patnaik]]
|votes = 61,321
|percentage = 35.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Badri Narayan Dhal
|votes = 39,141
|percentage = 22.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 585
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,859
|percentage = 5.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,54,995
|percentage = 76.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prafulla Samal]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Subrat Kumar Das by a margin of 34,097 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhandaripokhari<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Bhandaripokhari|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1843.htm?ac=43|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Bhandaripokhari (43)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=43|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111090902/https://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=43|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 November 2023|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Prafulla Samal]]
|votes = 70,173
|percentage = 45.27
|change = 0.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subrat Kumar Das
|votes = 36,076
|percentage = 23.28
|change = 6.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Badri Narayan Dhal
|votes = 28,809
|percentage = 18.59
|change = 3.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 585
|percentage = 0.38
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 34,097
|percentage = 21.99
|change = 6.96
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,54,995
|percentage = 77.26
|change = 4.15
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,00,606
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prafulla Samal]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Badri Narayan Dhal by a margin of 20,410 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bhandaripokhari<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Prafulla Samal]]
|votes = 60,250
|percentage = 44.37
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Badri Narayan Dhal
|votes = 39,840
|percentage = 29.34
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manmohan Samal]]
|votes = 21,160
|percentage = 15.58
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,410
|percentage = 15.03{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,35,799
|percentage = 73.11
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bhadrak district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|20.96|86.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Bhadrak district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Orissa]]

Durga Aur Charu

2026-04-14T14:40:55Z

LaverneHenry: New Entry

{{short description|Post-independence Indian social & period drama}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Durga Aur Charu.png
| genre = Drama
| creator = {{ubl|Shashi Mittal|Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal}}
| director = Bhagyasree Ananda Jadhav
| writer = {{ubl|Shashi Mittal|Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal|Amitabh Singh}}
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Ashish Rego
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Anish John]] '''Singers''' Mukund Suryavanshi Shreya Phukan
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 86
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|Shashi Mittal|Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal|Apoorv Jaiswal}}
| editor =
| cinematography = {{ubl|Abhishek Basu Sudesh Kotian}}
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-Camera]]
| runtime = 20-59 minutes
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|12|12}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|04|14}}
| related = [[Barrister Babu]]
| list_episodes =
}}

'''''Durga Aur Charu''''' is an Indian [[Hindi (language)|Hindi-language]] [[soap opera]] by [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]], which broadcast on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Tribune |date=11 December 2022 |title=Get set for Durga Aur Charu |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/get-set-for-durga-aur-charu-459839 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durga Aur Charu |url=https://www.colorstv.com/shows/durga-aur-charu/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Colors Tv |language=en-US}}</ref> It aired from 12 December 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-27 |title=New show Durga Aur Charu is coming soon on Colors TV |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/new-show-durga-aur-charu-is-coming-soon-on-colors-tv-1566020 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> to 14 April 2023 and starred [[Rachi Sharma]], [[Adrija Roy]] and [[Kunal Jaisingh]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-09 |title=Exclusive: Kunal Jaisingh to replace Mohit Kumar as the lead in Durga Aur Charu? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kunal-jaisingh-to-replace-mohit-kumar-as-the-lead-in-durga-aur-charu/articleshow/97764722.cms |access-date=2023-11-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is a sequel of [[Barrister Babu]].

==Plot==
Aniruddh and Bondita are taking their daughters, Durga and Devi, to [[Darjeeling]] for their 5th birthday, when the family are in a terrible car crash. Aniruddh and Bondita die, and Durga is thrown from the car into a bush by the side of the road; Devi, still in the car, suffers a head injury and loses her memory. The other driver rushes to the scene of the crash, where he finds Devi with her dead parents, and takes her with him, leaving behind the unconscious Durga.

===5 years later===
Durga is struggling with nightmares about the accident and with fear of Sumona and her husband Polash, who bully the girl and plan to get the whole Roy Chaudhary property in their own name. Meanwhile, Devi, now called Charu, has been adopted by circus workers called Banke and Bholi, and does fearless acrobatics, but she dreams of getting a proper education and becoming a barrister. The two girls share a special connection, which allows each of them to feel the other's pain.

Binoy angers Sumona by deciding to take Durga to a better hospital in [[Delhi]] for treatment. The girls see each other, and Charu tries to run away from her adoptive parents, only to be caught and sold to a brothel. With Durga's help, she and her adopted sister, Chumki, manage to escape, and she comes with Durga to [[Kolkata]]. There, Charu fights off Durga's bullies, and the two girls perform a [[Śrāddha|Shradh puja]] ceremony for their parents.

Soon after, Charu figures out that Kalnemi, whom Durga is afraid of, is Polash in disguise. Polash denies it, blames someone else, and tries to manipulate Sampoorna, but Sampoorna and Binoy are impressed by Charu and decide to adopt her.

Meanwhile, Sheru, the owner of the brothel, has threatened Bholi that unless she returns Charu and Chumki to him, he will take her in their place. Bholi and Banke travel to Kolkata; Bholi insinuates herself into the family, while Banke takes out a loan from Binoy. On [[Durga Puja]], Banke sees a portrait of Aniruddh and Bondita and realizes everything. To prevent him from coming clean to Binoy and Sampoorna, Bholi has Sheru kill him.

Bholi then introduces Chumki to the family as Devi and has her accuse Durga of hitting her, claims that Charu killed Banke, and Charu is arrested. With Durga's help, Charu escapes and disguises herself as Chaturvuj to evade Bholi and the police. She tries to blackmail Bholi, but it backfires. She is saved by Banke, who is alive but has lost his memory. Eventually, Bholi manages to get Charu arrested again, and Durga swears to Sampoorna to never meet Charu again. Durga is sent to study in Darjeeling, and Charu, who thinks the twelve years she is facing in prison are Durga's fault, is devastated.

===12 years later===
Durga and Charu, now grown up, have both become barristers, despite Charu still being in prison. Charu blames Durga for her imprisonment and thinks of her as an enemy, but Durga has secretly been sending all of her pocket money for Charu's education.

Anirban Banerjee, the son of a wealthy family yearns for his mother's love who was manipulated by his step-mother meets Charu, and Durga and helps them clearing their misunderstanding, and uniting Durga and Charu. Bholi is arrested and ask Chumki to never let Roy Chowdhury family learn that Charu is actually Devi not Chumki herself.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Rachi Sharma]] as [[Barrister]] Durga Roy Chowdhury: Aniruddh and Bondita's elder daughter; Devi's twin sister; Anirban's ex-fiancee (2023)
**Aurra Bhatnagar Badoni as Child Durga Roy Choudhary (2022–2023)
*[[Adrija Roy]] as [[Barrister]] Devi "Charu" Roy Chowdhury Banerjee: Aniruddh and Bondita's younger daughter; Durga's twin sister; Anirban's wife (2023)
**Vaishnavi Prajapati as Child Devi "Charu" Roy Chowdhury (2022–2023)
*[[Mohit Kumar (actor)|Mohit Kumar]]/[[Kunal Jaisingh]] as Anirban Banerjee: Abhiroop's elder son; Durga's ex-fiance; Devi's husband (2023)

====Recurring====
*[[Chandan K Anand]] as Binoy Roy Chowdhury: Trilochan's brother; (2022-2023)
*[[Pravisht Mishra]] as [[Barrister]] Aniruddh Roy Chowdhury: Binoy and Shubhra's eldest son (2022)
*[[Anchal Sahu]] as [[Barrister]] Bondita Das Roy Chowdhury: Arvind and Sumati's daughter (2022)
*Jyoti Mukherjee as Sampoorna Jadhav Roy Chowdhury: Sundaram and Devoleena's daughter (2022–2023)
*Kaushiki Rathore as Shashwati "Sumona" Roy Chowdhury: Binoy and Sampoorna's daughter (2022–2023)
*Sayantan Banerjee as Polash: Sumona's husband (2022-2023)
*[[Sudeep Sarangi]] as Bankey: Bholi's husband (2022-2023)
*[[Preeti Amin]] as Bholi aka Neem ki Goli: Bankey's wife (2022–2023)
*Srushti Tare as Chumki: Fake Devi; Bankey and Bholi's daughter (2023)
**Ayesha Vindhara as Child Chumki (2022–2023)
*Harsh Vashisht as Abhiroop Banerjee: Mrs. Banerjee's elder son (2023)
*[[Monica Khanna]] as Latika Banerjee: Abhiroop's second wife (2023)
*[[Dolly Minhas]] as Mrs. Banerjee: Abhiroop's mother; (2023)
*[[Preeti Puri]] as Savitri Banerjee: Mr. Banerjee's wife (2023)
*Jignesh Joshi as Mr. Banerjee: Mrs. Banerjee's younger son (2023)

==Development==
On 31 January 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-01-31 |title=Durga Aur Charu To Take A 10-Year Leap, Adrija Roy And Rachi Sharma Roped In For Lead Roles |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/durga-aur-charu-to-take-a-10-year-leap-adrija-roy-and-rachi-sharma-roped-in-for-lead-roles-1579112 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Colors TV]] unveiled a teaser to introduce the new actors, [[Rachi Sharma]] and [[Adrija Roy]] as grown-up Durga and Charu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-31 |title=Adrija Roy and Rachi Sharma open up about their roles in 'Durga Aur Charu' after the 10-year leap |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adrija-roy-and-rachi-sharma-open-up-about-their-roles-in-durga-aur-charu-after-the-10-year-leap/articleshow/97492814.cms |access-date=2023-11-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

It went off air on 14 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-05 |title=Monika Khanna on Durga Aur Charu wrapping up: It's shocking and heartbreaking |work=The Economic Times |url=https://timesofindia-indiatimes-com.translate.goog/tv/news/hindi/monika-khanna-on-durga-aur-charu-wrapping-up-its-shocking-and-heartbreaking/articleshow/99246124.cms?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=hi&_x_tr_hl=hi&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2023-11-09 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=Durga and Charu टीवी सीरियल का बंधा बोरिया बिस्तर, TRP नहीं तो कोई शो भी नहीं! |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/durga-aur-charu-tv-serial-going-off-air-after-ipl-2023-kunal-jaisingh-adrija-roy-and-ruchir-sharma-tv-show-ending-to-soon-article-99083042 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Times Now Navbharat |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=25420658}}

{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Shashi Sumeet Productions}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Shashi Sumeet Productions series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Panskura Purba Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:40Z

LaverneHenry: New new post initial version

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panskura Purba
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Panskura Purba.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Panskura Purba Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Biplab Roy Chowdhury]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| constituency_no = 204
| established = 1951
| electors = 186,193
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Panskura Purba Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 204 Panskura Purba Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Kolaghat (community development block)|Kolaghat]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 6 August 2015|work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Panskura Purba Assembly constituency is part of No. 30 [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Rajani Kanta Pramanick ''Panskura (North)''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Shyama Bhattacharya ''Panskura (South)''
|-
!colspan="4"|''Panskura East''
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="2"|Rajani Kanta Pramanik
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="4"|Geeta Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Swades Ranjan Maji
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Sibram Basu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Sisir Sarkar
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|Biplab Roy Chowdhury
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Amiya Kumar Sahoo
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
!colspan="4"|''Constituency renamed as Panskura Purba due to delimitation''
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Biplab Roy Chowdhury
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|Sheikh Ibrahim Ali
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Biplab Roy Chowdhury
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Panskura Purba}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sheikh Ibrahim Ali]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 election===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Panskura Purba}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sheikh Ibrahim Ali]]
|votes = 85,334
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Biplab Roy Chowdhury
|votes = 80,567
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Smt. Aparna Laskar
|votes = 10,041
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Narayan Nayak
|votes = 2,572
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amiya Kumar Sahoo
|votes = 2,181
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,864
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,63,577
|percentage = 87.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 10.65#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on [[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]+[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] vote percentages taken together in 2016.

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Panskura Purba<ref name="Panskura Purba">{{cite web|url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25204.htm|title = Panskura Purba|work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-05-17}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=204| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164727/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=204| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Panskura Purba| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-01 }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Panskura Purba |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-01 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Biplab Roy Chowdhury
|votes = 82,957
|percentage = 50.71
|change = +3.67#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Amiya Sahoo
|votes = 69,790
|percentage = 42.66
|change = -6.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Deb Kumar Maity
|votes = 3,971
|percentage = 2.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Motahar Hossen Mallick
|votes = 3,649
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People's Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = Kamarujjaman Khann
|votes = 1,750
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sk. Mahim
|votes = 1,640
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 163,577
|percentage = 87.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 10.65#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2011.

===2006===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Panskura East<ref name="Panskura Purba"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Amiya Ranjan Sahoo
|votes = 72,858
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Biplab Roy Chowdhury
|votes = 65,998
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Anurupa Das
|votes = 3,459
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = INC
|candidate = Mahadeb Sengupta
|votes = 3,038
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Paresh Ghosh
|votes = 1,409
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 146,762
|percentage = 87.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 10.65#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Trinamool Congress+BJP vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===2001===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2001]]: Panskura East<ref name="Panskura Purba"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Biplab Roy Chowdhury
|votes = 64,805
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sisir Kumar Sarkar
|votes = 62,499
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Narayan Kinkar Mishra
|votes = 3,668
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anurupa Das
|votes = 2,324
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Nikhil Jana
|votes = 1,073
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amiya Maity
|votes = 971
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 135,340
|percentage = 83.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Trinamool Congress+Congress vote percentages taken together in 2001.

===1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1996]]: Panskura East<ref name="Panskura Purba"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Biplab Roy Chowdhury
|votes = 62,496
|percentage = 47,65
|change = +3.67#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sisir Kumar Sarkar
|votes = 62,359
|percentage = 47,55
|change = -6.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tushar Kanti Das
|votes = 2,724
|percentage = 2.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Haripada Pramanik
|votes = 2,367
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hyder Mallick
|votes = 1,073
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 131,151
|percentage = 87.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]] Amiya Kumar Sahoo of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Panskura East assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Biplab Ray Chowdhury of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Biplab Roychowdhury representing Trinamool Congress in 2001 and representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, defeated Sisir Sarkar of CPI(M). Sisir Sarkar of CPI(M) defeated Biplab Roy Choudhury of Congress in 1991. Sibram Basu of CPI(M) defeated Rabindra Bag of Congress in 1987. Swades Ranjan Maji, Independent/ [[Janata Party]], defeated Biplab Roy Choudhury representing [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] in 1982, and Adhir Kumar Chatterjee of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp201.htm |title = 201 - Panskura East Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-07 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
[[Geeta Mukherjee]] of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won the Panskura East seat in 1972, 1971, 1969 and 1967 defeating Amar Prasad Chakravarty of [[Forward Bloc]], Birbhadra Gouri of [[Bangla Congress]], Shyamdas Bhattacharya of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and Saradindu Samanta of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Rajani Kanta Pramanik of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]] and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent first election in 1951]], the two Panskura seats were named Panskura North and Panskura South. While Rajanikanta Pramanik of Congress won the Panskura North seat, Shyama Bhattacharya of Congress won the Panskura South seat.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Elections | access-date = 2010-12-01 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Panskura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Khejarli massacre

2026-04-11T19:55:19Z

LaverneHenry:

{{Short description|1730 massacre in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Khejarli Massacre
| subtitle = September 1730, 363 [[Bishnois]] were killed while trying to peacefully protect a grove of [[Prosopis cineraria|Khejri trees]].
| partof =
| image = 363 Bishnoi Sacrifice Memorial.jpg
| image_alt = Memorial
| caption = A memorial Commemorating 363 Bishnois died for saving Green Trees Near [[Khejarli]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| date = early-mid September 1730, likely on 11 September
| place = [[Khejarli]], [[Rajasthan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26|10|00.0|N|73|9|32.8|E|region:IN-RJ_type:event|display=title,inline}}
| causes = felling of trees by the [[Kingdom of Marwar]]
| goals =
| methods =
| status =
| result = 363 [[Bishnois]] killed, tree harvesting halted and outlawed in the village
| side1 = Khejarli villagers '''Supported by''' [[Bishnoi]] practitioners
| side2 = [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] Soldiers and labourers of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]]
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 = [[Amrita Devi]], Bishnoi elders
| leadfigures2 = Giridhar Bhandari
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 = Several hundred Bishnoi practitioners
| howmany2 = "Party" of soldiers and labourers
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 = 363 Bishnois villagers
| casualties2 = none
| casualties3 =
| fatalities = 363
| injuries =
| arrests =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox =
| Fair =
}}
The '''Khejarli massacre''' occurred in September 1730 in Northern India, when 363 [[Bishnoi]]s were killed while trying to peacefully protect a grove of [[Khejri]] trees from being chopped down on the orders of the Maharaja of Marwar, [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhai Singh]]. Abhai Singh had sent his soldiers to cut the trees in the village of [[Khejarli]] to provide wood for a new palace. The killings were carried out on the orders of his minister, Giridhar Bhandari. The effort had a long-term impact on environmental advocacy, and the massacre later became known as a precursor to the 20th-century [[Chipko movement]]. Due to the sacrifice of the protesters, the ruler took back his earlier order of felling trees.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://theviewspaper.net/nature-conservation-is-my-religion/|title=Nature Conservation is my Religion|last=Mehra|first=Satya Prakash|date=31 December 2008|website=The Viewspaper|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602063517/http://theviewspaper.net/nature-conservation-is-my-religion/|archive-date=2 June 2015|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

== History ==

In 1730, Abhai Singh dispatched one of his ministers, Giridhar Bhandari, to collect wood to be used in the construction of a new palace; some sources report that the wood was needed to build the palace,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/landoftigernatur00thap|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/landoftigernatur00thap/page/179 179]|title=Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent|last=Thapar|first=Valmik|date=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520214705|language=en}}</ref> while others note the Marwars intended to burn the trees to create [[Lime (material)|lime]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Regardless of intended purpose, Bhandari and his entourage of soldiers arrived in Khejarli, where they demanded access to the village's trees. Led by a woman named [[Amrita Devi Bishnoi|Amrita Devi]] , the villagers refused to surrender their trees to the Raj's soldiers. Amrita stated that the Khejri trees were sacred to the [[Bishnoi]]s, and her faith prohibited her from allowing the trees to be cut down.<ref name=":2">Gottlieb, Roger S. "Bishnois: Defenders of the Environment." This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, Environment. Psychology Press, 1996. pp. 159-160</ref>

The situation escalated, and the Marwan party offered to leave the village's Khejri trees alone in exchange for a bribe. However, this was seen as a grievous insult to the Bishnoi values, and Amrita announced that she would rather die than allow the trees to be cut down. She and her family began [[Tree hugging|hugging]] the Khejris, shielding the trees with their bodies. Angered by the rebuke, the Marwans beheaded Amrita and three of her daughters before beginning to cut down the trees.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Kevin Desmond">{{cite book|author=Kevin Desmond |year=2017 |title=Planet Savers: 301 Extraordinary Environmentalists|publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=18|isbn=9781351280310 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGRQDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Khejarli%22+massacre+%22Amrita+Devi%22+}}</ref>

News of the ongoing desecration of Jehnad's trees quickly spread among Rajasthan's Bishnoi population. In all, Bishnois from 83 villages began to travel to Jehnad in an attempt to save the trees,<ref name=":2" /> and a council was convened to determine what could be done about the situation. The council's decision was that each Bishnoi volunteer would lay down their life to defend one of the threatened trees. Older people went forward first, with many of them being killed as they hugged the Khejris. Seeing this as an opportunity, Giridhar Bhandari claimed that the Bishnoi were only sending forward people who they thought were useless to be killed. In response, younger men, women, and children began to hug the trees, resulting in many of them being killed as well.<ref name=":2" /> In all, 363 Bishnois were killed while protecting the trees.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/bishnoi-villagers-sacrifice-lives-save-trees-1730|title=Bishnoi villagers sacrifice lives to save trees, 1730 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database|website=nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu|language=en|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">Reichert A. (2016) Transformative Encounters: Destabilising Human/Animal and Nature/Culture Binaries Through Cross-Cultural Engagement.</ref>

Shocked by the passive resistance of the Bishnois, Abhai Singh recalled his men and personally travelled to the village to apologise for his minister's actions.<ref name=":1" /> He decreed that the village would never again be compelled to provide wood for the kingdom. The village was later renamed Khejarli, and the site of the massacre became a place of pilgrimage for the Bishnoi faith.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Bishnoi Temple at Khejarli Massacre Memorial Site..jpg|thumb|left|alt=Bishnoi Temple at Khejarli Massacre Memorial Site.|Bishnoi Temple at Khejarli Massacre Memorial Site.]]
The Khejarli Massacre was an inspiration for the 20th-century environmentalist [[Chipko movement]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ecologise.in/2017/05/28/the-bishnois-indias-original-environmentalists-who-inspired-the-chipko-movement/|title=The Bishnois, India's original environmentalists, who inspired the Chipko movement - Ecologise|date=28 May 2017|work=Ecologise|access-date=26 October 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> Several temples and a [[cenotaph]] in Khejarli commemorate the massacre, and the village is the site of an annual Bishnoi ceremony held in honour of the event.<ref name=":5" /> A fair is organised every year on Shukla Dashmi of Bhadrapad (Hindu month) in September at Khejarli, Jodhpur, to pay homage to the victims.<ref name=":6" />

The Government of India has also instituted the [[Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award|Amrita Devi Bishnoi Environment Protection Award]], recognising the sacrifice of Amrita Devi.<ref name=":6" /> In 2013, the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment]] declared the day of the massacre (11 September) as National Forest Martyrs Day.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Forest Martyrs Day: History, significance and theme |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/environment/sept-11-india-national-forest-martyrs-day-history-significance-14675441.htm |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=cnbctv18.com |date=11 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/join-hands-forest-conservation-692319.html|title=Join hands for forest conservation, says DCF|date=11 September 2018|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tiladi massacre]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{commonscat|Khejarli massacre}}

[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Environmental protests]]
[[Category:History of Jodhpur]]
[[Category:History of forestry in India]]
[[Category:1730 in India]]
[[Category:1730s crimes]]

B. C. Manjunath

2026-04-10T19:46:35Z

LaverneHenry:

{{Short description|Indian percussionist (born 1976)}}
'''B Chandramouli Manjunath''' (known as B C Manjunath) (born in 1976 in [[Karnataka]]) is an Indian [[Mridangam]] player, active in [[Indian classical music]] as well as [[Jazz]] and [[World music]] genres. He is also known as a practitioner and proponent of [[Konnakol]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-16 |title=Rhythmic art of healing: Konnakol lessons with BC Manjunath |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rhythmic-art-of-healing-konnakol-lessons-with-bc-manjunath/story-WcU1hGDUhluI26wd4ixm1K.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reina |first=Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBSrCwAAQBAJ |title=Applying Karnatic Rhythmical Techniques to Western Music |date=2016-03-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-18012-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Mena Andrade |first=Samuel Paolo |date=2021 |title=Konnajazz. Aplicación del Konnakol como recurso de improvisación vocal dentro de dos temas de jazz, por medio del análisis de dos solos de BC Manjunath |url=http://dspace.udla.edu.ec/handle/33000/13585|type=bachelorThesis }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Vinje |first=Erik |date=2019 |title=Fra Stemme til Streng |publisher=Høgskolen på Vestandet |hdl=11250/2633206 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2633206|type=Master thesis }}</ref> including via online videos exploring mathematical structures through the practice, including the [[Fibonacci sequence|Fibonacci]] Tala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-09 |title=Artist Performing 'Konnakol' Using the Fibonacci Sequence Has Intrigued the Internet |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/artist-performing-konnakol-using-the-fibonacci-sequence-has-intrigued-the-internet-1838953.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vassilev |first=Nicole E |title=2021 IEEE Integrated STEM Education Conference (ISEC) |chapter=The Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio in Math and Music |date=March 2021 |pages=241 |doi=10.1109/ISEC52395.2021.9764056|isbn=978-1-6654-1383-1 |s2cid=248435196 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsioulcas |first=Anastasia |date=10 August 2018 |title=Let This Percussionist Blow Your Mind With The Fibonacci Sequence |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/08/10/637470699/let-this-percussionist-blow-your-mind-with-the-fibonacci-sequence |website=npr music}}</ref>

Born into a musical family, Manjunath’s father was the veteran mridangam artist Dr BK Chandramouli and he learnt the mridangam from Vidwan KN Krishnamurthy. His paternal grandmother is also a vocalist Vidushi A. Rajamma Keshavamurthy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-16 |title=Rhythmic art of healing: Konnakol lessons with BC Manjunath |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rhythmic-art-of-healing-konnakol-lessons-with-bc-manjunath/story-WcU1hGDUhluI26wd4ixm1K.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjunath, B C}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Indian classical musicians]]

Bengaluru City–Chennai Central Shatabdi Express

2026-04-08T04:22:32Z

LaverneHenry:

{{Short description|Indian express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = ADD8E6
| name = KSR Bengaluru City Jn – MGR Chennai Central ''Shatabdi Express''
| image = Bengaluru Chennai Shatabdi Express.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Chennai Central - KSR Bengaluru Shatabdi Express on standby at [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]
| type = [[Shatabdi Express]]
| locale = [[Karnataka]] & [[Tamil Nadu]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2005|10|12}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru City Jn]] (SBC)
| stops = 3
| end = [[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]] (MAS)
| distance = {{convert|355.900|km|0|abbr=on}} (chargeable distance 362 km)
| journeytime = 4 hours 57.5 minutes average of both directions
| frequency = 6 Days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| class = Executive Chair Car, AC Chair Car
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = Yes but no pantry car
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Overhead racks
| other facilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12028 / 12027
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, maximum 130 kmph is planned in Chennai – Jolarpettai part, {{convert|71.78|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:Brindavan Express and Lalbagh Express (MAS - SBC) Route map.jpg|250px|(MAS–SBC) route map]] 
{{MGR Chennai Central-KSR Bengaluru Shatabdi Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''The 12027 / 12028 Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Bengaluru Station – Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Chennai Central Railway Station Shatabdi Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi class]] belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between [[Bangalore City railway station|Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Bengaluru Station]] and [[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station]] via [[Vellore]] [[Katpadi Junction]] in India. It is a 6 days a week service with Tuesdays being the weekly day off. It operates as train number 12028 from Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Bengaluru station to Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station and as train number 12027 in the reverse direction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/28/stories/2005062819260400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106145833/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/28/stories/2005062819260400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-01-06 |title=Karnataka News : Another Shatabdi express train from Bangalore |date=2005-06-28 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2014-05-28}}</ref>

==Coaches==

Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Bengaluru Station–Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station Shatabdi Express generally has 2 Executive Chair Car coaches, 12 AC Chair Car coaches and 2 luggage cum generator coaches. The train runs with the Linke-Hofmann Busch (LHB) coaches. As customary, the composition of coaches is at the discretion of Indian Railways. There is no pantry car but catering is arranged on board the train.

The coaches in Light blue colour indicate AC Chair Cars and the coaches in Violet colour indicate Executive Chair Cars.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
!
!1
!2
!3
!4
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
|-
|'''12027'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]]
|EOG
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#B200FA;" |E2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#B200FA;" |E1
|EOG
|-
|'''12028'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]]
|EOG
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#B200FA;" |E1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#B200FA;" |E2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C12
|EOG
|}
[[File:12027 Banglore Shatabdi Express.jpg|thumb|12027 Bangalore Shatabdi Express – EOG car]]

==Service==

This train and [[Chennai Central–Mysuru Shatabdi Express]] are two fastest trains on the [[KSR Bengaluru]]–Chennai sector (both may not be equal). As per Bengaluru Division Map on South Western Railway website, it covers the distance of 355.900 kilometres (chargeable distance 362 km - maybe due to higher maintenance cost for topography with higher gradients. The difference of real and chargeable distance is due to the difference between Jolarpettai and Mulanur by comparing the distance written in trains schedule of this part and the distance written in Bengaluru Division Map on South Western Railway website). It covers the distance in around 4 hours 55 mins towards Chennai and 5 hours 00 mins towards [[KSR Bengaluru]] as 12028 and 12027 [[Shatabdi Express]] runs at a speed of (71.78 km/h) in average of both directions. {{notelist}}

== Schedule ==
The schedule of this 12027/12028 KSR Bengaluru - MGR Chennai Central Shatabdi Express is given below:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-10 |title=Chennai-Bengaluru Shatabdi Express will now halt at Jolarpet |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/shatabdi-exp-will-now-halt-at-jolarpet/articleshow/101623441.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>-
{| class="wikitable" width="45%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |''SBC - MAS - SBC Shatabdi Express''
|-
! colspan="2" |12028
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |12027
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
| '''----'''
|06:00
|'''[[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru City Junction]]'''
|22:25
| '''----'''
|-
|06:09
|06:10
|[[Bangalore Cantonment railway station|Bengaluru Cantt.]]
|22:04
|22:05
|-
|07:49
|07:50
|[[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]]
|20:13
|20:15
|-
|08:58
|09:00
|[[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Junction]]
|18:58
|19:00
|-
|11:00
| '''----'''
|'''[[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]'''
| '''----'''
|17:30
|}

==Speed==
Its all coaches are of air conditioned [[LHB coach]] type which is capable of reaching 160 km/h but it does not touch. Sometimes people become confused because according to Indian Railways Permanent Way Manual (IRPWM) on Indian Railways website or Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering website, the BG (Broad Gauge) lines have been classified into six groups ‘A’ to ‘E’ on the basis of the future maximum permissible speeds but it may not be same as present speed.

The maximum permissible speed of the train and the route is 110 km/h. SOUTH WESTERN RAILWAY (SWR) increased the speed limit of KSR Bengaluru - Jolarpettai section to 110 kmph in 2020; Maximum Permissible Speed in Chennai Central – Arakkonam Jn. (DN FAST, UP FAST), Arakkonam – Jolarpettai is 110 kmph as of 2021 but Chennai – Jolarpettai section speed to be increased to 130 kmph from 110 km/h which is yet to be implemented
. The train will run at a maximum speed of 130 km/h in Chennai – Jolarpettai section in future after constructing infrastructure.

==Loco link==
earlier was meant to be [[WAP-4]], now It is hauled by a [[WAP-7]] and [[WAP-5]] end to end.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Shatabdi Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengaluru City-Chennai Central Shatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2005]]

Neoserica aulica

2026-04-03T12:54:50Z

LaverneHenry: New basic article w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Neoserica_aulica.jpg
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| genus= Neoserica
| species = aulica
| authority = [[Dirk Ahrens|Ahrens]] & [[Silvia Fabrizi|Fabrizi]], 2016<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1123070/ BioLib]</ref>
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Neoserica aulica''''' is a species of [[beetle]] of the family [[Scarabaeidae]]. It is found in India (Karnataka).<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1= Fabrizi |first1= Silvia|last2= Ahrens |first2= Dirk|date= 2016|title= A monograph of Sericini of India (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).|url= http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/articles/bzb-2016|journal= Bonn Zoological Bulletin Supplementum|volume= 65|issue= |publisher= |pages= 1–355|doi= |access-date= October 28, 2025}} {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref>

==Description==
Adults reach a length of about 14.5 mm. They have a dark brown, oblong-oval body. The antennal club is brown and the dorsal surface is dull and sparsely setose.<ref name=":0" />

==Etymology==
The species name is derived from Latin ''aulicus'' (meaning ''princely'') and refers to its impressive body size.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28788033}}

[[Category:Beetles described in 2016]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Neoserica|aulica]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Dirk Ahrens]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Silvia Fabrizi]]

{{Neoserica-stub}}

KGF: Chapter 2

2026-03-29T08:20:17Z

LaverneHenry:

{{Short description|2022 Indian film by Prashanth Neel}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = KGF: Chapter 2
| image = K.G.F Chapter 2.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Prashanth Neel]]
| story =
| producer = [[Vijay Kiragandur]]
| writer = Prasanth Neel
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Prasanth Neel M. Chandramoli Dr. Suri
}}
| screenplay =
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Yash (actor)|Yash]]|[[Sanjay Dutt]]|[[Raveena Tandon]]|[[Srinidhi Shetty]]|[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Archana Jois]]|[[Achyuth Kumar]]|[[Vasishta N. Simha]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[T. S. Nagabharana]]|[[Malavika Avinash]]}}
| music = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| narrator = Prakash Raj
| cinematography = [[Bhuvan Gowda]]
| editing = Ujwal Kulkarni<ref>{{cite AV media |date=7 January 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qah9sSIXJqk |title=KGF Chapter2 TEASER {{!}}Yash{{!}}Sanjay Dutt{{!}}Raveena Tandon{{!}}Srinidhi Shetty{{!}}Prashanth Neel{{!}}Vijay Kiragandur |publisher=[[Hombale Films]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115165835/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qah9sSIXJqk |archive-date=15 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| studio = [[Hombale Films]]
| distributor = {{Ubl
| [[Hombale Films]]
| [[Excel Entertainment]] and [[AA Films]] (Hindi)<ref name="Hindi Distribution">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/price-re-negotiation-yashs-kgf-2-excel-entertainment-acquires-hindi-rights-bomb/|title=Price re-negotiation for Yash's KGF 2; Excel Entertainment acquires Hindi rights for a bomb|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=25 January 2021|access-date=26 June 2021|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504005908/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/price-re-negotiation-yashs-kgf-2-excel-entertainment-acquires-hindi-rights-bomb/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Varahi Chalana Chitram]] (Telugu)
| [[Dream Warrior Pictures]] (Tamil)<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 July 2021 |title=KGF 2's Tamil Nadu rights bagged by Dream Warrior Pictures, release date announcement soon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/yash-kgf-2-tamil-nadu-rights-bagged-by-dream-warrior-pictures-release-date-soon-7394884/ |work=The Indian Express|date=8 July 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Prithviraj Productions]] (Malayalam)<ref name="Malayalam Distribution">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/actor-prithviraj-acquires-kerala-distribution-rights-of-kgf-chapter-2/story-vncFqdQ1FERYJU3bCGlubN.html|title=Actor Prithviraj acquires Kerala distribution rights of KGF: Chapter 2|date=5 January 2021|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 January 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111135846/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/actor-prithviraj-acquires-kerala-distribution-rights-of-kgf-chapter-2/story-vncFqdQ1FERYJU3bCGlubN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|04|14}}
| runtime = 168 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Yash's KGF Chapter 2 runtime and censor details are out. Check here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-s-kgf-chapter-2-runtime-and-censor-details-are-out-check-here-1931823-2022-03-31 |website=India Today |date=31 March 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423033109/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-s-kgf-chapter-2-runtime-and-censor-details-are-out-check-here-1931823-2022-03-31 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMjA2MDMyMDIyMDAwMjQ= |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| budget = {{INR|100 crore|link=yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-day-46-yash-s-film-continues-to-mint-money-earns-1235-crore-1955783-2022-05-29 | title=KGF Chapter 2 box office collection Day 46: Yash's film continues to mint money, earns 1235 crore | date=30 May 2022 | access-date=9 November 2022 | archive-date=9 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109184317/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-day-46-yash-s-film-continues-to-mint-money-earns-1235-crore-1955783-2022-05-29 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|1250}} crore{{efn|''[[The New Indian Express]]'' and ''[[DNA India]]''<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|title=Kantara box office collection: Rishab Shetty starrer is second Kannada film post KGF Chapter 2 to earn $1 million in USA|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rishab-shetty-starrer-kantara-is-second-kannada-film-after-yash-kgf-chapter-2-to-earn-1-million-in-usa-2995160|website=[[DNA India]]|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023020106/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rishab-shetty-starrer-kantara-is-second-kannada-film-after-yash-kgf-chapter-2-to-earn-1-million-in-usa-2995160|url-status=live}}</ref> reported the worldwide collection to be around {{INR|1200}} crore<ref name="indulgexpress.com">{{cite news|title=KGF: Chapter 2 completes 100 days in theatres, makers say it is 'just the beginning'|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/jul/22/kgf-chapter-2-scores-a-century-makers-say-its-just-the-beginning-42535.html|website=[[The New Indian Express|The Indulge Express]]|access-date=22 August 2022|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015050729/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/jul/22/kgf-chapter-2-scores-a-century-makers-say-its-just-the-beginning-42535.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INR|1216}} crore,<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2022/May/14/southywoodslam-2452836.html | title=Southywood Slam! - the New Indian Express | date=8 May 2022 | access-date=4 September 2022 | archive-date=4 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904170803/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2022/may/15/southywoodslam-2452836.amp | url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' mentioned the collection as ₹1,207 crore.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|title=Kantara box office: Rishab Shetty's film is 6th biggest Kannada movie ever. See who else is on the list|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-s-film-is-6th-biggest-kannada-movie-see-list-101665820758483.html|website=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=15 October 2022|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015100500/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-s-film-is-6th-biggest-kannada-movie-see-list-101665820758483-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
''[[News 18]]''<ref name="news18.com">{{cite web|title=From KGF: Chapter 2 To RRR: A Look At The Highest Grossing Movies|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-kgf-chapter-2-to-rrr-a-look-at-the-highest-grossing-movies-5378083.html|website=[[News 18]]|date=15 June 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820174151/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/from-kgf-chapter-2-to-rrr-a-look-at-the-highest-grossing-movies-5378083.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-day-50-yash-s-film-inches-closer-to-rs-1250-crore-globally-1957741-2022-06-03 | title=KGF Chapter 2 box office collection Day 50: Yash's film inches closer to Rs 1250 crore globally | date=3 June 2022 | access-date=5 June 2022 | archive-date=5 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605111417/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-day-50-yash-s-film-inches-closer-to-rs-1250-crore-globally-1957741-2022-06-03 | url-status=live }}</ref> mentioned that the collection was {{INR|1240}} crore. ''[[The Times Of India]]'',<ref name="kgf2-to-vikrant-rona-5-pan-india">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kgf2-to-vikrant-rona-5-pan-india-kannada-films-that-shocked-the-indian-box-office/etphotostory/93181142.cms | title='KGF2' to 'Vikrant Rona', 5 Pan-India Kannada Films that shocked the Indian box-office | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=28 July 2022 | access-date=4 August 2022 | archive-date=24 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424052946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kgf2-to-vikrant-rona-5-pan-india-kannada-films-that-shocked-the-indian-box-office/etphotostory/93181142.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-films-rock-the-100-cr-club/articleshow/95459571.cms | title=Kannada films rock the 100-cr club | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=S | first1=Sridevi | access-date=12 November 2022 | archive-date=7 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407042822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-films-rock-the-100-cr-club/articleshow/95459571.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'',<ref name="vijaykarnataka.com">{{cite web | url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/james-kgf-chapter-2-777-charlie-after-vikrant-rona-enters-rs-100-cr-club/articleshow/93292664.cms | title=ವಿಶ್ವ ಸಿನಿಪ್ರಿಯರ ಗಮನಸೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಿದೆ ಸ್ಯಾಂಡಲ್‌ವುಡ್‌! ಶತಕೋಟಿ ಕ್ಲಬ್ ಸೇರಿದ ಕನ್ನಡದ 4 ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳು | access-date=4 August 2022 | archive-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803163818/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/james-kgf-chapter-2-777-charlie-after-vikrant-rona-enters-rs-100-cr-club/amp_articleshow/93292664.cms?utm_source=hyperlink_amp&utm_medium=news-articleshow&utm_campaign=article-2 | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[TV9 Kannada]]''<ref name="tv9kannada.com">{{cite web | url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/kgf-chapter-2-movie-still-performing-in-mumbai-yash-movie-collects-1250-crore-in-world-box-office-rmd-au34-404559.html/amp | title=ಮುಂಬೈನಲ್ಲಿ ಇನ್ನೂ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನ ಕಾಣುತ್ತಿದೆ 'ಕೆಜಿಎಫ್ 2'; ಯಶ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾದ ಒಟ್ಟೂ ಗಳಿಕೆ ಎಷ್ಟು? | date=26 June 2022 | access-date=4 August 2022 | archive-date=15 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015050743/https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/kgf-chapter-2-movie-still-performing-in-mumbai-yash-movie-collects-1250-crore-in-world-box-office-rmd-au34-404559.html/amp | url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Asianet News]]''<ref name="newsable.asianetnews.com">{{cite web | url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/yash-kgf-chapter-2-makes-multiple-records-in-canada-drb-rcfwqh | title=Yash's KGF: Chapter 2 makes multiple records in Canada | access-date=28 May 2022 | archive-date=28 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528165834/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/yash-kgf-chapter-2-makes-multiple-records-in-canada-drb-rcfwqh | url-status=live }}</ref> reported that the movie grossed ₹1250 crores. ''[[News 18]]'' reported a gross of ₹1500 crores.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-brahmastra-to-ponniyin-selvan-1-know-the-highest-grossing-movies-in-2022-6361477.html | title=From Kantara to Ponniyin Selvan-1, Know the Highest Grossing Movies in 2022 | date=12 November 2022 | access-date=12 November 2022 | archive-date=11 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111141709/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-brahmastra-to-ponniyin-selvan-1-know-the-highest-grossing-movies-in-2022-6361477.html | url-status=live}}</ref>}}
}}

'''''KGF: Chapter 2''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Period piece|period]] [[action film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/E2950D9F0058A181|title=K.G.F Chapter 2 (2022)|website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]]|access-date=29 November 2022|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129170936/https://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/E2950D9F0058A181|url-status=live}}</ref> written and directed by [[Prashanth Neel]], and produced by [[Vijay Kiragandur]] under his [[Hombale Films]] banner. It serves as the [[Sequel|direct sequel]] to ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]'' (2018), as well as the second installment in the [[KGF (film series)|''KGF'' franchise]]. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Srinidhi Shetty]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[K.G.F (film series)|Ayyappa P. Sharma]], [[Archana Jois]], [[Saran Shakthi|Saran Shakti]], [[Easwari Rao]], [[John Kokken]], [[T. S. Nagabharana]] and [[Malavika Avinash]].

Produced on a budget of {{INR}}100 crore, ''KGF: Chapter 2'' was at the time of release the [[List of most expensive Indian films#Kannada|most expensive Kannada film]] ever made. Neel retained most of the technicians from its predecessor with [[Bhuvan Gowda]] handling the cinematography and [[Ravi Basrur]] composing the [[film score|film's score]] and songs. Dutt and Tandon joined the cast in early 2019, marking the former's Kannada film debut. Portions of the film were shot simultaneously with ''Chapter 1''. [[Principal photography]] for the rest of the film commenced in March 2019, but was halted in March 2020 owing to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]]. Filming resumed five months later in August 2020 and was completed in December 2020. Locations included [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Mysore]] and Kolar.

''KGF: Chapter 2'' was theatrically released in India on 14 April 2022 in [[Kannada]], along with dubbed versions in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] languages. It is also the first [[Kannada film]] to release in [[IMAX]]. The film received critical acclaim for its acting, action sequences, direction, and story and emotional weight and became one of the greatest and most popular films from Kannada Cinema. It recorded the fourth highest-opening day in India, set domestic opening day records in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, Hindi and Malayalam, and surpassed the lifetime gross of its predecessor in two days to become the [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada film]]. With earnings of {{INR|1190-1250}} crore globally,<ref name=":3">{{cite web |author=Divya Bhonsale |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/exclusive-blockbuster-kgf-makers-all-set-to-enter-bollywood-drb-rce003 |title=Exclusive: Blockbuster KGF makers all set to enter Bollywood |publisher=Newsable.asianetnews.com |date= |access-date=2022-06-26 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531145104/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/exclusive-blockbuster-kgf-makers-all-set-to-enter-bollywood-drb-rce003 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''KGF: Chapter 2'' is the [[List of Indian films of 2022|second highest grossing Indian film of 2022 worldwide]], [[List of 2022 box office number-one films in India|highest grossing film of 2022 in India]], [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|sixth highest-grossing Indian film]] worldwide, and the [[List of highest-grossing films in India|third highest-grossing film in India]].

== Plot ==
After detailing the events in ''[[KGF: Chapter 1#Plot|KGF: Chapter 1]]'', Anand Ingalagi suffers a [[stroke]] and his son, Vijayendra Ingalagi takes over to narrate the rest of the story.

Rocky kills heir apparent Virat and takes over the [[Kolar Gold Fields]] which is situated in [[Karnataka]] , keeping Reena hostage to ensure the cooperation of Guru Pandian, Andrews, Kamal and Rajendra Desai. But when Rocky shows his arrogance and teases Reena, Kamal gets enraged and threatens to kill Rocky, which angeres Rocky and he shoots Kamal on the spot. After this, Rocky issues orders to start work in eight hidden mines, while Vanaram, who was captured by Rocky, decides to help him.

Meanwhile, Adheera resurfaces and kills all guards at an outpost. In a ruse to bring Rocky to Adheera, Andrews kills Desai to lure Reena outside KGF, and John abducts Reena as per Adheera's order. While trying to save Reena, Adheera shoots Rocky but spares his life, while his men roadblock all gold exports from KGF. Later, Shetty ties up with other subordinates of Andrews across India's [[Western Coastal Plains|western coast]] and exterminates Rocky's allies with Inayat Khalil's newfound support. Rocky vacates the mansion with Reena with excessive gold and currency from the treasury. While chaos ensues among people of KGF, Vanaram deduces that Rocky is headed for a [[throat clamp]].

A recuperating Rocky visits [[Dubai]] to deal in gold with Khalil, simultaneously killing Khalil's associates all over India to recapture the coast forcing Khalil to join him in business, and also buys [[Kalashnikov rifle|Kalashnikovs]]. Rocky and his gang gravely wound Adheera and kill his henchmen at the roadblock with their newly acquired weapons. Exasperated with KGF, some [[Union Council of Ministers|central ministers]] had planned a [[Motion of no confidence|no-confidence motion]] against the DYSS-supported government to bring Ramika Sen in power, but Rocky's henchmen threaten other ministers against the vote and the motion fails. Rocky also kills Shetty, gaining control over [[Bombay]]. Pandian warns Rocky of Sen's rising stature, but he disregards him.

In 1981, Ramika Sen wins the Indian general elections and becomes the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]. After [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer Kanneganti Raghavan briefs her about the situation in KGF, Sen authorises Raghavan to raid Rocky's warehouses. A young Ingalagi is caught spying by Rocky's henchmen, but Rocky gets impressed by his integrity. The CBI finds nothing in their raids except for a 400 gram-gold bar. Rocky retrieves it from a police station and singlehandedly destroys the police station using a [[DShK|DshK]].

Rocky halts all exports from KGF, which strains relations with Khalil, but continues the mining. His aides trace his biological father, a drunkard who abandoned his family, and pays the unaware man to take care of Shanti's (Rocky's mother) newly shifted grave. Reena realizes she has fallen for Rocky and confesses her feelings to him, and they get married. Rocky meets with Sen and hands her a file exposing his involvement in [[money laundering]], but she cannot consider it as almost all her party members are complicit in the corruption. Still furious after his defeat, Adheera makes his way to KGF through a secret passage with Andrews, Daya and John, supported by Khalil's armada. Just as Reena reveals her pregnancy to Rocky, Adheera fatally shoots her.

In the ensuing clash, Rocky's army kill Andrews and Daya, while Rocky kills John and chokes Adheera to death. An enraged Rocky and his henchmen disrupt Sen's speech at the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] and kill Pandian (who had staged the attack on Garuda for which Adheera was framed, and informed Adheera of Garuda's attack priorly. He was also the one who showed Adheera the secret passage causing Reena to die, called him in after Rocky took control of KGF, goaded Andrews into hiring Rocky, staged the no-confidence motion in [[Delhi]], and persuaded Shetty to join forces with Khalil).

Due to his violent outburst, Sen issues a [[Execution warrant|death warrant]] against Rocky and enforces the [[Indian Army]]. Rocky evacuates KGF and leaves on a ship with his cache of gold. Before leaving, Rocky forms a new colony for all KGF workers. He signals his whereabouts to the [[Indian Navy|Indian]], [[US Navy|US]], and [[Indonesian Navy|Indonesian]] [[Navy]], but refuses to surrender. Sen issues orders to bomb KGF and Rocky's ship, and he drowns in the ocean along with the gold, which stays lost until the present day. Inspired by Rocky's life, a young Ingalagi decides to write a book on Rocky.

In the [[Post-credits scene|mid-credits scene]] set three months before Rocky's death, John Booker, a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent, hands over a file consisting of Rocky's crimes in the [[United States|USA]] and 16 other countries between 1978 and 1981, to Ramika Sen. In the present, the peon of 24/News channel finds a final draft of ''KGF: Chapter 3'', implying that the story is not over yet.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] as Raja Krishnappa Bairya "Rocky"
** Anmol Vijay as young Rocky<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/yashs-kgf-2-hinders-tie-up-with-puri-jagannadh/articleshow/70766542.cms | title=Yash's KGF 2 hinders tie up with Puri Jagannadh | newspaper=The Times of India | date=20 August 2019 | access-date=19 September 2019 | archive-date=4 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504010059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yashs-kgf-2-hinders-tie-up-with-puri-jagannadh/articleshow/70766542.cms? | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Adheera, Suryavardhan's younger brother
* [[Raveena Tandon]] as Ramika Sen, [[Prime Minister of India]]
* [[Srinidhi Shetty]] as Reena Desai, Rocky's wife
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Guru Pandian, DYSS Party head
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Vijayendra Ingalagi, Anand Ingalagi's son<ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=KGF Chapter 2 Update: Prakash Raj Character Revealed |url=https://www.odishatv.in/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-update-prakash-raj-character-revealed-529759/ |website=OdishaTv |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326110646/https://odishatv.in/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-update-prakash-raj-character-revealed-529759 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Vasishta N. Simha]] as Kamal
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Kanneganti Raghavan, a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer<ref>{{cite web|date=25 May 2021|title=KGF: Chapter 2, Mahasamudram makers unveil first look posters of Rao Ramesh on his birthday|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kgf-chapter-2-mahasamudram-makers-unveil-first-look-posters-of-rao-ramesh-on-his-birthday-7329789/|access-date=26 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504005910/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kgf-chapter-2-mahasamudram-makers-unveil-first-look-posters-of-rao-ramesh-on-his-birthday-7329789/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Malavika Avinash]] as Deepa Hegde, the Chief Editor of 24/news channel
* [[T. S. Nagabharana]] as Srinivas, news channel owner
* [[Easwari Rao]] as Fathima, Farmaan's mother
* [[Archana Jois]] as Shanthamma, Rocky's mother<ref name="toi">{{cite news|title='KGF Chapter-2': Team commences the shoot in Cyanide hills|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-team-commences-the-shoot-in-cyanide-hills/articleshow/70606966.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=19 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919024715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-team-commences-the-shoot-in-cyanide-hills/articleshow/70606966.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* B. S. Avinash as Andrews
* [[Saran Shakthi]] as Farmaan, Rocky's loyal henchman<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Vada Chennai-fame Saran Sakthi joins KGF Chapter 2|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/aug/12/vada-chennai-fame-saran-sakthi-joins-kgf-chapter-2-2017541.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 August 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504005911/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/aug/12/vada-chennai-fame-saran-sakthi-joins-kgf-chapter-2-2017541.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lakki Lakshman as Rajendra Desai, Reena's father
* [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]] as Vanaram
* [[Anant Nag]] as Anand Ingalagi
** Ashok Sharma as young Anand Ingalagi
* [[John Kokken]] as John, overseer of K.G.F
* Govinde Gowda as a peon at 24/News
* Harish Rai as Khasim, Rocky's confidant
* Tarak Ponnappa as Daya, Andrews' secretary
* [[Dinesh Mangaluru]] as Shetty
* Balakrishna as Inayat Khalil, a [[Dubai]] based don
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Speaker of the [[Indian Parliament]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/whatever-roles-i-have-got-to-play-i-have-been-grateful-for-them-says-actor-appaji-ambarisha-darbha/photostory/77509289.cms|title=Whatever roles I have got to play, I have been grateful for them, says actor Appaji Ambarisha Darbha|date=12 August 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504005913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/whatever-roles-i-have-got-to-play-i-have-been-grateful-for-them-says-actor-appaji-ambarisha-darbha/photostory/77509289.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Ramesh Indira as Suryavardhan, the founder of the K.G.F's political cult and father of Garuda and Virat (archival footage)
* [[Ramachandra Raju]] as Garuda, Suryavardhan's son<ref name="toi" /> (archival footage)
* Vinay Bidappa as Virat, Garuda's younger brother
* [[B. Suresha]] as Vittal, a slave at K.G.F (archival footage)
* Mohan Juneja as Nagaraju, an informer to Anand Ingalagi
* Roopa Rayappa as Shanthi, a worker at K.G.F
* Krishnappa as Krishnappa Bairya, Rocky's father
* Srinivas Murthy as Narayan, a worker at KGF
* Krishnoji Rao as an old blind man working in KGF
* Yash Shetty as Shyam, archaeological department officer, who along with his team finds the stone of Rocky
* Divya G Gowda as Reena's aide
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Prashanth Neel]] worked on the film's screenplay after the release of ''[[Ugramm]]'' (2014), and development of the film began in early 2015.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} However, he decided to split the film in two parts, as the narration of this story is in a non-linear format, and the decision was also made with the commercial prospects in mind. In an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'' in October 2018, he added, "The scale of the project is huge and we had a scope for a beginning, an interval and an end for both parts, so it made sense for us to release it as two parts". As for the decision to make it multilingual, he says that it was because the film is based on a unique idea and has a universal theme.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yash's 'KGF' is about a gangster's rise and fall|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yashs-kgf-is-about-a-gangsters-rise-and-fall/articleshow/65857374.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504005911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yashs-kgf-is-about-a-gangsters-rise-and-fall/articleshow/65857374.cms|url-status=live|last1=Suganth |first1=M. }}</ref> In December 2020, Prashanth Neel said that there were no plans for a third instalment in the K.G.F franchise.<ref>{{cite news|title="There won't be a part 3 to 'K.G.F'": Director Prashanth Neel squashes every rumor regarding 'K.G.F: Chapter 3'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/there-wont-be-a-part-3-to-k-g-f-director-prashanth-neel-squashes-every-rumor-regarding-k-g-f-chapter-3/articleshow/79846127.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504005912/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/there-wont-be-a-part-3-to-k-g-f-director-prashanth-neel-squashes-every-rumor-regarding-k-g-f-chapter-3/articleshow/79846127.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prashanth Neel decided to rope in composer [[Ravi Basrur]]<ref>{{cite web|date=5 October 2020|title=Music composer Ravi Basrur scouts for musicians to work on 'KGF Chapter 2'|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/music-composer-ravi-basrur-scouts-for-musicians-to-work-on-kgf-chapter-2-897443.html|access-date=8 January 2021|website=Deccan Herald|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110045749/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/music-composer-ravi-basrur-scouts-for-musicians-to-work-on-kgf-chapter-2-897443.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and cinematographer [[Bhuvan Gowda]] as a part of the technical crew for the second part of the film.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2019|title=KGF 2 will be on par with Hollywood movies: Bhuvan Gowda|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kgf-2-bhuvan-gowda-5519110/|access-date=8 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504005912/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kgf-2-bhuvan-gowda-5519110/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=KGF cinematographer Bhuvan Gowda: I shot every scene with a 40-kg camera on my shoulder|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/dec/09/kgf-cinematographer-bhuvan-gowda-i-shot-every-scene-with-a-40-kg-camera-on-my-shoulder-9146.html|access-date=8 January 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=9 December 2018 |archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109162732/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/dec/09/kgf-cinematographer-bhuvan-gowda-i-shot-every-scene-with-a-40-kg-camera-on-my-shoulder-9146.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Sanjay Dutt at Mumbai Airport, 2018 (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Raveena Tandon at IFFI 2021.jpg
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| total_width = 150
| width3 = 200
| width1 = 200
| width2 = 200
| footer = [[Sanjay Dutt]] (''top''), [[Raveena Tandon]] (''middle''). Sanjay Dutt and Raveena Tandon made their debut in [[Kannada cinema]] through the film.
}}

{{Quote box
| quote="Adheera is one of the greatest characters I have played. He's a powerful villain — mentally and physically. He is almost like a viking. To ensure that I could do justice to his larger-than-life presence, I trained hard to get the physicality fit. Along with that, I mentally trained hard as well, so that I could be the greatest force to take on Yash's Rocky. Even for my role in ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'', I didn't wear the bald cap or use prosthetics but completely shaved off my head. And the result has been there for everyone to see."
| source = —[[Sanjay Dutt]] about his role in ''K.G.F: Chapter 2''.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/apr/13/sanjay-dutt-about-kgf-chapter-2-adheera-is-one-of-the-greatest-characters-i-have-played-30873.html|title= Sanjay Dutt about KGF Chapter 2: Adheera is one of the greatest characters I have played|website= [[Cinema Express]]|date= 13 April 2022|access-date= 13 April 2022|archive-date= 13 April 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220413184636/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/apr/13/sanjay-dutt-about-kgf-chapter-2-adheera-is-one-of-the-greatest-characters-i-have-played-30873.html|url-status= live}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}While [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Srinidhi Shetty]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Malavika Avinash]], [[T. S. Nagabharana|T.S Nagabharana]] and other remaining actors from the first part have reprised their respective roles, [[Sanjay Dutt]] was roped in for a pivotal role in February 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjay Dutt roped in for KGF Chapter 2?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-roped-in-for-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/67938768.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504005915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-roped-in-for-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/67938768.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Media rumours that [[Raveena Tandon]] would appear in the film started making rounds as early as February 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=KGF Chapter 2: Raveena Tandon in talks with Yash film? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-2-raveena-tandon-in-talks-with-yash-film-1466239-2019-02-27 |website=[[India Today]] |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906073007/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-2-raveena-tandon-in-talks-with-yash-film-1466239-2019-02-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> A news report in ''[[The Times of India]]'' confirmed that Tandon will be seen in a "major role" in the film.<ref name="toi" /> Despite Srinidhi becoming a breakout star, post the release of the predecessor, she rejected seven films, in order to start shoot for the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Did you know that Srinidhi Shetty rejected seven films for 'KGF: Chapter 2'?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-that-srinidhi-shetty-rejected-seven-films-for-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/69113983.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504005913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-that-srinidhi-shetty-rejected-seven-films-for-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/69113983.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The makers hosted an audition in April 2019, for aspiring actors who want to become a part of the film's cast.<ref>{{cite news|title='KGF Chapter-2' audition pulls crowd from across India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-audition-pulls-crowd-from-across-india/articleshow/69058789.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111183940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-audition-pulls-crowd-from-across-india/articleshow/69058789.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 29 July 2019,<ref>{{cite news|title='KGF' Adheera first look released, Sanjay Dutt plays the role|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-adheera-first-look-released-sanjay-dutt-plays-the-role/articleshow/70433317.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111142720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-adheera-first-look-released-sanjay-dutt-plays-the-role/articleshow/70433317.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sanjay Dutt was revealed to be playing the role of the main antagonist Adheera, marking his Kannada debut.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjay Dutt's look as Adheera in KGF 2 unveiled|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutts-look-as-adheera-in-kgf-2-unveiled/articleshow/70428220.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119094358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutts-look-as-adheera-in-kgf-2-unveiled/articleshow/70428220.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Is Sanjay Dutt Adheera in Yash's KGF: Chapter 2?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/is-sanjay-dutt-adheera-in-yashs-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/70407016.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/is-sanjay-dutt-adheera-in-yashs-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/70407016.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanjay-dutt-confirms-he-is-part-of-kgf-chapter-2-shares-first-look-on-his-birthday/articleshow/70430385.cms|title=Sanjay Dutt confirms he is part of K.G.F: Chapter 2, shares first look on his birthday|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730094829/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanjay-dutt-confirms-he-is-part-of-kgf-chapter-2-shares-first-look-on-his-birthday/articleshow/70430385.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He compared his character to [[Thanos]], and revealed that his role was "shown to be a dangerous character with scary makeup" and added that it was a role he was looking for.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sanjay-dutt-compares-his-kgf-chapter-2-role-as-adheera-to-supervillain-thanos-2777239|title=Sanjay Dutt compares his 'KGF Chapter 2' role as Adheera to supervillain Thanos|date=30 July 2019|website=DNA India|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731165452/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sanjay-dutt-compares-his-kgf-chapter-2-role-as-adheera-to-supervillain-thanos-2777239|url-status=live}}</ref> Raveena Tandon was reported to play the role of Prime Minister Ramika Sen, and stated that "it was a difficult character to portray".<ref>{{cite news|title=Exclusive! It was a difficult character to portray: Raveena Tandon on playing a Prime Minister in Yash's 'KGF: Chapter 2'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-it-was-a-difficult-character-to-portray-raveena-tandon-on-playing-a-prime-minister-in-yashs-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/74759032.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130032541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-it-was-a-difficult-character-to-portray-raveena-tandon-on-playing-a-prime-minister-in-yashs-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/74759032.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Telugu actor [[Rao Ramesh]] was cast in a pivotal role in May 2019,<ref>{{cite news|title=Versatile actor Rao Ramesh lands a pivotal role in 'KGF: Chapter 2'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/versatile-actor-rao-ramesh-lands-a-pivotal-role-in-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/69356531.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119092854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/versatile-actor-rao-ramesh-lands-a-pivotal-role-in-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/69356531.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and Tamil actor [[Saran Shakthi]] was cast in August 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil actor Saran to play the lead in 'KGF: Chapter 2'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/tamil-actor-saran-to-play-the-lead-in-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/70895118.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329002933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/tamil-actor-saran-to-play-the-lead-in-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/70895118.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 26 August 2020, when the filming resumed, [[Prakash Raj]] was also revealed to be playing an important character.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite web|date=26 August 2020|title='KGF: Chapter 2' shoot resumes; Prakash Raj joins exciting cast|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-shoot-resumes-prakash-raj-joins-exciting-cast-2839513|access-date=8 January 2021|website=DNA India|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110081957/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-shoot-resumes-prakash-raj-joins-exciting-cast-2839513|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Before the release of the first part in December 2018, the makers shot 20% of the second part, and the crew went on double shifts until January 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why 'KGF' cast and crew will be working double shifts ahead of film's release|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/why-kgf-cast-and-crew-will-be-working-double-shifts-ahead-of-films-release/articleshow/66784570.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/why-kgf-cast-and-crew-will-be-working-double-shifts-ahead-of-films-release/articleshow/66784570.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 January, it was announced that they have completed 15% of the shooting for the film, and planned to resume the shooting of the film in the summer of 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title='KGF: Chapter 2' completes 15% of shooting|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-completes-15-of-shooting/articleshow/67378246.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-completes-15-of-shooting/articleshow/67378246.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Filming for ''KGF: Chapter 2''<ref>{{cite web |last=Aditya |first=Kadam |date=23 March 2022 |title=K.G.F: Chapter 2: Release Date, Songs, Cast KGF Chapter 2 trailer to come out on March 27 |url=https://www.astarsuntold.com/kgf-chapter-2-trailer-release-date/ |url-status=usurped |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=A Stars Untold |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426100231/https://www.astarsuntold.com/kgf-chapter-2-trailer-release-date/ }}</ref> started on 13 March 2019 in [[Hyderabad]], with a formal puja ceremony.<ref>{{cite news|title=KGF – Chapter 2 kickstarts with divine blessings|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-kickstarts-with-divine-blessings/articleshow/68388547.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119085838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-kickstarts-with-divine-blessings/articleshow/68388547.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After an initial round of filming near [[Bangalore]] in May 2019,<ref>{{cite news|title='KGF' star Yash kick-starts the shooting of chapter 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-star-yash-kick-starts-the-shooting-of-chapter-2/articleshow/69326020.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-star-yash-kick-starts-the-shooting-of-chapter-2/articleshow/69326020.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Yash announced that he will join the sets only in June 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title='KGF Chapter 2': Actor Yash to kick-start shooting for the film from June|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-actor-yash-to-kick-start-shooting-for-the-film-from-june/articleshow/69339983.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119085838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-actor-yash-to-kick-start-shooting-for-the-film-from-june/articleshow/69339983.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's shooting started on 4 June at the Lalita Mahal Palace in Mysore,<ref>{{cite news|title='KGF Chapter 2': Yash to join shooting of the film soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-yash-to-join-shooting-of-the-film-soon/articleshow/69618336.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328014811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-yash-to-join-shooting-of-the-film-soon/articleshow/69618336.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> although Yash joined the sets on 6 June.<ref>{{cite news|title=KGF Chapter 2 to be shot at Lalitha Mahal Palace in Mysuru from June 4|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-to-be-shot-at-lalitha-mahal-palace-in-mysuru-from-june-4/articleshow/69630486.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119081311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-to-be-shot-at-lalitha-mahal-palace-in-mysuru-from-june-4/articleshow/69630486.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later the shoot commenced in August 2019 at Cyanide Hills in [[Kolar Gold Fields]].<ref>{{cite web|date=13 March 2019|title=KGF: Chapter 2 — Yash, director Prashanth Neel's sequel to Kannada action film goes on floors|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-yash-director-prashanth-neels-sequel-to-kannada-action-film-goes-on-floors-6251191.html|website=Firstpost|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827215708/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-yash-director-prashanth-neels-sequel-to-kannada-action-film-goes-on-floors-6251191.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 August 2019, N Srinivas, president of the KGF's National Citizens Party filed a petition against the makers and alleged that the film is being shot in the protected area of cyanide mound and is damaging the nature.<ref>{{cite news|title=JMFC court issues notice to 'KGF: Chapter 2' producer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jmfc-court-issues-notice-to-kgf-chapter-2-producer/articleshow/70877828.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jmfc-court-issues-notice-to-kgf-chapter-2-producer/articleshow/70877828.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The JMFC court has issued an injunction notice to the producer Kiragandur, also ordering to stall the shoot.<ref>{{cite news|title=KGF Chapter 2 shooting stopped after court order|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-shooting-stopped-after-court-order/articleshow/70869825.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-shooting-stopped-after-court-order/articleshow/70869825.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 September, the producers claimed that the stay order was issued a day before the makers planned to wrap the shoot schedule.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stay order on KGF sequel came one day before the team was to wrap up shoot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/stay-order-on-kgf-sequel-came-one-day-before-the-team-was-to-wrap-up-shoot/articleshow/70960200.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/stay-order-on-kgf-sequel-came-one-day-before-the-team-was-to-wrap-up-shoot/articleshow/70960200.cms|url-status=live|last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana }}</ref> The same day, the makers started shooting for the second schedule in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|title='KGF' shooting shifts to Hyderabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-shooting-shifts-to-hyderabad/articleshow/70974723.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602080019/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-shooting-shifts-to-hyderabad/articleshow/70974723.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=KGF Chapter 2 shooting resumed in Hyderabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-shooting-resumed-in-hyderabad/articleshow/70973719.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616192554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-shooting-resumed-in-hyderabad/articleshow/70973719.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 September 2019, Sanjay Dutt joined the sets of the film in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjay Dutt begins shoot for KGF Chapter 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-begins-shoot-for-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/71290230.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119091349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-begins-shoot-for-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/71290230.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Photo: Sanjay Dutt joins 'KGF: Chapter 2' shooting|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/photo-sanjay-dutt-joins-kgf-chapter-2-shooting/articleshow/71309265.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/photo-sanjay-dutt-joins-kgf-chapter-2-shooting/articleshow/71309265.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After winning the court stay order on 27 September,<ref>{{cite news|title=KGF team wins case against the stay on shooting at Cyanide Hills|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-team-wins-case-against-the-stay-on-shooting-at-cyanide-hills/articleshow/71335375.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084331/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-team-wins-case-against-the-stay-on-shooting-at-cyanide-hills/articleshow/71335375.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> the makers returned to shoot the film at Cyanide Hills.<ref>{{cite news|title=Team 'KGF: Chapter 2' returns to shoot on cyanide mound|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-kgf-chapter-2-returns-to-shoot-on-cyanide-mound/articleshow/71337077.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-kgf-chapter-2-returns-to-shoot-on-cyanide-mound/articleshow/71337077.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 October 2019, the makers returned to Karnataka, after filming the extensive schedule in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|title=Team KGF heads back to Karnataka for shoot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-kgf-heads-back-to-karnataka-for-shoot/articleshow/71576034.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119085833/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-kgf-heads-back-to-karnataka-for-shoot/articleshow/71576034.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 27 January 2020, the makers completed 80% of the shoot.<ref>{{cite news|title=KGF Chapter 2 races towards finish line|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-races-towards-finish-line/articleshow/73665231.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-races-towards-finish-line/articleshow/73665231.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> With the schedule being filmed in Mysore, the last leg of shoot was expected to be held in Hyderabad, and then in Bangalore and Kolar.<ref>{{cite news|title='KGF: Chapter 2' last stage shooting to take off in Hyderabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-last-stage-shooting-to-take-off-in-hyderabad/articleshow/73666388.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111170437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-last-stage-shooting-to-take-off-in-hyderabad/articleshow/73666388.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 February 2020, behind-the-scenes video of Yash shooting at the Infosys campus in Mysore went viral.<ref>{{cite news|title=Did you see this BTS video of Yash shooting for 'KGF' at the Infosys campus in Mysore?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/did-you-see-this-bts-video-of-yash-shooting-for-kgf-at-the-infosys-campus-in-mysore/articleshow/73895124.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/did-you-see-this-bts-video-of-yash-shooting-for-kgf-at-the-infosys-campus-in-mysore/articleshow/73895124.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 February, Telugu actor Rao Ramesh joined the sets of the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Versatile actor Rao Ramesh joins the ensemble star cast of KGF 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/versatile-actor-rao-ramesh-joins-the-ensemble-star-cast-of-kgf-2/articleshow/74059425.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119081305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/versatile-actor-rao-ramesh-joins-the-ensemble-star-cast-of-kgf-2/articleshow/74059425.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Raveena Tandon joined the sets of the film in Mysore on 12 February.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yash welcomes Raveena Tandon to Mysuru|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yash-welcomes-raveena-tandon-to-mysuru/articleshow/74096813.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119091343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yash-welcomes-raveena-tandon-to-mysuru/articleshow/74096813.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After the second schedule of the film held in Mysore got completed, the makers headed to Hyderabad on 21 February.<ref>{{cite news|title='Rocking Star' Yash and KGF 2 moves to Hyderabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rocking-star-yash-and-kgf-2-moves-to-hyderabad/articleshow/74244615.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119081309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rocking-star-yash-and-kgf-2-moves-to-hyderabad/articleshow/74244615.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Raveena completed her portions on 28 February.<ref>{{cite news|title=Raveena Tandon wrap ups the 'KGF: Chapter 2' shoot; shares a happy picture with the crew members!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raveena-tandon-wrap-ups-the-kgf-chapter-2-shoot-shares-a-happy-picture-with-the-crew-members/articleshow/74352840.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001225113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raveena-tandon-wrap-ups-the-kgf-chapter-2-shoot-shares-a-happy-picture-with-the-crew-members/articleshow/74352840.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The makers completed major portions in March 2020, with post-production works being kickstarted, but filming came to a halt due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=KGF: Chapter 2 shoot almost complete|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-shoot-almost-complete/articleshow/74453012.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904103604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-shoot-almost-complete/articleshow/74453012.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Prashanth Neel claimed that Sanjay Dutt had almost completed shooting for the film, and he has pending dubbing work for his role.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjay Dutt's nearly finished shooting for KGF: Chapter 2; only dubbing is left|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutts-nearly-finished-shooting-for-kgf-chapter-2-only-dubbing-is-left/articleshow/77508721.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930165439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutts-nearly-finished-shooting-for-kgf-chapter-2-only-dubbing-is-left/articleshow/77508721.cms|url-status=live|last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana }}</ref> after Sanjay Dutt was diagnosed with lung cancer and had left for the US for immediate treatment on 12 August 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjay Dutt diagnosed with lung cancer; to fly to the US for immediate treatment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-dutt-diagnosed-with-stage-3-lung-cancer-read-details/articleshow/77491178.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127025358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-dutt-diagnosed-with-stage-3-lung-cancer-read-details/articleshow/77491178.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Flming resumed on 26 August 2020 at [[Bangalore]] after 5 months.<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF2 in April 2020?|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kgf2-in-april-2020/articleshow/70743656.cms|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822070907/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kgf2-in-april-2020/articleshow/70743656.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Malavika Avinash and Prakash Raj joined the sets on this schedule.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malavika Avinash begins shoot for KGF: Chapter 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/malavika-avinash-begins-shoot-for-kgf-chapter-2-alongside-with-yash/articleshow/77757660.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112160341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/malavika-avinash-begins-shoot-for-kgf-chapter-2-alongside-with-yash/articleshow/77757660.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Prakash Raj joins the set of the Yash-starrer KGF: Chapter 2, as shooting resumes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/prakash-raj-joins-the-set-of-the-yash-starrer-kgf-chapter-2-as-shooting-resumes/articleshow/77759107.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222105844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/prakash-raj-joins-the-set-of-the-yash-starrer-kgf-chapter-2-as-shooting-resumes/articleshow/77759107.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 October 2020, Yash and Srinidhi Shetty resumed the shoot at Mangalore,<ref>{{cite news|title=Rocky Bhai is back: Yash resumes shooting for KGF: Chapter 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rocky-bhai-is-back-yash-resumes-shooting-for-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/78549432.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222105744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rocky-bhai-is-back-yash-resumes-shooting-for-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/78549432.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> with the team entering the final leg of shoot.<ref>{{cite news|title=KGF Chapter 2: Rocky Bhai Yash joins final leg of shoot from today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-rocky-bhai-yash-joins-final-leg-of-shoot-from-today/articleshow/78550583.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231033340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-rocky-bhai-yash-joins-final-leg-of-shoot-from-today/articleshow/78550583.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sanjay Dutt confirmed that he will join the shooting of the film on November,<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjay Dutt confirms he shoots for KGF Chapter 2 in November|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-confirms-he-shoots-for-kgf-chapter-2-in-november/articleshow/78679296.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222105812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-confirms-he-shoots-for-kgf-chapter-2-in-november/articleshow/78679296.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> although he resumed the shooting only in December.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjay Dutt to resume shooting for KGF: Chapter 2 as Adheera in December|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-to-resume-shooting-for-kgf-chapter-2-as-adheera-in-december/articleshow/79278654.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110130331/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-to-resume-shooting-for-kgf-chapter-2-as-adheera-in-december/articleshow/79278654.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The climax action scenes were filmed in December 2020 at [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Exclusive! 'K.G.F: Chapter 2': Yash is all set to start the final leg of the shoot; read details|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-k-g-f-chapter-2-enters-the-final-leg-of-the-shoot/articleshow/79388897.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110130424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-k-g-f-chapter-2-enters-the-final-leg-of-the-shoot/articleshow/79388897.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> which were choreographed by action director [[Anbariv]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Anbariv joins KGF: Chapter 2 for the climax shoot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/anbariv-joins-kgf-chapter-2-for-the-climax-shoot/articleshow/79606678.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110130211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/anbariv-joins-kgf-chapter-2-for-the-climax-shoot/articleshow/79606678.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 December 2020, the makers announced that the climax scene of the film was completed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Team KGF completes Hyderabad schedule|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-kgf-completes-hyderabad-schedule/articleshow/79822024.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107182758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-kgf-completes-hyderabad-schedule/articleshow/79822024.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=K.G.F. Chapter 2 team wraps up massive climax scene|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/k-g-f-chapter-2-team-wraps-up-massive-climax-scene/articleshow/79822852.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105152114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/k-g-f-chapter-2-team-wraps-up-massive-climax-scene/articleshow/79822852.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''KGF: Chapter 2'' was produced on a budget of {{INR}}125 crore, and is the most expensive Kannada film.

== Music ==
{{Main|K.G.F: Chapter 2 (soundtrack)}}
The film's music is composed by [[Ravi Basrur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=K.G.F – Chapter 2 Cast List |website=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/k-g-f-chapter-2/cast/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426100226/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/k-g-f-chapter-2/cast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The music rights are owned by [[Lahari Music]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] for south languages. The music rights of Hindi version was bought by MRT Music. Music sessions of the film began in April 2019, at Basrur's newly renovated recording studio in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |title='KGF Chapter-2' music takes off|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-music-takes-off/articleshow/68976837.cms |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328144249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-music-takes-off/articleshow/68976837.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, music production was disrupted in mid-March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which was resumed during that May.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balachandran |first1=Logesh |date=May 18, 2020 |title=KGF: Chapter 2 team resumes post-production work |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-team-resumes-post-production-work-1679268-2020-05-18 |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=India Today |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421105753/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-team-resumes-post-production-work-1679268-2020-05-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=18 May 2020 |title=KGF Chapter 2: Makers resume work with music sessions for the Yash starrer |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kgf-chapter-2-makers-resume-work-music-sessions-yash-starrer-533690 |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426100227/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kgf-chapter-2-makers-resume-work-music-sessions-yash-starrer-533690 |url-status=live }}</ref> After work on the film's music and score being completed, Basrur later edited the score and songs, during mid-2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sanjana |title=Exclusive- KGF Chapter 2 Music Director Ravi Basrur Interview |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/video/entertainment/exclusive-kgf-chapter-2-music-director-ravi-basrur-interview-ycb-qo7j7q |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426100227/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/video/entertainment/exclusive-kgf-chapter-2-music-director-ravi-basrur-interview-ycb-qo7j7q |url-status=live }}</ref> The Naik Brothers (Laxman and Sandesh Datta), recorded two songs "Toofan" and "Sultan", used in the Hindi-dubbed version of the film.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Naik brothers from South Goa trigger storm with their songs for KGF 2 |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Naik-brothers-from-South-Goa-trigger-storm-with-their-songs-for-KGF-2/188776 |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=oHeraldo |date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421105909/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Naik-brothers-from-South-Goa-trigger-storm-with-their-songs-for-KGF-2/188776 |url-status=live }}</ref> They stated "We went there and he dubbed four songs in Telugu and Kannada in our voice. Later, [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 lockdown]] happened. After a long wait of two years, they recorded two songs for the Hindi dubbed version titled Toofan and Sultan and finalised for the movie".<ref name="auto2"/> The audio rights for ''K.G.F: Chapter 2'' were bought by [[Lahari Music]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] for {{INRConvert|7.2|c}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lahari Music bags audio rights of KGF Chapter 2 for B7.2 crore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jul/03/lahari-music-bags-audio-rights-of-kgf-chapter-2-for-b72-crore-2324675.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421110730/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jul/03/lahari-music-bags-audio-rights-of-kgf-chapter-2-for-b72-crore-2324675.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 March 2022, the first single titled "Toofan" was released from the album.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 March 2022 |title=KGF 2 song Toofan: Yash's Rocky becomes the saviour of enslaved miners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kgf-2-song-toofan-yash-rocky-becomes-the-saviour-of-enslaved-miners-7829217/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421110721/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kgf-2-song-toofan-yash-rocky-becomes-the-saviour-of-enslaved-miners-7829217/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song depicts the rise of Rocky ([[Yash (actor)|Yash]]) as a saviour of enslaved people in the gold mines of Kolar, as depicted in the [[K.G.F: Chapter 1|predecessor's plot]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Janani K. |date=21 March 2022 |title=Yash whips up a Toofan in KGF Chapter 2 new song. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-whips-up-a-toofan-in-kgf-chapter-2-new-song-watch-1927531-2022-03-21 |access-date=21 April 2022 |magazine=India Today |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421110721/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-whips-up-a-toofan-in-kgf-chapter-2-new-song-watch-1927531-2022-03-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> It crossed over 26 million views within 24 hours of its release.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title=KGF Chapter 2's Toofan Trending on YouTube After 26 Million Views in 24 Hours |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-chapter-2s-toofan-trending-on-youtube-after-26-million-views-in-24-hours-4900952.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=News18 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422011923/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-chapter-2s-toofan-trending-on-youtube-after-26-million-views-in-24-hours-4900952.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 April 2022, the second single titled "Gagana Nee" was released,<ref>{{cite news |title=K.G.F: Chapter 2 - The emotionally stirring 'Mother's Anthem' becomes a major success among netizens!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/k-g-f-chapter-2-the-emotionally-stirring-mothers-anthem-becomes-a-major-success-among-netizens/articleshow/90726291.cms |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421110725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/k-g-f-chapter-2-the-emotionally-stirring-mothers-anthem-becomes-a-major-success-among-netizens/articleshow/90726291.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 April 2022, the third single titled "Sulthana" was released. On 14 April 2022, the fourth single titled "Mehabooba" was released. On 16 April 2022, the makers released the soundtrack album, containing four songs.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Kgf Chapter 2 |date=25 March 2022 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/61o7rl6Tsa8CIYCcmIdVS2 |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421110722/https://open.spotify.com/album/61o7rl6Tsa8CIYCcmIdVS2 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 April 2022, the fifth single titled "The Monster Song" was also released.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/apr/25/good-news-for-kgf-2-fans-as-makers-release-the-monster-song-2446352.html|title= Good news for 'KGF 2' fans as makers release 'The Monster Song'|date= 25 April 2022|access-date= 29 April 2022|archive-date= 29 April 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220429064723/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/apr/25/good-news-for-kgf-2-fans-as-makers-release-the-monster-song-2446352.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
[[File:Easwari Rao, Prashanth Neel, Yash, Srinidhi Shetty Promote KGF Chapter 2 in Chennai.jpg|thumb|The cast and crew at a ''KGF: Chapter 2'' promotional event in Chennai in April 2022]]
As a part of the promotional activities, a fictional [[newspaper]] named ''KGF Times'' was designed based on vintage newspapers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Subscribe to 'KGF Times' to refresh your Rocky Bhai & Co. trivia|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/subscribe-to-kgf-times-to-refresh-your-rocky-bhai-co-trivia/articleshow/80100692.cms|access-date=14 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111171433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/subscribe-to-kgf-times-to-refresh-your-rocky-bhai-co-trivia/articleshow/80100692.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Starting from 4 to 10 January 2021, the makers unveiled the new editions of the film through their social media accounts.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 January 2021|title='KGF: Chapter 2' makers release 'KGF Times' newsletter to chronicle film trivia|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kgf-chapter-2-makers-release-kgf-times-newsletter-chronicle-film-trivia-140943|access-date=14 January 2021|website=The News Minute|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107120404/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kgf-chapter-2-makers-release-kgf-times-newsletter-chronicle-film-trivia-140943|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[teaser trailer|teaser]] was initially scheduled to release on 8 January 2021, coinciding with [[Yash (actor)|Yash's]] birthday.<ref>{{cite news|title=Official! 'KGF 2' teaser to be unveiled on Yash's birthday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-kgf-2-teaser-to-be-unveiled-on-yashs-birthday/articleshow/79835096.cms|access-date=14 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113074751/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-kgf-2-teaser-to-be-unveiled-on-yashs-birthday/articleshow/79835096.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='KGF Chapter 2': Here's when the teaser of Yash and Sanjay Dutt starrer will be unveiled|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kgf-chapter-2-heres-when-the-teaser-of-yash-and-sanjay-dutt-starrer-will-be-unveiled/articleshow/80110836.cms|access-date=14 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105101842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kgf-chapter-2-heres-when-the-teaser-of-yash-and-sanjay-dutt-starrer-will-be-unveiled/articleshow/80110836.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, after a few cuts from the teaser [[Internet leak|leaked]] through the internet, the makers unveiled the teaser on 7 January, ahead of the official launch.<ref>{{cite news|title=Leaked! KGF: Chapter 2 teaser released a day ahead of Yash's birthday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/leaked-kgf-chapter-2-teaser-released-a-day-ahead-of-yashs-birthday/articleshow/80157406.cms|access-date=14 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110125830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/leaked-kgf-chapter-2-teaser-released-a-day-ahead-of-yashs-birthday/articleshow/80157406.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Instead of releasing the teaser in five languages, the makers released it as a single teaser featuring English dialogues.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is the 'KGF2' teaser to release in several languages? Deets here|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-the-kgf2-teaser-to-release-in-several-languages-deets-here/articleshow/80149672.cms|access-date=14 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110130310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-the-kgf2-teaser-to-release-in-several-languages-deets-here/articleshow/80149672.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It became the most viewed and most liked teaser, having 278 million views as of September 2025 and surpassing ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' likes.<ref name="indiatvnews">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/actor-yash-film-kgf-chapter-2-release-date-announced-sanjay-dutt-681229|title=KGF Chapter 2: Yash, Sanjay Dutt-starrer to hit theatres in July | Regional-cinema News|website=India TV|date=29 January 2021|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129081154/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/actor-yash-film-kgf-chapter-2-release-date-announced-sanjay-dutt-681229|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sacnilk.com/news/The_Most_Liked_Teaser_in_the_World_on_Youtube_belongs_to_KGF_Chapter_2_Movie|title=The Most liked Teaser in the World |date=March 2021 }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress2">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kgf-chapter-2s-teaser-crosses-135-million-views-in-four-days-7143785/lite/|title=KGF 2's teaser crosses 140 million views in four days|work=The Indian Express|date=12 January 2021|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122175350/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kgf-chapter-2s-teaser-crosses-135-million-views-in-four-days-7143785/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref> The official trailer of the film was released on 27 March 2022<ref>{{cite news |title=KGF 2 trailer: 'KGF: Chapter 2' trailer is out! Yash, Sanjay Dutt and Raveena Tandon-starrer action drama to release on April 14 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kgf-chapter-2-trailer-is-out-yash-sanjay-dutt-and-raveena-tandon-starrer-action-drama-to-release-on-april-14/articleshow/90507564.cms |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194327/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kgf-chapter-2-trailer-is-out-yash-sanjay-dutt-and-raveena-tandon-starrer-action-drama-to-release-on-april-14/articleshow/90507564.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and became the most watched Indian trailer in 24 hours with 109 million views across five languages. The film even surpassed ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' views.<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF 2 is ahead of Avengers: Endgame|date=2024-02-11|url=https://www.koimoi.com/south-indian-cinema/kgf-chapter-2-is-much-ahead-of-avengers-endgame-incredibles-2-infinity-war-is-out-of-reach/#:~:text=Justifying%20all%20the%20buzz%2C%20the%20teaser%20which%20dropped%20on%207th,Endgame%20and%20Incredibles%202%20trailers}}</ref> The film trailer was showcased on the Burj Khalifa. The North America promo was promoted on [[Harmon Corner]] in [[Las Vegas]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://x.com/kgfthefilm/status/1512827669750059012 |title=KGF: CHapter 2 being promoted on the Biggest Billboard of USA}}</ref> KGF: Chapter 2 was the first film ever to premiere with sports league. The film was advertised by IPL team [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]], and Football leagues [[Manchester United]] and [[La Liga]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Football leagues Manchester City and LaLiga pay tribute to 'KGF: Chapter 2|date=2024-02-11|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/football-leagues-manchester-city-and-laliga-pay-tribute-kgf-chapter-2-3010146}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=KGF 2 makers collaborate with RCB|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kgf-chapter-2-makers-of-yashs-film-collaborate-with-the-ipl-team-royal-challengers-bangalore/f0901eef2b323}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''K.G.F: Chapter 2'' was originally scheduled to release in theatres on 23 October 2020, coinciding with [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]] festival.<ref>{{cite news|title=KGF: Chapter 2 to hit screens in October?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-to-hit-screens-in-october/articleshow/74570814.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311153253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-to-hit-screens-in-october/articleshow/74570814.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Yash, Raveena Tandon and Sanjay Dutt starrer 'KGF: Chapter 2' to hit the theatres on October 23|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yash-raveena-tandon-and-sanjay-dutt-starrer-kgf-chapter-2-to-hit-the-theatres-on-october-23/articleshow/74613920.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003191148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yash-raveena-tandon-and-sanjay-dutt-starrer-kgf-chapter-2-to-hit-the-theatres-on-october-23/articleshow/74613920.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the release was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=KGF 2 trailer not anytime now, say makers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-2-trailer-not-anytime-now-say-makers/articleshow/75210653.cms|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205022222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-2-trailer-not-anytime-now-say-makers/articleshow/75210653.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2021, the filmmakers announced that it will be released theatrically on 16 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 January 2021|title=KGF Chapter 2 to release in theatres on July 16, Yash goes all guns blazing in new poster|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-to-release-in-theatres-on-july-16-yash-goes-all-guns-blazing-in-new-poster-101611933058495.html|access-date=3 February 2021|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203210348/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-to-release-in-theatres-on-july-16-yash-goes-all-guns-blazing-in-new-poster-101611933058495.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=30 January 2021|title=KGF Chapter 2 Release Date Announced, Yash-starrer to Hit Theatres on July 16, 2021|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-chapter-2-release-date-announced-yash-starrer-to-hit-theatres-on-july-16th-2021-3361058.html|access-date=3 February 2021|website=News18|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204230944/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-chapter-2-release-date-announced-yash-starrer-to-hit-theatres-on-july-16th-2021-3361058.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it was postponed again for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 June 2021|title=The time is not right: Director Prashanth Neel on 'KGF Chapter 2' release date|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/the-time-is-not-right-director-prashanth-neel-on-kgf-chapter-2-release-date-994397.html|url-status=live|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=26 June 2021|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626220239/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/the-time-is-not-right-director-prashanth-neel-on-kgf-chapter-2-release-date-994397.html}}</ref> The [[Karnataka]] State [[Tobacco control|Anti-Tobacco]] Cell sent a notice to actor Yash, producer Vijay Kiragandur and filmmaker Prashanth Neel on 11 January 2021<ref>{{cite news|title=Karnataka State Anti-Tobacco Cell raises objection to Yash's smoking sequence in KGF: Chapter 2 teaser|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-anti-tobacco-cell-raises-objection-to-yashs-smoking-sequence-in-kgf-chapter-2-teaser/articleshow/80247124.cms|access-date=14 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-anti-tobacco-cell-raises-objection-to-yashs-smoking-sequence-in-kgf-chapter-2-teaser/articleshow/80247124.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as the makers failed to display the anti-smoking warning message, particularly in the sequences that involve Yash smoking.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Laiqh |date=12 January 2021|title=Objection to smoking visuals in K.G.F Chapter 2 teaser|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/objection-to-smoking-visuals-in-film-teaser/article33561782.ece|access-date=14 January 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113072417/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/objection-to-smoking-visuals-in-film-teaser/article33561782.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the law, anti-smoking warnings have to be displayed to stop fans from emulating it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yash gets notice from anti-tobacco cell for 'KGF 2' teaser|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/01/13/yash-gets-notice-from-anti-tobacco-cell-for-kgf2-teaser.html|access-date=14 January 2021|website=The Week|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113070047/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/01/13/yash-gets-notice-from-anti-tobacco-cell-for-kgf2-teaser.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 August 2021, the new release date was announced as 14 April 2022.<ref name="22release">{{cite web|date=23 August 2021|title=KGF 2 to release in theatres on this date, Yash-Sanjay Dutt hype up the much-anticipated action film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kgf-2-to-release-in-theatres-on-this-date-yash-sanjay-dutt-action-film-7465550/|url-status=live|website=The Indian Express|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119081307/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kgf-2-to-release-in-theatres-on-this-date-yash-sanjay-dutt-action-film-7465550/}}</ref> Finally it was released on 14 April 2022 in [[Kannada]] and dubbed versions of [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=30 January 2021|title='KGF: Chapter 2' to release on July 16|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yashs-kgf-chapter-2-to-release-on-july-16/article33702365.ece|access-date=3 February 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203031752/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yashs-kgf-chapter-2-to-release-on-july-16/article33702365.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It became the first Kannada movie to release in [[Greece]].<ref>{{cite web |title=KGF Chapter 2: Yash's film to become first South Indian movie to premiere in Greece |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-yash-s-film-to-become-first-south-indian-movie-to-premiere-in-greece-2944086/amp |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=DNA India |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405133311/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-yash-s-film-to-become-first-south-indian-movie-to-premiere-in-greece-2944086/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also the first Kannada film to release in [[IMAX]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-will-be-the-first-kannada-film-to-screen-on-imax/articleshow/90725677.cms|title=KGF: Chapter 2 will be the first Kannada film to screen on IMAX|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 April 2022|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408114206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-will-be-the-first-kannada-film-to-screen-on-imax/articleshow/90725677.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also the first Kannada film to release in [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2022 |title='KGF: Chapter 2': Yash starrer becomes the first Kannada film to be screened in South Korea |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-yash-starrer-becomes-the-first-kannada-film-to-be-screened-in-south-korea/articleshow/91461411.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520213805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-chapter-2-yash-starrer-becomes-the-first-kannada-film-to-be-screened-in-south-korea/articleshow/91461411.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2022 |title=Yash's KGF Chapter 2 screened in Seoul, first Kannada film showcased in South Korea |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-s-kgf-chapter-2-screened-in-seoul-first-kannada-film-showcased-in-south-korea-1947172-2022-05-09 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706162040/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-s-kgf-chapter-2-screened-in-seoul-first-kannada-film-showcased-in-south-korea-1947172-2022-05-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also the first commercial Kannada movie to release in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kgf-releases-pakistan-becomes-first-commercial-kannada-film-release-country/ | title=KGF releases in Pakistan; becomes first commercial Kannada film to release in the country: Bollywood News | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=14 January 2019 | access-date=16 November 2022 | archive-date=16 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116172420/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/kgf-releases-pakistan-becomes-first-commercial-kannada-film-release-country/ | url-status=live }}</ref> On July 14, 2023, both KGF 1 and 2 released in Japan, even in Japanese dub.<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF releases in Japan on July 14| work=The Times of India | date=29 July 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/japan-fans-hail-yash-starrer-kgf-screams-salaam-rocky-bhai/articleshow/102228568.cms#:~:text=After%20a%20dream%20run%20in,their%20love%20on%20Rocky%20Bhai.}}</ref>

=== Screening ===
The film was reported to release in more than 10,000 screens worldwide.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} In India, the film was released in over 6000 screens.<ref>{{cite web |title=KGF Chapter 2 to hit 6,000 screens across India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/apr/11/kgf-chapter-2to-hit-6000-screens-across-india-2440448.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=11 April 2022 |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413183625/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/apr/11/kgf-chapter-2to-hit-6000-screens-across-india-2440448.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
[[Hombale Films]] distributed the film in Karnataka. The Kerala distribution rights was brought by [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] under the banner Prithviraj Productions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prithviraj acquires Malayalam distribution rights for 'KGF: Chapter 2' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prithviraj-acquires-malayalam-distribution-rights-kgf-chapter-2-140851 |website=The News Minute |date=5 January 2021 |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413181018/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prithviraj-acquires-malayalam-distribution-rights-kgf-chapter-2-140851 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dream Warrior Pictures]] acquired the [[Tamil Nadu]] distribution rights,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dream Warrior Pictures bags Tamil distribution rights for 'KGF: Chapter 2' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dream-warrior-pictures-bags-tamil-distribution-rights-kgf-chapter-2-152070 |website=The News Minute |date=9 July 2021 |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413181256/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dream-warrior-pictures-bags-tamil-distribution-rights-kgf-chapter-2-152070 |url-status=live }}</ref>
while [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] distribution rights were bagged by [[Varahi Chalana Chitram]].

Anil Thadani, [[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] acquired the distribution rights for the film's Hindi version under the banner [[AA Films]] and [[Excel Entertainment]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 January 2021 |title='KGF 2' के Excel Entertainment ने खरीदे हिंदी राइट्स, चुकानी पड़ी काफ बड़ी रकम |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/yash-starrer-kgf-chapter-2-rights-sold-to-farhan-akhtars-excel-entertainment/835443 |work=Zee News |language=Hindi}}</ref>

The film was distributed in [[North America]] by Sarigama Cinemas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/sarigamacinemas/status/1513909288095391747 |title=Gear up for a Toofan in USA, KGF CHAPTER 2 North America release by Sarigama Cinemas |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706121338/https://twitter.com/sarigamacinemas/status/1513909288095391747 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Europe]] distribution was done through 4Seasons Creations<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/4SeasonsCreati1/status/1513847002068656129 |title=Get ready for the Monster, KGF Chapter 2 massive Europe release by 4Seasons Creations |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706215148/https://twitter.com/4SeasonsCreati1/status/1513847002068656129 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cinestaan AA distributed the film in Hindi language across various overseas nations. The [[United Kingdom]] distribution was done through Boleyn Cinemas. Radha Krishna Entertainments distributed the film in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Fiji]] and [[Papua New Guinea]]. The film was also distributed in [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC regions]] and [[Africa|African nations]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/FarazAn03488273/status/1507756015579983877 |title=K.G.F: Chapter 2 Overseas Release Distribution, Twitter |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707032836/https://twitter.com/FarazAn03488273/status/1507756015579983877 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film's digital streaming rights are sold to [[Amazon Prime Video]] for all five languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/hombalefilms/status/1510559315895087105/photo/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416083224/https://twitter.com/hombalefilms/status/1510559315895087105/photo/1 |archive-date=16 April 2022|title= 250M Views for #KGFChapter2 Teaser 🙏❤️ <nowiki>https://youtu.be/Qah9sSIXJqk</nowiki> @TheNameIsYash @prashanth_neel @VKiragandur @hombalefilms @duttsanjay @TandonRaveena @SrinidhiShetty7 @RaviBasrur @bhuvangowda84 @excelmovies @AAFilmsIndia @VaaraahiCC @PrithvirajProd @DreamWarriorpic #KGF2onApr14|website=Twitter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gorge |title=KGF Chapter 2 Prime Video Release Date Confirmed |url=https://www.thestreambible.com/news/kgf-chapter-2-release-date-prime-video/ |url-status=live |website=thestreambible |date=17 April 2022 |access-date=17 April 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417193254/https://www.thestreambible.com/news/kgf-chapter-2-release-date-prime-video/ }}</ref>
On 16 May 2022, Amazon Prime Video announced that the film was available for early access rental in all five languages at ₹199 for both Prime and non-Prime customers in India.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1526165169847488512|user=taran_adarsh|title=Mega Blockbuster #KGFChapter2 is now available for early access rentals at ₹ 199 on @PrimeVideoIN... Easy way for P…|date=16 May 2022}}</ref> The film officially became available for streaming worldwide on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 3 June 2022 in its original Kannada language and in the Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam languages.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title='K.G.F: Chapter 2' to release June 3 on Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kgf-chapter-two-to-release-june-3-on-amazon-prime-video/article65479679.ece |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531092125/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kgf-chapter-two-to-release-june-3-on-amazon-prime-video/article65479679.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=47|count=15|average=5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=13 May 2024}}

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film four and a half stars out of five and was appreciative of all major aspects of production, opining that it "has a fresh, international look and doesn't look like a regional film at all."<ref>{{cite web|title=K.G.F – Chapter 2 Movie Review|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/k-g-f-chapter-2/critic-review/k-g-f-chapter-2-movie-review/kgf-chapter-2-hindi-is-a-blockbuster-all-the-way/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=14 April 2022|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414091346/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/k-g-f-chapter-2/critic-review/k-g-f-chapter-2-movie-review/kgf-chapter-2-hindi-is-a-blockbuster-all-the-way/|url-status=live}}</ref> Subha J. Rao of ''Firstpost'' gave the film four stars out of five and found the writing and conception to be "far better" than ''Chapter 1''.<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF: Chapter 2 movie review Prashanth Neel, Yash hit it out of the park with this testosterone-filled sequel|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-movie-review-prashanth-neel-yash-hit-it-out-of-the-park-with-this-testosterone-filled-sequel-10554981.html/amp|website=Firstpost|date=14 April 2022|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414075123/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-movie-review-prashanth-neel-yash-hit-it-out-of-the-park-with-this-testosterone-filled-sequel-10554981.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also gave it four stars out of five and similarly said that "Neel and Yash have managed to deliver a sequel that seems more immersive than the first part."<ref>{{cite news|title=K.G.F: Chapter 2 Movie Review: A brutal tale of raw machismo and a hint at a third chapter|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/k-g-f-chapter-2/movie-review/90832069.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414000055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/k-g-f-chapter-2/movie-review/90832069.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Vivek MV of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film three and a half stars out of five,<ref>{{cite web|title='KGF: Chapter 2' review: A triumph of passion and imagination|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-review-a-triumph-of-passion-and-imagination-1100646.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=14 April 2022|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414071644/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/entertainment/entertainment-news/kgf-chapter-2-review-a-triumph-of-passion-and-imagination-1100646.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as did Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'', who described the climax as "cathartic and brilliantly shot" but was critical of the uneven pacing throughout.<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF Chapter 2 Movie Review: Yash and Sanjay Dutt steal the show in this terrific action flick|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-movie-review-yash-and-sanjay-dutt-steal-the-show-in-this-terrific-action-flick-1937234-2022-04-14|website=[[India Today]]|date=14 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414040854/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-movie-review-yash-and-sanjay-dutt-steal-the-show-in-this-terrific-action-flick-1937234-2022-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref> With three stars out of five, Shuklaji of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "Despite the few shortcomings, viewers are bound to recall the film forever for its outrageous imagination and incredible technical finesse."<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF: Chapter 2 review: Yash film is a rollicking ride that's worth all the hype|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kgf-chapter-2-review-yash-film-rollicking-ride-s-worth-all-hype-162902|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=14 April 2022|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414094029/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kgf-chapter-2-review-yash-film-rollicking-ride-s-worth-all-hype-162902|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bharathi Pradhan of ''[[Lehren]]'' gave the film two out of five stars and stated that Rocky was "Don Of Indian Dystopia".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pradhan |first1=Bharathi |title=KGF Chapter 2 Review: Don Of Indian Dystopia|url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kgf-chapter-2-review-yash-sanjay-dutt-raveena-tandon/119685/|website=[[Lehren]]|date=14 April 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012140058/https://lehren.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kgf-chapter-2-review-yash-sanjay-dutt-raveena-tandon/119685/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated the film two and a half stars out of five and wrote "''KGF: Chapter 2'' has every possible ingredient to impress the janta, but finding realism is a big no-no".<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF: Chapter 2 Review: Yash's fight for gold shines out, but the film doesn't|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/kgf-chapter-2-review-yashs-fight-for-gold-shines-out-but-the-film-doesnt|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012131636/https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/kgf-chapter-2-review-yashs-fight-for-gold-shines-out-but-the-film-doesnt|url-status=live}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film two and a half stars out of five and observed, "Testosterone, not rationale, is the driving force behind the K.G.F franchise," but praised the performances for putting "some muscle on a thin premise," and the production design.<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF: Chapter 2 Review|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kgf-chapter-2-review/20220414.htm|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414095644/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kgf-chapter-2-review/20220414.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave one and a half stars out of five and was not impressed with the screenplay or momentum, writing that the film "swings haphazardly between the past and the present."<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF 2 movie review: Too much sound, a lot of fury, little impact|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kgf-chapter-2-movie-review-yash-sanjay-dutt-7868612/lite/|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=14 April 2022|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414125246/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kgf-chapter-2-movie-review-yash-sanjay-dutt-7868612/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref> With two and a half stars out of five, Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] gave the film two and a half stars out of five and found the film to be "less chaotic" than ''Chapter 1'', but felt it "continues to suffer from leaps in the time-space continuum."<ref>{{cite web|title='K.G.F: Chapter 2' review: Caught between Rocky and a hard place|url=https://www.scroll.in/reel/1021783/k-g-f-chapter-2-review-caught-between-rocky-and-a-hard-place|website=[[Scroll.in]]|date=14 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414102146/https://scroll.in/reel/1021783/k-g-f-chapter-2-review-caught-between-rocky-and-a-hard-place|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated it two stars out of five and wrote, "The film is the handiwork of people who do not seem to have the foggiest sense of modulation, or of moderation, in the matter of pitching and sound design," but was appreciative of Yash's performance.<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF Chapter 2 Review: Yash Struts Through Battering Ram Of A Movie With Undisguised Glee|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-review-yash-struts-through-battering-ram-of-a-movie-with-undisguised-glee-2-stars-2888327|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504005915/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-review-yash-struts-through-battering-ram-of-a-movie-with-undisguised-glee-2-stars-2888327|url-status=live}}</ref>

Writing for [[News18]], Sonil Dedhia called ''K.G.F: Chapter 2'' an "all-stops pulled out entertainment" film and opined that it "delivers the goods when it comes to non-stop thrills, mood, and style."<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF Chapter 2 Movie Review: Yash, Sanjay Dutt are High on Swag, Action; Give Powerful Performances|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-chapter-2-movie-review-yash-and-sanjay-dutt-are-high-on-swag-action-give-powerful-performances-4980751.html|website=[[News18]]|date=14 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414073641/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/kgf-chapter-2-movie-review-yash-and-sanjay-dutt-are-high-on-swag-action-give-powerful-performances-4980751.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' felt the film was "worth the hype and one of the finest sequels to have come out in a long time," and described Yash as "just unmissable."<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF Chapter 2 review: Yash's film is an explosive tale of brash, unapologetic and larger-than-life characters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-review-yash-s-film-is-an-explosive-tale-of-brash-unapologetic-and-larger-than-life-characters-101649935657027.html|website=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=14 April 2022|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=2 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502003440/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-review-yash-s-film-is-an-explosive-tale-of-brash-unapologetic-and-larger-than-life-characters-101649935657027.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Srivatsan S. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' labelled the film a "festival of male toxicity" but felt Neel had corrected "some of the wrongs of the first part," writing, "There is only one way to look at ''K.G.F: Chapter 2'' for it to work for you and that is to partake in the madness it offers."<ref>{{cite news|title='K.G.F: Chapter 2' movie review: Yash and Prashanth Neel's film is an unabashed celebration of hyper-masculinity|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/kgf-chapter-2-movie-review/article65320443.ece/|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 April 2022|access-date=14 April 2022|last1=S|first1=Srivatsan|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414101118/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/kgf-chapter-2-movie-review/article65320443.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Box office==
''KGF: Chapter 2'' collected {{INRConvert|164|c}} worldwide on the first day of its release.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-day-1-worldwide-yash-starrer-collects-rs-164-cr-gross-global-box-office/|title=KGF – Chapter 2 Day 1 (Worldwide): Yash starrer collects Rs. 164 cr. gross at the global box office|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=15 April 2022|access-date=15 April 2022|archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415160201/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-day-1-worldwide-yash-starrer-collects-rs-164-cr-gross-global-box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref> On its second day, the film collected {{INRConvert|122|c}} worldwide for a two-day total of {{INRConvert|286|c}}, surpassing ''K.G.F: Chapter 1''{{'}}s lifetime gross of {{INRConvert|250|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}, and took its place as the [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada film]] of all time.<ref name="hungamaday2">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-day-2-worldwide-yash-starrer-nears-rs-300-cr-gross-global-box-office/|title=KGF – Chapter 2 Day 2 (Worldwide): Yash starrer nears Rs. 300 cr. gross at the global box office|date=16 April 2022|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=16 April 2022|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416094607/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-day-2-worldwide-yash-starrer-nears-rs-300-cr-gross-global-box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-sanjay-dutt-farhan-akhtar-yash-starrer-106870|title=KGF: Chapter 2 - This Bollywood actor to boost box office collections of Yash starrer?|website=[[Zee Business]]|date=29 July 2019|access-date=16 April 2022|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030162909/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-sanjay-dutt-farhan-akhtar-yash-starrer-106870|url-status=live}}</ref> On its third day, the film estimatedly collected {{INRConvert|104|c}} worldwide for a three-day total of {{INRConvert|390|c}}.<ref name="hungamaday3">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-day-2-worldwide-yash-starrer-set-cross-rs-400-cr-gross-global-box-office/|title=KGF – Chapter 2 Day 2 (Worldwide): Yash starrer all set to cross Rs. 400 cr. gross at the global box office|date=16 April 2022|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=17 April 2022|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417123332/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-day-2-worldwide-yash-starrer-set-cross-rs-400-cr-gross-global-box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the fourth day of its release, the film crossed {{INRConvert|552.85|c}} mark at the worldwide box office.<ref name="hungamaday4">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-yash-starrer-ranks-no-2-global-box-office-collects-72-38-million-usd-rs-552-85-cr-4-days/|title=KGF – Chapter 2 Box Office: Yash starrer ranks no. 2 at the global box office; collects 72.38 million USD [Rs. 552.85 cr.] in 4 Days|date=18 April 2022|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=18 April 2022|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418082946/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-yash-starrer-ranks-no-2-global-box-office-collects-72-38-million-usd-rs-552-85-cr-4-days/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the fifth day of its release, the film grossed more than {{INRConvert|625|c}} worldwide.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-day-5-collection-yash-s-film-crosses-600-crore-is-among-top-10-highest-grossing-indian-films-101650358403291.html|title=KGF Chapter 2 box office day 5 collection: Yash's film crosses ₹600 crore, is among top-10 highest-grossing Indian films|date=19 April 2022|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419091304/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-day-5-collection-yash-s-film-crosses-600-crore-is-among-top-10-highest-grossing-indian-films-101650358403291.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Collections on the sixth day stood at {{INRConvert|675|c}}.<ref name="day 6">{{cite web|title=KGF Chapter 2 box office day 6 collection: Yash's film earns ₹676 crore, beats Baahubali The Beginning's lifetime gross|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-day-6-collection-yash-s-film-earns-676-crore-beats-baahubali-the-beginning-s-lifetime-gross-101650455347422.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=20 April 2022|access-date=20 April 2022|quote=Worldwide, the Yash-starrer has made over Rs 675 crore|archive-date=20 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420120913/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-day-6-collection-yash-s-film-earns-676-crore-beats-baahubali-the-beginning-s-lifetime-gross-101650455347422.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The first week collection of the film was {{INRConvert|719|c}}.<ref name="day7">{{cite web |title=KGF Chapter 2 box office week 1: Yash's film zooms past ₹700-crore mark, registers second-best opening week ever |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-week-1-yash-s-film-zooms-past-700-crore-mark-registers-second-best-opening-week-ever-101650532648191.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 April 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421094050/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-week-1-yash-s-film-zooms-past-700-crore-mark-registers-second-best-opening-week-ever-101650532648191.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The movie grossed {{INRConvert|1006|c}} in 14 days<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-film-crosses-rs-1000-cr-worldwide-box-office/ |title=KGF – Chapter 2 Box Office: Film crosses Rs. 1000 cr. at the worldwide box office |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=29 April 2022 |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430043640/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-film-crosses-rs-1000-cr-worldwide-box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and became the 4th Indian movie to cross the [[1000 Crore Club|1000 crore]] mark worldwide<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-yash-starrer-becomes-4th-film-enter-rs-1000-crore-club/|title=KGF – Chapter 2 Box Office: Yash starrer becomes the 4th film to enter the Rs. 1000 crore club :Bollywood Box Office|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=29 April 2022|access-date=6 May 2022|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504010124/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-yash-starrer-becomes-4th-film-enter-rs-1000-crore-club/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the second fastest movie to collect ₹1000 crore, behind ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 April 2022 |title=KGF Chapter 2 box office: Yash film crosses ₹1000 cr gross worldwide, is 4th Indian film to achieve the feat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-yash-film-crosses-rs-1000-cr-gross-worldwide-is-4th-indian-film-to-achieve-the-feat-101651290223526-amp.html |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501104913/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-yash-film-crosses-rs-1000-cr-gross-worldwide-is-4th-indian-film-to-achieve-the-feat-101651290223526-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> While ''Firstpost'' reported that the movie grossed 1100 crores,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/100-days-of-rocking-star-yashs-kgf-2-but-the-craze-of-the-film-doesnt-seem-to-settle-down-10963231.html/amp | title=100 days of Rocking star Yash's KGF 2, but the craze of the film doesn't seem to settle down | date=27 July 2022 | access-date=21 August 2022 | archive-date=21 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821041806/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/100-days-of-rocking-star-yashs-kgf-2-but-the-craze-of-the-film-doesnt-seem-to-settle-down-10963231.html/amp | url-status=live }}</ref> While ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' and ''[[DNA India]]''<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|title=Kantara box office collection: Rishab Shetty starrer is second Kannada film post KGF Chapter 2 to earn $1 million in USA|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rishab-shetty-starrer-kantara-is-second-kannada-film-after-yash-kgf-chapter-2-to-earn-1-million-in-usa-2995160|website=[[DNA India]]|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023020106/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rishab-shetty-starrer-kantara-is-second-kannada-film-after-yash-kgf-chapter-2-to-earn-1-million-in-usa-2995160|url-status=live}}</ref> reported that the worldwide collection to be around {{INR|1200}} crore<ref name="indulgexpress.com">{{cite news|title=KGF: Chapter 2 completes 100 days in theatres, makers say it is 'just the beginning'|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/jul/22/kgf-chapter-2-scores-a-century-makers-say-its-just-the-beginning-42535.html|website=[[The New Indian Express|The Indulge Express]]|access-date=22 August 2022|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015050729/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/jul/22/kgf-chapter-2-scores-a-century-makers-say-its-just-the-beginning-42535.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INR|1216}} crore,<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2022/May/14/southywoodslam-2452836.html | title=Southywood Slam! - the New Indian Express | date=8 May 2022 | access-date=4 September 2022 | archive-date=4 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904170803/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2022/may/15/southywoodslam-2452836.amp | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' mentioned the collection as ₹1,207 crore.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|title=Kantara box office: Rishab Shetty's film is 6th biggest Kannada movie ever. See who else is on the list|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-s-film-is-6th-biggest-kannada-movie-see-list-101665820758483.html|website=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=15 October 2022|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015100500/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-s-film-is-6th-biggest-kannada-movie-see-list-101665820758483-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
''[[News 18]]'',<ref name="news18.com">{{cite web|title=From KGF: Chapter 2 To RRR: A Look At The Highest Grossing Movies|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-kgf-chapter-2-to-rrr-a-look-at-the-highest-grossing-movies-5378083.html|website=[[News 18]]|date=15 June 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820174151/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/from-kgf-chapter-2-to-rrr-a-look-at-the-highest-grossing-movies-5378083.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''TV9 Marathi'' <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikrant-rona-box-office-collection-film-crosses-80-crores-in-three-days-shamshera-looses-in-first-week-au163-772227.html/amp | title=Vikrant Rona Box Office Collection: 'विक्रांत रोना'ची तीन दिवसांत 80 कोटींची कमाई, बॉक्स ऑफिसवर 'शमशेरा'ची अवस्था बिकट | date=August 2022 | access-date=4 February 2023 | archive-date=22 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922095318/https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikrant-rona-box-office-collection-film-crosses-80-crores-in-three-days-shamshera-looses-in-first-week-au163-772227.html/amp | url-status=live }}</ref> reported the collection to be {{INR|1240}} crore. ''[[The Times Of India]]'',<ref name="kgf2-to-vikrant-rona-5-pan-india"/><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-films-rock-the-100-cr-club/articleshow/95459571.cms | title=Kannada films rock the 100-cr club | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=S | first1=Sridevi | access-date=12 November 2022 | archive-date=7 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407042822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-films-rock-the-100-cr-club/articleshow/95459571.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'',<ref name="vijaykarnataka.com"/> ''[[TV9 Kannada]]''<ref name="tv9kannada.com"/> and ''[[Asianet News]]''<ref name="newsable.asianetnews.com"/> reported that the movie grossed ₹1250 crores. ''[[India Today]]'' reported the collections to be ₹1300 crore.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/we-got-saved-says-aamir-khan-about-laal-singh-chaddha-s-clash-with-yash-starrer-kgf-2-1980689-2022-07-27 | title='We got saved', says Aamir Khan about Laal Singh Chaddha's clash with Yash-starrer KGF 2 | date=27 July 2022 | access-date=4 February 2023 | archive-date=4 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204164452/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/we-got-saved-says-aamir-khan-about-laal-singh-chaddha-s-clash-with-yash-starrer-kgf-2-1980689-2022-07-27 | url-status=live }}</ref> It became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|fourth highest-grossing Indian film]] of all time.

=== India ===
On the first day of release, ''KGF: Chapter 2'' collected {{INRConvert|134.5|c}} at the box office, the second-highest opening day in India after ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF 2 Tops Baahubali With Rs 134.50 Cr Earnings on Day 1; RRR Still Holds Crown for Biggest Opener|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-2-tops-baahubali-2-with-rs-134-50-cr-earnings-on-day-1-rrr-still-holds-crown-for-biggest-opener-4989277.html|website=[[News18]]|date=15 April 2022|access-date=16 April 2022|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416094327/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-2-tops-baahubali-2-with-rs-134-50-cr-earnings-on-day-1-rrr-still-holds-crown-for-biggest-opener-4989277.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindi version raked in {{INRConvert|53.95|c}} at the box office on the first day, making it the highest-opening day collection for a film in Hindi, which is also higher than what any Indian film collected on the first day excluding south India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-hindi-prashanth-neel-surpasses-kgf-chapter-1-hindi-lifetime-earnings-2946425|title=KGF Chapter 2 box office collection (Hindi): Prashanth Neel directorial surpasses KGF Chapter 1 Hindi lifetime earnings|website=DNA India|access-date=15 April 2022|archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415085239/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-hindi-prashanth-neel-surpasses-kgf-chapter-1-hindi-lifetime-earnings-2946425|url-status=live}}</ref> The film recorded the highest-ever opening day for a Kannada film in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-smashes-all-records-at-box-office-becomes-highest-ever-day-1-opener-in-india-1526200|work=[[ABP News]]|title='KGF: Chapter 2' Smashes All Records At Box Office, Becomes Highest Ever Day 1 Opener In India|date=15 April 2022|access-date=16 April 2022|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416101830/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/kgf-chapter-2-smashes-all-records-at-box-office-becomes-highest-ever-day-1-opener-in-india-1526200|url-status=live}}</ref> It also set opening day records in Malayalam (Kerala) by grossing ₹7.2 crores.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Apr/16/kgf-chapter-2-shattersall-box-office-records-2442525.html|title=KGF: Chapter 2 shatters all box office records|work=New Indiam Express|date=16 April 2022|access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref>

The Hindi version raked {{INRConvert|219.56|c}} at the box office on the fifth day of its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-hindi-crosses-rs-200-crore-in-india-shatters-records-1939133-2022-04-19|title=KGF: Chapter 2 Hindi crossed 200 crore in India, shatters records|work=[[India Today]]|date=19 April 2022|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419122554/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-hindi-crosses-rs-200-crore-in-india-shatters-records-1939133-2022-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> On the fifth day of its release, the Tamil version raked in around 62 lakhs in [[Chennai]] alone surpassing the collections of the Tamil film ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-s-kgf-chapter-2-overtakes-thalapathy-vijay-s-beast-in-tamil-nadu-wait-what-1939187-2022-04-19|title= Yash's KGF Chapter 2 overtakes Thalapathy Vijay's Beast in Tamil Nadu. Wait, what?|date= 19 April 2022|access-date= 19 April 2022|archive-date= 19 April 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220419194059/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-s-kgf-chapter-2-overtakes-thalapathy-vijay-s-beast-in-tamil-nadu-wait-what-1939187-2022-04-19|url-status= live}}</ref> The Hindi version managed to cross {{INRConvert|250|c}} in 7 days making it the fastest one to do so and broke the previous record held by ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]] (8 days)''.<ref name="Hindi version record by Kgf 2">{{cite web |title=KGF Chapter 2 (Hindi) box office day 7: Yash's film is fastest movie in Hindi to cross ₹250 crore, beats Baahubali 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-hindi-box-office-day-7-yash-s-film-is-fastest-movie-in-hindi-to-cross-250-crore-beats-baahubali-2-101650520725062-amp.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 April 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421112110/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-hindi-box-office-day-7-yash-s-film-is-fastest-movie-in-hindi-to-cross-250-crore-beats-baahubali-2-101650520725062-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Hindi version collected {{INRConvert|322|c}} in 12 days and became the 10th entrant in the {{INR}}300 crore club in Hindi-language.<ref name="300 croreKGF">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-estimate-day-12-jumps-30-sunday-collects-rs-24-crores-enter-rs-300-crore-club/|title=KGF – Chapter 2 Box Office Estimate Day 12: Jumps by 30% on Sunday; collects Rs. 24 crores to enter the Rs. 300 crore club|date=25 April 2022|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425053538/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-estimate-day-12-jumps-30-sunday-collects-rs-24-crores-enter-rs-300-crore-club/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|806.1|c}} in India in 15 days run and become [[List of highest-grossing films in India|third highest-grossing film in India]].<ref>{{cite web|date=30 April 2022|title=KGF Chapter 2 box office collection: Yash starrer zooms past Rs 1000 crore mark|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-yash-starrer-zooms-past-rs-1000-crore-mark-2949471|access-date=30 April 2022|website=DNA|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430014821/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-yash-starrer-zooms-past-rs-1000-crore-mark-2949471|url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindi version earned {{INRConvert|353.06|c}} in 16 days and became the third highest grossing film in Hindi language.<ref name="350 croreKGF">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-yash-starrer-grosses-over-rs-1000-crs-worldwide-hindi-version-crosses-350-cr-mark-5083525.html|title=KGF Chapter 2 Box Office: Yash Starrer Grosses Over Rs. 1000 Crs Worldwide, Hindi Version Crosses 350 Cr Mark|date=30 April 2022|website=News18.com|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430124658/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-yash-starrer-grosses-over-rs-1000-crs-worldwide-hindi-version-crosses-350-cr-mark-5083525.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed ₹100 crores in Tamil Nadu, making it the first Kannada and the second non-Tamil film to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-2-box-office-collection-after-baahubali-2-yash-starrer-is-2nd-non-tamil-film-to-cross-rs-100cr-in-tamil-nadu-101651653734585.html|title=KGF 2 box office collection: After Baahubali 2, Yash-starrer is 2nd non-Tamil film to cross ₹100cr in Tamil Nadu|date=4 May 2022|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=6 May 2022|archive-date=6 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506162913/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-2-box-office-collection-after-baahubali-2-yash-starrer-is-2nd-non-tamil-film-to-cross-rs-100cr-in-tamil-nadu-101651653734585.html|url-status=live}}</ref> With a gross collection of ₹ 22.06 crores, it became the second movie to cross the ₹20 crore mark in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/after-bahubali-2-yash-starrer-kgf-chapter-2-becomes-the-second-film-in-bengal-to-cross-20-crore-mark/articleshow/91484369.cms | title=After 'Bahubali 2', Yash starrer 'KGF: Chapter 2' becomes the second film in Bengal to cross 20-crore mark | newspaper=The Times of India | date=11 May 2022 | access-date=11 May 2022 | archive-date=5 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405154446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/after-bahubali-2-yash-starrer-kgf-chapter-2-becomes-the-second-film-in-bengal-to-cross-20-crore-mark/articleshow/91484369.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> It became the first film to gross more than ₹10 crore in Odisha and the fastest to reach the ₹50 crore mark in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/as-kgf-chapter-2-crosses-1000-crore-here-are-all-the-major-box-office-records-broken-by-the-yashstarrer-101651326029625.html | title=As KGF Chapter 2 crosses ₹1000 crore, here are all the major box office records broken by the Yash-starrer | work=Hindustan Times | date=May 2022 | access-date=11 May 2022 | archive-date=11 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511164501/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/as-kgf-chapter-2-crosses-1000-crore-here-are-all-the-major-box-office-records-broken-by-the-yashstarrer-101651326029625.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In home territory [[Karnataka]] it has collected over {{INRConvert|175|c}} in just 25 days of its release.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/yash-movie-kgf-chapter-2-becomes-first-kannada-film-to-be-screened-in-south-korea-332966-2022-05-10 | title=Yash movie 'KGF Chapter 2' becomes first Kannada film to be screened in South Korea | date=10 May 2022 | access-date=1 June 2022 | archive-date=26 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526212547/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/yash-movie-kgf-chapter-2-becomes-first-kannada-film-to-be-screened-in-south-korea-332966-2022-05-10 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The Hindi version netted more than {{INRConvert|421.88|c}} breaking the record of ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (₹387.38 crore) and climbed to the second position behind ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (₹511 crore).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/box-office/kgf-2-collection-wordwide-day-32-after-yash-now-rakshit-shetty-threat-to-bollywood-as-777-charlie-trailer-is-out/articleshow/91597731.cms|title=KGF 2 की 1200 करोड़ क्‍लब में धमाकेदार एंट्री|date=17 May 2022|website=NavBharat Times|access-date=17 May 2022|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517074205/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/box-office/kgf-2-collection-wordwide-day-32-after-yash-now-rakshit-shetty-threat-to-bollywood-as-777-charlie-trailer-is-out/articleshow/91597731.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> With domestic collections of ₹1000 crores, the film became [[List of highest-grossing films in India|the second highest grossing film in India]].<ref name=":bh">{{cite web|date=18 May 2022|title=KGF Chapter 2's ₹1200 crore haul included ₹1000 crore made just from India, only Baahubali 2 has managed this befored|url=https://hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-s-rs-1200-crore-haul-included-rs-1000-crore-made-just-from-india-only-baahubali-2-has-managed-this-before-101652857049073.html|access-date=18 May 2022|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518072335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-s-rs-1200-crore-haul-included-rs-1000-crore-made-just-from-india-only-baahubali-2-has-managed-this-before-101652857049073.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindi version managed to cross the net collection mark of {{INRConvert|400|c}} - making it the second movie to do so after ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-yash-starrer-s-hindi-version-earns-400-crore-second-hindi-film-ever-to-do-so-101651846148695.html|title=KGF Chapter 2 box office collection: Yash-starrer's Hindi version earns ₹400 crore; second 'Hindi film' ever to do so|date=8 May 2022|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=8 May 2022|archive-date=8 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508175504/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-yash-starrer-s-hindi-version-earns-400-crore-second-hindi-film-ever-to-do-so-101651846148695.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film recorded 5.05 crore footfalls at the Indian box office in 26 days.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-yash-starrer-kgf-chapter-2-exceeds-5-crores-footfalls-india-1086174 | title=Box Office: Yash starrer KGF Chapter 2 exceeds 5 crores footfalls in India | date=10 May 2022 | access-date=14 May 2022 | archive-date=12 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512190516/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-yash-starrer-kgf-chapter-2-exceeds-5-crores-footfalls-india-1086174 | url-status=live }}</ref> The film collected {{INRConvert|1000|c}} at the Indian box-office in 33 days and became the [[List of highest-grossing films in India|second highest-grossing film in India]] as well as the second Indian movie to gross [[1000 Crore Club|₹1000 crore]] at the domestic market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-s-rs-1200-crore-haul-included-rs-1000-crore-made-just-from-india-only-baahubali-2-has-managed-this-before-101652857049073.html|title=KGF Chapter 2's ₹1200 crore haul included ₹1000 crore made just from India, only Baahubali 2 has managed this before|website=Hindustan Times|date=18 May 2022|access-date=18 May 2022|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518170902/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-chapter-2-s-rs-1200-crore-haul-included-rs-1000-crore-made-just-from-india-only-baahubali-2-has-managed-this-before-101652857049073.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The gross domestic collection was reported to be ₹1008 crore.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/indian-box-office-crosses-rs-4002-crore-between-jan-april-report/2546184/ | title=Indian box office crosses Rs 4,002 crore between Jan-April: Report | date=2 June 2022 | access-date=6 September 2022 | archive-date=25 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225085044/https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/indian-box-office-crosses-rs-4002-crore-between-jan-april-report/2546184/ | url-status=live }}</ref> It became the first-ever to gross ₹10 crore in Odisha (beating all Odia films) and the fastest to reach the ₹50-crore mark in Kerala. In addition, it has also earned over ₹100 crore each in the Tamil Nadu and Mumbai circuits.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/as-kgf-chapter-2-crosses-1000-crore-here-are-all-the-major-box-office-records-broken-by-the-yashstarrer-101651326029625.html| title= As KGF Chapter 2 crosses ₹1000 crore, here are all the major box office records broken by the Yash-starrer| date= May 2022| access-date=6 September 2022 }}</ref>

=== Other territories ===
The film debuted at the North American box office by collected more than $1 million from the premiere shows.<ref name="auto1"/> It collected $225,892 from 80 locations in Australia and a further $39,372 from 26 locations in New Zealand on the first day. In the opening weekend, it collected $26,225,842 from 510 screens, while the Hindi version collected $930,527 from 268 screens in the United States of America. In Canada, it collected $1,117,124 from 55 screens. It grossed {{GBPConvert|598|k}} in the United Kingdom from 182 screens. In other countries, it collected {{INRConvert|19.53|c}} in the opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-overseas-box-office-yash-starrer-rakes-big-moolah-overseas/|title=KGF – Chapter 2 Overseas Box Office: Yash starrer rakes in BIG moolah in overseas|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=19 April 2022|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425073731/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kgf-chapter-2-overseas-box-office-yash-starrer-rakes-big-moolah-overseas/|url-status=live}}</ref> It became the first Kannada film to be screened in [[South Korea]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-yash-prashanth-neel-film-inches-closer-to-rs-1200-crore-mark-2952141/amp | title=KGF Chapter 2 box office collection: Yash's film SMASHES records, inches closer to Rs 1,200 crore mark | access-date=11 May 2022 | archive-date=11 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511170540/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-yash-prashanth-neel-film-inches-closer-to-rs-1200-crore-mark-2952141/amp | url-status=live }}</ref> and the longest running Kannada film in [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-day-40-yash-s-film-remains-unstoppable-breaks-records-in-canada-1953249-2022-05-24|title=KGF Chapter 2 box office collection Day 40: Yash's film remains unstoppable, breaks records in Canada|website=India Today|date=24 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524044131/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-day-40-yash-s-film-remains-unstoppable-breaks-records-in-canada-1953249-2022-05-24|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also the first film to release in multiple languages simultaneously in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/yash-kgf-chapter-2-makes-multiple-records-in-canada-drb-rcfwqh#image1 |title=Yash's KGF: Chapter 2 makes multiple records in Canada |publisher=Newsable.asianetnews.com |date= |access-date=2022-05-31 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529053031/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/yash-kgf-chapter-2-makes-multiple-records-in-canada-drb-rcfwqh#image1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2022, ''[[News 18]]'' reported the worldwide gross theatrical collections to be ₹1500 crores.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-brahmastra-to-ponniyin-selvan-1-know-the-highest-grossing-movies-in-2022-6361477.html | title=From Kantara to Ponniyin Selvan-1, Know the Highest Grossing Movies in 2022 | date=12 November 2022 | access-date=12 November 2022 | archive-date=11 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111141709/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-brahmastra-to-ponniyin-selvan-1-know-the-highest-grossing-movies-in-2022-6361477.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Ceremony
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Result
! {{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[70th National Film Awards|2024]]
| rowspan="2" |[[National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
| [[Prashanth Neel]]
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 August 2024 |title=National Awards 2024: Yash's KGF Chapter 2 Wins Best Kannada Film And Best Action Direction Awards |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/national-awards-2024-yashs-kgf-chapter-2-wins-best-kannada-film-and-best-action-direction-awards-9017378.html |work=News18|date=16 August 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Stunt Choreography|Best Stunt Choreography]]
| [[Anbariv]]
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 August 2024 |title=KGF 2, Kantara Win Big At 70th National Film Awards |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/70th-national-film-awards-kgf-2-wins-best-kannada-film-kantara-bags-best-film-providing-wholesome-entertainment-award-6350057 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Future ==
The film's [[post-credits scene]] showcased the final draft of ''KGF: Chapter 3'', hinting at a sequel.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-yash-s-kgf-chapter-2-will-there-be-part-3-the-post-credits-scene-suggests-so-1937342-2022-04-14|magazine=[[India Today]]|date=14 April 2022|title=After Yash's KGF Chapter 2, will there be part 3? The post-credits scene suggests so|author=K. Janani|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414073033/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-yash-s-kgf-chapter-2-will-there-be-part-3-the-post-credits-scene-suggests-so-1937342-2022-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2022, Neel said: "If people love ''KGF: Chapter 2'', we could think of continuing the franchise."<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2022 |title=Prashanth Neel on KGF 3: 'If people love it, we could continue the franchise' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/prashanth-neel-on-kgf-3-if-people-love-it-we-could-continue-the-franchise-101649917543497.html |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415074843/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/prashanth-neel-on-kgf-3-if-people-love-it-we-could-continue-the-franchise-101649917543497.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The same month, executive producer Karthik Gowda confirmed that a sequel was in development and pre-production had begun.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/post-production-work-has-begun-executive-producer-karthik-gowda-confirms-kgf-3-5010925.html|title=Executive Producer Karthik Gowda Confirms KGF 3|date=19 April 2022|work=[[News18]]|access-date=22 April 2022|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422132222/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/post-production-work-has-begun-executive-producer-karthik-gowda-confirms-kgf-3-5010925.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Yash stated that he and Neel had conceptualised some scenes for the sequel.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/yash-kgf-1235239996/|title=Yash Teases 'K.G.F 3,' Talks Global Reach of Indian Cinema: 'The world is our territory' (Exclusive)|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|magazine=Variety|date=26 April 2022|access-date=26 April 2022|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426181003/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/yash-kgf-1235239996/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2022, producer Vijay Kiragandur stated they were planning to begin the sequel's production after October 2022, aiming for a 2024 release. "Going forward, we are going to create a [[Marvel Cinematic Universe|Marvel kind of universe]]. We want to bring different characters from different movies and create something like [[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness|''Doctor Strange'']]," Kiragandur added.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-05-14 |title=KGF producer confirms KGF Chapter 3 shoot will begin this year, adds 'we are going to create a Marvel kind of universe' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-producer-confirms-kgf-chapter-3-shoot-will-begin-this-year-adds-we-are-going-to-create-a-marvel-kind-of-universe-101652495602468.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514081929/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-producer-confirms-kgf-chapter-3-shoot-will-begin-this-year-adds-we-are-going-to-create-a-marvel-kind-of-universe-101652495602468.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, executive producer Karthik Gowda called it a speculation, tweeting: "[[Hombale Films]] will not be starting ''KGF 3'' anytime soon."<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-05-14 |title=Executive producer Karthik Gowda debunks rumours of KGF 3 'starting anytime soon' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/executive-producer-karthik-gowda-debunks-rumours-kgf-3-starting-anytime-soon-1093088 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523091330/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/executive-producer-karthik-gowda-debunks-rumours-kgf-3-starting-anytime-soon-1093088 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2022, Neel asserted the possibility of ''Chapter 3'', stating: "We just want to take a big break and we will definitely come back to make that."<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-06-24 |title=KGF director Prashanth Neel: 'Definitely a possibility of KGF Chapter 3, that also comes out of compulsion' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-director-prashanth-neel-definitely-a-possibility-of-kgf-chapter-3-101656034710947.html |website=Hindustan Times |language= |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626072506/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kgf-director-prashanth-neel-definitely-a-possibility-of-kgf-chapter-3-101656034710947.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2024, Yash confirmed that KGF 3 is in the works, stating that he and director Prasanth Neel are actively discussing the project.<ref>{{Cite web |title='KGF 3 Will Happen For Sure, I Promise': Actor Yash |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kgf-3-will-happen-for-sure-i-promise-actor-yash-9097546.html |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10698680}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|kgf_chapter_2}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|k-g-f-chapter-2}}

{{KGF (film series)}}
{{Prashanth Neel}}

[[Category:KGF (film series)]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prashanth Neel]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:AA Films films]]
[[Category:Indian IMAX films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Stunt Choreography National Film Award–winning choreography]]

Katakuti (web series)

2026-03-28T19:32:45Z

LaverneHenry: put up entry

{{Short description|2022 Bengali language web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Katakuti -Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Raja Chanda]]
| producer =
| writer = Arnab Bhaumik
| story =
| genre =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]], Manasi Sengupta, Paean Sarkar, Devtanu, [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] and Sirsha Rakshit
| music =
| cinematography =
| studio =
| released = {{Start date|2022|03|25|df=y}}
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| country = India
| language = Bengali
[[Category:Klikk original programming]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Katakuti''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Bengali language]] crime and [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[web series]] directed by [[Raja Chanda]] and written by Arnab Bhaumik.

The web series is produced under Raja Chanda Films, Angel Digital and Ediview.<ref>{{cite web |title=প্রকাশ্যে রাজা চন্দ পরিচালিত ওয়েব সিরিজ ‘কাটাকুটি’-র ট্রেলার, মুক্তি ২৫ মার্চ |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/katakuti-raja-chanda-s-web-series-katakuti-s-trailer-has-been-released-bengali-news-874560 |language=Bengali|website=Abplive}}</ref> [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]], Manasi Sengupta, Devtanu, Paean Sarkar, [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] and Sirsha Rakshit are in the mail role in the web series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Devtanu explores the impact of social media in futuristic fantasy TikiLand |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/mar/03/devtanuexplores-the-impact-of-social-media-in-futuristic-fantasy-tikiland-39397.html |newspaper=Indian Express / Indulge | first=Raima | last=Ganguly | date=3 March 2022 | accessdate=16 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Katakuti |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/ott/photo/katakuti-new-thriller-web-series-raja-chanda-starring-sourav-das-manoshi-sengupta-and-others-raja-and-manoshi-debut-ott-platform-soc-348223-2022-02-26-2 |website=[[Aaj Tak]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=প্রকাশ্যে রাজা চন্দ পরিচালিত ওয়েব সিরিজ ‘কাটাকুটি’-র ট্রেলার, মুক্তি ২৫ মার্চ |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/topic/katakuti-web-series |website=ABP Live|language=Bengali}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Aditya, a shy young man, and Kaushani are set to get married when a tragic catastrophe prevents it. Aditya, who is devastated, must accept the loss of his sweetheart. Kousani was slain after being gang-raped. He learns about the three criminals responsible for the heinous crime, which leaves him devastated. One of them was a close family friend of Kousani's. Aditya, a typically reserved youngster, undergoes a drastic transformation and sets out to exact cruel retribution on Kousani and her family.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katakuti - Raja Chanda |url=https://www.klikk.tv/video/3268/katakuti/ |website=[[Klikk]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]]
*Manasi Sengupta
*Paean Sarkar
*Devtanu
*[[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]]
*Sirsha Rakshit
*Biplab Bandopadhyay
*Buddhadeb Bhattacharya
*Rajdip Ghosh

== Episodes ==

{{Episode table |background=#B1A3BF |overall=Aditya took revenge for the group rape of his wife. |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Starting From Zero
|DirectedBy = [[Raja Chanda]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = The Mukherjees are eager to marry off their son Aditya. Matchmaker Kamal is also at it. In the midst of all of this chaos, Aditya and Smriti meet. Even if they don't end up getting married, they remain lifelong friends.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Phool Panjika
|DirectedBy = [[Raja Chanda]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Phool is Aditya's pet name! His nuptials to Kaushani, a female, are finally scheduled. Each enjoys the other. Everyone is content.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Victim
|DirectedBy = [[Raja Chanda]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Aditya visits Kaushani's aunt to meet her before getting married but has the shock of his life. His fiancee was brutally killed. Who committed this vile crime?

|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Transition
|DirectedBy = [[Raja Chanda]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Aditya decides to tackle the law on his own. Vicky is no more. The innocent youngster is transformed into this vengeful figure by the circumstances of life.

|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Chase
|DirectedBy = [[Raja Chanda]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Aditya goes to the police and tells them everything. He asserts that he has dealt with all of the defendants and that he was aware of the identity of the killer of his fiancée.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Black Rose
|DirectedBy = [[Raja Chanda]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = The information is shared with the police. The killers' actions, punishment, and treatment at the hands of Aditya. He understood that he had stolen his fiancé's justice because Aditya had not received it.
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== Reception ==
''Katakuti'' received mixed to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/katakuti-bengali-web-series-review-raja-chandas-series-fail-to-impress-audience/|title=দুর্বল চিত্রনাট্যে ডুবল ‘কাটাকুটি’, জমল না রাজা চন্দর প্রথম ওয়েব সিরিজ|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|language=Bengali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiobanglanet.com/klikk-ott-katakuti-web-series-review/|title=প্রতিশোধ ও বীভৎস রসের মিশেল|date=25 March 2022|language=Bengali}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Raja Chanda}}
[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Thriller web series]]
[[Category:Klikk original programming]]

Ājīvika

2026-03-28T08:29:21Z

LaverneHenry: fixed issues

{{Short description|School of Indian philosophy}}
{{italic title}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| header = Ājīvika
| total_width = 225
| image1 = Ajivika Monk in a Gandhara sculpture of the Mahaparinirvana.jpg
| caption1 = An Ājīvika ascetic in a [[Gandhara]] sculpture of the Mahaparinirvana, circa 2nd–3rd century CE<ref name="Balcerowicz1">{{cite book |last=Balcerowicz |first=Piotr |year=2016 |chapter=A Religious Centre and the Art of the Ājīvikas |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA278 |title=Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |series=Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies |pages=278–281 |isbn=978-1-317-53853-0 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224001126/https://books.google.com/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA278 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=225382&partId=1&museumno=1899%2C0715.9&page=8 |title=British Museum catalogue |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812035939/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=225382&partId=1&museumno=1899,0715.9&page=8 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=225123&partId=1&searchText=Vajra+Deities&page=1 |title=British Museum catalogue |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812035941/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=225123&partId=1&searchText=Vajra+Deities&page=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| image2 = Four Scenes from the Life of the Buddha - Parinirvana - Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century AD, Gandhara, schist - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05119.JPG
| caption2 = On the left: [[Mahākāśyapa]] meets an Ājīvika and learns of the [[parinirvana]].<ref>Marianne Yaldiz, Herbert Härtel, Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums; an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1982, p. 78</ref>
| footer =
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{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}

'''''Ajivika''''' ({{Langx|sa|आजीविक}}, [[IAST]]: '''{{IAST|Ājīvika}}''') is an ancient [[Āstika and nāstika|''nāstika'']], or 'heterodox,' [[Indian philosophy|Indian school]]<ref name="Johnson 2009" /><ref name="Balcerowicz2">{{cite book |last=Balcerowicz |first=Piotr |year=2016 |chapter=Determinism, Ājīvikas, and Jainism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136 |title=Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |series=Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies |pages=136–174 |isbn=978-1-317-53853-0 |quote=The Ājīvikas' doctrinal signature was indubitably the idea of [[determinism]] and [[fate]], which traditionally incorporated four elements: the doctrine of destiny (''niyati-vāda''), the doctrine of predetermined concurrence of factors (''saṅgati-vāda''), the doctrine of intrinsic nature (''svabhāva-vāda''), occasionally also linked to [[Charvaka|materialists]], and the doctrine of fate (''daiva-vāda''), or simply [[fatalism]]. The Ājīvikas' emphasis on fate and determinism was so profound that later sources would consistently refer to them as ''niyati-vādins'', or ‘the propounders of the doctrine of destiny’. |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224002103/https://books.google.com/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="natalia">Natalia Isaeva (1993), Shankara and Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791412817}}, pages 20-23</ref><ref name="james">James Lochtefeld, "Ajivika", ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0823931798}}, page 22</ref> of absolute [[fatalism]] or extreme [[determinism]].<ref name="Balcerowicz2" /><ref name="james" /><ref name="Leaman 1999">{{cite book |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |editor-link=Oliver Leaman |year=1999 |chapter=Fatalism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4crBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |title=Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |series=Routledge Key Guides |pages=80–81 |isbn=978-0-415-17363-6 |quote='''Fatalism.''' Some of the teachings of [[Indian philosophy]] are fatalistic. For example, the Ajivika school argued that fate (''nyati'') governs both the [[Saṃsāra|cycle of birth and rebirth]], and also individual lives. Suffering is not attributed to past actions, but just takes place without any cause or rationale, as does relief from suffering. There is nothing we can do to achieve '''''[[moksha]]''''', we just have to hope that all will go well with us. [...] But the Ajivikas were committed to '''[[asceticism]]''', and they justified this in terms of its practice being just as determined by fate as anything else. |access-date=20 February 2022 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220193756/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4crBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Ājīvika school is known for its ''Niyati'' ("[[Fate]]") doctrine and for the premise that there is no [[free will]], that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles.<ref name="Balcerowicz2" /><ref name="james" />{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}}

Believed to have been founded in the 5th century BCE by [[Makkhali Gosala|Makkhali Gosāla]], it was a ''[[Śramaṇa]]'' movement and a major rival to other contemporary [[Āstika and nāstika|orthodox and heterodox movements]] within the Indian philosophical milieu.<ref name="Johnson 2009" /><ref name="Balcerowicz2" /><ref>Jeffrey D Long (2009), Jainism: An Introduction, Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-1845116255}}, page 199</ref> Ājīvikas were organized renunciates who formed discrete communities.<ref name="Johnson 2009" /><ref name="Balcerowicz2" />{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=145-146}} The precise identity of the Ājīvikas is not well known, and it is even unclear if they were a divergent sect of the Buddhists or the Jains.<ref name="LF26">{{cite book |last1=Fogelin |first1=Lars |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-994822-2 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRV0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |language=en |access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135615/https://books.google.com/books?id=tRV0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost.<ref name="Johnson 2009" /><ref name="Balcerowicz2" /> Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ājīvikas in the secondary sources of [[Indian literature#In archaic Indian languages|ancient Indian literature]].<ref name="Johnson 2009" /><ref name="Balcerowicz2" />{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}} The oldest descriptions of the Ājīvika fatalists and their founder Gosāla can be found both in the [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist]] and [[Jain literature|Jaina]] scriptures of ancient India.<ref name="Johnson 2009" /><ref name="Balcerowicz2" />{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=224-238|ps=:The fundamental principle of Ājīvika philosophy was Fate, usually called ''Niyati''. [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist]] and [[Jain literature|Jaina]] sources agree that [[Makkhali Gosala|Gosāla]] was a rigid determinist, who exalted ''Niyati'' to the status of the motive factor of the universe and the sole agent of all phenomenal change. This is quite clear in our ''locus classicus'', the ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]]''. Sin and suffering, attributed by [[Āstika and nāstika|other sects]] to the laws of ''[[karma]]'', the result of evil committed in the previous lives or in the present one, were declared by Gosāla to be without cause or basis, other, presumably, than the force of destiny. Similarly, the escape from evil, the working off of accumulated evil ''karma'', was likewise without cause or basis.}} Scholars question whether Ājīvika philosophy has been fairly and completely summarized in these secondary sources, as they were written by groups (such as the Buddhists and Jains) competing with and adversarial to the philosophy and religious practices of the Ājīvikas.<ref name="Balcerowicz2" /><ref name="dundas" /> It is likely that much of the information available about the Ājīvikas is inaccurate to some degree, and characterizations of them should be regarded carefully and critically.<ref name="Balcerowicz2" />

The predetermined fate of living beings was the major distinctive doctrine of their school, along with withholding judgement on how to achieve liberation (''[[moksha]]'') from the [[Saṃsāra|eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth]], instead believing that fate would lead us there.<ref name="Balcerowicz2" /><ref name="Leaman 1999" /> Ājīvikas further considered the ''[[karma]]'' doctrine as a fallacy.<ref name="philtar" /> They were mostly considered as [[Hindu atheism|atheists]];<ref>Johannes Quack (2014), ''The Oxford Handbook of Atheism'' (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199644650}}, page 654</ref> however, they believed that in every living being there is an ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]]''—a central premise of the [[Vedas]].<ref>Analayo (2004), ''Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization'', {{ISBN|978-1899579549}}, pp. 207-208</ref>{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=240-261}}{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=270-273}}

The [[metaphysics]] of Ājīvika included a [[Atomism#Ancient_Indian_atomism|theory of atoms]], where everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms were predetermined by cosmic laws and forces.<ref name="Balcerowicz2" /> It was not until the later Avisakya Sūtra that the Jains, whose atomic theory was closest to that of the Ājīvikas, began claiming to have been the first to formulate an Indian theory of atomism.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=267}} A similar type of atomistic theory is also found in the [[Vaisheshika]] school. However, according to Basham, the Vaisheshika doctrine of atomism was significantly different, and more complete and thorough than that of both the Ājīvikas and the Jains.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=268}}

Ājīvika philosophy, otherwise referred to as Ājīvikism in [[Indology|Western scholarship]],<ref name="Balcerowicz2" /> reached the height of its popularity during the rule of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan emperor]] [[Bindusara]], around the 4th century BCE. This school of thought declined but survived for nearly 2,000 years through the 13th and 14th centuries CE in the [[South India|Southern Indian]] states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Johnson 2009" /><ref name="natalia" /><ref name="philtar" /><ref name="bashamzysk">Arthur Basham, Kenneth Zysk (1991), ''The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195073492}}, Chapter 4</ref> The Ājīvika philosophy, along with the [[Cārvāka]] philosophy, appealed most to the warrior, industrial, and mercantile classes of [[History of India#Second urbanisation (c. 600 – 200 BCE)|ancient Indian society]].<ref name="riepe39">DM Riepe (1996), ''Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812932}}, pages 39-40</ref>

==Etymology and meaning==
{{IAST|Ājīvika}} means "Follower of the Way of Life".<ref name="Johnson 2009">{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=W. J. |year=2009 |chapter=Ājīvika |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-99 |chapter-url-access=subscription |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-19-172670-5 |quote='''Ājīvika''' (‘Follower of the Way of Life’): Name given to members of a heterodox [[Asceticism|ascetic]] order, apparently founded at the same time as the [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Jainism|Jaina]] orders, and now extinct, although active in [[South India]] as late as the 13th century. No first-hand record survives of Ājīvika doctrines, so what is known about them is derived largely from the accounts of their rivals. According to Jaina sources, the Ājīvika's founder, [[Makkhali Gosala|Makkhali Gosāla]], was for six years a disciple and companion of the Jina-to-be, [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]], until they fell out. |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301205407/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-99 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ajivika ([[Prakrit]]: {{lang|pra|𑀆𑀚𑀻𑀯𑀺𑀓}}, {{IAST|ājīvika}};<ref name="archive.org">{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=Eugen |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=[https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n292 132] |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch |language=sa}}</ref> {{langx|sa|आजीविक}}, IAST: {{IAST|ājīvika}}) or adivika ([[Prakrit]]: {{lang|pra|𑀆𑀤𑀻𑀯𑀺𑀓}}, {{IAST|ādīvika}})<ref>{{cite book |last1=Senart |title=Inscriptions Of Piyadasi Tome Second |date=1876 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfPiyadasiTomeSecondFrenchGoogle/page/n218 209]–210 |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfPiyadasiTomeSecondFrenchGoogle |language=en}}</ref> are both derived from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|आजीव}} ({{IAST|ājīva}}) which literally means "livelihood, lifelong, mode of life".<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html AjIvika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820092052/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html |date=20 August 2016 }} Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref><ref name="hoernle">A Hoernle, {{Google books|uiJBAQAAIAAJ|Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 1|page=PA259}}, Editor: James Hastings, Charles Scribner & Sons, Edinburgh, pages 259-268</ref> The term ''Ajivika'' means "those following special rules with regard to Iivelihood", sometimes connoting "religious mendicants" in ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts.<ref name="natalia" />{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}}

The name ''Ajivika'' for an entire philosophy resonates with its core belief in "no free will" and complete ''niyati'', literally "inner order of things, self-command, [[predeterminism]]", leading to the premise that good simple living is not a means to salvation or [[moksha]], just a means to true livelihood, predetermined profession and way of life.<ref name="hoernle" /><ref name="jarl">Jarl Charpentier (July 1913), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189032 Ajivika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413072444/http://www.jstor.org/stable/25189032 |date=13 April 2016 }}, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pages 669-674</ref> The name came to imply that the school of Indian philosophy which lived a good simple mendicant-like livelihood for its own sake and as part of its predeterministic beliefs, rather than for the sake of after-life or motivated by any [[soteriology|soteriological]] reasons.{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}}<ref name="hoernle" />

Some scholars spell Ajivika as Ajivaka.<ref>John R. Hinnells (1995), [http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631181392_chunk_g97806311813922_ss1-32 Ajivaka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414100448/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631181392_chunk_g97806311813922_ss1-32 |date=14 April 2018 }}, ''A New Dictionary of Religions'', Wiley-Blackwell Reference, {{ISBN|978-0631181392}}</ref>

==History==

===Origins===
{{Hindu philosophy}}
{{Infobox six heretical teachers}}

Ājīvika philosophy is cited in ancient texts of Buddhism and Jainism to [[Makkhali Gosala]], a contemporary of [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]].<ref name="hoernle" /> In ''Sandaka Sutta'' the Ājīvikas are said to recognize three emancipators: Nanda Vaccha, Kisa Saṅkicca, and Makkhali Gosāla. Exact origins of Ājīvika is unknown, but generally accepted to be the 5th century BCE.<ref name="natalia" />

Primary sources and literature of the Ājīvikas are lost, or yet to be found. Everything that is known about Ājīvika history and its philosophy is from secondary sources, such as the ancient and medieval texts of India.{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}} Inconsistent fragments of Ājīvika history are found mostly in Jain texts such as the ''Bhagvati Sutra'' and Buddhist texts such as the ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]]'' and ''Sandaka Sutta'', and [[Buddhaghosa]]'s commentary on Sammannaphala Sutta,{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}}<ref name="hoernle" /> with a few mentions in Hindu texts such as Vayu Purana.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=122-123}}<ref name="barua" />

The Ājīvikas reached the height of their prominence in the late 1st millennium BCE, then declined, yet continued to exist in south India until the 14th century CE, as evidenced by inscriptions found in southern India.<ref name="james" /><ref name="philtar">[http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/ajiv.html Ajivikas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717212839/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/ajiv.html |date=17 July 2019 }} World Religions Project, [[University of Cumbria]], United Kingdom</ref> Ancient texts of Buddhism and Jainism mention a city in the 1st millennium BCE named [[Savatthi]] (Sanskrit ''Śravasti'') as the hub of the Ājīvikas; it was located near [[Ayodhya]] in what is now the [[North India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In later part of the common era, inscriptions suggests that the Ājīvikas had a significant presence in the [[South India]]n state of [[Karnataka]], prominently in Kolar district and some places of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="philtar" />

The Ājīvika philosophy spread rapidly in ancient South Asia, with a ''Sangha Geham'' (community center) for Ājīvikas on the island now known as [[Sri Lanka]] and also extending into the western state of [[Gujarat]] by the 4th century BCE, the era of the [[Maurya Empire]].{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=145-146}}

====Classification in Hindu philosophy====
Riepe refers to Ājīvikas as a distinct heterodox school of Indian tradition.<ref>D. M. Riepe (1996), ''Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812932}}, pages 34-46</ref> Raju states that "Ājīvikas and [[Cārvāka]]s can be called [[Hindu]]s" and adds that "the word Hinduism has no definite meaning".<ref>P.T. Raju (1985), ''Structural Depths of Indian Thought'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887061394}}, page 147</ref> [[Epigraphy|Epigraphical]] evidence suggests that emperor [[Ashoka]], in the 3rd century BCE, considered Ājīvikas to be more closely related to the schools of Vedics than to Buddhists, Jainas or other Indian schools of thought.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=148-153}}

[[File:Ashoka Barabar Caves Edicts for Ajivikas.png|thumb|Ashoka Barabar Caves Edicts for Ajivikas<ref>Asokas Edicts pg.59-60[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5282/page/n90/mode/1up]</ref>]]

===Biography of Makkhali Gosala===
[[File:Ajivika inscription on the Ashoka pillar, Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Ashoka]]'s [[Major Pillar Edicts|Seventh Pillar Edict]] mentions Ajivikas: "Some [[Mahamatra]]s were ordered by me to busy themselves with the affairs of the [[Samgha]]. Likewise others were ordered by me to busy themselves also with the Brahmanas (and) Ajivikas" (Line 25).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=E |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n292 132] |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch |language=sa}}</ref><ref name="philtar" /><ref>[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html The Edicts of King Ashoka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328144411/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html |date=28 March 2014 }} Ven. S. Dhammika, Colorado State University Archive</ref> Photograph of the portion of the 7th Edict, in the [[Brahmi script]] on the [[Ashoka pillar]] of [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[New Delhi]] (3rd century BCE), with ''"Ājīvikesu"'' (𑀆𑀚𑀻𑀯𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀲𑀼) inscription.<ref name="archive.org" />]]
Makkhali Gosala ([[Pali]]; Sanskrit ''Gośala Maskariputra'', c. 484 BCE) is generally considered as the founder of the Ājīvika movement.<ref name="james" />{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}} Some sources state that Gosala was only a leader of a large Ājīvika congregation of ascetics, but not the founder of the movement himself.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} The Swedish Indologist [[Jarl Charpentier]] and others suggest the Ājīvika tradition existed in India well before the birth of Makkhali Gosala, citing a variety of ancient Indian texts.<ref name="jarl" />

With regards to Gosala's early years, it is related in the Bhagavati<ref>[https://www.jainfoundation.in/JAINLIBRARY/books/agam_05_ang_05_bhagvati_vyakhya_prajnapti_sutra_part01_002130_hr.pdf Bhagavati Sutra] </ref> that he was born in the settlement Saravana, in the vicinity apparently of the city of Savatthi.(Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh)<ref>[https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10153031903361675.pdf The Ajivikas] </ref> and was the son of Mankha, a professional mendicant. His mother was Bhaddā.{{Sfn|Basham|1951| p= 35}} His name Gosala "cowshed" refers to his humble birthplace.

{{Blockquote|While Bhaddā was pregnant, she and her husband Mankhali, the mankha, came to the village ... of Saravaṇa, where dwelt a wealthy householder Gobahula. Mankhali left his wife and his luggage ... in Gobahula's cowshed (''gosālā'') ... Since he could find no shelter elsewhere the couple continued to live in a corner of the cowshed, and it was there that Bhaddā gave birth to her child."{{Sfn|Basham|1951| p= 36}}}}

Gosala is described in ancient texts as a contemporary of [[Mahavira]], the 24th [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]], and of [[Gautama Buddha]]. The Jain ''Bhagavati Sutra'' refers to him as Gosala Mankhaliputta ("son of Mankhali"). The text depicts Gosala as having been a disciple of Mahavira's for a period of six years, after which the two had a falling out and parted ways.<ref name="hoernle" /> According to the ''Bhagvati Sutra'', Makkhali Gosala met with Mahāvīra again later in life, but Gosala asserted to Mahavira that he was not the same person. Makkhali Gosala referred to the example of a sesame plant which "had been pulled up, and had temporarily died, but it had been replanted and thus reanimated, becoming once more living, while the seven pods had developed".{{Sfn|Basham|1951| p= 48}} Gosāla declared that the original Gosāla, who was Mahavira's companion, was once dead and that the soul now inhabiting the apparent Gosāla in front of him was a reanimated, different Gosala.<ref name="hoernle" />{{Sfn|Basham|1951| p= 31}} This argument was declared a form of sophistry by Mahavira, and this led to a significant break in the relations between the two. The disputes arose in the between the two and thus they got separated. Gośāla was not the only follower of Mahāvīra who turned away from him also he started his new religion on the principle of absolute determinism and that's how the ajivika came into existence.<ref>{{Citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |date=1925 |url={{Google books|WzEzXDk0v6sC|page=37|plainurl=yes}} |place=Delhi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House (Reprinted 1999) |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 }}</ref>

===Inscriptions and caves===
[[File:Sudama and Lomas Rishi Caves at Barabar, Bihar, 1870.jpg|thumb|260px|The 3rd century BCE mendicant caves of the Ājīvikas (Barabar, near [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], Bihar)<ref>Pia Brancaccio (2014), Cave Architecture of India, in Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-007-3934-5}}, pages 1-9</ref>]]
[[File:Visvakarma cave Ashoka inscription.jpg|thumb|Dedicatory inscription of Ashoka in Visvakarma/Viswamitra cave, Barabar. The word "Ājīvikas" (𑀆𑀤𑀻𑀯𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀳𑀺, ''Ādīvikehi'')<ref name="CJ">"Thus " of the seven caves, two in the Barabar Hill and three in the Nagarjuni Hill mention the grant of those caves to the ' Ajivikas ' (Ajivikehi). In three cases the word Ajivikehi had been deliberately chiselled off" in {{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Chimanlal Jaichand |title=Jainism in north India, 800 B.C.-A.D. 526 |date=1932 |publisher=Longmans, Green and co. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6533 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=157}} was later attacked with the burin, at a time when the Brahmi script was still understood, i.e. before the 5th century, but remains decipherable.<ref name="RT" />]]
Several rock-cut caves belonging to Ājīvikas are dated to the times of the Mauryan emperor [[Ashoka]] (r. 273 BCE to 232 BCE). These are the oldest surviving cave temples of ancient India, and are called the [[Barabar Caves]] in Jehanabad district of [[Bihar]].<ref name="ent">[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/e/019pho000001003u0045a000.html Entrance to one of the Barabar Hill caves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094451/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/e/019pho000001003u0045a000.html |date=18 May 2015 }} ''[[British Library]]''.</ref> The Barabar caves were carved out of granite, has a highly polished internal cave surfaces, and each consists of two chambers, the first is a large rectangular hall, the second is a small, circular, domed chamber. These were probably used for meditation.<ref name="ent" />

The Ashokan dedications of several Barabar Caves to the Ajivikas were engraved during the 12th year and the 19th year of his reign (about 258 BCE and 251 BCE respectively, based on a coronation date of 269 BCE). In several instances, the word "Ājīvikas" (𑀆𑀤𑀻𑀯𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀳𑀺, ''Ādīvikehi''){{sfn|Basham|1951|p=157}}<ref name="CJ" /> was later attacked by the chisel, probably by religious rivals, at a time when the Brahmi script was still understood (probably before the 5th century CE). However, the original inscriptions being deep, they remain easily decipherable.<ref name="RT">Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar [https://books.google.com/books?id=NoAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT25 {{p.|25}}] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135613/https://books.google.com/books?id=NoAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT25 |date=3 July 2023 }}</ref>

<gallery>
Barabar caves Sudama inside.jpg|Cave of Sudama, dedicated to the Ajivikas by [[Ashoka]]. [[Barabar Caves]], 3rd century BCE.
Barabar Visvakarma Cave.jpg|Cave of Visvakarma, dedicated to the Ajivikas by [[Ashoka]]. [[Barabar Caves]], 3rd century BCE.
Gopika cave outside.jpg|Cave of Gopita, dedicated to the Ajivikas by [[Dasharatha Maurya]]. [[Barabar Caves]], 3rd century BCE.
Vadathika and Vapiyaka caves BL.jpg|Caves of Vadathika and Vapiyaka, dedicated to the Ajivikas by [[Dasharatha Maurya]]. [[Barabar Caves]], 3rd century BCE.
</gallery>

=== Decline ===

After the decline of the [[Maurya Empire]] in the 2nd century BCE, the Ajivikas find only occasional mentions in the Sanskrit literature and do not appear to have been serious rivals to other sects. The final versions of the Buddhist and Jain scriptures were compiled at a later period, but the description of Ajivikas in these texts likely represents the conditions of the Maurya and pre-Maurya times.{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=161}}

In northern India, Ajivikas may have become insignificant by the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga period]] (1st century BCE), although they may have survived until the 15th century, as suggested by stray references to them in various texts.{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=185}} References in the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' suggest that during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] (fourth-6th century CE) the Ajivika practices had changed substantially, and their sect was declining rapidly.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=162-165}}

In some of the [[Barabar Caves]] inscriptions, the words referring to the Ajivikas appear to have been defaced, although the rest of the text appears intact. The selective nature of these defacements suggests that they were carried out by the religious rivals of the Ajivikas. This defacement must have taken place when the Brahmi script had still not been forgotten, likely some time before the 5th century CE. The Caves were subsequently occupied by Buddhists, Hindus and Muslims. It is unlikely that the Muslims defaced the inscriptions, as the Brahmi script was illegible to them. [[E. Hultzsch]] theorized that the defacement took place when the [[Maukhari dynasty|Maukhari]] (c. 6th century) ruler Ananta-varman installed Hindu images at the Caves. However, Basham dismisses this theory, noting that there is little evidence to support this view and the only cave in which the word ''Ajivikehi'' remains intact is among the three caves where Ananta-varman installed a Hindu image. Based on similarities of carvings at the Barabar and the [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves|Udaygiri Caves]], scholar A. Banerji Sastri theorized that the Kalinga monarch [[Kharavela]] (1st-2nd century BCE) evicted the Ajivikas to favour Jains, but Basham finds this evidence inconclusive. According to Basham, any ruler of Magadha between the Maurya and the Gupta periods may have been responsible for the persecution of the Ajivikas.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=157–159}}

The ''[[Brihat Jataka|Brhaj-jataka]]'' of [[Varahamihira]] (6th century) mentions the Ajivikas (among other major ascetic groups) in an astrological context, stating that a person born under a certain planetary influence becomes an Ajivika ascetic. According to the 9th-10th century commentator [[Utpala (astronomer)|Utpala]], "Ajivika" in this context refers to the [[Vaishnavite]] Ekadandin ascetics. However, according to historian [[Ajay Mitra Shastri]], Varahamihira indeed refers to the Ajivikas, who may have existed as an influential sect in the 6th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Varāhamihira and His Times |year=1991 |publisher=Kusumanjali |oclc=28644897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ |pages=135–139 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135614/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[A.L. Basham]] notes that there are several such instances of Ajivikas being confused with other major sects: for example, the commentator of ''Achara-sara'' believes them to be Buddhist, and in ''[[Neelakesi]]'', the Ajivika leader clarifies that his followers should not be mistaken for [[Digambara]]s. According to Basham, this suggests that the surviving Ajivikas adopted some of the beliefs and customs of the more popular faiths and possibly merged with them.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=185-186}}

The Jain commentator [[Mallisena]], who wrote ''Syadvada-manjari'' (1292 CE), suggests that the Ajivikas existed during his time; he may have been aware of the Ajivikas of southern India.{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=184}} At least 17 inscriptions from southern India suggest that a tax was imposed on Ajivikas or Acuvas (believed to be a Tamil form of Ajivikas) there. These inscriptions range from the time of the Pallava king [[Simhavarman II]] (c. 446 CE) to the 14th century. The last of these inscriptions are dated to 1346 CE ([[Shaka era|Shaka]] 1268), found at three different places around [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]. [[E. Hultzsch]] and [[Rudolf Hoernlé]] theorized that the term Ajivika (''Acuva'') refers to Jains in this context, and some others—such as A. Chakravarti—doubt the equivalence of the terms "Ajivika" and "Acuva". However, Basham believes that these inscriptions indeed refer to the Ajivikas and that they may have survived there until the 15th century, as suggested by the writings of [[Vaidyanatha Dikshita]].{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=187-191}} The Ajivikas may have completely declined because of the growing Hindu, Buddhist and Jain influence.{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=194}}

The 14th century ''[[Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha|Sarva-Darshana-Sangraha]]'', a compendium of the Indian philosophical systems, makes no mention of Ajivikas, which indicates the decline of their sect.{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=185}}

==Reliability of sources==
Ājīvikas competed with and debated the scholars of Buddhism, Jainism, and Vedics. The Ājīvika movement is primarily known from historical references left behind in Jain and Buddhist sources, that may therefore be hostile to it.<ref name="philtar" /> It is unknown to what degree the available non-Ājīvika sources reflect the actual beliefs and practices of the Ājīvikas. Most of what is known about them was recorded in the literature of rival groups, modern scholars question the reliability of the secondary sources, and whether intentional distortions for dehumanization and criticism were introduced into the records.<ref name="dundas" /><ref name="barua">[https://archive.org/stream/ajivikas00barurich#page/10/mode/2up The Ajivikas] BM Barua, University of Calcutta, pages 10-17</ref>

More recent work by scholars suggests that the Ājīvika were perhaps misrepresented by Jain and Buddhist sources.
{{Blockquote|<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Johannes Bronkhorst|Johannes Bronkhorst's]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> claim is that, whereas the Jains teach that one can both stop the influx of new karma and rid oneself of old karma through ascetic practice, Gosāla taught that one could only stop the influx of new karma. [...] Ascetic practice can be effective in preventing further karmic influx, which helps to explain the otherwise inexplicable fact that the Ājīvikas did practice asceticism. [...] [T]he popularity of the Ājīvika doctrine in ancient times, such that it could rival that of both Jainism and Buddhism, also make sense if this doctrine was really not so radically different from these traditions as its presentation in Jain and Buddhist sources suggests.<ref>{{cite book |title=Jainism |publisher=I. B. Tauris |author=Long, Jeffery D |year=2009 |location=New York |pages=44 |isbn=978-1-84511-626-2}}</ref>}}

[[Paul Dundas]] states that the Jain and Buddhist texts cannot be considered reliable source of Ājīvika history and philosophy, because "it seems doubtful whether a doctrine [of Ajivikas] which genuinely advocated the lack of efficacy of individual effort could have formed the basis of a renunciatory path to spiritual liberation", and that "the suspicion must be that the Jains and Buddhists deliberately distorted Ajivika doctrine for their own polemical purposes".<ref name="dundas">Paul Dundas (2002), The Jains (The Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415266055}}, pages 28-30</ref> In contrast, other scholars<ref name="hoernle" /> suggest that at least the common elements found about Ājīvikas in Jain and Buddhist literature may be considered, because Jainism and Buddhism were two different, competing and conflicting philosophies in ancient India.

==Philosophy==
[[File:Tile with Ajivaka (?) Ascetics LACMA M.82.152.jpg|thumb|Tile possibly representing Ajivika ascetics]]

===Absolute determinism and no free will===
The problems of time and change were one of the main interests of the Ajivikas. Their views on this subject may have been influenced by Vedic sources, such as the hymn to ''Kala'' (Time) in [[Atharvaveda]].{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=142}} Both Jaina and Buddhist texts state that Ājīvikas believed in absolute determinism, absence of free will, and called this ''niyati''.<ref name="james" />{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}} Everything in human life and the universe, according to Ajivikas, was pre-determined, operating out of cosmic principles, and true choice did not exist.{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}}<ref>DM Riepe (1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812932}}, pages 42-45</ref> The Buddhist and Jaina sources describe them as strict fatalists, who did not believe in [[karma]].<ref name="james" /><ref name="philtar" /> The Ajivikas philosophy held that all things are preordained, and therefore religious or ethical practice has no effect on one's future, and people do things because cosmic principles make them do so, and all that will happen or will exist in future is already predetermined to be that way. No human effort could change this ''niyati'', and the [[karma]] ethical theory was a fallacy.<ref name="philtar" /> James Lochtefeld summarizes this aspect of Ajivika belief as, "life and the universe is like a ball of pre-wrapped up string, which unrolls until it [is] done and then goes no further".<ref name="james" />

Riepe states that the Ajivika belief in predeterminism does not mean they were pessimistic. Instead, like [[Calvinists]]' belief in [[Predestination|predeterminism]] in Europe, the Ajivikas were optimists.<ref name="riepeatom" /> The Ajivikas did not believe in the moral force of action, merits or demerits, or in the after-life to be affected by what one does or does not do. Actions had immediate effects in one's current life but without any moral traces, and both the action and the effect were predetermined, according to the Ajivikas.<ref name="riepeatom" />

Makkhali Gosala seems to have combined the ideas of older schools of thought into an eclectic doctrine. He appears to have believed in ''niyati'' (destiny), ''svabhava'' (nature), ''sangati'' (change), and possibly ''parinama'', which may have prompted other philosophical schools to label him variously as ''ahetuvadin'', ''vainayikavadin'', ''ajnanavadin'', and ''issarakaranavadin''.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=140-161}} According to him, all beings undergo development (''parinama''). This culminates over time (''samsarasuddhi'') in final salvation to which all beings are destined under the impact of the factors of ''niyati'' (destiny), ''bhava'' (nature), and ''sangati'' (change).{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=140-161}} As such, destiny does not appear as the only player, but rather chance or indeterminism plays an equal part in his doctrine. He thus subscribed to ''niyativada'' (fatalism) only because he thought that ''some'' future events, like salvation for all, were strictly determined.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=140-161}}

===Ajivikas and theism===
{{Atheism sidebar}}

Ajivika was an atheistic philosophy.<ref>Stephen Bullivant and Michael Ruse (2014), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199644650}}, page 654</ref> Its adherents did not presume any deity as the creator of the universe, or as prime mover, or that some unseen mystical end was the final resting place of the cosmos.<ref>GR Garg (1992), Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1, South Asia Books, {{ISBN|978-8170223740}}, page 281</ref>

In later texts, the Tamil ''[[Neelakesi|Nīlakēci]]'', a story of two divinities, Okkali and Ōkali, relates that the Ājīvikas instructed men in the scriptures.{{Sfn|Basham|1951| p= 272}}

Ajivikas believed that every being has a soul (Atman). However, unlike Jains and various orthodox schools of Hinduism that held that the soul is formless, Ajivikas asserted that the soul has a material form that helps meditation.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=269-273}} They also believed the soul passes through many births and ultimately progresses unto its pre-destined ''nirvana'' (salvation).{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=248-256}} Basham states that some texts suggest evidence of [[Vaishnavism]]-type devotional practices among some Ajivikas.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=276-280, 186}}

===Atomism===
Ajivikas developed a theory of elements and atoms similar to the [[Vaisheshika]] school of Vedics. Everything was composed of minuscule atoms, according to Ajivikas, and qualities of things are derived from aggregates of atoms, but cosmic forces predetermined the aggregation and nature of these atoms.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}}

The description of Ajivikas' atomism is inconsistent with that described in Buddhist and Vedic texts. According to three Tamil texts,<ref name="riepeatom">Dale Riepe (1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812932}}, pages 41-44 with footnotes</ref> the Ajivikas held there exists seven ''kayas'' (Sanskrit: काय, assemblage, collection, elemental categories): ''pruthvi-kaya'' (earth), ''apo-kaya'' (water), ''tejo-kaya'' (fire), ''vayo-kaya'' (air), ''sukha'' (joy), ''dukkha'' (sorrow), and ''jiva'' (life).{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}} The first four relate to matter, the last three to non-matter. These elements are ''akata'' (neither created nor destroyed), ''vanjha'' (barren, that which never multiplies or reproduces), and have an existence independent of the other.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}} The elements, asserts Ajivika theory in the Tamil text Manimekalai, are made of ''paramanu'' (atoms), where atoms were defined as that which cannot be further subdivided, that which cannot penetrate another atom, that which is neither created nor destroyed, that which retains its identity by never growing nor expanding nor splitting nor changing, yet that which moves, assembles and combines to form the perceived.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}}<ref name="riepeatom" />

The Tamil text of Ajivikas asserts this "coming together of atoms can take diversity of forms, such as the dense form of a diamond, or a loose form of a hollow bamboo". According to the atomism theory of Ajivikas, everything one perceives was mere juxtapositions of atoms of various types, and the combinations occur always in fixed ratios governed by certain cosmic rules, forming ''skandha'' (molecules, building blocks).{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}}<ref name="riepeatom" /> Atoms, asserted the Ajivikas, cannot be seen by themselves in their pure state, but only when they aggregate and form ''bhutas'' (objects).{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}} They further argued that properties and tendencies are characteristics of the objects. The Ajivikas then proceeded to justify their belief in determinism and "no free will" by stating that everything experienced—''sukha'' (joy), ''dukkha'' (sorrow), and ''jiva'' (life)—is a mere function of atoms operating under cosmic rules.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=262-270}}<ref name="riepeatom" />

Riepe states that the details of the Ajivikas' theory of atomism provided the foundations of later modified atomism theories found in Jain, Buddhist, and Vedic traditions.<ref name="riepeatom" />

===Antinomian ethics===
Another doctrine of Ajivikas philosophy, according to Buddhist texts, was their antinomian ethics, that is there exist "no objective moral laws".<ref name="riepe39" />{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=4}} Buddhaghosa summarizes this view as, "There is neither cause nor basis for the sins of living beings and they become sinful without cause or basis. There is neither cause nor basis for the purity of living beings and they become pure without cause or basis. All beings, all that have breath, all that are born, all that have life, are without power, or strength, or virtue, but are the result of destiny, chance and nature, and they experience joy and sorrow in six classes".<ref name="riepe39" />

Despite this ascribed premise of antinomian ethics, both Jain and Buddhist records note that Ājīvikas lived a simple ascetic life, without clothes and material possessions.<ref name="james" />{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}}

Tamil literature on Ajivikas suggests they practiced [[Ahimsa]] (non-violence) and a vegetarian lifestyle.{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=123}} Arthur Basham notes that Buddhist and Jaina texts variously accuse Ajivikas of immorality, unchastity, and worldliness, but they also acknowledge the confusion among Buddhists and Jainas when they observed the simple, ascetic lifestyle of Ajivikas.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=123-127}}

==Scriptures==
The Ajivikas had a fully elaborate philosophy, produced by their scholars and logicians, but those texts are lost.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=213-223}} Their literature evolved over the centuries, like other traditions of Indian philosophy, through the medieval era. The Pali and Prakrit texts of Buddhism and Jainism suggest that Ajivika theories were codified, some of which were quoted in commentaries produced by Buddhist and Jaina scholars.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=213-223}}

The primary texts of the Ajivikas included the ten ''Purvas'' (eight ''Mahanimittas'', two ''Maggas'') and the ''Onpatu Katir''.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=213-223}} The ''Mahanimittas'' of Ajivikas claims Bhagavati Sutra was extracted from the teachings Gosala received from Mahavira when he was a disciple.<ref name="hoernle" />

The belief of Ajivikas in absolute determinism and the influence of cosmic forces led them to develop extensive sections in their Mahanimittas texts on mapping the sun, moon, planets, and stars and their role in astrology and fortune telling.<ref>Kailash Chand Jain (2010), History of Jainism: Jainism before and in the age of Mahāvīra, {{ISBN|978-8124605486}}, pages 414-415</ref>{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=124-127}}

==Influence==
Isaeva suggests that the ideas of Ajivika influenced Buddhism and various schools of Vedic thought.<ref name="natalia" /> Riepe provides an example of an influential Ajivika theory, namely, its theory on atomism.<ref name="riepeatom" /> Basham proposes that Ajivikas may have possibly influenced the doctrines of the Dvaita Vedanta sub-school of medieval Vedic philosophy.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=149, 282, 327}}

==Conflict between Ajivikas, Buddhists and Jains==
According to the 4th century Buddhist legend ''[[Ashokavadana]]'', the Mauryan emperor [[Bindusara]] and his chief queen [[Shubhadrangi]] were believers of this philosophy, which reached its peak of popularity during this time. ''Ashokavadana'' also mentions that, after his conversion to Buddhism, Bindusara's son [[Ashoka]] issued an order to kill all the Ajivikas in [[Pundravardhana]], enraged at a picture that depicted Gautama Buddha in a negative light. Around 18,000 followers of the Ajivika sect were supposedly executed as a result of this order.<ref name="John1989">{{cite book |author=John S. Strong |author-link=John S. Strong |title=The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232 |access-date=30 October 2012 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0616-0 |pages=232 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135616/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Beni2010">{{cite book |author=Beni Madhab Barua |title=The Ajivikas |url=https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich |access-date=30 October 2012 |date=5 May 2010 |publisher=General Books |isbn=978-1-152-74433-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich/page/68 68]–69}}</ref> The entire story may be apocryphal.<ref name="Steven2010">{{cite book |editor=Steven L. Danver |title=Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slVobUjdzGMC&pg=RA1-PA99 |access-date=23 May 2013 |date=22 December 2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-078-0 |pages=99 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135616/https://books.google.com/books?id=slVobUjdzGMC&pg=RA1-PA99 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to [[K. T. S. Sarao]] and [[Benimadhab Barua]], stories of persecutions of Ajivikas by Ashoka appear to be a clear fabrication arising out of sectarian propaganda.<ref name="Steven2010" /><ref name="LePhuoc2010">{{cite book |author=Le Phuoc |title=Buddhist Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA32 |access-date=23 May 2013 |date=March 2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8 |pages=32}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Benimadhab Barua |author-link=Benimadhab Barua |title=The Ajivikas |url=https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich |access-date=30 October 2012 |date=5 May 2010 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=978-1-152-74433-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich/page/68 68]–69}}</ref> Ashoka's own inscriptions [[Barabar Caves]] record his generous donations and patronage to Ajivikas.<ref>{{cite book |author=Nayanjot Lahiri |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR37 |year=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-05777-7 |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Le Phuoc |title=Buddhist Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA32 |access-date=23 May 2013 |date=March 2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8 |pages=32 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135618/https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA32 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Benimadhab Barua |author-link=Benimadhab Barua |title=The Ajivikas |url=https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich |access-date=30 October 2012 |date=5 May 2010 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=978-1-152-74433-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich/page/68 68]–69}}</ref>

An earlier Jaina text, the ''Bhagavati Sutra'', similarly mentions a debate, disagreement, and then "coming to blows" between factions led by Mahavira and by Gosala.<ref name="hoernle" />

==See also==
{{columnslist|colwidth=30em|
* [[Ajñana]]
* [[Āstika and nāstika]]
* [[Atomism]]
* [[Stoicism]]
* [[Atheism]]
* [[Cārvāka]]
* [[Determinism]]
* [[Gymnosophists]]
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Basham |first=A.L. |title=History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas |year=1951 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2179 |publisher=Luzac |location=London}} Reprinted by Moltilal Banarsidass in 1981 ({{isbn|81-208-1204-2}}).
* {{cite book |last=Balcerowicz |first=Piotr |title=Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism |year=2015 |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge |pages=368 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-317-53853-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Jayatilleke |first=K.N. |title=Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge |year=1963 |edition=1st |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd. |place=London |pages=524 |url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Buddhist%20Theory%20of%20Knowledge_Jayatilleke.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911084454/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Buddhist%20Theory%20of%20Knowledge_Jayatilleke.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2015}}
*{{cite book |last=Warder |first=Anthony K. |title=A Course in Indian Philosophy |chapter=Lokayata, Ajivaka, and Ajnana Philosophy |year=1998 |edition=2nd |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |place=Delhi |pages=32–44 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zw1UD1Mj9DwC&q=ajnana&pg=PA32 |isbn=978-81-208-1244-4}}

== External links ==
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/ajiv.html Doctrines and History of the Ajivikas], University of Cumbria, UK
* [https://archive.org/stream/ajivikas00barurich#page/n3/mode/2up The Ajivikas] B.M. Barua (1920), University of Calcutta, [[West Bengal]]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/289849 A New Account of the Relations between Mahavira and Gosala], [[Helen Moore Johnson|Helen M. Johnson]], The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 47, No. 1 (1926), pages 74–82
* [http://www.bihartourism.gov.in/districts/jehanabad/Barabar%20Caves.html Rock-cut cave halls of Ajivikas] Government of [[Bihar]], India
* [https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/cqtwo/2009/06/22/ajivikas-in-malhar-south-kosala/ Ajivikas in Malhar, South Kosala], Inscriptions and artwork related to Ajivikas in [[Chhattisgarh]], India, by Ed Murphy (Harvard Law School), 2009
* [https://archive.org/stream/manimekhalaiinit031176mbp#page/n95/mode/2up Ajivakas in Manimekhalai], Rao Bahadur Aiyangar (Translated from Tamil), Madras University, pages 54–57

{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajivika}}

[[Category:Asceticism]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian religions]]
[[Category:Nāstika]]
[[Category:Schools and traditions in ancient Indian philosophy]]

Vir Chakra

2026-03-26T12:14:34Z

LaverneHenry: improved article

{{Short description|Indian wartime military bravery award}}
{{Redirect|VrC}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Vir Chakra
| image = [[File:Vir-chakra.png|300px|Vir Chakra]] [[File:Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|150px]]
| caption = Vir Chakra and its ribbon, the third highest military decoration of India
| presenter = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| country = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| type = [[Medal]]
| eligibility = Military Personnel Only
| awarded_for = Acts of gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land or at sea or in the air.
| campaign =
| status = Currently Awarded
| description =
| motto =
| clasps =
| post-nominals = VrC
| established =
| firstawarded = 1947
| lastawarded = 15th August, 2025
| total_awarded =
| total_awarded_posthumously = 362
| total_recipients = 1335 {{small|(As of 2023)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/awardees-0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816111331/http://gallantryawards.gov.in/awardees-0 |archive-date=2017-08-16 |title=Awardees |publisher=Gallantry Awards}}</ref>
| precedence_label =
| individual =
| higher = [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|x15px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<ref name=precedence>{{cite web|title=Precedence Of Medals|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg==|work=indianarmy.nic.in/|publisher=Indian Army|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref>
| same = [[File:Shaurya Chakra ribbon.svg|x15px]] [[Shaurya Chakra]]{{efn|Though the [[Shaurya Chakra]] is placed below the Vir Chakra in the precedence, it is considered as a peacetime equivalent of Vir Chakra.}}<ref name=precedence/>
| lower = [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|x15px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]<ref name=precedence/>
| related =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}
The '''Vir Chakra''' (pronunciation: [[Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]][[Close front unrounded vowel|iː]][[Alveolar tap|ɾ]][[Open central unrounded vowel|a]] [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]][[Open central unrounded vowel|a]][[Voiceless velar plosive|kɾa]], {{lit|Wheel of Bravery}}) is an Indian wartime military bravery award presented for acts of gallantry on the battlefield, on land or in the air or at sea.<ref name=TDA>{{cite web |title=TDA - The Defence Aspirant Academy |url=https://www.tdaacademy.in/blog/post/eyJpdiI6Ik54R3dzZ2R1RFhZTUgxT3duM2hCd2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaW5HbHFTM2drTnBPKy9nR2hlemk4dz09IiwibWFjIjoiNWRmZTg5OWMzZmJhN2JmMDJkYWNiNzUyNzc2ZmEyOGQ3NjQwYjc3MzY4OGY3Y2EyMjcyMzc1M2QzOWNkMTRkOCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9 |website=tdaacademy.in |access-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229110458/https://www.tdaacademy.in/blog/post/eyJpdiI6Ik54R3dzZ2R1RFhZTUgxT3duM2hCd2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaW5HbHFTM2drTnBPKy9nR2hlemk4dz09IiwibWFjIjoiNWRmZTg5OWMzZmJhN2JmMDJkYWNiNzUyNzc2ZmEyOGQ3NjQwYjc3MzY4OGY3Y2EyMjcyMzc1M2QzOWNkMTRkOCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9 |archive-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>

It is third in precedence in wartime gallantry awards and comes after the [[Param Vir Chakra]] and [[Maha Vir Chakra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Awards/awavrc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205055532/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Awards/awavrc.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |title=Vir Chakra}}</ref> sub=sardul singh =vir chakra}}</1948

==Origin==
It was established by the President of India on 26 January 1950 (with effect from 15 August 1947). The statutes were amended on 12 January 1952 to readjust the order of wearing as new decorations were established.<ref name="jagranjosh.com">{{cite news |title=Vir Chakra: India's Third Highest Gallantry Award |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/vir-chakra-indias-third-highest-gallantry-award-1548936356-1}}</ref>

It replaced the British [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Cross]] (DSC), [[Military Cross]] (MC) and [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC). Award of the decoration carries with it the right to use Vr.C. as a postnominal abbreviation [note the care to distinguish this abbreviation from that for the [[Victoria Cross]] (V.C.)

==Appearance==
The medal is {{frac|1|3|8}}inch circular silver medal.<ref>[https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/assets/uploads/guidelines/rules-and-regulation-2020-10-141.pdf "Statutes and rules relating to the awards of the Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra and Air Chakra"]. 1 January 1970 (amendment of 1950 version).</ref> A five pointed star, with the [[chakra]] in the centre, and, on this, the domed gilded [[State Emblem of India|state emblem]]. The decoration is named on the rim and suspended from a swiveling straight-bar suspender. The decoration is almost always named and dated on the edge. Around a plain centre, two legends are separated by lotus flowers; with Vir Chakra in [[Hindi]] above and in [[English language|English]] below. The ribbon is 32 mm, half dark blue and half orange-saffron; dark blue 16 mm, saffron 16 mm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-6/sandhu.html |title=Bharat Raksahk Monitor: Volume 3(6) |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=2013-07-10 |archive-date=2013-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527165528/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-6/sandhu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The award carries with it a cash allowance and, in some cases, a lump sum cash award. This has been a rather controversial issue throughout the life of the decoration. From 1 February 1999, the central government set a monthly stipend of Rs. 850 for recipients of the award. In addition, many states have established individual pension rewards for the recipients of the decoration.

==List of Vir Chakra recipients==
A total of 1327 personnel received Vir Chakra. Some of the notable Vir Chakra awardees include:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awards |title= Awardees |access-date=12 January 2023 |publisher=MoD, GOI}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
|align=center style="width:50px;background-color:#e3d9ff;"|†
|Indicates posthumous honour
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Rank !! Recipient !! Service !! Date !!
|-
| [[Lieutenant]]
| [https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1217 TGN Pai]
| [[Indian Army]]
| 1950
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major TGN Pai |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1217}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jemadar]]
| Kanikasami
| [[Indian Army]]
| 1947
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jemadar Kanikasami |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1290}}</ref>
|-
|[[Major (India)|Major]]
|HS Bains
|[[Indian Army]]
|1948
|1948 [[Operation Polo]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Harbaksh Singh]]
| [[Indian Army]]
| 1 May 1948
| 1948 [[Operation Polo]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Harbaksh Singh |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1615}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Girdhari Singh
| [[Indian Army]]
| 26 February 1948
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://honourpoint.in/profile/lt-col-girdhari-singh-vrc-mc-bar/ | title=Lt Col Girdhari Sing VRC, MC ( Bar) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/girdhari-singh-mc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720125007/http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/girdhari-singh-mc | archive-date=20 July 2019 | title=GIRDHARI SINGH, MC | Gallantry Awards }}</ref>

|-
|Subedar Major and Honorary Captain
|[[Bhim Chand (soldier)|Bhim Chand]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|23 August 1948 and 27 December 1948 (2)
|1947 [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Subedar Major and Hony Captain (then Subedar) BHIM CHAND |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/assets/uploads/styles/awardee_img/public/sites/default/files/VrC_SubBhimChand_230213_SG_compressed-2023-02-23-0303-0202.pdf |website=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Major and Honorary Captain (then Subedar) BHIM CHAND Vir Chakra |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4254 |website=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]
| [[Ranjan Dutt]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| 26 Jan 1950
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Vice Marshal Ranjan Dutt |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4392}}</ref>
|-
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| [[Tirath Singh Oberoi]]
| [[Indian Army]]
| 26 Jan 1950
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Tirath Singh Oberoi |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://twdi.in/awardees?name=Tirath+Singh+Oberoi |website=twdi.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Major General]]
| Ashwani Kumar Diwan
| [[Indian Army]]
| 18 Nov 1962
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]]
|-
| Wing Commander
| [[Krishan Kant Saini]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| 18 Nov 1962
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Operation Leg Horn]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wing Commander Krishan Kant Saini |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4350}}</ref>
|-
|Signalman
|DC Dhilan
|[[Indian Army]]
|1963
|1963
|-
|[[Havildar]]
|KG George
|[[Indian Army]]
|1965
|1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name=":3" />
|-
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| [[Zorawar Chand Bakshi]]
| [[Indian Army]]
| 05 Aug 1965
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Ablaze]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Zorawar Chand Bakshi |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1131}}</ref>
|-
| Wing Commander
| [[Trevor Keelor]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| 03 Sep 1965
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wing Commander Trevor Keelor |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4352}}</ref>
|-
| Flight Lieutenant
| [[Virendera Singh Pathania]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| 04 Sep 1965
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flight Lieutenant Virendera Singh Pathania |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4353}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Group Captain Virendera Singh Pathania|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/5198}}</ref>
|-
| [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
| [[Alfred Tyrone Cooke]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| 07 Sep 1965
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Commodore Alfred Tyrone Cooke |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4473}}</ref>
|-
| [[Junior commissioned officer|Naib Subedar]]
| Ganesh Datt
| [[Indian Army]]
| 07 Sep 1965
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Naib Subedar Ganesh Datt |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3207}}</ref>
|-
| Wing Commander
| [[Amar Jit Singh Sandhu]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| 17 Sep 1965
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wing Commander Amarjit Singh Sandhu |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Wing Commander Amar Jit Singh Sandhu 4705 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/4705 |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
|Lt Col (later Brig.)
|Russi Hormusji Bajina
|Indian Army
|18 Sep 1965
|1965 Operation Riddle
|-
| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| [[Denzil Keelor]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| 19 Sep 1965
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Marshal Denzil Keelor |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/8}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| [[Mohammad Ahmed Zaki|Mohammad Ahmad Zaki]]
| [[Indian Army]]
| 20 Sep 1965
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Mohammad Ahmad Zaki |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3153}}</ref>
|-
| [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| [[Laxminarayan Ramdas]]
| [[Indian Navy]]
| 01 Dec 1971
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Operation Cactus Lily]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Admiral Laxminarayan Ramdas |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2970}}</ref>
|-
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| JK Tomar
| [[Indian Army]]
| 03 Dec 1971
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Operation Cactus Lily]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier JK Tomar |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1918}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]]
| [[Satish Nambiar]]
| [[Indian Army]]
| 11 Dec 1971
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Satish Nambiar |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2161}}</ref>
|-
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| P V Sahadevan
| [[Indian Army]]
| 16 Dec 1971
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Brigadier P V Sahadevan |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2278}}</ref>
|-
|[[Captain rank|Captain]]
|Prashant Kumar Ghosh
|[[Indian Army]]
|1971
|1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name=":4" />
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Vikram Deuskar
| [[Indian Army]]
| 16 Dec 1971
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Vikram Denkar |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2197}}</ref>
|-
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Satish Chander Sehgal
| [[Indian Army]], [[75 Medium Regiment (India)|75 Medium Regiment]]
| 16 Dec 1971
| 1971 [[Battle of Basantar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Satish Chander Sehgal |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2491}}</ref>
|-
| [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
| [[Jasjit Singh (IAF officer)|Jasjit Singh]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| 17 Dec 1971
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Commodore Jasjit Singh |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/247}}</ref>
|-
| [[Havildar]]
| Gurdev Singh Hans
| [[Indian Army]]
| 17 Dec 1971
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Havildar Gurdev Singh |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1930}}</ref>
|-
| Squadron Leader
| Ramesh Chander Kohli
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| 17 Dec 1971
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Squadron Leader Ramesh Chander Kohli |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/223}}</ref>
|-
| [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| [[Arun Prakash]]
| [[Indian Navy]]
| 21 Dec 1971
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Admiral Arun Prakash |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4186}}</ref>
|-
| Wing Commander
| Sukhdev Singh Dhillon
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| 17 Dec 1971
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wing Commander Sukhdev Singh Dhillon |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/209}}</ref>
|-
| Squadron Leader
| [[M A Ganapathy]]
| [[Indian Air force]]
| 1972
| 1971 [[Battle of Boyra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Squadron Leader M A Ganapathy |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/193}}</ref>
|-
|Lance Daffadar
|Katar Singh
|[[72nd Armoured Regiment (India)|72 Armoured Regiment]]
|1971
|1971 [[Battle of Chumb|Battle of Chhamb]]
|-
| Group Captain
| Donald ‘Don’ Lazarus
| [[Indian Air force]]
| 1972
| 1971 [[Battle of Boyra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Group Captain Donald 'Don' Lazarus |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/201}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://guardingindia.com/pakistan/in-1971-the-indian-air-force-shot-down-3-pakistani-planes-within-3-minutes/ | title=In 1971, the Indian Air Force shot down 3 Pakistani planes within 3 minutes | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803121408/https://guardingindia.com/pakistan/in-1971-the-indian-air-force-shot-down-3-pakistani-planes-within-3-minutes/ | archive-date=2021-08-03}}</ref>
|-
| Flight Lieutenant
| [[Lawrence Pereira|Lawrence Frederic Pereira]]
| [[Indian Air force]]
| 26 Jan 1972
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flight Lieutenant Lawrence Frederic Pereira |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/231}}</ref>
|-
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| Naib Singh Gill
| [[Indian Army]], 6 Sikh Regiment
| 26 Jan 1972
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Naib Singh Gill |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1814}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lieutenant General]]
|[[J.B.S. Yadava]]
|Indian Army, [[11 Gorkha Rifles]]
|15 August 1972
|1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/bangladesh-marks-1971-war-victory-honours-indian-soldiers-1788716 |title=Bangladesh Marks 1971 War Victory, Honours Indian Soldiers |website=NDTV |date=2017-12-16 |accessdate=2025-03-24}}</ref>

|-
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| [[Francis Dias|Francis Tiburtius Dias]]
| [[Indian Army]]
| 15 August 1972
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant-General Francis Tiburtius Dias |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2465}}</ref>
|-
| [[Major (India)|Major]]
| Ngangom Joy Dutta Singh
| [[Indian Army]]
| 26 Jan 1988
| 1987 [[Operation Pawan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=VrC Major Ngangom Joy Dutta Singh |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2575}}</ref>
|-
| [[Major general (India)|Major-General]]
| [[Dalvir Singh]]
| [[Indian Army]]
| 26 Jan 1988
| 1987 [[Jaffna University Helidrop]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Dalvir Singh |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2571}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lieutenant commander|Lieutenant Commander]]
| Deepak Agarwal
| [[Indian Navy]]
| 26 Jan 1988
| 1987 [[Operation Pawan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Commander Deepak Agarwal |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3860}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sepoy]]
| Kamkholam Kuki
| [[Indian Army]], Assam Regiment
| 17 Dec 1989
| 1987 [[Operation Pawan]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://twdi.in/node/4809 | title=Vir Chakra (VrC) Awardee: Nk Kamkholam Kuki, VrC }}</ref>
|-
| Flight Lieutenant
| Abdul Naseer Hanfee<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/meet-vir-chakra-awardee-cap-hanfee-who-flew-his-mi-17-continuously-for-3-days-and-helped-india-win-1987-siachen-standoff-332743.html|title = Vir Chakra Awardee Capt Abdul Naseer Flew MI-17 Tirelessly to Help India Win Siachen in 1987|date = 11 November 2017}}</ref>
| [[Indian Air Force]], 128 Helicopter Unit
| 26 January 1989
| 1984 [[Operation Meghdoot]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flight Lieutenant Abdul Naseer Hanfee |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/134}}</ref>
|-
|[[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
|[[Kaushal Yadav (soldier)|Kaushal Yadav]] †
|[[Indian Army]],[[Para (Special Forces)|9 PARA (SF)]]
|26 July 1999
|1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Kaushal Yadav |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/naik-kaushal-yadav |website=Gallantry Awards |access-date=2025-03-23}}</ref>

|-
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| [[Jintu Gogoi]]
| [[Indian Army]], 18 [[Garhwal Rifles]]
| 15 Aug 1999
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Jintu Gogoi |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2668}}</ref>
|-
| Squadron Leader
| [[Ajay Ahuja]]†
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| 01 Jan 1999
| 1999 [[Operation Safed Sagar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/110}}</ref>
|-
| [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| [[Magod Basappa Ravindranath]]
| [[Indian Army]], 2 [[Rajputana Rifles]]
|28 Jun 1999
| 1999 [[Battle of Tololing]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Magod Basappa Ravindranath |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2715}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]]
| [[Ramakrishnan Vishwanathan]]
| [[Indian Army]], 18 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]
| Jun 1999
| 1999 [[Battle of Tololing]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Ramakrishnan Vishwanathan |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2716}}</ref>
|-
| [[Havildar|L/Havildar]]
| Ram Kumar
| [[Indian Army]], 18 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]
| Jun 1999
| 1999 [[Battle of Tololing]]<ref>{{cite web |title=L/Havildar Ram Kumar |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2713}}</ref>
|-
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| [[Mariappan Saravanan]]
| [[Indian Army]], [[Bihar Regiment|1st Bihar Regiment]]
| 15 Aug 1999
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Mariappan Saravanan |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2651}}</ref>
|-
| [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| [[Lalit Rai]]
|[[Indian Army]], 1/11 GR
| 15 Aug 1999
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Lalit Rai |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2714}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]]
| [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]]
| [[Indian Army]], 13 JAK RIF
| 15 Aug 1999
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Col Yogesh Kumar Joshi |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2717}}</ref>
|-
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| Sanjeev Singh Jamwal
| [[Indian Army]], 13 JAK RIF
| 15 Aug 1999
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Sanjeev Singh Jamwal |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2655}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gunner (artillery)|Gunner]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;"|Sanjeev Gopala Pillai
| [[Indian Army]], 4 Medium Regiment
| 15 Aug 1999
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunner Sanjeev Gopala Pillai |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2822}}</ref>
|-
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| Vijyant Thapar
| [[Indian Army]], 2 [[Rajputana Rifles]]
| 16 Dec 1999
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Vijyant Thapar |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2660}}</ref>
|-
| [[Havildar|L/Havildar]]
| [[Chuni Lal]]
| [[Indian Army]], 8 JAK LI
| 30 Aug 2000
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Havildar Chuni Lal |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2869}}</ref>
|-
| Wing Commander
| [[Abhinandan Varthaman]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| 15 Aug 2019
| 2019 [[2019 India–Pakistan standoff|India-Pakistan Standoff]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4888}}</ref>
|-
| [[Junior commissioned officer|Naib Subedar]]
| Nuduram Soren
| [[Indian Army]], [[Bihar Regiment|16th Bihar Regiment]]
| 26 Jan 2021
| 2020 [[Operation Snow Leopard]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naib Subedar Nuduram Soren |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4952}}</ref>
|-
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| Deepak Singh
| [[Indian Army]], [[Bihar Regiment|16th Bihar Regiment]]
| 26 Jan 2021
| 2020 [[Operation Snow Leopard]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Deepak Singh |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4955}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sepoy]]
| Gurtej Singh
| [[Indian Army]], [[Punjab Regiment (India)|3rd Punjab Regiment]]
| 26 Jan 2021
| 2020 [[Operation Snow Leopard]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sepoy Gurtej Singh |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4956}}</ref>
|-
| [[Havildar]]
| Mangal Singh sisodiya
| [[Indian Army]]
| 4 April 1971
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= magal singh sisodiya |publisher=Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1930}}</ref>
|-
|Group Captain
|Ranjeet Singh Sidhu
|[[Indian Air Force]]
|15 August 2025
|2025 [[Operation Sindoor]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Independence Day: Rare military honour for 7 top officers for Operation Sindoor; 9 Vir Chakra for IAF pilots |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/independence-day-rare-military-honour-for-7-top-officers-for-operation-sindoor-9-vir-chakra-for-iaf-pilots-3681435 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Group Captain
|[[Manish Arora (officer)|Manish Arora]]
|Indian Air Force
|15 August 2025
|2025 [[Operation Sindoor]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Group Captain
|Animesh Patni
|Indian Air Force
|15 August 2025
|2025 [[Operation Sindoor]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Group Captain
|Kunal Kalra
|Indian Air Force
|15 August 2025
|2025 [[Operation Sindoor]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Wing Commander
|Joy Chandra
|Indian Air Force
|15 August 2025
|2025 [[Operation Sindoor]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Squadron Leader
|Sarthak Kumar
|Indian Air Force
|15 August 2025
|2025 [[Operation Sindoor]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Squadron Leader
|Siddhant Singh
|Indian Air Force
|15 August 2025
|2025 [[Operation Sindoor]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Squadron Leader
|Rizwan Malik
|Indian Air Force
|15 August 2025
|2025 [[Operation Sindoor]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Flight Lieutenant
|Aarshveer Singh Thakur
|Indian Air Force
|15 August 2025
|2025 [[Operation Sindoor]]<ref name=":1" />
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Cardozo |first1=Ian |title=Param Vir: Our Heroes in Battle |date=2003 |publisher=Roli Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7436-262-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9ymBAAAQBAJ |language=en}}

==External links==
* [http://twdi.in/awards?service=All&field_awards_medal_nid=359&field_awards_operation_nid=All Vir Chakra awardees], TWDI

{{Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces}}

[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1946]]
[[Category:Courage awards]]
[[Category:Military awards and decorations of India]]

Chakara Viyugam

2026-03-23T19:22:04Z

LaverneHenry: New Entry.

{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Chakara Viyugam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Udhayabhanu Maheswaran]]
| writer = Udhayabhanu Maheswaran
| starring = [[Natty Subramaniam]] [[Jayasurya]] [[Daisy Bopanna]]
| cinematography = Dwaraganath
| editing = Krishnamoorthy – Sivanandan
| music = [[Karthik Raja]]
| studio = [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision]] Nataraja Arts
| released = {{Film date|2008|04|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Chakara Viyugam: The Battle of Brains''''' ({{translation|Wheel Strategy}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[Udhayabhanu Maheswaran]], starring [[Natty Subramaniam]], [[Jayasurya]], and [[Daisy Bopanna]]. The film released on 14 April 2008, and failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2009 |title=I love the action masala films: Natrajan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/i-love-the-action-masala-films-natrajan/articleshow/4910692.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250225160752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-love-the-action-masala-films-Natrajan/articleshow/4910692.cms |archive-date=25 February 2025 |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Natty Subramaniam]] as Kanna
* [[Jayasurya]] as Inspector Sathish Mishra
* [[Daisy Bopanna]] as Sandhya
* [[Anandsami]]
* [[Raaghav]] as Bose
* Vijay Raj
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Police officer
* [[Ambani Shankar|Shankar]] as Kanna's friend
* [[K. Subash]]
}}

== Production ==
Natty Subramaniam and the crew of ''[[Naalai]]'' (2006) collaborated for a second time for this film The film was launched on 30 June 2007 at Green Park Hotel, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2007 |title=Nutty is back! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14483633 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202035059/http://www.sify.com/movies/nutty-is-back-news-tamil-kkfuPeffghc.html |archive-date=2 February 2013 |access-date=26 January 2008 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film is produced by [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision]], who previously produced ''[[Jab We Met]]'' (2007), which featured Natty as the cinematographer.<ref name="SifyReview" />

== Soundtrack ==
Songs by Karthik Raja and lyrics written by [[Snehan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chakkara Viyugam |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/chakkara-viyugam/1526150/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210055927/https://www.hungama.com/album/chakkara-viyugam/1526150/ |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Idyatha Kaanam
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Bela Shende]], Karthik Raja
| title2 = Padaithal... Kaathal
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Karthik Raja, [[Snehan]]
| title3 = Idhu Thaan Chakraviyugam
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Bhavatharini]]
| title4 = Neer Aadiduvoom
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran]], Snehan, Kanishka
| title5 = Yei... Unnidam
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Saindhavi]], Karthik Raja
}}

== Reception ==
''[[Sify]]'' gave the film a rating of two out of five stars and stated that "No two ways about it, the film is an unmitigated endurance test".<ref name="SifyReview">{{Cite web |title=Chakravuyaham |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chakravuyaham-review-tamil-14666507.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140222084118/http://www.sify.com/movies/chakravuyaham-review-tamil-14666507.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=14 October 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "If you dig suspense and thrill and are willing to take a few protracted scenes in your stride, ''Chakravyugam'' could be up your alley".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=9 May 2008 |title=A potent line |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/05/09/stories/2008050950040200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103201549/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/05/09/stories/2008050950040200.htm |archive-date=3 November 2008 |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Karthik Raja]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Itha Innu Muthal

2026-03-22T16:50:59Z

LaverneHenry: updated details

{{short description|1984 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Itha Innu Muthal
| image = Itha Innu Muthal.jpg
| caption = Poster designed by [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]
| director = Reji ([[T. S. Suresh Babu]])
| producer =
| screenplay = [[A. Sheriff]]
| story = Reji (T. S. Suresh Babu)
| starring = [[Shankar Panikkar|Shankar]] [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] Bhuvana Saravana [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Sreenath]] [[Ranipadmini]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = C. E. Babu
| editing = G. Venkittaraman
| studio = Royal Films
| distributor = Royal Films
| released = {{Film date|1984|11|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
}}

'''''Itha Innu Muthal''''' ({{Translation|It's from today onwards}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Reji ([[T. S. Suresh Babu]]) and written by [[A. Sheriff]] from a story by Reji. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] led by [[Shankar Panikkar|Shankar]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], Bhuvana Saravana, [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Sreenath]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], and [[Ranipadmini]], with an extended cameo by [[Mammootty]] and a cameo by [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1619|title=Ithaa Innu Muthal|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3063|title=Ithaa Innu Muthal|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021000110/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3063|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/itha-innu-muthal-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021021644/http://spicyonion.com/title/itha-innu-muthal-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 October 2014|title=Ithaa Innu Muthal|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Widowed Nair, who owns a firm, lived with his only daughter, Sindhu. Nair's nephew, Gopi eyes to marry Sindhu. After knowing Gopi's intentions, Sindhu elopes with her lover Shankar.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Shankar Panikkar|Shankar]] as Shankar
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Raju
*Bhuvana Saravana as Sindhu
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as T. P. Bhaskaran Nair
*[[Sreenath]] as Gopi/Jimmy Fernandez
*[[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Ramu
*[[Santhosh K. Nayar]] as Santhosh
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Kundera Kuttappan
*[[Mala Aravindan]]
*Vettoor Purushan
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Kunju
*[[V. D. Rajappan]] as Thacholi Thankappan
*[[Poojappura Ravi]] as Ravi
*[[Sukumari]] as Gopi's mother
*[[Rani Padmini]] as Nimmy
*[[Uma Bharani]] as Sharada
*[[Santhakumari]] as Santhamma
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as Rajkumar
*[[Mammootty]] as Jayamohan
*[[Mohanlal]] as Mohanlal, [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer ([[Cameo appearance|cameo]])
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by Chunakkara Ramankutty.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Eenam Maniveenakambikal Meettum" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], Chorus || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|-
| 2 || "Raajave Raajave" || [[Unni Menon]], [[C. O. Anto]], [[Krishnachandran]] || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|-
| 3 || "Vasanthamaayi" || K. J. Yesudas, [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|-
| 4 || "Vellaambal Pookkunna" || K. J. Yesudas, [[Lathika]] || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|}

==Trivia==
*This is the debut release of director T. S. Suresh Babu and his name was shown as "Reji" in title card, which he later rechristened.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0269384|Itha Innu Muthal}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1984 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. S. Suresh Babu]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Egire Paavurama

2026-03-15T08:37:14Z

LaverneHenry:

{{No plot|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Egire Paavurama
| image = Egire Paavurama.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| producer = P. Usha Rani
| writer = [[Marudhuri Raja]] {{small| (dialogues)}}
| story = [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
| screenplay = S. V. Krishna Reddy
| starring = [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
| music = S. V. Krishna Reddy
| cinematography = Sarath
| editing = K. Ramgopal Reddy
| studio = [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]] & Chandra Kiran Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|1997|1|30}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Egire Paavurama''''' ({{translation|Flying pigeon}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[romantic comedy film]] directed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]. The film stars [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], and [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]. The music was composed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Happy Birthday Srikanth: Six films of the actor you can't miss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-srikanth-six-films-of-the-actor-you-cant-miss/articleshow/68534551.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326054101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-srikanth-six-films-of-the-actor-you-cant-miss/articleshow/68534551.cms |archive-date=26 March 2019 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Sallapam]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2011 |title=JD and Srikanth team-up again |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/news-interviews/30516515_1_srikanth-film-entertainer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103172949/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/news-interviews/30516515_1_srikanth-film-entertainer |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Siva
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Balasubrahmanyam
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] as Jyothi
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Yasodha
* [[Nirmalamma]] as Jyothi's grandmother; Siva's mother
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Babu Mohan]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Simhachalam
* [[Charan Raj]] as Yasodha's husband
* [[Sivaji Raja]]
* [[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula|Chittibabu]] as Simhachalam's assistant
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Simhachalam's assistant
* [[Kallu Chidambaram]] as Simhachalam's assistant
* [[Gautam Raju]] as Simhachalam's assistant
* [[Subbaraya Sharma]] as Jyothi's father
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Saraswati
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as Saraswati's husband
* Akkiraju Sundara Rama Krishna as Saraswati's brother; Balasubramanyam's master
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
* [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Saraswati's daughter
* Kalpana
* Swathi
* Baby Shravanthi
* Master Siddarth
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list<ref name="Yegire Paavuramaa Songs">{{Cite web |date=31 December 1997 |title=Yegire Paavuramaa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/yegire-paavuramaa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1175824539 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928060145/https://music.apple.com/in/album/yegire-paavuramaa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1175824539 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
| all_music = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]].<ref name="Yegire Paavuramaa Songs" /> The song "Maagha Maasam" is based on "Panchavarna Painkili Penne" from ''[[Sallapam]]'' (1996)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 37:57
| title1 = Maagha Maasam
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Runa Laila Vanalaga
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Sunitha
| length2 = 5:20
| title3 = Aaha Emi Ruchi
| lyrics3 = [[Sirivennela]]
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 3:50
| title4 = Egire Paavuramaa
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 4:33
| title5 = Gunde Gutiki
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela
| extra5 = [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]], Sunitha
| length5 = 4:18
| title6 = Brahmalu Gurubrahmalu
| lyrics6 = Veturi
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 4:25
| title7 = Chitapata Chinukula Talam
| lyrics7 = Sirivennela
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length7 = 5:19
| title8 = This Is The Rhythm Of The Life
| lyrics8 = Bhuvana Chandra
| extra8 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Sunitha
| length8 = 5:25
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Andhra Today'' opined that "The director does not portray how the ensuing conflict develops between the characters of the love triangle. The main story seems to have been sidelined with the comedy track gaining in prominence".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/egirepav.htm|title=EGIRE PAVURAMA|work=Andhra Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980213002233/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/egirepav.htm|archive-date=13 February 1998}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1579907}}

{{S. V. Krishna Reddy}}

[[Category:1997 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]

INSAS rifle

2026-03-13T06:14:42Z

LaverneHenry:

{{Short description|Indian family of infantry arms}}
{{Redirect|INSAS|the Belgian film school|Institut national supérieur des arts du spectacle et des techniques de diffusion|India's future soldier program|F-INSAS}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = INSAS rifle
| image = INSAS rifle (Browngirl06).jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = INSAS rifle in the Indian army
| origin = [[India]]
| type = [[Assault rifle]] [[Light machine gun]]
| is_ranged = Yes
| service = 1998–present
| used_by = See ''[[#Operators|Operators]]''
| wars = [[Kargil War]]<ref name=weary-army/> [[Nepalese Civil War]]<ref name=shed-power/> [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]<ref name=crpf/> [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/story-240451|title=6 Assam Rifles personnel killed in Manipur ambush|work=The Tribune|accessdate=2023-04-28}}</ref> [[Operation All Clear]] [[Myanmar civil war (2021–present)|Myanmar Civil War]]<ref name=myan/> [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] 
| designer = [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]]
| design_date = 1980s–1997
| manufacturer = [[Ordnance Factories Board]]
| production_date = 1994<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Jayanta |title=End of the line for the Insas rifle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/End-of-the-line-for-the-Insas-rifle/articleshow/25646778.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005230852/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/End-of-the-line-for-the-Insas-rifle/articleshow/25646778.cms |archive-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>–present
| number = 100,000 (Assault Rifles) and 6,000 (LMG) (2012)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=84268 |title=Manufacturing of Small Weapons|publisher=Ministry of Defence|website=pib.gov.in |date=21 May 2012 |access-date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826043916/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx%3Frelid%3D84268 |url-status=live }}</ref> 700,000–900,000 (2019)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karp |first1=Aaron |last2=Rajagopalan |first2=Rajesh |title=Small Arms of the Indian State |pages=5 |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/176291/IAVA-IB4-small-arms-of-indian-state.pdf |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102193406/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/176291/IAVA-IB4-small-arms-of-indian-state.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| variants = See ''[[#Variants|Variants]]''
| weight = {{convert|4.018|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (without magazine)<ref name=std/> {{convert|6.23|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (LMG)
| length = {{convert|960|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=std/> {{convert|1050|mm|in|abbr=on}} (LMG)
| part_length = {{convert|464|mm|in|abbr=on}} {{convert|535|mm|in|abbr=on}} (LMG)
| cartridge = [[5.56×45mm NATO]]<ref name=std/>
| action = [[Gas-operated]], [[Rotating bolt]]
| rate = singles, 3 round burst 600–650 rounds/min<ref name=std/> (LMG)
| velocity = {{convert| 915|m/s|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Johnston|first1=Gary Paul|title=The World's Assault Rifles|last2=Nelson|first2=Thomas B.|date=15 December 2016 |publisher=Ironside International Publishers, Inc.|isbn=9781619846012}}{{page number needed|date=March 2026}}</ref>
| range = 400m (INSAS Rifle) 600 m: Point targets (INSAS LMG) 700 m: Area target (INSAS LMG)<ref name=std/>
| feed = 20- or 30-round detachable [[box magazine]]
| sights = In-built [[iron sights]], mount point for telescopic or night sight
}}

The '''INSAS''',<ref name="INSASR">{{cite web|url=https://static.mygov.in/indiancc/2022/08/mygov-999999999208486606.pdf|title=INSAS Rifles|website=static.mygov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222135054/https://static.mygov.in/indiancc/2022/08/mygov-999999999208486606.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> or '''Indian Small Arms System''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/19880915-indian-army-prepares-to-switch-to-new-rifles-797701-1988-09-15|title=Indian Army prepares to switch to new rifles|website=India Today|date=15 September 1988 |access-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031609/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/19880915-indian-army-prepares-to-switch-to-new-rifles-797701-1988-09-15|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> is a family of infantry arms consisting of an [[assault rifle]] and a [[light machine gun]] (LMG). These weapons were developed in [[India]] by the [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] and manufactured by the [[Ordnance Factories Board]] at its various factories.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-05|title=With AK-203, Indian Military's Quest for a New Assault Rifle to Replace INSAS is Almost Over|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/with-ak-203-indian-militarys-quest-for-a-new-assault-rifle-to-replace-insas-is-almost-over-3501134.html|access-date=2021-10-22|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> It was the standard infantry weapon of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] for almost three decades.<ref name=weary-army/><ref name="Cutshaw2011"/>

==History==
[[File:Indian soldiers in combat during operation vijay.jpg|thumb|Indian soldiers in combat with INSAS rifle during the [[Kargil War]].]]
The development of the INSAS began in the mid-1980s, when the Indian Army released a general staff qualitative requirement for a new assault rifle to replace locally produced licensed copies<ref>"UK and Commonwealth FALs, by R. Blake Stevens, Collector Grade Publications, 1980, pages 231-233</ref> of the [[L1A1 self-loading rifle]]s,<ref name="Cutshaw2011">{{cite book|author=Charles Q. Cutshaw|title=Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Small Arms From Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npHP9aV5rBgC&pg=PA207|access-date=28 May 2014|date=28 February 2011|publisher=Gun Digest Books|isbn=978-1-4402-2482-9|page=207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708204055/http://books.google.com/books?id=npHP9aV5rBgC&pg=PA207|archive-date=8 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> which the Army was using since 1961.<ref name=":0"/> The new assault rifle was to chamber it in [[5.56×45mm NATO]], unlike the L1A1 SLR rifle which is chambered in [[7.62×51mm NATO]].<ref name=":0" />

After studying several designs, the [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) in [[Pune]] undertook the task to design and develop India's first assault rifle. The development and user trials of the new rifle, INSAS, were completed by 1989 and entered into service in 1990.<ref name="Walter2006">{{cite book|author=John Walter|title=Rifles of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq2Dnj4sDZIC&pg=PA210|access-date=28 May 2014|date=25 March 2006|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=0-89689-241-7|pages=209–210|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708204553/http://books.google.com/books?id=Eq2Dnj4sDZIC&pg=PA210|archive-date=8 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Originally, three variants were planned in the INSAS system: a [[rifle]], a [[carbine]], and a [[squad automatic weapon]] (SAW) or [[Light machine gun]] (LMG). In 1997, the rifle and the LMG went into mass production.<ref name="Cutshaw2011"/> In 1998, the first INSAS rifles were displayed at the [[Republic Day (India)| Republic Day]] parade.<ref name=weary-army/> The introduction of the rifle was delayed due to the lack of adequate 5.56×45mm ammunition, large quantities of which were bought from [[Israel Military Industries]].<ref name="Cutshaw2011"/>

The INSAS series rifles are the third generation of [[standard-issue rifle]] of the [[infantry of the Indian Army]], following the [[Lee–Enfield]] [[.303 British|.303]] [[bolt action rifle]] (in service 1947–mid-1960s){{efn|Retired immediately after [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref name="IT" />}} and [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle]] [[7.62 NATO]] [[semi-automatic rifle]] (in service 1961–1998).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=More firepower for soldiers! Indian Army to get lethal Assault Rifles – Know more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-more-firepower-for-soldiers-indian-army-to-get-lethal-assault-rifles-know-more-2398988/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=The Financial Express |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260223120616/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-more-firepower-for-soldiers-indian-army-to-get-lethal-assault-rifles-know-more-2398988/|archive-date=2026-02-23|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Efn|Adopted and [[Licensed production|license manufactured]] by [[Ordnance Factory Board]] post Sino-Indo War and retired with the induction of [[AK-47]] derivatives and INSAS.<ref name="IT" />}} While the L1A1 was outdated by the 1980s but the INSAS was still under development, multiple derivatives of [[AK-47]] were adopted, starting with around 12,000 Soviet-origin AK-47 (produced by the [[Izhmash]]) captured from insurgents, followed by purchasing the Czech-origin [[Vz. 58]], Bulgarian-origin [[AR-M1]] from [[Arsenal AD]].<ref name="IT">{{cite news |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |date=30 December 2013 |title=Why General Kalashnikov couldn't sell the AK in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-general-kalashnikov-couldnt-sell-the-ak-47-in-india-222396-2013-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125239/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-general-kalashnikov-couldnt-sell-the-ak-47-in-india-222396-2013-12-30 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |access-date=4 September 2022 |work=India Today |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

The first combat use of the rifle was during the [[Kargil War]] in 1999.<ref name=weary-army>{{cite news|title=INSAS-weary army shops for new infantry arms|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/article1381326.ece|access-date=28 May 2014|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529054154/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/article1381326.ece|archive-date=29 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Cutshaw2011"/> The INSAS rifle saw limited use in the Indian Army's [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=INSAS rifles to retire; to be replaced by imported weapons|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/insas-rifles-to-retire-to-be-replaced-by-imported-weapons/articleshow/57479154.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-10-22}}</ref> but was extensively used by Central Armed Police Forces in combating Maoist insurgency.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-01-19|title=Tihar Jail seeks more lethal rifles to thwart terror strike|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/tihar-jail-seeks-more-lethal-rifles-to-thwart-terror-strike/story-uKRroMqyhKX970SouIxuRK.html|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

===Replacement===
The INSAS assault rifles are being replaced in the Army<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Army to get 7,000 more 'Made in Amethi' AK-203 rifles in 2-3 weeks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-kalashnikov-ak-203-rifles-delivery-amethi-plant-insas-rifles-2757148-2025-07-17 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> with the [[AK-203]] assault rifles<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/joint-venture-for-ak-203-rifles-factory-at-amethi-was-the-fastest-ever-created-with-russia/articleshow/70144865.cms?from=mdr|title=Joint venture for AK 203 rifles factory at Amethi was the 'fastest ever' created with Russia|first=Manu|last=Pubby|date=9 July 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> and the [[SIG Sauer SIG516|SIG 716]]i [[battle rifles]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-army-gets-new-american-assault-rifles-in-kashmir-valley-against-terrorists-pak-army-on-loc20191211084805/|title=Indian Army gets new American assault rifles in Kashmir Valley against terrorists, Pakistan Army on LoC|date=11 December 2019|via=ANI}}</ref> The LMG variant is being replaced with the [[IWI Negev]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-ministry-signs-contract-for-16479-light-machine-guns-for-frontline-troops-with-israel-weapons-industries/articleshow/74716149.cms?from=mdr|title=Defence Ministry signs contract for 16,479 Light Machine Guns for frontline troops with Israel Weapons Industries|first=Shaurya Karanbir|last=Gurung|date=19 March 2020|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> However, these rifles will remain in service with the police and other paramilitary forces and are being used as a replacement for the decades old bolt action [[Ishapore 2A1 rifle|Ishapore 2A1]] rifles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Qureshi|first=Siraj|date=29 November 2019|title=UP Police retires 20th century rifles after 70 years of service|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttar-pradesh-police-rifles-lee-enfield-out-of-service-retire-1623806-2019-11-29|access-date=2021-10-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Design==
The INSAS is primarily based on the AKM but incorporates features from other rifles. It has a chrome-plated bore. The barrel has a six-groove [[rifling]]. The basic gas operated [[Gas-operated reloading#Long-stroke|long stroke piston]] and the [[rotating bolt]] are similar to the [[AKM]]/[[AK-47]].<ref name="Cutshaw2011"/>

[[File:Training_in_India_(31552736368).jpg|thumb|US Army soldier and Indian soldiers with the INSAS. The two types of INSAS assault rifle include the 1B1 (rear) and the original (front).]]

It has a manual gas regulator, similar to that of [[FN FAL]], and a gas cutoff for launching grenades. The [[charging handle]] is on the left instead of on the bolt carrier, similar in operation to the [[Heckler & Koch HK33|HK33]].<ref name="Cutshaw2011"/> The fire selector is placed on the left side of the [[Receiver (firearms)|receiver]] above the pistol grip, it can be set to semi–auto, three round burst and full auto. To set it to safe, the selector has to be rotated all the way up, which will block the sear and prevent the rifle from firing.<ref name=":0" /> It has three modes of fire – semi-automatic, three-round [[Burst mode (weapon)|burst]] and full automatic modes.<ref name=":0" /> The cyclic rate averages at 650 rpm. The rear [[Iron sights|sight]] lies on one end of the [[Breechblock|breech cover]] and is calibrated to 400 meters.

The furniture is either made of wood or polymer.<ref name="Cutshaw2011"/> The polymer [[Stock (firearms)|butt]] and forend assemblies differ from the AKM and are more similar to those of [[IMI Galil]]. Some variants have a folding butt. A [[bayonet]] can also be attached to it.<ref name="Walter2006"/> The guns take 20 or 30-round magazines; they are made like the [[Steyr AUG]] and are made out of polymer.<ref name=":0" /> The 30-round magazine is made for the LMG version but can also be used in the rifle. The flash suppressor also accepts NATO-specification [[rifle grenade]]s.<ref name="Cutshaw2011"/> Factory-made brass catchers can be installed on the INSAS to collect used brass, although there are reports of improvised brass catchers made from used bottles and wire mesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/03/20/indian-militarys-improvised-brass-catchers/|title=Indian Military's Improvised Brass-Catchers|date=20 March 2017|website=thefirearmblog.com|author=Miles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809222104/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/03/20/indian-militarys-improvised-brass-catchers/|archive-date=9 August 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, it was reported that Star Aerospace has offered parts for modernizing INSAS rifles, which are approved by the Ministry of Home Affairs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/what-indian-security-forces-are-doing-to-meet-the-need-for-more-assault-rifles-2458947-2023-11-06 | title=What Indian security forces are doing to meet the need for more assault rifles | date=6 November 2023 }}</ref> Among the upgrades included by SA consist of picatinny rails for sights and attachments, folding stock and rubber fore and pistol grips.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.staraerospace.org/product-page/insas-rifle-lmg | title=INSAS Rifle/LMG }}</ref>

===Performance===
The INSAS assault rifle was battle-tested in the 1999 [[Kargil War]]. The three-month-long war was fought in the high altitudes of the [[Himalayas]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Danvir|title=Indian Defence Review|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|date=4 September 2015|isbn=9781940988207}}</ref> where the temperature would go as low as –20 degrees Celsius.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-03|title=Bone chilling cold in Kargil, minimum settles at -20 degrees Celsius|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kargil-slips-into-deep-freeze-at-minus-20-6/999724/|access-date=2021-10-20|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

During the conflict, the rifle encountered some problems, such as occasional, often serious stoppages, cracking of the polymer magazine due to the cold weather, and some other reliability issues, such as firing in full auto when set for 3-shot burst.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=weary-army/> Similar complaints were also received from the [[Nepalese Army]].<ref name="weary-army" /> In the Kargil war, the INSAS proved neither reliable nor satisfactory for the Army.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} The Indian Army, which was used to the [[7.62×51mm NATO]] round for almost three decades, was dissatisfied with the stopping power of [[5.56×45mm NATO]] rounds.<ref name="weary-army" />

==Variants==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| footer = INSAS AR (with UBGL) (top) and LMG (bottom).
| image1 = INSAS 1B1 with UBGL.jpg
| width1 = 251
| image2 = WLUS (1).jpg
| width2 = 251
}}

===Assault rifle===
The standard issue rifle is produced in a select fire (semi-automatic & 3-round burst) version<ref name="MF">{{cite web | url=https://modernfirearms.net/en/assault-rifles/india-assault-rifles/insas-eng/ | title=INSAS assault rifle | date=27 October 2010 }}</ref>. A telescopic sight and a passive night sight are available for the weapon system. It has a bayonet mount and furniture featuring mounting capabilities for the [[ARDE Under Barrel Grenade Launcher]].<ref name="DRDO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/40mm-under-barrel-grenade-launcher-ubgl|title=40mm Under Barrel Grenade Launcher (UBGL) | Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref> The rifle is equipped with an adjustable gas block regulator which, when flipped up, acts as an iron sight for a 40mm grenade launcher. The flash suppressor has a [[blank-firing adaptor]].<ref name=std>{{cite web|title=Rifle 5.56 mm INSAS (Fixed Butt)|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/11.htm|publisher=Ordnance Factories Board|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930044510/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/11.htm|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additional furniture for the rifle is made, offering a folding stock.<ref name=fold>{{cite web|title=5.56 mm INSAS Rifle (Foldable Butt)|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/12.htm|publisher=[[Ordnance Factories Board]]|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930044731/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/12.htm|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> It is being replaced in Indian service by the [[AK-203]].<ref name=":2" />The AR has four subvariants:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65176/1/16_Defence_20.pdf|title=Standing Committee on Defence (2015-2016)|publisher=Ministry of Defence|website=eparlib.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627231515/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65176/1/16_Defence_20.pdf|archive-date=27 June 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

* INSAS 1A
* INSAS 1A1
* INSAS 1B
* INSAS 1B1: Further improved variant introduced in 2001 based on Indian Army feedback.<ref name="HuntOnET">{{cite news|title=Hunt on for new generation assault rifles; upgraded INSAS not a replacement|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hunt-on-for-new-generation-assault-rifles-upgraded-insas-not-a-replacement/articleshow/50387635.cms|access-date=22 February 2016|work=The Economic Times|date=31 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330023219/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hunt-on-for-new-generation-assault-rifles-upgraded-insas-not-a-replacement/articleshow/50387635.cms|archive-date=30 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Light Machine Gun===
The Light Machine Gun (LMG) differs from the standard rifle in possessing a longer range of 700 m, as compared to 400 m range for its assault rifle counterparts. It has a longer and heavier barrel with revised rifling and a bipod. The LMG version uses 30-round magazines and can also accept the 20-round INSAS AR magazine. This platform features select fire between semi-automatic and fully automatic.<ref name="lmg1">{{cite web|title=LMG 5.56 mm INSAS (Fixed Butt)|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/13.htm|publisher=[[Ordnance Factories Board]]|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930044841/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/13.htm|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Furniture is also made for the weapon system, allowing for a folding stock.<ref name="lmg2">{{cite web|title=LMG 5.56 mm INSAS (Foldable Butt)|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/14.htm|access-date=29 May 2014|publisher=[[Ordnance Factories Board]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930044824/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/14.htm|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The LMG will be replaced with the [[Negev NG-7]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.edrmagazine.eu/india-orders-iwis-negev-7-62|title=India orders IWI's Negev 7.62|first=Olga|last=Ruzhelnyk|date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Others ===

* [[Excalibur rifle]]
* [[Amogh carbine]]
* [[DRDO Close Quarter Battle carbine]]
* Kalantak: The Kalantak micro-assault rifle, with a range of 300 m, is for close combat and personnel defence weapon roles.<ref name="kal">{{cite web|title=Kalantak Micro Assault Rifle|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/add_32.htm|access-date=29 May 2014|publisher=[[Ordnance Factories Board]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930044531/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/add_32.htm|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Prototype Bullpup: [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]] Prasad Bansod, of Army School [[Mhow]] [[reverse engineering|reverse-engineered]] an INSAS rifle to produce a [[bullpup]] [[carbine]] variant.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2021-01-14|title=Meet Lt Col Prasad Bansod: Infantry School officer behind India's first indigenously developed 9mm Machine Pistol|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/meet-lt-col-prasad-bansod-infantry-school-officer-behind-indias-first-indigenously-developed-9mm-machine-pistol/2171014/|access-date=2021-01-15|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> Lt. Col. Bansod caught the attention of high-ranking Indian Army officers when he made the rifle in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-indian-army-s-general-kalashnikov-gives-it-a-new-9-mm-sub-machine-gun-1759202-2021-01-14 | title=The Indian Army's 'General Kalashnikov' gives it a new 9 mm sub-machine gun | date=14 January 2021 }}</ref> He reportedly did this in his spare time. The rifle was only made as a prototype example.

==Operators==
[[File:INSAS Users.png|thumb|Map with INSAS users in blue]]


===Present===
* {{flag|Bhutan}}: Used by the [[Royal Bhutan Army]].<ref name="MishraReetika">{{cite book |author1=Reetika Sharma, Ramvir Goria, Vivek Mishra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOiXLCWUiB4C&pg=PA128 |title=India and the Dynamics of World Politics: A book on Indian Foreign Policy, Related events and International Organizations |author2=Sharma Reetika |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-317-3291-5 |page=128 |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708205247/http://books.google.com/books?id=eOiXLCWUiB4C&pg=PA128 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Eswatini}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=INSAS Assault Rifle | Military-Today.com |url=http://www.military-today.com/firearms/insas.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520204535/http://www.military-today.com/firearms/insas.htm |archive-date=20 May 2019 |access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|India}}: Assault rifle and LMG variants in use.<ref name="weary-army" />
**[[Indian Armed Forces]], being phased out<ref name=":3" /> and to be replaced by [[AK-203]] and [[SIG Sauer SIG516#SIG716|SIG-716i]] rifles as per the latest contract.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-to-sign-mou-for-ak-203-assault-rifles-in-a-month/article30486064.ece|title=Army to sign MoU for AK-203 assault rifles in a month|first=Dinakar|last=Peri|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 January 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Manjeet Singh Negi |date=July 12, 2020 |title=Army to place order for 72,000 more Sig716 assault rifles from US|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-to-place-order-for-72-000-more-sig716-assault-rifles-from-us-1699762-2020-07-12|access-date=2020-07-12|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> INSAS LMGs using [[5.56×45mm NATO|5.56×45mm]] to be replaced by [[IWI Negev|IWI Negev NG5]], and the ones using [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62×51mm]] will be replaced by the [[IWI Negev|IWI Negev NG7]] as per latest contract for 16,479 NG7s.<ref name="auto" />
** [[Border Security Force]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/bsf-deploys-female-soldiers-at-line-of-control-for-first-time-683250 | title=India: Border Security Force deploys female soldiers at Line of Control for first time | date=24 January 2024 }}</ref>
** [[Central Armed Police Forces]]<ref name="crpf">{{cite news|title=Anti-Naxal operations: CRPF prefers AK rifles to INSAS, bulk purchase on cards|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/anti-naxal-operations-crpf-prefers-ak-rifles-to-insas-bulk-purchase-on-cards/|access-date=29 May 2014|date=4 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523235400/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/anti-naxal-operations-crpf-prefers-ak-rifles-to-insas-bulk-purchase-on-cards/|archive-date=23 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Central Industrial Security Force]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/centre-sanctions-armed-cisf-cover-for-surat-airport/articleshow/76385788.cms?from=mdr | title=Centre sanctions armed CISF cover for Surat airport | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 June 2020 }}</ref>
** [[State Police Services]]<ref name="GoaPolice">{{cite news|title=INSAS rifles to give police more fire power|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/INSAS-rifles-to-give-police-more-fire-power/articleshow/4777866.cms|access-date=29 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231182902/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/INSAS-rifles-to-give-police-more-fire-power/articleshow/4777866.cms|archive-date=31 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JHpolice">{{cite news|title=.303 rifles replaced with INSAS: JH police|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/-303-rifles-replaced-with-insas-jh-police-112091100353_1.html|access-date=29 May 2014|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=11 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085203/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/-303-rifles-replaced-with-insas-jh-police-112091100353_1.html|archive-date=29 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flag|Nepal}}: The [[Nepalese Army]] had received about 26,000 rifles since 2001,<ref name ='SAS 2005'>{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2005.html|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2005/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2005-Chapter-04-EN.pdf|chapter=Reaching for the Big Picture: An Update on Small Arms Transfers|title=Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2005|author=Small Arms Survey|author-link=Small Arms Survey|page=101|isbn=978-0-19-928085-8|access-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830004838/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2005.html|archive-date=30 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> supplied at a 70% subsidy by India.<ref name=shed-power>{{cite news|title=Wikileaks news: Why Nepal king Gyanendra shed power|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/wikileaks-news-why-nepal-king-gyanendra-shed-power/articleshow/9881252.cms|access-date=29 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=6 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129005026/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/wikileaks-news-why-nepal-king-gyanendra-shed-power/articleshow/9881252.cms|archive-date=29 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> As of July 20, 2020, the Nepali Army transferred 600 INSAS rifles to the Nepali Armed Police Force.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepali Army {{!}} नेपाली सेना|url=https://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/viewnews/438|access-date=2021-03-03|website=www.nepalarmy.mil.np|publisher=Nepalese Army}}</ref>

===Former===
*{{flag|Oman}}: In 2010, the [[Royal Army of Oman]] started using the INSAS rifles sent to them as per a defence agreement signed in 2003 between India and Oman.<ref name="oman">{{cite news|title=Oman army all set to use India's INSAS rifles|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/oman-army-all-set-to-use-india-s-insas-rifles/article1-534688.aspx|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=29 May 2014|date=22 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313070210/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/oman-army-all-set-to-use-india-s-insas-rifles/article1-534688.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Non-state actors===
* [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]: INSAS rifles looted from killed Indian police officers<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/data_sheets/Major_incidents_2018.htm | title=CPI-Maoist Major Incidents 2018 }}</ref> or stolen from police stations.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/insas-rifle-stolen-from-rohtas-cop/articleshow/71637661.cms | title=Bihar: Insas rifle stolen from Rohtas cop | newspaper=The Times of India | date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> Others [[clandestinely]] acquired from [[Rifle Factory Ishapore]] by corrupt officials.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/6-arrested-for-allegedly-giving-arms-to-maoists-from-rifle-factory-ishapore-in-west-bengal-1848446 | title=6 Arrested for Allegedly Giving Arms to Maoists from Bengal Gun Factory }}</ref>
* [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]]: Use looted INSAS rifles.<ref>{{cite web | title=Arms looted in Manipur sold beyond the valley, across border. Recovery a struggle for security forces | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=22 November 2024 | url=https://theprint.in/india/arms-looted-in-manipur-sold-beyond-the-valley-across-border-recovery-a-struggle-for-security-forces/2368751/ }}</ref>
* [[File:Flag_of_PDF_Myanmar.svg|23px|border]] [[People's Defence Force (Myanmar)|Myanmar People's Defence Force]]: 1B1 variant.<ref name=myan> {{cite tweet |author=War Noir |user=war_noir |number=1738135682265051272|title=#Myanmar (#Burma) 🇲🇲: Rather interesting photos posted by People's Defense Forces (#PDF) after an ambush against Tatmadaw. The group uses several very rare! INSAS 1B1 rifles (originally made in #India 🇮🇳), MA-4 Mk2 rifle with BA203 UBGL, and AR-15 rifle.|language=en |date= 22 December 2023|access-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/r8hJP|archive-date=3 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|INSAS rifle}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201023805/http://ofb.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/11.htm |date=December 1, 2017|title=Rifle 5.56 mm INSAS (Fixed Butt)}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201024929/http://ofb.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/12.htm |date=December 1, 2017|title=5.56 mm INSAS Rifle (Foldable Butt)}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201024809/http://ofb.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/13.htm |date=December 1, 2017|title=LMG 5.56 mm INSAS (Fixed Butt)}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201024634/http://www.ofb.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/14.htm |date=December 1, 2017|title=LMG 5.56 mm INSAS (Foldable Butt)}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224034637/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/OFT/rifle-5-56mm-1b1 |date=February 24, 2020|title=RIFLE 5.56 mm 1B1}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224034637/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/OFT/rifle-5-56mm-1b1 |date=February 24, 2020|title=5.56 mm Assault Rifle (Fixed Butt)}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609093746/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/SAF/rifle-5-56-mm |date=June 9, 2020|title=RIFLE 5.56 mm}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609093534/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/SAF/lmg-5-56-mm|title=LMG 5.56 mm|date=June 9, 2020}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811212653/https://ofbindia.gov.in/product/products/product-details/5-56mm-insas-1c-rifle |date=August 11, 2020|title=5.56MM INSAS 1C RIFLE}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004172203/http://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/5-56-insas-foldable-butt1 |date=October 4, 2021|title=INSAS 1B1}}

{{AK-47 derivatives}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Current Indian infantry weapons}}
{{Ordnance Factories Board}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Insas Rifle}}
[[Category:5.56×45mm NATO assault rifles]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Light machine guns]]
[[Category:Bullpup rifles]]
[[Category:Assault rifles of India]]
[[Category:Machine guns of India]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1998]]
[[Category:Kalashnikov derivatives]]

Natural rubber

2026-03-12T18:13:32Z

LaverneHenry: formatting fix

{{short description|Polymer harvested from certain trees}}
{{Redirect|Rubber|human-made rubber materials|Synthetic rubber|other uses}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Caoutchouc|Caoutchouc (painting)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
[[File:Caoutchouc naturel.jpg|alt=Photo of pieces of natural rubber in a glass. |thumb|Pieces of natural [[vulcanization|vulcanized]] rubber at [[Hutchinson SA|Hutchinson]]'s Research and Innovation Center in France]]
[[File:Latex - Hevea - Cameroun.JPG|thumb|upright|Latex being collected from a [[rubber tapping|tapped]] [[Pará rubber tree|rubber tree]], Cameroon]]
[[File:Rubber tree plantation Thailand タイのゴム園 DSC05246.jpg|thumb|[[Rubber tree]] plantation in Thailand]]
[[File:Isoprene-Structure.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|Molecular structure of [[isoprene]].]]

'''Rubber''', also called '''India rubber''', '''latex''', '''Amazonian rubber''', '''''caucho''''', or '''''caoutchouc''''',<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Rubber |volume=23 |page=795 |first=Wyndham Rowland |last=Dunstan }}</ref> as initially produced, consists of [[polymer]]s of the organic compound [[isoprene]], with minor impurities of other organic compounds.

Types of [[polyisoprene]] that are used as natural rubbers are classified as [[elastomer]]s. Currently, rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the [[latex]] from the [[Hevea brasiliensis|Pará rubber tree]] (''Hevea brasiliensis'') or others. The latex is a sticky, milky and white colloid drawn off by making incisions in the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels in a process called "[[Rubber tapping|tapping]]". Manufacturers refine this latex into the rubber that is ready for commercial processing.

Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, either alone or in combination with other materials. In most of its useful forms, it has a large stretch ratio and high resilience and also is buoyant and water-proof.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dananjaya |first1=Vimukthi |last2=Somarathna |first2=Yashoda |last3=Siriwardena |first3=Susantha |last4=Sirimuthu |first4=Narayana |last5=Karunanayake |first5=Laleen |last6=Abeykoon |first6=Chamil |date=1 May 2024 |title=Effects of latex type and processed-mica waste loading on the structural and thermo-physical properties of natural rubber latex foam composites |journal=International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=450–466 |doi=10.1016/j.ijlmm.2023.12.002 |issn=2588-8404 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Phomrak |first1=Sirilak |last2=Nimpaiboon |first2=Adun |last3=Newby |first3=Bi-min Zhang |last4=Phisalaphong |first4=Muenduen |date=29 August 2020 |title=Natural Rubber Latex Foam Reinforced with Micro- and Nanofibrillated Cellulose via Dunlop Method |journal=Polymers |language=en |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=1959 |doi=10.3390/polym12091959 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4360 |pmc=7565547 |pmid=32872461}}</ref> Industrial demand for rubber-like materials began to outstrip natural rubber supplies by the end of the 19th century, leading to the synthesis of [[synthetic rubber]] in 1909 by chemical means. {{citation needed|date=April 2022}} Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Cambodia are four of the leading rubber producers.<ref>Sirimaporn Leepromrath, et al. "Rubber crop diversity and its influential factors in Thailand." ''Journal of Rubber Research'' 24.3 (2021): 461–473.</ref><ref>Muhammad Fadzli Ali, et al., "The dynamics of rubber production in Malaysia: Potential impacts, challenges and proposed interventions." ''Forest Policy and Economics'' 127 (2021): 102449.</ref><ref>Fadhlan Zuhdi, "The Indonesian natural rubber export competitiveness in global market." ''International Journal of Agriculture System'' 8.2 (2021): 130–139 [http://pasca.unhas.ac.id/ojs/index.php/ijas/article/viewFile/2518/709 online].</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Varieties ==

=== Amazonian rubber tree (''Hevea brasiliensis'') ===
The major commercial source of natural rubber latex is the Amazonian rubber tree (''[[Hevea brasiliensis]]''),<ref name=EB1911/> a member of the [[spurge]] [[family (biology)|family]], ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]''. Once native to Brazil, the species is now pan-tropical. This species is preferred because it grows well under cultivation. A properly managed tree responds to wounding by producing more latex for several years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peres |first1=João Bosco R. |last2=Pastore |first2=Floriano |date=1 March 2019 |title=Amazon Rubber, A Potential Yet to be Rediscovered |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10924-019-01381-7 |journal=Journal of Polymers and the Environment |language=en |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=652–658 |doi=10.1007/s10924-019-01381-7 |bibcode=2019JPEnv..27..652P |issn=1572-8919 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Congo rubber (''Landolphia owariensis'' and ''L.'' spp.) ===
[[Congo rubber]], formerly a major source of rubber, which motivated the [[atrocities in the Congo Free State]], came from vines in the genus ''[[Landolphia]]'' (''[[Landolphia kirkii|L. kirkii]]'', ''L. heudelotis'', and ''L. owariensis'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/botany/rubber.htm |title=Rubber and Other Latex Products |first=Erich Fred |last=Legner |publisher=University of California, Riverside}}</ref>

=== Dandelion ===
[[Dandelion]] milk contains latex. The latex exhibits the same quality as the natural rubber from [[rubber trees]]. In the wild types of dandelion, latex content is low and varies greatly. In [[Nazi Germany]], research projects tried to use dandelions as a base for rubber production, but failed.<ref name="Heim2002">{{cite book |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=1DqS5a5A8JkC}} |title=Autarkie und Ostexpansion: Pflanzenzucht und Agrarforschung im Nationalsozialismus |last=Heim |first=Susanne |publisher=Wallstein Verlag |year=2002 |isbn=978-3-89244-496-1 |author-link=Susanne Heim}}</ref> In 2013, by inhibiting one key enzyme and using modern cultivation methods and optimization techniques, scientists in the [[Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology]] (IME) in Germany developed a cultivar of the Kazakh dandelion (''[[Taraxacum kok-saghyz]]'') that seems suitable for commercial production of natural rubber. In collaboration with [[Continental Tire]]s, IME began a pilot facility.

=== Other ===
Many other plants produce forms of latex rich in isoprene polymers, though not all produce usable forms of polymer as easily as the Pará.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=botany_jps |title=Plants & Civilization: An Introduction to the Interrelationships of Plants and People. Section 8.4, Latex Plants |last=Smith |first=James P. Jr/ |date=2006 |website=Humboldt State University Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data, Humboldt State University Digital Commons |pages=137–141 |access-date=8 June 2019}}</ref> Some of them require more elaborate processing to produce anything like usable rubber, and most are more difficult to tap. Some produce other desirable materials, for example [[gutta-percha]] (''[[Palaquium gutta]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Article/GuttaPercha/ |title=The Gutta Percha Company |first=Bill |last=Burns |work=History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications |access-date=14 February 2009}}</ref> and [[chicle]] from ''[[Manilkara]]'' species. Others that have been commercially exploited, or at least showed promise as rubber sources, include the rubber fig (''[[Ficus elastica]]''), Panama rubber tree (''[[Castilla elastica]]''), ''[[Micrandra minor]]'' (source of Caurá rubber),<ref name="Caurá_rubber" >{{cite journal |last1=Schultes |first1=Richard Evans |title=The Amazon Indian and Evolution in ''Hevea'' and Related Genera |journal=Journal of the Arnold Arboretum |date=April 1956 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=123–152 |doi=10.5962/p.185992 |jstor=43790885 |doi-access=free }}</ref> various spurges (''[[Euphorbia]]'' spp.), lettuce (''[[Lactuca]]'' species), the related ''[[Scorzonera tau-saghyz]]'', various ''[[Taraxacum]]'' species, including common dandelion (''[[Taraxacum officinale]]'') and Kazakh dandelion, and, perhaps most important (for its hypoallergenic properties), [[guayule]] (''Parthenium argentatum''). The term '''gum rubber''' is sometimes applied to the tree-obtained version of natural rubber in order to distinguish it from the synthetic version.<ref name="Ullmann">Heinz-Hermann Greve "Rubber, 2. Natural" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'', 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a23_225}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Rubber boom}}
The first use of rubber was by the indigenous cultures of [[Mesoamerica]]. The earliest archeological evidence of the use of natural latex from the [[Hevea tree|''Hevea'' tree]] comes from the [[Olmec]] culture, in which rubber was first used for making balls for the [[Mesoamerican ballgame]]. Rubber was later used by the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] and [[Aztec]] cultures: in addition to making balls, Aztecs used rubber for other purposes, such as making containers and making textiles waterproof by impregnating them with the latex sap.<ref>Emory Dean Keoke, Kay Marie Porterfield. 2009. Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations. Infobase Publishing</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Tully |date=2011 |title=The Devil's Milk: A Social History of Rubber |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-58367-260-0}}</ref>

[[Charles Marie de La Condamine]] is credited with introducing samples of rubber to the ''[[Académie Royale des Sciences]]'' of France in 1736, which he wrote as ''caoutchouc'', from ''cahuchu'' in the language of the Manina people in [[Real Audiencia of Quito|Quito]].<ref name="AoR">{{cite book |last=Loadman |first=M. J. |year=2012 |title=Analysis of Rubber and Rubber-like Polymers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjD7CAAAQBAJ&dq=caa+ochu+rubber&pg=PA7 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |pages=6–7 |isbn=978-94-010-5905-3}}</ref><ref name="b">{{cite web |title=Charles Marie de la Condamine |website=bouncing-balls.com |url=http://www.bouncing-balls.com/timeline/people/nr_condamine.htm}}</ref> In 1751, he presented a paper by [[François Fresneau]] to the Académie (published in 1755) that described many of rubber's properties. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber.<ref name="b" /> In England, [[Joseph Priestley]], in 1770, observed that a piece of the material was extremely good for rubbing off [[pencil]] marks on paper, hence the name "rubber".<ref name="AoR"/> It slowly made its way around England. In 1764, François Fresnau discovered that [[turpentine]] was a rubber [[solvent]]. [[Giovanni Fabbroni]] is credited with the discovery of [[naphtha]] as a rubber solvent in 1779.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oops There Goes Another Rubber Tree Plant: the History of Natural Rubber |url=https://petroleumservicecompany.com/blog/natural-rubber-history/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=Petroleum Service Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metallurgyfordummies.com/rubber.html |title=Rubber |website=Metallurgy for Dummies |access-date=20 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Charles Macintosh]] also experimented with naphtha leading to his invention of waterproof rubberized fabric; the essence of his patent was the cementing of two thicknesses of cloth together with natural rubber. [[Charles Goodyear]] redeveloped [[sulfur vulcanization|vulcanization]] in 1839, although [[Mesoamerican]]s had used stabilized rubber for balls and other objects as early as 1600 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hosler |first1=D. |last2=Burkett |first2=S.L. |last3=Tarkanian |first3=M.J. |year=1999 |title=Prehistoric polymers: Rubber processing in ancient Mesoamerica |journal=Science |volume=284 |issue=5422 |pages=1988–1991 |doi=10.1126/science.284.5422.1988 |pmid=10373117}}</ref><ref name="Slack2002">{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Slack |title=Noble obsession: Charles Goodyear, Thomas Hancock, and the race to unlock the greatest industrial secret of the nineteenth century |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=CWzeAAAAMAAJ}} |year=2002 |publisher=Hyperion |isbn=978-0-7868-6789-9}}</ref>

South America remained the main source of latex rubber used during much of the 19th century. The rubber trade was heavily controlled by business interests but no laws expressly prohibited the export of seeds or plants. In 1876, [[Henry Wickham (explorer)|Henry Wickham]] smuggled 70,000 Amazonian rubber tree seeds from Brazil and delivered them to [[Kew Gardens]], England. Only 2,400 of these germinated. Seedlings were then sent to India, [[British Ceylon]] (Sri Lanka), [[Dutch East Indies]] (Indonesia), Singapore, and [[British Malaya]]. Malaya (now [[Peninsular Malaysia]]) was later to become the biggest producer of rubber.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Joe |title=The Thief at the End of the World |date=2008 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-01853-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/thiefatendofworl0000jack}}</ref>

In the early 1900s, the [[Congo Free State]] in Africa was also a significant source of natural rubber latex, mostly gathered by [[forced labor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belgian King Establishes Congo Free State |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/belgian-king-establishes-congo-free-state |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> King Leopold II's colonial state brutally enforced production quotas due to the high price of natural rubber at the time.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2019 |title=King Leopold's ghost: The legacy of labour coercion in the DRC |url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/king-leopolds-ghost-legacy-labour-coercion-drc |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=CEPR |language=en}}</ref> Tactics to enforce the rubber quotas included removing the hands of victims to prove they had been killed. Soldiers often came back from raids with baskets full of chopped-off hands. Villages that resisted were razed to encourage better compliance locally.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Boy Forced to Collect Rubber · Antislavery Usable Past |url=https://antislavery.ac.uk/items/show/2059 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=antislavery.ac.uk}}</ref> {{Crossreference|(See [[Atrocities in the Congo Free State]] for more information on the rubber trade in the Congo Free State in the late 1800s and early 1900s.)}}

The [[rubber boom]] in the Amazon also similarly affected indigenous populations to varying degrees. Correrias, or slave raids were frequent in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia where many were either captured or killed. The best-known case of atrocities generated from rubber extraction in South America came from the [[Putumayo genocide]]. Between the 1880s and 1913, [[Julio César Arana]] and his company, which would become the Peruvian Amazon Company, controlled the Putumayo river. W. E. Hardenburg, [[Benjamin Saldaña Rocca]] and [[Roger Casement]] were influential figures in exposing these atrocities. Roger Casement was also prominent in revealing the Congo atrocities to the world. Days before entering Iquitos by boat Casement wrote "'Caoutchouc was first called 'india rubber,' because it came from the Indies, and the earliest European use of it was to rub out or erase. It is now called India rubber because it rubs out or erases the Indians."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=Jordan |title=The Devil and Mr Casement |date=2009 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-84467-334-6 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhsXAQAAMAAJ&q=Uttermost |access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Casement |first1=Roger |title=The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement |date=1997 |publisher=Anaconda Editions |isbn=1-901990-00-1 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjwM99dulz4C |access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Enslaved natives with a load of rubber weighing 75 kilos, they have journeyed 100 kilometers with no food given.jpg|thumb|"Enslaved natives with a load of rubber weighing 75 kilos; they have journeyed 100 kilometers with no food given"]]

In India, commercial cultivation was introduced by British planters, although the experimental efforts to grow rubber on a commercial scale were initiated as early as 1873 at the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden|Calcutta Botanical Garden]]. The first commercial ''Hevea'' plantations were established at Thattekadu in [[Kerala]] in 1902. In later years the plantation expanded to [[Karnataka]], Tamil Nadu and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of India. Today, India is the world's third-largest producer and fourth-largest consumer of rubber.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsir.gov.in/reports/ExpTechTNKL/Abs%20new/Rubber.htm |title=Natural rubber in India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001100758/http://www.dsir.gov.in/reports/ExpTechTNKL/Abs%20new/Rubber.htm |archive-date=1 October 2016}}</ref>

In Singapore and Malaya, commercial production was heavily promoted by [[Henry Nicholas Ridley|Sir Henry Nicholas Ridley]], who served as the first Scientific Director of the [[Singapore Botanic Gardens]] from 1888 to 1911. He distributed rubber seeds to many planters and developed the first technique for tapping trees for latex without causing serious harm to the tree.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_518_2004-12-28.html |title=Sir Henry Nicholas Ridley |last=Cornelius-Takahama |first=Vernon |date=2001 |work=Singapore Infopedia |access-date=9 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504095356/http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_518_2004-12-28.html |archive-date=4 May 2013}}</ref> Because of his fervent promotion of this crop, he is popularly remembered by the nickname "Mad Ridley".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malaysiahistory.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56:mad-ridley-and-the-rubber-boom&catid=47:economic-history |title=Mad Ridley and the rubber boom |first1=Dr Loh Wei |last1=Leng |first2=Khor Jin |last2=Keong |date=19 September 2011 |work=Malaysia History |access-date=9 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727152654/http://www.malaysiahistory.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56:mad-ridley-and-the-rubber-boom&catid=47:economic-history |archive-date=27 July 2013}}</ref>

=== Pre–World War II ===
Before World War II significant uses included door and window profiles, hoses, belts, gaskets, [[rubber mat|matting]], flooring, and dampeners (antivibration mounts) for the [[automotive]] industry. The use of rubber in car [[tire]]s (initially solid rather than pneumatic) in particular consumed a significant amount of rubber. [[Gloves]] (medical, household, and industrial) and toy [[balloon]]s were large consumers of rubber, although the type of rubber used is concentrated latex. Significant tonnage of rubber was used as [[adhesive]]s in many manufacturing industries and products, although the two most noticeable were the paper and the carpet industries. Rubber was commonly used to make [[rubber band]]s and pencil [[eraser]]s.

Rubber produced as a fiber, sometimes called 'elastic', had significant value to the textile industry because of its excellent elongation and recovery properties. For these purposes, manufactured rubber fiber was made as either an extruded round fiber or rectangular fibers cut into strips from extruded film. Because of its low dye acceptance, feel and appearance, the rubber fiber was either covered by yarn of another fiber or directly woven with other yarns into the fabric. Rubber yarns were used in foundation garments. While rubber is still used in textile manufacturing, its low tenacity limits its use in lightweight garments because latex lacks resistance to oxidizing agents and is damaged by aging, sunlight, oil and perspiration. The textile industry turned to [[neoprene]] (polymer of [[chloroprene]]), a type of synthetic rubber, as well as another more commonly used elastomer fiber, [[spandex]] (also known as elastane), because of their superiority to rubber in both strength and durability.

Plants like guayule and the Kazakh dandelion are being explored as alternative sources of natural rubber today.<ref>{{Cite web |website=Rheometerspares |date=22 November 2023 |title=100+ Fun Facts About Rubber |url=https://rheometerspares.com/rubber-facts}}</ref>

==Properties==
[[File:Latex being collected from a tapped rubber tree.jpg|thumb|Rubber latex]]
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. Rubber's stress–strain behavior exhibits the [[Mullins effect]] and the [[Payne effect]] and is often modeled as [[hyperelastic material|hyperelastic]]. Rubber [[strain crystallization|strain crystallizes]]. Because there are weakened [[allyl]]ic C–H bonds in each [[repeat unit]], natural rubber is susceptible to [[vulcanisation]] as well as being sensitive to [[ozone cracking]]. The two main [[solvent]]s for rubber are [[turpentine]] and [[naphtha]] (petroleum). Because rubber does not dissolve easily, the material is finely divided by shredding prior to its immersion. An [[ammonia solution]] can be used to prevent the [[flocculation|coagulation]] of raw latex. Rubber begins to melt at approximately {{Convert|180|C}}.

===Elasticity===
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2015}}

{{Main|Rubber elasticity}}

[[File:Koh Chang, Thailand, Rubber tapping, Latex.jpg|thumb|Rubber latex elasticity]]
On a microscopic scale, relaxed rubber is a disorganized cluster of erratically changing wrinkled chains. In stretched rubber, the chains are almost linear. The restoring force is due to the preponderance of wrinkled conformations over more linear ones. For the quantitative treatment see [[ideal chain]], for more examples see [[entropic force]].

Cooling below the [[glass transition temperature]] permits local conformational changes but a reordering is practically impossible because of the larger [[activation energy|energy barrier]] for the concerted movement of longer chains. "Frozen" rubber's elasticity is low and [[strain (materials science)|strain]] results from small changes of [[chemical bond|bond]] lengths and angles: this caused the [[Challenger disaster|''Challenger'' disaster]], when the American [[Space Shuttle]]'s flattened [[o-ring]]s failed to relax to fill a widening gap.<ref>{{cite web |title=Casing Joint Design |work=Report – Investigation of the Challenger Accident |publisher=US Government Printing Office |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CRPT-99hrpt1016/pdf/CHRG-101shrg1087-2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CRPT-99hrpt1016/pdf/CHRG-101shrg1087-2.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref> The glass transition is fast and reversible: the force resumes on heating.

The parallel chains of stretched rubber are susceptible to crystallization. This takes some time because turns of twisted chains have to move out of the way of the growing [[crystallite]]s. Crystallization has occurred, for example, when, after days, an inflated toy balloon is found withered at a relatively large remaining volume. Where it is touched, it shrinks because the temperature of the hand is enough to melt the crystals.

[[Vulcanization]] of rubber creates [[disulfide|di-]] and [[polysulfide]] bonds between chains, which limits the [[degrees of freedom (mechanics)|degrees of freedom]] and results in chains that tighten more quickly for a given strain, thereby increasing the elastic force constant and making the rubber harder and less extensible.

===Malodour===
Raw rubber storage depots and rubber processing can produce malodour that is serious enough to become a source of complaints and protest to those living in the vicinity.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b74a/c9bfbe91a9cc5625c7dd980bc1de3ec8a0de.pdf |title=Determination of Volatile Fatty Acids from Raw Natural Rubber Drying Activity by Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography |journal=Chemical Engineering Transactions |year=2012 |volume=30 |s2cid=7469231 |doi=10.3303/CET1230030 |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053437/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b74a/c9bfbe91a9cc5625c7dd980bc1de3ec8a0de.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2017 |author1=Nur Fadhilah Idris |author2=Nor Hidayaty Kamarulzaman |author3=Zairossani Mohd Nor}}</ref> Microbial impurities originate during the processing of block rubber. These impurities break down during storage or thermal degradation and produce volatile organic compounds. Examination of these compounds using [[gas chromatography]]/[[mass spectrometry]] (GC/MS) and gas chromatography (GC) indicates that they contain sulfur, ammonia, [[alkene]]s, [[ketone]]s, [[ester]]s, [[hydrogen sulfide]], nitrogen, and low-molecular-weight fatty acids (C2–C5).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Determination of Chemical Components that Cause Mal-Odor from Natural Rubber |first1=Vipavee P. |last1=Hoven |first2=Kesinee |last2=Rattanakaran |first3=Yasuyuki |last3=Tanaka |date=1 November 2003 |journal=Rubber Chemistry and Technology |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=1128–1144 |doi=10.5254/1.3547792}}</ref><ref name="aidic.it">{{cite web |url=http://www.aidic.it/cet/12/30/021.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.aidic.it/cet/12/30/021.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Info |website=aidic.it}}</ref> When latex concentrate is produced from rubber, [[sulfuric acid]] is used for coagulation. This produces malodourous hydrogen sulfide.<ref name="aidic.it" /> The industry can mitigate these bad odours with [[scrubber|scrubber systems]].<ref name="aidic.it" />

== Chemical makeup ==
[[File:RubberSyn&Natural.png|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|upright=1.5|alt=(1)trans-1,4-polyisoprene is called gutta-percha. (2)in natural rubber various chains are held together by weak Van Der Waal's interactions and has a coiled structure.so it can be stretched like a spring and exhibits elastic properties|Chemical structure of cis-polyisoprene, the main constituent of natural rubber. Synthetic cis-polyisoprene and natural cis-polyisoprene are derived from distinct precursors, [[isopentenyl pyrophosphate]] and [[isoprene]].]]

Rubber is the polymer cis-1,4-polyisoprene—with a [[molecular weight]] of 100,000 to 1,000,000 [[dalton (unit)|daltons]]. Typically, a small percentage (up to 5% of dry mass) of other materials, such as [[protein]]s, [[fatty acid]]s, [[resin]]s, and inorganic materials (salts) are found in natural rubber. Polyisoprene can also be created synthetically, producing what is sometimes referred to as "synthetic natural rubber", but the synthetic and natural routes are distinct.<ref name=Ullmann/> Some natural rubber sources, such as [[gutta-percha]], are composed of trans-1,4-polyisoprene, a [[structural isomer]] that has similar properties. Natural rubber is an elastomer and a [[thermoplastic]]. Once the rubber is vulcanized, it is a [[thermoset]]. Most rubber in everyday use is vulcanized to a point where it shares properties of both; i.e., if it is heated and cooled, it is degraded but not destroyed. The final properties of a rubber item depend not just on the polymer, but also on modifiers and fillers, such as [[carbon black]], [[factice]], whiting and others.

===Biosynthesis===
Rubber particles are formed in the [[cytoplasm]] of specialized latex-producing cells called [[laticifer]]s within rubber plants.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Koyama |editor-first=Tanetoshi |editor2-last=Steinbüchel |editor2-first=Alexander |chapter=Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber and Other Natural Polyisoprenoids |title=Polyisoprenoids |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=1a_wAAAAMAAJ |page=73}} |series=Biopolymers |volume=2 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date=June 2011 |pages=73–81 |isbn=978-3-527-30221-5}}</ref> Rubber particles are surrounded by a single [[phospholipid]] membrane with [[hydrophobic]] tails pointed inward. The membrane allows biosynthetic proteins to be sequestered at the surface of the growing rubber particle, which allows new monomeric units to be added from outside the biomembrane, but within the lacticifer. The rubber particle is an enzymatically active entity that contains three layers of material, the rubber particle, a biomembrane and free monomeric units. The biomembrane is held tightly to the rubber core by the high negative charge along the double bonds of the rubber polymer backbone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paterson-Jones |first1=J.C. |last2=Gilliland |first2=M.G. |last3=Van Staden |first3=J. |title=The Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber |journal=Journal of Plant Physiology |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=257–263 |date=June 1990 |doi=10.1016/S0176-1617(11)80047-7 |bibcode=1990JPPhy.136..257P |issn=0176-1617}}</ref> Free monomeric units and conjugated proteins make up the outer layer. The rubber precursor is [[isopentenyl pyrophosphate]] (an [[allyl group|allylic]] compound), which elongates by Mg2+-dependent condensation by the action of rubber transferase. The monomer adds to the pyrophosphate end of the growing polymer. {{citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=Citation removed as it was attributed to a predatory publisher.}} The process displaces the terminal high-energy pyrophosphate. The reaction produces a cis polymer. The initiation step is catalyzed by [[prenyltransferase]], which converts three monomers of isopentenyl pyrophosphate into [[farnesyl pyrophosphate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xie |first1=W. |display-authors=3 |last2=McMahan |first2=C.M. |last3=Distefano |first3=A.J. DeGraw, M.D. |last4=Cornish |first4=K. |last5=Whalen |first5=M. C. |last6=Shintani |first6=D.K. |date=2008 |title=Initiation of rubber synthesis: In vitro comparisons of benzophenone-modified diphosphate analogues in three rubber producing species |url=https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/downloadPDF.xhtml?id=22816&content=PDF |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=69 |issue=14 |pages=2539–2545 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.07.011 |pmid=18799172 |bibcode=2008PChem..69.2539X |access-date=24 November 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002091715/https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/downloadPDF.xhtml?id=22816&content=PDF |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The farnesyl pyrophosphate can bind to rubber transferase to elongate a new rubber polymer.

The required isopentenyl pyrophosphate is obtained from the [[mevalonate]] pathway, which derives from [[acetyl-CoA]] in the [[cytosol]]. In plants, isoprene pyrophosphate can also be obtained from the 1-deox-D-xyulose-5-phosphate/2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway within plasmids.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Casey |first1=P.J. |last2=Seabra |first2=M.C. |date=1996 |title=Protein Prenyltransferases |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=271 |issue=10 |pages=5289–5292 |doi=10.1074/jbc.271.10.5289 |pmid=8621375 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The relative ratio of the farnesyl pyrophosphate initiator unit and isoprenyl pyrophosphate elongation monomer determines the rate of new particle synthesis versus elongation of existing particles. Though rubber is known to be produced by only one enzyme, extracts of latex host numerous small molecular weight proteins with unknown function. The proteins possibly serve as cofactors, as the synthetic rate decreases with complete removal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=H. |last2=Kang |first2=M.Y. |last3=Han |first3=K.H. |date=2000 |title=Identification of Natural Rubber and Characterization of Biosynthetic Activity |journal=Plant Physiol |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=1133–1142 |doi=10.1104/pp.123.3.1133 |pmid=10889262 |pmc=59076}}</ref>

==Production==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Rubber trees in Kerala, India.jpg|thumb|Rubber is generally cultivated in large plantations. The image shows a coconut shell used in collecting latex, in plantations in [[Kerala]], India.]]
[[File:Natural rubber.jpg|thumb|Sheets of natural rubber]]

More than 29 million metric tonnes of rubber were produced in 2022,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Statista Research Department |title=Rubber industry worldwide - statistics & facts |url=https://www.statista.com/topics/3268/rubber/#topicOverview |website=Statista |access-date=14 August 2025 |date=28 November 2024}}</ref> of which over 50% was natural (15.1 million tonnes<ref name=WPR25>{{cite web |title=Rubber Production by Country |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/rubber-production-by-country |website=World Population Review |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref>). Since the bulk is synthetic, which is derived from petroleum, the price of natural rubber is determined, to a large extent, by the prevailing global price of crude oil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wlxrubber.com/news_detail/newsId=daa867c8-3134-477a-a1aa-4db921ff538f&comp_stats=comp-FrontNews_ranking01-1264986203356.html |title=Overview of the Causes of Natural Rubber Price Volatility |publisher=En.wlxrubber.com |date=1 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526213107/http://en.wlxrubber.com/news_detail/newsId%3Ddaa867c8-3134-477a-a1aa-4db921ff538f%26comp_stats%3Dcomp-FrontNews_ranking01-1264986203356.html |archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rubberstudy.com/documents/WebSiteData_Dec2018.pdf |title=Statistical Summary of World Rubber Situation |publisher=International Rubber Study Group |date=December 2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205201255/http://www.rubberstudy.com/documents/WebSiteData_Dec2018.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> Asia was the main source of natural rubber, accounting for about 90% of output in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural rubber leading producers worldwide 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/275397/caoutchouc-production-in-leading-countries/ |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> The three largest producers, Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam, together accounted for around 61% of all natural rubber production in 2022.<ref name="WPR25" />

Natural rubber is not cultivated widely in its native continent of South America because of the [[South American leaf blight]], and other natural predators there.

=== Cultivation ===
Rubber latex is extracted from rubber trees. The economic life of rubber trees in plantations is around 32 years, with up to 7 years being an immature phase and about 25 years of productive phase.

The soil requirement is well-drained, weathered soil consisting of [[laterite]], lateritic types, sedimentary types, nonlateritic red or [[alluvium|alluvial]] soils.

The climatic conditions for optimum growth of rubber trees are:
* Rainfall of around {{Convert|250|cm}} evenly distributed without any marked dry season and with at least 100 rainy days per year
* Temperature range of about {{convert|20 to 34|°C|°F}}, with a monthly mean of {{convert|25 to 28|°C|°F}}
* Atmospheric humidity of around 80%
* About 2,000 hours sunshine per year at the rate of six hours per day throughout the year
* Absence of strong winds

Many high-yielding clones have been developed for commercial planting. These clones yield more than {{convert |2,000|kg/ha|lb/acre}} of dry rubber per year, under ideal conditions.

Rubber production has been linked to deforestation. Rubber therefore is one of seven commodities included in the 2023 [[EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products]] (EUDR), which aims to guarantee that the products European Union (EU) citizens consume do not contribute to deforestation or [[forest degradation]] worldwide.<ref name="eudef">{{cite web |url=https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/forests/deforestation/regulation-deforestation-free-products_en |work=European Union |access-date=24 July 2024 |title=Regulation on Deforestation-free products}}</ref>

=== Collection ===
{{main|Rubber tapping}}

[[File:Vintage tobacco card, Tapping a Rubber Tree, India, Products of the World series, Player's Cigarettes, 1909.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Vintage tobacco card, Tapping a Rubber Tree, India, Products of the World series, Player's Cigarettes, 1909]]
In places such as Kerala and Sri Lanka, where coconuts are in abundance, the half shell of coconut was used as the latex collection container. Glazed pottery or aluminium or plastic cups became more common in [[Kerala India|Kerala-India]] and other countries. The cups are supported by a wire that encircles the tree. This wire incorporates a spring so it can stretch as the tree grows. The latex is led into the cup by a [[Galvanization|galvanised]] "spout" knocked into the bark. [[Rubber tapping]] normally takes place early in the morning, when the internal pressure of the tree is highest. A good tapper can tap a tree every 20 seconds on a standard half-spiral system, and a common daily "task" size is between 450 and 650 trees. Trees are usually tapped on alternate or third days, although many variations in timing, length and number of cuts are used. "Tappers would make a slash in the bark with a small hatchet. These slanting cuts allowed latex to flow from ducts located on the exterior or the inner layer of bark ([[cambium]]) of the tree. Since the cambium controls the growth of the tree, growth stops if it is cut. Thus, rubber tapping demanded accuracy, so that the incisions would not be too many given the size of the tree, or too deep, which could stunt its growth or kill it."<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of American Indian contributions to the world 15,000 years of inventions and innovations |last=Keoke |first=Emory |publisher=Checkmark Books |year=2003 |page=156}}</ref>

[[File:Ceylon rubber.jpg|thumb|upright|A woman in Sri Lanka harvesting rubber, {{Circa|1920}}]]
It is common to tap a rubber tree at least twice, and sometimes three times, during its lifetime. The tree's economic lifespan depends on how efficiently the tapping is performed, as bark consumption is the critical factor. In Malaysia, the standard bark consumption for alternate daily tapping is 25 cm vertically per year.

The latex-bearing tubes in the bark spiral upward to the right, so tapping cuts are usually made upward to the left in order to intersect more tubes. The trees release latex for about four hours before the flow stops as the latex naturally coagulates on the tapping cut, blocking the tubes in the bark. Tappers typically rest and eat after completing their tapping work, and begin collecting the liquid "field latex" around midday.

====Field coagula====
[[File:MixedFieldCoagula.jpg|thumb|left|Mixed field coagula]]

The four types of field coagula are "cuplump", "treelace", "smallholders' lump", and "earth scrap". Each has significantly different properties.<ref>This section has been copied almost verbatim from the [[public domain]] UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), ecoport.com article: {{cite web |url=http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=earticleView&earticleId=644&page=4363 |title=Processing of Natural Rubber, Manufacture of Latex-Grade Crepe Rubber |first1=John |last1=Cecil |first2=Peter |last2=Mitchell |first3=Per |last3=Diemer |first4=Peter |last4=Griffee |publisher=FAO, Agricultural and Food Engineering Technologies Service |work=ecoport.org |date=2013 |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> Some trees continue to drip after the collection leading to a small amount of "cup lump" that is collected at the next tapping. The latex that coagulates on the cut is also collected as "tree lace". Tree lace and cup lump together account for 10%–20% of the dry rubber produced. Latex that drips onto the ground, "earth scrap", is also collected periodically for processing of low-grade product.

===== Cup lump =====
[[File:MyanmarRubber1.jpg|thumb|Cup lump rubber coagula in a Myanmar road stall]]

Cup lump is the coagulated material found in the collection cup when the tapper next visits the tree to tap it again. It arises from latex clinging to the walls of the cup after the latex was last poured into the bucket, and from late-dripping latex exuded before the latex-carrying vessels of the tree become blocked. It is of higher purity and of greater value than the other three types.

'Cup lumps' can also be used to describe a completely different type of coagulate that has collected in smallholder plantations over a period of 1–2 weeks. After tapping all of the trees, the tapper will return to each tree and stir in some type of acid, which allows the newly harvested latex to mix with the previously coagulated material. The rubber/acid mixture is what gives rubber plantations, markets, and factories a strong odor.

===== Tree lace =====
Tree lace is the coagulum strip that the tapper peels off the previous cut before making a new cut. It usually has higher copper and manganese contents than cup lump. Both copper and manganese are pro-oxidants and can damage the physical properties of the dry rubber.

===== Smallholders' lump =====
Smallholders' lump is produced by smallholders, who collect rubber from trees far from the nearest factory. Many Indonesian smallholders, who farm paddies in remote areas, tap dispersed trees on their way to work in the paddy fields and collect the latex (or the coagulated latex) on their way home. As it is often impossible to preserve the latex sufficiently to get it to a factory that processes latex in time for it to be used to make high quality products, and as the latex would anyway have coagulated by the time it reached the factory, the smallholder will coagulate it by any means available, in any container available. Some smallholders use small containers, buckets etc., but often the latex is coagulated in holes in the ground, which are usually lined with plastic sheeting. Acidic materials and fermented fruit juices are used to coagulate the latex – a form of assisted biological coagulation. Little care is taken to exclude twigs, leaves, and even bark from the lumps that are formed, which may also include tree lace.

===== Earth scrap =====
Earth scrap is material that gathers around the base of the tree. It arises from latex overflowing from the cut and running down the bark, from rain flooding a collection cup containing latex, and from spillage from tappers' buckets during collection. It contains soil and other contaminants, and has variable rubber content, depending on the amount of contaminants. Earth scrap is collected by field workers two or three times a year and may be cleaned in a scrap-washer to recover the rubber, or sold to a contractor who cleans it and recovers the rubber. It is of low quality.

=== Processing ===
[[File:RemovingCoagulumFromCoagulatingTroughs.jpg|thumb|Removing coagulum from coagulating troughs]]

Latex coagulates in the cups if kept for long and must be collected before this happens. The collected latex, "field latex", is transferred into coagulation tanks for the preparation of dry rubber or transferred into air-tight containers with sieving for ammoniation. Ammoniation, invented by patent lawyer and vice-president of the [[United States Rubber Company]] Ernest Hopkinson around 1920, preserves the latex in a colloidal state for longer periods of time. Latex is generally processed into either latex concentrate for manufacture of dipped goods or coagulated under controlled, clean conditions using formic acid. The coagulated latex can then be processed into the higher-grade, technically specified block rubbers such as SVR 3L or SVR CV or used to produce Ribbed Smoke Sheet grades. Naturally coagulated rubber (cup lump) is used in the manufacture of TSR10 and TSR20 grade rubbers. Processing for these grades is a size reduction and cleaning process to remove contamination and prepare the material for the final stage of drying.<ref>{{cite book |title=Basic Rubber Testing |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=VQVAHZyHyPAC |page=6}} |publisher=ASTM International |pages=6– |id=GGKEY:8BT2U3TQN7G}}</ref>

The dried material is then baled and palletized for storage and shipment.

=== Vulcanized rubber ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2018}}
{{Main|Sulfur vulcanization}}

[[File:Torn latex rubber dry suit wrist seal P8180011.jpg|thumb|Torn latex rubber dry suit wrist seal]]

Natural rubber is reactive and vulnerable to oxidization, but it can be stabilized through a heating process called vulcanization. Vulcanization is a process by which the rubber is heated and [[sulfur]], [[peroxide]], or [[bisphenol]] are added to improve resistance and [[elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] and to prevent it from oxidizing. [[Carbon black]], which can be derived from a petroleum refinery or other natural incineration processes, is sometimes used as an additive to rubber to improve its strength, especially in vehicle tires.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Jens |last2=Lutz |first2=Johannes |last3=Shaik |first3=Yousuf Pasha |last4=Yadavalli |first4=Venkat Reddy |date=1 October 2022 |title=Recycling of fluoro-carbon-elastomers – A review |journal=Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research |series=Recycling of Rubbers |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=248–254 |doi=10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.08.002 |issn=2542-5048 |doi-access=free |s2cid=251658624}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Asaro |first1=Lucia |last2=Gratton |first2=Michel |last3=Seghar |first3=Saïd |last4=Aït Hocine |first4=Nourredine |date=1 June 2018 |title=Recycling of rubber wastes by devulcanization |journal=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |language=en |volume=133 |pages=250–262 |doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.02.016 |bibcode=2018RCR...133..250A |issn=0921-3449 |s2cid=115671283}}</ref>

During vulcanization, rubber's polyisoprene molecules (long chains of isoprene) are heated and cross-linked with molecular bonds to sulfur, forming a 3-D matrix. The optimal percentage of sulfur is approximately 10%. In this form, the polyisoprene molecules orientation is still random but they become aligned when the rubber is stretched. This sulfur vulcanization makes the rubber stronger and more rigid, but still very elastic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ducháček |first1=Vratislav |last2=Kuta |first2=Antonín |date=October 1986 |title=Long-time sulfenamide-accelerated sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber/chlorobutyl rubber compounds |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=4849–4855 |doi=10.1002/app.1986.070320507 |issn=0021-8995}}</ref> And through the vulcanization process, the sulfur and latex are meant to be totally used up in individual form.

=== Transportation ===
Natural rubber latex is shipped from factories in Southeast Asia, South America, and [[West Africa|West]] and Central Africa to destinations around the world. As the cost of natural rubber has risen significantly and rubber products are dense, the shipping methods offering the lowest cost per unit weight are preferred. Depending on destination, warehouse availability, and transportation conditions, some methods are preferred by certain buyers. In international trade, latex rubber is mostly shipped in 20-foot ocean containers. Inside the container, smaller containers are used to store the latex.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090404081944/http://www.aalatex.com/content/comments.asp?id=193 Transportation of Natural Rubber] – Industry Source</ref>

== Rubber shortage and global economics ==
There is growing concern for the future supply of rubber due to various factors, including plant disease, climate change, and the volatile market price of rubber.<ref>{{cite web |first=Mauricio |last=Espinoza |title=US seeks domestic rubber as global shortage worsens |quote=The importance of developing alternative sources of natural rubber becomes clear when considering that there has been a shortage in the supply of this critical resource every year since 2004. By 2020, the global shortfall of natural rubber is projected to be more than the entire amount (1.2 million metric tonnes) the U.S. imports every year. |url=https://www.farmprogress.com/markets/us-seeks-domestic-rubber-global-shortage-worsens |work=Ohio State University |date=1 November 2012 |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Natural rubber shortage |url=https://www.therubbereconomist.com/nr-shortage |work=The Rubber Economist |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Robert |last=Meyer |title=Situation Report: The looming crisis of natural rubber. The Chief Executive's view |date=9 September 2019 |url=https://www.corrie-maccoll.com/situation-report/ |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=Swain>{{cite web |first=Frank |last=Swain |title=The wonder material we all need but is running out: ''Climate change, capitalism and disease are threatening to strike a mortal blow to the world's rubber trees. Do we need to find alternative sources of rubber before it's too late?'' |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210308-rubber-the-wonder-material-we-are-running-out-of |publisher=[[BBC Future]] |date=8 March 2021 |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref> Producers of natural rubber are mostly small family-held plantations, often serving large industrial aggregators. High volatility in the price of rubber affects rubber plantation investment, and farmers may remove their rubber trees if the international market spot price of a seemingly more profitable crop (for example [[palm oil]]) surges in relation to rubber.

For instance, during the 2020 and 2021 international [[COVID-19 pandemic]], demand for [[rubber glove]]s surged, leading to a spike in rubber prices of about 30%. In addition to the pandemic, demand exceeded supply in part because long term plantations had been torn out and replaced with other crops over the previous 5–10 years, and other areas were affected by climate-fueled natural disasters. In this environment, producers did increase their prices in keeping with supply and demand dynamics, putting upward price pressure on the whole downstream supply chain.<ref name=Swain/>

== Uses ==
{{multiple issues|section=yes|{{More citations needed section|date=November 2016}}
{{Original research|section|date=November 2016}}}}
[[File:Rubber boots.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Compression molded (cured) [[rubber boot]]s before the [[flash (manufacturing)|flashes]] are removed]]

Uncured rubber is used for cements;<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgduDgAAQBAJ&q=Uncured+rubber+is+used+for+cements&pg=PA235 |title=Fundamentals of Materials Science for Technologists: Properties, Testing, and Laboratory Exercises |edition=2nd |last=Horath |first=Larry |year=2017 |publisher=Waveland Press |isbn=978-1-4786-3518-5 |language=en}}</ref> for adhesive, insulating, and friction tapes; and for crepe rubber used in insulating blankets and footwear. [[Vulcanization|Vulcanized rubber]] has many more applications. Resistance to abrasion makes softer kinds of rubber valuable for the treads of vehicle tires and conveyor belts, and makes hard rubber valuable for pump housings and piping used in the handling of abrasive sludge.

[[File:Industry during the First World War Q28236.jpg|thumb|right|A factory worker producing a vehicle tire using natural rubber, September 1918]]
The flexibility of rubber is appealing in hoses, tires and rollers for devices ranging from domestic clothes wringers to printing presses; its elasticity makes it suitable for various kinds of shock absorbers and for specialized machinery mountings designed to reduce vibration. Its relative gas [[permeation|impermeability]] makes it useful in the manufacture of articles such as air hoses, balloons, balls and cushions. The [[permeation|resistance of rubber to water]] and to the action of most fluid chemicals has led to its use in rainwear, diving gear, and chemical and medicinal tubing and as a lining for storage tanks, processing equipment and railroad tank cars. Because of their [[electrical resistance and conductance|electrical resistance]], soft rubber goods are used as insulation and for protective gloves, shoes, and blankets; [[Ebonite|hard rubber]] is used for articles such as telephone housings and parts for radio sets, meters, and other electrical instruments. The coefficient of [[friction]] of rubber, which is high on dry surfaces and low on wet surfaces, leads to its use for [[belt (mechanical)|power-transmission belting]], highly flexible couplings,<ref>{{Citation |title=VULKAN Couplings System Competence – Compound Research |date=22 November 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytLNMi1AhrY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ytLNMi1AhrY |archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live |language=en |access-date=9 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and for water-lubricated bearings in deep-well pumps. Indian rubber balls or [[lacrosse ball]]s are made of rubber.
[[File:Compression Molding Machine.jpg|thumb|Compression molding machine for rubber parts]]
Around 25 million tonnes of rubber are produced each year, of which 30 percent is natural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rma.org/about-rma/rubber-faqs |title=Rubber Faqs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913145725/https://rma.org/about-rma/rubber-faqs |archive-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> The remainder is synthetic rubber derived from petrochemical sources. The top end of latex production results in latex products such as surgeons' gloves, balloons, and other relatively high-value products. The mid-range which comes from the technically specified natural rubber materials ends up largely in tires but also in conveyor belts, marine products, windshield wipers, and miscellaneous goods. Natural rubber offers good elasticity, while synthetic materials tend to offer better resistance to environmental factors such as oils, temperature, chemicals, and ultraviolet light. "Cured rubber" is rubber that has been compounded and subjected to the vulcanisation process to create cross-links within the rubber matrix. Rubber can be added to cement to improve its properties.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Luqing |last2=Wang |first2=Chaohui |last3=Liang |first3=Qing |last4=Chen |first4=Feng |last5=Zhou |first5=Xiaolei |date=15 March 2023 |title=A state-of-the-art review of rubber modified cement-based materials: Cement stabilized base |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652623004286 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |language=en |volume=392 |article-number=136270 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136270 |bibcode=2023JCPro.39236270L |s2cid=256564049 |issn=0959-6526 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Allergic reactions==
{{Main|Latex allergy}}

Some people have a serious [[latex allergy]], and exposure to natural latex rubber products such as [[latex glove]]s can cause [[anaphylactic shock]]. The [[antibody generator|antigenic proteins]] found in ''Hevea'' latex are reduced by about 99.9 percent (though not eliminated)<ref name=510k>{{cite web |title=Premarket Notification [510(k)] Submissions for Testing for Skin Sensitization To Chemicals in Natural Rubber Products |url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm073793.pdf |publisher=FDA |access-date=22 September 2013}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> through vulcanization processing.

Latex from non-''[[Hevea]]'' sources, such as [[guayule]], can be used without allergic reaction by persons with an allergy to ''Hevea'' latex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm048052.htm |title=New Type of Latex Glove Cleared |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Some allergic reactions are not to the latex itself, but from residues of chemicals used to accelerate the cross-linking process. Although this may be confused with an allergy to latex, it is distinct from it, typically taking the form of [[Type IV hypersensitivity]] in the presence of traces of specific processing chemicals.<ref name=510k /><ref>{{cite web |last=American Latex Allergy Association |title=Allergy Fact Sheet |url=http://www.latexallergyresources.org/allergy-fact-sheet |access-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313034910/http://www.latexallergyresources.org/allergy-fact-sheet |archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>

==Microbial degradation==
Natural rubber is susceptible to degradation by a wide range of bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rook |first=J.J. |date=1955 |title=Microbiological deterioration of vulcanized rubber |journal=Appl. Microbiol. |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=302–309 |pmid=13249390 |doi=10.1128/aem.3.5.302-309.1955 |pmc=1057125}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Leeang |first=K.W.H. |date=1963 |title=Microbiologic degradation of rubber |journal=J. Am. Water Works Assoc. |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=1523–1535 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1963.tb01176.x |bibcode=1963JAWWA..55l1523L}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsuchii |first1=A. |last2=Suzuki |first2=T. |last3=Takeda |first3=K. |date=1985 |title=Microbial degradation of natural rubber vulcanizates |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=965–970 |doi=10.1128/AEM.50.4.965-970.1985 |pmid=16346923 |pmc=291777 |bibcode=1985ApEnM..50..965T}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heisey |first1=R.M. |last2=Papadatos |first2=S. |date=1995 |title=Isolation of microorganisms able to metabolize puri¢ed natural rubber |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=3092–3097 |doi=10.1128/AEM.61.8.3092-3097.1995 |pmid=16535106 |pmc=1388560 |bibcode=1995ApEnM..61.3092H}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jendrossek |first1=D. |last2=Tomasi |first2=G. |last3=Kroppenstedt |first3=R.M. |date=1997 |title=Bacterial degradation of natural rubber: a privilege of actinomycetes? |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |volume=150 |issue=2 |pages=179–188 |doi=10.1016/s0378-1097(97)00072-4 |pmid=9170260}}</ref><ref>Linos, A. and Steinbuchel, A. (1998) Microbial degradation of natural and synthetic rubbers by novel bacteria belonging to the genus Gordona. Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst. 51, 496–499.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Linos |first1=Alexandros |last2=Steinbuchel |first2=Alexander |last3=Spröer |first3=Cathrin |last4=Kroppenstedt |first4=Reiner M. |date=1999 |title=Gordonia polyisoprenivorans sp. nov., a rubber degrading actinomycete isolated from automobile tire |journal=Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1785–1791 |doi=10.1099/00207713-49-4-1785 |pmid=10555361 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A Gram-negative bacterium, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa AL98, is a potent degrader of natural rubber and synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene |first1=Alexandros |last1=Linos |first2=Rudolf |last2=Reichelt |first3=Ulrike |last3=Keller |first4=Alexander |last4=Steinbuchel |date=October 1999 |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |volume=182 |issue=1 |pages=155–161 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08890.x |pmid=10612748 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The bacteria ''[[Streptomyces coelicolor]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas citronellolis]]'', and ''[[Nocardia]]'' spp. are capable of degrading vulcanized natural rubber.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1128/AEM.66.9.3680-3685.2000 |pmid=10966376 |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |title=Physiological and Chemical Investigations into Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) |author1=Helge B. Bode |author2=Axel Zeeck |author3=Kirsten Plückhahn |author4=Dieter Jendrossek |date=September 2000 |volume=66 |issue=9 |pages=3680–3685 |pmc=92206 |bibcode=2000ApEnM..66.3680B}}</ref> It is, however, not advised to throw away rubber products in the organic waste, as rubber does not naturally degrade in typical home- or industrial compostable conditions.

== See also ==
* [[Akron, Ohio]], center of the United States rubber industry
* [[Crepe rubber]]
* [[Ebonite]]
* [[Emulsion dispersion]]
* [[Fordlândia]], failed attempt to establish a rubber plantation in Brazil
* [[Reinforced rubber]]
* [[Resilin]], a highly elastic protein found in insects
* [[Rubber seed oil]]
* [[Rubber technology]]
* [[Stevenson Plan]], historical British plan to stabilize rubber prices
* [[Charles Greville Williams]], researched natural rubber being a polymer of the monomer isoprene

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* Ali, Muhammad Fadzli, et al. "The dynamics of rubber production in Malaysia: Potential impacts, challenges and proposed interventions." ''Forest Policy and Economics'' 127 (2021): 102449.
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* {{cite book |last=Hobhouse |first=Henry |title=Seeds of Wealth: Five Plants That Made Men Rich |publisher=Shoemaker & Hoard |date=2005 |orig-date=2003 |pages=125–185 |isbn=978-1-59376-089-2}}
* {{cite book |first=Adam |last=Hochschild |author-link=Adam Hochschild |title=King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=qCOQPwAACAAJ}} |year=2002 |publisher=Pan |isbn=978-0-330-49233-1}}
* {{cite book |first=M. |last=Morton |title=Rubber Technology |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=uETsCAAAQBAJ}} |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-017-2925-3}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
*[[Warren Dean (historian)|Dean, Warren]]. (1997) ''Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History''. Cambridge University Press.
*Grandin, Greg. ''Fordlandia: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford's Forgotten Jungle City''. Picador Press 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-312-42962-1}}
*Weinstein, Barbara (1983) ''The Amazon Rubber Boom 1850–1920''. Stanford University Press.
*Tully, John A. ''The Devil's Milk; A Social History of Rubber''. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline}}

{{Rubber}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{Terpenoids}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rubber| ]]
[[Category:Latices]]
[[Category:Adhesives]]
[[Category:Crops]]
[[Category:Forestry in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Forestry in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Forestry in Thailand]]
[[Category:History of forestry]]
[[Category:Natural materials]]
[[Category:Non-timber forest products]]
[[Category:Nonwoven fabrics]]
[[Category:Organic polymers]]
[[Category:Terpenes and terpenoids]]
[[Category:Elastomers]]

Ashi Hi Aashiqui

2026-03-04T09:40:54Z

LaverneHenry: Starting A Entry Needs Work

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ashi Hi Aashiqui
| image = Ashi Hi Aashiqui.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]
| writer = Sachin Pilgaonkar
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] Vajir Singh [[Joe Rajan]] [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Abhinay Berde]]
*[[Hemal Ingle]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Amol Gole]]
| editing = Faisal – Imran
| music = Sachin Pilgaonkar
| studio = {{plainlist|
*[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
*Moving Pictures
*Sushriya Chitra
}}
| distributor = [[Panorama Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2019|3|1|df=yes}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Ashi Hi Aashiqui''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], featuring [[Abhinay Berde]] and [[Hemal Ingle]] in the leading roles. The film is produced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], Moving Pictures and Sushriya Chitra.

== Plot ==
Instead of using Amarja's assistance to impress his crush, Swayam develops feelings for her. After Amarja is diagnosed with a fatal illness, the couple's decision to be married changes the course of events.

== Cast ==

* [[Abhinay Berde]] as Swayam Deshmukh
* [[Hemal Ingle]] as Amarja Kulkarni
* Karan Bhanushali as Jai
* [[Sunil Barve]] as Deshmukh
* [[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]] as Constable Wakde
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]] as Rakhamma
* Snehal Borkar as Avni
* [[Pooja Pawar]] as Amarja's mother
* Paritosh Pradhan as Dr. Aditya Kulkarni
* Kishore Anand Bhanushali as Jhonny

== Production ==
Two songs and some parts of the film have been shot in [[Switzerland]]. [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] is the first director to shoot a Marathi film in Switzerland. [[Hemal Ingle]] was chosen as star opposite to [[Abhinay Berde]], marking her first appearance in the Marathi film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=म्हणून स्वित्झर्लंडला रवाना झाले सचिन पिळगावकर-अभिनय बेर्डे, ट्वीट करुन सांगितले |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-IFTM-abhinay-berde-starer-marathi-film-ashi-hi-aashiqui-last-schedule-in-switzerland-5899217-PHO.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[Divya Marathi]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 1 March 2019 throughout [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-16 |title=‘अशी ही आशिकी’चा Trailer Out, या तारखेला सिनेमा रसिकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/abhinay-berde-and-hemal-ingle-sachin-pilgaonkar-starring-ashi-hi-aashiqui-trailer-out/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-07 |title='Ashi Hi Aashiqui': Sachin Pilgaonkar's upcoming romantic flick gets its release date |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ashi-hi-aashiqui-sachin-pilgaonkars-upcoming-romantic-flick-gets-its-release-date/articleshow/67884102.cms |access-date=2023-10-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Previously it was set to be released in theatres on 24 December 2018, and then 14 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashi Hi Aashiqui Entertainment Photo Producer Supriya P... |url=https://timescontent.timesgroup.com/photo/entertainment/Ashi-Hi-Aashiqui/595152 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[The Times Group]] |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-13 |title=या दिवशी प्रदर्शित होणार अभिनय बेर्डेचा अशी ही आशिकी चित्रपट |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/abhinay-berde-starter-ashi-hi-ashiqui-movie-will-be-released-14-th-february/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
Mayuri Phadnis of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 2.0/5 and wrote "A strong screenplay could have been as gamechanger in for this script. But due to the lack of both, a strong script and good execution, it fails to keep the viewer engaged."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashi Hi Ashiqui Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/ashi-hi-ashiqui/movie-review/68219420.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Abhijeet Thite of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' rated 2.5/5 and gave mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अशी ही आशिकी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ashi-hi-ashiqui/moviereview/68220774.cms |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack album is composed by [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] and the songs are sung by [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Priyanka Barve]], [[Shanmukha Priya]], Janhavi Prabhu Arora under the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] lebal.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ashi Hi Aashiqui (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Sachin Pilgaonkar |date=2019-03-16 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/ashi-hi-aashiqui-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1456578535 |work=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=2023-10-31 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sachin (actor)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language romantic drama films]]

Varathan

2026-03-03T20:33:32Z

LaverneHenry: cleaned up details for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Varathan
| image = Varathan Movie poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Amal Neerad]]
| producer = [[Nazriya Nazim]] Amal Neerad
| writer = [[Suhas-Sharfu]]
| screenplay =
| based_on = ''[[Straw Dogs (1971 film)|Straw Dogs]]''
| starring = [[Fahadh Faasil]] [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Sushin Shyam]]
| cinematography = Littil Swayamp
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| studio = [[Fahadh Faasil|Fahadh Faasil and Friends]] [[Amal Neerad Productions]]
| distributor = A & A Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|09|20|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|link=yes}}33 crores<ref name=gross/>
}}
'''''Varathan''''' ({{translation|Outsider}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] written by [[Suhas-Sharfu]] and directed by [[Amal Neerad]], who jointly produced the film with [[Nazriya Nazim]] under the banners of Fahadh Faasil and Friends and [[Amal Neerad Productions]]. It is an adaptation of the 1971 film ''[[Straw Dogs (1971 film)|Straw Dogs]]'' and stars [[Fahadh Faasil]] and [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] in the lead roles.

''Varathan'' was released on 20 September 2018 and became a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2018/is-varathan-copy-the-hollywood-movie-straw-dogs-amal-neerad-fahadh-faasil-have-this-to-say-277962.html|title = Is Varathan a Copy of the Hollywood Movie Straw Dogs? Amal Neerad & Fahadh Faasil Have This to Say!|date = 3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/varathan-copy-hollywood-movie-straw-124930326.html|title = Yahoo Search - Web Search}}</ref><ref name="Hooli">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/varathan-review-amal-neerads-malayalam-movie-free-make-straw-dogs-781068|title=Varathan review: Is Amal Neerad's Malayalam movie a 'free-make' of Straw Dogs?|first=Shekhar H|last=Hooli|website=Ibtimes.co.in|date=20 September 2018|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Abi and Priya are a married couple who return to [[Kerala]] from [[Dubai]] for a break from their jobs. They decide to live at Priya's childhood home in the hills. From the first day, Priya is suspicious of the intentions of the contractors who work on her family's land. The villagers and neighbours are also shown ogling her. After their wedding anniversary, she spots someone staring at them from the window, but the shadow disappears when she wakes Abi. The next day, she is about to take a bath but spots a man staring at her through the window and screams.

Abi spots a worker in the upper grounds and shuts the window with duct tape and newspaper. Priya constantly warns Abi that people around are not the same as in [[Bangalore]] or Dubai and they ought to be more careful. One day, Abi has to meet a designer regarding their startup, and Priya is left alone at home. She promises to go to the convent after Abi leaves. She locks the house and goes to the convent library. She is hit by a jeep with ill-intentioned neighbours, Josey, Johnny, and their right-hand man Jithin, who molest her and while she lies unconscious, they leave her in the hospital.

After returning home at night, Abi sees the house locked and goes out to search for Priya. He is informed by the estate caretaker, Benny, that Priya has been hospitalized. Abi reaches the hospital, but Priya furiously leaves without saying anything. She walks into the house and starts packing her bags. When questioned by Abi, she reveals that she has been sexually molested. She no longer feels safe living with Abi in the hills or anywhere else. Abi walks out and meets a boy named Preman and his mother. He learns how Preman was caught with the contractor's daughter, Sandra, in the bushes that day.

Preman's mother explains that the contractor's family is now looking to kill him. Abi allows Preman and his mother to go inside his house and locks the door, but he tells the contractor's henchmen that he did not see Preman. Dissatisfied, the contractor's henchmen return with the contractor after noticing Preman's slippers on the verandah. Abi refuses to give up Preman and tells the men that they can find him tomorrow at the police station. None of the people withdraw, upon which Abi walks inside and tries to lock the door. When stopped by Josey and Johnny, Abi slides out a butcher's knife, stabs Johnny's left forearm, kicks Josey away, locks the door, and takes Priya, Preman, and his mother to a safe room.

Abi successfully sets up the house to electrocute the invaders. Some try to get inside the house, but he cleverly burns them with a torch flame using a [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG gas cylinder]]. After fighting tooth and nail until the morning, Abi is brutally hit on the head and captured by the contractor and Josey. While they aim to shoot him with a gun, Priya walks out with the mother and the son to surrender. When they look towards her, Priya shoots two of the perpetrators. Seeing the opportunity, Abi takes charge, and the contractor flees away. Abi hits Josey, who is the last of Priya's abusers, and informs him that the police will take them. After the chaos, Abi narrates to Josey how the law is still alive in this part of the country. Two weeks later, Abi locks the gate with a plaque saying ''Trespassers will be shot'', where the end credits start to roll.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Fahadh Faasil]] as Abin Mathew
*[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] as Priya Paul
*[[Sharafudheen]] as Josey
*[[Arjun Ashokan]] as Johnny
*[[Dileesh Pothan]] as Benny
*Nisthar Sait as Maprani Kurian
*Ramakrishnan Perumbavoor as Maprani Iype
*[[Shobi Thilakan]] as Baby
*[[Vijilesh Karayad]] as Jithin
*Thomman Mankuva as Peter
*Roshan Chandra as Kunjumon
*[[Chethan Jayalal]] as Preman
*[[Unnimaya Prasad]] as Preman's mother
*[[Mamitha Baiju]] as Sandra
*[[Jinu Joseph]] as George
*[[Kochu Preman]] as Oanth
*[[Parvathi T.]] as Lilly
*Bonny Mary Mathew as Maria
*Sundar Pandiyan as Sabu
*Kasi as Murugan
}}

==Production==
Besides directing, Amal Neerad co-produced the film with [[Nazriya Nazim]] which stars her husband, [[Fahadh Faasil]], alongside [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]. Neerad revealed the film's title on 20 June 2018 by releasing the first poster. ''Varathan'' in Malayalam means "outsider" in English.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/new-fahadh-faasil-amal-neerad-movie-varathan-be-out-onam-83372|title=New Fahadh Faasil-Amal Neerad movie 'Varathan' to be out for Onam|date=20 June 2018|website=Thenewsminute.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/fahadh-faasil-s-look-in-amal-neerad-s-varathan-revealed-see-pic/story-wkPornKZhyfNqUeRIsmHtK.html|title=Fahadh Faasil's look in Amal Neerad's Varathan revealed. See pic|date=20 June 2018|website=Hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/asianet+newsable-epaper-asnewsab/varathan+first+look+fahadh+faasil+is+working+under+his+wife+nazriya+s+production+company-newsid-90563555|title=Varathan First Look: Fahadh Faasil is working under his wife Nazriya's production company? - Asianet Newsable |website=M.dailyHunt.in}}</ref> Writer Suhas describes the film as a "survival thriller".<ref>{{cite news|last=Shrijith|first=Sajin|title='Varathan is a survival thriller'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/sep/20/varathan-is-a-survival-thriller-1874395.html|access-date=21 September 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=20 September 2018}}</ref> Shot in [[Dubai]] and [[Wagamon]], filming was completed by June 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varathan-first-look-poster-of-amal-neerads-fahadh-faasil-starrer/articleshow/64665314.cms|title='Varathan': First look poster of Amal Neerad's Fahadh Faasil starrer|date=20 June 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-to-shoot-in-dubai-again/articleshow/64134167.cms|title = Fahadh Faasil to shoot in Dubai again - Times of India ►|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Varathan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sushin Shyam]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = September 12, 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 40:09
| label = Goodwill Entertainments
| producer = [[Sushin Shyam]]
| prev_title = [[Maradona (2018 film)|Maradona]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Lilli (2018 film)|Lilli]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

The music was composed, programmed, and arranged by [[Sushin Shyam]]. The lyrics were penned by Vinayak Sasikumar.

{{track listing
| headline = track listings
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 40:09
| title1 = Nee
| lyrics1 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra1 = [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Nazriya Nazim]]
| length1 = 03:22
| title2 = Puthiyoru Pathayil
| lyrics2 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra2 = Nazriya Nazim
| length2 = 03:05
| title3 = Oduvile Theeyayi
| lyrics3 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra3 = [[Sushin Shyam]], Neha S. Nair
| length3 = 04:10
|title4=Title - Sit Back and Relax
|length4=2:29
|title5=Abi's Office-Uncertainty
|length5=1:45
|title6=Priya and Abin's Love Theme
|length6=2:24
|title7=Looking Around the House /Exploring
|length7=1:30
|title8=Creep Outside/Josie theme
|length8=1:47
|title9=Prying Eyes
|length9=1:23
|title10=Violated
|length10=2:27
|title11=Red is On
|length11=7:17
|title12=Night vision
|length12=1:33
|title13=Assault
|length13=1:25
|title14=The End
|length14=5:32

|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 20 September 2018.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/fahadh-faasil-is-abin-in-varathan/articleshow/65278097.cms|title=Fahadh Faasil is Abin in Varathan|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Varathan'' received positive reviews from critics who remarked that the film is an unofficial adaptation of ''[[Straw Dogs (1971 film)|Straw Dogs]]''.<ref name="Hooli"/> The performances of Fahad Faasil, Aishwarya Lekshmi and Sharafudheen received praise while climax and the action sequences received critical acclaim from the audience and the critics alike.

=== Critical response ===
Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Varathan takes its time to simmer in the first half, with its songs and varied characters, but in the second half it comes all guns blazing and turns into a stylish survival thriller worth watching."<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/varathan/movie-review/65883198.cms|title=Varathan Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Varathan|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''Cinema Express'' wrote "Amal Neerad transplants the story of Sam Peckinpah's ''Straw Dogs'' (1971) to Kerala with most of the brutality removed but none of the tension. This is one blistering and immensely satisfying revenge thriller."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2018/sep/23/varathan-review-a-blistering-and-immensely-satisfying-revenge-thriller-8000.html|title=Varathan Review: A blistering and immensely satisfying revenge thriller|website=Cinemaexpress.xom|date=23 September 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that the first half sets up the creeps admirably, while the second half feels like a squandered opportunity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/varathan-review-fahadh-and-aishwarya-hold-together-uneven-thriller-88752|title='Varathan' review: Fahadh and Aishwarya hold together an uneven thriller|date=21 September 2018|website=Thenewsminute.com|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave 3.25/5 stars and wrote "Varathan is an experience that very few Malayalam films can provide. High-quality making, perfect acting, well-worked screenplay, brilliant background score are not something you see every Friday.".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/malayalam-movies/varathan/varathan-review.html|title=VARATHAN MOVIE REVIEW|website=Behindwoods|date=21 September 2018}}</ref>

===Box office===
On 5 October 2018, the film grossed ₹22 crore worldwide, with ₹18 crore from [[Kerala]] alone. It grossed ₹1.06 crore from [[Bangalore]] in 12 days and became the highest-grossing Malayalam film of that year in Bangalore.<ref name=FPgross>{{cite news|last=M. K.|first=Surendhar|title=Devadas earns Rs 29 cr in four-day opening weekend; Fahadh Faasil's Varathan rakes in record breaking numbers|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/devadas-earns-rs-29-cr-in-four-day-opening-weekend-fahadh-faasils-varathan-rakes-in-record-breaking-numbers-5322471.html|access-date=10 November 2018|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=5 October 2018}}</ref> ''Varathan'' grossed ₹33 crore worldwide at the end of its theatrical run and became a commercial success.<ref name="gross">{{cite news|last=Narayanan|first=Nirmal|title=Mollywood 2018: List of top 5 blockbusters that stormed box office|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mollywood-2018-list-top-5-blockbusters-that-stormed-box-office-788799|access-date=2 March 2019|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=27 December 2018}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| rowspan="7"| [[21st Asianet Film Awards|6{{ndash}}7 April 2019]]
| Best Director
| [[Amal Neerad]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/asianet-film-awards-2019-winners-193934046.html |title=Asianet Film Awards 2019 Winners List: Mohanlal, Manju Warrier, Prithviraj & Others Bag Top Honours! |website=Yahoo! News |date=22 March 2019|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor
| rowspan="2"| [[Fahadh Faasil]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Popular Actor
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress
| rowspan="2"|[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Popular Actress
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative role
| [[Sharaf U Dheen]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Editor
| [[Vivek Harshan]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| 16 February 2019
| Star of the Year
| rowspan="3"| [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-winners-list-ranveer-singh-dhanush-trisha-honoured-photos-videos-792105 |title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2018 winners list: Ranveer Singh, Dhanush and Trisha honoured [Photos + Videos] |website=International Business Times |date=17 February 2019|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[CPC Cine Awards]]
| 17 February 2019
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/cpc-cine-awards-2018-joju-044552549.html |title=CPC Cine Awards 2018: Joju George, Aishwarya Lekshmi & Lijo Jose Pellissery Win Top Honours! |website=Yahoo! News |date=29 January 2019|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="3"| [[66th Filmfare Awards South|21 December 2019]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |website=Filmfare |date=10 December 2019|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam]]
| [[Sharaf U Dheen]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director – Malayalam]]
| [[Sushin Shyam]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="6"| [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|15{{ndash}}16 August 2019]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film – Malayalam]]
| [[Fahadh Faasil|Fahadh Faasil and Friends]] [[Amal Neerad Productions]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-2019-full-nominations-list-out-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-akkineni-and-others-bag-top-honours/455922 |title=SIIMA 2019 FULL nominations list out! Vijay Sethupathi, Samantha Akkineni and others bag top honours |website=Times Now |date=18 July 2019|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big |website=The Indian Express |date=17 August 2019|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director – Malayalam]]
| [[Amal Neerad]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Malayalam|Best Cinematographer – Malayalam]]
| [[Littil Swayamp]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role – Malayalam
| [[Sharaf U Dheen]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director – Malayalam]]
| [[Sushin Shyam]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| 2 March 2019
| Best Actress
| [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/vanitha-film-awards-2019-mohanlal-042849730.html |title=Vanitha Film Awards 2019: Mohanlal, Manju Warrier & Lijo Jose Pellissery Adjudged The Big Winners! |website=Yahoo! Finance |date=23 March 2019|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8188872}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about home invasion]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Amal Neerad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sushin Shyam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:2018 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vagamon]]

Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)

2026-03-03T05:11:19Z

LaverneHenry: updated page

{{short description|1989 film by R. Sundarrajan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rajadhi Raja (1989).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Sundarrajan]]
| screenplay = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| story = R. Sundarrajan
| producer = R. D. Bhaskar
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Nadhiya]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Pavalar Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1989|03|04}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Rajadhi Raja''''' ({{translation|King of Kings}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy]] film directed by [[R. Sundarrajan]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]] in a dual role, with [[Nadhiya]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] portraying his characters' love interests. It revolves around Raja, a rich estate owner's son who seeks to avenge his father's death. He is aided in his quest by Chinnarasu, a lookalike. ''Rajadhi Raja'' was released on 4 March 1989 and became a box office hit.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=December 2021}}
A rich estate owner Vishwanathan is killed by his second wife Sarasu and her brother Aadimoolam for his property. The estate owner's son Rajashekar returns from the United States and learns of this. To bring the culprits to book, he makes his friend Sethupathi, a [[rickshaw]] puller, act as Raja. But soon, Aadimoolam learns of this, kills Sethu and frames Raja as the killer. Raja is sentenced to death. In between, Raja loves Senkamalam, sister of an employee in his estate.

In the same village where Raja lives, there exists his lookalike, Chinnaraasu, whose aim in life is to wed his sweetheart Lakshmi. Raja escapes from jail, meets Chinnaraasu and makes Chinnaraasu take his place in jail. After many twist and turns, Raja brings the culprits to book. At the end, Raja marries Senkamalam and Chinnarasu marries Lakshmi.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Rajashekar & Chinnarasu
*[[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Sengamalam
*[[Nadhiya]] as Lakshmi
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Aadhimoolam
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Nallamuthu Gounder
*[[Janagaraj]] as Sethupathi
*[[Anandaraj]] as Kangeyan
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Vishwanathan
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Sarasu
*[[Dubbing Janaki]] as Chinnarasu’s mother
*[[S. N. Vasanth]] as Kathavarayan
*[[G. Srinivasan (actor)|G. Srinivasan]] as Advocate Chidambaram
*[[Pradeep Shakthi]] as Valparai Varathan
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Hotel servant
*[[Balu Anand]] as Lorry Driver
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[R. Sundarrajan]] initially planned to direct ''[[Amman Kovil Kizhakale]]'' with [[Rajinikanth]] which did not happen. When Sundarrajan met [[Panchu Arunachalam]] who was finding plot for a new project with collaboration of [[S. P. Muthuraman]] and Rajinikanth, he narrated the plotline of ''Rajadhi Raja'' which impressed both Rajinikanth and Arunachalam. Rajinikanth insisted Sundarrajan to direct the film who relented after initial rejections to direct the film.<ref name="av" /> The film was produced under Ilaiyaraaja's brother R. D. Bhaskar under their home banner Pavalar Creations.<ref name="TOI" /> Cinematography was handled by Rajarajan, and editing by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].<ref name="cinemaexpress" />

=== Casting ===
Initially, [[Revathi]] and [[Rupini]] were reported to be the two lead actresses. Due to date clashes, Revathi's role was given to [[Radha]] and Rupini's role to [[Nadhiya]].<ref name="cinemaexpress" /> This was the last film for Radha to act with Rajinikanth and it was the only film for Nadhiya with Rajinikanth.<ref name="TOI" /> [[Radha Ravi]], who portrayed one of the antagonists, initially "approached the role like a serious villain". However, when he was told that his character knows Rajinikanth's real identity, "I decided to play the character like a muff, and when I suggested the idea to director Sundarrajan, he accepted it". Ravi also intentionally mimicked his father [[M. R. Radha]]'s voice and took inspiration from his father's character from the 1961 film ''[[Paava Mannippu]]''.<ref name="TOI" />

=== Filming ===
The song "Vaa Vaa" was initially planned to be shot in Ooty but due to heavy rainfall, the crew decided to shoot the song in Coonoor and again went back to Ooty when it was not raining and completed the remaining shoot.<ref name="av" /> Radha Ravi said Rajinikanth wanted this scene where there will be a snake in the hand, Sundarrajan objected as he felt it was "over the top" but Rajinikanth insisted on this scene because "he liked to have a snake scene in his films for sentimental reasons".<ref name="TOI" /> The filming was completed in 50 days.<ref name="av" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rajadhi Raja
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| released = 1989
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:04
| language = Tamil
| label = {{Ubl|[[Ilaiyaraaja|IMM]]
| [[Pyramid Saimira|Pyramid Music]]}}
| producer =
| chronology = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| prev_title = [[Varusham 16]]
| prev_year = 1989
| next_title = [[Siva (1989 Tamil film)|Siva]]
| next_year = 1989
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|hQ9ylV49FPI|Rajadhi Raja – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajadhi Raja (1989) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000151.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223051456/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000151.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raajadhi Raaja Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/raajadhi-raaja-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216070439/https://mossymart.com/product/raajadhi-raaja-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Malayala Karaiyoram" is set to the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]],{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=141}} "Meenamma Meenamma" is set to [[Sarasangi]],{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=144}} and "Un Nenja Thottu Sollu".{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=163}} The soundtrack became hugely popular and was reportedly sold around 22000 units.<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாரதி |first=திரை |date=2 October 2022 |title=ஆறிலிருந்து எழுபது வரை: ரஜினி சரிதம் - 79 |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/rajini-saritham-79 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130182044/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/rajini-saritham-79 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Meenamma Meenamma
| length1 = 04:38
| lyrics1 = [[Piraisoodan]]
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
| title2 = Maama Un Ponna Kodu
| length2 = 04:25
| lyrics2 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title3 = Malayala Karaiyoram
| length3 = 04:42
| lyrics3 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra3 = Mano
| title4 = Enkitta Mothathe
| length4 = 04:51
| lyrics4 = Ponnadiyan
| extra4 = Mano, K. S. Chitra
| title5 = Un Nenja Thottu Sollu
| note5 = album only
| length5 = 04:38
| lyrics5 = Gangai Amaran
| extra5 = [[P. Susheela]], K. S. Chitra
| title6 = Vaa Vaa Manjal Malare
| length6 = 04:34
| lyrics6 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| extra6 = Mano, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title7 = Ulaga Vaazhkkaiye
| length7 = 00:58
| lyrics7 = Ilaiyaraaja
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title8 = Adi Aathu Kulla Aathimaram
| length8 = 01:18
| lyrics8 = Ilaiyaraaja
| extra8 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| total_length = 30:04
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Rajadhi Raja'' was released on 4 March 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=5 March 2021 |title=Nadiya remembers Rajinikanth's Rajadhi Raja on 32nd anniversary. Throwback pic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nadiya-remembers-rajinikanth-s-rajadhi-raja-on-32nd-anniversary-throwback-pic-1775925-2021-03-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216070028/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nadiya-remembers-rajinikanth-s-rajadhi-raja-on-32nd-anniversary-throwback-pic-1775925-2021-03-05 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 43 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 1989 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: ராஜாதி ராஜா |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/40651--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200621063804/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/40651--2 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |access-date=21 June 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' appreciated Ilaiyaraaja's music, Arunachalam's writing and Rajinikanth's dual role performance, adding, "the film is entertaining despite the abundant cliches and to-the-hilt commercialism".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=17 March 1989 |title=Rajathiraja |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890317&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The song "Enkitta Mothathe" inspired the title of two unrelated films: [[Engitta Mothathay|one in 1990]] also directed by Sundarrajan, and [[Engitta Modhathey|another in 2017]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=ஒரே பாடலில் இரு படங்கள்… பாடலில் பிறந்த படங்களின் வரலாறு |url=https://cinereporters.com/latest-news-two-films-in-one-song-history-of-films-born-in-the-song-cid3335806-htm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514073050/https://cinereporters.com/latest-news-two-films-in-one-song-history-of-films-born-in-the-song-cid3335806-htm/ |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=25 March 2017 |title=Enkitta Mothathe Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/enkitta-mothathe-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230514070558/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/enkitta-mothathe-movie-review |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="av">{{Cite web |last=Guna |first=M. |date=27 March 2019 |title="ஒன்லைன் வாய்ப்பு, ஊட்டி மழை, ரஜினி சொன்ன சஜஷன்!" - ஆர்.சுந்தர்ராஜன் #30YearsOfRajathiraja |trans-title=One-line opportunity, Ooty rainfall, Suggestion given by Rajini – R. Sundarrajan |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/153521-a-special-article-about-rajinis-rajathi-raja-movie.html#cmt-sec |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119142243/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/153521-a-special-article-about-rajinis-rajathi-raja-movie#bypass-sw |archive-date=19 November 2019 |access-date=28 March 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]]}}</ref>
<ref name="cinemaexpress">{{Cite news |title=ராஜாதி ராஜா (1989) |language=ta |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE+(1989)&artid=112086&SectionID=144&MainSectionID=144&SectionName=Fashion&SEO= |url-status=dead |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140929130712/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE+(1989)&artid=112086&SectionID=144&MainSectionID=144&SectionName=Fashion&SEO= |archive-date=29 September 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=4 March 2019 |title=Celebrating 30 years of Raajadhi Raja |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/celebrating-30-years-of-raajadhi-raja/articleshow/68242906.cms |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119141915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//entertainment/tamil/movies/news/celebrating-30-years-of-raajadhi-raja/articleshow/68242906.cms? |archive-date=19 November 2019}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{R. Sundarrajan}}

[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1989 action comedy films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Sundarrajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Paarambariyam

2026-03-03T04:56:29Z

LaverneHenry: quick expanded formatting for consistency and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paarambariyam
| image = Paarambariyam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manobala]]
| story = [[P. Kalaimani]]
| producer = R. Jambunathan
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[B. Saroja Devi]] [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]]
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| editing = V. Jayapal
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Sasivarnam Films
| released = {{Film date|1993|11|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Paarambariyam''''' ({{translation|Tradition}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by [[Manobala]] and produced by R. Jambunathan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2024 |title=நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசனின் நடிப்பு சீக்ரெட்.. அடேங்கப்பா நடிக்கிறதுல இவ்வளவு டெக்னிக் இருக்கா? |url=https://tamilminutes.com/nadigar-thilagam-sivajiganesan-acting-secret-revealed-by-director-manobala/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523111647/https://tamilminutes.com/nadigar-thilagam-sivajiganesan-acting-secret-revealed-by-director-manobala/ |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Tamil Minutes |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]|lang=ta|url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=10301&id1=3&issue=20160411|access-date=23 May 2024|date=11 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523120033/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=10301&id1=3&issue=20160411|archive-date=23 May 2024|title=அப்பா... மகனே... சிவாஜி சென்டிமென்ட்!}}</ref> The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[B. Saroja Devi]] and [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=parambhariyam ( 1993 ) |url=http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=parambhariyam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029132949/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=parambhariyam |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> It was released on 13 November 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசன் அவர்கள் நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814054109/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=281-288 |url=https://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp29.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820123847/https://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp29.htm |archive-date=20 August 2018 |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=April 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Rajamannar
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Meenakshi
*[[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] as Sekar
*[[Nirosha]] as Radha
*[[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]] as Vimala
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Balakrishnan
*[[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as Aandiyappan
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Vadivel
*[[Senthil]] as Broker Kanthasamy
*[[Gandhimathi]]
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of ''Paarambariyam'' was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paarambariam Tamil film LP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/paarambariam-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424145929/https://mossymart.com/product/paarambariam-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1993 |title=Parambariyam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/parambariyam/unPlkeaOjgY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424145923/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/parambariyam/unPlkeaOjgY_ |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> with lyrics written by [[Pulamaipithan]], [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]], Poonguilan and Ilavarasu.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ilam Pookkale
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Rajadhi Raja
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| title3 = Sandhana Kaatru
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| title4 = Enga Ooru Rasa
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Mano, [[Vani Jairam]]
| title5 = Yelapoo
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Vani Jairam
| title6 = Simma Kuralukum
| length6 =
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], P. Susheela
| title7 = Thanga Mugathile
| length7 =
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = Vani Jairam
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Manobala}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manobala]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Estate (2022 film)

2026-03-03T02:40:04Z

LaverneHenry: New A Info

{{Short description|2022 horror drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{No plot|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Estate
| image = Estate (2022 film).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Karthik Vilvakrish
| producer = Venkatesh Vellineni
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ashok Selvan]]
*[[Kalaiyarasan]]
*[[Sunaina]]
*[[Remya Nambeesan]]
}}
| music = Guna Balasubramanian
| cinematography = Ashwanth Rajan Dayal
| editing = Prakash Karunanithi
| studio = Divine Productions
| distributor =
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|12|9}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Estate''''' is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language horror drama film directed by Karthik Vilvakrish. The film stars [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[Sunaina]] and [[Remya Nambeesan]] in the lead roles, with [[Ashok Selvan]] in an extended cameo. It was released on 9 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2022 |title=சுனைனா, ரம்யா நம்பீசன் நடிக்கும் 'எஸ்டேட்': ரன்னிங் டைம், ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/dec/06/sunaina-ramya-nambisan-starrer-estate-running-time-release-date-announced-3962205.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212235705/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/dec/06/sunaina-ramya-nambisan-starrer-estate-running-time-release-date-announced-3962205.html |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=Dinamani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=டிவி |first=தந்தி |date=2 December 2022 |title=அசோக் செல்வன் - கலையரசன் நடிப்பில் 'எஸ்டேட்' - டிசம்பர் 9ம் தேதி தியேட்டர்களில் ரிலீஸ் |url=https://www.thanthitv.com/latest-news/ashok-selvan-kalaiyarasan-starrer-estate-will-release-in-theaters-on-december-9-153032 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212235705/https://www.thanthitv.com/latest-news/ashok-selvan-kalaiyarasan-starrer-estate-will-release-in-theaters-on-december-9-153032 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=www.thanthitv.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
*Durga Venugopal, a journalist in an English media house decides to break into the infamous Covelon Estate with the help of Michael Devaraj. Sub-Inspector Sasi and Dr. Reba enter the estate on the same night.

*The crew went inside the estate where they heard sounds. When they reached the entrance of the house, they saw a person attacking them. In the meantime, the cop and doctor inside were frightened by a small girl. Michael and Durga were separated in the house where they noticed a bloody stain.

==Cast==
*[[Ashok Selvan]] as Micheal Devraj (extended cameo appearance)
*[[Kalaiyarasan]] as Sasi
*[[Sunaina]] as Reba
*[[Remya Nambeesan]] as Durga Venugopal
*[[Daniel Annie Pope]]
*Kiran Konda
*Vijay Vilvakrish
*Raja Divagar
*Arun
*Radhakrishnan

==Production==
The film was shot completely in [[Yercaud]] in an only-night shoot schedule, with scenes filmed in abandoned vintage properties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2022 |title=Kalaiyarasan, Ramya Nambessan and Sunainaa to star in Estate |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/23/kalaiyarasan-ramya-nambessan-and-sunainaa-to-star-in-estate-36960.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212235704/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/23/kalaiyarasan-ramya-nambessan-and-sunainaa-to-star-in-estate-36960.html |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Release and reception==
The film was released across Tamil Nadu on 9 December 2022. A critic from ''[[Times of India]]'' noted it was "a well-staged paranormal thriller let down by a poorly-written climax", adding that "Karthik V gets most of it right and manages to give us an immersive theatrical experience".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Estate Movie Review: A well-staged paranormal thriller let down by a poorly-written climax |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/estate/movie-review/96119138.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214081105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/estate/movie-review/96119138.cms |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Thanthi TV]]'' also gave the film a positive review.<ref>{{Cite web |last=டிவி |first=தந்தி |date=11 December 2022 |title=அசோக் செல்வனின் "ZOMBIE" த்ரில்லர் 'எஸ்டேட்' படம் எப்படி இருக்கு ? |url=https://www.thanthitv.com/movie-review/estate-movie-review-154890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212235706/https://www.thanthitv.com/movie-review/estate-movie-review-154890 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=www.thanthitv.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb title|23804794}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
{{2020s-Tamil-film-stub}}
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Roja Kannan

2026-03-02T00:46:02Z

LaverneHenry: New new entry first draft.

{{Short description|Indian dancer}}
{{Use Indian English |date= March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Roja Kannan
| image = Roja Kannan.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 06 october 1960
| birth_place =
| relatives = [[Palghat Rama Bhagavathar]]<ref name="TH01">{{cite web |last=Saranyan |first=Vidya |date=2013-01-10 |title=Thinking on her feet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-arts/chen-dance/thinking-on-her-feet/article4294288.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2025-02-01}}</ref>
| occupation = dancer, choreographer, teacher
| known_for = [[Bharatanatyam]]
}}
'''Roja Kannan''' (born 1959 or 1960)<ref name="TH01" /> is an Indian dancer specialising in the classical dance form [[Bharatanatyam]].

Kannan trained in Bharatanatyam under the dancers [[Adyar K. Lakshman]] and [[Kalanidhi Narayanan]].<ref name="TH01" /> She performed an [[Arangetram (dance)|arangetram]] in 1972.<ref name="TH01" /> She stopped performing following her marriage.<ref name="TH01" /> This hiatus lasted for 13 years.<ref name="MT01">{{cite web |author= |date=2012-09-21 |title=Dancer Roja Kannan celebrates silver jubilee of her dance academy |url=https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2012/09/dancer-roja-kannan-celebrates-silver-jubilee-of-her-dance-academy/ |publisher=Mylapore Times |access-date=2025-02-01}}</ref>

Kannan founded a dance school, Bharatha Natyalaya, in 1987.<ref name="TH01" /> She was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] for Bharatanatyam for 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Shivani |date=2019-08-15 |title=Tamil Nadu Kalaimamani awards – full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-kalaimamani-awards-full-list-of-winners-5908219/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820051414/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-kalaimamani-awards-full-list-of-winners-5908219/ |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2025-02-01}}</ref>

In 2012 Kannan was based in Alwarpet, Chennai.<ref name="MT01" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://rojakannan.in/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannan, Roja}}
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-dance-stub}}

George Fernandes

2026-02-27T04:03:40Z

LaverneHenry: corrected information for consistency and added references for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian trade unionist and politician (1930–2019)}}
{{for|the American soccer player|George Fernandez}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = George Fernandes
| image = George Fernandes (cropped).jpg
| caption = Fernandes in 2002
| birth_name = George Mathew Fernandes
| birth_date = {{birth date|1930|06|03|df=y}}
| nationality = [[Indian nationality|Indian]]
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|01|29|1930|06|03|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India
| residence = {{ubl|3, Leonard Lane, Richmond Town, [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]}}
| office = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Minister of Defence]]
| term_start = 21 October 2001
| term_end = 22 May 2004
| primeminister = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| predecessor = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| successor = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| term_start1 = 19 March 1998
| term_end1 = 16 March 2001
| primeminister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| successor1 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| office2 = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Minister of Railways]]
| term_start2 = 2 December 1989
| term_end2 = 10 November 1990
| primeminister2 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Madhav Rao Scindia]]
| successor2 = [[Janeshwar Mishra]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]
| parliament3 = Indian
| term_start3 = 4 August 2009
| term_end3 = 7 July 2010
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency6 = [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur, Bihar]]
| term4 = 16 May 2004 — 16 May 2009
| predecessor4 = [[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]]
| successor4 = [[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]]
| term5 = 28 November 1989 — 9 May 1996
| predecessor5 = [[Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi]]
| successor5 = [[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]]
| term6 = 22 March 1977 — 28 December 1984
| predecessor6 = [[Nawal Kishore Sinha]]
| successor6 = [[Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi]]
| constituency7 = [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda, Bihar]]
| term_start7 = 10 May 1996
| term_end7 = 16 May 2004
| predecessor7 = [[Vijay Kumar Yadav (Communist Party politician)|Vijay Kumar Yadav]]
| successor7 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| constituency8 = [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South, Maharashtra]]
| term_start8 = 1967
| term_end8 = 1971
| predecessor8 = [[Sadashiv Kanoji Patil]]
| successor8 = Kailas Narain Narula Shivnarain
| party = {{bulleted list|[[Praja Socialist Party]] (before 1967)|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]] (1967–73)|[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]] (1973–77)|[[Janata Party]] (1977-79)|[[Janata Party (Secular)|Janata Party (S)]] (1979–80)|[[Janata Party]] (1980–88)|[[Janata Dal]] (1988–94)|[[Samata Party]] (1994–2003)|[[Janata Dal (United)|Janata Dal (U)]] (2003–19)}}
| otherparty = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Leila Kabir|1971}}
| children = 1
| website =
| signature = George Fernandes Autograph.svg
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2020) (posthumously)
| source = http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=122&lastls=14
}}
'''George Mathew Fernandes'''<ref>{{harvnb|Reddy|1977|p=144}} "(i) Accused George Mathew Fernandes (hereinafter referred to as George Fernandes) was the former Chairman of the Socialist Party of India and also the President of the All India Railway- men's Federation."</ref> (3 June 1930 – 29 January 2019) was an Indian politician, trade unionist, statesman,<ref>{{cite news|first=Surender|last=Sharma|title=By George! It's out on the street|date=1 July 2010|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/jul/010710-Catfight-George-Fernandes-property-Jaya-Jaitley.htm|work=[[MiD DAY]]|access-date=3 September 2010|quote=As if it had not earned enough bad name and publicity for one of the most veteran politicians and trade unionist George Fernandes, claimants to his legacy slug it out in streets on Wednesday.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916140955/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/jul/010710-Catfight-George-Fernandes-property-Jaya-Jaitley.htm|url-status=live|archive-date=16 September 2012}}</ref> and journalist,<ref name="jr">{{cite web|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13BI34.htm|title=Biographical Sketch (Member of Parliament: 13th Lok Sabha)|access-date=12 September 2010|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812115404/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13BI34.htm|archive-date=12 August 2010}}</ref> who served as the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister of India]] from 1998 until 2004. A veteran socialist, he was a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] for over 30 years, starting from Bombay (present-day Mumbai) in 1967 till 2009 mostly representing [[Electoral district|constituencies]] from Bihar.<ref name="bihargov">{{cite web|url=http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/Content/Government/Government.aspx?u=R6&ln=en|title=Shri George Fernandes General Information|access-date=3 September 2010|publisher=[[Government of Bihar]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722111252/http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/%28S%28oabm5t45q1vrvv3w2vs2afv2%29%29/Content/Government/Government.aspx?u=R6&ln=en|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> He was the leader of the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] and the [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]], a key member of the [[Janata Party]], the [[Janata Party (Secular)]] and the [[Janata Dal (United)|Janata Dal]], and, finally, the founder of the [[Samata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-19|title=Flaming torch a free symbol, EC can allot it to any other party: Delhi HC dismisses Samata Party's appeal|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/flaming-torch-symbol-ec-delhi-hc-dismisses-samata-partys-appeal-8278007/|access-date=2022-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SAMATA PARTY – Official Website|url=https://samataparty.org/|access-date=2022-04-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=manch>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Smita|title=Now a Samata Manch to build anti-Congress platform|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-a-samata-manch-to-build-anticongress-platform/article5265767.ece|access-date=18 May 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226012029/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-a-samata-manch-to-build-anticongress-platform/article5265767.ece|archive-date=26 December 2013}}</ref> Holding several prominent ministerial portfolios during his career, including [[Ministry of Communications (India)|communication]], [[Minister of Commerce and Industry (India)|industry]], [[Minister of Railways (India)|railways]], and [[Ministry of Defence (India)|defence]],<ref name="bbcgr">{{cite news|title=Fernandes: Popular but controversial minister|date=15 March 2001|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1223625.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083254/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1223625.stm|archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> he was posthumously awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian award, in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2021-11-09|title=George Fernandes, Arun Jaitley and Sushma Swaraj conferred Padma awards|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/george-fernandes-arun-jaitley-and-sushma-swaraj-conferred-padma-awards-121110900090_1.html|access-date=2022-10-10|website=business-standard.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/padma-awards-for-george-vashishtha-six-others-from-state/articleshow/73620093.cms|title=Padma awards for George, Vashishtha & six others from state|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 January 2020|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-ministers-arun-jaitley-sushma-swaraj-and-george-fernandes-given-padma-vibhushan/articleshow/73617205.cms|title=Arun Jaitley, Sushma Swaraj, George Fernandes given Padma Vibhushan posthumously. Here's full list of Padma award recipients|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=26 January 2020|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS|url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf|website=padmaawards.gov.in|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>

A native of [[Mangalore]], Fernandes was sent to [[Bangalore]] in 1946 to be trained as a [[Roman Catholic priest|priest]]. In 1949, he moved to [[Bombay]], where he joined the socialist trade union movement. Becoming a trade union leader, Fernandes organised many strikes and ''[[bandh]]s'' in Bombay in the 1950s and 1960s while working with the Indian Railways. He defeated S K Patil of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the 1967 parliamentary elections from the [[Bombay South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bombay South constituency]]. As president of the [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]], he led the [[1974 railway strike in India|1974 railways strike]]. Fernandes went underground during the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency era]] of 1975, while challenging Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] for imposing a state of emergency,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/george-fernandes-socialist-leader-atal-bihar-vajpayee-indira-gandhi-janata-party-emergency/story/1/24642.html|title=Why despite several controversial moves, George Fernandes continues to inspire us|website=dailyo.in}}</ref> but in 1976 he was arrested and tried in the infamous [[Baroda dynamite case]].

In 1977, after the Emergency had been lifted, Fernandes won the [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]] seat in Bihar in absentia. As [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|industries minister]], he revoked the licences for multinationals [[IBM]] and [[Coca-Cola]] to operate in India, due to investment violations. As [[Ministry of Railways (India)|railways minister]] from 1989 to 1990 he was the driving force behind the [[Konkan Railway]] project. As [[Ministry of Defence (India)|defence minister]] in the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[Second Vajpayee ministry|second]] and [[Third Vajpayee ministry|third]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] ministries (1998–2004), he oversaw the outbreak of the [[Kargil War]] and the implementation of [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests at Pokhran]]. Fernandes has been dogged by various controversies, including the [[Barak Missile scandal]] and the [[Operation West End|Tehelka affair]]. George Fernandes won nine Lok Sabha elections from 1967 to 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/The-loneliness-of-George-Fernandes/article16620175.ece|title=The loneliness of George Fernandes|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 April 2009}}</ref> He died on 29 January 2019 at the age of 88.<ref name="TheHindu2019_jan" />

==Early life==
George Fernandes was born on 3 June 1930 to John Joseph Fernandes and Alice Martha Fernandes (''née'' Pinto), in [[Mangalore]] to a [[Mangalorean Catholic]] family.<ref name="daj"/> The eldest of six children, all sons, his siblings are [[Lawrence Fernandes|Lawrence]], [[Michael Fernandes (politician)|Michael]], Paul, Aloysius, and Richard. His mother was a great admirer of King [[George V]] (who was also born on 3 June), hence she named her first son George. His father was employed by the [[Peerless Group|Peerless Finance group]] as an insurance executive, and headed their office of [[South India]] for several years. George was fondly called "Gerry" in close family circles. He attended his first few years of schooling at a government school near his house called "Board school", a municipal school and a church school.<ref name="E TV Kuch lamhe">{{Cite news|title=Kuch lamhe fursat ke – George Fernandes, a life|date=27 March 2015|publisher=E TV}}</ref>

He studied from fifth grade at the school attached to [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College, Mangalore]], where he completed his [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate]] (SSLC).<ref name="daj">{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=24|title=A Knight in Shining Armour (A profile of union defence minister George Fernandes)|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|access-date=1 January 2010|first=Richie|last=Lasrado|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628215852/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=24|archive-date=28 June 2009}}</ref>

In an interview with ''ETV'', Fernandes described his decision to stop studies after matriculation despite his father wishing him to study and become a lawyer.<ref name="E TV Kuch lamhe" /> His premise was that he did not want to become a lawyer and fight cases for his father who often evicted tenants from a patch of land that they owned on the outskirts of Mangalore. He was instead enrolled in a seminary for studies to become a priest.<ref name="E TV Kuch lamhe" /> He went to St Peter's Seminary in Bangalore at the age of 16, to be trained as a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] priest, studying philosophy for two and a half years from 1946 to 1948.<ref name="gfx1">{{harvnb|Fernandes|Mathew|1991|p=xi}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fernandes|Mathew|1991|p=200}}</ref> At the age of 19, he left the seminary due to sheer frustration because he was appalled that the rectors ate better food and sat at higher tables than the seminarians.<ref name="g85">{{harvnb|Ghosh|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TiG-pS2v3N0C&pg=PA85 85]}}</ref> He later confessed that, "I was disillusioned, because there was a lot of difference between precept and practice where the Church was concerned."<ref name="gfx1"/>

Fernandes began work at the age of 19, organising exploited workers in the road transport industry and in the hotels and restaurants in Mangalore.<ref>{{harvnb|Fernandes|Mathew|1991|p=11}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fernandes|Matthew|1991|p=212}}</ref> For some time, he worked as an insurance agent and also tried wholesale businesses of shaving blades.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramagundam|first=Rahul|title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2022|isbn=978-0670092888|pages=77|language=en}}</ref> His first guru was a Mangalorean activist and a freedom fighter [[Ammembala Balappa]] (1922–2014). Balappa identified and groomed a young Fernandes, who had taken refuge at places surrounding [[Nehru Maidan]] in Mangalore city, after being thrown out of the house. Initially, with Balappa's mentorship Fernandes gathered hotel workers and other menial labourers in the city. He was associated with [[Ram Manohar Lohia]]-led [[Praja Socialist Party]] (PSP) in its Mangalore division. Fernandes and few other union workers led Mangalore's earliest labour strikes on behalf of the workers of Canara Public Conveyance (CPC)in 1949. The strike was cracked down as the police resorted to [[lathi charge]]. After the strike, Fernandes came in contact with renowned Bombay-based [[Trade Union]] leader [[Placid D’Mello]] (1919–1958).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/a-fierce-union-leader-who-showed-the-way-to-thousands-of-dock-workers-4533674|title=A fierce union leader who showed the way to thousands of dock workers|access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> Fernandes later left to Bombay in 1950 and faced tremendous hardships. Here again, he became a prodigy of D'Mello, who was handling the arduous Dock unions. After D'Mello's death<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-fate-of-man-the-gradual-decline-of-a-hero-who-once-could-do-no-wrong/cid/621342|title=THE FATE OF MAN – The gradual decline of a hero who once could do no wrong|access-date=5 June 2009}}</ref> in 1958, Fernandes succeeded in managing dock Unions and other major labour force unions in the city that included Taximen unions, textile mills and Mazdoor Unions.

==Career==
===Brief history of participating in elections===
He first contested Lok Sabha election in 1967 as a socialist, and defeated the Congress stalwart Sa Kaa Patil in Bombay in a famous upset, earning the sobriquet 'George the Giant-killer'. He contested from Muzaffarpur, Bihar in 1977 while still in jail as a Janata Party candidate, and won. He was made minister in the first non-Congress govt in India. In 1979, he resigned from : [[Janata Party]], joined Charan Singh's breakaway Janata Party (S), and won again from Muzaffarpur in 1980. In 1984 he fought from Bangalore on Janata Party's ticket but lost to Jaffar Sharif of Congress. He lost a bye-poll from Banka in 1985 and again in 1986. In 1989 and 1991, he shifted back to Bihar and won both times from Muzaffarpur as Janata Dal candidate. In 1994, he left Janata Dal after differences with Lalu Yadav and formed Samata Party which allied with BJP.
In 1996 and 1998 elections, he won from Nalanda as Samata Party candidate. Samata Party merged with Janata Dal (United) and he won again from Nalanda in 1999. In 2004 he won from Muzaffarpur. In 2009 he was denied ticket by his party, contested from Muzaffarpur as an independent and lost. Later he was elected to Rajya Sabha in 2009. In the 2010s he was afflicted for many years with Alzheimer's and died in January 2019.
* Bombay : 1967 (Lost in 1971)
* Muzaffarpur : 1977, 1980, 1989, 1991, 2004. (Lost in 2009 as rebel)
* Bangalore : Lost in 1984<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1984-election-results.html|title=1984 India General (8th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* Banka : Lost bye-polls in 1985 and 1986.
* Nalanda : 1996, 1998, 1999
* Rajya Sabha : 2009

===Life in Mumbai===
After leaving the seminary, Fernandes moved to Bombay in 1949 in search of a job. He went to the office of [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]] in [[Bombay]] and met [[Madhu Dandavate]] to ask him for staying there for some time but was not welcomed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramagundam|first=Rahul|title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2022|isbn=978-0670092888|pages=96|language=en}}</ref> His life was tough in Bombay, and he had to sleep on the streets, until he got a job as a proofreader for [[The Times of India]] newspaper.<ref name="iexp">{{cite news|title=George Fernandes|date=1 January 2001|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/George-Fernandes/Article1-11891.aspx|access-date=3 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019023447/http://www.hindustantimes.com/George-Fernandes/Article1-11891.aspx|archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramagundam|first=Rahul|title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2022|isbn=978-0670092888|pages=97|language=en}}</ref> He relates to the beginning of his career by saying, "When I came to Bombay, I used to sleep on the benches of Chowpatty Sands. In the middle of the night policemen used to come and wake me up and ask me to move on."<ref>{{cite book|title=Himmat, Volume 4|publisher=R. M. Lala|year=1974|page=6}}</ref> He came into contact with veteran union leader [[Placid D’Mello]], and the socialist [[Rammanohar Lohia]], who were the greatest influences on his life.<ref name="iexp"/><ref name="rediff13oct">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/13profc.htm|title=The Vajpayee cabinet: All old timers minus one|access-date=3 September 2010|date=13 October 1999|publisher=[[Rediff]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017225145/http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/13profc.htm|archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref> Later, he joined the socialist trade union movement.<ref name="g85"/> He rose to prominence as a trade unionist and fought for the rights of labourers in small scale service industries such as hotels and restaurants. Emerging as a key figure in the Bombay labour movement in the early 1950s, Fernandes was a central figure in the unionisation of sections of Bombay labour in the 1950s.<ref name="jh">{{harvnb|Hutchison|Brown|Asia Research Centre|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b5Rv196QrowC&pg=PA158 158]}}</ref>

In 1951, Fernandes joined Bombay Dock Worker's Union and worked to revive the publication of a newsletter ''The Dockman.'' When in August 1951, [[Placid D’Mello]] was arrested, he organised foot march of around two-hundred dock workers from [[Bombay]] to [[Poona]] to meet Chief Minister [[Morarji Desai]] for the release of D’Mello.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramagundam|first=Rahul|title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2022|isbn=9780670092888|pages=102|language=en}}</ref> As a labour organiser, he served many prison terms when his workforce engaged in fights with company goons.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/46444.cms?prtpage=1|title=George Fernandes|access-date=8 August 2010|date=27 June 2003|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|quote=In his salad days, he served many prison terms as a labour organiser when his workforce squabbled with hired company thugs.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608155401/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/46444.cms?prtpage=1|archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref> He served as a member of the [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]] from 1961 to 1968. He won in the civic election in 1961 and, until 1968, continuously raised the problems of the exploited workers in the representative body of the metropolis.<ref name="sarma">{{harvnb|Śarmā|1978|p=130}}</ref>

On his first day at [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]], 10 April 1961, he requested that the proceedings to be conducted in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] instead of [[English language]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramagundam|first=Rahul|title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2022|isbn=978-0670092888|pages=125|language=en}}</ref> On 4 April 1963, George was arrested along with Sardar Parsbag Singh and Janardhan Upadhyay under [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962|Defence of India act]] because of their demand to change the taxi fair structure. He was jailed at Nasik Central Jail. On 9 August 1963, [[Madhu Limaye]] along with other trade union leaders organised a big rally in [[Bombay]] for his release. On 13 December 1963, he was released from Nagpur Central Jail.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramagundam|first=Rahul|title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2022|isbn=978-0670092888|pages=133–163|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=George Fernandes vs The State Of Maharashtra on 1 October, 1963|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/274419/}}</ref>

The moment that thrust Fernandes into the limelight was his decision to contest the [[1967 Indian general election|1967 general election]]. He was offered a party ticket for the [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bombay South]] constituency by the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] against the more wellknown [[S. K. Patil]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Bombay. Patil was a seasoned politician, with two decades of experience. Nevertheless, Fernandes won by garnering 48.5 per cent of the votes, thus earning his nickname, "George the Giantkiller". The shocking defeat ended Patil's political career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/02espec1.htm|title=When George Fernandes Humbled the 'king'|last=Pai|first=Rajeev D.|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=2 April 2004|access-date=7 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303034725/http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/02espec1.htm|archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref>

Fernandes emerged as a key leader in the upsurge of strike actions in Bombay during the second half of the 1960s but, by the beginnings of the 1970s, the impetus of his leadership had largely disappeared.<ref name="jh"/> In 1969, he was chosen General Secretary of the Samyukta Socialist Party, and in 1973 became the chairman of the Socialist Party.<ref name="sarma"/> After the 1970s, Fernandes failed to make major inroads in Bombay's growing private-sector industries.<ref name="jh"/>

===1974 railway strike===
The most notable strike organised by Fernandes, when he was President of the [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]], was the All India Railway strike of 1974, where the entire nation was brought to a halt. The strike was the result of grievances by railway workers that had been built up over two decades before the strike. Though there were three Pay commissions between 1947 and 1974, none of them increased the standard of living of the workers.<ref>{{citation|contribution=Railway Workers and Their Unions: Origins of 1974 Indian Railways Strike|title=Economic and Political Weekly (Vol. 24, No. 41)|editor-first=Stephen|editor-last=Sherlock|page=2311|date=14 October 1989}}</ref> In February 1974, the National Coordinating Committee for Railwaymen's Struggle (NCCRS) was formed to bring all the railway unions, the central trade unions and political parties in the Opposition together to prepare for the strike to start on 8 May 1974.<ref name="Chronicle of a strike" /> In Bombay, electricity and transport workers, as well as taxi drivers joined the protests. In [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], Bihar, striking workers and their families squatted on the tracks.<ref name="Chronicle of a strike" /> More than 10,000 workers of the [[Integral Coach Factory]] in [[Madras]] marched to the Southern Railway headquarters to express their solidarity with the striking workers. Similar protests erupted across the country.<ref name="Chronicle of a strike">{{cite magazine|last=Shridhar|first=V.|date=15–28 September 2001|title=Chronicle of a strike|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1819/18190750.htm|url-status=dead|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|volume=18|issue=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527051644/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1819/18190750.htm|archive-date=27 May 2012|access-date=9 August 2010}}</ref>

The strike, which started on 8 May 1974, at the time of economic crisis, provoked strong government reactions and massive arrests.<ref name="et">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Real-and-sham-bandhs/articleshow/6132515.cms|title=Real and sham bandhs|last=Doctor|first=Vikram|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=6 July 2010|access-date=7 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804040955/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Real-and-sham-bandhs/articleshow/6132515.cms|archive-date=4 August 2010}}</ref> According to [[Amnesty International]], 30,000 trade unionists were detained, most held under preventive detention laws. Those arrested included not only members of the strike action committee and trade unionists, but also railwaymen who participated in the strike.<ref name="s74"/> The strike was called off unilaterally on 27 May 1974 by the Action Committee. As explained later by Fernandes, "the strike was called off because those conducting the strike had started speaking in different voices."<ref name="b">{{harvnb|Sharma|1982|p=163}}</ref> Although large number of prisoners were released, among them Fernandes, thousands remained in detention, charged with specific offences.<ref name="s74">{{harvnb|Desai|1986|p=194}}</ref> The strike led to a sense of insecurity and threat that led to [[Indira Gandhi]]'s imposition of the Emergency era in 1975. Previous strikes were aimed at companies or industries, but this strike was aimed at the government and from its ramifications proved to be the most successful of disastrous industrial actions in Indian history.<ref name="et"/>

===Emergency era and union ministry===
{{Main|The Emergency (India)|Baroda dynamite case}}
[[File:George in chains after arrest in 1976.jpg|thumb|right|George Fernandes arrested in the [[Baroda dynamite case]]]]
The reigning Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, declared a [[state of emergency]] on 25 June 1975 due to internal political disturbances. Accordingly, all fundamental rights enjoyed in the [[Indian Constitution]] were suspended. Political dissidents, newspaper reporters, opposition leaders who opposed the emergency were jailed. George Fernandes, along with like-minded leaders, opposed what he saw as a blatant misuse of power.
A day before the emergency George Fernandes had arrived in [[Berhampur City]] in Odisha (on 24 June 1975) and was staying at his father-in-law Humayun Kabir's house on [[Gopalpur-On-Sea]] beach near [[Berhampur City]], Odisha. Humayun Kabir was the education minister in former prime minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet.

George Fernandes' 25 June schedule in Berhampur city was packed. He attended a meeting of the [[Berhampur University]] Employees Association, a meeting with socialist leaders and workers and a gathering of intellectuals in the evening. He was scheduled to attend a meeting of the [[Railways Workers Association of Odisha]] on 26 June in [[Berhampur City]] but before that he hid himself there secretly.
A warrant was issued in Fernandes' name and subsequently he went underground to escape arrest and prosecution. When the police failed to capture him, they arrested and tortured his brother, [[Lawrence Fernandes]], to reveal his brother's whereabouts. [[Snehalata Reddy]], a chronic asthmatic was arrested for being in touch with George Fernandes and, as she was not given adequate care in the prison, died soon after her release.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/26/stories/2003062600230100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 August 2010|title=Memories of another day|date=26 June 2003|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107222440/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/26/stories/2003062600230100.htm|archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>

In July 1975, Fernandes arrived in [[Baroda]]. There, he met Kirit Bhatt, who was president of Baroda Union of Journalists, and Vikram Rao, a staff correspondent of ''[[The Times of India]]'' at Baroda, both who opposed the Emergency. They used to meet and discuss on what could be done to topple the autocratic Indira Gandhi Government. An industrialist friend, [[Viren J. Shah]], managing director of [[Mukand Ltd]]., helped them find contacts for procuring dynamite, used extensively in quarries around [[Halol]] (near Baroda). They aimed at blowing up toilets in government offices and cause explosions near the venue of public meetings to be addressed by Indira Gandhi. The idea was not to injure anybody, but only create a scare. The explosions were to be carried out either late in the night or hours before the public meeting was to begin to avoid injury. A plan was hatched to blow up a dais four hours before Indira Gandhi was to address a meeting in [[Varanasi]]. The conspiracy later came to be known as the infamous [[Baroda dynamite case]].<ref name="baroda">{{cite news|first=Milind|last=Ghatwai|title=Violent protest sans bloodshed against Indira Gandhi's emergency|date=26 June 2000|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000626/ina26016.html|access-date=5 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010223506/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000626/ina26016.html|archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Herdeck|Piramal|1985|p=58}}</ref>

According to Bhatt, there were two more plans that never worked out. Fernandes also wanted to rob a train used to carry weapons from [[Pimpri]] (near [[Pune|Poona]]) to Bombay. The weapons were to be used to blast government offices. Yet another plan was to take the help of other countries by using [[ham radio]].<ref name="baroda"/>

On 10 June 1976, he was finally arrested in [[Calcutta]] on charges of smuggling dynamite to blow up government establishments in protest against the imposition of emergency, in what came to be known as the Baroda dynamite case.<ref name="ee">{{harvnb|Sahasrabuddhe|Vajpayee|1991|p=537}}</ref> After his arrest, Amnesty International members cabled the Government requesting that he be given immediate access to a lawyer and that his physical protection be guaranteed.<ref>{{harvnb|Desai|1986|p=204}}</ref> Three world leaders from Germany, Norway and Austria were believed to have cabled Indira Gandhi and cautioned her against harming Fernandes.<ref name="daj"/> From Baroda, the accused were shifted to [[Tihar Jail]]. The accused were never chargesheeted.<ref name="baroda"/>

====Union Minister and Muzaffarpur MP post-1977====
After the emergency was lifted, elections were held in India from 16 to 20 March 1977. The Congress Party, led by Indira Gandhi, suffered a defeat at the hands of the [[Janata Party]], a coalition created in 1977 out of several small parties that opposed Gandhi's Emergency era.<ref>{{harvnb|Gort|Jansen|Vroom|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6xTC8ub8RN8C&pg=PA246 246]}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Joseph|Krieger|Kesselman|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x88s2oMsLkcC&pg=PA298 298]}}</ref> The Janata Party and its allies came to power, headed by [[Morarji Desai]], who became the first non-Congress [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl1416/14160180.htm|title=The Opposition and the Left|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|first=E. m. s.|last=Namboodiripad|access-date=9 August 2010|volume=14|issue=16|date=9–22 August 1997|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003805/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1416/14160180.htm|archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> Fernandes won the [[Muzaffarpur]] seat in Bihar by an over 300,000 vote margin in 1977 from jail where he was lodged in the Baroda dynamite case,<ref name="ou">{{cite magazine|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?657225|title=George Fernandes Files Nomination as Independent|access-date=8 August 2010|date=1 April 2009|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331213629/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?657225|archive-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> despite his not even visiting the constituency.<ref name="rediff13oct" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mintonsunday.livemint.com/news/george-fernandes-rebel-without-a-pause/2.3.3199867612.html|title=GEORGE FERNANDES: REBEL WITHOUT A PAUSE|date=20 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926163812/http://mintonsunday.livemint.com/news/george-fernandes-rebel-without-a-pause/2.3.3199867612.html|archive-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>

On 28 March 1977, he was appointed Minister of Post and Telegraph.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Ramagundam|first=Rahul|title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2022|isbn=978-0670092888|pages=343|language=en}}</ref> In his speech, on 31 March 1977, in [[Lok Sabha]], he emphasised on expanding postal services to rural areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=31 March 1977|title=Statement of some aspects of Postal and Telecommunications Service|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/836324|access-date=10 March 2023|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Dinendra Nath |last2=Fernandes |first2=George }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> On 7 July 1977, he was appointed the Union Minister for Industries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 July 1977|title=Change in Portfolios|url=https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_2639.pdf|website=Cabinet Secretariat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramagundam|first=Rahul|title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2022|isbn=978-0670092888|pages=345|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1622/16221030.htm|title=The meaning of George Fernandes|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|first=Noorani|last=A. G.|access-date=9 August 2010|volume=16|issue=22|date=23 October – 5 November 1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219012746/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1622/16221030.htm|archive-date=19 February 2005}}</ref> During his union ministership, he clashed with American multinationals [[IBM]] and [[Coca-Cola]] insisting they implement FERA, the [[Foreign Exchange Regulation Act]], which had been passed under Indira Gandhi's government. Under the FERA, foreign investors could not own more than 40 per cent of the share capital in Indian enterprises. The two multinationals decided to shut down their Indian operations, when Fernandes pressed ahead with rigid enforcement of FERA.<ref>{{harvnb|Kux|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zcylFXH9_z8C&pg=PA363 363]}}</ref> On 1 May 1978, he launched District Industrial Centre to provide employment in rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From the archives: George Fernandes, the minister who was ready to resign from his own govt for railway workers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19790615-george-fernandes-criticizes-his-own-govt-threatens-to-resign-on-bonus-issue-822122-2014-02-28|access-date=2023-03-09|website=India Today|date=28 February 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramagundam|first=Rahul|title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2022|isbn=978-0670092888|pages=349|language=en}}</ref>

During his first tenure as MP, Fernandes set up a [[Doordarshan]] Kendra (1978), [[Kanti Thermal Power Station]] (1978) and the [[Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad|Lijjat papad]] factory to generate employment in [[Muzaffarpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140507/jsp/bihar/story_18316116.jsp#.Vhkw6-yqqko|title=Leading by example|last=Singh|first=Shambhavi|work=The Telegraph|date=7 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212857/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140507/jsp/bihar/story_18316116.jsp#.Vhkw6-yqqko|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/key-contests-george-fernandes-vs-bhagwan-l-sahni-104042301068_1.html|title=Key Contests: George Fernandes vs Bhagwan L Sahni|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=23 April 2004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820015421/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/key-contests-george-fernandes-vs-bhagwan-l-sahni-104042301068_1.html|archive-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> Fernandes also insisted on women's empowerment. In November 2014, Kanti Thermal Power Station was renamed as George Fernandes Thermal Power Station (GFTPS).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Kantis-110MW-second-unit-starts-power-generation/articleshow/45161837.cms|title=Kanti's 110MW second unit starts power generation|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806145121/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Patna/Kantis-110MW-second-unit-starts-power-generation/articleshow/45161837.cms|archive-date=6 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141117/jsp/bihar/story_19048394.jsp#.VhkygOyqqko|title=Nitish vocal tonic to counter BJP claims|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002173448/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141117/jsp/bihar/story_19048394.jsp#.VhkygOyqqko|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

In November 1978, he sent his resignation letter to Desai to work for the organization of [[Janata Party]], which was rejected.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramagundam|first=Rahul|title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2022|isbn=978-0670092888|pages=362|language=en}}</ref> On 12 July 1979, speaking on [[Motion of no confidence]] brought by [[Yashwantrao Chavan]], George Fernandes defended [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|Morarji Desai]]'s government.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1979|title=Motion of No-Confidence in the Council of Ministers|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/839071|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library|last1=Kidwai|first1=Mohsina|last2=Hegde|first2=K. S.|last3=Gopal (Karur)|first3=K.|last4=Roy|first4=Saugata|last5=Purushottam|first5=Vasant Sathe|last6=Stephen|first6=C. M.|last7=Chavan|first7=Yashwantrao Balwantrao|last8=Bhattacharya|first8=Dinendra Nath|last9=Fernandes|first9=George |last10=Subramaniam |first10=C.|last11=Singh|first11=Chandra Shekhar|last12=Dubey|first12=Yadavendra Dutt|last13=Narayan|first13=A. R. Badri|last14=Sangma|first14=Purno Agitok|last15=Mohanrangam|first15=R.|last16=Murahari|first16=Godey|last17=Bhan|first17=Suraj|last18=Bagri|first18=Mani Ram|last19=Mohanarangam|first19=Ragavalu |last20=Pajanor |first20=Aravinda Bala|last21=Dutt|first21=Ashok Krishna|last22=Jain|first22=Kalyan|last23=Nahata|first23=Amrit|last24=Singh|first24=Ram Avdhesh|last25=Bosu|first25=Jyotirmoy|last26=Krishnan|first26=Parvathi|last27=Chandrappan|first27=C. K.|last28=Mandal|first28=Bindhyeshwari Prasad}}</ref><ref name="Ramagundam 2022 365">{{Cite book|last=Ramagundam|first=Rahul|title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2022|isbn=978-0670092888|pages=365|language=en}}</ref> But on 15 July 1979, George along with other ministers like [[Biju Patnaik]], [[Purushottam Kaushik]], [[Bhanu Pratap Singh]] resigned from Desai's cabinet.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grover|first=Verinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsoxXeEH_6IC|title=Pressure Groups and Politics of Influence, Volume 8|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|year=1997|isbn=81-7100-881-X|pages=574|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ananth|first=V. Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics|publisher=Pearson India|year=2010|isbn=978-8131734650|pages=231}}</ref><ref name="Ramagundam 2022 365"/>

===Party memberships and railway ministry===
[[File:Vladimir Putin with George Fernades-1.jpg|thumb|left|Fernandes (''left'') with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2000]]
During his tenure as a minister in the Janata Party, he continued to be uncomfortable with certain elements of the broad-based Janata coalition, especially with the leaders of the erstwhile [[Hindu nationalist]] [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]] in the [[Union Cabinet of India|Union Cabinet]]. In a debate preceding a [[vote of confidence]] two years into the government's tenure in 1979, he vehemently spoke out against the practice of permitting members to retain connections to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) while being in the ministry in the Janata Party. The leaders of the Bharatiya Jan Sangh, among them [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[Lal Krishna Advani]], refused to give up their allegiance with the RSS, leading to a split within the Janata Party. The issue of "dual membership" caused [[Morarji Desai]] to lose the vote of confidence, and his government was reduced to a minority in the ''Lok Sabha''.<ref>{{harvnb|Thakurta|Raghuraman|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=laHQHBGC6P4C&pg=PA313 313]}}</ref> After the Janata Party started disintegrating in 1979, [[Charan Singh]] left it to form the Janata (Secular) Party and with support from the Congress Party, replaced Desai as prime minister.<ref name="charan">{{harvnb|Gupta|2003|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9dDH9q7nVQ8C&pg=PA135 134–135]}}</ref>

In the [[7th Lok Sabha|seventh general elections]] held in 1980, the Janata (Secular) ministry failed to maintain a majority in the ''Lok Sabha'', and Congress once again became the ruling party.<ref name="charan"/> Fernandes retained his Parliamentary seat from Muzaffarpur in 1980, and sat in the opposition.<ref name="nan">{{cite news|title=Nalanda's despair is Muzaffarpur's delight|date=1 April 2004|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040402/election.htm#3|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=4 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323102226/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040402/election.htm#3|archive-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> He contested for the ''[[8th Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha]]'' in 1984 from [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]] constituency against future [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway minister]] and Congress candidate [[C. K. Jaffer Sheriff]], but lost the election by a margin of 40,000 votes.<ref>{{cite book|title=George Fernandes death: Former Defence Minister: Latest News|year=1984|publisher=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party (India)]]|page=144|quote=The outstanding win for the Congress (I) came in the Bangalore North constituency where the Union minister, Jaffer Sharief, defeated the Janata Party general secretary, George Fernandes, by a margin of 40,000 votes.}}</ref> He then decided to shift his base to Bihar in 1989, when an anti-Congress wave was sweeping the country in the wake of the [[Bofors scandal]],<ref name="ou"/> and won Muzaffarpur in the [[9th Lok Sabha|1989]] and [[10th Lok Sabha|1991]] general elections,<ref name="nan"/> He later joined the [[Janata Dal]], a party which was formed from the Janata Party at [[Bangalore]] in August 1988.<ref>{{harvnb|Fernandes|Mathew|1991|p=317}}</ref> His second tenure as Minister of Railways in the [[V. P. Singh]]'s government from 1989 to 1990, though short-lived, was quite eventful.<ref name="bihargov"/> He was one of the driving forces behind the [[Konkan Railway]] project, the first major development in the [[Rail transport in India#History]] since independence.<ref>{{harvnb|Ranade|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cGSKjaym3TcC&pg=PR5 5]}}</ref>

Fernandes broke away from the erstwhile Janata Dal and formed the [[Samata Party]] in 1994,<ref name="sam">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/86843/|title=Janata Dal: ...Make, break, make break...|access-date=1 September 2010|last=Kaushal|first=Pradeep|date=29 January 2006|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|quote=In 1994, Fernandes and Nitish Kumar broke away, floated the Samata Party.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708111952/http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/86843/|archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> which became a key ally of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite book|first=A.H|last=Advani|title=Business India, Issues 674–679|year=2004|page=40|quote=The bjp's key ally, Samata Party, is in a total disarray in Bihar as of now.}}</ref> BJP formed a short-lived government in the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 general elections]] along with the Samata Party and other allies. The government survived only for 13 days, since the BJP could not gather enough support from other parties to form a majority.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423008300400.htm|title=The New Power Centres|access-date=10 September 2010|last=Hasan|first=Zoya|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|volume=21|issue=8|date=10–23 April 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103054805/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423008300400.htm|archive-date=3 January 2008}}</ref><ref name="Vajapayee">{{cite news|title=Hindu Nationalist Cabinet Quits in India as Defeat Looms|last=Burns|first=John F.|author-link=John F. Burns|work=The New York Times|date=29 May 1996|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/29/world/hindu-nationalist-cabinet-quits-in-india-as-defeat-looms.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=7 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511210542/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/29/world/hindu-nationalist-cabinet-quits-in-india-as-defeat-looms.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> Fernandes later served in the opposition along with BJP during the two [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] governments (1996–1998) led by [[Janata Dal]] ministers [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[Inder Kumar Gujral]].<ref name = "Vajapayee"/> After the collapse of the United Front ministry led by Gujral, BJP and its allies won a slender majority in the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general elections]]. The government lasted only for 13 months, due to the non-co-operation of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) leader [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rana|2000|p=50}}</ref>

After the collapse of the second BJP-led coalition government, BJP and its allies formed a 24 party alliance called [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), which became the first non-Congress coalition government in post-independence India to survive a full five-year term (1999–2004).<ref>{{harvnb|Hardgrave|Kochanek|2007|p=262}}</ref> Later, Fernandes became the convenor of NDA.<ref>{{cite news|first=Shekhar|last=Iyer|title=Sharad takes over from 'ill' George as NDA convenor|date=15 December 2008|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Sharad-takes-over-from-ill-George-as-NDA-convenor/Article1-358088.aspx|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=10 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019024631/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Sharad-takes-over-from-ill-George-as-NDA-convenor/Article1-358088.aspx|archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> On 27 July 1999, the Janata Dal again split into two factions, the [[Janata Dal (United)]] and the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rana|2000|p=63}}, "On 27 July 1999 the JD again split into two factions – JD (United) headed by Sharad Yadav and JD (Secular) headed by Deve Gowda. Its earlier two factions the Samata and the Lok Shakti agreed to unite under one umbrella JD(U)."</ref> In 2003, Fernandes reunited with the Janata Dal (United), and also merged his [[Samata Party]] with it.<ref name="sam"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Gargi|last=Parsai|title=Fernandes to head Janata Dal (United)|date=31 October 2003|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/10/31/stories/2003103104371100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 September 2010|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034133/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/10/31/stories/2003103104371100.htm|archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref>

===Defence minister===
{{main|Kargil War|Pokhran-II}}
[[File:George Fernandes and Donald Rumsfeld.jpg|thumb|right|Fernandes (''left'') with [[United States Secretary of Defense|US Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] in 2002]]
Fernandes served as the [[Defence Minister of India]] in both the first and second [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] governments (1998–2004). During his tenure as the defence minister, the [[Kargil war]] over [[Kashmir]] broke out between India and Pakistan in 1999. The war began when heavily armed Pakistan-backed intruders dug themselves in at heights of {{Convert|16000|ft|m}} – {{Convert|18000|ft|m}} on the Indian side of the [[Line of Control]] (LOC) along an {{convert|80|km|mi}} stretch north of [[Kargil district|Kargil]]. They began attacking the [[National Highway 1D (India)|strategic highway]] linking [[Srinagar]] and [[Leh]]. As a result, the [[Indian army]] undertook the [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] to push back the Pakistani intruders and regain the occupied territories.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Joshi|first1=Manoj|last2=Baweja|first2=Harinder|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/07061999/cover.html|title=Kargil War (Blasting Peace)|access-date=11 September 2010|magazine=[[India Today]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122083042/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/07061999/cover.html|archive-date=22 November 2008}}</ref> The inability of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Indian intelligence]] and military agencies to detect the infiltration early received criticism, both by the opposition as well as the media. However, Fernandes refused to acknowledge the [[intelligence failure|failure]] of intelligence agencies in detecting infiltration along Kargil sector.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fernandes again denies intelligence failure|date=18 July 1999|publisher=[[Rediff]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/18fern.htm|access-date=11 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024081523/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/18fern.htm|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref>

In May 1998, India conducted five nuclear tests at the [[Pokhran|Pokharan]] range in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Anita|last=Pratap|title=India releases pictures of nuclear tests|date=17 May 1998|publisher=CNN|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/17/india.nuke.tests/|access-date=12 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022040000/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/17/india.nuke.tests/|archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> Earlier a staunch supporter of [[nuclear disarmament]], Fernandes openly endorsed the NDA government's decision to test the nuclear bombs.<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2002|p=528}} "Twenty years later, in 1998, Fernandes—a long-time campaigner for nuclear disarmament—warmly defended India's nuclear testing initiative while serving as Minister of Defence in the BJP Government headed by A. B. Vajpayee."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fernandes|Mathew|1991|p=363}}, "The nations of the world, both nuclear and non-nuclear, must be told in no uncertain terms that India stands for total nuclear disarmament, and the only way to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons is to ban them once and for all."</ref> He was also involved in skirmishes with the then [[Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy]], [[Vishnu Bhagwat]], over promotion of Vice-Admiral Harinder Singh as Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. Bhagwat was subsequently sacked over the issue.<ref>{{cite news|title=Navy chief Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat sacked; wife blames 'communal politics'|date=30 December 1998|publisher=[[Rediff]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/30navy.htm|access-date=12 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222121505/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/30navy.htm|archive-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> After the [[Operation West End|Tehelka defence scandal]] broke out in March 2001, Fernandes quit as defence minister, but was reappointed to the post later.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl1822/18220230.htm|title=The return of Fernandes|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|first=V.|last=Venkatesan|access-date=9 August 2010|volume=18|issue=22|date=27 October – 9 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219235200/http://flonnet.com/fl1822/18220230.htm|archive-date=19 February 2010}}</ref> Fernandes is the only defence minister of a nuclear power who had a picture of [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Hiroshima bombing]] in his office. He made 18 visits to the icy heights of the {{convert|6600|m|mi}} [[Siachen]] glacier in Kashmir, which holds the record of being "the world's highest battlefield".<ref name="bbcgr"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Unusual-places-netas-love-to-visit/articleshow/29621674.cms|title=Unusual places netas love to visit – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="main">{{cite magazine|first=Tim|last=McGirk|author2=Rahman, Maseeh|title=Who Would Have Guessed?|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1998/981130/fernandes1.html|access-date=3 September 2010|date=30 November 1998|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522104941/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1998/981130/fernandes1.html|archive-date=22 May 2009}}</ref> He was known for overseeing a huge increase in India's defence budget as compared to the allocations made by previous governments.<ref name="bbcgr"/>

===After the defence ministership===
The NDA Government lost power to the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) in the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general elections]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Arvind|last=Lavakare|title=Why the NDA lost|date=9 June 2004|publisher=[[Rediff]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/08arvind.htm|access-date=11 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816005257/http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/08arvind.htm|archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref>

Later, political observers alleged that Fernandes was locked in a bitter party rivalry with his one-time friend, Samata Party co-founder, [[Nitish Kumar]].<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Amarnath|last=Tewary|title=George, Derailed|date=20 January 2003|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218639|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=11 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027075330/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218639|archive-date=27 October 2010}}</ref> In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]], he contested from Muzaffarpur as an independent candidate after being denied a ticket by the Janata Dal (United) on health grounds,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=George Fernandes Files Nomination as Independent|date=1 April 2009|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=657225|access-date=11 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331213629/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=657225|archive-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> but he lost the election.<ref>{{cite news|first=Priti Nath|last=Jha|title=George Fernandes loses security deposit|date=17 May 2009|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-17/patna/28187807_1_security-deposit-george-fernandes-muzaffarpur-lok-sabha-seat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 September 2010|quote=George Fernandes, who contested the Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha seat as an Independent candidate, lost the election as well as his security deposit marking an end to his 32-year-long political association with Muzaffarpur.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093652/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-17/patna/28187807_1_security-deposit-george-fernandes-muzaffarpur-lok-sabha-seat|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> On 30 July 2009, Fernandes filed his nomination as an independent candidate for the mid-term poll being held for the Rajya Sabha seat vacated by Janata Dal (United) president [[Sharad Yadav]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Anand Mohan|last=Sahay|title=Fernandes files nomination for RS by poll as JD-U candidate|date=30 July 2009|publisher=[[Rediff]]|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/30/fernandes-files-nomination-for-rs-by-poll.htm|access-date=11 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802094756/http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/30/fernandes-files-nomination-for-rs-by-poll.htm|archive-date=2 August 2009}}</ref> The Janata Dal (United) did not field any candidate against him, which led to his being elected unopposed. He was sworn in on 4 August 2009.<ref>{{cite news|first=Vandita|last=Mishra|title=Leila and George|date=9 August 2009|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/leila-and-george/499723/|access-date=11 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320032328/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/leila-and-george/499723|archive-date=20 March 2013}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Support to secessionist groups in Sri Lanka===
Fernandes supported and endorsed many secessionist movements and groups. He was a long time supporter of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE), an organisation which sought to create an independent state in the north and east of Sri Lanka.<ref name="LTTEflirtation" /> Before 1997, he organised a controversial public convention of pro-LTTE delegates in New Delhi.<ref name="LTTEflirtation" /> In July 1998, he reportedly prevented the [[Indian Navy]] from intercepting ships that were suspected of carrying illegal weapons to Tamil guerrilla groups.<ref name="LTTEflirtation" /> Fernandes was also a patron of the Fund Raising Committee backed by the LTTE, with an objective to help the 26 accused in the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi assassination case]].<ref name="LTTEflirtation" /> The [[Sri Lankan government]] stated that, "the LTTE's biggest supporter in India is Defence Minister George Fernandes."<ref name="LTTEflirtation">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/07spec.htm|title=Fernandes's flirtation with the LTTE is ominous for Sri Lanka|date=7 December 2000|access-date=13 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024152301/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/07spec.htm|archive-date=24 October 2012|url-status=dead|publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> He also expressed support for Tibetan refugees fighting for freedom against China, and Burmese pro-democratic rebel groups fighting against the military government in [[Myanmar]].<ref name="rediffMandalay">{{cite news|title=The rocky road to Mandalay|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/19burma.htm|access-date=29 January 2019|publisher=Rediff news|date=19 February 2001}}</ref>

He revealed the infamous "[[Operation Leech]]" incident, which resulted in the capture of Arakan Army insurgents in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. He also fought for the welfare and release of anti-Burmese rebels held by the Indian Government.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?209239|title=George Catches A Chill|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=17 April 2000|access-date=3 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118121929/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?209239|archive-date=18 November 2010}}</ref>

===CIA funding===
{{main|Kissinger cables}}
During the Emergency, as chairman of the [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party of India]], he faced prosecution for alleged conspiracy against the government of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="CIAfunding" /> He allegedly sought to obtain funding from the US [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and the [[French government]] to organise underground sabotage activities. US diplomatic cables said that after an initial request to seek funding from the French government was turned down, he was "prepared to accept money from the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]".<ref name="CIAfunding">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fernandes-sought-cia-funding-during-emergency/article4592097.ece|title=Fernandes 'sought CIA funding' during Emergency|work='The Hindu|date=8 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731092235/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fernandes-sought-cia-funding-during-emergency/article4592097.ece|archive-date=31 July 2013|url-status=live|access-date=5 August 2013|last1=George|first1=P. J.}}</ref>

===Tehelka scandal===
{{main|Operation West End}}
Fernandes' name figured prominently in [[Operation West End]], a [[sting operation]] in which journalist [[Mathew Samuel]], armed with hidden cameras, from a controversial investigative journal, [[Tehelka]], posing as representatives of a fictitious arms company, appeared to bribe the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] President, [[Bangaru Laxman]], a senior officer in the [[Indian Army]] and [[Jaya Jaitly]], the General Secretary of the [[Samata Party]] and Fernandes' companion.<ref name=NYTDugger3>{{cite news|title=India's Top Party Chief Resigns After Tape Hints He Took Bribe|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/14/world/india-s-top-party-chief-resigns-after-tape-hints-he-took-bribe.html|access-date=24 November 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=14 March 2001|author=Celia W. Dugger}}</ref>

The scandal caused uproar all over India and Fernandes was forced to resign from his post as Defence Minister. He was subsequently cleared by the one man commission headed by retired Justice Phukan. The Phukan Committee Report was rejected by the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) Government headed by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and a new committee headed by Justice K Venkataswami was appointed. The Committee investigated the case in detail, but Justice Venkataswami resigned before submitting the report in the case.<ref name="outlookindia2002">{{cite news|title=Justice Denied|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/justice-denied/218269|access-date=29 January 2019|publisher=outlookindia|date=9 December 2002}}</ref>

===Barak Missile scandal===
{{Main|Barak Missile scandal}}
On 10 October 2006, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) registered a [[First information report]] (FIR) against Fernandes, his associate Jaya Jaitly, and former navy chief [[Admiral Sushil Kumar]] for alleged irregularities in purchasing the {{INRConvert|7|b}} [[Barak 1]] system from Israel in 2000.<ref name="CBI"/> Fernandes, however, said that the scientific adviser to the Defence Minister in [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) Government (1998–2004), who later became the [[president of India]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], had cleared the missile deal.<ref name="CBI">{{cite news|title=CBI names George Fernandes in arms scandal|date=10 October 2006|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-10-10/india/27794167_1_barak-deal-missile-system-admiral-sushil-kumar|access-date=7 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017232715/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-10-10/india/27794167_1_barak-deal-missile-system-admiral-sushil-kumar|archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref>

===As defence minister===
Following the Pokhran nuclear tests in 1998, he openly branded China as "India's enemy number one".<ref name="conbbc">{{cite news|first=Vijay|last=Rana|title=China and India's mutual distrust|date=21 April 2003|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2964195.stm|publisher=BBC News|access-date=11 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415151908/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2964195.stm|archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref> He later expressed regret for his statements, saying it was wrongly interpreted by the media.<ref name="bbcgr"/><ref name="main"/> He has also criticised China for providing sophisticated weapons to Pakistan to build its missiles, and has rapped the Chinese for strengthening their military across the [[Himalayas]] in Tibet.<ref name="main"/>

Fernandes has claimed that he was [[strip search]]ed twice at [[Dulles Airport]] in the US Capital area, when he was defence minister—once on an official visit to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] in early 2002 and another time while en route to Brazil in mid-2003. The details of the strip-search were mentioned in American foreign policy analyst [[Strobe Talbott]]'s book ''Engaging India – Diplomacy, Democracy and the Bomb''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fernandes strip-searched twice during visit to US: Talbott|date=10 July 2004|publisher=[[Rediff]]|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/jul/10strobe1.htm|access-date=12 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925004715/http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/jul/10strobe1.htm|archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> However, the [[US embassy]] in [[Delhi]] issued a formal denial that Fernandes had been strip-searched,<ref>{{cite news|title=US apologises over body search|date=14 July 2004|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3892657.stm|access-date=12 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705134232/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3892657.stm|archive-date=5 July 2010}}</ref> and said that, "Fernandes was not strip-searched but a [[security wand]] was waved over him when a key in his pocket set off the metal detector."<ref name="defr"/> Subsequently, the then [[United States Deputy Secretary of State]], [[Richard Armitage (politician)|Richard Armitage]], personally apologised to Fernandes over the matter.<ref name="defr">{{cite news|title=Strip-search incident: Armitage apologises|date=14 July 2004|publisher=[[Rediff]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jul/14strip.htm|access-date=12 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024123419/http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jul/14strip.htm|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> This was one in a series of incidents involving the [[detention and search of Indian VIPs at US airports]] that marred Indian–US relations post 9/11.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/airport-detention-srk-in-company-of-kalam-and-fernandes/article3310624.ece|title=Airport detention: SRK in company of Kalam and Fernandes|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 April 2012|access-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219111302/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/airport-detention-srk-in-company-of-kalam-and-fernandes/article3310624.ece|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref>

He was accused in the 2002 coffin scam, following allegations that 500 poor quality aluminium caskets were bought from the United States at rates 13 times more than the actual price, to transport the bodies of slain soldiers, after the Kargil War.<ref>{{cite news|title=CBI files chargesheet in Kargil coffin scam|date=22 August 2009|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-22/india/28157558_1_cbi-files-chargesheet-kargil-war-coffin-scam|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301030432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-22/india/28157558_1_cbi-files-chargesheet-kargil-war-coffin-scam|archive-date=1 March 2012}}</ref> However, the CBI gave a clean sheet to Fernandes in the scam in its 2009 charge sheet.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sumon|last=Chakrabarti|title=Fernandes gets clean chit in Kargil coffin scam|date=22 August 2009|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/fernandes-gets-clean-chit-in-kargil-coffin-scam/99725-3.html|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=12 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311233249/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/fernandes-gets-clean-chit-in-kargil-coffin-scam/99725-3.html|archive-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Positions held
|-
! Position !! Duration
|-
| Member, Standing [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development]] || 5 Aug. 2007
|-
| Member, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]] ||
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Member, 14th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 2004 (9th term)
|-
| [[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Defence]] || 15 Oct. 2001 – May 2004
|-
| Member, General Purposes [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] ||
|-
| [[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Defence]] || 13 Oct. 1999 – 16 March 2001
|-
| [[Janata Dal (United)|Leader, Janata Dal (U), Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha]] ||
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Member, 13th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 1999 (8th term)
|-
| Member, General Purposes [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] ||
|-
| [[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Defence]] || 1998–1999
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Member, 12th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 1998 (7th term)
|-
| Member, Consultative [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]], [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] ||
|-
| Member, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]] || 1996–1997
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Member, 11th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 1996 (6th term)
|-
| [[Samata Party|President, Samata Party]] || 1994 onwards
|-
| Member, Consultative [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]], [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] ||
|-
| Member, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]] || 1993–1996
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Member, 10th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 1991 (5th term)
|-
| Member, Railway Convention [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] || 1990–1991
|-
| [[Kashmir|Minister of Kashmir Affairs (Additional charge)]] || March–May 1990
|-
| [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Railways]] || 1989–1990
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Member, 9th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 1989 (4th term)
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Member, 7th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 1980 (3rd term)
|-
| [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Industry]] || 1977–1979
|-
| [[Minister of Communications (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Communications]] || March–July 1977
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Member, 6th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 1977 (2nd term)
|-
| [[All India Railwaymen's Federation|President, All India Railwaymen's Federation]] ||
|-
| [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Chairman, Socialist Party]] || 1973–1977
|-
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party|General Secretary, Samyukta Socialist Party]] || 1969–1973
|-
| Member, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on Petitions || 1967–1970
|-
| [[4th Lok Sabha|Member, 4th Lok Sabha]] || Elected in 1967
|}

==Writings, journalism and other contributions==
{{Further|topic=the biographical book|The Life and Times of George Fernandes}}
Fernandes liked writing and journalism in his student days. He was the editor of a [[Konkani language]] monthly ''Konkani Yuvak'' (Konkani Youth) in 1949. The same year, he was the editor of the ''Raithavani'' weekly in [[Kannada language|Kannada]].<ref name="journalism">{{harvnb|Śarmā|1978|p=131}}</ref> The ''Dockman'' weekly in English, which had ceased publication, reappeared under the editorship of Fernandes in 1952–53.<ref>{{harvnb|Bogaert|1970|p=37}}</ref> Though not a prolific writer, Fernandes wrote several books on politics including ''What Ails the Socialists'' (1972),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fernandes|first1=George|title=What Ails the Socialists|date=1972|publisher=New Society Publications; distributors: Sindhu Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3eD0DKynAwC|access-date=29 January 2019|language=en}}</ref> ''Socialist Communist Interaction in India'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Madhu|first1=Limaye|last2=Fernandes|first2=George|title=Socialist Communist Interaction in India|date=1991|publisher=Ajanta Publications (India)|isbn=9788120203198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CF_lAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref> ''In the year of the disabled: India's disabled government'' (1981),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fernandes|first1=George|title=In the year of the disabled: India's disabled government|date=1981|publisher=Prati Paksha Prakashan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAO1AAAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref> ''Dignity for All: Essays in Socialism and Democracy'' (1991),<ref>{{cite book|title=Dignity for all : essays in socialism and democracy|year=1991|publisher=Ajanta Publications (India)|isbn=978-8120203181}}</ref> and his autobiography titled ''George Fernandes Speaks'' (1991).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fernandes|first1=George|title=George Fernandes Speaks|date=1991|publisher=Ajanta Publications (India)|isbn=9788120203174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oecbAAAAIAAJ|access-date=29 January 2019|language=en}}</ref> He was the editor of an English monthly, ''The Other Side'', and the chairman of the editorial board of the [[Hindi]] monthly ''Pratipaksh''.<ref name="jr"/> A human rights activist, Fernandes had been a member of [[Amnesty International]], the [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] and the [[Press Council of India]].<ref name="LokSabhaProfile">{{cite web|last1=Fernandes|first1=George|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=122&lastls=14|website=Parliament of India|publisher=Lok Sabha|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>
In the year 2022, a Canada-based Mangalorean origin writer ''Chris Emmanuel Dsouza''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mangalorean.com/book-on-iconic-socialist-leader-george-fernandes-to-be-launched-in-city-soon|title=Book on Iconic Socialist Leader George Fernandes to be Launched in City Soon|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811090933/https://www.mangalorean.com/book-on-iconic-socialist-leader-george-fernandes-to-be-launched-in-city-soon/|url-status=dead}}</ref> published a book titled ''Bandh Samrat – Tales of eternal rebel ''<ref name="Bandh Samrat">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2022/aug/11/book-chronicling-george-fernandes-public-life-out-2486338|title=Book chronicling George Fernandes' public life out|access-date=11 August 2022}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> that chronicled George Fernandes's early days of [[Trade union]] activism in his hometown of [[Mangalore]], his early slog in his adopted city of [[Bombay]] and his association with stellar [[socialist]] figures of Mangalore like the noted [[Ammembala Balappa]] and [[Placid D’Mello]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/book-allows-insight-into-george-fernandess-life-author/articleshow/93483860|title=Book allows insight into George Fernandes's life|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

==Family and personal life==
Fernandes met Leila Kabir, the daughter of former Union minister [[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]], on a flight back to [[Delhi]] from [[Calcutta]]. Fernandes, then the general secretary of the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]], was returning from Bangladesh while Kabir was on her way back from the battlefront where she had gone as an assistant director of the [[Red Cross]]. They began dating and were married on 22 July 1971.<ref name="vss">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100131/jsp/7days/story_12048564.jsp|title=I came back to give my son a father but the father never showed up|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=31 January 2010|access-date=7 August 2010|location=Calcutta, India|first1=Leila|last1=Kabir|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319041546/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100131/jsp/7days/story_12048564.jsp|archive-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> They had a son, Sean Fernandes, who is an investment banker based in New York.<ref name="iss">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100604/jsp/frontpage/story_12528019.jsp|title=Catfight on birthday – Ladies clash over George|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=4 June 2010|access-date=7 August 2010|location=Calcutta, India|first=Archis|last=Mohan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522072858/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100604/jsp/frontpage/story_12528019.jsp|archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref> Fernandes and Kabir separated in the mid-1980s.<ref name="iss"/> [[Jaya Jaitly]] was Fernandes' companion from 1984.<ref name="iss"/>

Fernandes spoke ten languages—Konkani, English, Hindi, [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], Urdu, [[Malayalam]], and Latin. Konkani was his mother tongue. He learnt Marathi and Urdu in jail, and Latin while he was in the seminary in his early youth. He was fluent in Hindi and English.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2004/08/15/george-fernandes-socialist-who-speaks-many-tongues|title=George Fernandes, Socialist Who Speaks Many Tongues|newspaper=[[Asian Tribune]]|date=15 August 2004|access-date=7 August 2010|first=R. C.|last=Rajamani|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331065708/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2004/08/15/george-fernandes-socialist-who-speaks-many-tongues|archive-date=31 March 2012}}</ref>

Fernandes was reported to be suffering from [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer]]'s and [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson]]'s diseases, and in January 2010 was undergoing treatment at [[Swami Ramdev|Baba Ramdev]]'s [[ashram]] at [[Haridwar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/george-fernandes-being-treated-by-swami-ramdev_597164.html|title=George Fernandes being treated by Swami Ramdev|date=19 January 2010|access-date=19 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729211500/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/george-fernandes-being-treated-by-swami-ramdev_597164.html|archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> for the diseases at the request of Leila Kabir, who had recently returned to his life.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_george-fernandes-being-treated-for-alzheimer-s-by-yoga-guru-ramdev_1336547|title=George Fernandes being treated for Alzheimer's by Yoga Guru Ramdev|newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|access-date=19 January 2010|date=19 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121001005/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_george-fernandes-being-treated-for-alzheimer-s-by-yoga-guru-ramdev_1336547|archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> In February 2010, Fernandes' brothers were reported to have been considering a court order for medical treatment and visitation; Kabir and Sean Fernandes are alleged to have forcibly removed Fernandes to an undisclosed location.<ref>{{cite news|first=D. P.|last=Satish|title=Ex-defence minister George Fernandes goes missing|date=20 February 2010|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/exdefence-minister-george-fernandes-goes-missing/110422-3.html?from=tn|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=7 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330210033/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/exdefence-minister-george-fernandes-goes-missing/110422-3.html?from=tn|archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> In July 2010, the Delhi High Court ruled that Fernandes would stay with Kabir and that Fernandes' brothers would be able to visit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-06/news/27570469_1_brothers-court-premises-delhi-high-court|work=[[The Economic Times]]|title=George to stay with wife: Court|date=6 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016231235/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-06/news/27570469_1_brothers-court-premises-delhi-high-court|archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref>

In August 2012 the [[Supreme Court of India]] granted permission to Jaya Jaitly, a former aide, to visit him, a move which was opposed by his wife on the grounds of her ''[[locus standi]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court allows Jaya Jaitly to visit George Fernandes|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-31/news/33521584_1_political-colleague-and-confidante-leila-kabir-delhi-high-court|access-date=8 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203602/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-31/news/33521584_1_political-colleague-and-confidante-leila-kabir-delhi-high-court|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>

He died at the age of 88 on 29 January 2019, in Delhi following a [[swine flu]] infection.<ref name="TheHindu2019_jan">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-passes-away/article26117612.ece|title=George Fernandes, former Defence Minister, passes away|date=29 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129122901/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-passes-away/article26117612.ece|archive-date=29 January 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|quote=Former Defence Minister George Fernandes passed away on Tuesday in New Delhi, according to family members. He was 88. Mr. Fernandes had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. The family is awaiting his son Sean Fernandes’ arrival from the United States to proceed with funeral arrangements. The funeral is scheduled to be held in New Delhi. 'We are saddened to announce the passing of Shri George Fernandes early this morning. Mr. Fernandes was attended to at his home by a Max Healthcare team, which found him unresponsive and declared him dead at 06:42AM on January 29th, 2019,' Max Healthcare hospital said in a statement.}}</ref><ref name="deathNDTV">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-dies-at-88-after-long-illness-1984690|title=George Fernandes, Former Defence Minister, Dies At 88 After Long Illness|date=29 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209133217/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-dies-at-88-after-long-illness-1984690|archive-date=9 February 2019|publisher=NDTV.com|quote=He contested the 1977 election from jail and won the Muzaffarpur constituency in Bihar by a landslide. George Fernandes became a hero of the Emergency. He was made minister when the Janata Party came to power in 1977 with Morarji Desai as Prime Minister. One of his prominent acts at the time was to force the exit of Coca Cola and IBM, which had refused to dilute their stake in their Indian associates. Coke left India and returned only two decades later. As Atal Bihari Vajpayee's Defence Minister, Mr Fernandes oversaw the Pokhran nuclear tests of 1998 and the Kargil war.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/updates-george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-dies-at-88-1984698|title=George Fernandes, Former Defence Minister, Dies At 88: Updates|website=NDTV.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203200455/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/updates-george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-dies-at-88-1984698|archive-date=3 February 2019|access-date=2019-02-13|quote=George Fernandes was suffering from Alzheimer's disease, which had forced him out of the public eye for last many years, and had recently contracted swine flu, she said, adding that he died at his home in Delhi. George Fernandes was one of the most prominent leaders of the socialist movement in the 1970s.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[National Democratic Alliance (India)]]
* [[Freethought]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bogaert|first=Michael|year=1970|title=Trade unionism in Indian ports: a case study at Calcutta and Bombay|publisher=Shri Ram Centre for Industrial Relations}}
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* {{cite book|last2=Matthew|last1=Fernandes|first1=George|first2=George|title=Dignity for all: essays in socialism and democracy|publisher=Ajanta Publications (India)|year=1991|isbn=978-81-202-0318-1}}
* {{cite book|last2=Mathew|last1=Fernandes|first1=George|first2=George|title=George Fernandes speaks|publisher=Ajanta Publications (India)|year=1991|isbn=978-81-202-0317-4}}
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* {{cite book|last2=Vajpayee|last1=Sahasrabuddhe|first1=P. G.|first2=Manik Chandra|title=The people versus emergency: a saga of struggle|publisher=[[Suruchi Prakashan]]|year=1991}}
* {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Giriraj Kishore|title=Labour movement in India: its past and present, from 1885 to 1980|publisher=Sterling|year=1982}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thakurta|last2=Raghuraman|first1=Paranjoy Guha|first2=Shankar|title=A time of coalitions: divided we stand|publisher=SAGE|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7619-3237-6|url=https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha|url-access=registration|access-date=6 March 2012}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|George Fernandes}}
* [http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=122&lastls=14 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
* [https://samataparty.org Samata Party] – official website. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215101928/https://samataparty.org/ |date=15 February 2022 }}.
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/George-Fernandes Ongoing news coverage] from The Times Network
* [http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/george-fernandes-rebel-without-a-pause-1.1175748 George Fernandes: Rebel without a pause] from ''[[Gulf News]]''
* [[1989 Valvettiturai massacre|India's My Lai]]
* [http://www.vpradeepkumar.com/george-fernandes-hero-of-post-independence-india/ vpradeepkumar.com story on George Fernandes]

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[S. K. Patil|Sadashiv Kanoji Patil]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]]|years=1967–1971}}
{{s-aft|after=Kailas Narain Narula Shivnarain}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Nawal Kishore Sinha}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]]|years=1977–1984}}
{{s-aft|after=Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]]|years=1989–1996}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Vijay Kumar Yadav}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]]|years=1996–2004}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nitish Kumar]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]]|years=2004–2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{S-bef| before = [[Madhav Rao Scindia]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| years = 1989–1990}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Janeshwar Mishra]]}}
{{S-bef| before = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| years = 1998–2001}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Jaswant Singh]]}}
{{S-bef| before = [[Jaswant Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| years = 2001–2004}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Railway Ministers of India|George Fernandes=George Fernandes}}
{{Defence Ministers of India|George Fernandes=George Fernandes}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{Indian Emergency}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, George}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Samyukta Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of India]]
[[Category:Railway ministers of India]]
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]

Prithvi Rajan

2026-02-26T23:18:08Z

LaverneHenry: started new stub basic info.

{{Short description|Indian Tamil actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prithvi Rajan
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = c. 1989
| birth_place = Chennai
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2006–present
| relatives = [[Pandiarajan]] (father)
| website =
| occupation = [[actor]]
}}

'''Prithvi Rajan''' is an Indian [[actor]], who has appeared in Tamil films. His father is veteran actor [[Pandiarajan]].

==Career==
He made his debut in ''[[Kaivantha Kalai]]'' (2006) directed by his father [[Pandiarajan]] and the film opened to average reviews from critics. A critic noted Prithvi Rajan "makes his debut, does a convincing job and has his father's mannerisms."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/8114.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614125506/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/8114.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2006 |title=Kai Vandha Kalai Tamil Movie Review - cinema preview stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=2006-06-13 |accessdate=2013-09-06}}</ref> His next release, ''Naalaiya Pozhuthum Unnodu'' (2007), a romantic love story featuring Karthika Adaikalam had a much lower key release and failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/reviews/review-naalaiya-pozhuthum-unnodu/ |title=Review - Naalaiya Pozhuthum Unnodu |publisher=Kollywood Today |date= |accessdate=2013-09-06}}</ref> His next, Gemini Raghava's ''Vaidehi'' (2009), also featured the same actress.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gupta |first=Rinku |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article13021.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100224/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article13021.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=Pandiarajan's son on screen again |publisher=The New Indian Express |date= |accessdate=2013-09-06}}</ref>

During the making of ''Padhinettan Kudi Ellai Arambam'', he was injured in a fire accident and suffered burn injuries. The film released in December 2011 with little publicity. In 2011 his current project, with his brother Prem Rajan, was ''Varatti''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-11-01/pandiarajan-prithvi-07-01-11.html |title=Pandiarajan's Son Caught In Fire Accident - Pandiarajan - Prithvi - 18aam Kudi - Tamil Movie News |website=Behindwoods.com |date=2011-01-07 |accessdate=2013-09-06}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Prithvi Rajan is the second son of actor-director [[Pandiarajan]].<ref name="Actor Pandiarajan Has 3 Sons & One Has Turned Into A Kollywood Hero!">{{cite news |title=Actor Pandiarajan Has 3 Sons & One Has Turned Into A Kollywood Hero! |url=https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/actor-pandiarajan-has-3-sons-one-has-turned-kollywood-hero-154836 |access-date=17 August 2022 |work= |date=5 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817081217/https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/actor-pandiarajan-has-3-sons-one-has-turned-kollywood-hero-154836 |archive-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> His elder brother Pallavarajan had once announced a project starring Prithvi titled ''Eliyum Poonaiyum'' which never took off, while his younger brother Prem Rajan, is in the cast list of Prithvi's film ''Varatti''.

He took part in the [[Celebrity Cricket League]] representing the Chennai Rhinos, winning acclaim for his performances in the field.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/78209.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219202651/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/78209.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2012 |title=Pandiarajan, the old man - Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=2012-02-18 |accessdate=2013-09-06}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kaivantha Kalai]]'' || Kannan ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Naalaiya Pozhuthum Unnodu]] '' || Sakthi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Vaidehi'' || Venkat ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Padhinettan Kudi Ellai Arambam'' || Viruman ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Paettai'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Vaaimai]]'' || Velan ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mupparimanam]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Thodraa]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019 || ''[[Sagaa]]'' || Ganga ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Munnetra Kazhagam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ganesha Meendum Santhipom]]'' || Solomon ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2021 || ''[[Kasada Thapara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Laabam]]'' || Selvaraj ||
|-
|''Obama Ungalukkaaga'' || Alexander ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[DSP (film)|DSP]]'' || Selvam ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Blue Star (film)|Blue Star]]'' || Sam ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|Parasakthi]]'' || Vaigarai ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajan, Prithvi}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mithilapuri Jain Teerth

2026-02-26T22:54:40Z

LaverneHenry: made new data needs work

{{Short description|Jain Teerth}}
{{Infobox Jain Temple
| name = Mithilapuri Jain Teerth
| image =
| native_name = मिथिलापुरी जैन तीर्थ
| native_name_lang = mai
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]] and [[Shvetambara]]
| location = Sursand and Dumra, [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| deity = [[Mallinath]] and [[Naminath]]
| tradition = Jainism
| festivals = Janma Kalyanaka, Tapa Kalyanaka
| municipality = Sursand Nagar Panchayat and Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation
| type = Jain Teerth
| heritage_designation = Jain Teerth
| category = Religious places
}}
'''Mithilapuri Jain Teerth''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: मिथिलापुरी जैन तीर्थ) is a sacred place in the tradition of [[Jainism]]. It is believed to be the birthplace and the penance place of the two [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Tirthankara|Tirthankars]] [[Mallinatha|Bhagwan Mallinath Swami]] and [[Naminatha|Bhagwan Naminath Swami]]. According to the Digambara sect of Jainism, it is located at the [[Sursand]] town of Sitamarhi district in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]
<ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref> of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=मिथिलापुरी तीर्थ में विराजमान हुईं 35 फुट ऊंची तीन भव्य प्रतिमायें |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sitamarhi/three-grand-35-feet-high-statues-were-installed |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=उत्साह से मना जैन तीर्थंकर नमिनाथ का जन्म कल्याणक |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-jain-tirthankar-naminath-39-s-birth-anniversary-celebrated-with-enthusiasm-10368536.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=जन्म व तप कल्याणक उत्सव देखने मिथिलापुरी गए |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/he-went-to-mithilapuri-to-see-the-festival-of-birth-and-penance-133262390.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> It is very close to the line of the Indo-Nepal International Border at the outskirts of the Sursand town. Similarly for the Śvetāmbara sect of Jainism, it is believed to be located at [[Dumra, Sitamarhi district|Dumra]] suburb in the city of Sitamarhi in the Mithila region.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=बिहार में यहां है जैन धर्म के 19वें और 21वें तीर्थंकर का जन्मस्थली, 14 साल तक रिसर्च के बाद इस शख्स ने लगाया था पता |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/sitamarhi-the-birthplace-of-the-19th-and-21st-tirthankar-of-jainism-this-person-found-out-after-14-years-of-research-7605823.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=सीतामढ़ी में जैन मंदिर में आयोजित हुई धर्मसभा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-dharm-sabha-held-in-jain-temple-in-sitamarhi-2993148.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== Description ==
In the tradition of [[Jainism]], [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] is considered as the sacred place where more than two [[Tirthankara|tirthankars]] were born. In Jainism, there are two major sects Digambara and Shvetambara schools of thought. The location of the Mithilapuri Jain Teerth is believed to be at the two different locations Sursand and Dumra in the Sitamarhi district of the Mithila region by the two sects Digambara and Shvetambara respectively.

=== Shree Mithilapuri Digambara Jain Teerth, Sursand ===
According to Digambara sect of Jainism, the location of ''Mithilapuri Jain Teerth'' at [[Sursand]] town in the Mithila region is considered as the birthplace of the two tirthankars [[Mallinatha|Mallinath]] and [[Naminatha|Naminath]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=24 Jain Tirthankar List: Check Complete Names Of The Revered Figures In Jainism with Their Symbols, Birthplace And Colour |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/trending/24-jain-tirthankar-list-check-complete-names-of-the-revered-figures-in-jainism-with-their-symbols-birthplace-and-colour-10159752 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=सीतामढ़ी में नाॅर्थ बिहार का पहला भव्य जैन मंदिर जैन धर्म के 19वें तीर्थंकर मल्लिनाथ व 21वें तीर्थंकर नमिनाथ की जन्मस्थली है : नाहटा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/sitamarhi/news/the-first-grand-jain-temple-of-north-bihar-at-sitamarhi-is-the-birthplace-of-19th-tirthankar-mallinath-of-jainism-and-21st-tirthankar-naminath-nahata-094026-6493184.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> Every year on the occasions of the birth anniversaries of the two tirthankars grand festivals known as ''[[Panch Kalyanaka|Janma Kalyanaka]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-17 |title=List of Jain Tirthankaras |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-jain-tirthankaras-1405075897-1 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> are organised at this place.<ref name=":0" /> In the festivals of Janma Kalyanaka, the Jain devotees from different parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] gather here and take part in the ceremonies of the birth anniversaries of the tirthankars. This Teerth is governed by the ''Bihar State Digambara Jain Teerth Kshetra Committee''.

=== Jain Shvetambara Kalyanaka Teerth Nyasa, Dumra ===
The Mithilapuri Jain Teerth at Dumra is managed by the [[Śvetāmbara|Shvetambara]] sect of Jainism. The management of the Teerth is governed by the trust called as ''Jain Shvetambara Kalyanaka Teerth Nyasa''.<ref name=":1" /> According to ''Pandit Shekhar Kumar Pandey'', a Jain follower ''Harkhchandji Nahta'' from [[Bikaner]] in [[Rajasthan]] wished to discover the disconnected shrine in Jainism. Then his son ''Lalit Kumar Nahta'' started the search to fulfill his father's dream in 1993. Finally he discovered ''Mithilapuri Jain Teerth'' at [[Dumra, Sitamarhi district|Dumra]] suburb of [[Sitamarhi]] city. After getting the proof of the Teerth he registered Jain Shvetambara Kalyanaka Tirtha Nyasa on 24 May 2006.<ref name=":2" /> Then it was decided to construct a Jain temple at Dumra suburb in the city of Sitamarhi. After that the construction of the temple started in 2014 on the land donated by the local resident ''Rukmini Devi''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=माता जानकी की धरती सीतामढ़ी से जैन धर्म का संदेश - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-jain-religion-message-from-mother-jankis-earth-sitamarhi-18693656.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==

[[Category:Jainism]]
[[Category:Jainism in India]]
[[Category:Jainism in Mithila]]
[[Category:Sitamarhi district]]
<references />

Howrah–Tirupati Humsafar Express

2026-02-16T06:36:42Z

LaverneHenry:

{{Short description|Indian train line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 20B2AA
| name = Howrah – Tirupati Humsafar Express
| logo =
| image = Tirupati humsafar express.jpg
| image_width = 330
| caption =
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|06|15}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}} (HWH)
| stops = 6
| end = {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} (TPTY)
| distance = {{convert|1617|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 26 hours 5 minutes
| frequency = Weekly{{efn|Runs once in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 3 tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Humsafar]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 20889 / 20890
| speed = {{cvt|65|km/h}}
| map = [[File:(Howrah - Tirupati) Humsafar Express Route map.png|250px]] {{Howrah–Tirupati Humsafar Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Howrah–Tirupati Humsafar Express''' is a completely 3-tier AC sleeper trains of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Howrah}} in [[West Bengal]] and {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is currently being operated with 20889/20890 train numbers on a weekly basis.

From 23 February 2019 the train was extended from Vijayawada Junction to Tirupati and from 24 February 2019 in the reverse direction.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

== Service==

It averages 65&nbsp;km/h as 20889/Howrah–Tirupati Humsafar Express starts on Saturday and covering 1617 &nbsp;km in 26 hrs 5 mins and 63&nbsp;km/h as 20890/Tirupati–Howrah Humsafar Express starts on Sunday covering 1618 &nbsp;km in 26 hrs 25 mins.<ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=9091&did=1498209597345F81BE98E04759CC92A365B9E820AC48D.web107 Regular Run of Tirupati - Jammu Tawi - Tirupati Humsafar Express Commencing with Revised Stoppages]</ref><ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=9051&did=1497858604736DC67B77F2B38B6B87B7FA2243175660C.web91 Introduction of New Trains Vijayawada-Howrah-Vijayawada Humsafar Superfast Express (Weekly); Tirupati-JammuTawi-Tirupati Superfast Express (Weekly) & Kadapa-Pendlimarri-Kadapa DEMU]</ref><ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=9057&did=1497859566014DC67B77F2B38B6B87B7FA2243175660C.web91 N. Chandrababu Naidu and Suresh Prabhu launches Several Rail Infra Works and Flags off three New Trains]</ref>

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 20889 || HWH || Howrah Junction || 12:40 PM (Afternoon)|| Saturday || Tirupati || 2:24 PM (Afternoon)|| Sunday
|-
| 20890 || TPTY || Tirupati || 4:15 PM || Sunday || Howrah Junction || 6:30 PM || Monday
|}

==Route & halts==

'''WEST BENGAL'''
* '''{{stnlnk|Howrah}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}

'''ODISHA'''
* {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}

'''ANDHRA PRADESH'''
* {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}}
* {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ongole}}
* {{stnlnk|Nellore}}
* {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Tirupati}}'''

==Coaches ==

The trains is completely 3-tier AC [[LHB coach]] designed by [[Indian Railways]] with features of LED screen display to show information about stations, train speed etc. and will have announcement system as well, Vending machines for tea, coffee and milk, Bio toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras.

=== Composition ===
This train consists of sixteen AC III Tier coaches, one Pantry car and two Generator Power Car coaches.

* 16 AC III Tier
* 1 Pantry car
* 2 Generator Power Car

==Loco link ==

This train is hauled by a [[WAP-7]] of {{stnlnk|Santragachi}} shed from Howrah to {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}. And then from Visakhapatnam to Tirupati it is hauled by [[WAP-7]] of [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda shed]].

==Rake sharing==

The train has rake sharing with 22887/22888 [[Howrah–Yesvantpur Humsafar Express]].

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 1 times:

* [[Visakhapatnam railway station]]

== See also ==

* [[Humsafar Express]]
* [[Jammu Tawi railway station]]
* [[Tirupati railway station]]
* [[Howrah–Yesvantpur Humsafar Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/howrah-vijayawada-humsafar-express-20889/63775/1/29 20889/Howrah - Vijayawada Humsafar Express] India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/vijayawada-howrah-humsafar-express-20890/63741/29/1 20890/Vijayawada - Howrah Humsafar Express] India Rail Info

{{Humsafar Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-Vijayawada Humsafar Express}}
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Trains from Howrah railway station]]
[[Category:Transport in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]

Emblem of Karnataka

2026-02-09T21:43:57Z

LaverneHenry: quick cleanup lead as per guidelines also and added references

{{Short description|Indian state emblem}}
{{One source|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox coat of arms
| name = Emblem of Karnataka
| image = Seal of Karnataka.svg
| image_width = 250
| middle =
| middle_width =
| middle_caption =
| lesser =
| lesser_width =
| lesser_caption =
| armiger = The [[Government of Karnataka]]
| year_adopted =
| crest = The [[Sarnath Lion Capital]]
| torse =
| shield = [[Gandabherunda]]
| supporters = Two [[Yali (mythology)]] [[Gandabherunda]]
| compartment =
| motto = "सत्यमेव जयते" ([[Satyameva Jayate]], [[Sanskrit]] for "[[Truth Alone Triumphs]]")
| orders =
| other_elements =
| earlier_versions =[[File:Coat of arms of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|40px]] [[Kingdom of Mysuru]]
| use = On state government documents, buildings and stationery
}}
The '''Emblem of Karnataka''' is the official state emblem of the [[Karnataka|State of Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is based on that of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], and is carried on all official correspondences made by the [[Government of Karnataka]].

==Design==
The state emblem has a red shield charged with a white two-headed bird, [[Gandabherunda]] bordered in blue. The crest depicts the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] (also used as the emblem of the [[Government of India]]), on a blue circular abacus with a blue [[frieze]] carrying sculptures in high relief of a galloping horse on the left, a [[Dharmachakra]] in centre, a bull on the right, and the outlines of Dharmachakras on the extreme left and right as part of [[Sarnath]]'s [[Emblem of India|Ashoka Pillar]]. The shield is flanked on either side by red-maned, yellow lion-elephant indicating the auspicious mythological character ''Gajakesari'', a hybrid form of two wise and powerful animals Lion and Elephant - a mythical creature believed to be auspicious and indicate strength, authority, and intelligence. The power of Gajakesari is believed to be upholders of stronger righteousness and spells much abundance and bliss. It also refers to the fortunate momentum or energy in Hindu astrology. A person having 'Gajakesari Yoga' in his astrology chart is believed to be conquering the world as per Hindu belief, same referring to a kingdom which justifies all characteristics of a conqueror standing on a green, leafy compartment. Below the compartment lies written in stylized [[Devanāgarī]], the national motto of India, "सत्यमेव जयते" ([[Satyameva Jayate]], [[Sanskrit]] for "Truth alone triumphs").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/Pages/Default.aspx |title=Government of Karnataka, India |access-date=2013-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005085933/http://karunadu.gov.in/Pages/Default.aspx |archive-date=2013-10-05 }}</ref>

==Historical emblems==
<gallery>
File:Jamkhandi State COA Marathi.jpg|Coat of arms of the [[Jamkhandi State]]
File:Mysore_COA.pngCoat of arms of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaKarnataka.htm|title = BhaKarnataka}}</ref>
</gallery>

==Government banner==
The [[Government of Karnataka]] can be represented by a banner that depicts the emblem of the state on a white background. A flag was proposed in 2018 but was not formally adopted. The unofficial [[Kannada flag]] is also in use.

<gallery>
File:Flag of Karnataka, India.svg|Banner of Karnataka
File:Karnataka Flag Proposal.png|Former flag proposal
File:Flag of the Kannada people.svg|Kannada flag
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Flag of Karnataka]]
* [[Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate]]
* [[National Emblem of India]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian state emblems}}
{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Government of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian state seals|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian coats of arms|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Coats of arms with birds|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian coats of arms with lions|Karnataka]]

{{karnataka-stub}}

Sainkheda

2026-02-06T13:38:01Z

LaverneHenry: New

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sainkheda
| native_name_lang = Hindi,Bundelkhandi
| other_name = dadaji dhuniwalo ki lilasthali
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Tehsil headquarters
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.95|N|78.58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Narsimhapur district|Narsinghpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar Panchayat]] nagar parishad
| governing_body =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9,602
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 487661
| postal_code = 487661
| registration_plate = [[MP-49]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sainkheda''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Narsinghpur district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]], as well as a [[tehsil]] headquarter.<ref>https://narsinghpur.nic.in/en/local_bodies/</ref>

==Geography ==
Sainkheda is located at 22.95°N 78.58°E in the northwest part of district, on the bank of [[Dudhi River]]. The region is predominantly [[Agrarian society|agrarian]].

==Demographics ==
Sainkheda has a population of 9,602, of which 4.974 are males while 4,628 are females, per the 2011 census.<ref>https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/490814-saikheda-madhya-pradesh.html</ref>

==Government ==
Sainkheda is a Nagar Panchayat city in district of Narsimhapur, Madhya Pradesh. The city is divided into 15 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. Sainkheda Nagar Panchayat has total administration over 2,762 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewage. It is also authorize to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

==Transportation==
Sainkheda is situated on [[MP SH 44]] connecting to [[Gairatganj]], [[Silwani]], [[Udaipura]], [[Gadarwara]] with [[Narsinghpur]] to [[Raisen]] and [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], with daily bus service available.

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Narsinghpur district]]

by Harshit Agrawal

{{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}

K. Balakrishnan (Tamil Nadu)

2026-01-30T23:16:06Z

LaverneHenry: minor cleanup

#REDIRECT [[K. Balakrishnan (Tamil Nadu politician)]]
{{R with history}}

Ajit Rangnekar

2026-01-16T14:03:51Z

LaverneHenry: further update citations as per guidelines further

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ajit Rangnekar
| image = Graduation ceremony with Azim Premji.JPG
| image_caption = Ajit Rangnekar awarding degrees to students with [[Azim Premji]] and [[Adi Godrej]] during Graduation ceremony in 2014.
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| education = * [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] ([[Undergraduate]])
* [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]] ([[Post-graduate]])
| occupation = [[Dean (education)|Former Dean]] of the [[Indian School of Business]]
| years_active = 
| known_for = [[Leadership]] in [[business education]]
| employer = 
| notable_works = 
| website = 
}}
'''Rangnekar''' is the former [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of the [[Indian School of Business]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/718678aa-27ae-11e0-a327-00144feab49a |title=Ajit Rangnekar of the Indian School of Business |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |date=31 January 2011 |accessdate=27 May 2011}}</ref> (ranked by [[Financial Times]] as 34 in its 2013 ranking of the world's leading business schools<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-ranking-2013 |title=Global MBA Rankings 2013 |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |date=1 January 2013 |accessdate=1 August 2011 |archive-date=30 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630233021/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-ranking-2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>). He was the Dean of the Indian School of Business (ISB) from January 2009 to 31 December 2015. In 2011, he was appointed as a director of [[Graduate Management Admission Council]], the sole Indian on the team.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ISB-dean-Ajit-Rangnekar-appointed-director-of-GMAC/articleshow/10138687.cms |title=ISB dean Ajit Rangnekar appointed director of GMAC | work=[[The Times Of India]] | date=27 September 2011}}</ref>

Prior to that, he held the position of Deputy Dean at the School from March 2003 to December 2008. Prior to ISB, he was the country head, first for [[Price Waterhouse]] Consulting and then for [[PwC]] Consulting, in [[Hong Kong]] and the [[Philippines]]. He was head of the telecom and entertainment industry consulting practice for [[PwC]] in East Asia ([[China]] to [[Indonesia]]). Rangnekar completed his undergraduate degree from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]], and his post-graduation in management from the [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-01-24/news/27613449_1_isb-ajit-rangnekar-new-dean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503103132/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-01-24/news/27613449_1_isb-ajit-rangnekar-new-dean |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2012 |title=ISB appoints a new dean in Rangnekar |newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |date=24 January 2010 |accessdate=27 May 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.isb.edu/KnowISB/dean.shtml ISB]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangnekar, Ajit}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]

Chennai Metro Rail Limited

2025-12-16T19:15:41Z

LaverneHenry: New A Post

{{short description|Metro rail operator in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| logo = Chennai Metro logo.svg
| logo_size = 50px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = ChennaiMetroBuilding1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Headquarters of CMRL
| trade_name =
| type = [[State owned]]
| traded_as =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|3 December 2007}}
| hq_location = MetroS, [[Anna Salai]], [[Nandanam]]
| hq_location_city = [[Chennai]]
| area_served = Chennai
| key_people =M.A. Siddique, [[Managing Director|MD]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/more-metro-rail-lines-needed-per-chennais-comprehensive-mobility-plan-cmrl-managing-director/article67544974.ece|title=More Metro Rail lines needed per Chennai's Comprehensive Mobility Plan: CMRL Managing Director|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 November 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128125728/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/more-metro-rail-lines-needed-per-chennais-comprehensive-mobility-plan-cmrl-managing-director/article67544974.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SM">{{cite web|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/senior-management/|title=Senior Management|date=24 November 2023 |publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128161855/https://chennaimetrorail.org/senior-management/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| industry = [[Public transport]]
| products =
| services = [[Chennai Metro]]
| revenue = {{up}}{{INRConvert|486.55|c}}<ref name="AR">{{cite report|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/CMRL-ANNUAL-REPORT-2022-23-ENGLISH-1-1.pdf|title=CMRL Annual Report 2022-23|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105151514/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/CMRL-ANNUAL-REPORT-2022-23-ENGLISH-1-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2022–23
| operating_income = {{up}}{{INRConvert|272.26|c}}
| income_year = 2022–23
| net_income = {{up}}{{INRConvert|-566.74|c}}
| net_income_year = 2022–23
| assets = {{up}}{{INRConvert|33683.79|c}}
| assets_year = 2022–23
| equity = {{up}}{{INRConvert|5731.59|c}}
| equity_year = 2022–23
| owners = {{ubl|[[Government of India]] (50%)|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] (50%)}}
| num_employees = 352 (regular) 185 (contract)<ref name="AR"/>
| num_employees_year = 2023
| divisions =
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|https://chennaimetrorail.org}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chennai Metro Rail Limited''' ('''CMRL''') is a [[Federalism in India|centre-state]] [[joint venture]] that built and operates the [[Chennai Metro]]. It was established in 2007 and is headquartered in [[Chennai]]. CMRL is also involved in the planning and implementation of other [[Metro railway|metro rail]] and [[monorail]] projects in Tamil Nadu.

== History ==
[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] approved the [[Chennai Metro]] project in November 2007. Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL), a [[Special Purpose Vehicle|SPV]] was established in December 2007 as a [[joint venture]] between the [[Government of India]] and [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], and is headquartered in [[Chennai]].<ref name="Board">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/centre-to-have-equal-say-as-state-in-chennai-metro-rail/articleshow/4447697.cms?from=mdr|title=Centre to have equal say as state in Chennai metro rail|date=25 April 2009|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613034358/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/centre-to-have-equal-say-as-state-in-chennai-metro-rail/articleshow/4447697.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FAQ">{{cite news|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/faq/|title=Chennai Metro Rail FAQ|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227110901/http://chennaimetrorail.org/faq/|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2015, commercial operations of the Chennai metro started and the first phase was completed by February 2019.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/CMRL-l-Newsletter-l-Aug-2015-l-Final-PDF.pdf|title=Chennai Metro Newsletter - August 2015|publisher=Chennai Metro|date=29 June 2015|access-date=7 June 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020114202/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/CMRL-l-Newsletter-l-Aug-2015-l-Final-PDF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-chennai-metro-rails-final-leg/article26229980.ece|title=PM Modi inaugurates Chennai Metro Rail's final leg|last=Simhan|first=TE Raja|work=The Hindu Businessline|date=10 February 2019|access-date=13 February 2019|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026014616/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-chennai-metro-rails-final-leg/article26229980.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2019, CMRL is involved in the construction of the second phase of the Chennai metro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/104-km-104-stations-Unveiling-Phase-II-of-Metro/article14549167.ece|title=1800 km, 180 stations: Unveiling Phase II of Metro|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=2 August 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226164406/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/104-km-104-stations-Unveiling-Phase-II-of-Metro/article14549167.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Detailed-project-report-for-Phase-II-of-Metro-Rail-ready/article16947271.ece|title=Detailed project report for Phase II of Metro Rail ready|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130634/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Detailed-project-report-for-Phase-II-of-Metro-Rail-ready/article16947271.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Administration and operations ==
CMRL is headquartered at MetroS building in [[Anna Salai]], [[Nandanam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/about-cmrl/|title=About us|work=Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610205302/https://chennaimetrorail.org/about-cmrl/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-new-nandanam-metro-rail-hq-may-be-inaugurated-this-month/articleshow/94211244.cms|title=New Nandanam metro rail HQ to be inaugurated this month|date=15 September 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030084400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-new-nandanam-metro-rail-hq-may-be-inaugurated-this-month/articleshow/94211244.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The company is headed by a board consisting of 12 directors, five nominated by Government of India including the [[chairman]], five nominated by Government of Tamil Nadu including the [[Managing director]] and two full time operational directors.<ref name="SM"/><ref name="Board"/> The main operational control center (OCC) is located in [[Koyambedu]] where the movement of trains and real-time [[CCTV]] footage obtained is monitored.<ref>{{cite news|last=Karthikeyan|first=K.|date=26 July 2014|title=High tech control room for Chennai metro|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140726/nation-current-affairs/article/high-tech-control-room-chennai-metro|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-date=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004225518/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140726/nation-current-affairs/article/high-tech-control-room-chennai-metro|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, CMRL operates two [[Color code|colour-coded]] lines covering a length of {{cvt|54.1|km}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Line-Map.pdf|title=Chennai Metro, line map|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208073455/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Line-Map.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Single train trip to equal 160 buses, 3000 cars and 6000 bikes|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 August 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3832896.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830014100/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3832896.ece|archive-date=30 August 2012|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Chennai Metro maintains depots at Koyambedu and [[Wimco Nagar Depot metro station|Wimco Nagar]], which house maintenance workshops, stabling lines, test tracks and washing plant for the trains.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=5 September 2017|title=CMRL takes the fight to birds|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-takes-the-fight-to-birds/article19621926.ece|access-date=30 September 2017|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906213230/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-takes-the-fight-to-birds/article19621926.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=16 July 2014|title=Chennai Metro to get a second depot|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/chennai-metro-to-get-a-second-depot/article6215042.ece|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215081044/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/chennai-metro-to-get-a-second-depot/article6215042.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=5 May 2018|title=Metro Rail extension gathers pace|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/metro-rail-extension-gathers-pace/article23778585.ece|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226061426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/metro-rail-extension-gathers-pace/article23778585.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Financials<ref name="AR"/>
!Financial Year (FY)
!2021-22
!2022-23
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Revenue]] (₹Cr)
|210.85
|486.55
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Operating income]] (₹Cr)
|129.22
|272.26
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Net profit]] (₹Cr)
|−85.79
|−34.03
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Profit before tax]] (₹Cr)
|−722.98
|−566.74
|}

== Other projects ==
CMRL will take over [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]] (MRTS) system from [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]] once the under construction expansion of MRTS is complete.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jan/03/chennai-with-metro-coaches-and-modern-stations-mrts-set-for-big-upgrade-1743035.html|title=Chennai: With Metro coaches and modern stations, MRTS set for big upgrade|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 January 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022082024/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jan/03/chennai-with-metro-coaches-and-modern-stations-mrts-set-for-big-upgrade-1743035.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also involved in the planning of [[Chennai Metrolite|light rail]] and extension of metro in Chennai.<ref name="MR">{{cite news|title=Proposed Metrolite line likely to be rubber-tyred|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/nov/07/proposed-metrolite-line-likely-to-be-rubber-tyred-2220412.html|access-date=25 April 2021|date=7 November 2020|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425185919/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/nov/07/proposed-metrolite-line-likely-to-be-rubber-tyred-2220412.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Work on 15-km Metro line from airport to Kilambakkam in Chennai suburbs may begin this year|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/feb/23/work-on-15-km-metro-line-from-airport-to-kilambakkam-in-chennai-suburbs-may-begin-this-year-2267952.html|access-date=25 April 2021|date=23 February 2021|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425185916/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/feb/23/work-on-15-km-metro-line-from-airport-to-kilambakkam-in-chennai-suburbs-may-begin-this-year-2267952.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FE">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-chennai-metro-cmrl-submits-detailed-feasibility-reports-for-phase-ii-project-extension-a-progress-report-3251256/|title=CMRL submits Detailed Feasibility Reports for Phase II project extension|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=22 September 2023|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=29 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429192946/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-chennai-metro-cmrl-submits-detailed-feasibility-reports-for-phase-ii-project-extension-a-progress-report-3251256/|url-status=live}}</ref> CMRL also undertakes other projects including the development of metro rail transport in the cities of [[Coimbatore Metro|Coimbatore]], [[Madurai Metro|Madurai]] and [[Tiruchirappalli Monorail|Tiruchirapalli]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=22 March 2022|title=CMRL to do a feasibility study for building mass rapid transit in three cities|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-to-do-a-feasibility-study-for-building-mass-rapid-transit-in-three-cities/article65245817.ece|access-date=22 March 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321194938/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-to-do-a-feasibility-study-for-building-mass-rapid-transit-in-three-cities/article65245817.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

CMRL developed the [[Kathipara Urban Square]] as a multi-modal transport hub with parking and recreational areas.<ref>{{cite web |last=Selvarajan |first=Gautham |date=17 December 2021 |title=Chennai's Kathipara Urban Square inaugurated |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/Dec/17/chennais-kathipara-urban-square-inaugurated-2396457.html |access-date=29 April 2025 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=20 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720102044/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/dec/17/chennais-kathipara-urban-square-inaugurated-2396457.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, it proposed the development of [[Central Square, Chennai|Central Square]] around its headquarters with commercial complexes and multi-storied buildings.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2023 |title=Chennai Metro Rail Limited plans to build 27-storey building at Central Square |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-limited-plans-to-build-27-storey-building-at-central-square/article67353246.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430052706/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-limited-plans-to-build-27-storey-building-at-central-square/article67353246.ece |archive-date=30 April 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In April 2025, CMRL announced that it has identified public spaces in [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]] and [[Velachery]] which would be transformed into public utility spaces similar to the Kathipara Urban Square.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sekar |first=Sunitha |date=27 April 2025 |title=On the lines of Kathipara Urban Square, Chennai Metro Rail plans vibrant spaces in Adyar, Velachery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/on-the-lines-of-kathipara-urban-square-metro-rail-plans-vibrant-spaces-in-adyar-velachery/article69497179.ece |access-date=29 April 2025 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726063731/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/on-the-lines-of-kathipara-urban-square-metro-rail-plans-vibrant-spaces-in-adyar-velachery/article69497179.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2025, it launched a beautification project covering Chennai’s [[Broken Bridge, Chennai|Broken Bridge]] and nearby areas. The proposed plan also included developing the areas beneath the [[Indira Nagar railway station|Indira Nagar MRTS station]] and the rail over bridge near [[Velachery railway station]] into public utility spaces.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sampath |first=Nirupa |date=4 August 2025|title=CMRL to beautify Broken Bridge area, other iconic locations |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/chennai/cmrl-to-beautify-broken-bridge-area-other-iconic-locations-842132 |access-date=22 October 2025 |work=[[Daily Thanthi|DT next]]}}</ref>

== Systems ==
=== Operational ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
! rowspan="2" |System
! rowspan="2" |Locale
! rowspan="2" |Lines
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="3" |Length<ref>{{cite web |title=Project Status |url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/ |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=Chennai Metro Rail Limited |archive-date=26 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926171710/http://chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Opened
! rowspan="2" |Annual ridership (2024)
|-
!Operational
!Under Construction<ref name="FE" />
!Planned<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last=MD |first=Omjasvin |date=23 February 2021 |title=Work on 15-km Metro line from airport to Kilambakkam in Chennai suburbs may begin this year |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/Feb/23/work-on-15-km-metro-line-from-airport-to-kilambakkam-in-chennai-suburbs-may-begin-this-year-2267952.html |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=25 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425185916/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/feb/23/work-on-15-km-metro-line-from-airport-to-kilambakkam-in-chennai-suburbs-may-begin-this-year-2267952.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Chennai Metro]]
|[[Chennai]]
|5
|[[List of Chennai Metro stations|212]]
|{{cvt|54.61|km}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Simhan |first=TE Raja |date=10 February 2019 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Chennai Metro Rail’s final leg |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-chennai-metro-rails-final-leg/article26229980.ece |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[Business Line]] |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026014616/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-chennai-metro-rails-final-leg/article26229980.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{cvt|118.9|km}}
|{{cvt|90.16|km}}
|29 June 2015
|105.24 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=10.52 crore passengers travelled in Chennai Metro Train in 2024 |url=https://wcag.chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Press-Release-02.01.2025-English.pdf |access-date=10 September 2025 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122031707/https://wcag.chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Press-Release-02.01.2025-English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== In development ===
{{Updated|10 September 2025}}
{{legend inline|#FFFFBB|Proposed}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
!System
!Locale
!Lines
!Stations
!Length (planned)
|-
| style="background:#FFFFBB;" |[[Coimbatore Metro]]
|[[Coimbatore Metro|Coimbatore]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sampath |first=Nirupa |date=25 November 2024 |title=CMRL puts Madurai and Coimbatore Metro plans on fast track |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/cmrl-puts-madurai-and-coimbatore-metro-plans-on-fast-track-812435 |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=[[Daily Thanthi|DT next]] |archive-date=12 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812101330/https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/cmrl-puts-madurai-and-coimbatore-metro-plans-on-fast-track-812435 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2
|40<ref>{{cite news |last=Sekar |first=Sunitha |date=5 April 2022 |title=Coimbatore city to get its own Metrolite |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/coimbatore-city-to-get-its-own-metrolite/article65293197.ece |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325053113/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/coimbatore-city-to-get-its-own-metrolite/article65293197.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{cvt|45.87|km}}
|-
| style="background:#FFFFBB;" |[[Madurai Metro]]
|[[Madurai Metro|Madurai]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|1
|20<ref>{{cite news |date=2 February 2023 |title=Madurai metro: CMRL submits feasibility report, three things to know |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/madurai-metro-cmrl-submits-feasibility-report-three-things-know-173518 |access-date=1 September 2025|work=The News Minute }}</ref>
|{{cvt|31|km}}
|-
| style="background:#FFFFBB;" |[[Tiruchirappalli Metro]]
|[[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]]<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |date=1 September 2023 |title=2 metro corridors proposed in Trichy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/2-metro-corridors-proposed-in-trichy/articleshow/103265068.cms |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226082528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/2-metro-corridors-proposed-in-trichy/articleshow/103265068.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1
|15
|{{cvt|10|km}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Metro}}

[[Category:Chennai Metro| ]]
[[Category:Rapid transit companies of India]]
[[Category:Railway companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Government-owned transport companies of India]]

M. Nurul Islam

2025-12-03T13:54:48Z

LaverneHenry: add intro further and added references

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (1934–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Nurul Islam
| predecessor = [[Mostafa Rashidi Suja]]
| successor = [[Mostafa Rashidi Suja]]
| birth_date = 2 May 1934
| birth_place = [[Khulna]]
| death_date = 21 October 2020
| death_place = [[Khulna]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| termstart = 15 February 1996
| termend = 12 June 1996
| termstart1 = 1 October 2001
| termend1 = 28 October 2006
| constituency_MP = [[Khulna-4]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mostafa Rashidi Suja]]
| successor1 = [[Molla Jalal Uddin]]
}}
'''M. Nurul Islam''' (2 May 1934 – 21 October 2020) was a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician and a member of parliament for [[Khulna-4]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Feud intensifies in Khulna BNP |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-56108 |accessdate=19 October 2019 |work=The Daily Star |date=23 September 2008 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Islam was born on 2 May 1934 in [[Khulna]], [[Khulna District]], [[East Bengal]], British India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-10-21 |title=Language Movement veteran Nurul Islam Dadu passes away |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2020/10/21/language-movement-veteran-nurul-islam-dadu-passes-away |access-date=2020-10-21 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>

==Career==
Islam was elected to parliament from [[Khulna-4]] as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 2001.<ref name="votemonitor">{{cite web |url=http://votemonitor.net:80/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=102 |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |author= |date= |website=Vote Monitor Networks |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229001818/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=102 |archive-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Death ==
Islam died on 21 October 2020 in [[Khulna City Medical College and Hospital]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Language Movement veteran Nurul Islam passes away |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/119565/language-movement-veteran-nurul-islam-passes-away |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-10-21 |work=New Age |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam, M. Nurul}}
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Politicians from Khulna]]
[[Category:6th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Brajalal College alumni]]

{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Ruchira Jadhav

2025-11-21T15:43:24Z

LaverneHenry:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ruchira Jadhav
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{bda|df=y|13 July 1989}} <ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title=Mazhya Navryachi Bayko fame Ruchira Jadhav returns home after months; enjoys delayed birthday celebration with family and friends|url=https://www.bollywoodproduct.com/cast/10726/ruchira-jadhav |access-date=2022-12-05 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=7 September 2020 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2015 - present
| known_for = ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''
| partner =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Ruchira Jadhav''' is an Indian television and film actress who mainly works in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi industry]]. She made her film debut with ''Sobat'' (2018) and Television debut with ''Tuzya Vachun Karmena'' (2016). Currently, she has participated in [[Colors Marathi]]'s ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Meet Bigg Boss Marathi 4 contestants: From Yashashri Masurkar, Kiran Mane to Tejaswini Lonari |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/meet-bigg-boss-marathi-4-contestants-list-yashashri-masurkar-kiran-mane-tejaswini-lonari-mahesh-manjrekar-8187343/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ruchira was born in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. She did her schooling from Parag Vidyalaya, [[Bhandup]]. She completed her graduation degree from [[K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering|K. J. Somaiya College, Mumbai]]. She was very active in her college cultural programs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 contestants Ruchira Jadhav and Rohit Shinde: Here's all you need to know about the celeb couple - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-contestants-ruchira-jadhav-and-rohit-shinde-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-celeb-couple/articleshow/94621110.cms |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Times of India |date=3 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She is in relationship with her fellow contestant of ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]'' Rohit Shinde since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=लव्ह बर्ड! रुचिरा रोहितचा रोमँटिक अंदाज |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/web-stories/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-4-fame-ruchira-jadhav-dr-rohit-shinde-romantic-video-/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=lokmat.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''Sobat''
|
|
|-
|''Love Lafde''
|Ruchi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghana |title='Love Lafde', to be release via a mobile app! {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/love-lafde-to-be-release-via-a-mobile-app/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Haemolymph: Invisible Blood]]''
|Sajida Shaikh
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Haemolymph' teaser shows repercussions of lead character's false implication - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/haemolymph-teaser-shows-repercussions-of-lead-characters-false-implication/articleshow/90801266.cms |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Times of India |date=12 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Luckdown Be Positive]]''
|Naina
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luckdown (2022) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/luckdown-44704 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129030457/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/luckdown-44704 |url-status=live |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|''Epilogue''
|Preet
|
|-
|2024
|''Babu''
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Babu Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} बाबू Movie {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/babu-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=1 July 2024 |date=1 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Reelstar''
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=ReelStar Movie (2025): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} रीलस्टार {{!}} Exclusive 2024 |url=https://rangmarathi.com/reelstar-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=13 October 2024 |date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2015
|''Be Dune Daha''
|Small cameo
|[[Star Pravah]]
|{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''Tuzya Vachun Karmena''
|Nupur Soman
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
|''[[Majhe Pati Saubhagyawati]]''
|Crew member
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
|2017
|''Prem He''
|Mukta Jahagirdar
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-29 |title=रुचिरा जाधव आणि अक्षय वाघमारे प्रेम हेमध्ये |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/ruchira-jadhav-and-akshay-waghmare-love-it/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2020-2021
|''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''
|Maya
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|2022
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
|Contestant
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 Ruchira Jadhav And Boyfriend Dr Rohit Shinde Love story dp |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-4-ruchira-jadhav-and-boyfriend-dr-rohit-shinde-love-story-dp/655995/amp |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[36 Guni Jodi]]''
|Sahitya
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
|2024
|''Tu Hi Re Majha Mitwa''
|Lavanya
|[[Star Pravah]]
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}
|}

==Marathi Play Career==
Her latest Marathi Play is Tu Tu Me Me directed by Kedar Shinde.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|13246041}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav, Ruchira}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]

Review petition

2025-11-14T22:46:36Z

LaverneHenry: New new article first draft.

{{Short description|Legal procedure in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}

In India, a binding decision of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]/[[High Courts of India|High Court]] can be reviewed in '''review petition'''. The parties aggrieved on any order of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on any apparent error can file a review petition. Taking into consideration the principle of [[stare decisis]], courts generally do not unsettle a decision, without a strong case. This provision regarding review is an exception to the legal principle of stare decisis.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120425114434/http://stpam.org/str/when-review-petition-can-be-filed-high-court-and-supreme-court When review petition can be filed in high court and supreme court]}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=March 2016}}

[[wikisource:Page%3AThe_Constitution_of_India_(Original_Calligraphed_and_Illuminated_Version).djvu/121|Article 137]] of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] provides that subject to provisions of any law and rule made under [[s:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 145 .7BRules of Court, etc..7D|Article 145]] the [[Supreme Court of India]] has the power to review any judgement pronounced (or order made) by it. Under Supreme Court Rules, 1966 such a petition needs to be filed within 30 days from the date of judgement or order. It is also recommended that the petition should be circulated without oral arguments to the same bench of judges that delivered the judgement (or order) sought to be reviewed.<ref name="Supreme Court of India Manual of Office Procedure">{{cite web | url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/CGP/manual_judicial_side.pdf | title=Supreme Court of India Manual of Office Procedure | publisher=Supreme Court of India | access-date=March 3, 2012}}</ref><ref name="JURISDICTION OF THE SUPREME COURT ">{{cite web | url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/jurisdiction.htm | title=Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court | publisher=Supreme Court of India | access-date=March 3, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306011139/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/jurisdiction.htm | archive-date=March 6, 2012 }}</ref>

It is not necessary for the court to accept every review petition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review Petition to Supreme Court under Article 137 of the Constitution of India{{!}} Order 47 CPC{{!}} Download format |url=https://www.aaptaxlaw.com/Legal-Formats/review-petition-to-supreme-court-under-article-137-constitution-order-47-cpc-format-download.html |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=www.aaptaxlaw.com}}</ref> Court may accept review petition only if it is filed on sufficient grounds which are:

# The discovery of new and important matter or evidence which, after the exercise of [[due diligence]] was not within his knowledge or could not be produced by him at the time when the decree was passed or order made
# On account of some mistake or error apparent on the face of the record
# Any other sufficient reason

Furthermore, even after dismissal of a review petition, the [[Supreme Court of India|SC]] may consider a [[curative petition]] in order to prevent abuse of its process and to cure gross [[miscarriage of justice]].<ref name="Supreme Court of India Manual of Office Procedure"/>

While a civil review petition can be moved in accordance with Order XLVII, Rule 1(1) of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 a criminal review petition can be moved only on the ground of an error apparent on the face of the record. (Source: CPC, 1908 and CRPC, 1973)

==Prominent cases==

===Dowry harassment case===
{{Expand section|date=March 2012}}

IPC 498a review-On 23 April 2018, the Supreme Court heard arguments and reserved its judgement on a review petition filed against an earlier order of the Court which had outlawed immediate arrests under this provision of IPC 498a.On 14 September 2018, it set aside the earlier judgement and left it to the parliament to enact suitable guidelines.

===2G spectrum case===
{{main|2G spectrum case}}

On 2 March 2012, [[Govt of India]] filed a review petition in [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] seeking partial review of the court's 2 February 2012 order which had quashed 122 licenses.<ref name="review petition">{{cite news|title=Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/telecom/government-raja-telcos-ask-supreme-court-to-reconsider-2g-order/articleshow/12117500.cms|newspaper=Economic Times | date=3 March 2012}}</ref> The Govt questioned Supreme Court's authority over ruling against the first-come first-served policy but stayed away from challenging the cancellation of 122 licences issued during the tenure of [[A Raja]] as [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Telecom Minister]].<ref>{{cite news|title=2G verdict: Auction can't be only way to allot natural assets, government says|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-verdict-Auction-cant-be-only-way-to-allot-natural-assets-government-says/articleshow/12118614.cms|newspaper=Times of India | date=3 March 2012}}</ref> On the same day Sistema, majority shareholder in [[MTS India]], too filed a review petition in Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|title=2G licences cancellation: Sistema files review petition in Supreme Court |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-02/news/31117049_1_shyam-group-sstl-russia-s-sistema |newspaper=Economic Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522125418/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-02/news/31117049_1_shyam-group-sstl-russia-s-sistema |archive-date=May 22, 2012 }}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on 4 April 2012 accepted to hear [[Government of India|Government]]'s review petition on limited grounds and dismissed all other 10 review petitions.<ref name=petition>{{cite news|title=2G spectrum scam: Supreme Court dismisses all but one review petition Close|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/2g-spectrum-scam-supreme-court-dismisses-all-but-one-review-petition/articleshow/12535768.cms|newspaper=Economic Times | date=4 April 2012}}</ref> Later on the Government of India applied for the withdrawal of the review petition and same was accepted by the Supreme Court of India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/latest-updates/story/supreme-court-accepts-centres-petition-to-withdraw-review-of-2g-judgement-101743-2012-05-10|title = Supreme Court accepts Centre's petition to withdraw review of 2G judgement}}</ref>

=== NEET Case ===
{{Main|National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)}}
On 18 July 2013, a 3-judge [[division bench]] of the SC by a 2:1 majority verdict had quashed National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test for admission to undergraduate medical/dental courses and Postgraduate medical/dental courses. The government of India subsequently filed a review petition. The Supreme Court agreed to hear the review petition on 23 October 2013. It recalled the 18 July order on 11 April 2016 and allowed the government to conduct NEET for admission to Undergraduate and Postgraduate medical and dental courses in the meantime. It decided to hear afresh on the validity of NEET. Another 3-judge bench of the Supreme Court after a fresh hearing upheld NEET by its judgement dated 29 April 2020.

===Vodafone-Hutchison Tax Case===
{{further|Vodafone India#Vodafone-Hutchison Tax Case|l1=Vodafone Tax Case}}
On 17 February 2012, [[Govt of India]] moved the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] seeking a review of its verdict holding that the Indian Income Tax Department does not have jurisdiction to impose Rs.11,000 [[crore]] as tax on the overseas deal between Vodafone and Hutchison.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/govt-seeks-review-of-vodafone-tax-verdict/913513 | title=Govt seeks review of Vodafone tax verdict | date=Feb 18, 2012 | access-date=March 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_centre-seeks-review-of-vodafone-verdict_1651580 | title=Centre seeks review of Vodafone verdict | date=Feb 18, 2012 | access-date=March 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/228107/govt-seeks-review-vodafone-tax.html | title=Govt seeks review of Vodafone tax case verdict | date=Feb 17, 2012 | access-date=March 19, 2012}}</ref> On 20 March 2012, [[Supreme Court of India|SC]] dismissed the review petition during an in-chamber proceeding saying the petition has no merit.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/second-slap-sc-junks-govts-vodafone-review-petition-250681.html | title=Second slap: SC junks govt's Vodafone review petition | work=First Post | date=Mar 20, 2012 | access-date=March 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sc-dismisses-govts-review-petition-on-vodafone-tax-verdict/926092/0 | title=SC dismisses govt's review petition on Vodafone tax verdict | work=Indian Express | date=Mar 20, 2012 | access-date=March 20, 2012}}</ref>

=== Mayawati disproportionate assets case ===
{{further|Mayawati#Disproportionate assets case}}

On 4 October 2012, based on a review petition filed by a person named Kamlesh Verma, the Supreme Court decided to review its earlier verdict in open court in a disproportionate assets case against [[Mayawati]].<ref name="SC order on REVIEW PETITION">{{cite web|title=SC order on Review Petition (CRL.) No(s). 453 OF 2012|url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/rr%2045312p.txt|publisher=Supreme Court of India|access-date=4 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="SC agrees to hear review of quashing of Mayawati DA case">{{cite news|title=SC agrees to hear review of quashing of Mayawati DA case|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sc-agrees-to-hear-review-of-quashing-of-mayawati-da-case_1748926|access-date=4 October 2012|newspaper=DNA|date=4 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="SC to hear review of quashing of Mayawati's assets case">{{cite news|title=SC to hear review of quashing of Mayawati's assets case|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/sc-to-hear-review-of-quashing-of-mayawatis-assets-case/20121004.htm|access-date=4 October 2012|newspaper=Rediff.com|date=4 October 2012}}</ref> The case dates back to 2003 when CBI filed a case against Mayawati for owning assets disproportionate to her known sources of income. Mayawati described the CBI investigation against her as illegal.<ref name="Hindustan Times 2010">{{cite web | last = Hasan | first = Masoodul | title = CBI probe in DA case illegal: Mayawati | work = Hindustan Times | date = 21 April 2010 | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/CBI-probe-in-DA-case-illegal-Mayawati/Article1-534015.aspx | access-date = 17 June 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022195609/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/CBI-probe-in-DA-case-illegal-Mayawati/Article1-534015.aspx | archive-date = 22 October 2012 }}
</ref> The assets case was finally quashed on 6 July 2012—nine years later—by the Supreme Court; the court found that the case was unwarranted.<ref name="Supreme Court quashes FIR in Mayawati assets case">{{cite news |title=Court quashes FIR in Mayawati assets case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3609174.ece |archive-date=Jul 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708185122/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3609174.ece |access-date=2023-08-25 |newspaper=The Hindu|date=July 6, 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The CBI decided not to file an appeal.<ref name="Indian Express August 2012">{{cite news | work = The Indian Express | date = 1 August 2012 | title = Assets case: Relief for Mayawati as CBI admits defeat | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/assets-case-relief-for-mayawati-as-cbi-admits-defeat/982434/ | access-date = 1 August 2012 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Curative petition]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Law of India]]

Intiki Deepam Illalu

2025-11-08T16:50:30Z

LaverneHenry: put up details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Intiki Deepam Illalu.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Padmini Nadella
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Ravi nagpuri
*
}}
| creative_director = Nandhana Nadella
| presenter = Sri shirdi sai productions
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Dhanya Deepika
* Shiva Kumar
* Rajashri Nair
* Priyanka Chowdhary
* Neema Singh
* Manoj
}}
| voices =
| narrated =
| open_theme = Intiki Deepam Illalu
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_episodes = 778
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Yepuru Srinadh
* Padmini Nadella
}}
| editor = Harikrishna Bandla
| location =
| cinematography = Suresh
| camera = Multi camera
| runtime = 22 minutes
| channel =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|03|08|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|09|09|df=yes}}
| related = ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
| image_alt =
| num_seasons =
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| released =
| company = Sri Shiridi Sai Productions
}}

'''''Intiki Deepam Illalu''''' ({{Translation|''Wife Is a Light to the House''}}) is an Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that aired on [[Star Maa]] starring Dhanya Deepika, Shiva Kumar, Rajashri Nair, Priyanka Chowdhary and Manoj.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mounaragam fame Shivakumar Marihal to play a lead in 'Intikideepam Illalu'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/mounaragam-fame-shivakumar-marihal-to-play-a-lead-in-intikideepam-illalu/articleshow/80923988.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] television series ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chupulu Kalisina Subhavela: చూపులు కలిసిన శుభవేళ సీరియల్.. త్వరలోనే రీమేక్?|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/chupulu-kalisina-shubavela-serial-will-remake-soon-on-star-maa-nr-837044.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516091724/https://telugu.news18.com/amp/news/movies/chupulu-kalisina-shubavela-serial-will-remake-soon-on-star-maa-nr-837044.html|archive-date=16 May 2021|website=CNN News18|date=15 April 2021}}</ref> In 2021, Neema Singh replaced Priyanka Chowdhary as Raashi. The series is produced by Yepuru Srinadh and Padmin Nadella.

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=September 2023}}
Harinarayana murders his brother Srinavasa Raju and his wife Lakshmi while they are journeying with their one-year-old daughter Krishna. Jayaram and Damayanthi find them with wounds and a dying Lakshmi persuades them to take Krishna in and gives them her jewellery in return. They leave the village with Krishna and their children Raashi and Surya as Harinarayana harms them. Twenty years later, Krishna gets mistreated by Damayanthi and Raashi. Innocent, soft-spoken and kind hearted Krishna had always yearned for love. Maheshwari chooses Krishna for her son Manohar and get them married while Manohar's cousin Harsha and Raashi marry. The story revolves around her struggles to win the heart of her husband Manohar, who does not love her with her strict mother-in-law Maheshwari turning mentor for her, amidst which Raashi hatches various plans to defame Krishna and separate her from the family. Varshini, Mano's sister, is set to marry Uday, the brother of Mano's former love interest Hema. Varshini acts as if she is pregnant with Uday's progeny to gain Maheshwari's support for her to marry Uday. On the wedding day, Uday abducts Krishna when the latter discovers that he is acting as if he loves Varshini and is marrying her to take revenge on Mano for marrying Krishna despite being in a relationship with Hema.

Raashi saves Krishna and they expose Uday, who is banished. Therefore, Varshini is forced to marry Surya. Though after some tribulations; Surya-Varshini and Krishna-Manohar fall in love. Varshini is protected from Uday's evil conspiracies and she accepts Krishna as her sister-in-law and mother-figure. Uday is revealed to be Krishna's cousin and Harinarayana's son. After Raashi has a miscarriage, she pins the blame on Krishna. Due to conflicts, the house is divided into two with a line drawn separating it. Maheshwari, Krishna, Manohar and the latter's father live on one side of the house while Harsha, his parents Leelavathi and Jagadish and Raasi live on other side. Maheshwari moves out of the house with her family after discovering that Varshini was modelling in Uday's agency and was having an affair with him a few days after her marriage out of disgrace. Leelavathi and Jagadish realize their mistake and tries to unite with Maheshwari and buys a house in their neighbourhood. Manohar gets drunk under Raasi's influence and forces himself upon Krishna, who gets pregnant due to it. She has an internal conflict with Manohar which is hidden from an excited Maheshwari. When Maheshwari discovers the truth, she leaves the house, meets with an accident and is presumed to be dead. However, she is alive and is unhappy, so she does not return home.

Manohar blames Krishna for Maheshwari's death and they decide to get divorced. Harsha gets romantically involved with a businesswoman Harika who joins their office and troubles Raasi. Krishna and Manohar are asked to stay with each other for six months together by court for reconsidering their divorce decision. Maheshwari starts living with a couple after saving one of their lives. The trio start a catering business and Varshini-Surya approach them as they have a curry point. Everyone discovers that Maheshwari is alive. She returns home. Krishna miscarries but Manohar and Maheshwari hold her responsible. As Harsha and Harika's affair is exposed to the family, Jagadish suffers from a stroke; Leelavathi ousts Harsha and Raasi leaves the house to stay with her parents. Krishna and Manohar reconcile. Damayanthi torments Varshini and despises her, blaming her and her family for Raashi's miseries. Raashi and Damayanthi, in a bid to avenge, implicate Jagadish and Mano, prompting their arrest. Maheshwari falls ill and is hospitalized while their properties are seized; Leelavathi and Krishna work to afford the expenses, rejecting Harsha's assistance. Damayanthi persuades Surya to divorce Varshini but he is against it. Rocky, Harika's former boyfriend, makes his entry and despises her for deceit. He frees Jagadish and Mano from prison while everyone presumes that Harika had them incarcerated. Harinarayana discovers that Krishna is her niece, after whom the assets are named; he conspires to acquire the properties and joins hands with Damayanthi but secretly abducts Surya to avenge Uday's earlier encounter with him.

Surya, whose face is disfigured, is found dead and it is falsely stated that he met with an accident while a recovered Maheshwari is away on a pilgrimage and the family is dejected. Damayanthi assumes that Surya was fleeing from money lenders, from whom he borrowed money to assist Krishna and her in-laws in their worst time. She blames them for his accident and banishes Varshini from her residence. Harinarayana reveals himself as her uncle to Krishna and takes her with them to her ancestral bungalow. Krishna, despite Damayanthi and Raashi's cruel antics, takes them into her home; Harika tells Harsha to act like if he has reformed and expose Raashi's misdeeds and she has seemingly reformed into a good person and loves Harsha truly. Harsha feigns reconciliation and Raashi is grateful to Krishna; Harika arrives at Krishna's home and proclaims her pregnancy. She is rejected but Krishna houses her and tells her to leave the house after giving the family their heir / heiress. Raashi is against the idea and begins to hate Krishna and Harika. Raashi and Krishna conceive. Krishna reminds Harsha that he wronged Raashi and exposes Harika's betrayal to Rocky, which causes him to give Raashi a second chance and avoid Harika. Harinarayana, Uday and Damayanthi continue to plot against Krishna and Manohar. Harika gives birth to a daughter and the family rejoices. A spiritual guru anticipates that Krishna's baby would be Lakshmi's reincarnation and will have a long life but they have danger in store for them.

Krishna and Raashi too deliver daughters; Raashi's baby dies which prompts Krishna to switch the babies with the doctor's help secretly. As Damayanthi and Raashi superstitiously presume that Krishna's baby died due to her fault in her horoscope, they restrain her from approaching her own daughter (whom they believe to be Raashi's daughter). Harika wins everyone's hearts but repents for her actions and deserts her daughter, leaving her in Krishna and Mano's foster care. Krishna's daughter, who is presumed to be Raashi's daughter, is named as Siri while Harika's daughter is christened Vennela. Damayanthi and Harinarayana devises an accident to Krishna, rendering her infertile. Mano and Krishna attempt to adopt Vennela but Raashi, Damayanthi, Harinarayana and Uday intercept as they believe that the adoption would cause the assets to be transferred to her. The guru tells the family that they are destined to know the truth and advises Krishna not to adopt Vennela as she will be harmed, implying that Damayanthi and others would kill her.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Dhanya Deepika as Krishnapriya aka Krishna: Srinivasa Raju and Lakshmi's daughter; Jayaram and Damayanthi's foster daughter; Surya and Raashi's foster sister; Uday and Hema's cousin; Mano's wife; Siri's mother; Vennela's foster mother (2021–2023)
* Shiva Kumar as Manohar aka Mano: Maheshwari Devi and Prasad's son; Varshini's brother; Harsha's cousin; Hema's former lover; Krishna's husband; Siri's father; Vennela's foster father (2021–2023)
* [[Rajashree (actress) | Rajshri Nair]] (2021-2023) / [[Shanoor Sana]] (2023) as Maheshwari Devi: Prasad's wife; Manohar and Varshini's mother; Siri's paternal grandmother

===Recurring===
* Priyanka Chowdhary / Neema Singh as Raashi: Jayaram and Damayanthi's daughter; Surya's sister; Krishna's foster sister; Harsha's wife; Siri's foster mother (2021) / (2021–2023)
* Manu Manoj as Harsha: Jagadish and Leelavathi's son; Mano and Varshini's cousin; Raashi's husband; Siri's foster father; Vennela's father (2021–2023)
* Niharika as Harika: Harsha's former affair-interest and colleague; Raashi's rival; Vennela's mother (2022–2023)
* Anusha Sasurala as Hema: Harinarayana's daughter; Uday's sister; Krishna's cousin; Varshini's former best friend; Mano's former love interest and obsessive lover (2021-2022)
* Nikitha Chowdary as Varshini: Prasad and Maheshwari's daughter; Mano's sister; Harsha's cousin; Hema's best friend; Uday's former love interest; Surya's widow (2021–2023)
* Vikram Shanmukha as Uday: Hari's son; Hema's brother; Krishna's cousin; Varshini's former love interest (2021–2023)
* Sravani as Damayanthi: Jayaram's wife; Raasi and Surya's mother; Krishna's foster mother (2021–2023)
* Yarlagadda Sailaja as Ratnaprabha: Jagadish and Prasad's mother; Mano, Harsha and Varshini's grandmother (2021–2022)
* Sreedhar as Jayaram: Damayanthi's husband; Raasi and Surya's father; Krishna's foster father (2021–2022)
* Durga Devi as Leelavathi: Jagadish's wife; Harsha's mother; Raasi's mother-in-law; Vennela's paternal grandmother (2021–2023)
* Nawaz Shan as Harinarayana: Srinavasa Raju's brother; Uday and Hema's father (2021–2023)
* Girish as Jagadish: Leelavathi's husband; Harsha's father; Raasi's father-in-law; Ratnaprabha's elder son; Prasad's elder brother; Mano and Varshini's uncle; Vennela's paternal grandfather (2021–2023)
* Uma Devi as Harinarayana's mother-in-law (2021)
* Nagireddy Surya as Surya: Jayaram and Damayanthi's son; Raashi's elder brother; Krishna's foster brother; Varshini's husband (2021–2023)
* Unknown as Prasad: Maheshwari's husband; Mano and Varshini's father; Krishna's father-in-law; Ratnaprabha's younger son; Jagadish's younger brother; Harsha's uncle; Siri's paternal grandfather (2021–2022)

===Cameo===
* Bharani Shankar as Srinivasa Raju: Lakshmi's husband; Krishna's biological father; Hari's elder brother (2021)
* Pravaleeka as Lakshmi: Srinivasa Raju's wife; Krishna's biological mother (2021)

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:LightBlue; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:LightBlue; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:LightBlue; width:13%;"| Original release
! style="background:LightBlue; width:16%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:LightBlue; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:LightBlue; width:18%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'' साथ निभाना साथिया
| 3 May 2010
| [[StarPlus]]
| 23 July 2017
| Original
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Pudhcha Paaul]]'' पुढचं पाऊल
| 2 May 2011
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 30 June 2017
| rowspan="5" | Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'' தெய்வம் தந்த வீடு
| 15 July 2013
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 26 May 2017
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''Chandanamazha ചന്ദനമഴ''<ref>{{Cite news|title=I Want To Focus More On Serials Than Films As Small Screen Is My Comfort Zone: Shalu Kurian
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-want-to-focus-more-on-serials-than-films-as-small-screen-is-my-comfort-zone-shalu-kurian/articleshow/57754793.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 March 2017}}</ref>
|3 February 2014
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|9 December 2017
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Bodhuboron]]'' বধুবরন
| 19 August 2013
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 29 January 2017
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Intiki Deepam Illalu'' ఇంటికి దీపం ఇల్లాలు
| 8 March 2021
| [[Star Maa]]
| 9 September 2023
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/intiki-deepam-illalu/1260055826 ''Intiki Deepam Illalu''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Tech Panda & Kenzani

2025-10-24T06:27:20Z

LaverneHenry:

{{short description|Indian DJ duo}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=October 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Tech Panda & Kenzani
| alias = Tech Panda & Kenzani
| origin = [[Delhi, India]]
| genre = [[Electronic dance music]], [[Folktronica]], [[Techno]], [[House music]]
| occupation = [[DJ]], record producer
| years_active = 2010 (Independently) -present
| label = [[Sony Music Entertainment]], Groovebird Records, Aluku Records
| current_members = Rupinder Nanda, Kedar Santwani
}}
'''Tech Panda & Kenzani''' are an [[India]]n electronic DJ and music production duo based out of [[Delhi]] consisting of '''Rupinder Nanda''' - '''Tech Panda''' (born, 12 December 1986) and '''Kedar Santwani - Kenzani''' (born 26 May 1989).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-07 |title=It's great to see the new generation enjoy sounds that are vintage: Tech Panda x Kenzani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/its-great-to-see-the-new-generation-enjoy-sounds-that-are-vintage-tech-panda-x-kenzani/articleshow/101515424.cms |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> They are best known for their tracks "Khoyo", "Dillagi", "Dilbar" and Indian version of "[[Sunflower (Post Malone and Swae Lee song)|Sunflower]]" from the film ''[[Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Amarjot |date=2023-07-01 |title=Delhi-based indie band Tech Panda x Kenzani on its experiments with folktronica |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/delhi-based-indie-band-tech-panda-x-kenzani-on-its-experiments-with-folktronica/article66990439.ece |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
The duo was formed in around 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Akshay |date=2020-08-23 |title=Tech Panda & Kenzani Are Creating Magical Electronic Fusion Of Indian Sounds {{!}} |url=https://54.255.20.54/tech-panda-kenzani-are-creating-magical-electronic-fusion-of-indian-sounds/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=The Indian Music Diaries |language=en-US}}</ref> After Rupinder and Kedar met via a friend, they started talking about their artistic aspirations right away. Originally, Tech Panda and Kenzani were previously solo DJs and producers. Later, they began collaborating and performing live together and soon formed the musical duo "Tech Panda & Kenzani".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Tech Panda x Kenzani are on a musical mission to carry India's culture forward, the electronica way |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/tech-panda-kenzani-manish-malhotra-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-indian-electronica-classical-music-rupinder-nanda-kedar-santwani-8091500/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Kenzani is an artist name derived from the combination of first name Kedar and last name Santwani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ycaza |first=Erick |date=2016-01-18 |title=Kenzani Interview 2016 |url=https://www.electrowow.net/kenzani-interview-2016 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Electro Wow {{!}} Music Blog - New Music Releases, Interviews, News |language=en-US}}</ref> Tech Panda adopted his nickname from his school days, when he was called Panda for his laziness. He added the word Tech to his name to reflect his affinity for [[Tech house|tech house music]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tech Panda x Kenzani |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/music/tech-panda-x-kenzani.html |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref>

The duo formed the abstract genre "Indian electronica", taking inspiration from [[House music|house]], [[techno]] and subgenres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Tech Panda x Kenzani are on a musical mission to carry India's culture forward, the electronica way |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/tech-panda-kenzani-manish-malhotra-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-indian-electronica-classical-music-rupinder-nanda-kedar-santwani-8091500/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2019, they released "Saawariya" together.{{cn|date=April 2024}} It was featured in [[BBC Asian Network]] and [[MTV USA]]. They started primarily focusing on [[folktronica]], Indian [[electronic music]] and [[Electronica]] eventually.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Amarjot |date=2023-07-01 |title=Delhi-based indie band Tech Panda x Kenzani on its experiments with folktronica |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/delhi-based-indie-band-tech-panda-x-kenzani-on-its-experiments-with-folktronica/article66990439.ece |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2021, their single "Khoyo" gained millions of streams after it was [[Synchronization rights|sync licensed]] for the [[Amazon Prime]] series "[[Shehar Lakhot]]".

In 2023, their single "Dilbar" with [[Rusha & Blizza]] went viral on [[Instagram]] with audience creating a total of 400K+ videos using the song <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title=Woman's graceful belly dance on Dilbar leaves viewers in awe. Watch viral video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/womans-graceful-belly-dance-on-dilbar-leaves-viewers-in-awe-watch-viral-video-101682568642172.html |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and [[Streaming media|DSPs]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Songstats |title=Dilbar {{!}} Instagram Analytics |url=https://songstats.com/track/y0z6ob3q/dilbar |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Songstats |language=en}}</ref> gaining millions of streams within the month of release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2023-05-08 |title=Tech Panda and Kenzani Talk About the Success of 'Dilbar' and Indian Electronic Music |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/tech-panda-kenzani-dilbar-song-interview/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> Dilbar was also charting across [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Dubai]] and [[Pakistan]] and in India Indie Charts on [[Spotify]] and No.1 in [[Apple Music]] India Music Electronic Charts for over three months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest in entertainment, lifestyle, fashion {{!}} t2ONLINE - Vibe With The tRIBE |url=https://www.t2online.in/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> The track was later signed by [[Sony Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilbar Release |url=https://www.beatsource.com/release/dilbar/1547962 |website=Beatsource}}</ref> Same year, they released another single "Kulli" which received significant coverage as well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=Tech Panda and Kenzani's Latest 'Kulli' is a Medley of Arabian Nights and Punjabi Folk Straight To Rule the Charts - Score Indie Reviews - Highonscore {{!}} The Score Magazine |url=https://highonscore.com/tech-panda-kenzani-kulli-score-indie-reviews/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tech Panda x Kenzani follow up viral success of 'Dilbar' with much-awaited release, 'Kulli' |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/230622-tech-panda-x-kenzani-follow-viral-success- |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2023, They were asked to recreate the track "[[Sunflower (Post Malone and Swae Lee song)|Sunflower]]" from the film “[[Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse]]” to Indian musical traditions and Hindi vocals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Amarjot |date=2023-07-01 |title=Delhi-based indie band Tech Panda x Kenzani on its experiments with folktronica |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/delhi-based-indie-band-tech-panda-x-kenzani-on-its-experiments-with-folktronica/article66990439.ece |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The version was released by [[Sony Music|Sony Music Entertainment]] ([[Madison Gate Records|Maddison Gate Records]]) and was featured in the official covers for the sequel film,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sunflower Covers (From and Inspired by the Motion Picture "Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse") - EP {{!}} Madison Gate Records |url=https://www.madisongaterecords.com/sunflower-covers-and-inspired-motion-picture-spider-man-across-spider-verse-ep |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.madisongaterecords.com}}</ref> “[[Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse]]”.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plus |first=Music |date=2023-06-07 |title=New Spider-Man movie features music from Nucleya, Tech Panda, Kenzani, and Badal |url=https://www.musicplus.in/new-spider-man-movie-features-music-from-nucleya-tech-panda-kenzani-and-badal/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Musicplus |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tech Panda x Kenzani {{!}} Spinning a musical web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20230626-tech-panda-x-kenzani-spinning-a-musical-web-2393991-2023-06-16 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=India Today |date=16 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The cover version featured the artist "Badal" for the [[Hindi]] Vocals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khullar |first=Muskan |date=2023-06-23 |title=The Sunflower Effect: Tech Panda X Kenzani on their version of the Post Malone and Swae Lee track |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Jun/23/the-sunflower-effect-tech-panda-x-kenzani-on-their-versionof-the-post-malone-and-swae-lee-track-50238.html |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2023, They were invited as speaker for the [[TED (conference)|TED]] event hosted independently by [[Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology|TCET]] called "The Symphony of Life".<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxTCET {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/54171 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref>

In December 2023, They collaborated with the British rapper [[Raxstar]] and Folktronica duo [[Hari & Sukhmani]] for the single "Talk To Me Nice", which was mixed and mastered by Grammy winning producer [[Luca Pretolesi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2023-12-15 |title=Tech Panda x Kenzani Release New Song 'Talk To Me Nice' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/tech-panda-kenzani-talk-to-me-song-raxstar-hari-sukhmani/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Electronica duo Tech Panda x Kenzani release new collab with British Punjabi rapper Raxstar |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/231222-electronica-duo-tech-panda-x-kenzani-release |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Major Performances ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Event
!Hosted By
!City
!Date
!Ref
|-
|DGTL Festival
|DGTL
|Mumbai
|18 November
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Festival Giant, DGTL |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/music/dgtl-2023.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref>
|-
|MOTOSONIC
|[[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]]
|Goa
|24 November 2023
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-13 |title=Royal Enfield Motoverse to be held in Goa from Nov 24: Key things to know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/royal-enfield-motoverse-to-be-held-in-goa-from-nov-24-key-things-to-know/articleshow/104394082.cms |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Swiggy SteppinOut Presents Tech Panda X Kenzani
|[[Swiggy]]
|Jaipur
|5 August 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swiggy SteppinOut Presents Tech Panda X Kenzani {{!}} Jaipur - GigHub |url=https://gighub.club/event/swiggy-steppinout-presents-tech-panda-x-kenzani-jaipur-jaipur-4433/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=gighub.club |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|The Mijwan Fashion Show
|[[Manish Malhotra]]
|Mumbai
|31 July 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Tech Panda x Kenzani are on a musical mission to carry India's culture forward, the electronica way |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/tech-panda-kenzani-manish-malhotra-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-indian-electronica-classical-music-rupinder-nanda-kedar-santwani-8091500/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Indo Warehouse: Tech Panda x Kenzani
|Indo Warehouse
|New York
|11 June 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indo Warehouse: Tech Panda x Kenzani at Chelsea Music Hall, New York (2022) ⟋ RA |url=https://ra.co/events/1544092 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Resident Advisor |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Holi Moo! Festival - Dehradun
|Holi Moo!
|Dehradun
|4 March 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=Holi Moo! Festival Is Back With Its 15th Edition In Dehradun And Goa |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/news/holi-moo-festival-is-back-in-dehradun-and-goa/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Travel and Leisure Asia {{!}} India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Mahindra Roots Festival
|[[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]]
|Mumbai
|24 February 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahindra Roots Festival |url=https://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Mahindra-Roots-Festival-Is-Set-To-Take-Place-In-Mumbai/22-02-2023-466577 |website=Business World}}</ref>
|-
|Press Play
|[[Armani Exchange]]
|New Delhi
|11 February 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=Get Ready for a Month of Fun: February Events in Delhi and Mumbai |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/get-ready-for-a-month-of-fun-february-events-in-delhi-and-mumbai-6981139.html |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Gin Extravaganza Unleashed: Retroverse Revelry
|Gin Explorers Club
|Gurugram
|10 February 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gin Extravaganza Unleashed: Retroverse Revelry at Gin Explorers Club 2024 in Cyber City, Gurugram! |url=https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-20063/gin-extravaganza-unleashed-retroverse-revelry-at-gin-explorers-club-2024-in-cyber-city-gurugram |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=EVENTFAQS Media}}</ref>
|-
|Joytown Festival
|[[BMW]]
|Mumbai
|7 January 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyagi |first=Rachna |title=BMW GROUP INDIA PRESENTS JOYTOWN MUMBAI ON 7-8 JANUARY 2023 |url=https://www.turnofspeed.in/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=TURN OF SPEED |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Road to Lolla: India
|[[Lollapalooza]]
|Jaipur
|23 December 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=Lollapalooza India 2023 teams up with global, Indian brands to build an experience beyond music |url=https://indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/lollapalooza-india-2023-teams-up-with-global-indian-brands-to-build-an-experience-beyond-music-230109 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Zomaland
|[[Zomato]]
|Delhi
|17 December 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-10 |title=Zomaland Delhi: Foodies! get ready for the grand carnival, catch B Praak, Rahul Dua, Emiway Bantai live on these days |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/zomaland-delhi-foodies-get-ready-for-the-grand-carnival-catch-b-praak-rahul-dua-emiway-bantai-live-on-these-days-article-96128263 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Swiggy SteppinOut Music Festival
|[[Swiggy]]
|Bangalore
|10 December 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swiggy SteppinOut |url=https://www.dineout.co.in/bangalore/events-swiggy-steppinout-music-festival-smf-bangalore-r112228-e48471 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.dineout.co.in}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Featuring Artist
!Year
|-
|Heer
|Talwiinder
|2024
|-
|Talk to Me Nice
|[[Raxstar]], [[Hari & Sukhmani]]
| rowspan="6" |2023
|-
|Mohabbat
|
|-
|Dua
|
|-
|Kulli
|
|-
|[[Sunflower (Post Malone and Swae Lee song)|Sunflower]] (From "[[Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse|Spider-Man:Across the Spider-Verse]]") (Indian Remake)
|Badal
|-
|Dilbar
|Rusha & Blizza
|-
|Gangster Disco
|
| rowspan="17" |2022
|-
|Dillagi
|
|-
|Gajrela
|
|-
|Shaan
|
|-
|Vaya
|
|-
|Freedom
|
|-
|Showstopper ([[Manish Malhotra]])
|
|-
|Ranjha
|
|-
|Aankhen
|Aamir Azher
|-
|Metanoia
|
|-
|Khoyo Remix
|Kahani
|-
|Doya Reprise
|
|-
|Melancholia
|
|-
|My Heart goes Disco
|
|-
|Piya
|
|-
|Raatan
|Mitika Kanwar
|-
|Kosha
|
|-
|Yakeen
|Aamir Azher
| rowspan="16" |2021
|-
|Saawariya Reprise
|Rupali Moghe
|-
|Sinister
|
|-
|Rangila
|
|-
|Mahane
|
|-
|Tutda Taara
|Mitika Kanwar
|-
|Bahaar
|
|-
|Urja
|
|-
|Guftagu
|
|-
|Essence of Saundh
|
|-
|Chidiya
|
|-
|Daydream
|
|-
|Ethnicity
|
|-
|Jiya
|
|-
|Back in Time
|
|-
|Bhaa
|
|-
|Colossal
|
| rowspan="36" |2020
|-
|Laagi
|
|-
|Falak
|
|-
|Sauda
|
|-
|Out of the Blue
|
|-
|My Window at Night
|
|-
|Uncertainty
|Aneesha
|-
|Infiniity
|
|-
|You and Me
|
|-
|Super Naani
|
|-
|Svara
|
|-
|Last Tear
|
|-
|Fable
|
|-
|Promised Land
|
|-
|Eunoia
|
|-
|Together
|
|-
|Doya
|
|-
|Closer
|
|-
|Mat Lovely
|
|-
|Levitate
|
|-
|5 Am
|
|-
|Lost In Love
|
|-
|Duniya Sari
|
|-
|Sadhu
|
|-
|Poetic Love
|
|-
|Indian Monsoon
|
|-
|Naina
|
|-
|Banjara
|
|-
|Khoyo (2)
|
|-
|Khoyo
|
|-
|Headstart
|
|-
|Tropical Soil
|
|-
|Reflections
|
|-
|Faith Above Else
|
|-
|Calling It a Day
|
|-
|Resurgence
|
|-
|Saawariya
|
|2019
|-
|Ruhani
|
| rowspan="3" |2018
|-
|Widing System
|
|-
|Naani
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tech Panda and Kenzani}}
[[Category:Indian DJs]]
[[Category:Folktronica musicians]]
[[Category:Electronica music groups]]
[[Category:Electronic dance music DJs]]
[[Category:Sony Music artists]]
[[Category:Indian musical duos]]

Pooja Sihag

2025-10-19T07:22:31Z

LaverneHenry: New initial entry basic info.

{{Short description|Indian freestyle wrestler}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Pooja Sihag
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Pooja Sihag.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = Sihag in August 2022
| headercolor =
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| native_name =
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| national_team = 
| citizenship = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|07|17|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Pooja SIHAG |url=https://www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/pooja-pooja/07fb2548-6554-40a9-80f2-2fb79be42174 |website=Birmingham2022.com |publisher=[[Birmingham Organising Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Limited]] |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>
| birth_place = Sisai, Hisar
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| hometown =
| education = BA
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Inspector in Rajasthan Police.
| years_active =
| employer =
| agent =
| height = <171cm, X m, or X ft Y in (automatic conversion) plus optional year and reference -->
| weight = 
| spouse = Naveen dahiya
| life_partner =
| children =
| parents = 
| relatives =
| other_interests =
| website = 
| module = 
| country = India
| sport = [[Amateur wrestling]]
| position =
| shoots =
| catches =
| disability =
| disability_class =
| weight_class = 76 KG
| weight_class_type =
| rank =
| event = [[Freestyle wrestling|Freestyle]]
| event_type =
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| worlds =
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| paralympics =
| commonwealth =
| highestranking =
| pb = 
| show-medals =
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport| Women's [[freestyle wrestling]] }}
{{Medal|Country| {{IND}} }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Commonwealth Games]] }}
{{Medal|Bronze| [[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]] | [[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 76 kg|76 kg]] }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Wrestling Championships|Asian Championships]] }}
{{Medal|Bronze| [[2021 Asian Wrestling Championships|2021 Almaty]] | 76 kg }}
{{Medal|Competition| Asian U23 Championship }}
{{Medal|Silver| [[2019 Asian U23 Wrestling Championship|2019 Ulaanbaatar]] | 76 kg }}
| medaltemplates-title =
| module3 =
}}

'''Pooja Sihag''' (born 17 July 1997) is an Indian [[Freestyle wrestling|freestyle wrestler]]. She won one of the bronze medals in the [[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 76 kg|women's 76 kg]] event at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] held in Birmingham, England.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/sport/cwg-2022-indian-wrestler-pooja-sihag-advances-to-semis-of-womens-76-kg-category-vinesh-phogat-continues-winning/1072074/ | title=CWG 2022: Indian wrestler Pooja Sihag advances to semis of women's 76 kg category, Vinesh Phogat continues winning | publisher=The Print | date=6 August 2022 | accessdate=6 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/cwg-2022-pooja-sihag-of-india-wins-bronze-at-the-2022-commonwealth-games-5703589.html | title=CWG 2022: Pooja Sihag of India Wins Bronze at the 2022 Commonwealth Games | publisher=News18 | date=7 August 2022 | accessdate=7 August 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==

In 2017, she competed in the [[2017 World Wrestling Championships – Women's freestyle 75 kg|women's 75 kg]] event at the [[2017 World Wrestling Championships|World Wrestling Championships]] held in Paris, France.<ref name="uww_world_wrestling_world_championships_2017">{{Cite web|url=https://unitedworldwrestling.org/sites/default/files/media/document/event/results/final-book_1.pdf|title=2017 World Wrestling Championships|website=United World Wrestling|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501222916/https://unitedworldwrestling.org/sites/default/files/media/document/event/results/final-book_1.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> In 2019, she won the silver medal in the women's 76{{nbsp}}kg event at the [[2019 Asian U23 Wrestling Championship|Asian U23 Wrestling Championship]] held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.<ref name="uww_asian_u23_wrestling_championship_2019">{{Cite web|title=2019 Asian U23 Wrestling Championship|url=https://unitedworldwrestling.org/sites/default/files/2019-03/results_03_ulaanbaatar.pdf|website=United World Wrestling|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524110248/https://unitedworldwrestling.org/sites/default/files/2019-03/results_03_ulaanbaatar.pdf|archive-date=24 May 2020|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> In that same year, she also competed at the [[2019 Asian Wrestling Championships]] held in Xi'an, China.<ref name="asian_championships_2019">{{cite web|url=https://unitedworldwrestling.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/results_04_xian.pdf|title=2019 Asian Wrestling Championships Results|work=United World Wrestling|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518232029/https://unitedworldwrestling.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/results_04_xian.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>

In April 2021, she competed at the [[2021 Asian Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament|Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament]] hoping to qualify for the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] in Tokyo, Japan.<ref name="asian_olympic_qualification_tournament_2021">{{Cite web|title=2021 Asian Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament Results Book|url=https://uww.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/results_04_almaty_tq.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412095457/https://uww.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/results_04_almaty_tq.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2021|access-date=5 May 2021|website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> She did not qualify for the Olympics at this tournament. In the same month, she won the bronze medal in her event at the [[2021 Asian Wrestling Championships]] held in the same venue as the Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament.<ref name="china_follows_japan_in_withdrawing_women_2021">{{Cite news|last=Rowbottom|first=Mike|date=15 April 2021|title=China follows Japan in withdrawing women from UWW Asian Championships over COVID concerns|work=InsideTheGames.biz|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106646/uww-asian-championships-2021-almaty|access-date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="asian_championships_2021">{{cite web|url=https://uww.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/results_04_almaty_champ.pdf|title=2021 Asian Wrestling Championships Results|work=United World Wrestling|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419163153/https://uww.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/results_04_almaty_champ.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2021|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> She also failed to qualify for the Olympics at the [[2021 World Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament|World Olympic Qualification Tournament]] held in Sofia, Bulgaria.<ref name="uww_world_olympic_qualification_tournament_2021">{{Cite web|title=2021 World Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament Results Book|url=https://uww.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/world_og_qualifier_final_book.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509161754/https://uww.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/world_og_qualifier_final_book.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2021|access-date=9 May 2021|website=United World Wrestling}}</ref>

She won one of the bronze medals in the [[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 76 kg|women's 76 kg]] event at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] held in Birmingham, England.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berkeley |first=Geoff |date=6 August 2022 |title=Phogat completes Commonwealth Games hat-trick with another wrestling gold |work=InsideTheGames.biz |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1126690/phogat-third-commonwealth-games-title |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="wrestling_competition_summary_commonwealth_games_2022">{{Cite web |title=Wrestling Competition Summary |url=https://b2022-pdf.microplustimingservices.com/WRE/2022-08-06/WRE-------------------------------__C96_1.0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806191350/https://b2022-pdf.microplustimingservices.com/WRE/2022-08-06/WRE-------------------------------__C96_1.0.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=2022 Commonwealth Games}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!Year
!Tournament
!Location
!Result
!Event
|-
|2021
|[[2021 Asian Wrestling Championships|Asian Championships]]
|Almaty, Kazakhstan
|align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" | 3rd
|Freestyle 76 kg
|-
|2022
|[[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|Birmingham, England
|align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" | 3rd
|[[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 76 kg|Freestyle 76 kg]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IWD}}
* {{UWW|pooja-pooja}}
* {{2022 Commonwealth Games profile|127376}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Asian Wrestling Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Indian female sport wrestlers]]

List of Odia films of 1960

2025-09-15T05:46:32Z

LaverneHenry: made a article w/ sources

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of the films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Cuttack]] in 1960:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1960 in film|1960]]'''
|-
|''ଶ୍ରୀ ଲୋକନାଥ [[Sri Lokanath]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Prafulla Sengupta]]||[[Babi (actress)|Babi]], [[Indrajit Ghosh]], [[Akshaya Mohanty|Akhyaya Mohanty]] [[Kashyap|Kasyapa]]||[[Fantasy]]||First Oriya film which got [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1960 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1960]]
[[Category:Lists of 1960 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1960 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1960s in Orissa]]

Kabrau

2025-08-10T08:26:57Z

LaverneHenry: put up new details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
'''Kabrau''' is a village in Bhachau Taluka of [[Kutch]] District of [[Gujarat]] State in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 2001: District census handbook. A & B. Village & town directory; Village panchayat & townwise primary census abstract v.1-25 in 28 v. [1]. Ahmadabad (2 pts.) |date=2004 |publisher=Controller of Publications |pages=153, 536, 541 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXCpStpAuIIC&q=kabrau |access-date=17 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 (schedule VI): Gujarat |date=1977 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat, Government of Gujarat |pages=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHsPTMlPYKUC&dq=kabrau+BHACHAU&pg=PA29 |access-date=17 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is located at a distance of about 13.5  km from [[Taluka]] headquarters of [[Bhachau]]. From [[Anjar, India|Anjar]] distance is 43.5 km.

One of the famous Temples of Kutch District & tourist attraction; the ''Temple of [[Mogal Maa|Mogal Mata]]'' is located in village and thousands of devotees visit village especially on Tuesdays and Sundays.<ref>{{cite news |title=કચ્છનાં કબરાઉ શ્રી મોગલધામમાં ૫૧ સમુહલગ્ન : ૧૫૧ કુંડી મહાયજ્ઞ |url=https://www.akilanews.com/Saurashtra_news/Detail/02-01-2021/150525 |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=www.akilanews.com}}</ref>

At present major population is of [[Patel]], [[Charan]], [[Gadhvi]], [[Ahir]], [[Rabari]] communities.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|23.33193|N|70.24637|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

{{Kachchh-geo-stub}}

All-India Sikh Students' Federation

2025-02-13T16:34:10Z

LaverneHenry: Starting Initial Entry Added Tags

{{short description|Students organization affiliated to Indian Sikhs}}
{{Infobox political youth organization
|name= All-India Sikh Students' Federation
|logo =All_India_Sikh_Students_Federation.jpg
|caption=Official logo|vice president=
|communications director=
|development director=
|membership director=
|political affairs director=
|programs director=
|national council chair=
|national council vice-chair=
|national council secretary=
|honorary co-chairs=
|founded = 13 September 1944
|headquarters =
|ideology = [[Sikhism]]
|position = [[Sikh]]-centric
|website =
}}

The '''All-India Sikh Students' Federation''' ('''AISSF''') is a [[Sikh]] [[Student society|student organisation]] and political organisation in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=RSS interfering into Sikh affairs: All India Sikh Students Federation|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bathinda/rss-interfering-into-sikh-affairs-all-india-sikh-students-federation/article1-1336478.aspx|access-date=2015-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422034859/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bathinda/rss-interfering-into-sikh-affairs-all-india-sikh-students-federation/article1-1336478.aspx|archive-date=2015-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> AISSF was formed in 1943.<ref>The Minority Rights Group, "The Sikhs", (London, 1984), p. 14.</ref> as the youth wing of the [[Akali Dal]], which is a Sikh political party in the Indian Punjab.

==Origin==
Before the federation came into being, Sikh youths were organized into local ''Bhujangi Sabhas'' in schools and colleges across the [[Punjab region]] that promoted Sikh values, heritage and social service. The actual origin of the Sikh Student Federation can be traced back to "Khalsa clubs" established in 1888.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Sarup|editor=Harbans Singh|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|url=http://www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org/eos/SIKH%20STUDENTS%20FEDERATION%20A.html|edition=2nd|year=1995|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|location=Patiala}}</ref> The club came to be known as the ''Sikh Naujawan' Association'', whose first president was [[Harnam Singh]]. Although small in size and activity, the association published the ''Khalsa Naujawan' Magazine'' and sponsored work on religious and social projects. Sikh youths were an integral part of organizations such as the [[Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and the [[All India Students Federation]].
==After partition==
In March 1984, due to the rise in [[Punjab Insurgency]], the Indian government banned the AISSF,<ref>Henry Degenhardt, ed., Revolutionary and Dissident Movements, (Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1988), p. 156.</ref> and jailed many of its members.<ref>Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume XXX, November 1984, p. 33222.</ref> During the [[Operation Bluestar]] in June 1984, members of the AISSF were involved in the fighting between the [[Indian army]] and [[Khalistan movement#Khalistan militant outfits|Sikh militants]] at the [[Golden Temple]]. AISSF members were also involved in an armed confrontation during [[Operation Black Thunder]] with police and paramilitary forces at the temple in April 1986. The ban on AISSF was lifted 11 April 1985.<ref>Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume XXXI, November 1985, p. 33986.</ref><ref name="IRB_AISSF">{{cite web |title=IRB – Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1006755.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728204415/https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1006755.html |archive-date=28 July 2018 |accessdate=28 July 2018 |website=ecoi.net |df=dmy-all |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 1986, the AISSF was split into two groups, one Manjit Singh faction aligned with the United Akali Dal (a militant faction of the Akali Dal), and the second Gurjit faction aligned itself with the [[Damdami Taksal]] (a Sikh religious school).<ref>Keesing's Volume XXXIII, (August 1986) p. 34563</ref> The members of the AISSF have called for the creation of a separate Sikh state, "[[Khalistan]]". More than 16 militant Sikh groups have emerged in 1980s in support of the Khalistan Movement.<ref>Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume XXXIV, February 1988, p. 35718.</ref> Major militant groups included the [[Khalistan Commando Force]] (KCF) and the [[Khalistan Liberation Force]] (KLF).<ref>[Amnesty International, Report 1987.]</ref> The KLF acts as an umbrella group which is linked politically to the Manjit Singh faction of the AISSF,<ref>Dilip Bobb, "The Spectre of Terrorism," India Today, 31 July 1987</ref> and reported as an armed wing of the AISSF.<ref>Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume XXXIV, February 1988, p. 35719.</ref> The Khalistan Commando Force had emerged as the main militant group in Punjab, according to an article in India Today, and is "''closely linked to the Gurjit faction of the AISSF and the Damdami Taksal.''"<ref>"The Spectre of Terrorism," India Today, (New Delhi, 31 July 1987)</ref> In July 1989, Manjit Singh, the president of the AISSF was released from Sangrur jail in Punjab after spending five years.<ref>"Released: Manjit Singh", Asiaweek, 11 August 1989, p. 48</ref> He is allegedly still a supporter of militants trying to establish Khalistan.<ref>Ibid</ref><ref name="IRB_AISSF" />

[[Karnail Singh Peer Mohammad]] was the president of All India Sikhs Students Federation since 19 January 1995. He resigned from his designation last year, citing the need to bring young leaders forward for betterment of Sikh panth and its values. The organization is aimed at demanding justice for the victims of the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|1984 Sikh genocide]], and also focuses on other issues facing the Sikh community.<ref>{{cite news |title=All India Sikh Students Federation gives Punjab bandh call |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/All-India-Sikh-Students-Federation-gives-Punjab-bandh-call/articleshow/44779587.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208215731/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/All-India-Sikh-Students-Federation-gives-Punjab-bandh-call/articleshow/44779587.cms |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2015-09-12}}</ref> The organization under the leadership of President [[Karnail Singh Peer Mohammad]] has worked for issues of Punjab and defending the values of Sikhism. The organization has recently worked on SYL Water issue for Punjab<ref>{{cite news |title=SYL issue: AISSF demands resolution in Assembly to challenge.Bhai Jagroop Singh Cheema is current precedent of Punjab Unit He is working Hard to Bring the youth with the organization to reestablish and make it strong.verdict |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/syl-issue-aissf-demands-resolution-in-assembly-to-challenge-sc-verdict-4372983 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012807/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/syl-issue-aissf-demands-resolution-in-assembly-to-challenge-sc-verdict-4372983/ |archive-date=2017-04-15 |access-date=2017-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AISSF demand Punjab Assly resolution to challenge SYL canal decision |url=http://www.uniindia.com/aissf-demand-punjab-assly-resolution-to-challenge-syl-canal-decision/states/news/685493.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415013455/http://www.uniindia.com/aissf-demand-punjab-assly-resolution-to-challenge-syl-canal-decision/states/news/685493.html |archive-date=2017-04-15 |access-date=2017-04-14}}</ref> Satnam Singh Gambhir was president of All India Sikh Students Federation's [[Bihar]]-[[Jharkhand]] unit.<ref>{{cite news |title=All India Sikh Students Federation appeals to ban 'MSG: Messenger Of God' in Jharkhand |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-all-india-sikh-students-federation-appeals-to-ban-msg-messenger-of-god-in-jharkhand-2053060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022123939/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-all-india-sikh-students-federation-appeals-to-ban-msg-messenger-of-god-in-jharkhand-2053060 |archive-date=2015-10-22 |access-date=2015-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All India Sikh Students Federation asks Jharkhand govt to make 'Bhaag Milkha Bhaag' tax free |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-all-india-sikh-students-federation-asks-jharkhand-govt-to-make-bhaag-milkha-bhaag-tax-free-1866316 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302050211/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-all-india-sikh-students-federation-asks-jharkhand-govt-to-make-bhaag-milkha-bhaag-tax-free-1866316 |archive-date=2018-03-02 |access-date=2015-09-12}}</ref>

On Annual Session of AISSF Karnail Singh declared to resign from his office and hand over the reins of AISSF to students by 14 March,2017 in presence of Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji.He abolished the organisational structure and formed a students ad-hoc committee. A special session of AISSF was called upon by student ad-hoc committee on 9 April, which decided for retirement of Karnail Singh PirMohammad and Jagroop Singh Cheema from their offices and basic membership of AISSF by declaring it a completely Sikh youth students body.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-09 |title=Students Announce to Remove Karnail Singh Peer Mohammad as AISSF chief |url=http://sikhsiyasat.net/2017/04/09/students-announce-remove-karnail-singh-peer-mohammad-aissf-chief/ |access-date=2017-04-10 |website=Sikh Siyasat News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-09 |title=ਆਲ ਇੰਡੀਆ ਸਿੱਖ ਸਟੂਡੈਂਟਸ ਫੈਡਰੇਸ਼ਨ ‘ਚ ਬਗਾਵਤ,ਐਡਹਾਕ ਕਮੇਟੀ ਮੈਂਬਰਾਂ ਨੇ ਪੀਰਮੁਹੰਮਦ ‘ਤੇ ਕੀਤੀ ਕਾਰਵਾਈ |url=http://www.jagopunjab.net/archives/14464 |access-date=2017-04-10 |work=Jago Punjab |language=en-US}}</ref> A constitutional committee under the command of Bhai Anmoldeep Singh to restructure the AISSF and draft the new constitution of the students body.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ਆਲ ਇੰਡੀਆ ਸਿੱਖ ਸਟੂਡੈਂਟਸ ਫੈਡਰੇਸ਼ਨ ਦੀ ਐਡਹਾਕ ਕਮੇਟੀ ਨੇ ਭਾਈ ਕਰਨੈਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਪੀਰ ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਨੂੰ ਸੇਵਾ ਮੁਕਤ ਕੀਤਾ |url=http://sikhsangharsh.com/39697 |access-date=2017-04-10 |work=SikhSangharsh.Com |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 13 September 2022 All-India Sikh Students’ Federation celebrated its 78th Foundation Day. Abiding by SAD chief [[Sukhbir Singh Badal|Sukhbir Badal's]] five-member unity committee having [[Virsa Singh Valtoha]], Rajinder Singh Mehta, [[Karnail Singh Peer Mohammad]], Amarjit Singh Chawla and Gurcharan Singh Grewal as their members, the AISSF dissolved its organisational structure. The Akal Takht Jathedar Giani Harpreet Singh had given a call to the splinter factions to join hands for the propagation of Sikhism, both politically and religiously.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Amritsar: All-India Sikh Students' Federation calls for unity |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/amritsar-aissf-calls-for-unity-431450 |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=AISSF should unite to revive Akali Dal, says Akal Takht Jathedar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aissf-should-unite-to-revive-akali-dal-says-takht-jathedar-423969 |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=Not a pressure group to further SAD's political goals: All India Sikh Students Federation faction |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/not-a-pressure-group-to-further-sad-s-political-goals-all-india-sikh-students-federation-faction-101662926775213.html |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The 79th anniversary of the founding of the All India Sikh Students Federation (AISSF) was marked with an event held at Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha located at Guru Nanak Mission Chowk. During the event, three resolutions were adopted. The first resolution called upon the government to restrict the recruitment of individuals from outside the Punjab region for government positions within the state. Additionally, there was a demand for the transfer of management of the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) to Punjab. The members also addressed concerns related to the release of Sikh prisoners and measures to combat drug addiction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-14 |title=AISSF observes foundation day |work=[[The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/aissf-observes-foundation-day-544457 |access-date=2023-09-15}}</ref>

==Sikh Students Federation factions==
The '''Sikh Students Federation''' formed in 1944 is now divided into various factions.

*''Sikh Students Federation'' led by Parmjeet Singh Gazi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paramjit Singh Gazi, Harsimran Singh, youth leader Bhai Prabhjot Singh and Bhai Paramjit Singh Tanda were also present.|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/dal-khalsa-youth-wing-protests-nanak-shah-fakir-release/article1-1337199.aspx|access-date=2015-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812074731/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/dal-khalsa-youth-wing-protests-nanak-shah-fakir-release/article1-1337199.aspx|archive-date=2015-08-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was reorganized in 2001 and Sewak Singh, a Student from [[Punjabi University]] was elected as president. After Sewak Singh, Mandhir Singh headed the organization until 2007 January. Later Parmjeet Singh alias Gazi, a student of higher studies in law at [[Punjabi University]] Patiala, became the president of the organization.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Sikh Students Federation|url=http://www.countercurrents.org/ssf140610.htm|access-date=2015-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084308/http://www.countercurrents.org/ssf140610.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Us, SikhStudentsFederation.Net|url=http://www.sikhstudentsfederation.net/?cat=28|access-date=2013-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710143152/http://www.sikhstudentsfederation.net/?cat=28|archive-date=2013-07-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''All India Sikh Students Federation formerly'' led by [[Karnail Singh Peer Mohammad]].<ref>{{cite news|title=AISSF head Bhai Karnail Singh exuded confidence that Kejriwal will give justice to families of 1984 riot victims.|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-10/news/59005193_1_delhi-assembly-elections-aap-party-leader|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217093555/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-10/news/59005193_1_delhi-assembly-elections-aap-party-leader|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 17, 2015}}</ref>
*''United Sikh Students Federation'' currently led by Jugraj Singh Majhail, was formed in 2019 in an effort to unite various student groups and eliminate the politics associated with current student federations. Uniquely, this faction requires its members to be students, following the original requirements of the Federation. Branches currently exist within India and the US.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
*
*''Sikh Students Federation (Grewal-Mann)'' faction led by Samarjeet Singh Mann and Gurcharan Singh Grewal as its president.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sikh Students Federation stages protest against Dera chief|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/sikh-students-federation-stages-protest-against-dera-chief_461632.html|access-date=2015-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084034/http://zeenews.india.com/home/sikh-students-federation-stages-protest-against-dera-chief_461632.html|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

• Sikh Student Federation Bajrur was formed under the chairmanship of Pritpal Singh Haveli]

==See also==
* [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]]
* [[National Students' Union of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150507050227/http://aissf.in/backvideo.aspx Official History]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001948/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/institutes/sikh_students_federation.html All India Sikh Students Federation]

{{Sikh politics}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{Khalistan movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sikh political parties]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1944]]
[[Category:Students' unions in India]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1944]]
[[Category:1944 establishments in India]]

Telangana Vaidya Vidhana Parishad

2024-10-01T11:35:36Z

LaverneHenry: cleanup

{{Short description|Department of Health Medical & Family Welfare}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name = Telangana Vaidya Vidhana Parishad
|nativename =
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|formed = 2 June 2014
|preceding1 =
|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Government of Telangana]]
|headquarters = DM&HS Campus, [[Sultan Bazar]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana]]
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_name = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]]
|minister1_pfo = Ministry of Medical & Health
|chief1_name = [[Sri Dr J Ajaya Kumar]]
|chief1_position = Commissioner of Health & Family Welfare
|chief2_name =
|chief2_position =
|parent_agency =
|child1_agency =
|child2_agency =
|website = http://vvp.telangana.gov.in/
|footnotes =
}}

'''Telangana Vaidya Vidhana Parishad (TGVVP)''' is one of the divisions of Health and Family Welfare Department of [[Government of Telangana|Telangana Government]]<ref>[http://cfw.tg.nic.in/index.html Welcome to Commissionerate of Health Family Welfare]</ref>

It was separated from [[Andhra Pradesh Vaidya Vidhana Parishad]], which was established by an act of legislation in 1986. TVVP formed effective 2 June 2014.

It exclusively deals with the middle level hospitals of bed strengths ranging from 30 to 350. The posting of the Doctors and the other staff in these hospitals will be carried through the TGVVP.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/more-doctors-for-telangana-hospitals/article6178141.ece More doctors for Telangana hospitals]</ref>

District Hospitals and Area Hospitals of the Telangana also falls under the category of TGVVP.

Under this 103 area level hospitals, 8 district level hospitals, 233 [[Ayurvedic]] and 260 [[Unani]] hospitals spread over state.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
http://www.telangana.gov.in/Other%20Docs/Socio-Economic-outlook-2014.pdf
By Abdul Sattar

[[Category:State agencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Medical and health government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Telangana]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2014]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Look East policy (India)

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#REDIRECT [[Act East policy]]

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Metro Shirish

2024-06-14T20:26:35Z

LaverneHenry: made new data needs work

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Metro Shirish
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shirish Saravanan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[actor]]
| yearsactive = 2016 – present
| known_for = Metro
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Shirish Saravanan''', known also as '''Metro Shirish'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/metro-shirish-saravanan-interview-raja-ranguski-1344434-2018-09-20|title=Metro Shirish on Raja Ranguski: Chandini came on board after the actress backed out|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=4 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704015058/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/metro-shirish-saravanan-interview-raja-ranguski-1344434-2018-09-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/want-to-keep-experimenting-seeing-the-success-of-metro-shirish/story-dmtaKcfTe9R6ApynA6DLhK.html|title = Want to keep experimenting seeing the success of Metro: Shirish|date = 9 July 2016|access-date = 2 July 2020|archive-date = 2 July 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200702222623/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/want-to-keep-experimenting-seeing-the-success-of-metro-shirish/story-dmtaKcfTe9R6ApynA6DLhK.html|url-status = live}}</ref> for his work in his debut film ''[[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]]'', is an actor from [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film industry.

== Career ==
It was in college, that he met [[Ananda Krishnan (director)|Ananda Krishnan]], who after conducting an audition decided to cast him as the lead in his next movie.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150621/entertainment-kollywood/article/new-kid-block-shirish-saravanan|title=New kid on the block Shirish Saravanan|date=2015-06-22|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-08-04|language=en|archive-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520002357/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150621/entertainment-kollywood/article/new-kid-block-shirish-saravanan|url-status=live}}</ref> His performance in Ananda Krishnan's [[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]] garnered him rave reviews with many critics appreciating his notable performance in the movie along with Filmfare's award for Best Male Debut-South.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/rameshlaus/status/746210251867717633|title=#Metro [3.5/5]: @actor_shirish makes a fine debut as the hero.. Does well both in action and emotional scenes.. @ActorSimhaa is top notch!|last=Bala|first=Ramesh|date=2016-06-23|website=@rameshlaus|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/want-to-keep-experimenting-seeing-the-success-of-metro-shirish/story-dmtaKcfTe9R6ApynA6DLhK.html|title=Want to keep experimenting seeing the success of Metro: Shirish|date=2016-07-09|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-08-04|language=en|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152735/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/want-to-keep-experimenting-seeing-the-success-of-metro-shirish/story-dmtaKcfTe9R6ApynA6DLhK.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, he acted in [[Raja Ranguski]] with director [[Dharani Dharan|Dharanidharan]] is alongside [[Chandini Tamilarasan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cinemaplusnews.com/news/raja-ranguski/|title=Director Dharanidharan's next that has Metro Shirish and Pooja Devariya in the lead is titled as 'Raja Ranguski'. The shoot will commence from 2nd January. - Cinemaplusnews|date=2016-12-30|work=Cinemaplusnews|access-date=2017-08-04|language=en-US|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152729/http://www.cinemaplusnews.com/news/raja-ranguski/|url-status=live}}</ref> His next film, which started filming in August 2017, is a village based entertainer titled Pistha, which is directed by the editor of Metro, Ramesh Bharathi. Mrudula Murali and Arundhati Nair are the lady leads. Notably, this film will be music director Dharan's 25th project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilnaducentral.com/2017/07/29/dulquar-salmaan-and-metro-shirish-in-news/|title=Dulquar Salmaan and Metro Shirish in news|date=2017-07-29|website=tamilnadu central|access-date=2017-08-04|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152325/http://www.tamilnaducentral.com/2017/07/29/dulquar-salmaan-and-metro-shirish-in-news/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]]'' || Arivazhagan || Won{{emdash}}[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-madhavan-suriya-best-actor-983322-2017-06-18|title=64th Filmfare Awards South 2017: R Madhavan wins Best Actor, Suriya bags Critics Award|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927075833/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-madhavan-suriya-best-actor-983322-2017-06-18|url-status=live}}</ref> Won{{Emdash}}[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award for Best Debut Actor]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=32|title=Edison Awards|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518084805/http://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=32|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Raja Ranguski]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Blood Money (2021 film)|Blood Money]]'' || Sudhan ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Pistha (2022 film)|Pistha]]'' || Saravanan ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://twitter.com/actor_shirish Twitter profile]
* [https://www.facebook.com/ActorShirish/?ref=br_rs Facebook profile]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Metro Shirish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Erode district]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

2023 South Asia earthquake

2024-04-27T15:13:11Z

LaverneHenry: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[2023 Badakhshan earthquake]]

Amritsar–Indore Express

2024-04-25T17:01:03Z

LaverneHenry: redirect created

#redirect [[Indore–Amritsar Express]]