https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=LavadaDonald013Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-04T03:20:13ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieutenant_governors_and_Administrators_(India)&diff=549483Lieutenant governors and Administrators (India)2026-05-10T11:54:06Z<p>LavadaDonald013: new redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Governor (India)]]<br />
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}}</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Payal_Kapadia_(author)&diff=524976Payal Kapadia (author)2026-05-07T06:22:06Z<p>LavadaDonald013: creating new pg - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian author}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --><br />
|name = Payal Kapadia<br />
<br />
| caption = Payal Kapadia<br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1975}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br />
| occupation = Writer, journalist<br />
| genre = Children's literature<br />
| alma_mater = [[Medill School of Journalism]], [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]<br />
| awards = 2013 [[Crossword Book Award]] (Children's Literature)<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |title='Popular choice' ruled at book awards |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Popular-choice-ruled-at-book-awards/articleshow/26984253.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |date=7 December 2013 |accessdate=7 December 2013}}</ref><br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.payalkapadia.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Payal Kapadia''' (born 1975) is an Indian author of [[Children's books]]. She is the recipient of the 2013 [[Crossword Book Award]] (Children's Literature) for ''Wisha Wozzariter''.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Payal Kapadia was born in 1975 in Mumbai, India. She studied English literature at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai and received a M.S. in Journalism from Northwestern University in Chicago. She has worked as a journalist with [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] in Bombay and as an Editor with [[The Japan Times]] in Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/payal-kapadia-2/ |title=Payal Kapadia &#124; Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116011220/http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/payal-kapadia-2/ |archive-date=16 January 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/payal-kapadia |title=Payal Kapadia &#124; Penguin Books India |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126120658/http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/payal-kapadia |archive-date=26 January 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
*2013 [[Crossword Book Award]] (Children's Literature) for ''Wisha Wozzariter''<ref name="indiatimes1"/><br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
<br />
===Young Readers===<br />
* ''Horrid High'', Penguin India (2014), {{ISBN|978-0143333173}}<br />
* ''Puffin Lives: B. R. Ambedkar, Saviour of the Masses'', Penguin India (2014), {{ISBN|978-0143332282}} <br />
* ''Wisha Wozzariter'', Penguin India (2012), {{ISBN|978-0143332114}}<br />
* ''Untold Tales from The Jungle Book: Col Hathi Loses his Brigade'', The Walt Disney Company (2010), {{ISBN|978-9380594408}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.payalkapadia.com Payal Kapadia], official website<br />
*[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/5832777.Payal_Kapadia Payal Kapadia at Goodreads]<br />
*Interviews<br />
:* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202104717/http://www.businessworld.in/news/books/authors-corner/i-write-in-confusion-and-crisis/412823/page-1.html "I Write In Confusion And Crisis" – Businessworld, 23 May 2012]<br />
:* [http://www.thehindu.com/books/she-wished-she-was-a-writer/article3449253.ece The Hindu 23 May 2012]<br />
:* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095453/http://alpha.authortv.in/author/payal-kapadia Live interview at Bookaroo 2012]<br />
:* [http://plusminusnmore.rapo.in/f-pages/f-page-payal-kapadia/ F-Page - Payal Kapadia 2015]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapadia, Payal}}<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]<br />
[[Category:Medill School of Journalism alumni]]<br />
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]<br />
<br />
{{child-lit-stub}}<br />
{{India-writer-stub}}</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namakkal_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=520165Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency2026-05-04T15:18:51Z<p>LavadaDonald013: put up</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Other places|Namakkal (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
|name = Namakkal<br />
|type = LS<br />
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| map_image = namakkal lok sabha constituency.png<br />
| map_caption = Namakkal constituency, post-2008 delimitation<br />
|reservation = None<br />
|incumbent_image =<br />
|established = 2009<br />
|assembly_cons = [[Sankari (state assembly constituency)|Sankari]]<br /> [[Rasipuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Rasipuram]]<br /> [[Senthamangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Senthamangalam]]<br /> [[Namakkal (State Assembly Constituency)|Namakkal]]<br /> [[Paramathi-Velur (State Assembly Constituency)|Paramathi-Velur]]<br /> [[Tiruchengode (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchengodu]]<br />
|electors = 14,13,246<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result]</ref><br />
|mp = [[V. S. Matheswaran]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi}} ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Namakkal''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 16 of 39. It was a part of [[Rasipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in previous parliament Election. Namakkal Lok Sabha Constituency consists of Sankagiri, Rasipuram, Senthamangalam, Namakkal, Paramathi-Velur and Tiruchengodu assembly segments. Out of these 6 assembly segments Rasipuram is Reserved for SC candidates and Senthamangalam assembly segment is reserved for ST Candidates.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and [[Rasipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]] were delimited in 2008 and the area became a part of the Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency).<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
<br />
===2009–present===<br />
<br />
Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf <br />
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies <br />
|access-date=2008-10-11 <br />
|work=Tamil Nadu <br />
|publisher=Election Commission of India <br />
|url-status=dead <br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf <br />
|archive-date=31 October 2008 <br />
}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number<br />
! width="200px" |Name<br />
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)<br />
! width="150px" |District<br />
! colspan="2"|Party<br />
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead<br />
|-<br />
|87<br />
|[[Sangagiri Assembly constituency|Sankari]]<br />
|None<br />
|[[Salem district|Salem]]<br />
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
|92<br />
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]<br />
|SC<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|93<br />
|[[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency|Senthamangalam]]<br />
|ST<br />
|-<br />
|94<br />
|[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal]]<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|95<br />
| [[Paramathi-Velur Assembly constituency|Paramathi-Velur]]<br />
|None<br />
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
|96<br />
| [[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengodu]]<br />
|None<br />
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Duration<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|---- <br />
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]<br />
|1962-1967<br />
|V. K. Ramasamy<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|---- <br />
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]<br />
|2009-2014<br />
|[[S. Gandhiselvan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|---- <br />
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]<br />
|2014-2019<br />
|[[P. R. Sundaram]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=26|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|---- <br />
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]<br />
|2019 – 2024<br />
|[[A.K.P. Chinraj]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]<br />
|2024 - Present<br />
|[[V. S. Matheswaran]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi}}|40.31}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi}}|55.43}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.02}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.00}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.83}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|23.80}}<br />
}}<br />
=== General Elections 2024===<br />
<section begin="Lok Sabha Election 2024"/><br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]] : [[Namakkal]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. S. Matheswaran]]|party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=4,62,036 |percentage=40.31 |change={{decrease}}15.10}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Tamil Mani|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,32,924 |percentage=37.77 |change= {{increase}}5.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. P. Ramalingam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,04,690 |percentage=9.13 |change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Kanimozhi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=95,577 |percentage=8.34 |change= {{increase}}4.93 }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=12,984 |percentage=1.13|change= {{decrease}}0.20}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,112 |percentage=2.54 |change={{decrease}}20.93 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,46,303 |percentage=78.21 |change={{down}}2.01}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,52,562 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<section end="Lok Sabha Election 2024"/><br />
<references group="N" /><br />
<br />
=== General Elections 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]] : [[Namakkal]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. P. Chinraj]] |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=6,26,293 |percentage=55.43 |change=+29.64 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kaliappan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,61,142 |percentage=31.96 |change=-22.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Baskar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=38,531 |percentage=3.41 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Thangavelu |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=30,947 |percentage=2.74 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. P. Saminathan |party=Independent politician |votes=23,347 |percentage=2.07|change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=15,073 |percentage=1.33 |change=-0.20}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,65,151 |percentage=23.47 |change=-4.76 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,29,890 |percentage=80.22 |change= 1.50 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,13,599 |change =6.32 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.41 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Elections 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]] : [[Namakkal]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. R. Sundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,63,272 |percentage=54.02% |change=22.15% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Gandhiselvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,68,898 |percentage=25.79% |change=-18.21% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. K. Vel |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,46,882 |percentage=14.09% |change=4.68% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. R. Subramaniyan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,800 |percentage=1.90% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=16,002 |percentage=1.53% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Velusamy |party=Tamil Nadu Makkal Congress |votes=4,827 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. M. Sivaji |party=Independent politician |votes=4,808 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,94,374 |percentage=28.23% |change=16.10% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,42,753 |percentage=79.73% |change= -0.07% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,29,552 |change =23.62% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.02% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]] : Namakkal}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Gandhiselvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,71,476 |percentage=44.00% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Vairam Tamilarasi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,69,045 |percentage=31.87% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Maheswaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=79,420 |percentage=9.41% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Devarasan |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,433 |percentage=6.21% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[U. Thaniyarasu]] |party=Independent politician |votes=24,230 |percentage=2.87% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Suresh Gandhi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,939 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Lingappan |party=Ulzaipali Makkal Katchy |votes=6,907 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,02,431 |percentage=12.13% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,44,223 |percentage=78.69% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,75,526 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
'''Note''': After the 1967 Delimitation order, the constituency was abolished. It was reestablished after the passing of the 2008 Delimitation order.<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1962===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]] : Namakkal}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. K. Ramaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,18,603 |percentage=43.83% |change=22.36% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. P. Vadivelu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,09,652 |percentage=40.52% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Palanimuthu |party=Tamil National Party |votes=28,621 |percentage=10.58% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seerangan |party=Independent politician |votes=13,722 |percentage=5.07% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,951 |percentage=3.31% |change=0.98% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,70,598 |percentage=67.94% |change= -23.50% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,08,580 |change =-51.16% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 20.03% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections 1957===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]] : Namakkal}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. V. K. Sampath]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,82,066 |percentage=23.80% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. R. Arumugam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,64,221 |percentage=21.47% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A. M. Subramania Chettiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,55,531 |percentage=20.33% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundararajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,50,673 |percentage=19.70% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kesavlal Kalidass Sait |party=Independent politician |votes=70,673 |percentage=9.24% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paramasiva Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=41,848 |percentage=5.47% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,845 |percentage=2.33% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,65,012 |percentage=91.44% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,36,631 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/namakkal/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Namakkal lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|11|14|N|78|10|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Namakkal district]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oldest_higher-learning_institutions&diff=549539List of oldest higher-learning institutions2026-04-24T13:56:24Z<p>LavadaDonald013: adding a article more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|the list of Western university institutions|List of oldest universities in continuous operation}}<br />
{{Short description|Advanced education in the ancient world}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
[[File:MANNapoli 124545 plato's academy mosaic enh crop.jpg|thumb|Mosaic from [[Pompeii]] (1st c. BC) depicting [[Plato]]'s [[Platonic Academy|Academy]]]]<br />
<br />
A variety of '''ancient higher-learning institutions''' were developed in many cultures to provide institutional frameworks for scholarly activities. These ancient centres were sponsored and overseen by courts; by religious institutions, which sponsored [[Cathedral school#Early schools|cathedral schools]], [[monastic schools]], and [[Madrasah#Higher education|madrasas]]; by scientific institutions, such as museums, hospitals, and observatories; and by certain scholars. They are distinct from the [[Western world|Western]]-style [[university]], an autonomous organization of scholars that originated in [[medieval Europe]]<ref>Stephen C. Ferruolo, ''The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100–1215'', (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1985) pp. 4–5 {{ISBN|0-8047-1266-2}}</ref> and have been adopted in other regions in [[Modern era|modern times]] (see [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation]]).<ref>{{cite book| author = Hilde de Ridder-Symoens| title = A History of the University in Europe: Universities in the middle ages / ed. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens| year = 1994| isbn = 978-0-521-36105-7 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Still existing==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! width="10%" rowspan=2 | Year<br />
! rowspan=2 | University<br />
! colspan=2 | Location<br />
! width="50%" rowspan=2 | Notes<br />
|-<br />
! Original !! Current<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| ca. 859 CE<ref name="WHE">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Sikeena Karmali | title=World History Encyclopedia, Fatima Al-Fihri and Al-Qarawiyyin University |encyclopedia=World History Encyclopedia |date=7 March 2025 |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2662/fatima-al-fihri-and-al-qarawiyyin-university/}}</ref>{{efn|records only attest its development into a higher-education institution via Almoravid dynasty (1040-1147)}}<br />
|[[University of al-Qarawiyyin]]<br />
|[[ Almoravid dynasty]]<br />
|[[Morocco]]<br />
|The university's curriculum included but was not limited to Quranic exegesis ([[tafsir]]), [[fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], algebra, astronomy, botany, cartography and geography, grammar, history, literature, logic, mathematics, medicine, philosophy, physics and a host of foreign languages including [[Koine Greek|Greek]] and [[Latin]]. Notably, the mosque complex also thrived as a spiritual centre where Islamic mysticism ([[Sufism]]) and gnosis ([[irfan]]) thrived. Traditionally, the students were boys and men, but girls and women who were interested in learning were [[Women's literary salons and societies in the Arab world|provided with spaces]] in a special gallery ([[riwaq (arcade)| riwaq]]) that overlooked the students’ circle and from where they could listen to the discussion and write questions on paper to be sent to the teacher and on showing an interest would receive individual tuition. [[Fatima al-Fihriya]] is said to have studied Islamic Jurisprudence and mathematics at her own institution.<ref name="WHE"/><br />
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|ca. 14th century<ref name="ZAYTUNA">{{cite web |title= Peri Bearman et al (2002) "ZAYTUNA" Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume XI (V-Z), p. 489 |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopedia-of-islam-volume-11/page/489/mode/2up}}</ref>{{efn|there exist no records of institutional education in Ez-Zitouna before the 14th century|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
|[[University of Ez-Zitouna]]<br />
|[[Hafsid dynasty]]<br />
|[[Tunisia]]<br />
|The system of teaching, in its organisational principles, methods used and subjects of courses, was similar to that of other Islamic mosques. Attendance was voluntary and students followed the courses of the monasters of their own choice. The rhythm of teaching was rather relaxed, with weekly holidays on Thursdays and Fridays, periods of leave, the Muslim festivals and, probably, no courses in the summer. There were no examinations, but certificates of [[ijazah]] attesting the following of a course and authorisation to teach it in turn.<ref name="ZAYTUNA"/><br />
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|1398<ref>{{cite web |title=국사편찬위원회 태종실록20권, 태종 10년 9월 29일 계사 3/3 기사 / 1410년 명 영락(永樂) 8년 문묘에 비를 세우다. 변계량이 찬한 비문의 내용 |url= https://db.itkc.or.kr/dir/item?itemId=JR#dir/node?dataId=ITKC_JR_C0_A10_09A_29A_00030}}</ref><br />
|[[Sungkyunkwan University|Soŋgyoongwan]]<br />
|[[ Joseon|Joson Kingdom]]<br />
|[[South Korea]]<br />
|It was included in the city development plans of [[Seoul|Sowool]] when the Joson Dynasty were building the new capital and construction officially began in 1395 across three years whence 大聖殿·東廡·西廡·[[Temple of Confucius]]·明倫堂·東齋·西齋·正錄所·養賢庫 and cafeteria were completed. 文廟碑文 inscriptions from 1410 assert the buildings together were circa 935.68m² in area. 尊經閣 were the institution library, 養賢庫 managed [[student financial aid]] and 正錄廳 supervised the entrance exams as well as recruitment and management of faculty staff. 東齋 and 西齋 were dormitories for students and 泮村 (student village) were later established as student quota were gradually increased. The original quota were exactly 100 but this increased to 150, and then again to 200 in 1429. Originally, 生員試 were the only entrance exam, testing one's understanding of Confucian scriptures, but 進士試 were later concurrently conducted in 1435 that tested one's literary composition and it were custom to accept 100 students each. Students had to sign the 到記 in the cafeteria every breakfast and supper and together they were counted as one 圓點, or points, and 300 points were required to take 館試 that recruited government officials. Students also composed literary works thrice a month that were graded and whereupon provided individual guidance by tutors who suspended their lectures for a day. It's specified in 都評議使司 from 1392 that Soŋgyoongwan sought to train the next generation of tutors, statesmen, wordsmiths, men of law, mathematicians, generals, military logisticians, astronomers, cartographers, fortune-tellers and medical practitioners. Although Soŋgyoongwan were royally administered, students customarily practiced civil disobedience wherein the most popular were 捲堂: students would refuse in conjunction to enter the cafeteria, voluntarily losing critical attendance points necessary to take the civil service exams, throwing the administration in jeopardy of paralysis.<ref>{{cite web |title=국사편찬위원회 우리역사넷 한국문화사 02권 배움과 가르침의 끝없는 열정 제2장 조선시대의 배움과 가르침 1. 성균관 |url=https://contents.history.go.kr/front/km/pdf.do?levelId=km_002_0040_0010_0010_0010&page=72}}</ref><br />
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|1453<ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica, People of Istanbul |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Istanbul/People#ref1264466}}</ref><br />
|[[ Istanbul University]]<br />
|[[Ottoman Empire]]<br />
|[[Turkey]]<br />
|Immediately after the [[Fall of Constantinople|conquest of Constantinople]], Sultan [[Mehmed II|Mehmed the Conqueror]] appointed Zeyrek Mehmet Efendi as a professor at the [[madrasa]] established in the [[Zeyrek Mosque|Pantokrator Monastery]]. In subsequent years, this madrasa became known as the Zeyrek Madrasa, and the neighbourhood where it was located also came to be called Zeyrek. Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror occasionally visited the Zeyrek Madrasa to personally listen to the lessons and discussions. Today, the building continues to serve as the Zeyrek Mosque. The other building used as a madrasa became [[Hagia Sophia]] whence Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror appointed his teacher [[Molla Hüsrev]] as professor of the madrasa. Istanbul University was initially founded in the Zeyrek and Hagia Sophia madrasas and provided education in these locations for 18 years till the construction of the [[Fatih Mosque, Istanbul|Fatih Complex]], named after the person who built them. The complex included a mosque, eight madrasahs, Tetimme, a library, a [[Dar al-Muwaqqit]], the [[bimaristan]] called Darüşşifa, a tabhane, a [[hammam]], a cafeteria, shops as well as a [[caravanserai]] beneath the building. With a student population of a thousand, they also received daily allowances. Whilst Theology, Law, Literature, Mathematics and Astronomy were taught at the [[Sahn-ı Seman Medrese]], Medicine was provided at the Darüşşifa, which was the largest hospital of its time with 70 wards. The tutors of the Zeyrek and Hagia Sophia madrasahs were thereupon transferred over in 1470. Of the many famous scholars hired, the head of the Samarkand Observatory in Hagia Sophia Madrasa, [[Ali Qushji]], is one good example.<ref>{{cite web |title=İstanbul Üniversitesi, Tarihçe |url= https://www.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/content/universitemiz/tarihce}}</ref><br />
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| ca. 1516-1517<ref name="Saat">Norshahril Saat (2018) "The Al-Azhar University: A Historical Sketch", Tradition and Islamic Learning: Singapore Students in the Al-Azhar University, p. 18</ref><br />
|[[Al-Azhar University]]<br />
|[[ Ottoman Empire]]<br />
|[[Egypt]]<br />
|Under the [[Ottoman Caliphate]], there was little interference from [[caliph|Istanbul]] in the affairs of Al-Azhar. The Egyptian [[ulama]] held important positions in the university, including the position of [[Grand Imam of al-Azhar|Shaykh Al-Azhar]]. Since the Ottoman Empire follows the [[Hanafi school]] of jurisprudence, the Al-Azhar leadership was rotated between the [[Shafi'i school|Shafie]] and [[Maliki school|Maliki]] schools of law. The main duties of the Shaykh of Al-Azhar were to oversee the running of the Al-Azhar mosque and the administration of the Al-Azhar University.<ref name="Saat"/><br />
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|1639<ref>{{cite web |title=Ryukoku University |url=https://www.ryukoku.ac.jp/about/outline/history.html}}</ref><br />
|[[ Ryukoku University]]<br />
|[[Tokugawa shogunate]]<br />
|[[Japan]]<br />
|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|1790<ref name="Tokyo">{{cite web |title=南葵文庫と東京大学－その歴史的因縁 |url= https://www.lib.u-tokyo.ac.jp/html/tenjikai/tenjikai2006/thema_03.html}}</ref><br />
|[[ University of Tokyo]]<br />
|[[Tokugawa shogunate]]<br />
|[[Japan]]<br />
|In 1684, [[Tenmongata]] were established as an institute for astronomical studies wherein Banshowagegyou were later established as an individual branch in 1811 that specialised in translating and studying Western books. Meanwhile, Shōhei-zaka Gakumonjo were established in [[Yushima Seidō]] in 1790 as a Confucian academy and became state-sponsored in 1797. Banshowagegyou were later expanded into Yogakusho in 1855 to teach [[Rangaku]], then renamed to [[Bansho Shirabesho]], then Yōsho shirabesho, then Kaiseijor, then Kaisei gakkō. [[Koishikawa Yojosho]] were established as a Western medicine school in 1861 and eventually merged with Shōhei-zaka Gakumonjo and Kaisei gakkō in 1869. This institution were officially restructured into a Western university system in 1877 renamed as the Tokyo University.<ref name="Tokyo"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==B.C.==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! width="10%" rowspan=2 | Year<br />
! rowspan=2 | University<br />
! colspan=2 | Location<br />
! width="50%" rowspan=2 | Notes<br />
|-<br />
! Original !! Current<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|ca. 2246–2152<ref>{{cite web |title=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Decree of Pepi II |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/551095}}</ref><br />
|[[House of life in Ancient Egypt|Per Ânkh𓉑]]<br />
|[[Old Kingdom of Egypt]]<br />
|[[Egypt]]<br />
|It was located within the [[Egyptian temple]] usually taking the form of huge campuses: with many buildings and thousands of employees, as well as fulfilling some of the roles of higher education institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sintayehu Kassaye Alemu (2018) "Meaning, Idea and History of University/Higher Education: Brief Literature Review", FIRME: Forum for International Research in Multilingual Education Vol. 4 No. 3 (2018): Special Issue - Higher Education in Africa: Global Perspectives, pp.221-222|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329846857}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|ca. 6th century<ref name="Naqvi">{{cite web |title=Syed Ashfaq Naqvi (1972) "Taxila: ancient university centre of the Orient", The UNESCO Courier: a window open on the world, (25th year) |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000052663}}</ref><br />
|[[University of ancient Taxila]]<br />
|[[Maurya Empire]]<br />
|[[Pakistan]]<br />
|In its early days, Taxila was a great centre of learning and was well known for its university where the arts and sciences of the day were taught. It attracted students from different and distant parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and elsewhere. The innumerable monastic establishments where the "world-renowned" teachers lived and imparted knowledge could be taken as the component parts of a great and sprawling university which covered an area of more than 26 square miles in the valley of the [[Haro River|Haro]]. Early Buddhist literature refers to the students as going to Taxila to "complete" their education and not to begin it. They were invariably sent at the age of sixteen, that is, when they "came of age." This shows that Taxila was a seat of higher learning, not of elementary education. Soon after the departure of [[Alexander the Great]] from the scene, Taxila was incorporated into the Mauryan Empire, and it was during the days of [[Ashoka]] that Taxila rose to a pre-eminent position among the cities of the north-west. A number of monasteries and [[stupa]] were built in and around Taxila, and their remains bear testimony to the days when [[Buddhism]] was the prevailing faith. With the break-up of the Mauryan Empire, Taxila appears to have lost its importance, and its history becomes chequered.<ref name="Naqvi"/><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|387<ref name="Academy">{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Academy |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Academy-ancient-academy-Athens-Greece}}</ref><br />
|[[Platonic Academy]]<br />
|[[Classical Athens]]<br />
|[[Greece]]<br />
|Legally, the school was a corporate body organized for worship of the [[Muses]]. The [[scholarch]] was elected for life by a majority vote of the members. Most scholars infer, mainly from [[Plato]]’s writings, that instruction originally included mathematics, [[dialectic]], natural science and preparation for statesmanship. The Academy philosophically underwent various phases, as: the Old Academy, under Plato and his immediate successors as scholarchs, when the philosophic thought there was moral, speculative, and dogmatic; the Middle Academy, begun by [[Arcesilaus]], who introduced a nondogmatic scepticism; the New Academy, founded by [[Carneades]], which ended with the scholarch [[Antiochus of Ascalon]], who effected a return to the dogmatism of the Old Academy. Thereafter the Academy was a centre of Middle Platonism and Neoplatonism until 529, when the emperor [[Justinian I]] closed it, together with the other pagan schools.<ref name="Academy"/><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|ca. 375-357<ref name="Jixia">{{cite web |title=郭齊家, "中國古代學校", 九九藏書 第三章 春秋戰國時期私學的興起與百家爭鳴 第六節 稷下學宮 |url= https://read.99csw.com/book/4793/171026.html}}</ref>{{efn|records only attest its creation via Duke Huan of Tian Qi (375-357 B.C.)|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
|[[Jixia Academy]]<br />
|[[Qi (state)|Qi]]<br />
|[[China]]<br />
|The academy was founded by [[Duke Huan of Tian Qi]] and took its name from its position outside the western gates of [[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]]. [[King Wei of Qi]] thereafter developed the academy and bolstered the student population to nearly one thousand, as well as hiring 76 scholars whereupon he gave them the ranking of High [[Taifu]]. Unlike the public schools in the [[Western Zhou]] Dynasty, the Jixia Academy was multifunctional and engaged in education, academic research and political consultation. Although it was established by the government, it dissolved the hierarchical system of aristocracy wherein tutors were hired without discrimination based on social status, even those born into slavery. The Jixia Academy thrived until the reign of [[King Min of Qi]]. In 284 BC, it was scattered by [[Yan (state)|Yan]]'s sack of Linzi.<ref name="Jixia"/><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|335<ref>Anton-Herman Chroust (1966) "Aristotle and Athens: Some Comments on Aristotle’s Sojourns in Athens," Laval théologique et philosophique 22, p.190</ref> <br />
|[[Peripatetic school]]<br />
|[[Classical Athens]]<br />
|[[Greece]]<br />
|[[Aristotle]] established his own school in a sanctuary dedicated to [[Apollo]] just outside the city boundary of [[Athens]] known as the [[Lyceum (classical)|Lyceum]]. He built a substantial library and visiting [[sophist| sophists]] lectured there. As in other similar places, there were ‘walks’ (peripatoi) and the name ‘Peripatos’ stuck. As a result of the sophistic movement, the Lyceum, the Academy, as well as other public and private buildings in Athens, were serving as places where some form of education beyond the elementary might be obtained for a price. By the last quarter of the fifth century B.C, the sophists had developed something very close to institutions for secondary education at Athens. The Lyceum was not however a private club like the Academy; many of the lectures there were open to the general public and given free of charge. The school was originally, perhaps always, a collection of people rather than a building: Aristotle, a non-Athenian with the status of [[metic]], could not own property. His successor [[Theophrastus]] could and did, and he bequeathed real estate and a library to a group of his students, including [[Strato of Lampsacus]] who was then elected [[scholarch]]. Strato was succeeded by [[Lyco of Troas]], Lyco by [[Aristo of Ceos]], who was scholarch until c.a. 190. After that the succession is obscure, but there is evidence of continuous philosophical activity until the first century B.C. when Athens was captured by [[Sulla]] and the Peripatetic library removed to [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxford Classical Dictionary, Peripatetic school |url= https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-4870}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|ca. 295<ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Library of Alexandria |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Library-of-Alexandria}}</ref><br />
|[[Mouseion]]<br />
|[[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]<br />
|[[Egypt]]<br />
|Mouseion was the greatest and most significant temple to the [[Muses]] ever constructed. The Mouseion was a collection of scholars from many different parts of the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic world]] and practiced many different schools of thought. When [[Ptolemy I Soter]] was first establishing his Mouseion, he wanted to make sure that the scholars would be enticed to reside in his new city. The resident community of scientists and thinkers in [[Alexandria]] thus led enviable lives. They were showered with free meals, high salaries, pleasant surroundings, good lodgings and servants. These scholars were also exempt from paying any taxes. The noted physician in Alexandria, [[Herophilos]], was famous for his [[vivisection]] of prisoners in order to study anatomy. He would not have been able to carry out this study without the compliance of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]]; he needed someone to legally provide him with subjects for his experiments. Literary competitions were also an activity that took place at the Mouseion. At some point, early in its development, the [[Library of Alexandria|Library]] grew out of the Mouseion. The best source we have for this development is the [[Letter of Aristeas]]. The unpopular emperor, [[Caracalla]], was not fond of philosophers and carried out a massacre in the city in 215 A.D. He also abolished financial support for the Mouseion. Thus, the absence of a resident royal patron of libraries was crucial for the downfall of Alexandria’s libraries, as well as for the city’s intellectual status as a whole.<ref name="Cunningham">{{cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=Jeffrey Jay |title=Jeffrey Jay Cunningham (2010) "The role of learning institutions in Ptolemaic Alexandria" |journal=WWU Graduate School Collection |date=2010 |doi=10.25710/xqc0-y924 |url=https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/52/}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|246<ref name="Mahavamsa">{{cite web |title=translated by Wilhelm Geiger, Mabel Haynes Bode (1912) "Mahavamsa: the great chronicle of Ceylon", p. xxxv |url=https://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich/page/n5/mode/2up}}</ref><br />
|[[Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya]]<br />
|[[Anuradhapura kingdom]]<br />
|[[Sri Lanka]]<br />
|The monastery was built by the [[Sinhalese monarchy|Sinhalese king]] [[Devanampiya Tissa]] not long after his conversion to [[Buddhism]] by the Indian monk [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahendra]], and it’s recorded in the [[Mahāvaṃsa]] that thirty thousand monks attended the foundation. Because of the extreme importance of Buddhism in [[Sri Lanka]], the prestige of the monks of the [[mahavihara]] was such that their power and influence often extended well beyond religion into the realm of secular politics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Mahavihara |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mahavihara-monastery-Sri-Lanka#ref274315}}</ref> The layout was made in such a way as to function as a centre of education and social activities for a large number of monks and to allow masses to congregate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unesco Tentative Lists, Buddhist Meditation Monasteries of Ancient Sri Lanka |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6774/}}</ref> <br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|ca. 246–221<ref name="Cunningham"/>{{efn|records only attest its creation via Ptolemy III Euergetes (246-221 B.C.)|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
|[[Serapeum]]<br />
|[[ Ptolemaic Kingdom]]<br />
|[[Egypt]]<br />
| The shrine to the god [[Serapis]], called the Serapeum, contained a "daughter" library to the [[Library of Alexandria|Great Library]]. It was dedicated during the reign of [[Ptolemy III Euergetes]]. The building of the Serapeum as another learning institution in the city of [[Alexandria]] reflects the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemies’]] enthusiastic upkeep of the city’s scholastic reputation. Under the patronage of the Romans in the later [[Roman Empire|Imperial Period]], the Serapeum seems to have surpassed the Great Library. All references to the Library indicate the Serapeum, and references to the Great Library in the [[Mouseion]] are just references to its past greatness. Towards the end of the Roman period there was the disastrous episode in the Library’s history, when the Serapeum was destroyed by [[Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire|Christian zealots]]. In 391 A.D., a mob incited by [[Theodosius I|Emperor Theodosius]] and his representative, the [[Theophilus I of Alexandria|Patriarch Theophilus]], burned all of the books contained in that library. This attack had been an effort to destroy all pagan temples.<ref name="Cunningham"/><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|c.a. third century<ref name="Sharma">{{cite journal |last1= Sharma|first1= Nikesh|title= Nikesh Sharma (2025) "Rediscovering Pushpagiri: A Forgotten Beacon of Ancient Indian Knowledge and Buddhist Scholarship" American Journal of Political Science and Leadership Studies Vol. 2 No. 10 |journal= American Journal of Political Science and Leadership Studies|date= 8 November 2025|volume= 2|issue= 10|pages= 42–51|url= https://semantjournals.org/index.php/AJPSLS/article/view/2917}}</ref><br />
|[[Pushpagiri Vihara]]<br />
|[[Maurya Empire]]<br />
|[[India]]<br />
|Though precise records of its founding remain scarce, scholars suggest that its origin dates back to the 3rd century B.C., possibly during or soon after the reign of [[Ashoka|Emperor Ashoka]], who was instrumental in the propagation of [[Buddhism]]. The [[Kalinga (region)|region of Kalinga]], after its conquest by Ashoka, became a significant centre of Buddhist activity, making it a fertile ground for a major educational institution like Pushpagiri. The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) excavation reports support the claim of an educational complex via key findings at [[Lalitagiri]] (such as a relic casket believed to contain [[relics associated with Buddha|Buddha’s remains]]), along with temple architecture, inscriptions, and sculptural artefacts.<ref name="Sharma"/> [[Xuanzang]] were a 7th century Chinese monk who made pilgrimage to India and his travelogue records of the Pushpagiri Vihara: that the stone top of the monastery exhibited supernatural lights and other miracles, sunshades placed by worshippers on it between the dome and the [[amalaka]] remained there like needles held by a magnet.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Donaldson | first1=Thomas E. |title=Thomas E. Donaldson (2001) "Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa," p. 4 | date=2001 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | isbn=978-81-7017-375-5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA4}}</ref> Inscriptions and archaeological structures indicate that it retained active learning communities well into the 11th–12th century, overlapping with the eventual decline of Nalanda and other major Buddhist universities.<ref name="Sharma"/><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|124<ref>{{cite web |title= Hong Kong Education Bureau PSHE 學與教資源 中國歷史科 4. 五經與太學 |url= https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/curriculum-development/kla/pshe/references-and-resources/chinese-history/ancient_artifacts/Chapter4.pdf}}</ref><br />
|[[Taixue]]<br />
|[[Han dynasty]]<br />
|[[China]]<br />
|Han scholars actively reflected on the reasons for the rapid collapse of the [[Qin Dynasty]] and concluded Qin's [[Burning of books and burying of scholars]] led to extreme instability. From the beginning of his reign, many ministers urged the revival of [[Confucianism]] to [[Emperor Wu of Han|Emperor Wu]] but [[Empress Dou (Wen)|Empress Dou]] obstructed these efforts. It wasn't until 124 B.C. that the lack of educated scholars hindered governance. Emperor Wu thereupon adopted the proposals of [[Dong Zhongshu]] and [[Gongsun Hong]], establishling Taixue outside north-west the temple walls of [[Chang'an]]. Besides the [[Classic of Poetry]] and the [[Spring and Autumn Annals]], the [[Book of Documents]], the [[Book of Rites]] and [[I Ching]] were also included, taught by Doctors of the Five Classics (五經博士) to cultivate talent for the government. Although it had 50 students initially, this number gradually increased. Besides the regular students (正式生) directly selected from the capital, prodigies from the country were also admitted as special students (特別生). Age requirements were not strict: some exceptionally bright students were selected before the age of 18. Although most students came from noble families, there were also students from relatively poor backgrounds.<ref>{{cite web |title=郭齊家, "中國古代學校", 九九藏書 第四章 從秦代的學室到漢代儒學獨尊的學校教育制度的建立 第三節 漢代的太學 |url= https://read.99csw.com/book/4793/171030.html}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|28<ref name="Mahavamsa"/><br />
|[[Abhayagiri Vihāra]]<br />
|[[Anuradhapura kingdom]]<br />
|[[Sri Lanka]]<br />
|When [[Bhatika Abhaya]] came to Anuradhapura, he assumed the role government himself and forthwith destroyed the monastery of the [[Nirgrantha]], in lieu building there a [[vihāra]] with twelve [[monastic cell|cells]]. When two hundred and seventeen years ten months and ten days had passed since the founding of the [[Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya|Mahavihara]], the king - filled with pious zeal - built the Abhayagiri-vihara. Since the king Abhaya built it on the place of the monastery of the nigantha ‘’Giri’’, the [[vihāra]] received the name Abhayagiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=translated by Wilhelm Geiger, Mabel Haynes Bode (1912) "Mahavamsa: the great chronicle of Ceylon", pp. 235 |url=https://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich/page/235/mode/2up}}</ref> Abhayagiri was a well-structured educational institution where local and foreign [[bhikkhu]], [[bhikkhunī]] and laypeople studied. The curriculum comprised formal, informal, and nonformal education. Formal education covered languages, poetry, religion, technology, art, history, medicine and Gupta Vidya. Nonformal education involved practical skills like creating gold items, producing coins and tiles, and writing poetry. Assemblies and meetings were organized to encourage knowledge sharing.<ref>{{cite web |title=W.K. Keerthirathne (2024) "Abhayagiriya and Its Curriculum" |doi=10.4038/p.v15i1.3 |url=https://pravacana.sljol.info/articles/10.4038/p.v15i1.3}}</ref> According to Nikaya Sangrahawa, it embraced the doctrines of Vajjiputtuka and was known as the Dhammaruci school in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>Sheo Kumar Singh (1982) "History and Philosophy of Buddhism: Based Mainly on Pali Canonical and Exegetical Literature" p. 300</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==A.D.==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! width="10%" rowspan=2 | Year<br />
! rowspan=2 | University<br />
! colspan=2 | Location<br />
! width="50%" rowspan=2 | Notes<br />
|-<br />
! Original !! Current<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|75<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chitour |first=Chems-Eddine |title=L'education et la culture de l'Algérie: des origines à nos jours |date=1999 |publisher=ENAG |isbn=978-9961-62-120-2 |location=Algiers |pages=30-50}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maduro - Direction du Tourisme et de l'Artisanat Souk Ahras |url=https://souk-ahras.mta.gov.dz/fr/maduro/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250127123957/https://souk-ahras.mta.gov.dz/fr/maduro/ |archive-date=2025-01-27 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=souk-ahras.mta.gov.dz |language=fr-FR}}</ref><br />
|[[Madaurus University]]<br />
|[[Numidia]]<br />
|[[Algeria]]<br />
|The '''Madaurus University''' (in Latin ''Madaurus'', ''Madauros'' or ''Madaura'')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larousse|first=Éditions|title=Madaure en latin Madaurus ou Madaura - LAROUSSE|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/ville/Madaure/130990|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.larousse.fr|language=fr}}</ref> is a former university, one of the first on the African continent, of which only ruins remain, located in the city of [[M'Daourouch|M'daourouch]] in the wilaya of [[Souk Ahras]] in [[Algeria]]. It is often considered one of the earliest, if not the oldest, centers of higher learning in [[North Africa]] and the first in [[Africa]], the university's construction dating back to the [[Roman Empire|Roman era]] around 75 AD<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maduro - Direction du Tourisme et de l'Artisanat Souk Ahras|url=https://souk-ahras.mta.gov.dz/fr/maduro/|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250127123957/https://souk-ahras.mta.gov.dz/fr/maduro/|archive-date=2025-01-27|access-date=2026-02-19|website=souk-ahras.mta.gov.dz|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chitour|first=Chems-Eddine|title=L'education et la culture de l'Algérie: des origines à nos jours|date=1999|publisher=ENAG|isbn=978-9961-62-120-2|location=Algiers|pages=30-50}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO Madaurus University|url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20201021152736696|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251009074255/https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20201021152736696|archive-date=2025-10-09|access-date=2026-02-19|website=www.universityworldnews.com|language=en}}</ref>.<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|271<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Daneshfard|first1= B.|last2= Naseri|first2= M.|last3= Ghaffari|first3= F.|title=Babak Daneshfard et al. (2022) "Medical education in the first university of the world, the Jundishapur Academy" |journal= Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date= 2022|volume= 11|issue= 8|pages= 4267–4272|doi= 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2449_21|doi-access= free|pmid= 36353031|pmc= 9638627}}</ref><br />
|[[Academy of Gondishapur]]<br />
|[[ Sasanian Empire]]<br />
|[[Iran]]<br />
|It is worth mentioning that this center was introduced as the world oldest university at the 39th general annual conference of Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) at Paris in 2017. Although Jundishapur had been acquainted with the positive sciences since its foundation, it only became known for its knowledge of them at a much later date. According to [[Ibn al-Nadim]], the city became famous for medical sciences and philosophy only after Théodoros, the Greek philosopher and medical doctor, moved there. Théodoros served as a royal doctor to [[Shapur II]] and composed several books on medical sciences, one of which was eventually translated into Arabic. Shahpur II held Théodoros in respect and even built a church for him in the city. The golden age of Jundishapur is during the reign of [[Khosrow I]]. Khosrow was a knowledge-loving Sassanid king. He sent his special physician, [[Borzuya]], with a group of Iranian physicians to India in order to bring medical texts to Jundishapur and translate them to Persian. Khusraw’s interest in philosophy made him famous in the West. The scholars at the [[Platonic Academy|Academy of Athens]] made their way to Jundishapur after their academy was closed, in 529, by [[Justinian I|Emperor Justinian]]. After defeating Justinian, Khusraw, who followed [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonic philosophy]], stipulated in the peace treaty that all of the philosophers living in [[Gundeshapur]] would be allowed to return to their homelands whenever they wished.<ref> Mehmet Mahfuz Söylemez (2005) "The Jundishapur School: Its History, Structure, and Functions," American Journal of Islam and Society, 22(2) pp. 5-6</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|278<ref name="Guozijian">{{cite web |title=郭齊家, "中國古代學校", 九九藏書 第五章 古代學校教育從魏晉南北朝的中衰到隋唐的復興 第二節 隋代的學校教育 |url=https://read.99csw.com/book/4793/171033.html}}</ref><br />
|[[Guozijian]]<br />
|[[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]]<br />
|[[China]]<br />
|[[ Emperor Wu of Jin]] established Guozixue(國子學) where 國子祭酒 and 國子博士 were appointed to teach students. Guozixue became segregated from [[Taixue]] in 293 wherein sons of [[Nine-rank system|fifth ranks or higher]] were permitted into Guozixue and sons of sixth ranks or lower were sent to Taixue. This established Guozixue as the sole highest education institution in China and it were renamed to Guozisi(國子寺) in [[Northern Qi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=郭齊家, "中國古代學校", 九九藏書 第五章 古代學校教育從魏晉南北朝的中衰到隋唐的復興 第一節 魏晉南北朝的學校教育 |url=https://read.99csw.com/book/4793/171032.html}}</ref> After [[Emperor Yang of Sui]] reunified China, he finally renamed it to Guozijian(國子監) in 607 wherein it were granted autonomy as 國子祭酒 were appointed as the Secretary of State for Education. Under Guozijian, he established five schools: Guozixue(國子學), Taixue(太學), 四門學 (which had five masters and assistants each), 書學 and Mathematics(算學) which had two masters and assistants each. Altogether, there were 980 students who were studying in the five schools. Although the first four schools were succeeded from previous dynasties, an independent school for [[Chinese mathematics]] were a Sui dynasty invention.<ref name="Guozijian"/><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|c.a. 340<ref name="Schultze">{{cite web |title=Viktor Schultze (1913) "Altchristliche Städte und Landschaften" v. 1. pp. 261-262 |url= https://archive.org/details/altchristlichest01schu/page/260/mode/2up}}</ref>{{efn|although it’s theorised [[Constantine the Great]] established Capitalium as a higher-learning institution concurrently with the founding of Constaninople, the earliest attestations are recorded via Libanius teaching in 340|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
|[[University of Constantinople]]<br />
|[[Roman Empire]]<br />
|[[Turkey]]<br />
|There existed secondary schools that taught Christian and Classical literature and institutions of a higher character, comparable to modern universities, emerged as early as the first century, reaching their fully developed state in the fourth century, in [[Rome]] in the West and [[Athens]], [[Alexandria]], and [[Antioch]] in the East. Thus, it was only natural that the establishment of a university was included in [[Constantinople]] wherein [[Capitolium of Constantinople|Capitolium]] was a state building with lecture halls and library. [[Constantius II]] twice persuaded [[Libanius]] to move from Antioch to teach at Capitolium: 340-343; 348-354. Meanwhile, [[Themistius]] appears to have begun his academic career in Constantinople between 344–347 wherein he was appointed as [[Proconsul]] and further [[Praefectus urbi]] via [[Theodosius I]] with responsibilities to tutor the princes. [[Theodosius II]] thereafter established the positions of three Latin and five Greek rhetoricians, ten Latin and ten Greek grammarians, a chair of philosophy and two chairs of law in 425, whilst concurrently prohibiting private tutors from teaching in state lecture halls and, conversely, forbidding state professors from giving private lessons.<ref name="Schultze"/><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|372<ref>{{cite web |title=국사편찬위원회 삼국사기 권 제18고구려본기 제6 소수림왕(小獸林王) 태학을 설립하다 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/ancient/level.do?levelId=sg_018r_0030_0030}}</ref><br />
|[[Taehak]]<br />
|[[Goguryeo|Gogooryo]]<br />
|[[Korea]]<br />
|[[Sosurim of Goguryeo|King Sosoorim]] imported [[Taixue]] via [[Di (Five Barbarians)|Tibetan]] [[Former Qin|Fu Qin]] (符秦) along with [[Buddhism]]. It’s hypothesised [[military science]] and [[martial arts]] were also taught as well as traditional Confucian philosophy. [[Silla]] also established [[Gukhak|Gookhak]](國學) in 682, renamed to Taehakgam(太學監): though it were renamed back to Gookhak later on. Although direct records of Taehak cannot be found vis-à-vis [[Baekje]], there are sixth century records of a title called Taehakjong(太學正), which indirectly proves the existence of Taehak in Baekje as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=국사편찬위원회 우리역사넷 한국사 연대기 고대 태학 |url= https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_o100450&code=kc_age_10}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|c.a. 415-455<ref>{{cite web |title=Sukumar Dutt (1962) "Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture" p. 329 |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhistmonksandmonasteriesofindiatheirhistorycontributiontoindianculturesukumardutt_202002/page/n319/mode/2up}}</ref>{{efn|records only attest its creation via Kumaragupta (415-455)|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
|[[Nalanda mahavihara]]<br />
|[[Gupta Empire]]<br />
|[[India]]<br />
|[[Xuanzang]] were a 7th century Chinese monk who made pilgrimage to India and his travelogue records the origins of the Mahavihara, repeated by the later Korean pilgrim [[Hyech'o|Hyecho]]. The name of the royal founder is provided by both as Śakrāditya, further aided in its credibility via a seal discovered at the site: Śakrāditya has thus been identified with the Gupta emperor, [[Kumaragupta I]] who reigned between 415-455. Therefore, this may explain the absence of Nalanda mahavihara in the travelogues of [[Faxian]] who also toured northern India between 400-411. Xuanzang further recorded that, "if men of other quarters desire to enter and take part in the discussions, the keeper of the gate proposes some hard questions; many are unable to answer, and retire." The reason seems to have been that the Mahavihara had to cope with a rush for admission since it were a matter of prestige to have taken a course there. [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] were also one such Chinese monk who recorded c.a. 3,000 students at the Mahavihara and accounted that it was usual for learners after preliminary training, to resort to Nalanda or to Valabhi for further studies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sukumar Dutt (1962) "Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture" pp. 331-333 |url= https://archive.org/details/buddhistmonksandmonasteriesofindiatheirhistorycontributiontoindianculturesukumardutt_202002/page/n321/mode/2up}}</ref> The fame, that Nalanda acquired when it developed into a monastic university, is evident in that Xuanzang stayed as a resident for circa six years whereas Yijing stayed for a further ten.<ref>Sheo Kumar Singh (1982) "History and Philosophy of Buddhism: Based Mainly on Pali Canonical and Exegetical Literature" p. 283</ref> Because [[Odantapuri]] were sacked and razed to the ground circa 1198, it’s hypothesised Nalanda mahavihara met a similar fate. However, it’s recorded [[Rahula Shribhadra]] taught [[Sanskrit]] grammar to seventy students despite the threats of impeding raids from the military head-quarters at Odantapuri, whereof he were eventually arrested and whereupon thrown into a military prison there. A fresh raid scattered what little remained in the Mahavihara and [[Dharmasvamin]], the only student who returned, is the last recorded disciple of Nalanda mahavihara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sukumar Dutt (1962) "Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture" pp. 347-348 |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhistmonksandmonasteriesofindiatheirhistorycontributiontoindianculturesukumardutt_202002/page/n337/mode/2up}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|fifth century<ref name="Singh274">Sheo Kumar Singh (1982) "History and Philosophy of Buddhism: Based Mainly on Pali Canonical and Exegetical Literature" p. 274</ref> <br />
|[[Ratnagiri, Odisha]]<br />
|[[Gupta Empire]]<br />
|[[India]]<br />
|A number of sealings bearing the legend Śri Ratnāgiri-mahāvihriy-āryabhikśu-samghāsya, with its nucleus dating at least from about the fifth century A.D. were discovered in excavations. Taranatha in his "History of Buddhism in India," says that a [[vihāra]] called Ratnagiri was built on the crest of a mountain in the kingdom of [[Odisha|Odivisa]] in the reign of Buddhapakṣa (identified with the Gupta Emperor [[Narasimhagupta]]). The establishment witnessed a phenomenal growth in religion, art and architecture till the twelfth century A.D. It played a significant role in disseminating Buddhist culture and religion by forming itself, like [[Nalanda]], an important religious and philosophical academy of the intellectual stalwarts of [[Buddhism]]. By the end of the thirteenth century, the building activities suffered a sharp setback as a repercussion of the disastrous [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|inroad of Muslim invaders in large parts of India]]. However, though no longer in an affluent state, the Buddhists continued to maintain themselves for a few centuries more to sustain the dying flame of the faith till about the sixteenth century. [[Tibet|Tibetan]] references indicate that Ratnagiri was noted for the spiritual inspiration and lively pursuit of the [[Kalachakra]] in the later part of the tenth century A.D. The veracity of these references in the late Tibetan works is amply borne out by the excavated remains. The excavations laid bare the remains of an imposing [[stupa]], two magnificent monasteries, a single winged monastery, eight temples, a large number of stupas, sculptures and architectural pieces, and objects of daily use. The cells have yielded bronze images, stupas and [[choultry]], myriads of clay sealings and two iron daggers. When this monastery fell into clay, a complete overhauling took place some time after the eleventh century A.D. In this filling lay a good number of the sealings of the Ratnagiri mahvihara. The new facade was also lavishly carved, but the embellishment fell short of standard by the earlier builders.<ref name="Singh274"/><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|c.a. 640<ref>Sheo Kumar Singh (1982) "History and Philosophy of Buddhism: Based Mainly on Pali Canonical and Exegetical Literature" p. 288</ref>{{efn|the earliest attestations are recorded via Xuanzang who visited Vallabhi in 640|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
|[[Valabhi University]]<br />
|[[ Maitraka dynasty]]<br />
|[[India]]<br />
| By the first century, the debate over whether it was possible for a [[Jain monasticism|monk]] who owned property (e.g. who wore clothes) to achieve [[moksha]] divided the [[Jainism|Jain community]]. This division was formalised at the Council of Valabhi (453 or 466), which codified Jain scripture without the participation of [[Digambara]] monks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Digambara |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Digambara}}</ref> However, by the time the Chinese [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] visited [[Vallabhi]] in the second quarter of the 7th century, he found its ruler to be a Buddhist follower. [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] were also one such monk who described it to equal the fame of the Buddhist monastic centre [[Nalanda mahavihara]] and accounted that it was usual for learners after preliminary training, to resort to Nalanda or to Valabhi for further studies. The great Buddhist teachers - [[Sthiramati]] and Gunamati - of Nalanda were for some time in charge of Buddhistic teaching at Valabhi. [[Kathasaritsagara]], the well-known [[Sanskrit]] work, makes mention of a [[Brahman]] of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] sending his son to Valabhi for higher education. This shows the widespread reputation which Valabhi enjoyed as a seat of learning.<ref>Dr. Perumallapally Suresh (2013) "Higher Education Institutions in Ancient Indian History"</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|671<ref>{{cite web |title=古代東ユーラシア来日外国人データベース 出身国 百済人 答■（火＋本）春初 【とうほんしゅんそ】 『日本書紀』27 天智十年正月是月条 |url=https://www.senshu-u.ac.jp/eurasia/database-n-kudara-touhonnshunso.html}}</ref><br />
|[[Daigaku-ryō]]<br />
|[[ Asuka period]]<br />
|[[Japan]]<br />
|It’s recorded that aristocrats who fled from [[Baekje]] after the defeat at [[Battle of Baekgang]] were awarded indigenous Japanese ranks and reorganised to [[vassals]] of the Japanese king. The title of 學職頭 recorded for [[Gwisil Jipsa]] in 671 corresponds to the later title of [[Daigaku-no-kami]]. The recorded title of 法官大輔 is also worth noting since 法官 corresponds to [[Shikibu-shō]] so it’s also contested that a preceding organisation for Daigaku-ryō (run by 法官 who regulated 礼儀) had already been established in the reign of [[Emperor Tenji]], and it were home to the highly educated of Baekje. Daigaku-ryō was under the jurisdiction of Shikibu-shō and headed by 頭 ([[Nine-rank system|upper 従 fifth rank]]) who supervised students for the examinations. Wherein underneath there were one 四等官 each of: 助 (lower 正 sixth rank), 大允 (lower 正 seventh rank), 少允 (upper 従 seventh rank), 大属 (upper 従 eighth rank), 少属 (lower 従 eighth rank); and 20 使部 and two 直丁 who handled miscellaneous tasks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= 伊藤|first1= 循.|last2= イトウ|first2= ジュン|last3= Ito|first3= Jun|title=伊藤循 (2018) "日本古代における大学・国学教育と釈奠", 拓殖大学教職課程運営委員会, pp. 46–60 |journal= 拓殖大学教職課程年報|date= 20 October 2018|volume= 1|pages= 46–60|url= https://takushoku-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/214}}</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|682<ref>{{cite web |title=국사편찬위원회 삼국사기 권 제8신라본기 제8 신문왕(神文王) 국학을 설립하다 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/ancient/level.do?levelId=sg_008r_0020_0110}}</ref><br />
|[[Gukhak|Gookhak]]<br />
|[[Silla]]<br />
|[[Korea]]<br />
|When [[Muyeol of Silla|Kim Choonchoo]] and his son [[Munmu of Silla|Kim Bommin]] paid [[tribute]] to [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] in 648, Kim Choonchoo received permission to observe [[Seokjeon Daeje]] and 講論 of 國學.<ref>{{cite web |title=국사편찬위원회 삼국사기 권 제5신라본기 제5 진덕왕(眞德王) 김춘추를 당나라에 보내다 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/id/sg_005r_0030_0130}}</ref> It’s theorised this experience influenced the creation of the 大舍 title in Silla in 651.<ref>{{cite web |title=국사편찬위원회 삼국사기 권 제5신라본기 제5 진덕왕(眞德王) 품주를 집사부로 고치다 |url= https://db.history.go.kr/ancient/level.do?levelId=sg_005r_0030_0220}}</ref> However, Gookhak weren’t fully formalised till the position of 卿, head of Gookhak, were established in 682. Gookhak also had the position of master(博士), assistant(助敎) and 史, the lowest position. It’s recorded the likes of Gang soo (强首) and [[Seol Chong]] held 卿 (head of Gookhak) and the positions of 博士 and 助敎 were responsible for directly tutoring students.<ref>{{cite web |title=한국민족대백과사전 국학(國學) |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0006550}}</ref> 讀書三品科 (exam of three 品 on literature) were additionally established in 788 via [[Wonseong of Silla|King Wonsong]] (hypothesised to be a form of [[exit exam]]) wherein: students who could aptly interpret one of [[Zuo Zhuan]], [[Book of Rites]] or [[Wen Xuan]], whilst accurately memorising both [[Analects]] and [[Classic of Filial Piety]] were granted the title of Upper 品; students who read 曲禮, [[Analects]] and [[Classic of Filial Piety]] were granted Middle 品; and students who read 曲禮 and [[Classic of Filial Piety]] were granted Lower 品.<ref>{{cite web |title=국사편찬위원회 삼국사기 권 제10신라본기 제10 원성왕(元聖王) 독서삼품과를 시행하다 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/ancient/level.do;jsessionid=lnQl8oZccUk4ngi91FvlhPjSEo8BNhZrm6whLwL4.node30?levelId=sg_010r_0020_0210}}</ref> <br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|c.a. early eighth century<ref name="Singh290">Sheo Kumar Singh (1982) "History and Philosophy of Buddhism: Based Mainly on Pali Canonical and Exegetical Literature" p. 290</ref><br />
|[[Odantapuri]]<br />
|[[Pala Empire]]<br />
|[[India]]<br />
|After [[Harsha]] the monastic religion like [[Buddhism]], which depended very much on the rulers’ patronage, witnessed a setback. But, while it was disappearing from other parts of India, it experienced another great revival in eastern India where it found most of the Pala rulers to be devout Buddhists, who were responsible for the new endowments to the [[Nalanda mahavihara]] and also for the foundation of new monasteries such as [[Vikramashila]], Odantapuri and [[Somapura Mahavihara]] which almost monopolised the commerce in Buddhist culture from the ninth to the twelfth century A.D.<ref>Sheo Kumar Singh (1982) "History and Philosophy of Buddhism: Based Mainly on Pali Canonical and Exegetical Literature" p. 244</ref> The [[Gopala I|founder of Pala dynasty]] is said, in the [[Tibet|Tibetan]] legends, to have founded in the early half of the eighth century a [[mahavihara]] of grand proportions in the newly built city of Odantapur, only about seven miles from Nalanda. There is evidence in Tibetan legends that there used to be migration of scholars from one place to another. [[Atiśa]] received ordination from Nalanda, studied there and also at Odantapuri and finally became the head of Vikramashila from where he was escorted to Tibet. One Tibetan legend puts the number of its inmates at 12,000. But towards the end of the 11th century A.D. it must have gone far into decline when Muslim soldiers, under [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]] committed a complete massacre of all 53 monks of Odantapuri circa 1198.<ref name="Singh290"/><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| c.a. 770-810<ref name="Singh274"/>{{efn|records only attest its creation via Dharmapala (c.a. 770-810)|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
|[[Vikramashila]]<br />
|[[Pala Empire]]<br />
|[[India]]<br />
|It was in its peak period under the patronage of the Buddhist Pala kings of [[Bengal]]. The university granted the degree of Mahapandita and Pandita, equivalent to Master of the Arts. The pictures of most eminent among the Mahapanitas and Panditas of Vikramashila, it is said, decorated the walls. The [[Tibet|Tibetan]] legends say that, when in the reign of king [[Ramapala]], [[Abhayakaragupta]] was its head and there were 160 professors as well as 1,000 resident monks. It appears from the legends that a functionary whose designation was ‘guardian of the gate’ acted both at [[Nalanda]] and Vikramashila. Nalanda had one gate while Vikramashila had six, each kept by a [[Dvarapala]] - a scholar of high eminence. The famous [[Tantra|Tantric]] saint [[Siddha]] and scholar [[Naropa]] held the office of the keeper of the northern gate of the establishment. Here Tibetan scholars, of whom had the Indian name [[Dharmakirti]] translated [[Sanskrit]] works into [[Classical Tibetan]].<ref name="Singh295">Sheo Kumar Singh (1982) "History and Philosophy of Buddhism: Based Mainly on Pali Canonical and Exegetical Literature" p. 295</ref> By the close of the twelfth century almost all the important centres of northern, western and central India were affected by [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim invasions]], and there began a period of rapid decline. In the beginning of the thirteenth century, the structures of the Vikramashila mahavihara were razed to the ground by the invaders.<ref>Sheo Kumar Singh (1982) “History and Philosophy of Buddhism: Based Mainly on Pali Canonical and Exegetical Literature” p. 279</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|810-850<ref>Sheo Kumar Singh (1982) “History and Philosophy of Buddhism: Based Mainly on Pali Canonical and Exegetical Literature” p. 294</ref>{{efn|records only attest its creation via Devapala (810-850)|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
|[[Somapura Mahavihara]]<br />
|[[Pala Empire]]<br />
|[[Bangladesh]]<br />
|Built by [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Emperor Dharmapala]] of the Pala Empire, who were devout Buddhists, it was the largest of its kind in India as a quadrangular monastery with a terraced edifice in the centre. In the narratives of the lives of eminent Buddhist saints and scholars, interspersed in Tibetan history references are made to their occupancy of the headships of different centres of Buddhist learning: [[Nalanda]], [[Odantapuri]] and Somapura. There is evidence in Tibetan legends that there used to be migration of scholars from one place to another. Vipulaśrī has left an inscription at Nalanda recording his construction of a temple to [[Tara (Hindu goddess)|Tara]] in Somapura, as well as his erection of a monastery at Nalanda.<ref name="Singh290"/> However, when [[Xuanzang]] came to this region in 639, he remarks that Nirgranthas (id est. [[Jainism|Jains]]) are the most numerous. This is because the existing establishment was overhauled and remodelled and the Jain temple rebuilt as a Buddhist one by [[Devapala of Bengal|Emperor Devapala]]. Intercourse in the Pala period between the Mahavihara and that of Nalanda is suggested by the decorative style of stone-temples at Nalanda where terracotta plaques are raised in rows exactly as in this Mahavihara. The establishment of Somapura seems to have been designed for the occupation of some 600-800 inmates. It carried on the Nalanda tradition which had been passed on to Odantapira and Vikramashila and was inherited by it. [[Atiśa]] stayed here for some time before his departure for [[Tibet]]. The downfall of the establishment by desertion or destruction must have been some time in the midst of the widespread unrest and displacement of population consequent on the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim invasion]].<ref name="Singh295"/><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|930<ref>{{cite web |title=국사편찬위원회 고려사 권별보기 世家 세가 권제1 태조(太祖) 13년 12월 |url= https://db.history.go.kr/goryeo/itemLevelKrList.do?itemId=kr&parentId=kr_001r_0140_0080&types=r}}</ref><br />
|[[ Gukjagam|Gookjagam]]<br />
|[[Goryeo|Goryo]]<br />
|[[Korea]]<br />
|Goryo reunified the Korean peninsula in the twilight of the first millennium and established the new capital of the peninsula in [[Kaesong]] whence their source of political power were based. [[Taejo of Goryeo|King Taejo]] whereupon founded 西京學校, believed to be a form of 學院, and chose 廷鶚 as 書學博士, believed to be a form of tutor.<ref>{{cite web |title=국사편찬위원회 우리역사넷 신편 한국사 고려 시대 17권 고려 전기의 교육과 문화 I. 교육 2. 지방의 교육기관 2) 서경학교 |url= https://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_017_0020_0020_0020_0020}}</ref> However, it wasn’t till the reign of [[Seongjong of Goryeo|King Songjong]] when it was reorganised into Gookjagam, modelled after [[Guozijian]], whence it taught law(律學), writing(書學) and [[Chinese mathematics|mathematics]](算學) - centred around [[Confucianism]]. [[Jeongjong, 10th monarch of Goryeo|King Jongjong]] allowed students of Gookjagam, who studied for three years, the opportunity to take the 國子監試 and [[Munjong of Goryeo|King Moonjong]] ordered students to be expelled if they had little outcome. [[Yejong of Goryeo|King Yejong]] further introduced 七齋 “seven disciplines” in 1109 and it’s worth noting one were 講藝齋 with a student quota of eight that taught [[martial arts]], a reflection of the tumultuous time when Goryo were in conflict with [[Jurchen people]]. He also established a [[student financial aid]] institution in 1119 called 養賢庫. However, its role were critically reduced after a coup d'état in 1170 whence no further records are visible till [[Goryeo under Mongol rule|Mongol Suzerainty]] when [[Chungnyeol of Goryeo|Chooŋnyol]] lamented that few scholars of Gookjagam were true masters. [[An Hyang]] thereupon aided in resuscitating the university and changed its name to Soŋgyoongwan in 1310, reaching its renaissance during the reign of [[Gongmin of Goryeo|Gongmin]] whence he increased its student quota to 100 and employed famous scholars such as [[Yi Saek]] and [[Chŏng Mongju]] as tutors.<ref>{{cite web |title=국사편찬위원회 우리역사넷 한국사 연대기 고려 국자감 |url= https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_o200200&code=kc_age_20}}</ref> It were rebuilt in 1605 after it burnt down in the [[Imjin War]].<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|c.a. 1077-1120<ref name="Singh274"/>{{efn|records only attest its creation via Ramapala (c.a. 1077-1120)|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
|[[Jagaddala Mahavihara]]<br />
|[[Pala Empire]]<br />
|[[Bangladesh]]<br />
|The last [[Mahavihara|great seat of Buddhist learning]] founded by a Pala emperor was in [[Varendra]]. It flourished in the reign of [[Ramapala]], who is also credited as its founder. It was specifically a resort for [[Vajrayana]] and it appears to have been in lively intercourse with [[Tibet|Tibetan]] centres of [[Buddhism]] as both the original [[Sanskrit]] texts and [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]] translations of [[Tengyur]] and [[Kangyur]] are said to have been either made or copied there. It was intact till [[Śākyaśribhadra]] betook himself there whence he found pupils and disciples. Vibhuticandra (རྣལ་འབྱོར་ཟླ་བ་) and Danashila (དཱ་ན་ཤཱི་ལ།) were such disciples who were scholars of Tibetan and Sanskrit at Jaddala mahavihara. Around the time of the [[Sena dynasty]], [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim invasions]] had destroyed [[Odantapuri]] and [[Vikramashila]], killing many [[Bhikkhu]] in the process. This was the context wherein Śākyaśribhadra fled here, whence he left to Tibet after three years. Although Varendra itself was sacked circa 1207, it’s theorised the monastery had already been deserted at that time.<ref>Sheo Kumar Singh (1982) “History and Philosophy of Buddhism: Based Mainly on Pali Canonical and Exegetical Literature” p. 296</ref><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|1076<ref name="QTG">{{cite web |title=Cục Di sản văn hóa Di tích lịch sử và kiến trúc nghệ thuật Văn Miếu - Quốc Tử Giám |url= https://dsvh.gov.vn/di-tich-lich-su-va-kien-truc-nghe-thuat-van-mieu-quoc-tu-giam-2953}}</ref><br />
|[[Temple of Literature, Hanoi|Quốc Tử Giám]]<br />
|[[ Lý dynasty]]<br />
|[[Vietnam]]<br />
|Emperor [[Lý Thánh Tông]] established Quốc Tử Giám, modelled after [[Guozijian]] and permitted the crown prince to study there. It was later renamed to Quốc Tử viện in 1253 during the [[Trần dynasty]] and again to Thái Học đường in 1483 during the [[Lê dynasty]]. It was located behind the Văn Miếu with lecture halls, dormitories, a printing house and a large courtyard in the centre. There are steles still present at the site commemorating tiến sĩ khoa thi nho học, masters who passed the [[Imperial examination]].<ref name="QTG"/><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| ca. 1040-1147<br />
|[[University of al-Qarawiyyin]]<br />
|[[ Almoravid dynasty]]<br />
|[[Morocco]]<br />
|see above<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|ca. 14th century<br />
|[[University of Ez-Zitouna]]<br />
|[[Hafsid dynasty]]<br />
|[[Tunisia]]<br />
|see above<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|1398<br />
|[[Sungkyunkwan University|Soŋgyoongwan]]<br />
|[[ Joseon|Joson Kingdom]]<br />
|[[South Korea]]<br />
|see above<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|1453<br />
|[[ Istanbul University]]<br />
|[[Ottoman Empire]]<br />
|[[Turkey]]<br />
|see above<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|c.a. 1410-1466<ref name="Tamagawa">{{cite web |title=玉川大学教育博物館 館蔵資料の紹介 1996年 下野国足利学校絵図面 |url= https://www.tamagawa.ac.jp/museum/archive/1996/064.html}}</ref>{{efn|records only attest its creation via Uesugi Norizane (c.a. 1410-1466)|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
|[[Ashikaga Gakko]]<br />
|[[Muromachi period]] <br />
|[[Japan]]<br />
|Although there exist many theories on when it was founded, it’s certain it was rebuilt into a academic institution in the Muromachi period via the Kanrei (deputy [[Shogun]]) of [[Kantō region|Kantō]], [[Uesugi Norizane]]. As well as donating many valuable books, such as 尚書正義, he further invited 快元 from [[Engaku-ji]] to be the inaugural principal in order to accelerate its development. When academic codes and regulations, as well as dormitories, were established, students gathered from across the archipelago, ranging from [[Mutsu Province]] to [[Ryukyu Kingdom]], that rumours spread overseas of 学徒三千人 “three thousand pupils”. From contemporary textbooks and records, it can be deduced subjects on [[I Ching]], [[military science]] and medicine were taught - centred around [[Confucianism]]. Although no archaeological sites from the Muromachi period can be found, drawings believed to date from the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] show buildings and gardens in the centre surrounded by moats and earthworks with [[Sandō]] extending south, and further depictions of a [[vegetable garden]] provide valuable insight into contemporary student life. It’s recorded in letters [[Francis Xavier]] sent to [[Jesuits]] of [[Goa]] in 1549 that, “Ashikaga Gakko is an academy in Kantō.” It’s further recorded in the ‘’Historia de Japam’’ published by [[Luís Fróis]] that, “there exists only one university and open school in the whole of Japan. It is located in [[Ashikaga, Tochigi|Ashikaga]] of [[Shimotsuke Province]].” Its prestigious status came to an end when it was converted into a [[Hyanggyo]] in the twilight of the Tokugawa shogunate, eventually closing in 1872.<ref name="Tamagawa"/><br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| ca. 1516-1517<br />
|[[Al-Azhar University]]<br />
|[[ Ottoman Empire]]<br />
|[[Egypt]]<br />
|see above<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|1639<br />
|[[ Ryukoku University]]<br />
|[[Tokugawa shogunate]]<br />
|[[Japan]]<br />
|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|1790<br />
|[[ University of Tokyo]]<br />
|[[Tokugawa shogunate]]<br />
|[[Japan]]<br />
|see above<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Madrasa]]<br />
* [[Medieval university]]<br />
* [[Nizamiyya]]<br />
* {{section link|Academy#History}},<br />
* {{section link|University#History}}<br />
* [[Pirivena]]<br />
* [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{Schools}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ancient Higher-Learning Institutions}}<br />
[[Category:Ancient universities| ]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wagoora%E2%80%93Kreeri_Assembly_constituency&diff=545435Wagoora–Kreeri Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:40:38Z<p>LavadaDonald013: Article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
|name = Wagoora–Kreeri<br />
|type= SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
|mla = [[Irfan Hafiz Lone]]<br />
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year =[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
|district = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency|Baramulla]]<br />
|established = 2022<br />
|electors =72,173<ref>{{Cite web| title=Assembly Elections 2024 - Final Publication | url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Assembly_Elections_2024/Final_Publication_Data_2024.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009201844/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Assembly_Elections_2024/Final_Publication_Data_2024.pdf | archive-date=2024-10-09}}</ref><br />
|reservation = None<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Wagoora–Kreeri''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Wagoora]]–[[Kreeri]] is also part of [[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification by Delimitation Commission |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017204253/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2022 |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Delimitation Order |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924222358/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2022 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituency map |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J&K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524150644/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J&K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Wagoora-Kreeri constituency includes parts of Tangmarg, Wagoora, Kreeri, and Khoi. 98 polling stations have been designated for the constituency while 72,173 voters including 32,669 males, 35501 females, and three transgender voters are registered in the constituency as per 2024 Elections.<br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Wagoora–Kreeri">{{cite news |date=8 October 2024 |title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Wagoora–Kreeri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0812.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010063010/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0812.htm |archivedate=10 October 2024 |accessdate=10 October 2024}}</ref><br />
| [[Irfan Hafiz Lone]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Wagoora–Kreeri<ref name="J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Wagoora–Kreeri"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Irfan Hafiz Lone]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,002 |percentage=38.17% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Syed Basharat Ahmed Bukhari]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=9,251 |percentage=20.77% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naseer Ahmad Rather |party=Independent politician |votes=6,355 |percentage=14.27% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rehana Begum |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,587 |percentage=5.81% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shabir Ahmad Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=2,219 |percentage=4.98% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Safina Baig |party=Independent politician |votes=1,699 |percentage=3.81% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Abas Hussain |party=Democratic Progressive Azad Party |votes=1,602 |percentage=3.60% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,313 |percentage=2.95% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,751 |percentage=17.40% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,545 |percentage=61.72% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,173 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Baramulla district]]<br />
[[Category:2022 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2022]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talode_Assembly_constituency&diff=539405Talode Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:26:24Z<p>LavadaDonald013: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Talode<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| district = <br />
| division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar]]<br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| established = 1962<br />
| reservation = <br />
| abolished = 2008<br />
| electors = <br />
}}<br />
'''[[Talode]]''' ''(formerly Taloda)'' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]], in [[India]]. It was a segment of [[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Talode Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/talode-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> Talode seat existed until the 2004 elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=12 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|- <br />
|- <br />
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Padvi Gorji Surji (St) || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2 | Digambar Narshi Padvi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1967 elections in India#Maharashtra|1967 By-election]] || P. Vaharibai <br />
|- <br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=2 | Dilwarsing D. Padvi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Abhimanyu Nurji Valvi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Arjunsing Pirsing Valvi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Dilwarsing D. Padvi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Padvi Narendrasing Bhagatsing <br />
|- <br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | [[Padmakar Valvi|Padmakar Vijaysing Valvi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br />
|} <br />
<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===Assembly Election 2004===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Talode}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Padmakar Valvi|Padmakar Vijaysing Valvi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 57,397 |percentage = 44.93% |change={{decrease}}8.00 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Padvi Narendrasing Bhagatsing |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,595 |percentage = 39.61% |change={{increase}}6.04 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mali Jaysing Devachand |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 8,128 |percentage = 6.36% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahase Bharatsing Janya |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,570 |percentage = 4.36% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Valvi Nakul Pirsing |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,087 |percentage = 2.42% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padvi Savitri Magan |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,971 |percentage = 2.33% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,802 |percentage = 5.32% |change= {{decrease}}14.04 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,689 |percentage = 69.21% |change= {{increase}}5.14 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,748}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,937|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.84 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.00 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1999===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Talode<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Padmakar Valvi|Padmakar Vijaysing Valvi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,977 |percentage = 52.92% |change={{increase}}36.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padvi Narendrasing Bhagatsing |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,962 |percentage = 33.56% |change={{decrease}}5.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Valvi Lalsing Nurya |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 13,270 |percentage = 13.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,015 |percentage = 19.36% |change= {{increase}}3.37 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,728 |percentage = 64.07% |change= {{decrease}}4.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,209}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,907|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.97 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.94 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1995===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Talode<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Padvi Narendrasing Bhagatsing |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,026 |percentage = 38.98% |change={{decrease}}16.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Padmakar Valvi|Padmakar Vijaysing Valvi]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,608 |percentage = 22.99% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Valvi Dhaku Daji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,703 |percentage = 16.27% |change={{decrease}}2.05 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mali Jaysing Devachand |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 13,340 |percentage = 12.99% |change={{decrease}}3.33 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padvi Darbarshing Gulabsing |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,921 |percentage = 3.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Valvi Abhimanyu Nuraji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,624 |percentage = 2.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padvi Vesta Tedagya |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,536 |percentage = 1.50% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,418 |percentage = 15.99% |change= {{decrease}}21.09 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,825 |percentage = 73.24% |change= {{increase}}11.72 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,682}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,952|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.08 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.42 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1990===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Talode<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dilwarsing D. Padvi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,619 |percentage = 55.40% |change={{increase}}15.55 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Valvi Arjunsing Pirsing |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,431 |percentage = 18.32% |change={{decrease}}30.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mali Jaysing Devachand |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 11,967 |percentage = 16.32% |change={{increase}}11.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padvi Udesing Kocharya |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,892 |percentage = 8.04% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonwane Gangaram Sambhaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 708 |percentage = 0.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padvi Jadu Surya |party=Independent politician |votes = 699 |percentage = 0.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,188 |percentage = 37.08% |change= {{increase}}27.87 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,741 |percentage = 58.63% |change= {{increase}}10.57 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,316}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,183|ref = |change= {{increase}}29.58 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.34 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1985===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Talode<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Arjunsing Pirsing Valvi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,591 |percentage = 49.06% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilwarsing D. Padvi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,350 |percentage = 39.85% |change={{increase}}19.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abhimanyu Nurji Valvi |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,788 |percentage = 6.06% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaysing Devchand Mali |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,209 |percentage = 4.80% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,241 |percentage = 9.21% |change= {{decrease}}18.96 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,730 |percentage = 47.88% |change= {{decrease}}2.51 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,044}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,693|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.30 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}0.38 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1980===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Talode<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Abhimanyu Nurji Valvi |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 21,625 |percentage = 48.68% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilwarsing D. Padvi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,112 |percentage = 20.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padvi Jadu Surya |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,414 |percentage = 14.44% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mali Bansi Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,216 |percentage = 9.49% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padvi Udesing Kocharya |party=Janata Party |votes = 3,052 |percentage = 6.87% |change={{decrease}}23.67 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,513 |percentage = 28.17% |change= {{increase}}25.39 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,432 |percentage = 50.91% |change= {{decrease}}9.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,419}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,210|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.77 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}18.14 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1978===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Talode<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dilwarsing D. Padvi |party=Janata Party |votes = 14,968 |percentage = 30.54% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Valvi Abhimanyu Nuraji |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,605 |percentage = 27.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padvi Bhagatsing Mansing |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,413 |percentage = 21.25% |change={{decrease}}22.44 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vaharu Fulsing Barade |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,596 |percentage = 13.46% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Ashok Reshma |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,103 |percentage = 4.29% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padvi Jekamsing Vesta |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,321 |percentage = 2.70% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,363 |percentage = 2.78% |change= {{decrease}}2.97 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,769 |percentage = 62.35% |change= {{increase}}21.26 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,006}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,633|ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.92 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{decrease}}18.90 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1972===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Talode<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dilwarsing D. Padvi |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 15,793 |percentage = 49.44% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Goraji Suraji Padvi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,956 |percentage = 43.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abhimanyu Nurji Valvi |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,193 |percentage = 6.87% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,837 |percentage = 5.75% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,391 |percentage = 39.45% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,942}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,175|ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly By-election 1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 elections in India#Maharashtra|1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Talode<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=P. Vaharibai |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,037 |percentage = |change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. J. Ganpat |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 9,080 |percentage = |change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,957 |percentage = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Talode<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Digambar Narshi Padvi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,500 |percentage = 56.07% |change={{decrease}}5.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=J. G. Natawadkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 16,847 |percentage = 43.93% |change={{increase}}23.23 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,653 |percentage = 12.13% |change= {{decrease}}28.29 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,581 |percentage = 54.51% |change= {{increase}}12.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,347}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,275|ref = |change= {{increase}}47.63 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.06 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1962===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Talode<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Digambar Narshi Padvi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 11,998 |percentage = 61.13% |change={{increase}}21.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramu Dharma Padvi |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,064 |percentage = 20.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keshawrao Uttamrao Naik |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,465 |percentage = 12.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhanji Inda Wasave |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,101 |percentage = 5.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,934 |percentage = 40.42% |change= {{increase}}20.04 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,676 |percentage = 41.95% |change= {{increase}}8.72 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,628}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,666|ref = |change= {{decrease}}13.51 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{increase}}0.94 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1957===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Talode<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Padvi Gorji Surji (St) |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 10,525 |percentage = 60.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhil Janardan Poharya (St) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 6,961 |percentage = 39.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,564 |percentage = 20.38% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 17,486 |percentage = 29.27% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 17,486}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,733|ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Talode Assembly constituency}}<br />
[[Category:Nandurbar district]]<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narayan_Rupini&diff=520515Narayan Rupini2026-04-11T10:19:22Z<p>LavadaDonald013: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1947–2022)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Narayan Rupini<br />
| native_name =<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| office = Minister of Government of Tripura<br />
| term_start = 1998<br />
| term_end = 2013<br />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata = [[Manik Sarkar]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Ashok Debbarma]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Ramendra Narayan Debbarma]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Charilam Assembly constituency|Charilam]]<br />
| office1 = Member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly<br />
| term_start1 = 1998<br />
| term_end1 = 2013<br />
| office2 = Chairman of [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|TTAADC]]<br />
| term_start2 = 1982<br />
| term_end2 = 1998<br />
| predecessor2 = Position established<br />
| successor2 = <br />
| constituency2 = <br />
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
| other_party = <br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| birth_date = 1947<br />
| birth_place = [[Champaknagar]], [[Tripura (princely state)]]<br />
| death_date = 24 December 2022<br />
| death_place = <br />
}}<br />
'''Narayan Rupini''' (1947 – 24 December 2022) was an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He was the first chairman of the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Sumanta |title=Tripura govt's Autonomous District Council initiative draws flak from non-tribals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820930-tripura-govts-autonomous-district-council-initiative-draws-flak-from-non-tribals-772217-2013-09-26 |work=India Today |date=30 September 1982 |language=en}}</ref> He was also serving as cabinet minister of [[Government of Tripura]] from 1998 to 2013. Rupini was the member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] for three consecutive terms 1998 to 2013 from [[Charilam Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1998 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1998-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2003 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2008 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ELECTED CANDIDATES & MARGIN OF VICTORY |url=https://tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/Elected%20Candidates%20and%20Margin%20of%20Victory%20of%20Assembly%20Election-2008.pdf |publisher=Government of Tripura}}</ref> He was also served as the President of [[Ganamukti Parishad]] from 2010 to 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganamukti Parishad Holds 20th Conference {{!}} Peoples Democracy |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/content/ganamukti-parishad-holds-20th-conference |website=peoplesdemocracy.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1947 births]]<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:People from West Tripura district]]<br />
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2008–2013]]<br />
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1998–2003]]<br />
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2003–2008]]<br />
<br />
{{Tripura-politician-stub}}</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pradeep_Chowbey&diff=526178Pradeep Chowbey2026-03-26T07:29:42Z<p>LavadaDonald013: creating a post - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian surgeon|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pradeep Chowbey<br />
| image = [[File:Profile-pic.jpg|Profile-pic]]<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = Surgeon<br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| known for = [[Laparoscopic surgery|Minimal access surgery]]<br />[[Bariatric surgery]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| domesticpartner = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| alma mater = [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College]]<br />[[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | Memorial Sloan <br />
Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York]]<br />[[Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins Institute, USA]]<ref><br />
{{cite web|url=http://www.ibcclub.org/dr-pradeep-chowbey/ | title=International Bariatric Club profile | <br />
publisher=International Bariatric Club | date=2015 | access-date=June 16, 2017}}</ref><br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.chowbey.com|chowbey.com}}<br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br />[[Honorary degree|Honoris Causa Doctorate]], University of Jabalpur<ref name="Dr. Chowbey's Profile & Achievements">{{cite web | url=http://www.maxhealthcare.in/mambs/chobey-profile.html | title=Dr. Chowbey's Profile & Achievements | publisher=Max Healthcare | date=2015 | access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref> <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pradeep Kumar Chowbey''' is an Indian surgeon, known for [[laparoscopic]] and [[bariatric]] surgeries.<ref name="Doctor Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.mydocadvisor.com/DoctorDetail.aspx?Id=700&HospitalId=617&CId=827 | title=Doctor Profile | publisher=My Doc Advisor | date=2015 | access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref> He is the incumbent Executive vice chairman of the [[Max Healthcare]], Chairman of the ''Minimal Access, Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery'' and ''Allied Surgical Specialities'' of the Max Healthcare Institute, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibcclub.org/dr-pradeep-chowbey/ | title=International Bariatric Club profile | publisher=International Bariatric Club | date=2015 | access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref> He is the founder of the ''Minimal Access, Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery Centre'' at the [[Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (India)|Sir Ganga Ram Hospital]], New Delhi<ref name="Dr. Chowbey's Profile & Achievements">{{cite web | url=http://www.maxhealthcare.in/mambs/chobey-profile.html | title=Dr. Chowbey's Profile & Achievements | publisher=Max Healthcare | date=2015 | access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref> and has served as the Honorary Surgeon to the [[President of India]], [[Dalai Lama]] and the [[Indian Armed Forces]] (AFMS).<ref name="Doctor Profile" /> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2002.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education & career ==<br />
Chowbey graduated in medicine (MBBS) and secured his master's degree in surgery (MS) from [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College]] (then known as Government Medical College), [[Jabalpur]], after which he earned a diplomate from the [[National Board of Examinations]], New Delhi, in 1979.<ref name="Expert Profile">{{cite web | url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/ndtv/expertid/187/Dr_Pradeep_Chowbey.html | title=Expert Profile | publisher=ND TV | date=30 November 2009 | access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref> After starting his medical practice at a public hospital in Delhi, he moved to [[Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (India)|Sir Ganga Ram Hospital]] in 1984 to take up the post of a consultant surgeon, handling [[hepatobiliary]], pancreatic and breast surgeries. When [[Minimally-invasive procedures|minimally invasive surgical method]] was first developed in France in 1989, Chowbey underwent training in the procedure at [[Singapore General Hospital]] from the pioneers of the technology such as [[Mohan Chellappa]] which helped him to perform the first [[Laparoscopic]] [[Cholecystectomy]] in North India.<ref name="Expert Profile" /><br />
<br />
At Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Chowbey established ''Minimal Access, Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Centre'' where the team led by him is reported to have performed over 55,000 [[Minimally-invasive procedures|minimally invasive procedures]].<ref name="Max Healthcare Profile" /> His list of patients included [[K. R. Narayanan]], former President of India, [[Dalai Lama]] and [[Arun Jaitley]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-03 |title=Arun Jaitley undergoes weight loss surgery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Arun-Jaitley-undergoes-weight-loss-surgery/articleshow/41553675.cms |access-date=2024-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> who were operated on by him in 2001, 2008 and 2014 respectively. He has been involved in the designing of the ''International Centre of Excellence for Bariatric Surgery Program'' of the Surgical Review Corporation, USA<ref name="Endoscopic repair of abdominal wall hernias">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ca4QAv8vysQC&q=%22International+Centre+of+Excellence+for+Bariatric+Surgery+Program%22+by+Surgical+Review+Corporation%2C+USA&pg=PT217 | title=Endoscopic repair of abdominal wall hernias | publisher=Ratna Sagar| isbn=9788181931030 }}</ref> and was one of the key members among the founders of the Asia Pacific Hernia Society where he served as the founder president.<ref name="APHS History">{{cite web | url=http://www.aphernia.org/ | title=APHS History | publisher=Asia Pacific Hernia Society | date=2015 | access-date=November 12, 2015}}</ref> He is the president of the Asia Pacific Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Society, Asia Pacific Chapter of International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, and [[International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders]] and has served Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society of India and the Indian Association of Gastrointestinal Endo-Surgeons as their president. He sits in the Board of Governors of the Gasless Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgeons Society International and is the Advisor to the Asia Pacific Endosurgery Task Force (AETF).<ref name="Max Healthcare Profile" /><br />
<br />
Chowbey is a founding designee in the International Centre of Excellence for Bariatric Surgery Program by Surgical Review Corporation, USA.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibcclub.org/dr-pradeep-chowbey/ | title=International Bariatric Club profile | publisher=International Bariatric Club | date=2015 | access-date=June 16, 2017}}</ref> He is an Honorary Fellow of the American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asmbs.org/honoraries/ | title=Honorary members of ASMBS}}</ref> International Medical Science Academy (IMSA), International Congress of Surgeons (ICS) and Association of Surgeons of India (ASI).<ref name="Expert Profile" /> He is also an Honorary Member of the Japanese Society of Endoscopic Surgeons,<ref>[http://www.expressbpd.com/healthcare/life-healthcare/dr-pradeep-chowbey-honoured-by-japanese-society-of-endoscopic-surgeons/209211 Express Healthcare"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916140304/http://www.expressbpd.com/healthcare/life-healthcare/dr-pradeep-chowbey-honoured-by-japanese-society-of-endoscopic-surgeons/209211/ |date=2017-09-16 }},''[[Indian Express]]'', 09 February 2016</ref> German Hernia Society, Indonesian Hernia Society and Gulf Cooperation Council Hernia Society (National Chapter of Asia Pacific Hernia Society, Dubai).<ref name="Max Healthcare Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.ibcclub.org/dr-pradeep-chowbey/ | title=International Bariatric Club profile | publisher=International Bariatric Club | date=2015 | access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref> He was included in the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] in 1997 and the [[Limca Book of Records]] for more than 80,000 major minimal access surgeries (1992–2018) performed by a surgeon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.coca-colaindia.com/stories/lbr-2019-surgery-on-world-s-heaviest-teen |title=Surgery on world's heaviest teen &#124; Coca-Cola India |access-date=2019-05-06 |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212601/https://www.coca-colaindia.com/stories/lbr-2019-surgery-on-world-s-heaviest-teen |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dr Chowbey also has a Limca Book of Record for establishing the first dedicated Department of Minimal Access Surgery (MAS ) in the Asian subcontinent in 1995<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.coca-colaindia.com/stories/first-minimal-access-surgery-department |title=First Minimal Access Surgery Department &#124; Coca-Cola India |access-date=2019-05-06 |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212721/https://www.coca-colaindia.com/stories/first-minimal-access-surgery-department |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Endoscopic repair of abdominal wall hernias" /> The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2002.<ref name="Padma Awards" /><br />
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Chowbey was the first to introduce the technique called MAFT (Minimally Invasive Fistula Treatment) in entire Asia-Pacific region. The technique is performed for surgical treatment of anal fistulas through a fistulascope. This concept was a breakthrough surgical treatment for anal fistulas as it has a very short recovery period, requires no dressings and there are no chances of loss of control (fecal incontinence).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hi-tech-surgery-makes-piles-a-day-care-affair/articleshow/8671512.cms|title=Hi-tech surgery makes piles a day-care affair &#124; India News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2011/06/27/simpler-surgery-for-fistula-patients-launched-at-max-hospital/ |title=Simpler surgery for fistula patients launched at Max Hospital {{!}} India Medical Times |website=www.indiamedicaltimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620234939/http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2011/06/27/simpler-surgery-for-fistula-patients-launched-at-max-hospital |archive-date=2014-06-20}}</ref><br />
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He operated on 14 years old Mihir Jain, believed to be World's heaviest teenager weighing 237 Kilograms in July 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-03 |title=Doctors operate on 237kg Delhi boy, world's heaviest teen |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/doctors-operate-on-237kg-delhi-boy-worlds-heaviest-teen/articleshow/64833452.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> By December 2018, Mihir's weight reduced by 100&nbsp;kg and now stands at 137&nbsp;kg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-09 |title=Mihir Jain, world's heaviest teen, loses 100 kg through weight loss surgery: Is it the only answer to obesity? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/health/article/worlds-heaviest-teen-mihir-jain-delhi-boy-lost-100-kg-weight-loss-surgery-comicon-surgery-obesity/328435 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In 2021, Dr. Chowbey began utilizing the advanced technology of the next-generation robot, Versius, to extend the benefits of robotic surgery to common surgical procedures such as gallbladder surgery and hernia repair. This next-generation robotic surgery system is designed to offer all the advantages of laparoscopic surgery while providing enhanced precision, accuracy, and safety.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/enterprise-3/outlook-business-initiative-148/legendary-surgeon-of-kind-cuts-and-kind-words-6451|title = ENTERPRISE 3 &#124; Outlook Business| date=15 December 2021 }}</ref><br />
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In 2026, under the chairmanship of Dr Pradeep Chowbey, Max Institute of Laparoscopic, Robotic, Bariatric and GI Surgery, Max Healthcare, New Delhi signed an MoU with Intuitive Surgical to support structured adoption of robotic-assisted surgery and expand patient access across India.{{cite web |title=Max Institute Signs MoU with Intuitive to Promote Robotic-Assisted Surgery |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/education/max-institute-signs-mou-with-intuitive-to-promote-robotic-assisted-surgery/127246967 |website=Economic Times Health |access-date=2026-02-24}}<br />
<br />
== Books and journals ==<br />
;Books<ref>[https://www.springer.com/ "Books"], [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]</ref><br />
* Surgical Repair of Abdominal Wall Hernias<br />
* Hand-Book of Bariatric Surgery<br />
* Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy—A Comprehensive Atlas<br />
* Single-Port Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Using X-Cone and Reusable Hand Instruments, 2012<br />
* Laparo-endoscopic Hernia Surgery<br />
<br />
;Journals<br />
*Obesity Surgery -The Journal of Metabolic Surgery and Allied Care<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11695-016-2151-y | doi=10.1007/s11695-016-2151-y | title=Dr. Pradeep Chowbey, MS, MNAMS, FRCS (Lond), FIMSA, FAIS, FICS, FACS, FALS, FIAGES | date=2016 | last1=Chowbey | first1=Pradeep | last2=Shikora | first2=Scott A. | journal=Obesity Surgery | volume=26 | issue=5 | pages=917–918 | pmid=27056194 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
*Surgical Endoscopy -Guidelines for laparoscopic (TAPP) and Endoscopic (TEP) treatment of Inguinal Hernia, International Endohernia Society (IEHS)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bittner |first1=R. |last2=Arregui |first2=M. E. |last3=Bisgaard |first3=T. |last4=Dudai |first4=M. |last5=Ferzli |first5=G. S. |last6=Fitzgibbons |first6=R. J. |last7=Fortelny |first7=R. H. |last8=Klinge |first8=U. |last9=Kockerling |first9=F. |last10=Kuhry |first10=E. |last11=Kukleta |first11=J. |last12=Lomanto |first12=D. |last13=Misra |first13=M. C. |last14=Montgomery |first14=A. |last15=Morales-Conde |first15=S. |date=2011 |title=Guidelines for laparoscopic (TAPP) and endoscopic (TEP) treatment of inguinal Hernia [International Endohernia Society (IEHS)] |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-011-1799-6 |journal=Surgical Endoscopy |language=en |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=2773–2843 |doi=10.1007/s00464-011-1799-6 |issn=1432-2218 |pmc=3160575 |pmid=21751060}}</ref><br />
*Indian Journal of Surgery -Residual Gallstone Disease — Laparoscopic Management<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s12262-010-0058-8 | title=Residual gallstone disease — Laparoscopic management | date=2010 | last1=Chowbey | first1=Pradeep | last2=Soni | first2=Vandana | last3=Sharma | first3=Anil | last4=Khullar | first4=Rajesh | last5=Baijal | first5=Manish | journal=Indian Journal of Surgery | volume=72 | issue=3 | pages=220–225 | pmid=23133251 | pmc=3452661 }}</ref><br />
*Surgical Endoscopy -Update of guidelines on Laparoscopic (TAPP) and Endoscopic (TEP) treatment of Inguinal Hernia (International Endohernia Society)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bittner |first1=R. |last2=Montgomery |first2=M. A. |last3=Arregui |first3=E. |last4=Bansal |first4=V. |last5=Bingener |first5=J. |last6=Bisgaard |first6=T. |last7=Buhck |first7=H. |last8=Dudai |first8=M. |last9=Ferzli |first9=G. S. |last10=Fitzgibbons |first10=R. J. |last11=Fortelny |first11=R. H. |last12=Grimes |first12=K. L. |last13=Klinge |first13=U. |last14=Koeckerling |first14=F. |last15=Kumar |first15=S. |date=2015 |title=Update of guidelines on laparoscopic (TAPP) and endoscopic (TEP) treatment of inguinal hernia (International Endohernia Society) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-014-3917-8 |journal=Surgical Endoscopy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=289–321 |doi=10.1007/s00464-014-3917-8 |issn=1432-2218 |pmc=4293469 |pmid=25398194}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{cite interview | title=BBC interview For Obesity and Weightloss Surgery | date=7 January 2012 | access-date=November 12, 2015 | last=Dr Pradeep Chowbey |work=The Health Show | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iesEKcTM_Y}}<br />
* {{cite interview | title=Obesity and Weightloss Surgery | date=5 February 2012 | access-date=November 12, 2015 | last=Pradeep Chowbey |work=Aaj Tak TV | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NEZqbUVYOpc}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowbey, Pradeep}}<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]<br />
[[Category:Bariatrics]]<br />
[[Category:World record holders]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mani_Lal_Bhaumik&diff=469361Mani Lal Bhaumik2026-03-25T06:32:30Z<p>LavadaDonald013: add formatting also and cleaned formatting for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Bengali American physicist (born 1931)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Mani Lal Bhaumik<br/>মণিলাল ভৌমিক <br />
| image = Dr Mani Bhaumik.jpg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Mani L. Bhaumik<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1931|3|30}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Tamluk]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Tamluk]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| citizenship = United States<br />
| nationality = <br />
| fields = [[Physics]]<br />
| workplaces = [[University of California, Los Angeles]]<br />[[California State University, Long Beach]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[BSc]], [[MSc]])<br />[[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur]] ([[PhD]])<br />
| academic_advisors = [[Satyendranath Bose]]<br />
| doctoral_students = <br />
| notable_students = <br />
| author_abbrev_bot = <br />
| author_abbrev_zoo = <br />
| influences = <br />
| influenced = <br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2011)<br />
| signature = <!--(filename only)--><br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mani Lal Bhaumik''' (born 30 March 1931) is an [[Indian American]] physicist and an internationally bestselling author, celebrated lecturer, entrepreneur and philanthropist.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Ahona |title=Mani Bhaumik aims to produce the next Nobel laureate from India. Will he succeed? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mani-bhaumik-aims-to-produce-the-next-nobel-laureate-from-india-will-he-succeed/articleshow/10648688.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=.:: Dr. Mani Lal Bhaumik ::. |url=https://www.midnapore.in/people/mani_lal_bhaumik.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=www.midnapore.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Mani Lal Bhaumik was born in a Bengali<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite press release |url=https://mea.gov.in/articles-in-indian-media.htm?dtl/13814/From+a+village+boy+150m+and+example+to+follow |title=From a village boy, $150m and example to follow |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] |date=2011-08-25 |accessdate=2022-08-10}}</ref> [[Mahishya]] family on 30 March 1931 in a small village in [[Tamluk]] and attended the [[Kola Union High School]].<ref>"Code Name God: The Spiritual Odyssey of a Man of Science", The Crossroad Publishing Company, New York, 2005; Penguin Books, April 2006</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AWARDS AND HONOURS - YoungBites |url=http://youngbites.com/newsdet.aspx?q=369025 |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=youngbites.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Ranjan |title=Manikanchan |publisher=Ananda Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |location=Kolkata |pages=1–7 |language=Bengali}}</ref> His father Gunodhar<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Bhaumik was a notable freedom fighter. As a teenager, Bhaumik spent some time with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in his Mahisadal camp. In his boyhood Mani Lal was hugely influenced by freedom fighter [[Matangini Hazra]], popularly known as Old Lady Gandhi.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
He received a [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] degree from [[Scottish Church College]] and an [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] degree from the [[Rajabazar Science College]] campus of [[University of Calcutta]]. He won the attention of [[Satyendra Nath Bose]] (creator of the [[Bose–Einstein statistics]]) who encouraged his prodigious curiosity. Bhaumik became the first student to receive a doctorate from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] when he received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree in [[quantum physics]] in 1958.<ref name=ievillageexample>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/from-a-village-boy-150m-and-example-to-follow/836608/0 From a village boy, $150m and example to follow], Shiv Sahay Singh, Thu Aug 25 2011, Kolkata</ref> His thesis was on Resonant Electronic Energy Transfers, a subject he would have cause to use in his work with lasers.<br />
<br />
==Scientific career==<br />
Receiving a Sloan Foundation Fellowship in 1959, Bhaumik went to the [[University of California Los Angeles]] (UCLA) for a position as [[postdoctoral researcher]]. In 1961, he joined the Quantum Electronics Division at Xerox Electro-Optical Systems in Pasadena and began his career as a laser scientist. Concurrently, he taught Quantum physics and Astronomy at the [[California State University]] at [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]. In 1968, he was enlisted by the Northrop Corporate Research Laboratory, where he rose to become the director of the Laser Technology Laboratory and led a team that made pioneering contributions in research on [[excimer laser]] technology. One of the papers on this research was presented at the Denver, [[Colorado]] meeting of the [[Optical Society of America]] in March 1973.<ref>5. &nbsp;&nbsp; E. Ault. M.L. Bhaumik, W.H. Hughes, R. Jensen, A. Kolb, and J. Shannon, Xe Laser Operation at 1730 Ǻ., Journal of the Optical Society of America. Vol.63, (7), 907–907 (1973).</ref><ref>Laser Focus, May 1973, Vol. 9, #5, Page 10-14 "The News in Focus"</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ault|first1=E.|last2=Bhaumik|first2=M.|last3=Hughes|first3=W.|last4=Jensen|first4=R.|last5=Robinson|first5=C.|last6=Kolb|first6=A.|last7=Shannon|first7=J.|date=October 1973|title=Xenon molecular laser in the vacuum ultraviolet|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1973.1077396|journal=IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics|volume=9|issue=10|pages=1031–1032|doi=10.1109/jqe.1973.1077396|bibcode=1973IJQE....9.1031A|issn=0018-9197|url-access=subscription}}</ref> At this meeting, Bhaumik presented substantial evidence to demonstrate for the first time that an excimer laser could be efficient and powerful enough for practical utilization. The application of excimer lasers in Lasik eye surgery has resulted in vision correction in many cases.<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-02-16|title=LASIK Evolution|url=http://arizonalasik.com/technology/lasik-evolution/|access-date=2021-03-09|website=Arizona Lasik|language=en-US}}</ref> Excimer Laser is also used for difficult-to-treat skin diseases including psoriasis and vitiligo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Psoriasis – Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/psoriasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355840|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref> The most widespread application of excimer laser has been in photolithography,<ref name="Jain1987">{{cite book<br />
| author = Jain, Kanti<br />
| chapter = Advances in Excimer Laser Lithography<br />
| editor1-first = Ting-Shan<br />
| editor1-last = Luk<br />
| title = Excimer Lasers and Optics<br />
| journal = Proceedings of SPIE<br />
| volume = 710<br />
| pages = 35–42<br />
| year = 1987<br />
| doi = 10.1117/12.937294<br />
| bibcode = 1987SPIE..710...35J<br />
| s2cid = 136477292<br />
}}</ref> a critical technology used in the manufacturing of microelectronic devices like cell phones. His contributions to the development of new and high power lasers merited his election by his peers to be a fellow of both the [[American Physical Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/memb-sec/profile/ListMembers.cfm|title=APS Central Authentication Service}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ieee.org/membership/fellows/fellows-directory.html|title=IEEE IEEE Fellows Directory|website=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE)}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhaumik's current interest is performing innovative theoretical physics research<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhaumik|first=Mani L.|date=2015-12-11|title=Was Albert Einstein Wrong on Quantum Physics?|journal=Quanta|volume=4|issue=1|page=35|doi=10.12743/quanta.v4i1.47|arxiv=1511.05098|issn=1314-7374|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bhaumik2016">{{cite journal<br />
| author = Bhaumik, M. L.<br />
| title = Deciphering the enigma of wave-particle duality<br />
| journal = [[Quanta (journal)|Quanta]]<br />
| volume = 5<br />
| issue = 1<br />
| pages = 93–100<br />
| year = 2016<br />
| doi = 10.12743/quanta.v5i1.54<br />
| bibcode = 2016arXiv161100226B<br />
| arxiv = 1611.00226<br />
| s2cid = 13528208<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Bhaumik2017">{{cite journal<br />
| author = Bhaumik, M. L.<br />
| title = Is Schrödinger's cat alive?<br />
| journal = [[Quanta (journal)|Quanta]]<br />
| volume = 6<br />
| issue = 1<br />
| pages = 70–80<br />
| year = 2017<br />
| doi = 10.12743/quanta.v6i1.68<br />
| doi-access = free<br />
| arxiv = 2211.17086<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Bhaumik2018">{{cite journal<br />
| author = Bhaumik, M. L.<br />
| title = How does nature accomplish spooky action at a distance?<br />
| journal = [[Quanta (journal)|Quanta]]<br />
| volume = 7<br />
| issue = 1<br />
| pages = 111–117<br />
| year = 2018<br />
| doi = 10.12743/quanta.v7i1.82<br />
| doi-access = free<br />
| arxiv = 2301.10240<br />
}}</ref><ref name="NIAS2012">Bhaumik, M.L. (2019) "How Dirac's Seminal Contributions Pave the Way for &nbsp; Comprehending Nature's Deeper Designs." Quanta. &nbsp;8 (1): 88–100. doi: https://doi.org/10.12743/quanta.v8i1.96</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhaumik|first=Mani L.|date=2020-12-19|title=Is the Quantum State Real in the Hilbert Space Formulation?|url=http://quanta.ws/ojs/index.php/quanta/article/view/142|journal=Quanta|volume=9|issue=1|pages=37–46|doi=10.12743/quanta.v9i1.142|issn=1314-7374|doi-access=free|arxiv=2210.13973}}</ref> in deciphering the century old enigma of quantum physics as well as sharing with the public the advances in quantum physics and cosmology and their implications for our lives, work, technology, and spiritual development. This he endeavors to do through books such as the ''Code Name God'' and ''The Cosmic Detective'', articles, lectures, and TV programs like the [[Cosmic Quantum Ray]]. He is also interested in research on the origin and the nature of consciousness and how that knowledge can be utilized in improving the quality of our existence. In 1989 his rags to reaches life story was featured in the popular TV series Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous,<ref>{{cite web|title=Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous TV series|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3101009/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0|website=IMDB}}</ref> distributed by Paramount Pictures.<br />
<br />
Bhaumik has published over a hundred papers in various professional journals and is a holder of a dozen laser-related U.S. patents. He has been invited to lecture all over the world, at forums including: Summer School on High-Power Gas Lasers, Capri, Italy 1975; International Symposium on Gas-Flow and Chemical Lasers, Belgium 1978; International Symposium on Gas Discharge Lasers, Grenoble, France 1979; Asoke Sarkar Memorial Lecture, Calcutta International Book Fair 2001; Institute of Culture, Calcutta, India 2006; Kolkata Society for Asian Studies, Kolkata, India 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allevents.in/calcutta,%20india/lecture-by-dr-mani-lal-bhaumik-on-our-place-in-the-cosmos/661374467334559|title=Lecture by Dr Mani Lal Bhaumik on Our Place in the Cosmos}}</ref> At the invitation from the government of India Bhaumik delivered a lecture at the Science Festival 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Science Festival {{!}} Speakers|url=https://www.indiasciencefest.org/speakers-2020|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.indiasciencefest.org|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Books, media, and philanthropic activities==<br />
<br />
His search spanned a decade and led him to the inference that the One Source at the hub of all spiritual traditions is grounded in scientific reality and not a mere creation of blind faith. He also argues that science and spirituality are indeed two sides of the same coin, the coin being that unique human consciousness that allows us to perceive both ourselves and objective reality.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Huxley|first=Aldous|title=The perennial philosophy|publisher=Harper Perennial Modern Classics|year=2009|isbn=978-0061724947|edition=1 Jan 2009|location=New York}}</ref> Therefore, he argues in his book ''Code Name God'' (Crossroads Publishing), the big divide between science and spirituality can be bridged. The trick, Bhaumik asserts, is to see things in an entirely new light–a light shed upon by the recent revelations of quantum physics and cosmology. He now devotes much of his time and energy to bringing this message to the public, including its younger members, for whom he has recently published The Cosmic Detective (Penguin 2008), a primer on cosmology, and created an award-winning animated television series, ''[[Cosmic Quantum Ray]]'', which air on the [[Discovery Family|Hub Network]] and many other networks worldwide.<br />
<br />
Bhaumik has instituted an annual International Award through the UCLA Neuropsychiatry Institute to acknowledge the best scientific evidence demonstrating the effect of mind in healing. He has been involved in numerous community activities through his association with the Los Angeles Bombay Sister City Association; the Los Angeles St. Petersburg Sister City association; the Long Beach Calcutta sister City Association and others. He has donated to various charitable organizations including the Thalians of Los Angeles. He also established the Bhaumik Educational Foundation, based in Kolkata, which provides full scholarships to needy but brilliant students who wish to apply themselves to studies in science and technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mani Bhaumik Educational Foundation|url=http://www.drmanibhaumik.com/foundation.html}}</ref> In 2016 he also made an $11 million gift to UCLA to establish an Institute of Theoretical Physics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Mani L. Bhaumik {{!}} Bhaumik Institute|url=http://bhaumik-institute.physics.ucla.edu/biography|access-date=2021-03-11|website=bhaumik-institute.physics.ucla.edu}}</ref> He has also established AAAS Mani L. Bhaumik Award for Public Engagement with Science<ref>{{cite web|title=AAAS Mani L. Bhaumik Award for Public Engagement with Science {{!}} American Association for the Advancement of Science|url=https://www.aaas.org/page/mani-l-bhaumik-award-public-engagement-science|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.aaas.org|language=en}}</ref> awarded to international contributors.<br />
<br />
==Spiritual views==<br />
<br />
===Code Name: God===<br />
First published in the U.S. in 2005, Code Name God (Crossroads Publishing {{ISBN|0-8245-2519-1}}) is a distillation of Bhaumik's central thesis that the discoveries of modern physics can be reconciled with the great truths of the world religions when those truths are viewed as elements of what [[Aldous Huxley]] called "[[The Perennial Philosophy]]." In particular, Bhaumik finds strong support in advanced physics and cosmology for the [[Neo-Platonic]] notion of "the One" (identified here as "The Source"), and conjectures that this existential source may reside in what is known as the quantum [[vacuum state]] and be in some manner co-eternal and co-equal with human [[consciousness]]. The book and its premise have been praised by luminaries of both the literary and scientific words, including Alexander [[Solzhenitsyn]], who wrote, "This example of a personal spiritual growth ... and re-evaluation of material values ... arouses very warm feelings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drmanibhaumik.com/publications.html#other-languages|title=Dr Mani L Bhaumik – Publications}}</ref> God is one and there are no major differences between religions." [[Fritjof Capra]], author of [[The Tao of Physics]], wrote "... the attempt to find common ground between Eastern spirituality and Western science is eloquently told and makes for fascinating reading."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drmanibhaumik.com/publications.html#books|title=Dr Mani L Bhaumik – Publications}}</ref><br />
<br />
Code Name God is both an autobiography, chronicling significant events in its author's life in tandem with the revelations that accompanied them, and a contemplation on the astounding implications of quantum physics. In the author's words, "the surprising discovery of quantum physics that the primary source of everything in the universe is present in each minutest stitch of the fabric of space of this immensely vast cosmos empowers us to ponder the One Source of all creation. It is not merely a blind faith anymore. This ought to enable us to feel ourselves as an inextricable part of the One Source, which would significantly improve the quality of our lives." The book, which has enjoyed considerable success in Bhaumik's native India, has also drawn plaudits from recognized European scientists such as Professor [[Walter Thirring]], the former director and head of the theory division at [[CERN]], Geneva, who asserts in the foreword to its German edition, "Dr. Bhaumik's portrayal of a higher power embedded in the fabric of the universe and responsible for its continuing existence and operation is consistent with his reliance on the highly technical and mathematical intricacies of the [[Quantum Field Theory]], an area of study to which I had the opportunity of making some significant contributions."<ref>{{ISBN|978-3902406859}} pages 9–11</ref> Thirring and Bhaumik are among a still relatively small group of "hard scientists" who have openly acknowledged the spiritual implications of quantum physics and cosmology.<br />
<br />
===The Cosmic Detective===<br />
Published in 2009 by Penguin ({{ISBN|9780143330691}}), The Cosmic Detective is a primer on modern cosmology for the general but scientifically inclined reader. It was selected as an official book by the secretariat of the [[International Year of Astronomy]] (IYA2009)<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Mani Bhaumik, physicist, honoured by appointment as the first IYA2009 Patron|url=http://www.nriinternet.com/NRI_Sciectists/USA/A_Z/B/Dr_Mani_Bhaumik/index.htm}}</ref> declared by the [[UN General Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronomy2009.org/resources/books/detail/cosmic_detective/index.html|title=The Cosmic Detective – Astronomy 2009}}</ref> The slogan of [[IYA2009]] was "THE UNIVERSE -YOURS TO DISCOVER," an exhortation for us to reevaluate our place in it in light of the revolutionary discoveries of modern cosmology. The presentation of the discoveries of modern cosmology in this book has been praised by experts as well as others interested in the field. Catherine Cesarsky, President of the [[International Astronomical Union]] states,"The Cosmic Detective is an inspirational read. Bhaumik tackles topics with impressive scope, yet delves into them with spirit rarely seen. Marrying scientifically accurate text with accessible language is no easy task, but The Cosmic Detective is a proof that it can be done." Walter Thirring, the former head of the theory division at CERN, Geneva, has said, "The Cosmic Detective reveals another of Mani Bhaumik's talents: he is an outstanding science writer to complement his demonstrated scientific insight. He has the unique ability to distill from the voluminous material the essential concepts for the general public." [[Apollo 14]] Astronaut [[Edgar Mitchell]], in his foreword to the book, writes, "Mani Bhaumik builds on recent developments in science to bring us new pictures, larger views and insights about the magnificence of our universe."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cosmic Detective. Exploring the Mysteries of Our Universe.|first=Dr Mani|last=Bhaumik|date=5 January 2009|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn = 978-0143330691}}</ref> The book has been published in seven languages.<br />
<br />
==Books in Bengali==<br />
*Bishwa Jeebani: Biography of the Universe ({{ISBN|81-7756-660-1}}): Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 2007<br />
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=xknwZwEACAAJ Bijñāne Ishwarer Sanket] ({{ISBN|81-7756-924-4}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7756-924-7}}): Translation of Codename God, released in 2010<br />
*Brahma Satya Jagat Satya : Upanishad-Bijñān-Rabindranath ({{ISBN|978-93-5040-131-6}}): Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 2012<br />
:The title of the book means "[[Brahman]] and the Universe – Both are true", which runs counter to the ninth century edict of the Hindu spiritual leader [[Adi Shankara|Śaṅkarāchārya]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dlshq.org/discourse/nov99.htm|title=November 1999 – Waste Not This Rare Human Birth}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.divyajivan.org/ponder_these_truths/Brahma%20Stayam%20Jagan-%20Mithya.htm|title=Brahma Stayam Jagan- Mithya}}</ref> in his famous poem ''[[Vivekachudamani]]'':<br />
<br />
{{verse translation|<br />
:Ślokārdhena pravakshyāmi yaduktaṃ granthakoṭibhiḥ<br />
:Brahma satya jaganmithyā jīvoḥ brahmaiva nāparaḥ|<br />
I'll tell in one line what is told in millions of books:<br />
[[Brahman]] is true, universe is false; the living soul is [[Brahman]] alone, no other else.}}<br />
<br />
:This book topped the [[bestseller]] list of the [[Anandabazar Patrika]] in the non-fiction category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/archive/1120512/12pustak4.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117025744/http://www.anandabazar.com/archive/1120512/12pustak4.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-17|title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা – পুস্তক পরিচয}}</ref><br />
*Ami Naren: Bideshe Vivekananda ({{ISBN|978-81-8374-188-0}}): Patra Bharati Pablisher, Kolkata, February, 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bookspatrabharati.com|title=P A T R A B H A R A T I :: P A T R A B H A R A T I}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banglalive.com/store/p/1669/bengali-story-sharlok-homes-bangla-galper-boi-bangla-golpo-sanjib-chattopadhyay-bhromon-golpo-sahitya-sarodiya-patrika-lalmati-prakashani-nirmal-book-publisher-deys-publiser |title=BANGLALIVE E-BAZAARBengali Story, Buddhadeb Guha, Kaphi Kha, Sharlok Homes, Bantul the Great, Narayan Debnath, Bangla Galper Boi, Bangla Golpo, Sanjib Chattopadhyay, Bhromon Golpo, Sahitya, Sarodiya Patrika, Lalmati Prakashani, Nirmal Book publisher, Deys Publisher |access-date=2013-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407181552/http://www.banglalive.com/store/p/1669/bengali-story-sharlok-homes-bangla-galper-boi-bangla-golpo-sanjib-chattopadhyay-bhromon-golpo-sahitya-sarodiya-patrika-lalmati-prakashani-nirmal-book-publisher-deys-publiser |archive-date=7 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
::On the [[bestseller]] list of the [[Anandabazar Patrika]], February 15, 2013<br />
*Hello Einstein: Chena Nam Achena Galpa ({{ISBN|978-93-5040-380-8}}): Ananda Pablisher, Kolkata 2014<br />
::On the bestseller list of the Anandabazar Patrika, March 15, 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/pustokporichoi/%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B0-1.11030|title=বেস্টসেলার – Anandabazar}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Honors and awards==<br />
* Elected fellow of the American Physical Society, 1976.<ref>APS Membership Directory 1996–1997, Page 33</ref><br />
* Elected fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for development of high power lasers and new laser systems, 1982.<ref>American Men and Women of Science, 14th Edition, Volume 1, Page 388</ref><br />
*Received honorary D.Sc. for lifetime academic achievement in 1995 from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]<ref name="Kharagpur1995">{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute-honors<br />
|title = Institute Honours<br />
|publisher = Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur <br />
|access-date = 2019-12-17<br />
}}</ref><br />
*Received Mahatma Gandhi Humanitarian Award, 2005, from the Indian American Heritage Foundation<ref name="GandhiAward2005">{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.powermagazines.com/online_edition/mahatma_gandhi_humanitarian_award_ceremony/index.html<br />
|title = Mahatma Gandhi Humanitarian Award Ceremony<br />
|author = Brittany Bassett<br />
|date = 2015-11-15<br />
|publisher = Power Magazine – Profiles of Fame and Fortune<br />
|access-date = 2019-12-17<br />
}}</ref><br />
* Received [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]], one of the most prestigious civilian awards given by the [[Government of India]] to honor an exceptionally successful and meritorious Indian residing abroad for his extraordinary contribution, 2010<ref name="PBSAward2010">{{cite web<br />
|url = http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011PR1283<br />
|title = Selection Process of Pravasi Bhartiya Samman Award. Annexure with details of awardees of last three years<br />
|date = 2011-08-10<br />
|publisher = Press Information Bureau, Mumbai<br />
|access-date = 2019-12-17<br />
}}</ref><br />
* Received the prestigious [[Padma Shri]] Award 2011 from Government of India for distinguished service in science and engineering.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Padma Awards Announced|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=69364|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]] |date=2011-01-25|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref><br />
* Received Chaudhuri Award for extraordinary achievements in science by California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, May 4, 2013.<ref name="ChaudhuriAward2013">{{cite web<br />
|url = https://www.ciis.edu/ciis-news-and-events/news-room/chaudhuri-award-honors-mani-l-bhaumik<br />
|title = Chaudhuri Award Honors Mani L. Bhaumik<br />
|author = Zack Rogow<br />
|date = 2013-02-25<br />
|publisher = California Institute of Integral Studies<br />
|access-date = 2019-12-17<br />
}}</ref><br />
* UCLA Established Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics in 2016.<ref name="UCLA2016">{{cite web<br />
|url = http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/11-million-gift-establishes-mani-l-bhaumik-institute-for-theoretical-physics-at-ucla<br />
|title = $11 million gift establishes Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics at UCLA<br />
|author = Margaret MacDonald<br />
|date = 2016-06-21<br />
|publisher = University of California, Los Angeles<br />
|access-date = 2019-12-17<br />
}}</ref><br />
*Received UCLA Physical Sciences Centennial Visionary Award in 2021.<ref name="UCLAcentennial2021">{{cite web<br />
|url = https://www.physicalsciences.ucla.edu/ca/<br />
|title = Division of Physical Sciences Centennial Awards<br />
|date = 2021-05-26<br />
|publisher = UCLA<br />
|access-date = 2022-03-01<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*''Code Name God: The Spiritual Odyssey of a Man of Science'', published by The Crossroad Publishing Company, New York, 2005; Penguin Books, April 2006; Audio book by AudioFile, Portland, Maine, 2007; Paperback edition by Crossroad, 2008.<br />
*Walter Thirring quote: CODENAME GOTT ({{ISBN|978-3-902406-85-9}}) published by Seifert Verlag, Vienna, 2011.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Eg__b_4AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao Mani Bhaumik at Google Scholar]<br />
*[https://arxiv.org/a/bhaumik_m_1.html Mani L. Bhaumik's articles on arXiv]<br />
*{{IMDb name|3101009}}<br />
*[http://www.cosmogenics.org Cosmogenics]<br />
*[http://www.cosmotoons.com Cosmotoons, Inc.]<br />
*[https://bhaumik-institute.physics.ucla.edu Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics at UCLA]<br />
<br />
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaumik, Mani Lal}}<br />
[[Category:1931 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali physicists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian memoirists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American physicists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American physicists]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]<br />
[[Category:American Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]<br />
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tamluk]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohabbat_(1997_film)&diff=469652Mohabbat (1997 film)2026-03-22T17:11:46Z<p>LavadaDonald013: refined content additionally and fixed typos to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mohabbat<br />
| image = Mohabbat.jpg<br />
| director = [[Reema Rakesh Nath]]<br />
| producer = Rakesh Nath<br />
| writer = Reema Rakesh Nath<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Madhuri Dixit]]|[[Akshaye Khanna]]|[[Sanjay Kapoor]]}}<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br/>[[Nadeem-Shravan]]<br/>'''Score:'''<br/>[[Surindher Sodhi]]<br />
| cinematography = Rajan Kinagi<br />
| editing = Waman Bhonsle<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1997|09|19|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/9126/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118065532/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/9126/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2008|title=Madhuri Dixit|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|accessdate=2015-08-26}}</ref>}}<br />
| runtime = 180 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR}}4.75 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2647|title=Mohabbat – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR}}9.76 crore<ref name="auto"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mohabbat''''' (translation: ''Love/Romance'') is a 1997 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic drama film]] directed by [[Reema Rakesh Nath|Reema Nath]], starring [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Sanjay Kapoor]], and [[Akshay Khanna|Akshaye Khanna]]. The film was released on 19 September 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e574652|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926220223/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e574652|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2020|title=MOHABBAT (1997)|website=BFI}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The wealthy Kapoor family consists of Madanlal, his wife Geeta, daughter Roshni, and son Gaurav. One day, while Gaurav is returning home from a bank, he is attacked by a group of men led by Shiva, but a young man named Rohit Malhotra comes to his rescue. Gaurav hires Rohit in his firm, and they become fast and inseparable friends. Both fall in love with the same woman, Shweta Sharma, but Gaurav finds out and decides to step away.<br />
<br />
Shweta and Rohit are in love and want to get married. Then, Shiva attacks Rohit and throws him off a cliff. Believing him to be dead, a shocked and devastated Shweta loses her voice. The Kapoors find out that Gaurav loves Shweta, and they approach her brother, Shekhar, and arrange their marriage. They get engaged, but Gaurav finds that he has a brain tumour, and he wants to bring back the long-lost happiness of Shweta. He finds a lookalike of Rohit, who is Tony Braganza.<br />
<br />
What Gaurav doesn't know is whether or not Tony is Rohit. Thus begins a merry-go-round of love, emotions, and sacrifice, which is 'Mohabbat'. In the last scene, it is revealed that Rohit has planned his murder after knowing the fact that the secret admirer of Shweta is none other than Gaurav, and he's in love with her. So, he decided to sacrifice his love for friendship. However, Gaurav finally gets to know that Tony is Rohit and Gaurav asks him to go back to Shweta. Lastly, Gaurav dies due to his tumour, and Shweta gets her voice back due to shock.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Sanjay Kapoor]] as Gaurav Kapoor<br />
*[[Madhuri Dixit]] as Shweta Sharma<br />
*[[Akshaye Khanna]] as Rohit Malhotra / Tony Briganza<br />
*[[Farooq Sheikh]] as Shekhar Sharma, Shweta's brother.<br />
*[[Farida Jalal]] as Geeta Kapoor<br />
*[[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Madanlal Kapoor "Madan"<br />
*[[Tej Sapru]] as Dr. R.C. Goyal<br />
*[[Shiva Rindani]] as Shiva<br />
*[[M.F. Husain]] as himself (special appearance)<br />
*[[Kishore Bhanushali]] as Mechanic<br />
*[[Guddi Maruti]] as Khalajaan, Lady in black burqah<br />
*[[Sulabha Arya]] as Mrs. Malhotra<br />
*Dimple Ghosh as Roshni Kapoor, Gaurav Sister <br />
*Ashwin Kaushal as Virendra "Viren" Gupta<br />
*Bob Brahmbhatt as Aslam<br />
*Babbanlal Yadav as Mr.Ramaswamy, Madrasi clerk<br />
*[[Raj Kamal]] as Doctor<br />
*Ghanshyam Rohera as Malhotra's landlord<br />
*Gurmeet as Office Clerk<br />
*Parnav Chowdhary as Staffer<br />
*[[Praveen Kumar Sobti|Praveen Kumar]] as Mr.Sabharwal<br />
*Ranjan Kaushal as Kidnapper<br />
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Shweta's fan<br />
*[[Beena Banerjee]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[Nadeem-Shravan]], with lyrics penned by [[Sameer]] and Reema Rakesh Nath (for the song Pyar Kiya Hai). <br />
<br />
The song "O Baby Dont Break My Heart" was based on [[Stereo Nation]]'s "Don't Break My Heart" (1994).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhijeet and Kavita Krishnamurthy's 'O Baby Don't Break My Heart' - Discover the Sample Source |url=https://www.whosampled.com/sample/161374/Abhijeet-Kavita-Krishnamurthy-O-Baby-Don%27t-Break-My-Heart-Stereo-Nation-Don%27t-Break-My-Heart-I%27ve-Been-Waiting/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=[[WhoSampled]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], it sold 2 million units and became India's eleventh best-selling album of 1997.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 January 2009 |title=Music Hits 1990–1999 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081552/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=9 May 2012 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
!#<br />
! Title !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
|1.<br />
|"Trishuli Tell"<br />
|[[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br />
|-<br />
|2.<br />
|"O Baby Dont Break My Heart"<br />
|[[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]] & [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]<br />
|-<br />
|3.<br />
| "Aaina Bataa Kaise"<br />
| [[Vinod Rathod]] & [[Sonu Nigam]]<br />
|-<br />
|4.<br />
|"Pyar Kiya Hai" (Duet)<br />
|[[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]] & [[Vinod Rathod]]<br />
|-<br />
|5.<br />
| "Chori Chori Chup Chup" (Part 1)<br />
| [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br />
|-<br />
|6.<br />
|"Mumbai Chi Pori"<br />
|[[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br />
|-<br />
|7.<br />
| "Main Hoon Akela"<br />
| [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]] & [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]<br />
|-<br />
|8.<br />
|"Chori Chori Chup Chup" (Part 2)<br />
|[[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br />
|-<br />
|9.<br />
| "Pyar Kiya Hai" (Sad)<br />
| [[Vinod Rathod]] <br />
|-<br />
|10.<br />
| "Dil Ki Dhadkan"<br />
| [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]] & [[Udit Narayan]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|217660}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]<br />
[[Category:1997 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Surinder Sodhi]]<br />
[[Category:1997 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1997 romantic drama films]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_shorthand&diff=539493Tamil shorthand2026-03-19T02:17:39Z<p>LavadaDonald013: Added</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Shorthand format used in Tamil language}}<br />
'''Tamil [[shorthand]]''' is the shorthand format used in [[Tamil Language]]. This was invented by Srinivasa Rao and was adopted since 1894.<br />
<br />
Another contributor to Tamil shorthand was N. Subramania Iyer, the founder president of The Stenographers' Guild during the years 1935. Both the methods are recognised by the Government of [[Madras]], currently [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] for official use.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20040224214451/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/11/24/stories/2003112400220300.htm Tamil Shorthand from The Hindu, National Newspaper of India]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shorthand systems]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil language]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{shorthand-stub}}<br />
{{Dravidian-lang-stub}}</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukhna_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=448908Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary2026-03-16T10:38:37Z<p>LavadaDonald013: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Chandigarh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|date=May 2016}}<br />
{{More footnotes needed|date=October 2017}}}}<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary<br />
| alt_name = Nature Trail Lake Reserve Forest<br />
| iucn_category = IV<br />
| image = File:Entrance of Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary,Chandigarh, India.JPG<br />
<br />
| <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Main entrance<br />
| map = India Chandigarh#India<br />
| relief = 1<br />
| mapframe = Yes<br />
| image_size = <br />
| location = Near [[Sukhna Lake]], [[Chandigarh]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|30|44|42|N|76|49|22|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coords_ref = <br />
| area = 2600 Hects.<br />
| established = 1998<br />
| visitation_num = <br />
| visitation_year = <br />
| governing_body = Forest and Wildlife department [[Chandigarh Administration]] [https://www.chandigarhforest.gov.in/ https://www.chandigarhforest.gov.in/]<br />
| url = https://chandigarh.gov.in/green-chandigarh/sukhna-wildlife-sanctuary<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a 2600 hectare (6400+ acres) nature preserve located in the [[Shivalik Hills]] of [[Chandigarh]], [[India]], near [[Sukhna Lake]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chandigarh.gov.in/green_suk_wild.htm |title=Official Website of Chandigarh Administration |website=Chandigarh.gov.in |access-date=11 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The area was officially declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1998. The sanctuary is open to a limited number of visitors, and an entry pass is required, which is issued by the Forest Department Office (sector 19, Chandigarh). The reserve is typically not open to the public during the rainy season.<br />
<br />
==Area and location==<br />
[[Image:Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary, Kansal gate, Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|Entry near Kansal]]<br />
The Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected wildlife reserve situated about two kilometres from Sukhna Lake, in the centre-northwest of India. It spans an area of 26 square kilometres (2600 hectares; 6424.74 acres) of lightly wooded and shrub lands; the main areas include much of the Nepli Forest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=RwuLqxkJ9xA&amp;pp=ygUkc3VraG5hIHdpbGRsaWZlIHNhbmN0dWFyeSBjaGFuZGlnYXJo |title= Nepli Forest I Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary I Chandigarh I |date=10 April 2022 |accessdate=26 May 2023 |website=YouTube |publisher=RambleGirl}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as encompassing the plains at the foot of the Shivalik Hills. The rain-catchment region of Sukhna Lake partially falls in the area designated for the wildlife sanctuary.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The history of Sukhna Lake and the Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary is intertwined; the Lake was part of the original development plans for the city of [[Chandigarh]], and was planned and erected over a period of years, beginning in 1958 and lasting through the 1970s. It was an [[artificial lake]] that was fed with rainwater from the [[catchment]] areas in the Shivalik Hills. [[Siltation]] was a big problem for Sukhna Lake, and had to be tackled effectively; the issue was minimized by many [[engineering]] and [[soil conservation]] methods. A large-scale [[afforestation]] program was implemented in the catchment area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Singh, Yadvinder |journal=ENVIS Bulletin |volume=10 |issue=2 |date=2002 |publisher=Department of Geography, [[Punjabi University]], Patiala |title=Siltation Problems in Sukhna Lake in Chandigarh, NW India and Comments on Geohydrological Changes in the Yamuna-Satluj Region |url=http://gbpihed.nic.in/envis/HTML/vol10_2/ysingh.htm |access-date=2008-03-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031818/http://gbpihed.nic.in/envis/HTML/vol10_2/ysingh.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Flora and fauna==<br />
The Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary was declared a protected wildlife sanctuary in March 1998, as this hilly area was recognized for its fauna and substantial tree and forest growth. After becoming a reserve, more systematic and large-scale afforestation programs were undertaken, particularly in the water catchment areas, which ultimately resulted in an improved biodiversity and healthier flora. The Nepli Forest area grew in lushness over several decades, mainly through the managed plantings of nursery-grown native plants and trees. Numerous endemic trees, herbs, and other plants thrive in Sukhna, including ''[[Acacia leucophloea]]'' (raeru), ''[[Acacia modesta]]'' (phulai), ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'' (kikar), ''[[Justicia (plant)|Justicia]]'' sp., ''[[Anogeissus latifolia]]'' (chhal), ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'' (neem), ''[[Bambusa vulgaris]]'' (golden bamboo), ''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'' (kachnar/bidi leaf), ''[[Bombax ceiba]]'' (semal/cotton tree), ''[[Butea frondosa]]'' (dhakk), ''[[Cassia fistula]]'' (amaltas), ''[[Dalbergia]]'' sp. (shisham/rosewood), ''[[Diospyros montana]]'' (kendu/Indian ebony), ''[[Emblica officinalis]]'' (amla/gooseberry), ''[[Morus alba]]'' (tut/white mulberry), ''[[Murraya koenigii]]'' (kari patta/curry-leaf tree), ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]'' (mesquite), ''[[Senegalia catechu]]'' (khair), and ''[[Senna siamea]]'' (kassod).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=10788 |title=Observations; Chandigarh, IN |website=iNaturalist |author=Research-grade observations |accessdate=26 May 2023 |publisher=iNaturalist Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary has a rich variety of animal life,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=10788 |title=Observations; Chandigarh, IN |website=iNaturalist |author=Research-grade observations |accessdate=26 May 2023 |publisher=iNaturalist Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; known to have one of the highest concentrations of [[sambar deer]] (''Cervus unicolor'') in the country. It is also home to other mammals including [[axis deer]] (chital), [[Nilgai|blue bull]] (nilgai), [[Hanuman langur]], [[Indian flying fox]], [[Indian muntjac|muntjac]], [[Five-lined palm squirrel|palm squirrel]], [[Indian pangolin|pangolin]], [[Rhesus macaque]] and [[Eurasian wild boar|wild boar]] (jangali suar).<br />
<br />
Numerous resident, migratory and breeding birds can be observed in the sanctuary;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=10788 |title=Observations; Chandigarh, IN |website=iNaturalist |author=Research-grade observations |accessdate=26 May 2023 |publisher=iNaturalist Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; species include the [[Asian koel]], [[Barn-owl|barn owl]], [[black bittern]], [[black francolin]], [[black redstart]], [[black-rumped flameback]], [[black kite|black]] and [[black-winged kite]], [[Indian blue peafowl|blue peafowl]], [[blue-tailed bee-eater]], [[booted eagle]], [[brown-headed barbet]], [[common hawk-cuckoo]], [[common myna]], [[Eurasian coot|coot]], [[cormorant]]s, [[crimson sunbird|crimson]] and [[purple sunbird]], [[greater coucal]], [[greenish warbler]], [[grey-winged blackbird]], [[Indian grey hornbill]], [[Indian paradise flycatcher]], [[Indian pond-heron]], [[Indian roller]], [[Indian scops-owl]], [[Indian spot-billed duck]], [[Indian white-eye]], [[jungle babbler]], [[lesser whitethroat]], [[lineated barbet]], [[Common moorhen|moorhen]], [[mottled wood-owl]], [[Indian pitta]], [[Oriental honey-buzzard]], [[Oriental pied hornbill]], [[red junglefowl]], [[red-vented bulbul]], [[red-wattled lapwing]], [[ring-necked parakeet]], [[ruddy shelduck]], [[scarlet minivet|scarlet]] and [[long-tailed minivet]], [[shikra]], [[Sind sparrow]], [[spotted owlet]], [[tufted duck]], [[white wagtail]], [[white-breasted waterhen]] and [[white-throated kingfisher]].<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
&lt;gallery&gt;<br />
File:Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary, view from middle way of Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh, India.jpg|Sanctuary's view from Midway of [[Sukhna lake]], [[Chandigarh]]<br />
File:Sukhna Wildlife Sanctury Chandigarh, India.jpg<br />
File:Sukhna Wildlife Sactury, Chandigarh.JPG<br />
File:Birds in Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary, Chandigarh, India.jpg<br />
File:Jungle fowls in Sukhna Wildlife sanctury, Chandigarh, India.JPG<br />
File:Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary, Chandigarh, India.jpg<br />
File:Stages at Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary, view from middle way of Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh, India.jpg<br />
File:Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary, view from bird watch point of Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh, India.jpg<br />
File:Jungle fowl, Sukhna Wldlife Sanctuary, Chandigarh, India.JPG<br />
File:Inner view of Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary,Chandigarh, India.JPG<br />
File:Nature Trail, lake reserve forest, Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh 01.jpg|Entrance Nature Trail, Lake forest<br />
File:Nature Trail, lake reserve forest, Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh 02.jpg|Inner view of Nature Trail, Lake forest<br />
File:Nature Trail, lake reserve forest, Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh 03.jpg|Pro nature slogan/ motos written in Nature Trail, Lake forest<br />
File:Pro-nature mottos in Nature Trail, lake reserve forest, Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh 04.jpg|Pro Nature motos, Nature Trail<br />
File:Pro-nature mottos in Nature Trail, lake reserve forest, Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh 05.jpg|Pro Nature motos in Nature Trail<br />
File:Nature Trail, lake reserve forest, Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh 06.jpg|Nature Trail Reserve Forest, Sukhna Lake<br />
File:Landscape in Nature Trail, lake reserve forest, Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh 07.jpg|Landscape in Nature Trail reserve forest<br />
File:Landscape in Nature Trail, lake reserve forest, Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh 08.jpg|Landscape in and around Nature Trail reserve forest<br />
&lt;/gallery&gt;<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://chandigarh.gov.in/green_suk_glance.htm|title=Official Website of Chandigarh Administration|website=Chandigarh.gov.in|accessdate=11 October 2017}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://punjabitribuneonline.com/2012/04/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5-%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96-%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80-%E0%A9%9B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80/|title=ਸੁਖਨਾ ਜੰਗਲੀ ਜੀਵ ਰੱਖ ਦੀ ਜ਼ਮੀਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਉੱਠਿਆ ਵਿਵਾਦ|date=7 April 2012|website=Punjabitribuneonline.com|accessdate=11 October 2017}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Chandigarh]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1998]]<br />
[[Category:1998 establishments in Chandigarh]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pankaj_Tibrewal&diff=524230Pankaj Tibrewal2026-03-15T03:17:55Z<p>LavadaDonald013: creating new pg - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Entrepreneur & fund manager}}<br />
{{orphan|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pankaj Tibrewal<br />
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India<br />
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]<br><br />
[[Manchester University]]<br />
| occupation = Entrepreneur<br />
| known_for = Fund manager of [[Kotak Mutual Fund]]<br />
| website = Bachelor of Commerce<br><br />
Master of Finance<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pankaj Tibrewal''' is an Indian entrepreneur and fund manager. He is the founder and CIO of IKIGAI Asset Manager. Before founding IKIGAI, Pankaj was the senior executive vice president and fund manager at [[Kotak Mutual Fund|Kotak Mahindra AMC]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=23 November 2023 |title=Senior fund manager Pankaj Tibrewal quits Kotak Mutual Fund to start own fund |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/senior-fund-manager-pankaj-tibrewal-resigns-from-kotak-mutual-fund-11794641.html |work=Moneycontrol.com}}</ref> He has been featured in the Best Fund Manager rankings of [[The Economic Times|ET Wealth]]-[[Morningstar, Inc.|Morningstar]] consecutively six times from 2016 to 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Dhanorkar |first=Sanket |date=2021-09-23 |title=Mutual fund managers who have delivered good risk-adjusted return over the long run |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/mutual-fund-managers-who-have-delivered-good-risk-adjusted-return-over-the-long-run/articleshow/86316978.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Dhanorkar |first=Sanket |date=2023-02-28 |title=Best equity mutual fund managers 2022 who created most wealth for investors: Ranking by ET-Wealth-Morningstar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/best-equity-mutual-fund-managers-2022-who-created-most-wealth-for-investors-ranking-by-et-wealth-morningstar/articleshow/98227038.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education and career ==<br />
Pankaj graduated from [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]], and pursued a master's degree in finance from the [[University of Manchester]]. He began his career as a credit analyst and then moved into managing equity funds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2021 |title=Rising stars in mutual funds: Pankaj Tibrewal on spotting mid and small-cap stocks early |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/rising-stars-in-mutual-funds-pankaj-tibrewal-on-spotting-mid-and-small-cap-stocks-early-6708001.html |work=Moneycontrol.com}}</ref> He managed various debt and equity schemes, including Kotak Small Cap Fund, Kotak Emerging Equity Fund, Kotak ELSS Tax Saver Fund, Kotak Business Cycle Fund, Kotak Multi Asset Allocation Fund, Kotak Equity Opportunities Fund, and Kotak Debt Hybrid Fund.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Abeer |date=2024-05-10 |title=How does a demat account contribute to financial inclusion? |url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/pankaj-tibrewal-s-investing-lessons-that-stand-the-test-of-time-151664362242356.html |access-date= |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In 2010, he was part of the fund management team at Principal PNB Asset Management Company. At Kotak, he managed four funds with [[assets under management]] totaling around Rs 56,000 crore. These funds included the Kotak Small Cap Fund, Kotak Emerging Equity Fund, Kotak Equity Hybrid Fund, and Kotak Business Cycle Fund.<ref name=":0" /> In 2010, Pankaj took over the management of Kotak Emerging Equity and Kotak Small Cap Fund. Over time, Kotak Emerging Equity grew to become the second-largest midcap fund in India, while Kotak Small Cap Fund became the country's fifth-largest small-cap fund.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2023 |title=Investing insights from a manager whose assets grew from Rs 113 crore to Rs 36,000 crore |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/investing-insights-from-a-manager-whose-assets-grew-from-rs-113-crore-to-rs-36000-crore-11837621.html |work=Moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=In this commoditised world, a long-term approach is biggest competitive edge: Pankaj Tibrewal |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/in-this-commoditised-world-a-long-term-approach-is-biggest-competitive-edge-pankaj-tibrewal-11837781.html |work=Moneycontrol.com | date=1 December 2023 | accessdate=20 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, Pankaj was listed among the top 10 mutual fund managers by the [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhanorkar |first=Sanket |date=2017-08-28 |title=Top 10 mutual fund managers who created the most wealth for investors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/top-10-mutual-fund-managers-who-created-the-most-wealth-for-investors/articleshow/60231922.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He consistently ranked in the Best Fund Manager listings of [[The Economic Times|ET Wealth]]-[[Morningstar, Inc.|Morningstar]] from 2016<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhanorkar |first=Sanket |date=2016-08-29 |title=ET Wealth-Morningstar ranking: Top 10 mutual fund managers 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/et-wealth-morningstar-ranking-top-10-mutual-fund-managers-2016/articleshow/53884620.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> to 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's best mutual fund managers {{!}} Articles {{!}} Morningstar India |url=https://morningstar.in/posts/42775/indias-best-mutual-fund-managers.aspx |access-date= |website=morningstar.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhanorkar |first=Sanket |date=2019-09-02 |title=Best equity mutual fund managers 2019: Ranking by ET-Wealth-Morningstar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/best-equity-mutual-fund-managers-2019-ranking-by-et-wealth-morningstar/articleshow/70919859.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhanorkar |first=Sanket |date=2021-09-21 |title=Best mid- and small-cap mutual fund managers 2021 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/best-mid-and-small-cap-mutual-fund-managers-2021/articleshow/86316466.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's best equity fund managers: 2022 {{!}} Articles {{!}} Morningstar India |url=https://www.morningstar.in/posts/72963/indias-best-equity-fund-managers-2022.aspx |access-date= |website=www.morningstar.in}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In 2019, he received the Best Engagement by an Institutional Investor award at the IR Magazine Awards India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosys wins two gongs at IR Magazine Awards – India |url=https://www.irmagazine.com/case-studies/infosys-wins-two-gongs-ir-magazine-awards-india |access-date= |website=IR Magazine |date=15 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=IR Magazine Awards – India 2019 Winners and nominees |url=https://events.irmagazine.com/indiaforum/wp-content/uploads/sites/76/2019/06/India-Awards-2019-Nominees-and-winners-V2.pdf |work=IR Magazine |archive-date=24 March 2020 |access-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324132739/https://events.irmagazine.com/indiaforum/wp-content/uploads/sites/76/2019/06/India-Awards-2019-Nominees-and-winners-V2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pankaj was also featured in Outlook Business magazine in 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 March 2016 |title=Midas Master - Outlook Business |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials-34/indias-best-fund-managers/midas-master-2620 |access-date= |website=Outlook Business}}</ref> 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 March 2017 |title=Focus on protecting the downside to generate superior returns |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials-34/indias-best-fund-managers_2017/focus-on-protecting-the-downside-to-generate-superior-returns-3438 |access-date= |website=Outlook Business}}</ref> 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 March 2021 |title=We may see two or four multinational, chemical companies emerging out of India |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials-34/indias-best-fund-managers-2021-164/we-may-see-two-or-four-multinational-chemical-companies-emerging-out-of-india-6196 |access-date= |website=Outlook Business}}</ref> and [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune India]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-09 |title=Best Equity Fund Manager |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/best-equity-fund-manager/115289 |access-date= |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tibrewal, Pankaj}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogacho_Aunddo&diff=518061Mogacho Aunddo2026-03-10T13:45:47Z<p>LavadaDonald013: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1950 Konkani film directed by Al Jerry Braganza}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mogacho Aunddo<br />
| image = Mogacho Anvddo.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Al Jerry Braganza]]<br />
| producer = Al Jerry Braganza (ETICA Picture Company)<br />
| writer = [[Dioguinho D'Mello]]<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = {{based on|''Mogachi Odd''|Dioguinho De Melo}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = Irene Amaral<br>Al Jerry Braganza<br>Elizabeth D'Abreo<br />
| music = Alfred Almeida<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1950|04|24|[[Mapusa]], [[Matunga]] and [[Mazagaon]]}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country =<br />
| language = Konkani<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mogacho Aunddo''''' ({{langx|en|Love's Craving}}) is a 1950 [[Goan]] [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-language film. It was the first film in Konkani and was produced and directed by [[Al Jerry Braganza]] (Antonio Lawrence Jerry Braganza), a native of [[Mapusa]], under the banner ETICA pictures (Exchange Talkies of India, China and Africa).<ref name="Scroll">{{cite news|last1=Das|first1=Arti|title=First Konkani colour film 'Bhuierantlo Munis' is a testament to the passion of musician Chris Perry|work=Scroll.in|url=https://scroll.in/reel/925681/first-konkani-colour-film-bhuierantlo-munis-is-a-testament-to-the-passion-of-musician-chris-perry|access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> It was released on 24 April 1950. Hence, this day is celebrated as Konkani Cinema Day, and Al Jerry Braganza is called the 'Father of Konkani cinema'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title=75 Years of Konkani Cinema |url=https://kantaram.com/2025/04/24/75-years-of-konkani-cinema/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Kantaram |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
A story of love between a rich spoiled boy and a poor girl.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* Irene Amaral<br />
* [[Al Jerry Braganza]]<br />
* Elizabeth D'Abreo<br />
* Mary D'Souza<br />
* Jacob Fernandes<br />
* Joyce Fernandes<br />
* [[Leena Fernandes]] (as Maria)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antao |first=Steve |date=2015-12-08 |title=Lights! Camera! … ‘Mogacho Aunddo’ - the first Konkani film |url=https://itsgoa.com/lights-camera-mogacho-aunddo |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* Romeo Paul Pires<br />
* [[Lewis M. Ratus]]<br />
* [[Master Vaz]] (as lyricist; [[theme music]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-14 |title=A boy named Master Vaz who became a tiatr legend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/a-boy-named-master-vaz-who-became-a-tiatr-legend/articleshow/72555849.cms |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Konkani cinema]]<br />
* ''[[Nirmon]]''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=1941604|title=Mogacho Anvddo}}<br />
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/joegoauktiatr4/4548080555/in/photostream Photos of Mogacho Aunddo and Konkani cinema]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Konkani-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1950 films]]<br />
[[Category:1950s romance films]]<br />
<br />
{{India-film-stub}}<br />
{{1950s-romance-film-stub}}</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Indira_Congress_(Karunakaran)&diff=461062Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)2026-03-05T18:44:34Z<p>LavadaDonald013: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{moresources|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
|party_name = Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)<br />
| abbreviation = DIC(K)<br />
|party_logo =<br />
|colorcode = {{party color|Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)}}<br />
|founder = [[K. Karunakaran]]<br />
|leader = [[K. Muraleedharan]]<br />
|secretary = <br />
|loksabha_leader = <br />
|rajyasabha_leader = <br />
|foundation = 2005<br />
| split = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|merged = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|dissolution = <br />
|headquarters = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]<br />
|publication = <br />
|students = Kerala Students Union (Indira)<br />
|youth = Indira Youth Congress (Indira)<br />
|women = <br />
|peasants = <br />
|ideology = <br />
|international =<br />
|colours = <br />
|position = <br />
|eci = <br />
|alliance = *[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] <br/> (2006) <br />
*[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] <br/> (2005-2006) <br />
|state_seats_name = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|state_seats = <br />
|symbol = <br />
|website = <br />
|flag = <br />
| no_states = <br />
}}<br />
'''Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)''' ('''DIC(K)''') was a [[political party]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. DIC(K) was founded at a meeting in [[Thrissur]] by the [[Kannoth Karunakaran|K. Karunakuran]] faction of the [[Indian National Congress]] on 1 May 2005. The DIC(K) is now defunct. Initially, it was called the '''National Congress ([[Indira Gandhi|Indira]])''', but its name was changed to DIC(K) for the purpose of registration in August 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/01/stories/2005090108900400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051205131817/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/01/stories/2005090108900400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2005 |title=Karunakaran's party gets new name | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 September 2005}}</ref><br />
<br />
The late Karunakuran's son [[K. Muraleedharan]] was the first party president. Later, Karunakaran and Muraleedharan, along with some other party members, moved to the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. After a brief while, Karunakaran and K Muraleedharan returned to the Indian National Congress party{{when|date=June 2025}}{{cn|date=June 2025}}.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Tvpm-dick2.JPG|thumb|DIC(K) election campaign]]<br />
The party was a breakaway faction of the erstwhile ruling party, the [[Indian National Congress| Congress]]. The split was a result of acrimony over by alleged slights to Karunakaran, including the disregarding of his lifelong services to the party {{cn|date=June 2025}}. Karunakaran, Muraleedharan and [[T. M. Jacob]] were among the leaders of the party.<br />
<br />
The DIC(K) also experienced internal dissent. Ahead of the 2005 [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] elections, the DIC(K) allied with the erstwhile opposition coalition, the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)]] (LDF) and won{{cn|date=June 2025}}. However, ahead of the 2006 Kerala legislative assembly elections, the DIC(K) entered into an understanding with the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF) and the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) to try to ensure K. Muraleedharan's victory in the assembly polls{{cn|date=June 2025}}. That led to a group within the party forming a separate 'DIC(K) Left Forum', which wanted to align with the LDF. The Forum had plans of founding a new party after the elections.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/13/stories/2006041312910400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313140911/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/13/stories/2006041312910400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2007 |title=DIC(K) Left Forum to support LDF | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 April 2006}}</ref><br />
Later, the DIC(K) decided to merge into the Nationalist Congress Party ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]) led by [[Sharad Pawar]]{{cn|date=June 2025}}. This resulted in chaos within the DIC(K) and many of its leaders joined the [[Indian National Congress]] again.{{cn|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Party flag==<br />
{{Commons category|Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)|DIC(K)}}<br />
The party's tricolour flag had the [[Spinning wheel#Charkha|charkha]] (spinning wheel) and a portrait of [[Indira Gandhi]] as symbols.{{cn|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Indian National Congress breakaway parties]]<br />
*[[Indian National Congress (R)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 2005]]<br />
[[Category:2005 establishments in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress breakaway groups]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=KTM_(film)&diff=507157KTM (film)2026-03-04T14:29:31Z<p>LavadaDonald013: adding new entry - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Short description|2024 Indian romantic drama film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = KTM<br />
| image = KTM (film).jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Aruna<br />
| producer = {{Ubl| Vinay Kumar H<br />
| Rakshay SV}}<br />
| writer = Aruna<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = {{plainlist| * [[Dheekshith Shetty]]<br />
* Sanjana Doss<br />
* Kaajal Kunder<br />
}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = Chetan Rao<br />
| cinematography = Naveen Kumar Challa<br />
| editing = Arjun Kittu<br />
| studio = Mahasimha Movies<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{film date|2024|2|16|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 149 minutes<ref name=":2" /><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''KTM''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Aruna and produced by Mahasimha Studios. The film stars [[Dheekshith Shetty]], Sanjana Doss, and Kaajal Kunder.<ref>{{cite news |title=KTM brings out actor Dheekshith's versatility: Filmmaker Rakshay SV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ktm-a-family-movie-starring-dheekshith-shetty-sanjana-doss-and-kaajal-kunder/articleshow/107726535.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811203948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ktm-a-family-movie-starring-dheekshith-shetty-sanjana-doss-and-kaajal-kunder/articleshow/107726535.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The title of the film ''KTM'' is abbreviated from the main characters names Karthik-Tanya-Mercy.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
''KTM'' was released theatrically on 16 February 2024 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Release date locked for Deekshit Shetty starrer 'KTM' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jan/31/release-date-locked-for-deekshit-shetty-starrer-ktm |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213053553/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jan/31/release-date-locked-for-deekshit-shetty-starrer-ktm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Dheekshith Shetty]] as Karthik Bhat<br />
* Sanjana Doss as Mercy<br />
* Kaajal Kunder as Tanya Bhat<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
In April 2020, it was announced that [[Dheekshith Shetty]] signed the film titled ''KTM''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dheekshith Shetty signs two new movies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheekshith-shetty-signs-two-new-movies/articleshow/75293213.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=22 April 2020}}</ref> He wrapped up the second schedule of the filming in September 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dheekshith Shetty wraps up shoot for second schedule of KTM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheekshith-shetty-wraps-up-shoot-for-second-schedule-of-ktm/articleshow/78387950.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=29 September 2020}}</ref> The third schedule was supposed to happen in the following months of 2020 but halted due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. In February 2021, the filming of the third schedule resumed with Sanjana Doss playing the female lead of the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Features |first1=C. E. |title=Sanjana Doss, Deekshith Shetty pair up for KTM |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/Feb/23/sanjana-doss-deekshith-shetty-pair-up-for-ktm-23000.html |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express |date=1 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjana Doss paired opposite Deekshith Shetty, in KTM - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjana-doss-paired-opposite-deekshith-shetty-in-ktm/articleshow/81267888.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811203949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjana-doss-paired-opposite-deekshith-shetty-in-ktm/amp_articleshow/81267888.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> To play the teenage version of the lead character Dheekshith lost seven kilogrammes of weight.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dheekshith Shetty's next sees him in four different avatars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheekshith-shettys-next-sees-him-in-four-different-avatars/articleshow/79803357.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219035541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheekshith-shettys-next-sees-him-in-four-different-avatars/articleshow/79803357.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, he gained weight to play the depressed state of the lead character.<ref>{{cite news |title=KTM was all about transformations: Dheeksith Shetty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheeksith-shetty-undergoes-dramatic-transformations-for-love-story-ktm/articleshow/107663467.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215003355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheeksith-shetty-undergoes-dramatic-transformations-for-love-story-ktm/articleshow/107663467.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KTM is based on a real-life love story, shares Director Aruna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ktm-is-based-on-a-real-life-love-story-shares-director-aruna/articleshow/107692880.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=15 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226085236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ktm-is-based-on-a-real-life-love-story-shares-director-aruna/articleshow/107692880.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2020 has been about fitness for Sandalwood hotties like Dheekshith, Shine and Bhuvann |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/2020-has-been-about-fitness-for-sandalwood-hotties-like-dheekshith-shine-and-bhuvann/articleshow/81763317.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=31 March 2021}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Kundapur]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Udupi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Second Poster of Dheekshith Shetty's Next Film KTM Out; Check Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/second-poster-of-dheekshith-shettys-next-film-ktm-out-check-here-6621679.html |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=News18 |date=15 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack of the film was composed by Chetan Rao.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ella Neenene (From "KTM") (Full Song) - Dhananjay Niranjan, Chetan Rao, Sanjith Hegde - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/ella-neenene-from-ktm/GhAMRD4Ic0M |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=11 August 2024 |date=1 February 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811224949/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/ella-neenene-from-ktm/GhAMRD4Ic0M |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nannusiru (From "KTM") (Full Song) - Abhinandan Deshpriya, Chetan Rao - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/nannusiru-from-ktm/Og0yWD5YBgs |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=11 August 2024 |date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811224951/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/nannusiru-from-ktm/Og0yWD5YBgs |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sojiga Sojiga (From "KTM") (Full Song) - Chetan Rao, Sanjith Hegde, Arasu Anthare - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/sojiga-sojiga-from-ktm/PAI9VjVqVQE |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=11 August 2024 |date=19 January 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811224950/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/sojiga-sojiga-from-ktm/PAI9VjVqVQE |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ayayyo (From "KTM") - - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ayayyo-from-ktm/YCuWqauHZLk_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=11 August 2024 |date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811224949/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ayayyo-from-ktm/YCuWqauHZLk_ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Ella Neenene<br />
| length1 = 3:51<br />
| lyrics1 = Dhananjay Ranjan<br />
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], Chetan Rao<br />
| title2 = Nannusiru<br />
| length2 = 4:24<br />
| lyrics2 = Abhinandan Deshpriya<br />
| extra2 = Chetan Rao<br />
| title3 = Sojiga Sojiga<br />
| length3 = 3:17<br />
| lyrics3 = Arasu Anthare<br />
| extra3 = Sanjith Hegde<br />
| title4 = Oorakaayuva Dyaavarange<br />
| length4 = <br />
| lyrics4 = Abhinandan Deshpriya<br />
| extra4 = B. Jayshree Devi<br />
| title5 = Ayayyo<br />
| length5 = 3:04<br />
| lyrics5 = Abhinandan Deshpriya<br />
| extra5 = [[Anthony Daasan]], Aarav Joshi, Chetan Rao<br />
| total_length = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "Love is the central theme of ''KTM'', which portrays different emotions of youngsters, especially college-goers. The movie has been made keeping in mind both college students and their parents and can be enjoyed by both in theatres."<ref>{{cite news |title=KTM Movie Review : KTM review: A youthful entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ktm-review-a-youthful-entertainer/movie-review/107746552.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811205205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ktm-review-a-youthful-entertainer/movie-review/107746552.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Pranati A S of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it one out of five stars and wrote, "The film starts off as a feel-good coming-of-age romantic drama set in [[Udupi]]. But, the focus shifts to the protagonist who develops severe anger issues after the death of his best friend. And that's where it remains."<ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Pranati A. |title='KTM' movie review: No good reason to watch this shoddy movie |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ktm-movie-review-no-good-reason-to-watch-this-shoddy-movie-2896825 |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote, "''KTM'' embarks on a journey through the life of Karthik, portrayed with depth and sincerity by Dheekshith Shetty."<ref>{{cite news |title=KTM Movie Review: Dheekshith Shetty Starrer Is Journey Through Love, Career And Family Bonds |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/ktm-movie-review-dheekshith-shetty-starrer-is-journey-through-love-career-and-family-bonds-review-107728046 |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Times Now |date=16 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811210021/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/ktm-movie-review-dheekshith-shetty-starrer-is-journey-through-love-career-and-family-bonds-review-107728046 |url-status=live }}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "Like every love story, real or reel, ''KTM'' has its strengths and drawbacks. However, Karthik’s journey, his crush on Tanya, and his love for Mercy bring a fresh perspective to the actors’ performances."<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Genius Muttha Movie Review: A heartfelt throwback to old children's films |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Aug/10/genius-muttha-delivers-a-heartfelt-throwback-to-old-childrens-films |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express |date=10 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811210020/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Aug/10/genius-muttha-delivers-a-heartfelt-throwback-to-old-childrens-films |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Prathibha Joy of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''KTM'' is desperately attempts to masquerade as an intense love story, but falls woefully short. The lead cast tries valiantly to salvage it, which, in the absence of a strong plot and narrative, doesn’t do much good."<ref>{{cite news |title=KTM movie review – Dheekshith Shetty shines in this messy love story |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ktm-movie-review-dheekshith-shetty-shines-in-this-messy-love-story/91936b9585343 |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811211331/https://www.ottplay.com/review/ktm-movie-review-dheekshith-shetty-shines-in-this-messy-love-story/91936b9585343 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shashiprasad S M of ''The South First'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "The base of the love story is universal, with some fresh presentation. Watch ''KTM'' for Dheekshith Shetty and Sanaja Doss."<ref>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Shashiprasad S. |title=KTM review: Dheekshith Shetty and Sanjana Doss ride high on a patchy road |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/ktm-kannada-movie-review/ |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The South First |date=16 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811211331/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/ktm-kannada-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Vivek M.V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "This coming-of-age Kannada film, starring Dheekshith Shetty and Sanjana Doss, is riddled with stereotypes, and even the fine performances cannot save it".<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title='KTM' movie review: Dheekshith Shetty gives his all in a film stuck in a time warp |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ktm-movie-review-dheekshith-shetty-gives-his-all-in-a-film-stuck-in-a-time-warp/article67853404.ece |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=16 February 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240217102445/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ktm-movie-review-dheekshith-shetty-gives-his-all-in-a-film-stuck-in-a-time-warp/article67853404.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Home media ==<br />
The satellite rights of the film were acquired by [[Star Suvarna]] and premiered on 21 April 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dheekshith Shetty's KTM will be on television on THIS date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dheekshith-shettys-ktm-will-be-on-television-on-this-date/90fc13c33442 |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811213758/https://www.ottplay.com/news/dheekshith-shettys-ktm-will-be-on-television-on-this-date/90fc13c33442 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt14045080}}<br />
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[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]<br />
[[Category:Films about depression]]<br />
[[Category:Films about domestic violence]]<br />
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:WikiProject_India/to_do&diff=545319Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/to do2026-02-21T17:33:45Z<p>LavadaDonald013: Done.</p>
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<noinclude>[[Category:WikiProject India]]</noinclude></div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trilochan_Pradhan&diff=452964Trilochan Pradhan2026-02-19T05:38:47Z<p>LavadaDonald013: updated details</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian scientist (1929–2021)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Trilochan Pradhan<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|01|03}}<br />
| birth_place = Ghanasalia, [[Nayagarh district]], [[Odisha]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|12|04|1929|01|03}}<br />
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India<br />
| known_for = Scientist<br />
| education = Ph.D. ([[University of Chicago]])<br />
| alma_mater = [[Ravenshaw College]], [[Benaras Hindu University]], [[University of Chicago]]<br />
| awards = [[Padma Bhusan]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Trilochan Pradhan''' (3 January 1929 – 4 December 2021) was an Indian scientist.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Noted physicist Trilochan Pradhan passes away at 93|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/Dec/05/noted-physicist-trilochan-pradhan-passes-away-at-93-2392035.html|access-date=2021-12-05|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 2021|title=Former Utkal University VC Dr. Trilochan Pradhan Passes Away|url=https://pragativadi.com/former-utkal-university-vc-dr-trilochan-pradhan-passes-away/|access-date=4 December 2021|work=[[Pragativadi]]|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Pradhan obtained his PhD from the [[University of Chicago]] in 1956. He headed the Theoretical Nuclear Physics Division at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics from 1964 to 1974, was the founding director of the [[Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar]] from 1974 to 1989 and served as the vice chancellor of [[Utkal University]] from 1989 to 1991.<ref name="MohantyMohanty2006">{{cite book|author1=Jagannath Mohanty|author2=Sudhansu Mohanty|title=In Quest of Quality Education and Literature: An Autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXmnZw99mXgC&pg=PA190|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-764-6|pages=190–}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
* The Photon, (Nova Science Publishers, New York), 2001<ref name="Pradhan2001">{{cite book|author=Trilochan Pradhan|title=The Photon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2UTBEeHL9kC|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-56072-928-0}}</ref><br />
* Quantum Mechanics (University Press of Hyderabad) <ref name="Pradhan2009">{{cite book|author=Trilochan Pradhan|title=Quantum Mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pVAngEACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Anshan|isbn=978-1-84829-038-9}}</ref><br />
* Electron Capture by Protons Passing through Hydrogen<ref name="Pradhan1956">{{cite book|author=Trilochan Pradhan|title=Electron Capture by Protons Passing Through Hydrogen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDdLOAAACAAJ|year=1956|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Physics.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* Kalinga Ratna, 2018<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Mallick|first=Sharmili|title=Eminent Scientist From Odisha, Trilochan Pradhan, No More|url=https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/eminent-scientist-from-odisha-trilochan-pradhan-no-more-165455/amp|access-date=2021-12-05|work=[[Odisha TV]]}}</ref><br />
* [[Kalinga Samman]], 2014<ref>{{cite news|title=Physicist Trilochan Pradhan gets Kalinga Samman|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/physicist-trilochan-pradhan-gets-kalinga-samman-115112501082_1.html|access-date=26 November 2015|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> <br />
* [[Padma Bhusan]], 1990<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=500 |title=Padma Bhushan Awardees - Padma Awards - My India, My Pride - Know India: National Portal of India |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083908/http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=500 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* Meghnad Saha Award, 1980<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}<br />
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Trilochan}}<br />
[[Category:1929 births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Nayagarh district]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]<br />
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Ravenshaw University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Bhubaneswar]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britons_in_India&diff=492413Britons in India2026-02-19T03:28:13Z<p>LavadaDonald013: put up new article!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Ethnic group}}{{For-multi|Britons of Indian origin|British Indian|an Indian minority community of partial British origin|Anglo-Indian people}}{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Britons in India<br />
| image = Annie a Taormina.jpg<br />
| caption = [[Annie Besant]] shown with the Theosophists in Adyar, Madras in 1912<br />
| population = 37,700<ref>Andrews, Robyn & Raj, Merin Simi. (2021). Anglo-Indian identity: past and present, in India and the diaspora. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref><br />
| languages = [[English language|English]] ([[British English|British]]{{·}}[[Indian English|Indian]])<br>[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]]{{·}}[[Urdu]])<br>Many other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]<br />
| religions = [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]] [[Christianity]] ([[Protestantism|Protestant]]{{·}}[[Catholic Church|Catholic]])<br />
| related = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Britons in India''', though comprising only 37,700 British nationals in 2007,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=37,700 British nationals living in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/37-700-british-nationals-living-in-india/story-g3DDmCqstDllFbGncIoyhL.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> has had a significant impact due to the effects of [[British India|British colonialism]]. [[Anglo-Indian|Anglo-Indian]] was once used as a synonym for ethnic Britons in India, though nowadays refer more commonly to Indians of mixed British and Indian descent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-20 |title=The young Anglo-Indians retracing their European roots |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64495467 |access-date=2024-10-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== Pre-colonial era ===<br />
In the centuries before the [[Second British Empire|"Second" British Empire]], the motives of British individuals arriving in India generally centred around gaining wealth.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=A Close-Up Look at the British Men and Women Who Ruled India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/28/books/review/david-gilmour-the-british-in-india.html |work=The New York Times|date=28 December 2018 |last1=Chotiner |first1=Isaac }}</ref> One example of contemporary British views of India can be found in [[Shakespeare]]'s writings, whose mentions of India paint a picture of a mysterious, wealthy land.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Draper |first=John W. |date=1953 |title=Shakespeare and India |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/litts_0563-9751_1953_num_2_1_925 |journal=Littératures |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.3406/litts.1953.925}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=Do you know what Shakespeare wrote about India? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/willam-shakespeare-wrote-about-india-190124-2014-04-23 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The Indian perspective of European travelers was less flattering, as they were seen as "wondrous" yet "untrustworthy";<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Subrahmanyam |first1=Sanjay |title=Taking stock of the Franks: South Asian views of Europeans and Europe, 1500–1800 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |date=March 2005 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=69–100 |doi=10.1177/001946460504200103 }}</ref> Emperor [[Akbar]] described them as an "assemblage of savages", and had considered trying to civilise them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=William |date=2015-03-04 |title=The East India Company: The original corporate raiders |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><br />
<br />
When the [[East India Company]], formed in 1600, began to trade with Indians, its officials generally showed respect towards Indian society, though in some cases they may have suppressed their criticisms as a way of facilitating trade.<ref name=":4" /> Britons who went to India in this time period were apt to learn the local culture, as they were coming from a weaker polity and generally were only able to marry Indian women;<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=William |date=2018-09-27 |title=The British in India by David Gilmour review – three centuries of ambition and experience |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/sep/27/the-british-in-india-by-david-gilmour-review |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> British women were initially banned in Company settlements, being seen as distractions. British women started to come to India after the 1661 [[History of Bombay under British rule (1661–1947)|British acquisition of Bombay]] because of the need to populate the islands.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2020-02-22 |title='We think British women came to India to look for husbands but they were also entrepreneurial' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/we-think-british-women-came-to-india-to-look-for-husbands-but-they-were-also-entrepreneurial/articleshow/74260923.cms |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Colonial era ===<br />
{{See also|Britons in Myanmar}}{{Quote box<br />
| quote = Two centuries of effort and achievement, lives given on a hundred fields, far more lives given and consumed in faithful and devoted service to the Indian people themselves. All this has earned us rights of our own in India.<br />
| author = [[Winston Churchill]] (1931)<br />
| source = [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1931/jan/26/india-1#column_702]<br />
| width = 230px<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Picture of Rudyard Kipling.jpg|thumb|Author [[Rudyard Kipling]]]]<br />
As the Company came to rise in Indian politics, a greater level of contemptuousness became apparent amongst Britons,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Gray |first=Eric |date=2019-01-01 |title=A People So Different from Themselves: British Attitudes Towards India and the Power Dynamics of the East India Company |url=https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/etd/133/ |journal=Murray State Theses and Dissertations}}</ref> and they came to isolate themselves to a substantial extent from the local population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=P. J. |date=1990 |title=British Immigration into India in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/itinerario/article/abs/british-immigration-into-india-in-the-nineteenth-century/894D27B01EF7309BF2DD918B36604566 |journal=Itinerario |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=25–44 |doi=10.1017/S0165115300005660 |issn=2041-2827|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The trauma of dominating a colonised population was a factor in pushing some British officials to isolate themselves from Indians' day-to-day life;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Colin |date=2017-08-11 |title=Colonialism in India was traumatic – including for some of the British officials who ruled the Raj |url=https://theconversation.com/colonialism-in-india-was-traumatic-including-for-some-of-the-british-officials-who-ruled-the-raj-77068 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> the failed [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 Rebellion]] also played a role in encouraging tensions and racism, as it increased fear of the locals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - History - British History in depth: From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858-1947 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> The rise of [[evangelicalism]], encouraging negative views of non-Christian cultures, was another factor.<ref name=":2" /> However, children raised in India were fonder of the local culture, and even though they were generally sent to Britain to receive education, they often returned as adults.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title=The Fishing Fleet: British Debutantes Searching for Love in India |url=https://www.thecollector.com/british-raj-debutantes/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=TheCollector |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The difficulty of travel to India, as well as poor health outcomes in the early colonial period, greatly challenged British visitors initially; after 1837, overland travel (after 1840, connecting to steam ships, and from the 1850s, involving newly built railways)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parry |first=Jonathan |date=2021-03-31 |title=Suez canal: what the 'ditch' meant to the British empire in the 19th century |url=https://theconversation.com/suez-canal-what-the-ditch-meant-to-the-british-empire-in-the-19th-century-158169 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> to India was popularised, with stopovers in places such as Egypt gaining appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-11-03 |title=Legacy of the British empire |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4190628/Legacy-of-the-British-empire.html |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref> British women started to come in much greater numbers after the 1869 completion of the [[Suez Canal]], which enabled a faster maritime journey between Britain and India; by then, British men's dalliances with the local "bibis" were seen as improper, and were being expunged from official records of earlier generations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Jad |date=2018-09-05 |title=The British in India offers a rich and nuanced social history of empire |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2018/09/british-india-offers-rich-and-nuanced-social-history-empire |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=New Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> British men still outnumbered the women to a substantial degree for the entire period up until India's independence though, with gender and racial identities having a role in determining hierarchies. Some men enjoyed the ability to unconstrainedly flex their masculinity in a foreign land, and British families in India stratified based on how white (non-Indian) they were and how frequently they were able to visit Britain.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Buettner |first1=Elizabeth Ann |title=Families, Children, and Memories: Britons in India, 1857-1947 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=978-0-591-94389-4 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c9b86393c4d746e0f8add61ec7a105f4/1 }}{{pn|date=September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
By 1921, at the peak of the British Empire, 20,000 civil and military personnel had established themselves in India.<ref name=":0" /> The British related their exploits in India to those of classical empires; they saw themselves as inheriting the [[Greco-Roman]] heritage (see [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Alexander's Indian campaign]]), and compared their efforts in [[Civilizing mission|civilising]] India to those of the [[Roman Britain|Romans in ancient Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=David |date=2017-08-10 |title=The gift of civilisation: how imperial Britons saw their mission in India |url=https://theconversation.com/the-gift-of-civilisation-how-imperial-britons-saw-their-mission-in-india-80302 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> On the whole, they did not seek to settle on a permanent basis or to own land; as late as the 1860s, there were even arguments against opening up the sale of "waste" land, because it might encourage excessive European immigration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Roderick |date=2021-06-20 |title=When it comes to British rule, rich, powerful Indians were complicit every step of the way |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/when-it-comes-to-british-rule-rich-powerful-indians-were-complicit-every-step-of-the-way/680574/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Contemporary era ===<br />
[[File:Ruskin Bond in Bangalore, India (Jim Ankan Deka photography).jpg|left|thumb|[[Ruskin Bond]]]]<br />
India's [[Indian independence movement|1947 independence]] from British rule saw the departure of British troops; the last regiment left in February 1948.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The British Withdrawal from India |journal=Royal United Services Institution. Journal |date=August 1948 |volume=93 |issue=571 |pages=355–357 |doi=10.1080/03071844809423389 }}</ref> British-run firms also had rapidly lost ground in the Indian economy from [[World War I]] onwards.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maria |first=Misra |date=1999-04-29 |title=Business, Race, and Politics in British India, c. 1850–1960 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/32994 |journal=OUP Academic |language=en |doi=10.1093/acprof:o|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
{{See also|Anglicisation#India|Cultural history of India#Colonial era}}<br />
<br />
=== Cuisine ===<br />
{{See also|Anglo-Indian cuisine|Gin#19-20th century}}<br />
<br />
Food played a role in how the British adapted to the local climate; a variety of "sick food" guides were available. To counter the high rate of death to tropical disease, Britons used the medicinal [[quinine]]; however, to mask its taste, they would mix it with soda and sugar, giving rise to "[[tonic water]]", a natural complement to gin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Priyadarshini |date=2023-04-26 |title=How food came to the rescue of the British in India |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1047796/how-food-came-to-the-rescue-of-the-british-in-india |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Music ===<br />
{{See also|The Beatles in India}}Western forms of music first came to India during British rule, with certain American forms of music such as jazz also becoming established by the 20th century with some British involvement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shope |first1=Bradley |title=The public consumption of Western music in colonial India: From imperialist exclusivity to global receptivity |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |date=August 2008 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=271–289 |doi=10.1080/00856400802192911 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Prostitution ===<br />
A steady influx of British troops into India was vital in setting up of [[Prostitution in colonial India|organised prostitution in India]], which persisted even [[Prostitution in India|after independence]].{{cn|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
=== Sport ===<br />
{{Excerpt|Sport in British India#Influence on India|paragraphs=1,2|subsections=no}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|United Kingdom|India<br />
}}<br />
* [[India–United Kingdom relations]] <br />
* [[Indians in the United Kingdom]]<br />
* [[Britons in Pakistan]]<br />
* [[Nabob]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=mw1REAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd Empire Families: Britons and Late Imperial India]<br />
{{Immigration to India}}{{British diaspora}}<br />
[[Category:British diaspora in India|*]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of British descent]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumaria_block&diff=497814Dumaria block2026-02-18T17:59:34Z<p>LavadaDonald013: put up new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Other uses|Dumaria (disambiguation){{!}}Dumaria}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement <br />
| name = Dumaria <br />
| nickname = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per Wikipedia:INDISCRIPT policy --> <br />
| settlement_type = Community development block <br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3 <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4636|N|86.4387|E|display=inline,title}} <br />
| subdivision_type = Country <br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] <br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]] <br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]] <br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]] <br />
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]] <br />
| unit_pref = Metric <br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 316.74 <br />
| population_total = 62128 <br />
| population_as_of = 2011 <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| leader_title1 = <br />
| leader_name1 = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages <br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]] <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Santali language|Santali]] <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30 <br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] <br />
| postal_code = 832104 <br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code <br />
| area_code = 0657 <br />
| registration_plate = JH 05 <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 57.11% <br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency <br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]] <br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency <br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Potka]] <br />
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}} <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}} <br />
'''Dumaria block''' (also spelled Dumriya) is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Ghatshila subdivision]] of [[East Singhbhum district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<br />
<br />
==History== <br />
The laying of the foundation stone of the steel plant by [[Tata Steel]] (then known as Tata Iron and Steel Company) in 1907 at Sakchi Kalimati in Singhbhum district marked the beginning of the industrialisation of the area. The first police station in the area was opened in 1912 at [[Jugsalai]]. The Kalimati Sakchi village was renamed ‘[[Jamshedpur]]’ in 1917. [[Dhalbhum subdivision]] was created in 1920 with Jamshedpur as headquarters. Jamshedpur Notified Area was established in 1924. East Singhbhum district, with Jamshedpur as headquarters, was set up in 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | work = Brief Summary of the District | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography== <br />
Dumaria is located at {{coord|22.4636|N|86.4387|E|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
“The district forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract”. The Seraikela Dhalbhumgarh upland and the Dalma range are natural divisions of the district. The main rivers are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The district consists of two subdivisions - (1) Dhalbhum subdivision with Patamda, Boram, Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai and Potka CD blocks, and (2) Ghatshila subdivision with Ghatshila, Dhalbhumgarh, Musabani, Dumaria, Gurbandha, Chakulia and Baharagora CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jamshedpur.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ | title = East Singhbhum | work = Subdivisions and blocks | publisher = East Singhbhum district administration | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dumaria CD block is bounded by the [[Musabani block|Musabani]] CD block on the north, [[Gurbandha block|Gurbandha]] CD block on the east, the Rajrangpur and Bijatola CD blocks/ tehsils in the Mayurbhanj district of the Odisha state on the south, and the [[Potka block|Potka]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/purbi-singhbhum.html | title = Purba Singhbhum CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/orissa/tehsil/mayurbhanj.html | title = Mayurbhanj CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dumaria CD block has an area of 316.74&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>[[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum#Civic administration|Dumaria]] police station serves Dumaria CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 8 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of Dumaria CD block is located at [[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum|Dumaria]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 100: Map of Dumaria CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
<br />
===Population=== <br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Dumaria CD block had a total population of 62,128, all of which were rural. There were 31,043 (50%) males and 31,085 (50%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 9,876. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 3,460 (5.57%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 44,658 (71.88%).<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
===Literacy=== <br />
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Dumaria CD block was 29,840 (57.11% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 18,137 (69.89% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 11,703 (44.50% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 25.39%.<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Purbi Singhbhum district was 76.13%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India| access-date = 9 December 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 9 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br />
<br />
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purbi Singhbhum district|collapsible=y}}<br />
<br />
==Language and religion== <br />
{{Pie chart <br />
|caption = Languages in Dumaria CD block (2011)<ref name="language"/><br />
|label1 = [[Santali language|Santali]]|value1= 47.30 |color1= darkturquoise<br />
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 21.98 |color2 = orchid <br />
|label3 = [[Ho language|Ho]] |value3 = 13.49 |color3 = deepskyblue<br />
|label4 = [[Odia language|Odia]]|value4= 11.02 |color4= saddlebrown<br />
|label5 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value5 = 2.79 |color5 = teal<br />
|label6 = [[Kharia language|Kharia]] |value6 = 1.65 |color6 = cornflowerblue<br />
|label7 = Others |value7 = 1.77 |color7 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to the ''Population by Mother Tongue 2011'' data, in the Dumaria subdistrict, [[Santhali language|Santhali]] was the mother-tongue of 29,880 persons forming 48.09% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (13,697/ 21.98%), [[Ho language|Ho]] (8,382/ 13.49%), [[Odia language|Odia]] (6,848/ 11.02%), [[Mundari language|Mundari]] (1,547/ 2.49%), [[Kharia language|Kharia]] (1,027/ 1.65), [[Hindi]] (494/ 0.80%), and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (297/ 0.43%).<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 500 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 500 persons as their mother-tongue are included in the “other languages” category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. Those who are interested can see the reference for more details.</small><br />
<br />
[[Hindi]] is the [[official language]] in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=8 December 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religion in Dumaria CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/><br />
|titlebar=#FCD116<br />
|left1=<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|63.36}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|34.52}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.63}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.35}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to the ''Population by Religious Communities 2011'' data, in the Dumaria subdistrict, “Other religious communities” numbered 39,367 and formed 63.36% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Hindus]] (21,444/ 34.52%), [[Muslims]] (1,010/ 1.63%), [[Christians]] (240/ 0.39%), and persons who did not state their religion (67/ 0.11%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
<br />
===Overview=== <br />
[[NITI Aayog]] (National Institution for Transforming India) has released the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (NMPI) baseline report in November 2021. “MPI is calculated using 12 segments - nutrition, child and adolescent mortality, antenatal care, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets and bank account, as compared to the previous approach of just considering the poverty line”. Approximately 25.01% population of the country was multidimensionally poor. State-wise Bihar was the poorest with 51.91% of the population being poor, followed by Jharkhand with 42.16% of the population being poor.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cclg.in/2021/12/04/national-multidimensional-poverty-index/ | title = National Multidimensional Poverty Index | publisher = The Charter | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233100/https://cclg.in/2021/12/04/national-multidimensional-poverty-index/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://journalsofindia.com/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-by-niti-aayog/?print=pdf | title = National Multidimensional Poverty Index by NITI Aayog | publisher = journalsofindia.com | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233100/https://journalsofindia.com/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-by-niti-aayog/?print=pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> The silver lining in this scenario is that within Jharkhand, the richest districts are East Singhbhum, Dhanbad, Bokaro, and Ranchi. These districts are having industries and/or mining activity. However, CD blocks still largely dependent on agriculture have remained traditional.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/updates/eco-serv2013-14/ExecutiveSummary2013-14.pdf | title = Jharkhand Economic Survey 2013-2014 | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Livelihood=== <br />
{{Pie chart <br />
|caption= '''Livelihood<br/>in Dumaria CD block''' <br />
|value1 = 31.26 <br />
|label1 = Cultivators <br />
|value2 = 53.02 <br />
|label2 = Agricultural labourers <br />
|value3 = 2.92 <br />
|label3 = Household industries <br />
|value4 = 12.80 <br />
|label4 = Other Workers}}<br />
<br />
In Dumaria CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 9,301 and formed 31.26%, agricultural labourers numbered 15,773 and formed 53.02%, household industry workers numbered 869 and formed 2.92% and other workers numbered 3,808 and formed 12.80%. Total workers numbered 29,751 and formed 47.89% of the total population non-workers numbered 32,377 and formed 52.11% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Tables 30 and 33, Pages 40, 50-51 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Infrastructure=== <br />
There are 100 inhabited villages in Dumaria CD block. In 2011, 27 villages had power supply. x villages had tap water, 89 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 85 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 1 village had post office, 1 village had sub post office, 1 village had telephone (land line), 74 villages had mobile phone coverage. 83 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 5 villages had bus service (public/ private), 1 village had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 1 village had taxi/ van, 44 villages had tractors. 1 village had bank branches, 16 villages had agricultural credit societies, 13 villages had availability of newspapers, 52 villages had [[public distribution system|ration shops]], 19 villages had weekly [[Haat bazaar|haat]], 61 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-781, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education== <br />
Dumaria CD block had 5 villages with pre-primary schools, 87 villages with primary schools, 30 villages with middle schools, 3 villages with secondary schools, 2 villages with senior secondary schools, 3 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-778, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref> <br />
<br/><small>.*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand</small><br />
<br />
==Healthcare== <br />
Dumaria CD block had 4 villages with primary health subcentres, 1 village with maternity and child welfares centre, 1 village with allopathic hospital, 2 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with family welfare centre, 2 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/> <br />
<br/><small>.*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included</small><br />
<br />
== References == <br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Blocks of Purbi Singhbhum district}} <br />
{{Kolhan Division topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Community development blocks in East Singhbhum district]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalipatnam_Ramarao&diff=507693Kalipatnam Ramarao2026-02-07T23:18:31Z<p>LavadaDonald013: adding bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian poet and writer (1924–2021)}}<br />
{{Indian patronymic|Ramarao|Kalipatnam|}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Kalipatnam Ramarao<br />
| image =Kalipatnam_RamaRao_At_KathaNilayam.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date ={{birth date|df=yes|1924|11|09}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Murapaka]], [[Srikakulam]], India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|06|04|1924|11|09|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = Kara Master<br />
| known_for = Sahitya Akademi Award, 1995 for Yajnam To Tommidi (Short Stories)<br />
| occupation = Writer, poet<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kalipatnam Ramarao''' (9 November 1924 – 4 June 2021<ref>[http://eemaata.com/history/telugu_literary_homepage/Bio/kaaraa.html History of Kalipatnam Ramarao]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2021-06-04|title=Noted story writer Kalipatnam Rama Rao passes away in Srikakulam|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/noted-story-writer-kalipatnam-rama-rao-passes-away-in-srikakulam-689220|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>), known as '''Kara Master''', was an Indian poet and writer known for his [[Telugu language|Telugu]] short stories. He won [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Telugu|Sahitya Akademi Award]] in Telugu, 1995 for his short stories ''Yajnam To Tommidi''.<ref>{{cite news|title=sahitya-akademi.gov.in-Telugu|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#TELUGU}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Kalipatnam was born in 1924 in Murapaka, Srikakulam, India. He worked as a teacher for many years at St. Anthony's High School in [[Visakhapatnam]] and retired in 1979. Inspired by Kalipatnam Rama Rao, writer Yandamuri Veerendranath began his writing career. He considers him as Guru. Rama Rao's stories reflect the trials, tribulations, and occasionally the triumphs of life among the middle and lower classes of people in society. Kalipatnam is especially known for his psychological insights and his incisive analytical abilities regarding the social, economical, and political influences on daily life.<br />
<br />
His first story, "Chitragupta", was a mini-story, written on the back of a [[postcard]]. He was not satisfied with his writing and stopped in 1955. After 8 years, he wrote "Teerpu" in 1963. He wrote many stories in the late 1960s following "Teerpu", including "Yagnam", "mahadaaseervacanamu", "veerudu-mahaveerudu", "Adivaram", "Himsa", "No room", "Sneham", "Arthi", "Bhayam", "Santhi", "Chavu", "Jevvana dhara", and "Kutra". After writing "Kutra", he stopped writing. He has said that in his early days he would write a lot, but would not send them for publication as he wasn't happy with what he wrote. In later days, he wrote about one or two stories a year. His stories have since been translated into various foreign languages including Russian and English.<br />
<br />
Kalipatnam was also a member of the executive committee of the Viplava Rachayitala Sangham. He won the "Central Cultural Academy award" in 1995, and was felicitated by Loknayak foundation (Visakhapatnam) on 18 January 2008.<br />
<br />
[[File:Kalipatnam Ramarao 04.jpg|thumb|Kalipatnam Ramarao talking in 25 years Telugu Story book Inauguration]]<br />
<br />
==Abroad==<br />
In the last 15 years, Kalipatnam was active in publishing short story anthologies of other writers. He was in US in 1993, as a guest of the 9th TANA Conference - World Telugu Convention in New York (Dr. Kalasapoodi Sreenivassa Raavu and Yerramilli Padmaavathi of the literary committee were instrumental in bringing him there). In 2014, Kalipatnam's 90th birth anniversary was celebrated by his fans around AP. At that time, he hinted that he may start writing again.<br />
<br />
[[File:Kalipatnam Ramarao 03.jpg|thumb|Kalipatnam Ramarao with writer [[K Siva Reddy]]]]<br />
<br />
==Katha Nilayam==<br />
<br />
Kalipatnam started Katha Nilayam on 22 February 1997 as a research center and library to pass on Telugu literature to subsequent generations.<ref name=thehindu>{{cite news|last=Pradesh|first=Andhra|title='Katha Nilayam' to go hi-tech|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2661897.ece|access-date=6 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 November 2011}}</ref> The center is located in Visakha 'A' colony in Srikakulam..Currently, the center houses more than 5000 weeklies, monthlies, and special additions, as well as a wide variety of Telugu magazines.<ref name=unique>{{cite news|last=Prasada Sarma|first=G.V.|title=Unique effort to preserve Telugu fiction|url=http://hindu.com/2000/12/01/stories/0401201w.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125163541/http://hindu.com/2000/12/01/stories/0401201w.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|access-date=6 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 December 2000}}</ref><br />
<br />
==LokSabha Honour==<br />
<br />
The message of Loksabha speaker in the felicitation of Kalipatnam Ramarao is as follows:<br />
<br />
Shri Kalipatnam Rama Rao, affectionately called ‘Ka Ra Mastaru’ in the Telugu literary world, is one such luminary who has had an ennobling literary career spanning nearly six decades. Shri Rama Rao’s writings reflect the social milieu of his own moorings, of the real life, experiences and difficulties he encountered in his younger days. It is these real-life experiences that equipped him to view the society around him with a critical eye, distancing himself from the class and caste system prevalent then and with immense love and affection for the poor and the downtrodden. His great story ‘Yagnam’ which he wrote way back in 1964, for which he was honoured with the prestigious the Central Sahitya Academy Award, poignantly depicted the feudal set up in a village. Shri Rama Rao’s stories are indeed incisive reflections on the social structure, conditions and class system of the times which unfortunately conditioned social behaviour and preferences than other higher values. In fact, Shri Rama Rao’s stories have left a deep impact on the readers and his felicitous writings have won him a very large number of admirers. Thanks to the translation of his works into Russian, English and many Indian languages, his stories have touched a deep chord among people far and wide.<ref>{{cite news|title=Honoured by LokSabhaSpeaker|url=http://speakerloksabha.nic.in/speech/SpeechDetails.asp?}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Written works==<br />
* Yajnam To Tommidi (Short Stories)<br />
* Yagnam (Novel)<br />
* Abhimanalu <br />
* Ragamayi<br />
* Jeevadhara<br />
* mahadaaseervacanamu<br />
*veerudu-mahaveerudu<br />
*Adivaram<br />
*Himsa<br />
*No room<br />
*Sneham"<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Nandi Award for Second Best Story Writer]] - [[Yagnam (1992 film)|Yagnam]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Kalipatnam Ramarao}}<br />
*[http://eemaata.com/history/telugu_literary_homepage/Bio/kaaraa.html History of Kalipatnam Ramarao]<br />
*[http://www.prajakala.org/PDF/kara_interview.pdf interview in "Prajakala"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119135822/http://www.prajakala.org/PDF/kara_interview.pdf |date=19 November 2008 }}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080925103819/http://www.robotstxt.org/ The essay in "Thats telugu"]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramarao, Kalipatnam}}<br />
[[Category:1924 births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishita_Raj&diff=477444Ishita Raj2026-02-07T22:56:01Z<p>LavadaDonald013: started the details from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film actress (b. 1990)}}<br />
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ishita Raj<br />
| image = Ishita Raj Sharma snapped at the pink carpet and awards ceremony of Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest 2024 (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Ishita in 2024<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|7|11|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = Delhi, India<ref name="BH">{{cite web |last1=Tuteja |first1=Joginder |title="Trust me, boys will get all the sympathies here" – Ishita Sharma on PKP |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2216/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=16 April 2016 |date=19 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423030327/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2216/ |archive-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| other_names = Ishita<br />
| occupation = {{unbulleted list|actor|Model}}<br />
| years_active = 2011–present<br />
| known_for = [[Pyaar Ka Punchnama]]<br/>[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]<br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ishita Raj Sharma''' (born 11 July 1995) is an Indian actress and model,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-s-ishita-raj-sharma-shares-the-thought-behind-her-funny-bikini-scene/story-JZDQVfvt9bq3X6GAj3DbwL.html |title=Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety's Ishita Raj Sharma shares the thought behind her 'funny' bikini scene |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415213132/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-s-ishita-raj-sharma-shares-the-thought-behind-her-funny-bikini-scene/story-JZDQVfvt9bq3X6GAj3DbwL.html |url-status=live}}</ref> best known for her work in ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama]]'', ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]'' and ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/im-glad-that-my-first-trip-to-hyderabad-is-during-haleem-season-ishita-raj-sharma/articleshow/64372232.cms |title=I'm glad that my first trip to Hyderabad is during haleem season: Ishita Raj Sharma |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 May 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624123043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/im-glad-that-my-first-trip-to-hyderabad-is-during-haleem-season-ishita-raj-sharma/articleshow/64372232.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ishita-raj-sharma-its-more-challenging-to-make-your-presence-felt-when-you-have-a-smaller-role/articleshow/63514517.cms |title=Ishita Raj Sharma: It's more challenging to make your presence felt when you have a smaller role |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 March 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ishita-raj-sharma-its-more-challenging-to-make-your-presence-felt-when-you-have-a-smaller-role/articleshow/63514517.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Ishita acted in ''Pyaar Ka Punchnama'' (2011), produced by Wide Frame Pictures in which she played one of the three girls named Charu.<ref name="BH"/> The film became a [[sleeper hit]] with newcomers in the lead. It has achieved a cult status among the youth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ishita Raj Sharma – "I Have A Long List Of Directors I Want To Work With." |url=http://stardust.co.in/article/fresh-arrival/ishita-raj-sharma-i-have-a-long-list-of-directors-i-want-to-work-with/10236 |website=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |accessdate=16 April 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ishita Sharma also worked in ''Meeruthiya Gangsters'' in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title='Meeruthiya Gangsters' launches its trailer with Manoj Bajpayee |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/meeruthiya-gangsters-launches-its-trailer-with-manoj-bajpayee/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |accessdate=16 April 2016 |date=13 August 2015 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412191241/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/meeruthiya-gangsters-launches-its-trailer-with-manoj-bajpayee/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ishita was in [[Luv Ranjan]]’s ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]'', in which she was paired with [[Omkar Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2': Money matters for Omkar-Ishita |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pyaar-Ka-Punchnama-2-Money-matters-for-Omkar-Ishita/articleshow/49311782.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=16 April 2016 |date=12 October 2015 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015001829/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pyaar-Ka-Punchnama-2-Money-matters-for-Omkar-Ishita/articleshow/49311782.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, she featured in ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/010618/id-love-to-do-a-south-film-ishita-sharma.html |title=I'd love to do a south film: Ishita Sharma |date=June 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612151342/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/010618/id-love-to-do-a-south-film-ishita-sharma.html |url-status=live}}</ref> which crossed more than {{INR}} 100 crore in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2019-02-12 |title=Ishita Raj Sharma Suffers a Wardrobe Malfunction, Handles Like A Boss |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2019-02-12/Ishita-Raj-Sharma-Suffers-a-Wardrobe-Malfunction-Handles-Like-A-Boss/493373 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|-<br />
!scope="col"| Year<br />
!scope="col"| Film<br />
!scope="col"| Role<br />
!scope="col"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
!scope="row"| ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama]]''<br />
| Charu<br />
| Debut film<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2015<br />
!scope="row"| ''[[Meeruthiya Gangsters]]''<br />
| Pooja<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"| ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]''<br />
| Kusum<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
!scope="row"| ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''<br />
| Pihu <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2019<br />
!scope="row"| ''[[Prassthanam]]''<br />
| Nikhat<br />
| Special appearance in song "Dil Bevda"<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Yaaram]]''<br />
|Zoya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"| ''[[Jai Mummy Di]]''<br />
| Young Pinky Bhalla<br />
| Special appearance<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
!scope="row"| ''[[Chatrapathi (2023 film)|Chatrapathi]]''<br />
| Dancer<br />
| Special appearance in song "Bareilly ke Bazaar"<ref name="Bareilly Ke Bazaar Featuring Ishita Raj">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Bareilly Ke Bazaar Featuring Ishita Raj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/chatrapathi-song-bareilly-ke-bazaar-featuring-ishita-raj/videoshow/100680817.cms |access-date=19 November 2023 |date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119181416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/chatrapathi-song-bareilly-ke-bazaar-featuring-ishita-raj/videoshow/100680817.cms |archive-date=19 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
!scope="row"| ''[[Wild Wild Punjab]]''<br />
| Meera<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
!scope="row"| ''[[Kapkapiii]]''<br />
| Dancer<br />
| Special appearance in song "Titli"<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Human Cocaine]]''<br />
|Liza<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|7674770}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|ishita-sharma-1}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ishita Raj}}<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female models]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:1990 births]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjay_Joshi&diff=447449Sanjay Joshi2026-02-07T19:42:09Z<p>LavadaDonald013: minor update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sanjay Vinayak Joshi<br />
| image = Sanjay Joshi.jpg<br />
| image_size = 100px<br />
| caption = Sanjay Vinayak Joshi greets his followers<br />
| office = National General Secretary (Organization), [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| term = 2001-2005<br />
| predecessor = [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{cite news|url =https://www.indiatoday.in/featured/story/narendra-modi-modi-as-pm-bjp-gujarat-210885-2013-09-13|title =The rise and rise of Narendra Modi|date=September 13, 2013|access-date =10 August 2020}}</ref><br />
| successor = Ram Lal<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1962|04|06}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = [[Politician]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br />
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology]], [[Nagpur]]<br />
| website = [http://www.sanjayvinayakjoshi.com/ sanjayvinayakjoshi.com]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sanjay Vinayak Joshi''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was a long-time member of the Gujarat BJP and was a member of the BJP <nowiki>national executive</nowiki><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.matpal.com/2012/06/sanjay-joshi-biography-bjp-leader.html |title=Sanjay Joshi [Biography&#93; BJP leader ~ Matpal |publisher=Matpal.com |date=2012-06-08 |access-date=2013-08-02}}</ref> until he was forced to resign after public pressure.<ref><br />
{{cite news| title = Modi gets the better of Gadkari, Sanjay Joshi quits BJP national executive| author = Mohua Chatterjee| publisher =Times of India| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-gets-the-better-of-Gadkari-Sanjay-Joshi-quits-BJP-national-executive/articleshow/13439461.cms| date = 24 May 2012<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3504672.ece?homepage=true | title= Sanjay Joshi quits BJP| date=8 June 2012}}<br />
</ref> During his 2001-2005 tenure as National General Secretary (Organization), he led the organization that enabled BJP to win the Assembly elections in nine states (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, [[Jharkhand]], Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, [[West Bengal]], Orissa and [[Madhya Pradesh]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/index.aspx |title=Welcome to Election Commission of India |access-date=26 September 2013 |archive-date=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317080622/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/index.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Joshi was born in [[Nagpur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/the-other-joshi-sidelined-by-the-bjp|title=The other Joshi sidelined by the BJP|publisher=The Indian Express|date=22 April 2014|access-date=22 April 2014|author=Anubhuti Vishnoi}}</ref> on 6 April 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Sanjay-Joshi-felicitation-function-cancelled/articleshow/19409420.cms|title=Sanjay Joshi felicitation function cancelled|work=The Times of India|date=6 April 2013|access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> A mechanical engineer from [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology|VNIT]], Nagpur by training, Joshi was a lecturer in an engineering college, but he resigned to become a full-time [[pracharak]] in the nationalist [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) in Maharashtra.<ref name=ix>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/joshi-bjps-draupadi-only-even-more-wronged/2638/ |title=Joshi BJP's Draupadi, only even more wronged |publisher=Indian Express |date=2006-04-18 |access-date=2013-08-02}}</ref> Noting his organizational acumen, he was asked to join BJP in Gujarat in 1988,<ref name=rediff>http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/28bjpspec.htm quote: quote: within the BJP and the RSS, he is famous for his organisational skills and his reach... Before the sex CD incident, he was a link between the RSS and the BJP. Everybody took it for granted that he was not just a bachelor but celibate too.<br />
<!--The average BJP and RSS worker does not believe Sanjaybhai can do anything immoral or improper.--><br />
</ref> where the party was politically weak. He is known for his good rapport with grass root level workers.<br />
<br />
Joshi became a leading figure in BJP politics in [[Gujarat]]. From 1988 to 1995, he worked closely with [[Narendra Modi]] as a secretary of Gujarat BJP.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/narendra-modi-and-sanjay-joshi-comrades-who-turned-foes/articleshow/13456749.cms |title=Narendra Modi and Sanjay Joshi: Comrades who turned foes - Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2012-05-24 |access-date=2013-08-02}}</ref> A former colleague, [[Gordhan Zadafia]] has said of him that he is <br />
"a silent worker with immense capability and is popular and loved by party workers, while Modi has a dictatorial attitude.".<ref name=dna>http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_narendra-modi-and-sanjay-joshi-comrades-who-turned-foes_1693236 In 2005, Joshi was forced to resign following controversy over a CD<br />
purportedly showing him in poor light. The CD surfaced during the silver<br />
jubilee celebrations of the party in Mumbai.<br />
An enquiry subsequently, however, found that the CD had been doctored. Joshi was absolved, and his supporters pointed fingers at the Modi camp for planting false evidence.</ref> Joshi was viewed as a bachelor who had dedicated his life to the party.<ref name=rediff/><br />
<br />
==Public feud with Narendra Modi==<br />
<br />
After a revolt by [[Shankersinh Vaghela]], [[Narendra Modi]] was shunted out, and BJP won in the subsequent elections in 1998. Joshi became the general secretary of BJP in Gujarat. In 2001, BJP Central leadership removed [[Keshubhai Patel]] and allowed Modi to become chief minister. Since then Joshi has been the focus of several of Modi's actions.<ref><br />
{{cite news<br />
| title = Modi and Sanjay Joshi were never meant to be friends<br />
| author = Vikram Vakil<br />
| publisher = Rediff news<br />
| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-modi-couldnt-stand-down-to-earth-sanjay-joshi/20120525.htm<br />
| date = 25 May 2012<br />
}}Narendra Modi and Sanjay Joshi's enmity has acquired legendary proportions in<br />
Gujarat for more than a decade.</ref><br />
<br />
===Resignation from BJP national executive===<br />
<br />
In May 2012, it was reported that Modi had called Gadkari,<ref name=ht><br />
{{cite news<br />
| title = RSS chief upset over Joshi ouster, Modi spared<br />
| author = Pradip Kumar Maitra <br />
| publisher = Hindustan Times SANJAY JOSHI 9829400528<br />
| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rss-chief-upset-over-joshi-ouster-modi-spared/article1-871033.aspx<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140424095206/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rss-chief-upset-over-joshi-ouster-modi-spared/article1-871033.aspx<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
| archive-date = 24 April 2014<br />
| date = 13 June 2012<br />
}}as pro-Joshi posters appeared in Delhi and some places in Gujarat, Modi<br />
made a telephone call to Gadkari, asking the latter to either relieve him<br />
from his chief minister’s post or Joshi from the party.</ref><br />
threatening to boycott the BJP national meet unless Joshi was removed from the BJP.<ref name="hindu"><br />
{{cite news<br />
| title = Modi has his way, Sanjay Joshi removed<br />
| author = B. Muralidhar Reddy and Shoumojit Banerjee<br />
| work = [[The Hindu]]<br />
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3452704.ece<br />
| date = 12 June 2012<br />
}}quote: Mr. Modi has been at loggerheads with Mr. Gadkari after the latter<br />
took Mr. Joshi back into the party after six years and tasked him with<br />
working out the strategy for the Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections.<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/nagpur/38277109_1_bjp-mlas-narendramodi-nitin-gadkari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430165343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/nagpur/38277109_1_bjp-mlas-narendramodi-nitin-gadkari |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-30 |title=Sanjay Joshi on comeback trail? |date=2013-04-04 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-08-02}}</ref> In what is widely seen as an erosion of the BJP president's power,<ref>{{cite news|author=ET Bureau |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/sanjay-joshi-nitin-gadkari-get-another-term/articleshow/13461075.cms |title=Sanjay Joshi, Nitin Gadkari get another term - Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2012-05-25 |access-date=2013-08-02}}</ref> Joshi was forced to resign from the BJP executive, and within two hours, Modi announced his decision to attend the BJP meet.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/modi-gets-his-way-joins-party-meet-after-arch-rival-joshi-forced-to-quit/953279/ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/modi-gets-his-way-joins-party-meet-after-arch-rival-joshi-forced-to-quit/953279/] quote: "I will land in Mumbai at 3:15 pm"</ref> The RSS chief [[Mohan Bhagwat]] expressed his displeasure at this treatment of Joshi.<ref name=ht/><br />
<br />
In July 2012, Joshi sought security cover z++ category from the Home Ministry as according to him there was threat to his life and had received threatening letters and calls on his mobile phone from a person named Rasool Khan.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bjps-sanjay-joshi-claims-fresh-threat-to-life-seeks-security-from-chidambaram/972126/| title= BJP's Sanjay Joshi claims fresh threat to life, seeks security from Chidambaram| date= 9 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2013, Modi again lobbied for non-inclusion of Joshi in an important electoral committee of the BJP.<ref name=why>{{cite news| url= http://www.realpolitik.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=310:why-is-narendra-modi-afraid-of-sanjay-joshi&catid=112:top-stories/| title= Why is Narendra Modi afraid of Sanjay Joshi?| date= 8 May 2013| archive-date= 5 November 2018| access-date= 3 August 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181105205755/https://realpolitik.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=310:why-is-narendra-modi-afraid-of-sanjay-joshi&catid=112:top-stories/| url-status= dead}}<br />
Modi was convinced that it was Sanjay Joshi who orchestrated his<br />
banishment.</ref> <br />
In his tussle with Modi, Joshi apparently enjoys the support of several RSS groups, and also former BJP chief [[Rajnath Singh]], and others.<br />
<br />
Currently Joshi has no assignment with BJP; He stays in Central Delhi. His place of residence is full of political activity with senior BJP leaders and party workers wants to meet him. As party man with strong backing in RSS, Sanjay joshi played an important role in organization building in Nagpur.<ref name="hindu"/><br />
<br />
==Political views==<br />
===Praise for Narendra Modi===<br />
Sanjay Joshi has given a series of statements praising the functioning of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) Government at center and PM [[Narendra Modi]]. Joshi said [[Narendra Modi]] is my leader.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/pm-modi-is-my-leader-sanjay-joshi/|title = PM Modi is my leader: Sanjay Joshi|date = 13 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/narendra-modi-is-my-leader-sanjay-joshi-75341|title=Narendra Modi is my leader: Sanjay Joshi|date=22 April 2015|access-date=15 March 2017|archive-date=16 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113139/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/narendra-modi-is-my-leader-sanjay-joshi-75341|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-is-my-leader-says-ex-bjp-general-secretary-sanjay-joshi/articleshow/47018803.cms|title = PM Narendra Modi is my leader, says ex-BJP General Secretary Sanjay Joshi|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsnation.in/article/76465-pm-modi-leader-sanjay-joshi.html|title = PM Modi is my leader, says former BJP General Secretary Sanjay Joshi}}</ref><br />
<br />
Joshi speaking as a chief guest at a seminar - Nationalism and Indian culture, Basics of social equality organized by a group of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) volunteers and [[BJP]] workers under the banner of Deen Dayal Sewa Pratishthan on the birth of [[Swami Vivekananda]] declared that Modi is his leader and showered praise on him for getting international recognition for [[Yoga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/americas/story/modi-un-declares-june-21-as-international-yoga-day-230828-2014-12-11|title=UN declares June 21 as International Yoga Day at Modi's suggestion}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Criticism of Rahul Gandhi for airing views against revocation of Article 370===<br />
<br />
Sanjay Joshi has criticised [[Rahul Gandhi]] for his remarks against revocation of Article 370 at multiple forums including the Jan Ashirwad rally in Kaithal on 2 September 2019. He praised the bold step taken by the BJP government at the centre of revoking Article 370 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] while lashed out at Congress Leaders, who criticised the move.<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/_jPp7pzLhDg| archive-date = 2021-12-09| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jPp7pzLhDg| title = राहुल गांधी की देश के प्रति आपत्तिजनक टिप्पणी को पाकिस्तान संसद करती है सराहना : संजय जोशी | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/kaithal/parivartan-raily-palaram-saini-kaithal-news-rtk515570077|title = दिग्विजय व राहुल के बयानों पर माफी मांगे कांग्रेस ः संजय जोशी}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Ram Temple ruling===<br />
<br />
In anticipation of the Supreme Court ruling on Ram Temple, on 16 October 2019, Sanjay Joshi expressed displeasure that Babri Action Committee could not settle the issue out of court and that the matter should not have reached the Hon'ble Supreme court. Sanjay Joshi expressed that people have faith in the highest court of justice and that the common man's emotions shall be taken care of, in the final judgement on Ram Temple.<br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/rss-leader-sanjay-joshi-on-ayodhya-case-says-supreme-court-will-take-decision-keeping-in-mind-public-sentiments-ram-mandir/585551|title = अयोध्या केस: RSS प्रचारक संजय जोशी बोले, 'Sc जनभावनाओं को ध्यान में रखकर देगी फैसला'|date = 16 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/others/sanjay-joshi-says-supreme-court-will-take-decision-on-ram-temple-according-to-public-sentiments/articleshow/71616098.cms|title = संजय जोशी को उम्मीद, जनभावनाओं को ध्यान में रखकर सुप्रीम कोर्ट राम मंदिर पर देगा फैसला}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Citizenship Amendment Act===<br />
<br />
Mr Joshi applauded the BJP in government bill for Citizenship Amendment Act and praised the Parliament for its smooth passage in both Houses of Parliament on 23rd Dec 2019. According to the Bill, members of the Hindu, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist and Zoroastrian communities who have come from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh till December 31, 2014 and facing religious persecution there will not be treated as illegal immigrants but given [[Indian nationality law|Indian citizenship]]. It also relaxes the provisions for "Citizenship by naturalisation". The law reduces duration of residency from existing 11 years to just five years for people belonging to the same six religions and three countries. <br />
In his opinion, CAA will provide much needed relief to 6 communities who have faced religious persecution in the 3 Islamic nations. The Act shall enable the 6 religious communities to lead a life of dignity in India as Indian citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punjab.punjabkesari.in/punjab/news/citizenship-amendment-bill-will-get-rid-of-torture-sanjay-joshi-1096324|title=नागरिकता संशोधन विधेयक यातनाओं से मुक्ति दिलाएगा : संजय जोशी - citizenship amendment bill will get rid of torture sanjay joshi|date=13 December 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Sanjay}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1962 births]]<br />
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Nagpur]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_West_Bengal_floods&diff=4832932024 West Bengal floods2026-02-06T01:19:57Z<p>LavadaDonald013: Adding a post more to come!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Natural disaster in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{Infobox flood<br />
| name = 2024 West Bengal floods<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt =Flooded street in Ghatal, West Bengal <br />
| caption = Flood-affected areas in Ghatal, September 2024<br />
| duration = {{start date|2024|09|17|df=y}} <!-- {{ end date|yyyy|mm|dd|df=y }} --><br />
| date = September 2024<br />
| damages = Extensive crop damage, infrastructure loss, submerged homes<br />
| fatalities = 3<ref name="death">{{cite news<br />
| last = <br />
| first = <br />
| date = 20 September 2024<br />
| title = 3 killed, 2.5 lakh people affected by flood in West Benga<br />
| url = https://theprint.in/india/3-killed-2-5-lakh-people-affected-by-flood-in-west-bengal/2275574/<br />
| url-status = live<br />
| website = [[ThePrint]]<br />
| agency = [[Press Trust of India|PTI]]<br />
| location = <br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240921011128/https://theprint.in/india/3-killed-2-5-lakh-people-affected-by-flood-in-west-bengal/2275574/<br />
| archive-date = 21 September 2024<br />
| access-date = 21 September 2024<br />
}}</ref><br />
| affected = [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]], [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]], [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]]<ref>{{cite news<br />
| date = 18 September 2024<br />
| title = Parts of Bengal face flood-like situation after heavy rains<br />
| url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parts-of-bengal-face-flood-like-situation-after-heavy-rains-101726644569803.html<br />
| url-status = live<br />
| work = [[Hindustan Times]]<br />
| location = <br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240921011852/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parts-of-bengal-face-flood-like-situation-after-heavy-rains-101726644569803.html<br />
| archive-date = 21 September 2024<br />
| access-date = 20 September 2024<br />
}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
The '''2024 West Bengal floods''' occurred in mid-September 2024, primarily affecting the southern regions of the state. The floods were triggered by a combination of heavy rainfall due to a deep depression over the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the release of water from dams managed by the [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] (DVC).<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = SINGH<br />
| first = SHIV SAHAY<br />
| date = 19 September 2024<br />
| title = Mamata blames Damodar Valley Corporation for south Bengal floods, says her government will cut off all ties with it<br />
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/mamata-blames-damodar-valley-corporation-for-south-bengal-floods-says-her-government-will-cut-off-all-ties-with-it/article68660563.ece<br />
| work = [[The Hindu]]<br />
| location = <br />
| access-date = 21 September 2024<br />
}}</ref> The event led to widespread damage, displacement, and loss of life across several districts of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
== Cause ==<br />
On 13 September 2024, a well-marked low-pressure area formed over the northeast [[Bay of Bengal]] and southeast [[Bangladesh]]. By the morning of 14 September, it intensified into a depression and moved west-northwestward across coastal Bangladesh and Gangetic West Bengal. By 05:30 hours on the same day, the system strengthened into a deep depression over Bangladesh and Gangetic West Bengal.<ref name="report">{{cite web<br />
| date = 20 September 2024<br />
| title = Situation Report 1 Floods in West Bengal Date: 20th September 2024 (Friday) Time: 12:00 PM (IST)<br />
| url = https://reliefweb.int/report/india/situation-report-1-floods-west-bengal-date-20th-september-2024-friday-time-1200-pm-ist<br />
| website = [[ReliefWeb]]<br />
| location = <br />
| access-date = 21 September 2024<br />
}}</ref> The system brought continuous heavy rainfall to southern West Bengal. The situation was worsened by the release of over 250,000 cusecs of water from DVC dams, which caused rivers to overflow.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = Singh<br />
| first = Rimjhim<br />
| date = 18 September 2024<br />
| title = South Bengal faces major flood risk amid heavy rain and dam discharge<br />
| url = https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/south-bengal-faces-major-flood-risk-amid-heavy-rain-and-dam-discharge-124091800428_1.html<br />
| work = [[Business Standard]]<br />
| location = [[New Delhi]]<br />
| access-date = 21 September 2024<br />
| quote = The Damodar Valley Corporation has issued a red alert in the region after increasing water discharge to 250,000 cusecs on Tuesday.<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Affected Areas ==<br />
The flood impacted six districts: [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]], [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]], [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]]. The worst-affected areas were [[Ghatal]] in Paschim Medinipur and [[Udaynarayanpur]] in Howrah, where rising water levels and breaches in riverbanks caused massive flooding.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = <br />
| first = <br />
| date = 19 September 2024<br />
| title = In West Bengal's Ghatal, Severe Floods Leave No Dry Land For Cremation<br />
| url = https://www.news18.com/india/in-west-bengals-ghatal-severe-floods-leave-no-dry-land-for-cremation-9056556.html<br />
| url-status = live<br />
| work = [[News18 India]]<br />
| location = <br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240921013442/https://www.news18.com/india/in-west-bengals-ghatal-severe-floods-leave-no-dry-land-for-cremation-9056556.html<br />
| archive-date = 21 September 2024<br />
| access-date = 21 September 2024<br />
}}</ref> The [[Dwarakeswar River]] breached its banks, particularly affecting Hooghly.<ref name="report"/><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
The floods claimed the lives of three people and displaced over 2.5 lakh residents, forcing many to evacuate their homes in search of safety. The inundation severely impacted infrastructure, with roads and transportation routes submerged, making areas like [[Panskura Junction railway station|Panskura railway station]] in [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]] completely inaccessible.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = Phadikar<br />
| first = Anshuman<br />
| date = 20 September 2024<br />
| title = Panskura railway station sinks after flood completely becoming inaccessible to commuters<br />
| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/panskura-railway-station-sinks-after-flood-completely-becoming-inaccessible-to-commuters/cid/2049111<br />
| work = [[The Telegraph (India)]]<br />
| location = <br />
| access-date = 21 September 2024<br />
}}</ref> Additionally, the floods devastated agriculture, as vast stretches of crops, particularly in floodplain regions, were washed away, dealing a significant blow to farmers and local economies.<br />
<br />
== Relief and Rescue Operations ==<br />
The [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]], alongside the [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) and the State Disaster Response Force (WB), mobilized efforts to rescue and provide relief to those affected. Over 180 relief camps were set up, housing around 8,000 displaced individuals.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = Sarkar<br />
| first = Joydeep<br />
| date = 20 September 2024<br />
| title = Homes Submerged, People Wait in Relief Camps as Floods Ravage More Than 50 Villages in Bengal<br />
| url = https://thewire.in/article/environment/homes-submerged-people-wait-in-relief-camps-as-floods-ravage-more-than-50-villages-in-bengal<br />
| work = [[The Wire (India)]]<br />
| location = <br />
| access-date = 21 September 2024<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Also from the [[West Bengal Junior Doctors' Front|WBJDF]], pausing their ongoing [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder incident#protest|protest]], a team of 26 junior doctors from [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital|RG Kar Medical College and Hospital]] and [[Bankura Sammilani Medical College and Hospital|Bankura Sammilani Medical College]] and others distributed essential supplies like drinking water, food, and medicines in severely affected areas such as [[Panskura]]. They also set up medical camps to provide healthcare to flood victims.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last1 = Roy <br />
| first1 = Subhajoy<br />
| last2 = Sengupta<br />
| first2 = Snehal<br />
| date = 21 September 2024<br />
| title = Junior docs visit flood-hit villages with relief items<br />
| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/junior-doctors-visit-flood-hit-villages-with-relief-items/cid/2049362<br />
| work = [[The Telegraph (India)]]<br />
| location = [[Kolkata]]<br />
| access-date = 21 September 2024<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = Roy<br />
| first = Kaushik<br />
| date = 20 September 2024<br />
| title = রাজ্যের বন্যা কবলিত এলাকায় জুনিয়র চিকিৎসকরা, থাকছে ওষুধ, জল, খাবার<br />
| trans-title = Junior doctors in the flood affected areas of the state, along with medicines, water, food<br />
| url = https://aajkaal.in/story/24376/junior_doctors_from_different_medical_colleges_are_going_to_the_flood_affected_areas_of_west_bengal<br />
| work = [[Aajkaal]]<br />
| location = <br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240921025237/https://aajkaal.in/story/24376/junior_doctors_from_different_medical_colleges_are_going_to_the_flood_affected_areas_of_west_bengal<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
| archive-date = September 21, 2024<br />
| access-date = 21 September 2024<br />
| language = bn<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
[[Category:2024 disasters in India|West]]<br />
[[Category:Disasters in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:2024 in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Floods in India]]<br />
[[Category:September 2024 in India]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dholavira&diff=454831Dholavira2026-02-03T20:45:20Z<p>LavadaDonald013: quick update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indus Valley Civilisation site in Gujarat, India}}<br />
{{for|the historical Harappan Civilisation|Indus Valley Civilisation}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox ancient site<br />
| name = Dholavira<br />
| native_name = <br />
| alternate_name = <br />
| image = DHOLAVIRA SITE (24).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = The site in 2016<br />
| map_type = India Gujarat<br />
| relief = 2<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India<br />
| map_sizeto = <br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|53|18.98|N|70|12|49.09|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br />
| region = <br />
| type = Settlement<br />
| part_of = <br />
| length = <br />
| width = <br />
| area = {{convert|47|ha|abbr=on}}<br />
| height = <br />
| builder = <br />
| material = <br />
| built = {{circa|2650 BC}}<br />
| abandoned = {{circa|1900 BC}}<br />
| epochs = [[Periodization of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappa 1]] to [[Periodization of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappa 5]]<br />
| cultures = [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]<br />
| dependency_of = <br />
| occupants = <br />
| event = <br />
| excavations = <br />
| archaeologists = <br />
| condition = Ruined<br />
| ownership = <br />
| management = <br />
| public_access = Yes<br />
| website = <br />
| notes = <!-- DESIGNATION1 --><br />
| designation1 = WHS<br />
| designation1_offname = Dholavira: A Harappan City<br />
| designation1_criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)(iv)}}(iii)(iv)<br />
| designation1_date = 2021 <small>(44th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small><br />
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1645 1645]<br />
| designation1_free1name = Region<br />
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia|Southern Asia]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dholavira''' ({{langx|gu|ધોળાવીરા}}) is an [[archaeological site]] at [[Khadirbet]] in [[Bhachau]] Taluka of [[Kutch District]], in the state of [[Gujarat]] in [[western India]], which has taken its name from a modern-day village {{Convert|1|km||adj=pre|&nbsp;}} south of it. This village is {{cvt|165|km}} from [[Radhanpur]]. Also known locally as ''Kotada timba'', the site contains ruins of a city of the ancient [[Indus Valley Civilization]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/ruins-on-the-tropic-of-cancer/article19284214.ece|title=Ruins on the Tropic of Cancer|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 July 2017|last1=Gopinath|first1=P. Krishna}}</ref> Earthquakes have repeatedly affected Dholavira, including a particularly severe one around 2600 BCE.<ref>Lal, B. B., & General, F. D. (2010). HOW DEEP ARE THE ROOTS OF INDIAN CIVILIZATION?--An archaeological and Historical Perspective.</ref><br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
Dholavira's location is on the [[Tropic of Cancer]]. It is one of the five largest Harappan sites<ref name="frontline" /> and the most prominent of archaeological sites in India belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/|title=Where does history begin?|date=19 October 2017}}</ref> It is located on [[Khadir Bet]] island in the [[Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]] in the [[Great Rann of Kutch]]. The {{Convert|47|ha|abbr=on}} quadrangular city lay between two seasonal streams, the Mansar in the north and Manhar in the south.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Centre|first1=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Dholavira: A Harappan City - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5892/|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=3 June 2016|language=en}}</ref> The site was thought to be occupied from c. 2650&nbsp;BCE, declining slowly after around 2100&nbsp;BCE, and to have been briefly abandoned then reoccupied until c. 1450&nbsp;BCE;<ref name="gregory">{{cite book|last1=Possehl|first1=Gregory L.|title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective|year=2002|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=9780759101722|pages=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&q=dholavira&pg=PA69|access-date=3 June 2016|language=en}}</ref> however, recent research suggests the beginning of occupation around 3500 BCE (pre-Harappan) and continuity until around 1800 BCE (early part of Late Harappan period).<ref>Sengupta, Torsa, et al. (2019).[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jqs.3178 "Did the Harappan settlement of Dholavira (India) collapse during the onset of Meghalayan stage drought?"] in ''Journal of Quaternary Science'', First published: 26 December 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
==Discovery==<br />
The site was initially discovered by a resident of Dholavira village, [[Shambhudan Gadhvi]], in the early 1960s, who made efforts to bring government attention to the location.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Namit Arora]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jE1tDwAAQBAJ |title=Indians: A Brief History of A Civilization |date=2021-01-18 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-287-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Avikunthak|first=Ashish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPw7EAAAQBAJ|title=Bureaucratic Archaeology: State, Science and Past in Postcolonial India|date=2021-10-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-51239-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vasa|first=Pulin|title=Nani Rayan {{!}} Read jain books online at Jainebooks.org|url=https://jainebooks.org/books/11177/nani-rayan|access-date=2022-01-25|website=jainebooks.org|language=en}}</ref> The site was "officially" discovered in 1967 or 1968 by [[J. P. Joshi]], of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), and is the fifth largest of eight major Harappan sites. It has been under excavation since 1990 by the ASI, which opined that "Dholavira has indeed added new dimensions to personality of Indus Valley Civilisation."<ref name=asi>{{cite web |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_dholavira.asp |title=Excavations-Dholavira |access-date=30 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903114242/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_dholavira.asp |archive-date=3 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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Dholavira has been marked as one of the most important [[megalith]]ic sites of Kutch, while the only other megalithic site in Kutch is the obscure village of [[Dhaneti]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laporte |first1=Luc |last2=Large |first2=Jean-Marc |last3=Nespoulous |first3=Laurent |last4=Scarre |first4=Chris |last5=Steimer-Herbet |first5=Tara |title=Megaliths of the World |date=22 August 2022 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-80327-321-1 |pages=430 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HO6CEAAAQBAJ&dq=Dhaneti&pg=PA420 |access-date=9 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The other major Harappan sites discovered so far are [[Harappa]], [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Ganeriwala]], [[Rakhigarhi]], [[Kalibangan]], [[Rupnagar]] and [[Lothal]].<br />
<br />
It was named as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] under the name ''Dholavira: a Harappan City'' on 27 July 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title='Long overdue': Indians celebrate as Dholavira gets UNESCO World Heritage tag|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/indians-celebrate-as-harappan-city-dholavira-get-unesco-world-heritage-tag-7425174/|work=The Indian Express|date=27 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Timeline==<br />
[[File:Dholavira-layout-en.svg|thumb|300px|Layout of Dholavira]]<br />
[[Ravindra Singh Bisht|Ravindra Bisht]], the director of the Dholavira excavations, has defined the following seven stages of occupation at the site:<ref>[[Gregory Possehl|Possehl, Gregory]]. (2004). ''The Indus Civilization: A contemporary perspective'', New Delhi: Vistaar Publications, {{ISBN|81-7829-291-2}}, p.67.</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Stages<br />
! Time<br />
! Events <br />
|-<br />
| Stage I<br />
| 2650–2550&nbsp;BCE<br />
| Early Harappan – Mature Harappan Transition A<br />
|-<br />
| Stage II<br />
| 2550–2500&nbsp;BCE<br />
| Early Harappan – Mature Harappan Transition B<br />
|-<br />
| Stage III<br />
| 2500–2200&nbsp;BCE<br />
| Mature Harappan A<br />
|-<br />
| Stage IV<br />
| 2200–2000&nbsp;BCE<br />
| Mature Harappan B<br />
|-<br />
| Stage V<br />
| 2000–1900&nbsp;BCE<br />
| Mature Harappan C<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| 1900–1850&nbsp;BCE<br />
| Period of desertion<br />
|-<br />
| Stage VI<br />
| 1850–1750&nbsp;BCE<br />
| Posturban Harappan A<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| 1750–1650&nbsp;BCE<br />
| Period of desertion<br />
|-<br />
| Stage VII<br />
| 1650–1450&nbsp;BCE<br />
| Posturban Harappan B<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Recent C14 datings and stylistic comparisons with Amri II-B period pottery show the first two phases should be termed '''Pre-Harappan Dholaviran Culture''' and re-dated as follows: '''Stage I''' (c. 3500-3200 BCE), and '''Stage II''' (c. 3200-2600 BCE).<ref>Sengupta, Torsa, et al. (2019).[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jqs.3178 "Did the Harappan settlement of Dholavira (India) collapse during the onset of Meghalayan stage drought?"](Supplementary materials), in Journal of Quaternary Science, First published: 26 December 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
==Excavations==<br />
The excavation was initiated in 1989, by the ASI under the direction of Bisht, and there were 13 field excavations between 1990 and 2005.<ref name=frontline/> The excavation brought to light urban planning and architecture, and unearthed large numbers of antiquities such as animal bones, gold, silver, terracotta ornaments, pottery and bronze vessels. Archaeologists believe that Dholavira was an important centre of trade between settlements in south [[Gujarat]], [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and Western Asia.<ref>[http://www.archaeology.org/0011/newsbriefs/aqua.html Aqua Dholavira - GUJARAT Magazine Archive]. Archaeology.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McIntosh|first1=Jane|title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576079072|pages=177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=The+Ancient+Indus+Valley|access-date=3 June 2016|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
{{anchor | Culture }}<br />
{{see also|Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|l1=Periodisation of IVC|Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent|l2=Pottery culture in Indian subcontinent|Phase (archaeology)|l3=Phases in archaeology|Chronological dating}}<br />
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Estimated to be older than the port-city of [[Lothal]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Suman|first1=Saket|title=When history meets development|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/news/section-ii/when-history-meets-development/116415.html|website=TheStatesman|date=13 January 2016|access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref> the city of Dholavira has a rectangular shape and organization, and is spread over {{convert|22|ha|abbr=on}}. The area measures {{convert|771.1|m|abbr=on}} in length, and {{convert|616.85|m|abbr=on}} in width.<ref name="asi"/> Unlike [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro]], the city was constructed to a pre-existing geometrical plan consisting of three divisions – the [[citadel]], the middle town, and the lower town.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McIntosh|first1=Jane|title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576079072|page=174|edition=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=The%20Ancient%20Indus%20Valley&pg=PA174|access-date=3 June 2016|language=en}}</ref> The acropolis and the middle town had been furnished with their own defence-work, gateways, built-up areas, street system, wells, and large open spaces. The acropolis is the most thoroughly fortified<ref name="asi"/> and complex area in the city, of which it appropriates the major portion of the southwestern zone. The towering "castle" stands is defended by double ramparts.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McIntosh|first1=Jane|title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576079072|page=224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=The%20Ancient%20Indus%20Valley&pg=PA224|access-date=3 June 2016|language=en}}</ref> Next to this stands a place called the 'bailey' where important officials lived.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McIntosh|first1=Jane|title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576079072|page=226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=The%20Ancient%20Indus%20Valley&pg=PA226|access-date=3 June 2016|language=en}}</ref> The city within the general fortifications accounts for {{convert|48|ha|abbr=on}}. There are extensive structure-bearing areas which are outside yet integral to the fortified settlement. Beyond the walls, another settlement has been found.<ref name="asi"/> The most striking feature of the city is that all of its buildings, at least in their present state of preservation, are built of stone, whereas most other Harappan sites, including Harappa itself and Mohenjo-Daro, are almost exclusively built of brick.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wheeler|first1=Mortimer|title=The Indus Civilization: Supplementary Volume to the Cambridge History of India|date=2 September 1968|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=9780521069588|page=33|edition=1968|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cs7AAAAIAAJ&q=Wheeler%2C%20Sir%20Mortimer.%20The%20Indus%20Civilisation&pg=PA33|access-date=3 June 2016|language=en}}</ref> Dholavira is flanked by two storm water channels; the Mansar in the north, and the Manhar in the south. In the town square, there is an area high above the ground, called the "Citadel<nowiki>''</nowiki>.<br />
<br />
===Reservoirs===<br />
{{See also|Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilization}}<br />
[[Image:Dholavira1.JPG|thumb|One of the water reservoirs, with steps, at Dholavira]]<br />
Bisht, who retired as the Joint Director-General of the ASI, said, "The kind of efficient system of Harappans of Dholavira, developed for conservation, harvesting and storage of water speaks eloquently about their advanced hydraulic engineering, given the state of technology in the third millennium BCE."<ref name=frontline/> One of the unique features<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder| author-link = Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-813-17-1120-0|pages=155 bottom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}</ref> of Dholavira is the sophisticated water conservation system<ref name=indianexpress1997>{{cite news| title=Dholavira excavations throw light on Harappan civilisation| publisher=[[Indian Express]]| date=25 June 1997 |work= United News of India| url= http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970625/17650493.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918001611/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970625/17650493.html |archive-date=18 September 2012| access-date= 15 June 2012}}</ref> of channels and reservoirs, the earliest found anywhere in the world,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Centre |first1=UNESCO World Heritage |title= Dholavira: A Harappan City - UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5892/|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> built completely of stone. The city had massive reservoirs, three of which are exposed.<ref>{{cite book|last=McIntosh|first=Jane|title=The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-157-60-7907-2|page=84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC}}</ref> They were used for storing fresh water brought by rains<ref name="indianexpress1997"/> or to store water diverted from two nearby rivulets.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-813-17-1120-0|page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}</ref> This clearly came in response to the desert climate and conditions of Kutch, where several years may pass without rainfall. A seasonal stream which runs in a north–south direction near the site was dammed at several points to collect water. In 1998, another reservoir was discovered in the site.<ref>{{cite news |title='Oldest dam' found |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/apr/25dam.htm |access-date=8 November 2018 |work=Rediff.com |date=25 April 1998}}</ref><br />
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The inhabitants of Dholavira created sixteen or more reservoirs<ref name="gregory"/> of varying size during Stage III.<ref name="asi"/> Some of these took advantage of the slope of the ground within the large settlement,<ref name="asi"/> a drop of {{convert|13|m}} from northeast to northwest. Other reservoirs were excavated, some into [[rock-cut architecture|living rock]]. Recent work has revealed two large reservoirs, one to the east of the castle and one to its south, near the Annexe.<ref>[[Gregory Possehl|Possehl, Gregory]]. (2004). ''The Indus Civilization: A contemporary perspective'', New Delhi: Vistaar Publications, {{ISBN|81-7829-291-2}}, p.69.</ref><br />
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The reservoirs are cut through stone vertically, and are about {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep and {{convert|79|m|ft|abbr=on}} long. They skirt the city, while the citadel and bath are centrally located on raised ground.<ref name="indianexpress1997"/> There is also a large well with a stone-cut trough connecting it to a drain meant for conducting water to a storage tank.<ref name=indianexpress1997/> The bathing tank had steps descending inwards.<ref name="indianexpress1997"/><br />
<br />
In October 2014, excavation began on a rectangular [[stepwell]] which measured {{cvt|73.4|m}} long, {{cvt|29.3|m}} wide, and {{cvt|10|m}} deep, making it three times bigger than the [[Great Bath of Mohenjedaro]].<ref name="The Times14">{{cite news| title= 5,000-year-old Harappan stepwell found in Kutch, bigger than Mohenjodaro's |publisher= The Times of India Mobile Site |date= 8 October 2014 | url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/5000-year-old-Harappan-stepwell-found-in-Kutch-bigger-than-Mohenjodaros/articleshow/44638220.cms | access-date= 3 January 2015}}</ref><br />
[[File:Well at ancient Harappan city of Dholavira.jpg|thumb|The Well at ancient Harappan city of Dholavira]]<br />
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===Seal making===<br />
Some of the seals found at Dholavira, belonging to Stage III, contained animal only figures, without any type of script. It is suggested{{by whom|date=January 2018}} that these types of seals represent early conventions of Indus seal making.<br />
<br />
===Other structures and objects===<br />
[[File:Dholavira.jpg|thumb|East gate]]<br />
A huge circular structure on the site is believed to be a grave or memorial,<ref name="indianexpress1997"/> although it contained no skeletons or other human remains. The structure consists of ten radial mud-brick walls built in the shape of a spoked wheel.<ref name=indianexpress1997/> A soft sandstone sculpture of a male with [[phallus]] erectus but head and feet below ankle truncated was found in the passageway of the eastern gate.<ref name=indianexpress1997/> Many funerary structures have been found (although all but one were devoid of skeletons),<ref name="indianexpress1997"/> as well as pottery pieces, terra cotta seals, bangles, rings, beads, and intaglio engravings.<ref name="indianexpress1997"/> The Dancing Girl is one of the most iconic artifacts from the Harappan civilization, discovered at Mohenjo-daro. Believed to date back to around 2500 BCE, this bronze statue stands at about 10.5 centimeters tall and vividly captures the dynamic energy and grace of a youthful dancer.<br />
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===Hemispherical constructions===<br />
Seven hemispherical constructions were found at Dholavira, of which two were excavated in detail, which were constructed over large rock cut chambers.<ref name="asi"/> Having a circular plan, these were big hemispherical elevated mud brick constructions. One of the excavated structures was designed in the form of a spoked wheel. The other was also designed in same fashion, but as a wheel without spokes. Although they contained burial goods of pottery, no skeletons were found except for one grave, where a skeleton and a copper mirror were found.<ref name="asi"/> A necklace of steatite beads strung to a copper wire with hooks at both ends, a gold bangle, gold and other beads were also found in one of the hemispherical structures.<ref name="asi"/><br />
<br />
The Archaeological Survey of India, which conducted the excavation, opines that these “hemispherical structures remind one of early Buddhist stupas.”<ref name="asi"/> and that "the kind of design that is of spoked wheel and unspoked wheel also remind one of the Sararata-chakra-citi and sapradhi-rata-chakra-citi mentioned in the [[Satapatha Brahmana]] and [[Shulba Sutras]]s".<ref name="asi"/><br />
[[File:Cicular houses Dholavira.jpg|thumb|Circular houses of Dholavira - an ancient Harappan City]]<br />
<br />
==Findings==<br />
[[File:Dholavira-1.jpg|thumb|North gate]]<br />
Painted Indus black-on-red-ware pottery, square stamp seals, seals without Indus script, a huge signboard measuring about {{cvt|3|m}} in length, containing ten letters of Indus script. One poorly preserved seated male figure made of stone has also been found, comparable to high quality two stone sculptures found at Harappa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Possehl |first= Gregory L. |title= The Indus civilization : a contemporary perspective |year=2002 |publisher= AltaMira Press |location= Walnut Creek, CA |isbn= 9780759101722 |page=124 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&q=dholavira&pg=PA69 |edition=2nd print }}</ref> Large black-slipped jars with pointed base were also found at this site. A giant bronze hammer, a big chisel, a bronze hand-held mirror, a gold wire, gold ear stud, gold globules with holes, copper celts and bangles, shell bangles, phallus-like symbols of stone, square seals with Indus inscription and signs, a circular seal, humped animals, pottery with painted motifs, goblets, dish-on-stand, perforated jars, [[Terracotta]] tumblers in good shape, architectural members made of ballast stones, grinding stones, mortars, etc., were also found at this site.<ref name=frontline/> Stone weights of different measures were also found.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century |year=2008 |publisher= Pearson Education |location=New Delhi |isbn= 9788131711200 |page= 163 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=padri}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Coastal route==<br />
It is suggested that a coastal route existed linking [[Lothal]] and Dholavira to [[Sutkagan Dor]] on the Makran coast.<ref name=singh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131711200|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=chanhudaro}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Language and script==<br />
The Harappans spoke an unknown language and [[Indus script|their script]] has not yet been deciphered. It is believed to have had around 400 basic signs, with many variations.<ref name="Study of the Indus Script">Parpola, Asko (2005) [http://www.helsinki.fi/~aparpola/tices_50.pdf ''Study of the Indus Script'']. 50th ICES Tokyo Session.</ref> The signs may have stood both for words and for syllables.<ref name="Study of the Indus Script"/> The direction of the writing was generally from right-to-left.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|title=Towards a scientific study of Indus Script|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/02/04/stories/2007020400260500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206005438/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/02/04/stories/2007020400260500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 6, 2007|access-date=30 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=Feb 4, 2007}}</ref> Most of the inscriptions are found on seals (mostly made out of stone) and sealings (pieces of clay on which the seal was pressed down to leave its impression). Some inscriptions are also found on copper tablets, bronze implements, and small objects made of terracotta, stone and [[faience]]. The seals may have been used in trade and also for official administrative work.<ref>Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. Indus Cities, Towns, and Villages. American Institute of Pakistan Studies, Islamabad. 1998</ref> A lot of inscribed material was found at [[Mohenjo-daro]] and other Indus Valley Civilisation sites.<br />
<br />
===Sign board===<br />
[[File:The 'Ten Indus Scripts' discovered near the northern gateway of the Dholavira citadel.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|Ten [[Indus script|Indus characters]] from the northern gate of Dholavira, dubbed the Dholavira Signboard}}]]<br />
The most significant discoveries at Dholavira were made in one of the side rooms of the northern gateway of the city, and is generally known as the Dholavira Signboard. The Harappans had arranged and set pieces of the mineral [[gypsum]] to form ten large symbols or letters on a big wooden board.<ref>Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Oxford University Press. 1998</ref> At some point, the board fell flat on its face. The wood decayed, but the arrangement of the letters survived. The letters of the signboard are comparable to large bricks that were used in nearby walls. Each sign is about {{convert|37|cm|abbr=on}} high and the board on which letters were inscribed was about {{convert|3|m|abbr=on}} long.<ref>[[Gregory Possehl|Possehl, Gregory]]. (2004). ''The Indus Civilization: A contemporary perspective'', New Delhi: Vistaar Publications, {{ISBN|81-7829-291-2}}, p.70.</ref><br />
<br />
The inscription is one of the longest in the Indus script, with one of the symbols appearing four times, and this and its large size and public nature make it a key piece of evidence cited by scholars arguing that the Indus script represents full literacy. A four sign inscription with large letters on sandstone is also found at this site, considered first of such inscription on sandstone at any of Harappan sites.<ref name="frontline">{{cite web |last1=Subramanian |first1=T |title=The rise and fall of a Harappan city |url=https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.in/2010/06/rise-and-fall-of-harappan-city.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812062930/https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2010/06/rise-and-fall-of-harappan-city.html |archive-date=2017-08-12 |access-date=3 June 2016 |website=The Archaeology News Network}}</ref><br />
<br />
In a 2025 paper published by Cambridge Engage, it's proposed that the ten signs on the board can be understood as components of an animal-drawn cart, in order of construction when read from right to left.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pollard |first=Max Freedom |date=14 November 2025 |title=Indus Signs as Merchant Marks: Corpus Structure, Context, and Viability |journal=Cambridge Open Engage |type=Working paper |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.33774/coe-2025-n0cxj |url=https://www.cambridge.org/engage/coe/article-details/6914735f65a54c2d4acf319d |access-date=19 November 2025|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110903114242/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_dholavira.asp Excavations at Dholavira] in Archaeological Survey of India website<br />
*[http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_dholavira_images.asp Dholavira Pictures] by Archaeological Survey of India website<br />
*[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jurassic-park-forest-officials-stumble-upon/20356/ Jurassic Park: Forest officials stumble upon priceless discovery near Dholavira]; Express news service; 8 Jan 2007; Indian Express Newspaper<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121002221559/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/asis-effort-to-put-dholavira-on-world-heritage-map-hits-roadblock/422945/ ASI's effort to put Dholavira on World Heritage map hits the roadblock]; by Hitarth Pandya; 13 Feb 2009; Indian Express Newspaper<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025192258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-02/vadodara/28083565_1_excavation-branch-harappan-period-asi ASI to take up excavation in Kutch's Khirasara]; by Prashant Rupera, TNN; 2 November 2009; Times of India<br />
<br />
{{Indus Valley Civilization}}<br />
{{Archaeological sites in India}}<br />
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 29th century BC]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in the 15th century BC]]<br />
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]<br />
[[Category:1967 archaeological discoveries]]<br />
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kutch district]]<br />
[[Category:History of Kutch]]<br />
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]<br />
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]<br />
[[Category:Islands of India]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katrol_Formation&diff=508965Katrol Formation2026-01-31T09:34:06Z<p>LavadaDonald013: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Geologic formation in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox rockunit<br />
| name = Katrol Formation<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| type = [[Geological formation]]<br />
| age = [[Kimmeridgian]]-[[Tithonian]]<br />~{{fossil range|150|145}}<br />
| period = Tithonian<br />
| prilithology =<br />
| otherlithology =<br />
| namedfor =<br />
| namedby =<br />
| region = [[Gujarat]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.5|N|70.5|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|27.4|S|33.3|E|display=inline}}<br />
| unitof =<br />
| subunits =<br />
| underlies = [[Bhuj Formation ]]<br />
| overlies = [[Wagad Formation]]<br />
| thickness =<br />
| extent =<br />
| area = [[Kutch]]<ref name="rg1">{{cite web|title=Katrol Formation, Kutch, India: Varying interactions between eustasy and basin subsidence|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239877507|website=ResearchGate|access-date=30 October 2017|language=en}}</ref><br />
| map = {{Location map+ | India<br />
| relief = 1<br />
| width = 250<br />
| float = center<br />
| places =<br />
{{Location map~ | India<br />
| lat_deg = 23.5<br />
| lon_deg = 70.5<br />
| mark = Cyan pog.svg<br />
| marksize = 10<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
| map_caption =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Katrol Formation''' is a [[Mesozoic]] geologic [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in [[India]]. Fossil [[Dinosaur]] tracks have been reported from the formation. An indeterminate [[Ophthalmosauridae|ophthalmosaurid]] [[Ichthyosauria|ichthyosaur]] is also known from the formation in the [[Kutch district]].<ref name="wir1">{{cite web|last1=Supriya|first1=Lakshmi|title=Remarkably Complete 150 Million Year Old Marine Reptile Fossil Found in Gujarat - The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/192010/ichthyosaur-kutch-gujarat-vertebrate-fossils-late-jurassic-palaeogeography/|website=thewire.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Paleobiota ==<br />
===Dinosaurs===<br />
{| class="wikitable" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" align="center" | [[Sauropod]]s of the Katrol Formation<br />
|-<br />
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes !! Photos<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sauropoda]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
| Indeterminate<br />
|Footprints<br />
| A [[Sauropod]].<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
===Theropods===<br />
{| class="wikitable" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" align="center" | [[Theropod]]s of the Katrol Formation<br />
|-<br />
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes !! Photos<br />
|-<br />
| [[Megalosauridae]]?<br />
| Indeterminate<br />
| Footprints and vertebrae.<br />
| Originally described as an [[Allosauroid]].<ref name=":0">Dinosaur Fauna from Mesozoic Rocks of Western India- Z.G. Ghevariya and C. Srikarni</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Ornithischian===<br />
{| class="wikitable" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" align="center" | [[Ornithischian]]s of the Katrol Formation<br />
|-<br />
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes !! Photos<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ornithopoda]]?<ref name=":0" /><br />
| Indeterminate<br />
| Footprints<br />
| An [[Ornithopod]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sauropterygians===<br />
{| class="wikitable" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" align="center" | [[Sauropterygians]] of the Katrol Formation<br />
|-<br />
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes !! Photos<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cryptoclididae]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=BARDET |first=N |last2=MAZIN |first2=J.-M. |last3=CARIOU |first3=E. |last4=ENAY |first4=R. |last5=KRISHNA |first5=J. |date=1991 |title=Les Plesiosauria du Jurassique supérieur de la province de Kachchh (Inde) |url=https://archive.org/details/image-to-pdf-20241001-20.10.43 |journal=Les Plesiosauria du Jurassique supérieur de la province de Kachchh (Inde) |volume=313 |issue=11 |pages=1343–1347 |issn=0764-4450}}</ref><br />
| Indeterminate<br />
| BHU No. 11701, Nineteen connected cervical vertebrae about 1 metre long.<br />
| A [[Plesiosaur]].<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Ichthyosaurs ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" align="center" | [[Ichthyosauria|Ichthyosaurs]] of the Katrol Formation<br />
|-<br />
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes !! Photos<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ophthalmosauridae]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Prasad|first1=Guntupalli V. R.|last2=Pandey|first2=Dhirendra K.|last3=Alberti|first3=Matthias|last4=Fürsich|first4=Franz T.|last5=Thakkar|first5=Mahesh G.|last6=Chauhan|first6=Gaurav D.|title=Discovery of the first ichthyosaur from the Jurassic of India: Implications for Gondwanan palaeobiogeography|pmc=5656312|journal=PLOS ONE|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0185851|date=25 October 2017|volume=12|issue=10|article-number=e0185851|pmid=29069082|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1285851P|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
| Indeterminate<br />
|Articulated partial skeleton.<br />
| An [[Ophthalmosauridae|Ophthalmosaurid]] [[Ichthyosauria|Ichthyosaur]], estimated to be 5 to 5.5 metres long.<br />
| [[File:Indian Ichthyosaur.png|center|200px]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Mollusca===<br />
{| class="wikitable" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" align="center" | [[Mollusca|Mollusc]]s of the Katrol Formation<br />
|-<br />
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Palaeonucula]]''<br />
| ''P. cuneiformis''<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |A [[Nut Clam]].<br />
|-<br />
|''P. stoliczkai''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Trigonia]]''<br />
| ''Sp.''<br />
|<br />
|A [[Clam]].<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nuculoma]]''<br />
| ''N. wynnei''<br />
|<br />
|A [[Nut Clam]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Belemnoidea]]''<br />
| Indeterminate <br />
|<br />
|A [[Belemnitida]] [[Cephalopod]].<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Streblites]]''<br />
| ''S. plicodiscus''<br />
|<br />
|A [[Oppeliidae]] [[ammonite]].<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Oppelia]]''<br />
|''O. plana''<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |A [[Oppeliidae]] [[ammonite]].<br />
|-<br />
|''O. kachhensis''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Aspidoceras]]''<br />
|''A. binodiferum''<br />
| rowspan="3" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |A [[Aspidoceratidae]] [[ammonite]].<br />
|-<br />
|''A. iphiceroides''<br />
|-<br />
|''A. monacanthum''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Taramelliceras]]''<br />
|''T. trachinotum''<br />
|<br />
| A [[Oppeliidae]] [[ammonite]].<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Haploceras]]''<br />
|''H. deplanatum''<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |A [[Haploceratidae]] [[ammonite]].<br />
|-<br />
|''H. propinquum''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pachysphinctes]]''<br />
|''P. bathyplocus''<br />
|<br />
|A [[Perisphinctidae]] [[ammonite]].<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |''[[Perisphinctes]]''<br />
|''P. pottingeri''<br />
| rowspan="6" |<br />
| rowspan="6" |A [[Perisphinctidae]] [[ammonite]].<br />
|-<br />
|''P. torquatus''<br />
|-<br />
|''P. katrolensis''<br />
|-<br />
|''P. sparsiplicatus''<br />
|-<br />
|''P. alterneplicatus''<br />
|-<br />
|''P. euplocus''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Harpoceras]]''<br />
|''H. kobelli''<br />
|<br />
|A [[Hildoceratidae]] [[ammonite]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Insecta ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" align="center" | [[Insect]]s of the Katrol Formation<br />
|-<br />
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Cycloserpula]]''<br />
|sp.<br />
|<br />
| A [[Millipede]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]<br />
** [[List of stratigraphic units with sauropodomorph tracks]]<br />
*** [[List of stratigraphic units with sauropodomorph tracks#Sauropods|Sauropod tracks]]<br />
** [[List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks]]<br />
* [[List of plesiosaur-bearing stratigraphic units]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
* Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]<br />
[[Category:Kimmeridgian Stage]]<br />
[[Category:Tithonian Stage]]<br />
[[Category:Ichnofossiliferous formations]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Brahmin&diff=458244Tamil Brahmin2026-01-21T17:39:48Z<p>LavadaDonald013: expanded content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ethnoreligious community of Hindu Brahmins}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Tamil Brahmin<br />
| image = Tamil Brahmin Hindu {{sic|M|arraige|hide=y}}.jpg<br />
| caption = A Tamil Brahmin wedding ceremony<br />
| poptime = <br />
| popplace = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| langs = [[Brahmin Tamil]], [[Sanskrit]]<br />
| rels = [[Hinduism]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tamil Brahmins''' are an ethnoreligious community of [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking [[Brahmin]]s, predominantly living in [[Tamil Nadu]], though they number significantly in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Telangana]] in addition to other regions of [[India]]. They can be broadly divided into two denominations: [[Iyengar]]s, who are adherents of [[Sri Vaishnavism]], and [[Iyers]], who follow the [[Srauta]] and [[Smarta tradition]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Jogendra Nath |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Hindu_Castes_and_Sects/xlpLAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover&bsq=smarta |title=Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects Towards Each Other and Towards Other Religious Systems |date=1896 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmins/Sri Vaishnavas/Iyengars (Ramanuja.org/Bhakti List Archives) |url=https://ramanuja.org/sri/BhaktiListArchives/Article?p=aug95/0007.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=ramanuja.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
Although they form a tiny minority within their society, the Ceylonese Tamil Brahmins have been an integral part of the [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] community since the foundation of the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] by potentially a family of Tamil Brahmins, namely the [[Aryacakravarti]] dynasty.<ref>{{cite book | last = Pathmanathan | first = Sivasubramaniam | author-link = Sivasubramaniam Pathmanathan | title = The Kingdom of Jaffna: Origins and early affiliations | publisher = Ceylon Institute of Tamil Studies | year= 1974 | location = [[Colombo]] | page = 27 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Their community was mainly strengthened by the more recent settlement of Tamil Brahmins from the Iyer caste in [[Sri Lanka]], mostly from the second half of the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team - Noolaham Foundation |url=http://noolahamfoundation.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sivapathasuntharam |first=A. |date=2016 |title=The Brahmins: A Study on the Traditional Elite in Jaffna with Reference to their Dialect |url=http://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/14326 |journal=Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Linguistics in Sri Lanka |language=en |publisher=[[University of Kelaniya]] |pages=102 |issn=2513-2954}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=Subbiah |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=2016-10-22 |title=Madras Miscellany: The Aiyar from Jaffna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Madras-Miscellany-The-Aiyar-from-Jaffna/article16078721.ece |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Denominations==<br />
Tamil Brahmins are divided into two major denominations: Iyers, who follow the [[Smarta tradition]], and Iyengars, who adhere to the tradition of [[Sri Vaishnavism]].<br />
<br />
=== Iyer ===<br />
{{Main|Iyer}}<br />
Iyers are ''[[Srauta|Shrauta]]-[[Smartha|Smarta]]'' Brahmins, whose members follow the ''[[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]]'' philosophy propounded by [[Adi Shankara]]. They are concentrated mainly along the [[Cauvery]] Delta [[districts]] of [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]], [[Thanjavur District|Thanjavur]], [[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]] and [[Tiruchirapalli District|Tiruchirapalli]] where they form almost 10% of the total population. However the largest population reside in [[Nagercoil]], making up to 13% of the city's population.<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Brahmins-seek-reservation-in-education-and-employment/article15305880.ece|title=Brahmins seek reservation in education and employment|date=19 September 2008|access-date=22 June 2019|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="ghuryep393">[[#G. S. Ghurye|G. S. Ghurye]], Pg 393</ref><ref name="migrationp5">[[#Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans|Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans]], Pg 5</ref> They are also found in significant numbers in [[Chennai]],<ref name="migrationp15">[[#Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans|Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans]], Pg 15</ref> [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]], [[Thiruchirappalli]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Kannur]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/Culture/2017/04/09210907/1030961/Approaching-societal-issues-through-the-eyes-of-Ambedkar.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520193405/https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/Culture/2017/04/09210907/1030961/Approaching-societal-issues-through-the-eyes-of-Ambedkar.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2018|title=Approaching societal issues through the eyes of Ambedkar|date=2017-04-10|work=dtNext.in|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Iyengar ===<br />
{{Main|Iyengar}}<br />
The Iyengars subscribe to the [[Visishtadvaita]] philosophy propounded by [[Sri Ramanujacharya|Ramanuja.]] They are divided into two denominations: Vadakalai (Northern art) and Tenkalai (Southern art), each with minor differences in religious rites and traditions. They adhere to the tradition of Sri Vaishnavism.<ref name="Dutta2007">{{cite journal |last=Dutta |first=Ranjeeta |date=September–October 2007 |title=Texts, Tradition and Community Identity: The Srivaisnavas of South India |journal=Social Scientist |volume=35 |issue=9/10 |pages=22–43 |jstor=27644238}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Temple priests of the Sri Vaishnavite tradition are called Bhattacharyar or Bhattar.<br />
<br />
== Adi Saivas/Gurukkal ==<br />
Brahmins who serve as priests in temples following the [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] tradition and perform [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] are offered a distinct category classified outside the community by the Government of Tamil Nadu as '703.Adi Saivar' and '754.Saiva Sivachariyar' as distinct from the '713.Brahmanar' (Brahmin) in the list of forward castes. These priests are called "Bhattar" in the [[Pandya Nadu|Pandya]] region of Tamil Nadu, and "Ayyan" or "Gurukkal" in the shaivite tradition and in northern ones. In [[Kongu Nadu]], they are called Adi Saivas (among other spellings Adishaivas, Adi-Shaivas, etc.; from Sanskrit {{lang|sa-Latn|Ādiśaiva}}, {{lang|sa|आदिशैव}}), or the Sivacharyas. They follow the [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]] and the [[Vedas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajagopal |first=Sharat Chandrika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BO1OF_fZSDgC&q=gurukkal+agamas |title=Rethinking Hinduism: A Renewed Approach to the Study of "sect" and an Examination of Its Relationship to Caste : a Study in the Anthropology of Religion |date=1987 |publisher=University of Minnesota |pages=368 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[Agastya|Sage Agastya]], Indian sage revered in [[Hinduism]], Tamil Siddhar in the [[Shaivism]] tradition, and author of [[Agattiyam]], an early grammar of the Tamil language<ref name="zvelebil_companion_agathiar">[[#Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature]], Appendix III, The Case of Akattiyam; Sanskrit and Tamil; Kankam, Pg 235&ndash;260</ref><br />
* [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]], Indian classical [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, theosophist, choreographer and an [[animal welfare]] activist<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-08|title=Know the Only Indian in Today's Google Doodle? She Could Have Been India's First Female President!|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/90623/rukmini-devi-arundale-bharatnatyam-kalakshetra-president/|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Better India|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Subramania Bharati]], [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist and poet<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Literature: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mivv3p-msd8C&pg=PA125|work=University of Delhi|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2005|isbn=9788131705209|pages=125–126}}</ref><br />
* [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]], Nobel Prize-winning Indian astrophysicist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar-nobel-prize-winner-physics-4897568/|title=Who was S Chandrasekhar?|date=19 October 2017|website=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2019-01-13}}</ref><br />
* [[J. Sai Deepak]], Supreme Court lawyer most famous for his representations in the case on the entry of women to Sabarimala Temple{{cn|date=May 2025}}<br />
* [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] (1776–1835), poet, singer, veena player, prolific composer of [[Indian classical music]], and the youngest member of the [[Trinity of Carnatic music]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-24|title=Muthuswami Deekshitar Day at Ganabharathi on Nov. 25|url=https://starofmysore.com/muthuswami-deekshitar-day-ganabharathi-nov-25/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* [[Shyamala Gopalan]], American-Indian biomedical scientist, mother of U.S. Vice President [[Kamala Harris]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=What Kamala Harris Isn't Saying About Her Mother's Background - WSJ|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=20 August 2020|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-kamala-harris-isnt-saying-about-her-mothers-background-11597944590|access-date=21 January 2021|quote=Ms. Harris’s mother also figures in another tale told less often: of India’s small and successful Tamil Brahmin diaspora|last1=Dhume|first1=Sadanand}}</ref><br />
* [[Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer]], Indian lawyer and member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] responsible for framing the [[Constitution of India]]<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/191 191]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref><br />
* [[Ramanuja]] (c. 1077–1157 CE), Indian Hindu philosopher, preacher and a social reformer<ref name="Sydnor2012p20">{{cite book|author=Jon Paul Sydnor|title=Rāmānuja and Schleiermacher: Toward a Constructive Comparative Theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae4FBAAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Casemate|isbn=978-0227680247|pages=20–22 with footnote 32}}</ref><br />
* [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]], Indian researcher and Tamil scholar<ref>{{cite web | url = https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2205/stories/20050311001909700.htm | title = The patriarch of Tamil | last = Viswanathan | first = S. | date = 26 February – 11 March 2005 | website = | publisher = Frontline, Vol. 22, Issue 5 | access-date = 7 July 2021 | quote = }}</ref><br />
* [[S. Jaishankar]], [[Foreign Minister of India]] {{cn|date=May 2025}}<br />
* [[Kachiyapper]] (8th century), Indian poet and [[Vedanta|Vedantist]] and the author of [[Kanda Puranam]]<ref>{{cite book|last= Pillai |first=M. S. Purnalingam |title=A Primer of Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwkrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA107|year=1904|publisher=Ananda Press|page=107}}</ref><br />
* [[K. S. Krishnan]], Indian physicist, co-discoverer of the [[Raman scattering]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Mahadeva|date=2012-06-05|title=Not for him the second fiddle|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/not-for-him-the-second-fiddle/article3491088.ece|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* [[Krishnan Raman]] (c. 11th century CE), Senapathi (Commander-in-chief) of the [[Imperial Chola Army|Imperial Chola army]] of [[Rajendra Chola I]].<ref name=" brahmarayar">{{cite book | first= K.A| last=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri| author-link=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri| orig-year= 1935| year= 2000| title= The CōĻas|pages=188–189 |publisher= University of Madras | location= Madras}}</ref><br />
* [[Iravatham Mahadevan]], Indian [[epigraphist]] and civil servant<ref name="mahadevan_interview">{{cite web|title=Straight from the Heart&nbsp;– Iravatham Mahadevan: Interview with Iravatham Mahadevan|url=http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=740|publisher=Varalaaru.com}}</ref><br />
* [[Parithimar Kalaignar]] (1870–1903), [[pure Tamil]] proponent and the first person to campaign for the recognition of Tamil as a [[classical language]].<ref name="tamil_nadu_endowments_department">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tntdpc.com/government/tdc.pdf |title=TAMIL DEVELOPMENT – CULTURE AND RELIGIOUS ENDOWMENTS DEPARTMENT, POLICY NOTE 2006 – 2007, Demand No. 46 |access-date=9 September 2008 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Government |year=2006–2007 |author=M. Karunanidhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720083730/http://www.tntdpc.com/government/tdc.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suryanarayanan biography |url=https://thefederal.com/features/did-tamil-reformist-shun-his-sanskrit-name-or-just-pick-a-nom-de-plume/}}</ref><br />
* [[Paridhiyaar]], medieval Tamil scholar and [[Tirukkural|Kural]] commentator<ref name="MVAravindan_Commentators">{{cite book |author= M. V. Aravindan |title= உரையாசிரியர்கள் [Commentators] |year= 2018 |publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai |pages= 348–360}}</ref><br />
* [[Parimelalhagar]], medieval Tamil scholar and Kural commentator<ref>{{cite book |author= Ki. Vaa. Jagannathan |title= திருக்குறள், ஆராய்ச்சிப் பதிப்பு [Tirukkural, Aaraicchi Pathippu] |year= 1963 |edition=3 |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission Vidhyalayam | location= Coimbatore}}</ref><br />
* [[V. S. Ramachandran]], [[Indian-American]] [[neuroscientist]] specializing in [[behavioral neurology]] and known for inventing the [[mirror box]].<ref name="Colapinto">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/05/11/brain-games|title=Brain Games: The Marco Polo of neuroscience |last= Colapinto |first=John |author-link= John Colapinto |magazine=The New Yorker |quote=In 1991, he became interested in the work of Tim Pons, a neuroscientist at the National Institute of Mental Health, who had been investigating the ability of neurons in the sensory cortex to adapt to change. |date=4 May 2009 |access-date=25 January 2022 }}</ref><br />
* [[C. V. Raman]], [[Nobel Prize]]-winning Indian physicist<ref>{{Cite web|title=CV Raman Birth Anniversary 2020: Interesting Facts About The Nobel Laureate|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/cv-raman-birth-anniversary-2020-interesting-facts-about-nobel-laureate|access-date=2021-06-23|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], Indian [[mathematician]]<ref name="Kanigel1991">{{Cite book |last=Kanigel |first=Robert |title=The Man Who Knew Infinity: a Life of the Genius Ramanujan |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-684-19259-8|pages=11–12}}</ref><br />
* [[Alladi Ramakrishnan]], Indian physicist and founder of the [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] (Matscience) in [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Staff Reporter|title=Alladi Ramakrishnan, 85, Scientist, Passes Away|url=http://www.indiajournal.com/pages/event.php?id=3846|accessdate=18 August 2010|newspaper=India Journal|date=13 Jul 2008}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
* [[Vivek Ramaswamy]], American politician and candidate [[2024 Republican Party presidential primaries]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Celarier |first=Michelle |date=August 5, 2022 |title='He's Making Up a World He Wants to Attack': How Vivek Ramaswamy Became a Right-Wing Culture Warrior |work=[[The Information (website)|The Information]] |url=https://www.theinformation.com/articles/the-making-of-a-conservative-culture-warrior |quote=The Ramaswamy family belongs to India's elite Brahmin caste, a fact he mentions several times in his book. 'Kings were below us,' he wrote}}</ref><br />
* [[Sivananda Saraswati]], Indian [[yoga]] guru, Hindu spiritual teacher, and proponent of [[Vedanta]]<ref>{{cite web |title=His Holiness Sri Swami Sivananda Saraswati Maharaj |publisher=[[Divine Life Society]] |url=https://www.dlshq.org/saints/his-holiness-sri-swami-sivananda-saraswati-maharaj/ |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref><br />
* [[C. S. Seshadri]], Indian mathematician<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Proofs to Transcendence, via Theorems and Rāgas – Bhāvanā|url=https://bhavana.org.in/proofs-transcendence-cs-seshadri/|access-date=2020-07-30|language=en-US|quote=We are a Shree Vaishnavite Brahmin family}}</ref><br />
* [[T.N.Seshan]], Chief Election Commissioner{{cn|date=May 2025}}<br />
* [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], [[Finance Minister of India]] (2019-present), former Defence Minister of India{{cn|date=May 2025}}<br />
* [[Tolkappiyar]], earliest known author and grammarian in Tamil language<ref>{{citation|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-03591-5|page=136}}</ref><br />
* [[S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan]], Indian mathematician and [[Abel Prize]] laureate<ref>{{Cite web|title=Srinivasa Varadhan|url=http://www.abelprisen.no/binfil/download.php?tid=56998|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105070617/http://www.abelprisen.no/binfil/download.php?tid=56998|archive-date=5 November 2016|access-date=25 March 2018|work=Abel Prisen|quote=" I came from a Brahmin community, viewed by the government as privileged, and there was reverse discrimination"}}</ref><br />
* [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]], Indian lawyer, independence activist and politician, who served as the eighth president of India<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-12 |title=How Brahmins became invisible in Tamil Nadu’s politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/tamil-nadu/news/how-brahmins-became-invisible-in-tamil-nadus-politics/articleshow/68842141.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Though many Brahmins like R Venkataraman, Mani Shankar Aiyar, and Subramanian Swamy shot into prominence in politics in later years, they chose to operate from Delhi.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajesh Ramachandran |date=2004-04-02 |title=Take 2 for Tambrams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/take-2-for-tambrams/articleshow/595669.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Hinduism|India<br />
}}<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
*[[Caste system in India]]<br />
*[[Gotra]]<br />
*[[Vedic priesthood]]<br />
*[[List of Brahmins]]<br />
*[[List of Iyengars]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
*{{cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=Toward a History of the Brahmins|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=113|year=1993|issue=2 |pages=264–268|doi=10.2307/603031 |jstor=603031|issn=0003-0279}}<br />
<br />
{{Prone to spam|date=November 2021}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tamil Brahmins| ]]<br />
[[Category:Brahmin communities of India]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Vegetarian communities]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_Ram_Singh_Kushwaha&diff=478074Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha2026-01-19T15:44:54Z<p>LavadaDonald013: started new bio first draft.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|3|27}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| residence = <br />
| office1 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1995<br />
| term_end1 = 2005<br />
| successor = <br />
| party = [[File:Flag Logo of CPIML.png|30px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]<br />
| office3 = President of [[All India Kisan Sangharsh Coordination Committee]] for [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| term_start3 = 2023<br />
| otherparty = <br />
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Technology, Patna]] (B.Sc. Civil Engineering in 1983)<br />
| parents = Deepan Singh<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| children = <br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 2024<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Mahabali Singh|Mahabali Singh Kushwaha]]<br />
| constituency = [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Raja Ram Singh''' or '''Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha''' (born March 27, 1958),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/story/pawan-singh-karakat-seat-lok-sabha-chunav-2024-nda-upendra-kushwaha-rlm-cpiml-rajaram-kushwaha-ntc-bikt-1916032-2024-04-11|title=उपेंद्र कुशवाहा vs पवन सिंह... काराकाट में किसका खेल बिगाड़ेंगे भोजपुरी के 'पावर स्टार'?|website=Aajtak|date=11 April 2024 |accessdate=30 April 2024|archive-date=2024-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416120641/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/story/pawan-singh-karakat-seat-lok-sabha-chunav-2024-nda-upendra-kushwaha-rlm-cpiml-rajaram-kushwaha-ntc-bikt-1916032-2024-04-11|url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian politician based in [[Bihar]], who was elected to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] twice, from [[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra Assembly constituency]] in Aurangabad district. He is a member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]. He was first elected in 1995 and retained this constituency in 2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/assembly-elections/bihar-election-2020/assembly-constituencies/story-obra-assembly-constituency-of-bihar-3500696.html|title=Obra Assembly constituency|website=Hindustan|accessdate=10 November 2023|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110125957/https://www.livehindustan.com/assembly-elections/bihar-election-2020/assembly-constituencies/story-obra-assembly-constituency-of-bihar-3500696.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also a [[politburo]] member of CPI(ML)L.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/story/cpiml-declared-its-lok-sabha-candidates-on-4-seats-of-bihar-and-jharkhand-ntc-1908461-2024-03-30|title=आरा से सुदामा प्रसाद, काराकाट से राजाराम सिंह... CPI-ML ने 4 सीटों पर घोषित किए लोकसभा प्रत्याशी|website=Aajtak|date=30 March 2024|accessdate=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518002018/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/story/cpiml-declared-its-lok-sabha-candidates-on-4-seats-of-bihar-and-jharkhand-ntc-1908461-2024-03-30|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[2024 Indian general election]], he defeated Bhojpuri singer [[Pawan Singh]] with a margin of over one [[lakh]] votes to win [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency]]. He stood first in the triangular electoral contest involving [[National Democratic Alliance]] candidate and [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]] president, [[Upendra Kushwaha]] and Pawan Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bihar-modi-nitish-mahadlit-nda-india-9372908/|title=In Bihar, fuelled by Modi factor, Nitish's EBC, Mahadalit base, NDA trumps INDIA|website=Indian express|accessdate=5 June 2024|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605113506/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bihar-modi-nitish-mahadlit-nda-india-9372908/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Farmer leaders {{!}} A harvest of ambitions">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Farmer leaders {{!}} A harvest of ambitions|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-farmer-leaders-a-harvest-of-ambitions-2565846-2024-07-13|accessdate=8 November 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108105759/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-farmer-leaders-a-harvest-of-ambitions-2565846-2024-07-13|archivedate=8 November 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
Raja Ram Singh was born to Deepan Singh in Ekauni Village of the Aurangabad district of Bihar in a [[Koeri]] family.<ref name=at/> The son of a marginal farmer, Singh was a social worker before joining politics and his spouse is a principle of Primary School Railways.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=745|title=Member profile|website=Myneta|accessdate=12 November 2023|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401204047/https://www.myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=745|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12770|title=Raja Ram Singh|website=Myneta|accessdate=30 April 2024|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005014016/https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12770|url-status=live}}</ref> He has completed his degree of civil engineering from Bihar College of Engineering, which later came to be known as [[National Institute of Technology, Patna]]. However, he never pursued a career in engineering and joined [[Indian People's Front]]. By 1980s, he was a significant leader of the IPF.<ref name=IE/><br />
<br />
Later, he remained associated with CPI-ML party and contested the state legislative assembly elections in 1995 on its symbol. He managed to win that election and repeated his electoral victory in [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]s. He again contested from this constituency in [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]s. In this election, he finished in third position with 22,801 votes. Birendra Kumar Sinha of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], who won this election from the Obra constituency and Chandra Bhushan Verma of [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]] were the winners and first runner-up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-election-2020-obra-assembly-seat-rjd-birendra-kumar-sinha-bjp-ram-kripal-yadav-1140241-2020-10-05|title=ओबरा विधानसभा सीट: समाजवादियों के गढ़ पर BJP की नजर, क्या RJD फिर करेगी वापसी?|website=Aajtak|date=5 October 2020 |accessdate=12 November 2023|archive-date=2023-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111194319/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-election-2020-obra-assembly-seat-rjd-birendra-kumar-sinha-bjp-ram-kripal-yadav-1140241-2020-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref> He also contested elections to [[Lok Sabha]] in 2009, 2014 and 2019, but in all these elections, his performance remained poor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/two-former-mlas-seized-in-lok-sabha-election-062005-4635605.html/|title=दो पूर्व विधायकों की लोकसभा चुनाव में जब्त हुई जमानत|website=Bhaskar|accessdate=12 November 2023|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111194318/https://www.bhaskar.com/two-former-mlas-seized-in-lok-sabha-election-062005-4635605.html/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In 2012, he was also imprisoned in connection with demonstration organised by him and his party members against the murder of [[Mukhi]]ya of Sonhathu Panchayat of Haspura block, Devendra Kumar. They were arrested while organising demonstration to demand [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] enquiry into the case.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/aurangabad-9542365.html|title=बेकार नहीं जाएगी बदन पर पड़ी लाठी'|website=Dainik Jagran|accessdate=12 November 2023|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111194322/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/aurangabad-9542365.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=at>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/politics/story/who-is-raja-ram-singh-who-defeated-pawan-singh-and-upendra-kushwaha-in-the-election-karakat-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-tspo-1959003-2024-06-05|title=Karakat Election Result: कौन हैं राजा राम सिंह... जिन्होंने चुनावी मैदान में पवन सिंह और उपेंद्र कुशवाहा को किया पस्त |website=Aajtak|accessdate=5 June 2024}}</ref><br />
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Singh is also one of the prominent leader of farmer's movement in India. He is the state chief of [[All India Kisan Sangharsh Coordination Committee]] for the states of Bihar and [[Jharkhand]], besides being a member of [[politburo]] of Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) liberation. He is also the national secretary of All India Kisan Mahasabha, a peasant right organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-lok-sabha-election-2024-cpi-ml-candidates-sudama-prasad-ara-rajaram-singh-from-karakat-sandeep-saurabh-from-nalanda-and-vinod-singh-from-koderma-shivprakash-ranjan-on-agiaon-8196174.html|title=कोई 2 बार का MLA तो किसी ने शिक्षक ने आंदोलन में निभाई बड़ी भूमिका, जानें भाकपा-माले के प्रत्याशियों का प्रोफाइल|website=news18|date=30 March 2024 |accessdate=30 April 2024|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331021157/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-lok-sabha-election-2024-cpi-ml-candidates-sudama-prasad-ara-rajaram-singh-from-karakat-sandeep-saurabh-from-nalanda-and-vinod-singh-from-koderma-shivprakash-ranjan-on-agiaon-8196174.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
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In 2020-21, he led a procession from Bihar to Delhi-Punjab border in the support of peasant agitators, who were opposing the [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|three farm laws]] that were passed by [[Narendra Modi]] government. These bills, which were later scrapped, were branded as against farmers by the agitators. He has also consistently demanded the restoration of Agricultural Produce Market Committees, which were disbanded by Bihar government.<ref name=IE>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/parliament-will-again-have-two-cpi-ml-liberation-mps-here-they-are-9377543/|title=Parliament will again have two cpi ml liberation MPs|website=Indian express|accessdate=7 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Singh was made a candidate for 2024 Indian general elections from [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency]] against [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]] president [[Upendra Kushwaha]], who contested as an ally of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]. In this election, he faced a triangular contest with the entry of Bhojpuri singer and actor [[Pawan Singh]], who denied BJP's symbol from [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]] to contest from Karakat constituency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/having-spurned-a-bjp-ticket-from-asansol-pawan-singh-to-contest-ls-poll-as-an-independent-from-bihars-karakat/article68051006.ece|title=Having spurned a BJP ticket from Asansol, Pawan Singh to contest LS poll as an Independent from Bihar's Karakat|website=The Hindu|date=10 April 2024 |accessdate=30 April 2024|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422223224/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/having-spurned-a-bjp-ticket-from-asansol-pawan-singh-to-contest-ls-poll-as-an-independent-from-bihars-karakat/article68051006.ece|url-status=live |last1=Bhelari |first1=Amit }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/bihar-politics-ex-jnusu-general-secretary-left-ticket-9244242/|title=He chose politics over Hindi professor's post in JNU; now gets a Lok Sabha ticket from Bihar|website=Indian express|date=April 2024 |accessdate=30 April 2024|archive-date=7 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407120532/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/bihar-politics-ex-jnusu-general-secretary-left-ticket-9244242/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was speculated in political discourse that Pawan Singh will be able to collect a major chunk of [[Rajput]] votes in the electoral contest between two [[Koeri]] leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-pawan-singh-to-contest-karakat-lok-sabha-eyes-rajput-vote-in-two-koeri-upendra-kushwaha-rajaram-singh-fight-9736317.html|title=उपेंद्र कुशवाहा की काराकाट सीट फंस जाएगी? दो कोइरी की लड़ाई में कूदे पवन|website=live Hindustan|accessdate=30 April 2024|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415212638/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-pawan-singh-to-contest-karakat-lok-sabha-eyes-rajput-vote-in-two-koeri-upendra-kushwaha-rajaram-singh-fight-9736317.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the final counting of votes Raja Ram Singh clinched an easy victory by defeating Pawan Singh with a fair margin of over one [[lakh]] votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/bihar/news-karakat-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-pawan-singh-vs-upendra-kushwaha-vote-counting-winning-losing-candidates-reactions-visuals-bihar-latest-updates-2024-06-04-934086|title=Karakat Election Results 2024: CPI-ML candidate defeats Pawan Singh and Upendra Kushwaha|website=India tv|accessdate=5 June 2024|archive-date=2024-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604035258/https://www.indiatvnews.com/bihar/news-karakat-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-pawan-singh-vs-upendra-kushwaha-vote-counting-winning-losing-candidates-reactions-visuals-bihar-latest-updates-2024-06-04-934086|url-status=live}}</ref> For his election campaigns and election expenses, Raja Ram, like his party colleague [[Sudama Prasad]] relied on donation from the public. They got twenty lakh coupons of ₹ 20 each printed by their party and travelled door to door to meet the voters requesting them to donate. With these minimal resources and lack of helicopters to expedite their election campaign, their workers travelled on bicycles and two wheelers to connect with the ordinary people. The result was surprisingly positive for both Raja Ram and Prasad, who were able to defeat [[National Democratic Alliance]] heavyweights [[R. K. Singh]] and [[Upendra Kushwaha]], besides Bhojpuri actor Pawan Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/door-to-door-campaigning-local-caste-equations-fuel-cpi-ml-liberation-victory-bihar|title= Door-to-Door Campaigning, Local Caste Equations Fuel CPI (ML) Liberation's Victory in Bihar|website=The Wire|accessdate=7 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0435.htm|title=Result 2024|website=Election Commission of India|accessdate=5 June 2024|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605120750/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0435.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha|votes='''3,80,581'''|percentage=36.89|change=}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=[[Pawan Singh]]|votes=2,74,723|percentage=26.63|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Lok Morcha|candidate=[[Upendra Kushwaha]]|votes=2,53,876|percentage=24.61|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=21,595|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=1,05,858|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,31,618|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br />
|loser=Janata Dal (United)<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vijay Lakshmi Kushwaha]]<br />
*[[Neeraj Kushwaha Maurya]]<br />
*[[Devesh Shakya]]<br />
*[[Babu Singh Kushwaha]]<br />
*[[Bharat Singh Kushwah]]<br />
*[[Sunil Kumar Kushwaha]]<br />
*[[Abhay Kushwaha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]<br />
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Indian communists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:1958 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation politicians]]<br />
[[Category:2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://cpiml.net/elections/2024/04/comrade-rajaram-singh Raja Ram Singh] on official website of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Bosco_College,_Mannuthy&diff=497555Don Bosco College, Mannuthy2026-01-09T08:27:31Z<p>LavadaDonald013: put up details!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Don Bosco College, Mannuthy<br />
| image = <br />
| motto = Dare and Hope<br />
| established = 2005<br />
| type = Self financing (Un-aided) College<br />
| principal = Rev.Fr. Johnson Ponthempilly, SDB<br />
| affiliations = [[University of Calicut]]<br />
| city = [[Thrissur]]<br />
| state = [[Kerala]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| website = {{url|https://dbcollegemannuthy.edu.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Don Bosco College (DBC)''' is a college situated in [[Ollukkara|Ollukara]], [[Mannuthy]], near [[Thrissur City|Thrissur city]] of [[Kerala]] in [[India]]. The college is affiliated to the [[University of Calicut]]. The college provides various bachelor's and master's degree courses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don Bosco College Mannuthy, Thrissur - Home |url=https://dbcollegemannuthy.edu.in/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Don Bosco College Mannuthy |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Don Bosco College Mannuthy, Thrissur |url=https://dbcollegemannuthy.edu.in/programs-offered/ug |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Don Bosco College Mannuthy |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Don Bosco College Mannuthy, Thrissur |url=https://dbcollegemannuthy.edu.in/programs-offered/pg |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Don Bosco College Mannuthy |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Departments==<br />
* Management<br />
* Commerce<br />
* Electronics<br />
* Computer Science<br />
* Languages<br />
* Mathematics<br />
* Psychology<br />
* Physical Education<br />
* Christian Studies<br />
* Social Work<br />
<br />
==Academic courses==<br />
This college offers both under graduate and post graduate courses.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
'''Under-Graduate Courses'''<br />
* B.A [[English language|English]]<br />
* B.A [[Christian theology|Christian Studies]]<br />
* [[Bachelor of Business Administration|B.B.A]]<br />
* [[Bachelor of Science in Information Technology|B.C.A]]<br />
* [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]] [[Finance]]<br />
* B.Com [[Computer Applications]]<br />
* B.Com [[Banking]]<br />
* [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]] [[Computer Science]]<br />
* B.Sc [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]]<br />
* B.Sc [[Psychology]]<br />
* [[Bachelor of Social Work|BSW]]<br />
<br />
'''Post-Graduate Courses'''<br />
* [[Master of Social Work|MSW]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.dbcollegemannuthy.edu.in Official website]<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the University of Calicut]]<br />
[[Category:Colleges in Thrissur]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_Stadium&diff=514290Madan Mohan Malaviya Stadium2026-01-02T01:52:22Z<p>LavadaDonald013: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Stadium in Allahabad, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket ground<br />
| ground_name = Madan Mohan Malaviya Stadium<br />
| nickname = <br />
| image = Madan mohan malviya stadium.jpg<br />
| country = India<br />
| location = [[Prayagraj]]<br />
| establishment = <br />
| seating_capacity = <br />
| Floodlights = <br />
| OtherSports =<br />
| owner = Uttar Pradesh Government<br />
| operator = <br />
| end1 = <br />
| end2 = <br />
| international = <br />
| firsttestdate = <br />
| firsttestyear = <br />
| firsttesthome = <br />
| firsttestaway = <br />
| lasttestdate = <br />
| lasttestyear = <br />
| lasttesthome = <br />
| lasttestaway = <br />
| firstodidate = <br />
| firstodiyear = <br />
| firstodihome = <br />
| firstodiaway = <br />
| lastodidate = <br />
| lastodiyear = <br />
| lastodihome = <br />
| lastodiaway = <br />
| year1 = <br />
| club1 = <br />
| year2 = <br />
| club2 = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Madan Mohan Malaviya Stadium''' is a stadium in [[Prayagraj]], India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57863.html| title = Madan Mohan Malaviya Stadium {{!}} India {{!}} Cricket Grounds {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com}}</ref><br />
It is used by Uttar Pradesh cricket team for their domestic matches. The venue is used for Cricket, Hockey, Javelin throw, Taekwondo, and Judo.<br />
<br />
It is named after the famous Indian freedom fighter "[[Madan Mohan Malaviya]]". The stadium was formerly known as Alfred Park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Mohan Malaviya Stadium – Cricket Ground in Allahabad, India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/madan-mohan-malaviya-stadium-allahabad-57863 |access-date=2024-03-12 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Allahabad landmarks }}<br />
{{coord|25.4523|81.8477|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Memorials to Madan Mohan Malaviya]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues in Prayagraj]]<br />
[[Category:Football in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Football venues in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Event venues with year of establishment missing]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-sports-venue-stub}}<br />
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agni-VI&diff=458838Agni-VI2025-12-26T08:03:20Z<p>LavadaDonald013: updated details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Short description|Proposed Indian ICBM}}<br />
{{Infobox weapon<br />
| is_missile = yes<br />
| name = ''Agni-VI''<br />
| caption = <br />
| origin = India<br />
| type = [[ICBM]]<br />
| used_by = [[Indian Armed Forces]]<br />
| service = Under development<br />
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]<!-- Infobox weapon now allows design groups in the designer section --><br />
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]<br />
| unit_cost = <!-- Reported specifications --><br />
| engine = 4 stage solid fuel rocket motor<br />
| weight = 55,000<ref name=IBNLive>{{cite news|title=Agni-VI with 12000 km range to be ready by 2014|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/agnivi-with-10000-km-range-to-be-ready-by-2014/260699-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525093035/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/agnivi-with-10000-km-range-to-be-ready-by-2014/260699-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2012|access-date=17 July 2012|newspaper=IBNLive|date=24 May 2012}}</ref> - 70,000&nbsp;kg<ref name=hin4f>{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|title=Agni-VI all set to take shape|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/agnivi-all-set-to-take-shape/article4379416.ece?homepage=true|access-date=5 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=idsafod19f /><br />
| length = 20<ref name=hin4f /><ref name=idsafod19f>{{cite web|last=O'Donnell|first=Frank|title=Managing India's Missile Aspirations|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/ManagingIndiasMissileAspirations_fodonnell_100213#footnoteref4_9zo7y3z|publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]|access-date=19 February 2013}}</ref> - 40.00 m<ref name=IBNLive/><br />
| diameter = 2 m<ref name=hin4f /><br />
| speed = {{convert|24|Mach|km/h mph km/s}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-joins-the-elite-list-of-nations-with-test-of-agni-v-mirv-tech-whats-mirv-tech-how-is-it-unique/articleshow/108397707.cms?from=mdr|website=Economic Times (India Times)|title=India joins the elite list of nations with test of Agni-V MIRV tech|access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref><br />
| vehicle_range = {{convert|10000|-|12000|km|mi|sigfig=4}}<ref name="BS1"/><ref name=IBNLive/><ref name=hin4f /><ref name=DC>{{cite news|last=Jatinder Kaur Tur |title=India will launch Agni VI next, says DRDO chief |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/india-will-launch-agni-vi-next-says-drdo-chief-135 |access-date=17 July 2012 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=27 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528201838/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/india-will-launch-agni-vi-next-says-drdo-chief-135 |archive-date=28 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Prerna Singh|editor=[[Atul Kohli]]|title=Routledge handbook of Indian politics|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0415776851|page=345}}</ref><!-- <ref name=nasic-20170601>{{cite.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19 |title=Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat |id=NASIC-1031-0985-17 |publisher=Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee |date=June 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref>--><br />
| ceiling = <br />
| altitude = <br />
| filling = [[Strategic nuclear weapon]] with 10-11 [[MIRV]] capability<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=One missile, many weapons: What makes the latest Agni-5 special |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/one-missile-many-weapons-what-makes-the-latest-agni-v-special-9208831/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
| filling_weight = 3 tonnes<ref name="BS1">{{cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|title=Advanced Agni-6 missile with multiple warheads likely by 2017|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/advanced-agni-6-missile-with-multiple-warheads-likely-by-2017-113050800034_1.html|access-date=8 May 2013|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref><br />
| guidance = <br />
| detonation = <br />
| launch_platform = <br />
| transport = Road mobile<ref name="BS1"/><br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Agni-VI''' ([[Sanskrit]]: अग्नि; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Agni; lit. ''Fire'') is an [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV-capable]] [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] under development by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) for the [[Strategic Forces Command]] (SFC) of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=155897|title=Successful Test launch of AGNI V|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref><ref name=hin4f /><ref name=intv4f>{{cite news|title=Get ready for Agni-VI, which can deliver 4 to 6 warheads 12000 km away|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/get-ready-for-agni-vi-which-can-deliver-to-warheads-km-20043.html|access-date=5 February 2013|newspaper=India |date=4 February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
<br />
Agni-VI will be a four-stage [[intercontinental ballistic missile]], which is in the hardware development phase, after its design phase was completed. Agni-VI is expected to have [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]] as well as [[Maneuverable reentry vehicle|Maneuverable reentry vehicle (MaRV)]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/agni-v-with-china-in-range-tested-next-in-line-is-agni-vi-with-multiple-warheads/articleshow/56191362.cms|title=Agni-V with China in range tested; next in line is Agni-VI, with multiple warheads|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> And these maneuverable warheads will give Agni VI an extended range exact figure of which is currently classified.<ref name="BS1"/> It will be taller than its predecessor [[Agni V]], and was expected to be flight tested by 2017.<ref name="BS1"/> The government of India is yet to approve the project, although DRDO has completed all calculations and started the engineering work.<ref name="BS1"/><ref name=IBNLive/><br />
<br />
[[File:Agni Missile Range comparison with blue shade.png|320px|thumb|Estimated range of Agni-VI ICBM and its predecessors]]<br />
It is reported to be the latest and most advanced version among the [[Agni (missile)|Agni missiles]]. According to sources, Agni-VI missile is likely to carry up to 10 MIRV warheads<ref name=hin4f /><ref name=DC/> and will have a strike range of&nbsp;12,000&nbsp;km,<ref name=IBNLive/> though DRDO has refused to confirm the missile's range.<ref name="BS1"/> A senior DRDO scientist was quoted as saying that the new generation Agni-VI missile will be sleeker, easily transportable and would be readily deployed. It will have the capability to be launched from submarine and from land-based launchers.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
A report from Centre for Land Warfare Studies published in 2011 suggested that New Delhi had not considered the need for an ICBM, despite India not being bound by any treaty commitments to refrain from developing ICBM capability. It also said that DRDO is constrained by the requirement to obtain government's permission before starting the development of an ICBM.<ref name="CLAWS">{{cite news|title=India's need for an ICBM|url=http://www.claws.in/index.php?action=master&task=900&u_id=159|access-date=22 February 2012|newspaper=Center For Land Warfare Studies|date=5 July 2011|archive-date=3 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103233520/http://claws.in/index.php?action=master&task=900&u_id=159|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2011, for the first time then [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief Marshal]] [[Pradeep Vasant Naik]] vehemently argued in favour of broadening India's nuclear strike capabilities beyond the immediate neighbourhood. Naik, who was also the head of the Chiefs of Staff committee, stated, "India should pursue an ICBM programme to acquire ranges of 10,000&nbsp;km or more. Breaking out of the regional context is important as the country's sphere of influence grows. We have no territorial designs on any country, but India needs the capability to match its sphere of influence."<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><br />
<br />
In October 2011, ''[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]] published a'' report questioning [[DRDO]]'s ability to independently develop seeker technology (guidance technology) suitable for [[ICBM]]s, that could enable the missile to traverse long distances in excess of 10,000&nbsp;km.<ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{cite news|title=With Russian help, India to join ICBM big league soon|url=http://dailypioneer.com/columnists/item/47621-with-russian-help-india-to-join-icbm-big-league-soon.html|agency=Dailypioneer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426233305/http://dailypioneer.com/columnists/item/47621-with-russian-help-india-to-join-icbm-big-league-soon.html|archive-date=26 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The same report also asserted Russia's willingness to help India with seeker technology. The authenticity of the pioneer report is disputed by at least one foreign newspaper, with the counter-claim that the involvement of Russia is probably inflated out of proportion, because if the report about Russian involvement is true, Russia may be suspected of violating the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]].<ref name=MCFC>{{cite news|last=Administrator |title=Indian media said Russia will provide for the Indian Agni-5 intercontinental missile guidance technology |url=http://www.9abc.net/index.php/archives/62453 |access-date=5 March 2012 |newspaper=Military of China, force comment |date=2011-10-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607054543/http://www.9abc.net/index.php/archives/62453 |archive-date=7 June 2015 }}</ref> In response to the scepticism, a top [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] scientist asserted that India has all the equipment and technology needed to develop ICBMs,<ref name=IBNLive/> "but where the warhead should go or what the range should be will have to be a political call."<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|title=Air chief PV Naik in favour of flexing missile power |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Air-chief-PV-Naik-in-favour-of-flexing-missile-power/Article1-708062.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627030253/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/air-chief-pv-naik-in-favour-of-flexing-missile-power/Article1-708062.aspx |archive-date=27 June 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 20 June 2011, ''Indian Defence News'' published an article titled ''India Serious About 10,000&nbsp;km ICBM'' which stated that India is seriously contemplating to enhance the reach of its strategic missiles and that the Ministry of Defense is considering a DRDO proposal to develop intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of hitting targets 10,000&nbsp;km away. Building an ICBM has international ramifications and the ultimate decision to go ahead with the proposal would be taken by the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS).<ref name=DN541>{{cite news|last=Courtesy |first=The Pioneer |title=India Serious About 10,000&nbsp;km ICBM |url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=541 |access-date=9 March 2012 |newspaper=Indian Defence News |date=20 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426184200/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=541 |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2012, after the successful launch of Agni V, [[V. K. Saraswat|V.K. Saraswat]] revealed that India had no plans to cap the Agni program and that there will be more missiles in the future.<ref name="Deccanherald">{{cite news|title=Agni V can launch mini-satellites too|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/243544/agni-v-can-launch-mini.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=20 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Agni P's Successful Test Is A Significant Boost For Indian Forces|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/why-agni-ps-successful-test-is-a-significant-boost-for-indian-forces-7101361.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Moneycontrol|date=29 June 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Recent developments ==<br />
<br />
In May 2018, reports confirmed the development of another ICBM in the Agni series, a three-stage Agni VI missile. It was proposed that the missile will be developed in 2024 or so and will have an even longer range, up to 8,000&nbsp;km to 12,000&nbsp;km. The Agni VI will be sleeker than the [[Agni-V]] and capable of carrying at least 10 nuclear warheads, capable of targeting multiple targets at the same time.<ref name=IBNLive/><ref name=hin4f /> In January 2013, DRDO chief [[V K Saraswat|V.K. Saraswat]] said that after the development of [[Agni V]], DRDO will develop Agni VI which will have Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) capability.<ref name=idsafod19f/> He said that the missile design has been completed and DRDO is in the hardware realisation phase.<ref name="zeenddmc">{{cite web|title=DRDO developing missile capable of carrying multiple warheads|date=8 February 2013 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/drdo-developing-missile-capable-of-carrying-multiple-warheads_827762.html|access-date=8 February 2013|publisher=Zee News}}</ref><ref name=tinex8f>{{cite news|title=India working on Agni-VI missile, to be in world's elite nuclear club|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-working-on-agnivi-missile-to-be-in-worlds-elite-nuclear-club/1071407/|access-date=8 February 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=8 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=nbullet8f>{{cite news|title=India developing Agni-VI ballistic missile|url=http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34/39296|access-date=8 February 2013|newspaper=News Bulletin|date=8 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195959/http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34/39296|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2013, DRDO chief said that India can achieve a missile with a range of 10,000&nbsp;km within two and a half years, adding that increasing the range of a missile is the least challenging task.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-can-develop-10000km-range-missile-DRDO/articleshow/22633920.cms|title=India can develop 10,000&nbsp;km range missile: DRDO|date=16 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> As per people related to Agni VI development, government officials carefully watched [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and how ICBM played its role in geopolitics. It is speculated that India might go ahead with a technology demonstrator by 2025 in order to validate computer simulations aiming to reach even the farthest corner of China from a safer survival distance. The Agni VI programme is already on track and DRDO is simultaneously working on SLBM variant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Tom |date=2022-03-04 |title=Ukraine conflict risks new U.S.-Russia arms race, world closer to nuclear war |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-conflict-risks-new-us-russia-arms-race-world-closer-nuclear-war-1684362 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-04-02 |title=Russia-Ukraine war: US cancels ballistic missile test to lower nuclear tensions |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/russiaukraine-war-us-cancels-ballistic-missile-test-to-lower-nuclear-tensions-11648860629165.html |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=2022-07-28 |title=India may test 10,000 km ICBM, Agni-6 Missile in the next 3 years |url=https://frontierindia.com/india-may-test-10000-km-icbm-agni-6-missile-in-the-next-3-years/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Frontier India |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
The DRDO scientist from Pune, Pradeep Kurulkar, who was [[Honey trapping|honey trapped]] by a Pakistani agent, for the first time publicly revealed the details concerning Agni-VI launcher's development in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Inamdar |first1=Nadeem |last2=Joshi |first2=Yogesh |date=2023-07-08 |title=Honey-trapped DRDO scientist shared details of India's missile, drone programmes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/pune-scientist-arrested-for-espionage-shared-sensitive-missile-and-drone-details-with-pakistani-operative-101688757246133.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Nuclear technology|Spaceflight}} <br />
{{Aircontent<br />
|see also=<br />
* [[India and weapons of mass destruction]]<br />
* [[Agni I]]<br />
* [[Surya missile]]<br />
<br />
|related=<!-- designs which were developed into or from this aircraft: --><br />
* [[Agni III]]<br />
* [[K Missile family|K Series missiles]]<br />
|lists=<!-- relevant lists that this aircraft appears in: --><br />
* [[List of nuclear weapons]]<br />
* [[List of states with nuclear weapons]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian missiles}}<br />
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Intermediate-range ballistic missiles]]<br />
[[Category:Intercontinental ballistic missiles]]<br />
[[Category:MIRV capable missiles]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rishi_Tripathi&diff=530558Rishi Tripathi2025-12-06T07:59:53Z<p>LavadaDonald013: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Rishi Tripathi<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|6|9}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| constituency = [[Nautanwa Assembly constituency|Nautanwa]]<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = March 2022<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Aman Mani Tripathi]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| father = Sunil Dutt Tripathi<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| profession = [[Politician]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Rishi Tripathi''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Nautanwa Assembly constituency]] of the [[Maharajganj district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18316/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj-maharajganj-nautanwa-assembly-seat-result-live-update-win-loss-aman-mani-tripathi-kaushal-singh-rishi-tripathi-4040290.html |title=Nautanwa Election Result : नौतनवा सीट पर भाजपा-निषाद गठबंधन जीता, ऋषि ने सपा के कुंवर कौशल सिंह को दी मात |language=hi |publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref> He is a member of the [[NISHAD Party]].<ref name="UPLA"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/nautanwa-135528603 |title=UTTAR PRADESH ELECTION 2022: NAUTANWA ASSEMBLY SEAT |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Rishi Tripathi was born on 9 June 1983 in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family of Sunil Dutt Tripathi.<ref name="UPLA"/> He married Abhilasha Tripathi on 28 January 2013, and they have one child.<ref name="UPLA"/><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Hata Assembly constituency]]<br />
* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Rishi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Gorakhpur]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:NISHAD Party politicians]]<br />
{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quest_Mall&diff=527613Quest Mall2025-12-06T02:59:08Z<p>LavadaDonald013: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Shopping mall in Kolkata, India}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{One source|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Third-party|date=April 2020}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox shopping mall<br />
| name = Quest Mall<br />
| logo = 1567086498 UMjUg logopng.png<br />
| image = Quest Mall Wiki.jpg<br />
| image_width = 250px<br />
| caption = <br />
| location = [[Park Circus]], [[Kolkata]], India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|32|20.7|N|88|21|56.14|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| address = 33, Syed Amir Ali Avenue<br />
| opening_date = 30 September 2013<br />
| closing_date = <br />
| developer = [[RPSG Group|RP- Sanjiv Goenka Group]]<br />
| manager = <br />
| owner = <br />
| architect = <br />
| number_of_stores = 155+<br />
| number_of_anchors = 4<br />
| floor_area = {{convert|730000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}<br />
| parking = 1300 vehicles<br />
| floors = 8<br />
| website = {{URL|questmall.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Quest''' (previously known as '''Spencers Galleria''') is one of the largest shopping malls in [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. It is located on Syed Amir Ali Avenue at Beck Bagan, [[Park Circus]]. The mall was inaugurated on 30 September 2013 with a gross leasable (retail) area of {{convert|730000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Quest Mall|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/kolkata/quest-mall/ps34200498.cms}}</ref> and parking for 1,300 vehicles.<br />
<br />
==Facilities==<br />
The mall has the largest [[apparel]] store in the city,{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} [[Lifestyle Stores|Lifestyle]], with a total area of {{convert|100000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. It also houses a six-screen Insignia class multiplex [[INOX Leisure Limited|INOX]] cinema, [[Spencer's Retail|Spencer's Hyper Market]] and [[Starmark]] bookstore in the basement. The mall has stores of various luxury brands like Gucci and Emporio Armani.<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Quest - Mall - 33 Syad Amir Ali Avenue - Kolkata 2014-01-23 7159.JPG|Quest Mall, [[Kolkata]]<br />
File:Quest Mall - 33 Syed Amir Ali Avenue - Kolkata 20170927172429.jpg|Quest Mall dusk view<br />
File:Ground Floor - Quest Mall - Kolkata 2017-09-27 4597.JPG|Quest Mall inside view<br />
File:First Floor - Quest Mall - Kolkata 2017-09-27 4612.JPG|Quest Mall internal view<br />
File:Quest Mall 4.jpg|Quest Mall interior view<br />
File:Durga - Quest Mall - Kolkata 2017-09-27 4572.JPG|Durga Statue in Quest Mall<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[South City Mall]]<br />
* [[Mani Square|Mani Square Mall]]<br />
* [[New Market, Kolkata|New Market]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160611133827/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150623/jsp/t2/story_27157.jsp#.V2Pg5OZ96Rs Midnight shopping festival]<br />
<br />
{{Shopping malls in India}}<br />
{{Kolkata topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2013]]<br />
[[Category:Shopping malls in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:RPSG Group]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=DRDO_Kapothaka&diff=445578DRDO Kapothaka2025-11-08T22:47:26Z<p>LavadaDonald013: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox aircraft<br />
| name = Kapothaka<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| long_caption = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| aircraft_type = [[Reconnaissance]] [[UAV]]<br />
| aim = <br />
| outcome = <br />
| related = <br />
| national_origin = India<br />
| manufacturer = <br />
| design_group = <br />
| designer = [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]]<br />
| builder = <br />
| issuer = <br />
| status = <br />
| owners = <br />
| primary_user = [[Indian Army]]<br />
| more_users = <br />
| service = <br />
| major_applications = <br />
| proposals = <br />
| prototypes = <br />
| number_built = <br />
| construction_number = <br />
| civil_registration = <br />
| military_serial = <br />
| radio_code = <br />
| requirement = <br />
| aircraft_carried = <br />
| flights = <br />
| total_hours = <br />
| total_distance = <br />
| construction_date = <br />
| introduction = <br />
| retired = <br />
| first_flight = <br />
| initiated = <br />
| in_service = <br />
| last_flight = <br />
| expected = <br />
| developed_from = <br />
| variants = <br />
| developed_into = <br />
| preservation = <br />
| fate = <br />
| predecessors = <br />
| successors = <br />
| concluded = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Kapothaka was a technology demonstrator mini-UAV for reconnaissance. The Kapothaka (also spelled Kapothaha) which means “dove” is believed to be a predecessor of [[DRDO Nishant|Nishant]] UAV system.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Following the successful deployment of a remotely piloted vehicle by Israel during Lebanon war in 1982 [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]] (ADE) undertook the development of a remotely piloted vehicle kapothaka in 1983 to develop the necessary technologies. During the next 4 years ADE developed a small RPV to validate in-flight video transmission capabilities and to implement ground take off and parachute recovery.<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Kapothaka had an all-up-weight (AUW) of {{convert|130|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and was powered by an conventional twin boom configuration 26&nbsp;bhp piston engine. It had a very small, low radar cross-section and was launched from a rail with rocket assistance. The system had a {{convert|4.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} wingspan, a length of {{convert|3.67|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Operating ceiling was {{convert|3000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The integral wing-boom-tail unit was made of [[Fiberglass|Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic]] (GFRP) material whereas the fuselage is a combination of aluminium and GFRP; the aircraft has an endurance of 90 minutes while carrying payload of {{convert|20|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and can achieve a speed of {{convert|180|kph|mph|abbr=on}} in flight. It is equipped with TV and panoramic cameras, providing real time imagery intelligence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2010/dec10.pdf |title=Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Technologies |access-date=2012-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228083451/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2010/dec10.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8lWp2Z33yQC|title=Handbook of Polymer Blends and Composites, Volume 1 edited by A. K. Kulshreshtha, Cornelia Vasile|isbn=9781859572498 |access-date=2012-08-17|last1=Kulshreshtha |first1=A. K. |last2=Vasile |first2=Cornelia |year=2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/printer_416.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130223072104/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/printer_416.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-date=February 23, 2013 |title=DEFEXPO 2004 - Part 1 |author=B Harry |date=8 Feb 2004 |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/19970525/14555623.html |title=Going global via self-reliance |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-date=9 July 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030709172556/http://expressindia.com/fe/daily/19970525/14555623.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
This programme enabled [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]] to cut teeth on the intricacies of UAV design development and deployment. The endeavour culminated in successful demonstration of aerial reconnaissance using an RPV during [[Operation Brasstacks]] in September 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aame.in/2012/06/unmanned-aerial-vehicles-uav-for-india.html |title=Unmanned Aerial Vehicles [UAV] for India - perspectives, vision & requirements |access-date=2012-08-17}}</ref> Indian Army, impressed by the unique capability provided by an RPV, formulated a "qualitative requirement" for a tactical UAV system for artillery leading to the development of [[DRDO Nishant|Nishant UAV]] system.<br />
==Specification==<br />
{{Aircraft specs<br />
|prime units? = met<br />
|ref=Kapothaka<ref name="factsheet">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8lWp2Z33yQC |title=Handbook of Polymer Blends and Composites, Volume 1 edited by A. K. Kulshreshtha, Cornelia Vasile |isbn=9781859572498 |access-date=Aug 17, 2012|last1=Kulshreshtha |first1=A. K. |last2=Vasile |first2=Cornelia |year=2002 }}</ref><ref name="factsheet1">{{cite web |url=http://www.uavcenter.com/expo2/user/uavcenter/download/html/03_asia_04.html |title=UAV's in SOUTH ASIA |access-date=Aug 17, 2012 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074538/http://www.uavcenter.com/expo2/user/uavcenter/download/html/03_asia_04.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|crew=none on-board<br />
|length m=3.67 <br />
|length ft=12<br />
|span m=4.5 <br />
|span ft=14<br />
|span in=9<br />
|gross weight kg=130 <br />
|gross weight lb=290 <br />
|endurance=90 mins<br />
|eng1 name=2-cylinder 2-stroke engine<br />
|eng1 number=1<br />
|eng1 hp=26 <br />
|eng1 kw=19 <br />
|max speed kmh=180 <br />
|max speed mph=110 <br />
|ceiling m=3,000 <br />
|ceiling ft=9,800 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[DRDO Nishant]]<br />
*[[List of unmanned aerial vehicles]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Unmanned aerial vehicles of DRDO}}<br />
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Unmanned aerial vehicles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Military equipment of India]]<br />
[[Category:DRDO aircraft|Kapothaka]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanumangarhi,_Nainital&diff=502005Hanumangarhi, Nainital2025-11-03T16:20:02Z<p>LavadaDonald013: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttarakhand}}<br />
{{One source|date=March 2024}}<br />
'''Hanuman Garhi, Nainital''' is a temple of Lord Hanuman in the hill station of [[Nainital]], [[India]]. <ref name="new18">{{cite web | last=Pandey | first=Tanuj | title=पहले था बच्चों का कब्रिस्तान, नीम करौली बाबा ने बना दिया तीर्थ! | website=News18 हिंदी | date=2025-06-07 | url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/nainital-hanumangarhi-temple-nainital-neem-karoli-baba-history-spiritual-significance-sacred-site-visit-guide-local18-ws-kl-9292390.html | language=hi | access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref><ref name="m880">{{cite web | last=मेहरा | first=हीरा | title=Nainital: हनुमानगढ़ी में हाईकोर्ट के मुख्य न्यायाधीश ने किया पौधरोपण | website=Amar Ujala | date=2019-04-12 | url=https://www.amarujala.com/video/uttarakhand/nainital/video-the-chief-justice-of-the-high-court-planted-a-sapling-in-hanumangarhi-2025-07-17 | language=hi | access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref> It was built by local saint, [[Neem Karoli Baba]].<ref name="bharat"/> He first visited the site in 1950 when it was a graveyard for children and avoided by locals. There, with the help of some devotees, they established a small kutiya (hut) and a small idol of Hanuman. In 1953, a large Hanuman statue was established, and in Shiv temple came up in 1957.<ref name="new18"/><ref name="bharat">{{cite web | last=Bharat | first=ETV | title=नीम करोली बाबा ने बनवाया था नैनीताल का हनुमान गढ़ी मंदिर, सीएम धामी ने पोस्ट किया वीडियो | website=ETV Bharat News | date=2025-02-27 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/cm-dhami-is-devotee-of-hanuman-garhi-sankat-mochan-temple-of-nainital-built-by-neem-karoli-baba-uttarakhand-news-uts25022701415 | language=hi | access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Located at an altitude {{convert|1951|m|0|abbr=on}}, the temple complex is about {{convert|3.5|km|0|abbr=on}} from the Tallital (South End) bus stop. The presiding deity of the temple is Lord [[Hanuman]], the [[vanara]] god of the [[Ramayana]], and he is depicted tearing open his chest to reveal [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] in his heart. Hanuman Garhi is also known for its views of the setting sun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hanuman Garhi {{!}} District Nainital, Government of Uttarakhand {{!}} India|url=https://nainital.nic.in/tourist-place/hanuman-garhi/|access-date=2020-07-29|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kainchi Dham]]<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hanuman temples]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Nainital]]<br />
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]<br />
<br />
{{India-religious-struct-stub}}</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kushtagi_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=511321Kushtagi Lok Sabha constituency2025-09-30T15:24:37Z<p>LavadaDonald013: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| name = Kustagi<br />
| map_image = <br />
| state = [[Hyderabad State]]<br />
| established = 1952<br />
| abolished = 1956<br />
| reservation = None<br />
}}<br />
'''Kushtagi Lok Sabha constituency''' was a former [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Hyderabad State]], India. This seat came into existence in 1951. With the implementation of [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], it ceased to exist.<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
Kustagi Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following seven Legislative Assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|title=Statistical Report on Hyderabad elections, 1951 to the 1st Assembly|publisher=Election Commission of India website|pages=4–5|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref><br />
#Lingsugur<br />
#Manvi<br />
#Sindhanur<br />
#Gangavati<br />
#Koppal<br />
#Yelburga<br />
#Kushtagi<br />
<br />
After [[Raichur district]] of erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]] got merged with [[Mysore State]] in 1956, this seat ceased to exist and was replaced by [[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
*1952: [[Shiv Murthy Swamy]], [[Independent politician|Independent]]<ref name="First"/><br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===1952===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1951 Indian general election]]: Kushtagi<ref name="First">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1951 TO THE FIRST LOK SABHA|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=92}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
|candidate = [[Shiv Murthy Swamy]]<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win|<br />
|winner =Independent politician<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
* [[Koppal district]]<br />
* [[Raichur district]]<br />
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|15.8|76.2|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Koppal district]]<br />
[[Category:Raichur district]]<br />
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
[[Category:1956 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1956]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Wilson_(Raja)&diff=499352Frederick Wilson (Raja)2025-09-25T11:24:48Z<p>LavadaDonald013: put up article!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|British settler in the Himalayas}}<br />
[[File:Stalking_bear.jpg|thumb|Frederick Wilson (black cap and crossed legs) with Colonel Markham hunting a bear in the Himalayas as depicted by [[Sir Edward Campbell, 2nd Baronet]]]]<br />
'''Frederick Wilson''' (21 January 1817 – 21/22 July 1883) also known as '''Raja of Harsil''', '''Pahari Wilson''' or '''Shikari Wilson''' was a British sportsman, army deserter, and settler in the Himalayas. He was a keen hunter and naturalist who wrote in sporting magazines under the pen-name "''Mountaineer''". He obtained the rights to lands around [[Harsil]] from the local rule and was involved in cutting down trees to supply the early railways in India with [[Railroad tie|sleepers]]. He was treated as a local king in the Harsil region, and even minted a currency of his own. It has been claimed that [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s story [[The Man Who Would Be King]] was based on him.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
===As British soldier===<br />
<br />
Wilson came from [[Wakefield]], Yorkshire to India after joining the East India Company as a private in 1836. He deserted the army after the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1838-39) for reasons unknown and moved into the Bhagirathi valley, owning only a [[Brown Bess|brown bess]].<ref name=briths1/> <br />
<br />
===As agent of Raja of Tehri ===<br />
<br />
He hunted and sought rights to kill musk deer which was denied but he was instead given timber harvesting rights from [[Sudarshan Shah]], the Raja of Tehri<ref name=briths1>{{cite book|title=The taming of the jungle|author=Doyle, C.W.| publisher=J.B. Lippincott Company| place= Philadelphia and London| year=1899|pages=154–155|url=https://archive.org/details/tamingofthejungle00rdoylrich/page/n157/mode/1up}}</ref> in 1859.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thadhani |first=Prem K. |title=Chronicles of the Doon Valley, an environmental exposé |date=1993 |publisher=Indus Pub. Co |isbn=81-85182-84-1 |location=New Delhi |oclc=30383960}}</ref> The forest lease of the Taknore Pargana was also accompanied by an appointment as the Raja's agent to repopulate the area, which had been abandoned after Gurkha occupation, by getting [[Jad people]] from Kunawar to settle at [[Nelang]] valley in a place that was called [[Sang, Uttarakhand|Jadang]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedworksofj66nehr/page/n222/mode/1up |title=Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru. Volume Sixty Six Supplement |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund |year=2016 |editor=Palat, Madhavan K. |place=New Delhi |page=170|isbn=978-0-19-946701-3 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
Here, Wilson cut down the forests of [[Cedrus deodara|deodar]] and [[Shorea robusta|sal]] to meet the timber demand especially for sleepers in the growing railways in India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Deodar |year=1884 |title=Visit to the borders of Chinese Tartary and to the source of the Ganges River |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459111/page/n14/mode/1up |journal=The Indian Forester |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–8}}</ref> Prior to this Wilson made money from hunting, selling musk from [[musk deer]] and the plumes of [[monal]]s (he averaged 1500 monal skins a year over 30 years<ref name=":0" />) and other pheasants for the [[Plume hunting|plume trade]]. He became very wealthy and for a while went by the name of the Raja of Harsil and minted his own coinage that could be exchanged for other currency. He had control over the people he helped resettle in the area. The [[Bhotiya]] jad people who settled often brought [[Garhwal district|Garhwal]] girls to work in homes and lived virtually under slavery. This practice was brought to an end by Wilson.<ref>{{cite book |author=Atkinson, E.T. |url=https://archive.org/details/1882himalayangazetteervol3pt1/page/n128/mode/1up |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer. Volume 3. Part 1 |year=1886 |page=115}}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Marriage and offspring===<br />
<br />
He married a local woman named Raimata and when she did not have children, he married her aunt, her father Mungetu's sister Gulabi or Gulabi Ruth (originally Sangrami Chand, 1828-1894, from Mukhba). Through Gulabi, he had three children, Nathaniel, Charles, and Henry. <br />
<br />
His son Nathaniel, locally known as Nathu who took over control in the region took some women at gun point to his estate and began to shoot people who approached. This led to a local uprising and ultimately the removal of Nathu and Indri (Henry). Their fate is unknown and it has been suggested that they died either in captivity under the Raja of Tehri or drowned in a flash flood. <br />
<br />
Frederick later moved in to live with the English gentry in [[Mussoorie]], living also at Astley Hall in Dehra Dun, and investing in a hotel named after Charles as Charleville which is now part of the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]] (LBSNAA). In April 1880, he was washed off in a flash flood and several newspapers announced his disappearance. A week later, he managed to make his way back home. <br />
<br />
===Death===<br />
<br />
Wilson died from complications of gout and bronchitis during the night of 21 July 1883. A funeral was held on Monday with a very large turnout. He was buried in the Camel's Back cemetery under a deodar. <br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
<br />
===Publications ===<br />
<br />
Frederick Wilson wrote in his younger days on his hunting exploits in the periodicals ''India Sporting Review'' and ''Calcutta Sporting Review'' edited by [[James Hume (magistrate) |James Hume]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mountaineer |year=1854 |title=Fillings-Up |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21222/page/n336/mode/1up |journal=The India Sporting Review |volume=20 |issue=39 |pages=17–38}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21222/page/n23/mode/1up |journal=India Sporting Review |volume=19 |issue=38 |pages=65–73|title=My First Antelope| author=Mountaineer}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1848 |title=Game of the Himalayas. The Musk Deer. |journal=The India Sporting Review|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21225/page/n395/mode/1up |volume=7 |issue=14 |pages=147–160}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=A Mountaineer |year=1848 |title=Game of the Himalayas. The Tahr or Tahir. |journal=The India Sporting Review |volume=7 |pages=88–100|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21225/page/n80/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mountaineer |year=1849 |title=Shooting localities in the Himalayas. No. 1. Gangotree and the adjacent country with the route from Mussoorie. |url=https://archive.org/details/IndianSportingReview/page/n363/mode/1up |journal=India Sporting Review |volume=9 |issue=18 |pages=121–144}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mountaineer |year=1849 |title=Recollections of Himalayan Sport. A night adventure with a tigress |url=https://archive.org/details/IndianSportingReview/page/n453/mode/1up |journal=India Sporting Review |volume=9 |issue=18 |pages=203–211}}</ref> These notes went under the pen-name "''Mountaineer''" and he was widely viewed as an expert on the Himalayan game birds.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker, E.C. Stuart |year=1918 |title=The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXIV |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbombayn25abomb/page/529/mode/1up |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=521–546}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Hume, A.O. |url=https://archive.org/details/gamebirdsofindia01hume/page/n180/mode/1up |title=The game birds of India, Burmah, and Ceylon. Volume 1 |author2=Marshall, C.H.T. |year=1879 |page=125|publisher=Calcutta, A.O. Hume and Marshall }}</ref> Some of Wilson's notes were recompiled by James Hume as a book ''A Summer Ramble in the Himalayas'' and his notes were used by Colonel [[Frederick Markham|Markham]] in ''Shooting in the Himalayas''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nath |first=Nivedita |date=2021 |title=Imperial Hunting and the Sublime: Race, Caste, and Aesthetics in the Central Himalayas |journal=Environmental History |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=301–323 |doi=10.1093/envhis/emaa084 |issn=1084-5453|doi-access=free }}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Deforestation ===<br />
<br />
Wilson's deforestation was criticized during his lifetime by [[William Edwin Brooks|W.E. Brooks]] in ''Stray Feathers'', the birding periodical edited by [[Allan Octavian Hume|A. O. Hume]], and this criticism was responded to by Wilson himself.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mountaineer |year=1876 |title=Criticism on Mr. W. E. Brooks's paper on Birds observed between Mussorie and Gangaotri |url=https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou41876hume/page/225/mode/1up |journal=Stray Feathers |volume=4 |pages=225–228}}</ref> In the 20th century, the conservationist [[Sunderlal Bahuguna|Sundarlal Bahuguna]] considered Wilson as the original cause of deforestation in the region.<ref name=cri1/><br />
<br />
===Inspiration for the stories of Ruskin Bond and Rudyard Kipling===<br />
{{anchor | Inspiration | Inspired }}<br />
<br />
[[Ruskin Bond]] wrote a story called ''Wilson's Bridge'' based on a bridge across the Bhagirathi that Wilson had built.<ref name=cri1>{{Cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Debashis |title=Locating the Anglo-Indian self in Ruskin Bond : a postcolonial review |date=2011 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-0-85728-943-8 |location=London |pages=144–145 |oclc=741615132}}</ref> Bond knew the last descendant, Geoffrey Wilson, son of Charles.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bond, Ruskin |title=Scenes from a Writer's Life |publisher=Penguin |year=2017}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Rudyard Kipling stayed in Charleville and likely heard the story of Wilson there and came up with the story of the ''Man who would be king''.<ref name=cointh1/> <br />
<br />
===Frederick's coins===<br />
{{anchor | Coins }}<br />
<br />
In 1938, [[Jack Gibson (schoolmaster)|Jack Gibson]] found that his porters were gambling with counters that turned out to be Wilson rupee coins and collected a couple of them.<ref name=cointh1>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-31 |title=Uttarakhand: Where have coins minted by 'Raja of Harsil' Frederick Wilson gone? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/uttarakhand-where-have-coins-minted-by-raja-of-harsil-frederick-wilson-gone-13563052.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Introduction of apple to Harsil===<br />
{{anchor | Apple }}<br />
<br />
The apple variety that he introduced into the Harsil area continues to be in cultivation.<ref name=vart1>{{cite news |date=9 September 2018 |title=Pahari Wilson's Centuries-old apple to be 'preserved' |newspaper=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/pahari-wilsons-centuries-old-apple-trees-to-be-preserved/articleshow/65745539.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Hutchinson, Robert |title=The Raja of Harsil: The Legend of Frederick "Pahari Wilson". |publisher=Roli Books |year=2010 |place=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Garg, Sanjay |url=https://www.academia.edu/2407103 |title=XIII Congreso Internacional de Numismática |year=2005 |place=Madrid |pages=1647–1658 |chapter=Coins of European Adventurers in India.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kala, D. C. |title=Frederick Wilson ("Hulson sahib") of Garhwal 1816-83 |publisher=Ravi Dayal |year=2006}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1997, the large wooden Wilson Cottage at Harsil burned down.<ref name=vart1/><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Charleville_Mussoorie.jpg|Charleville Hotel, c. 1905, once owned by Frederick Wilson, now part of Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration.<br />
<br />
Shikari_Wilson_Harsil.jpg|Wilson Cottage bungalow in Harsil, c. 1860. Wilson is seated to the left with his brother-in-law Mungetu Chand.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[George Thomas (soldier)]]<br />
* [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)]]<br />
* [[Walter Reinhardt Sombre]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/summerrambleinhi00wilsrich A summer ramble in the Himalayas; with sporting adventures in the Vale of Cashmere] (1860)<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/shootinginhimala00markrich Shooting in the Himalayas] (1854) by [[Frederick Markham]] on hunting with Wilson<br />
* [https://garhwalpost.in/a-man-who-would-be-king/ A Man Who Would Be King] by Ganesh Saili (2020)<br />
* [https://raja-of-harsil.com/picture-gallery/ Photo gallery from Robert Hutchison]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Frederick}}<br />
[[Category:1817 births]]<br />
[[Category:1883 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Yorkshire]]<br />
[[Category:Naturalists from British India]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020%E2%80%9321_Punjab_State_Super_Football_League&diff=4827882020–21 Punjab State Super Football League2025-09-22T09:34:33Z<p>LavadaDonald013: Adding a stub w/ infobox!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{infobox football league season<br />
| competition = [[Punjab State Super Football League]]<br />
| season = 2020-21<br />
| winners = [[FC Punjab Police|Punjab Police]]<br />
| continentalcup1 = <br />
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = <br />
| continentalcup2 = <br />
| continentalcup2 qualifiers = <br />
| matches = 24<br />
| total goals = <br />
| league topscorer = <br />
| best goalkeeper = <br />
| biggest home win = <br />
| biggest away win = <br />
| highest scoring = <br />
| longest wins = <br />
| longest unbeaten = <br />
| longest winless = <br />
| longest losses = <br />
| highest attendance = <br />
| lowest attendance = <br />
| average attendance = <br />
| prevseason = [[2019 Punjab State Super League season|2019]]<br />
| nextseason = [[2021-22 Punjab State Super Football League|2021-22]]<br />
| updated = 20 July 2021<br />
| defending champion = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2020-21 Punjab State Super Football League''' was the 34th season of the [[Punjab State Super Football League]], the top-tier [[association football|football]] league in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. [[FC Punjab Police| Punjab Police]] are the champions. The league commenced from 19 December 2020.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 September 2019|title=33rd JCT Punjab State Super Football League 2019|url=http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/|work=indiafooty.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 October 2019|title=Minerva Punjab FC Beat Punjab Police to Win 2nd Straight Punjab Super League Title|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/minerva-punjab-fc-beat-punjab-police-to-win-2nd-straight-punjab-super-league-title-2353189.html|work=news18}}</ref><br />
Punjab Police FC, who were runners up last season, became champions this year.<br />
<br />
==Teams==<br />
A total number of 7 teams participated in the league. Last season champions Punjab FC didn't participated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjab State Super Football League|url=https://theawayend.co/punjab-state-super-football-league/|access-date=2021-07-20|website=The Away End|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fixtures, Results and Table of India Punjab Super League Football League|url=https://www.scorebing.com/league/2383|access-date=2021-07-20|website=ScoreBing|language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjab State League 2020-21 Archives -|url=https://footballindia.co.in/tag/punjab-state-league-2020-21/|access-date=2021-07-20|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!Club<br />
!City/Town<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|Punjab Police FC<br />
|[[Jalandhar]]<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left;"| CRPF FC<br />
|[[Jalandhar]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|Dalbir FC<br />
|[[Patiala]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|SGHS FA<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|Khalsa Warriors FC<br />
|[[Chandigarh]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|Guru FC<br />
|[[Jalandhar]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|Kehar FC<br />
|[[Jalandhar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Standings==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
!width="175"|Team!!width="20"|Pld!!width="20"|W!!width="20"|D!!width="20"|L!!width="20"|GF!!width="20"|GA!!width="20"|GD!!width="20"|Pts<br />
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc<br />
|align=left|'''[[FC Punjab Police|Punjab Police]]'''<br />
|6||4||1||1||7||4||+3||'''13'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|CRPF FC<br />
|6||4||1||1||11||3||+8||'''13'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |Dalbir FC<br />
|6||3||2||1||12||3||+9||'''11'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |SGHS FA<br />
|6||2||3||1||4||4||0||'''9'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|Khalsa Warriors <br />
|6||2||1||3||3||10||-7||'''7'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|Guru FC<br />
|6||1||0||5||2||11||-9||'''3'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|Kehar FC<br />
|6||1||0||5||6||10||-4||'''3'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Punjab State Super Football League}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:2020-21 Punjab State Super Football League}}<br />
[[Category:Punjab State Super Football League]]<br />
[[Category:2020–21 in Indian football leagues]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narasingapuram,_Gummidipoondi&diff=520495Narasingapuram, Gummidipoondi2025-09-20T08:19:22Z<p>LavadaDonald013: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Narasingapuram<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline =<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| image_caption =<br />
| etymology =<br />
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.45795268|N|80.12217522|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes =<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gummidipoondi taluk]]<br />
| established_title =<br />
| established_date =<br />
| founder =<br />
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]<br />
| seat =<br />
| leader_party =<br />
| leader_title =<br />
| leader_name =<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_total_km2 =<br />
| elevation_m = 16<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 893<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym =<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code =<br />
| area_code_type = <!-- [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]] --><br />
| area_code =<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = 628564<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''Narasingapuram''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Gummidipoondi taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095332/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Elavur]] is the closest railway station.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Narasingapuram has 264 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 63.39%.<ref name="census_2011"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2015-10-11 |archive-date=3 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003173850/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
! !! Total !! Male !! Female<br />
|-<br />
| Population || 893 || 439 || 454<br />
|-<br />
| Children aged below 6 years || 109 || 52 || 57<br />
|-<br />
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 258 || 127 || 131<br />
|-<br />
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Literates || 497 || 283 || 214<br />
|-<br />
| Workers (all) || 389 || 253 || 136<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers (total) || 371 || 241 || 130<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Cultivators || 23 || 20 || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 115 || 73 || 42<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 3 || 1 || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Other || 230 || 147 || 83<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers (total) || 18 || 12 || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 1 || 1 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 5 || 2 || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Others || 12 || 9 || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Non-workers || 504 || 186 || 318<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodad,_Palghar&diff=510188Kodad, Palghar2025-09-20T08:07:22Z<p>LavadaDonald013: adding new pg - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kodad<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline =<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| image_caption =<br />
| etymology =<br />
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|20.1304137|N|73.0021534|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes =<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Talasari]]<br />
| established_title =<br />
| established_date =<br />
| founder =<br />
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]<br />
| seat =<br />
| leader_party =<br />
| leader_title =<br />
| leader_name =<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_total_km2 =<br />
| elevation_m = 61<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 1819<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym =<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code =<br />
| area_code_type = <!-- [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]] --><br />
| area_code =<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = 551574<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''Kodad''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Talasari]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kodad has 357 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 53.24%.<ref name="census_2011"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref><br />
! !! Total !! Male !! Female<br />
|-<br />
| Population || 1819 || 869 || 950<br />
|-<br />
| Children aged below 6 years || 292 || 143 || 149<br />
|-<br />
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 417 || 199 || 218<br />
|-<br />
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1396 || 666 || 730<br />
|-<br />
| Literates || 813 || 485 || 328<br />
|-<br />
| Workers (all) || 1032 || 488 || 544<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers (total) || 471 || 240 || 231<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Cultivators || 380 || 202 || 178<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 37 || 11 || 26<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 5 || 2 || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Other || 49 || 25 || 24<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers (total) || 561 || 248 || 313<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 481 || 212 || 269<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 34 || 12 || 22<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Others || 46 || 24 || 22<br />
|-<br />
| Non-workers || 787 || 381 || 406<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Talasari taluka}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Talasari taluka]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rough_Guide_to_Bhangra_(2010_album)&diff=540671The Rough Guide to Bhangra (2010 album)2025-09-15T15:55:14Z<p>LavadaDonald013: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox album<br />
| name = The Rough Guide to Bhangra<br />
| type = Compilation<br />
| artist = Various artists<br />
| cover = RoughGuideBhangra2010.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 30 August 2010<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[World music|World]], [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]<br />
| length = {{duration|m=120|s=38}}<br />
| label = [[World Music Network]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| chronology = Full series<br />
| prev_title = [[The Rough Guide to African Street Party]]<br />
| prev_year = 2008<br />
| next_title = [[The Rough Guide to Klezmer Revival]]<br />
| next_year = 2008<br />
| misc = <small>[[List of Rough Guide albums|Complete list]]</small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Rough Guide to Bhangra''''' is a [[world music]] [[compilation album]] originally released in [[2010 in music|2010]]. Part of the [[World Music Network]] [[Rough Guides]] series, the release features [[bhangra (music)|bhangra]], a form of [[Punjabi music]]. Disc One highlights artists from the 1980s to 2000s, and Disc Two features the British band [[Achanak (band)|Achanak]]. The album was compiled by DJ Ritu, a British-born musician, [[BBC Radio 3]] host, and co-founder of [[Outcaste Records]].<ref name='bbcritu'>{{cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2006/09/20/world_music_feature.shtml | title = World Music with DJ Ritu | access-date = 2014-01-30 | author = BBC London | author-link = BBC London | publisher = [[BBC]]}}</ref> Brad Haynes coordinated the project, Laurence Cedar mastered the work, and Phil Stanton was the producer. The release was preceded by a [[The Rough Guide to Bhangra (2000 album)|first edition]] a decade earlier.<br />
<br />
The album features artists from [[Music of India|India]], [[Music of Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[British pop music|England]], and [[Music of Scotland|Scotland]].<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
Writing for [[BBC Music]], Vibhuti Patel was dismissive of the album and label in general, calling it "more than a little rough", and the brand responsible for "several entry-level collections of world music" (this being the 202nd release in the series). Patel thought the album should be an historical overview, and lamented the omissions of [[Gurdas Maan]], [[Malkit Singh]], and [[B21 (band)|B21]]. She also felt Disc Two should have been replaced by another various artist compilation, and wrote that the overall release "falls short of being a definitive introduction" (this is in marked contrast with the [[The Rough Guide to Bhangra (2000 album)|first edition]], which Ted Swedenburg of [[PopMatters]] named "the definitive introduction").<ref name='bbc'>{{cite news | first = Vibhuti | last = Patel | title = Various Artists The Rough Guide to Bhangra Review | year = 2010 | publisher = [[BBC]] | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/gmrj/ | work = [[BBC Music]] | access-date = 2014-01-30}}</ref><ref name="PopMatters">{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/review/various-roughgudebhangra/|title=Various Artists: The Rough Guide to Bhangra|first=Ted|last=Swedenburg|accessdate=29 Jan 2014|publisher=[[PopMatters]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Track listing==<br />
<br />
===Disc One===<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| extra_column = Artist<br />
<br />
| title1 = Gerra De De<br />
| extra1 = [[DJ Dips]] Feat [[Miss Pooja]]<br />
| length1 = 3:58<br />
<br />
| title2 = Meri Changi Taran<br />
| extra2 = [[Naseebo Lal]]<br />
| length2 = 7:56<br />
<br />
| title3 = Boliyan<br />
| extra3 = [[Panjabi MC]]<br />
| length3 = 4:10<br />
<br />
| title4 = Bangles<br />
| extra4 = [[Niraj Chag]]<br />
| length4 = 4:02<br />
<br />
| title5 = Bol! Bol! Bol!<br />
| extra5 = [[Tigerstyle]]<br />
| length5 = 4:23<br />
<br />
| title6 = Yaar Da Viah<br />
| extra6 = [[Dalvinder Singh]]<br />
| length6 = 4:24<br />
<br />
| title7 = Dil Kugoo (Bhangra Mix)<br />
| extra7 = [[Shazia Mansoor]]<br />
| length7 = 5:08<br />
<br />
| title8 = Nachle<br />
| extra8 = [[U Music]]<br />
| length8 = 4:29<br />
<br />
| title9 = Mera Yaar Vajawe Dhol<br />
| extra9 = [[K.S. Bamrah]]<br />
| length9 = 3:37<br />
<br />
| title10 = Bor Bor<br />
| extra10 = [[Partners In Rhyme]]<br />
| length10 = 4:31<br />
<br />
| title11 = Tut Guhia<br />
| extra11 = [[Achanak (band)|Achanak]]<br />
| length11 = 3:55<br />
<br />
| title12 = Fight This Feeling<br />
| extra12 = [[Khiza]] Feat [[Suman (musician)|Suman]] & [[Joginder]]<br />
| length12 = 3:14<br />
<br />
| title13 = Har Gabroo<br />
| extra13 = [[H-Dhami]]<br />
| length13 = 3:55<br />
<br />
| title14 = Jagoo<br />
| extra14 = [[Panjabi By Nature]]<br />
| length14 = 5:29<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Disc Two===<br />
All tracks on Disc Two are performed by [[Achanak (band)|Achanak]], a seven-piece British band founded in 1989.<ref name='achanak'>{{cite web | url = http://www.achanak.co.uk/ | title = About Achanak | accessdate = 2014-01-30}}</ref><br />
{{tracklist<br />
<br />
| title1 = Teri Muhabbeta Mar Sutia (Your Love Is Killing Me)<br />
| extra1 = <br />
| length1 = 3:24<br />
<br />
| title2 = Tut Guhia (Broken Jewelry)<br />
| extra2 = <br />
| length2 = 3:58<br />
<br />
| title3 = Iskh Mitta (Love Is Sweet)<br />
| extra3 = <br />
| length3 = 5:12<br />
<br />
| title4 = Dil Nao Lag Da (Ambient)<br />
| extra4 = <br />
| length4 = 4:49<br />
<br />
| title5 = Lak Noo Bhangra Mix (Purely Percussive)<br />
| extra5 = <br />
| length5 = 4:45<br />
<br />
| title6 = Aj Bhangra Punjabia Na Pauna (Let's Dance With A Dhol)<br />
| extra6 = <br />
| length6 = 3:56<br />
<br />
| title7 = Addji Marke (Let's Move Our Hips To The Pulsating Beat)<br />
| extra7 = <br />
| length7 = 4:28<br />
<br />
| title8 = Nakra D&B Mix (Heavy)<br />
| extra8 = <br />
| length8 = 5:24<br />
<br />
| title9 = Ek Tera Na Rkana (Dancing Queen)<br />
| extra9 = <br />
| length9 = 4:55<br />
<br />
| title10 = Dushman Da Badla (Freedom From Oppression)<br />
| extra10 = <br />
| length10 = 3:56<br />
<br />
| title11 = Achanak Boliyaan (Sonnets Of Dance)<br />
| extra11 = <br />
| length11 = 5:02<br />
<br />
| title12 = Bhangra Pa Bass Mix (Let Me Dance Please)<br />
| extra12 = <br />
| length12 = 2:53<br />
<br />
| title13 = Kuria Ne Suniya (Beautiful Woman Listen To Me)<br />
| extra13 = <br />
| length13 = 4:54<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website|http://www.worldmusic.net/store/item/RGNET1202/}}<br />
* {{Discogs release|3087094|Various – The Rough Guide To Bhangra|type=album}}<br />
<br />
{{Rough Guide 2010}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rough Guide to Bhangra}}<br />
[[Category:2010 compilation albums]]<br />
[[Category:World Music Network Rough Guide albums|Bhangra]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Gumla&diff=497248Diocese of Gumla2025-08-31T19:24:32Z<p>LavadaDonald013: put up new page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Roman catholic diocese in Jharkhand, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox diocese<br />
|jurisdiction = Diocese <br />
|name = Gumla <br />
|latin = Dioecesis Gumlaensis <br />
|local = गुमला के सूबा<br />
|country = {{flag|India}} <br />
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]] <br />
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]] <br />
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]<br />
|cathedral = Cathedral of St Patrick in [[Gumla]]<br />
|cocathedral = <br />
|established = 28 May 1993<br />
|area_km2 = 5,316 <br />
|population = 1,299,000<br />
|population_as_of = 2023 <br />
|catholics = 195,000<br />
|catholics_percent= 15.0 <br />
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}<br />
|bishop = [[Linus Pingal Ekka]]<br />
|metro_archbishop = [[Vincent Aind]]<br />
|coadjutor = <br />
|auxiliary_bishops= <br />
|image = Gumla - Cathédrale Saint-Patrick - 7.jpg<br />
|denomination=|parishes=38}}<br />
<br />
The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Gumla''' ({{langx|la| Gumlaën(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Gumla]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]] in India.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
* May 28, 1993: Established as Diocese of Gumla from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ranchi<br />
<br />
==Leadership==<br />
* [[Bishop]]s of Gumla ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])<br />
** Bishop [[Michael Minj]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (28 May 1993 – 15 November 2004)<br />
** Bishop [[Paul Alois Lakra]] (28 January 2006 – 15 June 2021)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --><br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/guml0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]<br />
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dguml.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
{{coord|23.0466|N|84.5564|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gumla}}<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]<br />
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1993]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]<br />
[[Category:1993 establishments in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Christianity in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Gumla district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsthan_Narayanapur&diff=454399Samsthan Narayanapur2025-08-23T11:33:40Z<p>LavadaDonald013: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Samsthan Narayanapur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Telangana<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17.1622|N|78.8817|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district|Bhuvanagiri]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Nalgonda|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2808_PART_B_DCHB_NALGONDA.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=15 February 2016|page=13,356|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 349<br />
| population_total = 7,927<ref>{{cite web<br />
| title = Narayanapur Village Population - Yadadri Bhuvanagiri - Yadadri Bhuvanagiri, Telangana<br />
| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/577138-narayanapur-andhra-pradesh.html<br />
| website = Census 2011 India<br />
| access-date = 2024-07-13<br />
}}</ref><br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 508253<br />
| registration_plate = TG<br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small><br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Samsthan Narayanapur'''<ref>{{cite web<br />
| title = Samasthan Narayanpur<br />
| url = https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2023/6/10580.pdf<br />
| website = International Journal of Forensic Medicine and Research (IJFMR)<br />
| date = 2023<br />
| access-date = 2025-08-22<br />
}}</ref> is a Mandal in [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]] of Telangana State, India. Narayanapur Mandal Headquarters is Narayanapur town . It belongs to Telangana region . It is located 39&nbsp;km towards west from District headquarters [[Bhongir]].<br />
<br />
Narayanapur Mandal is bounded by Choutuppal Mandal towards North, Manchal Mandal towards west, Marrigudem Mandal towards South, Munugode Mandal towards East . Bhongiri , Hyderabad , Devarakonda , Jangaon are the nearby to Narayanapur. <br />
<br />
Narayanapur consist of 77 Villages and 14 Panchayats . Kothulapuram is the smallest Village and Narayanapur is the biggest Village . It is in the 322 m elevation(altitude) . This Place is in the border of the Nalgonda District and Rangareddi District. Rangareddi District Manchal is west towards this place .<br />
<br />
Hyderabad, Nagarjunsagar, Nagarjunakonda (Nagarjuna Sagar Dam), Medak, Warangal (Orugallu) are the nearby important tourist destinations to see.<br />
<br />
== Puttapaka ==<br />
Narayanapur is mandal HQ (mdl code-36) in Nalgonda District, Telangana.<br />
<br />
There are 14 villages in this mandal:<br />
<br />
* ALLAMDEVICHERUVU<br />
* RACHAKONDA<br />
* MAHAMMADABAD<br />
* GUDDI MALKAPURAM<br />
* KOTHULAPURAM<br />
* CHIMIRIYALA<br />
* NARAYANAPUR<br />
* KOTHA GUDEM<br />
* KANKANAL GUDEM<br />
* SARVAIL<br />
* GUJJA<br />
* PUTTAPAKA<br />
* JANGAM<br />
* VAILA PALLE<br />
* CHILLAPURAM<br />
* PALLAGATTU THANDA<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Narayanpur is located at {{Coord|17.1622|N|78.8817|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Narayanpur.html Narayanpur at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 349&nbsp;metres (1148&nbsp;ft).<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to [[Indian census]], Telugu is the Local Language here. Also People Speaks Urdu . Total population of Narayanapur Mandal is 41,064 living in 9,055 Houses, Spread across total 77 villages and 14 panchayats . Males are 20,963 and Females are 20,101.<br />
<br />
=== Weather and Climate of Narayanapur Mandal ===<br />
It is too Hot in summer. Narayanapur summer highest day temperature is in between 28&nbsp;°C to 46&nbsp;°C .<br />
<br />
Average temperatures of January is 25&nbsp;°C, February is 26&nbsp;°C, March is 30&nbsp;°C, April is 32&nbsp;°C, May is 35&nbsp;°C<br />
<br />
== How to reach Samsthan Narayanapur mandal ==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2020}}<br />
<br />
=== By Rail ===<br />
[[File:Srirampuram railway station board from a running train.jpg|thumb|Srirampuram railway station]]<br />
There is no railway station near to Narayanapur Mandal in less than 10&nbsp;km. Nalgonda Rail Way Station (near to Nalgonda), Srirampuram Rail Way Station (near to Nalgonda) are the Rail way stations reachable from near by towns. However Secunderabad Jn Rail Way Station is amajor railway station 56&nbsp;km from Narayanapur<br />
<br />
=== By Road ===<br />
Choutuppal is the nearby town and It has road connectivity to Narayanapur.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Nalgonda district]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahindra_Ugine_Steel&diff=460241Mahindra Ugine Steel2025-08-01T13:47:57Z<p>LavadaDonald013: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Mahindra Ugine Steel<br />
| logo = [[File:Musco logo.PNG|Mahindra Ugine Steel logo]]<br />
| type = [[Public company|Public]]<br />
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE was|504823}}|{{NSE was|MAHINDUGIN}}}}<br />
| industry = [[Steel]]<br />
| foundation = 1962, [[Mumbai]]<br />
| founder = <br />
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| area_served = <br />
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Hitesh Patel]] ([[Chairman]])| Somesh Jojare, [[Vice Chairman]]}}<br />
| products = <br />
| revenue = {{INRConvert|1342.91|c}} (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/StockReach/AdvanceStockReach.aspx?scripcode=504823|title=Stock Share Price mahindra ugine steel coltd {{!}} Get Quote mahindugin {{!}} BSE|website=www.bseindia.com|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref><br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = <br />
| assets = <br />
| equity = <br />
| num_employees = <br />
| parent = [[Mahindra Group]]<br />
| subsid = <br />
| slogan = <br />
| location_country = India<br />
| homepage = [https://web.archive.org/web/20001206203400/http://www.muscoindia.com/ Official Website]<br />
}}<br />
'''Mahindra Sanyo Special Steel Private Limited''' or formerly known as '''Mahindra Ugine Steel (MUSCO)''' is a manufacturer of specialty steel, stampings, and rings headquartered in Mumbai, India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahindra.com/mahindra/industry.page?cname=what-we-do&dname=Components&scat=Companies&indid=Mahindra-Ugine-Steel-Co |title=Mahindra Ugine Steel Co |publisher=Mahindra Group |date=2011 |accessdate=2011-02-24 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714021238/http://www.mahindra.com/mahindra/industry.page?cname=what-we-do&dname=Components&scat=Companies&indid=Mahindra-Ugine-Steel-Co |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a joint venture of the [[Mahindra Group]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/08/30/stories/2002083001900400.htm |title=Mahindra Ugine eyes revival |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=2002-08-30 |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref> one of India's largest industrial houses and Sanyo Special Steel Co. Ltd and Mitsui & Co. Ltd from Japan <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-top-20-companies-in-india/20101210.htm |title=The 20 Largest Companies in India |work=Rediff.com |date=2010-12-10 |accessdate=2011-02-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
MUSCO has three stampings facilities located near key automotive clusters in India: Kanhe to serve the manufacturing cluster in Pune; Nashik; and Rudrapur to serve Northern India. Together, MUSCO has a total stampings capacity of 30,000 metric tons per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muscoindia.com/Comp_prof.htm |title=Company Profile |publisher=Mahindra Ugine Steel |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref> Its ring rolling division also has a total capacity of 30,000 metric tons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahindra.com/mahindra/industry.page?cname=what-we-do&dname=Components&scat=Companies&indid=Mahindra-Ugine-Steel-Co |title=Mahindra Ugine Steel Co |publisher=Mahindra Group |date=2011 |accessdate=2011-02-24 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714021238/http://www.mahindra.com/mahindra/industry.page?cname=what-we-do&dname=Components&scat=Companies&indid=Mahindra-Ugine-Steel-Co |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was the first steel company in India to receive an [[ISO 9001|ISO 9001:2000 Certificate]] in 2002 and in 2005, it received ISO TS 16949 certification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahindra.com/mahindra/industry.page?cname=what-we-do&dname=Components&scat=Products&indid=Alloy-Steel |title=Alloy Steel |publisher=Mahindra.com |accessdate=2011-01-24 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075755/http://www.mahindra.com/mahindra/industry.page?cname=what-we-do&dname=Components&scat=Products&indid=Alloy-Steel |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
MUSCO was incorporated on 19 December 1962 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mahindra-ugine-steel-company-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-11356.cms |title=Mahindra Ugine Steel Company Ltd |newspaper=The Economic Times |accessdate=8 June 2018 }}</ref> It began as a dealership/seller of tool, alloy, and specialty steels. In 1964, MUSCO was first listed on [[Mumbai Stock Exchange]].<br />
<br />
==Awards== <br />
* Caterpillar for supply of high quality steel bars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muscoindia.com/Features/awards.htm |title=Awards |publisher=Mahindra Ugine Steel |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://machinist.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2658&Itemid=2 Mahindra Ugine Steel Company to set up new manufacturing unit in Pantnagar]<br />
*[http://www.steelguru.com/indian_news/Mahindra_Systech_to_sell_stake_in_Mahindra_Ugine_Steel/180387.html Mahindra Systech to sell stake in Mahindra Ugine Steel]<br />
*[http://www.equitybulls.com/admin/news2006/news_det.asp?id=70259 Mahindra Ugine Steel to set up new unit in Pantnagar]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
<br />
{{Steel industry of India}}<br />
{{Mahindra Group}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Steel companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Mahindra Group]]<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Uddin_(cricketer)&diff=505372Jalal Uddin (cricketer)2025-07-12T18:30:19Z<p>LavadaDonald013: adding details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1992)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Jalal Uddin<br />
| image = <br />
| country = <br />
| fullname = Jalal Uddin Lashkar<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|10|23|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Dimapur]], [[Nagaland]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| batting = Right handed<br />
| bowling = Right arm medium<br />
| role =<br />
<br />
| club1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]<br />
| year1 = 2018–19<br />
| clubnumber1 = <br />
| club2 = <br />
| year2 = <br />
| clubnumber2 =<br />
<br />
| date = 20 November 2018<br />
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1163674.html ESPNcricinfo<br />
}}<br />
'''Jalal Uddin''' (born 23 October 1992) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1163674.html |title=Jalal Uddin |access-date=20 November 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]] in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]] on 20 November 2018.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156986.html |title=Plate Group, Ranji Trophy at Shillong, Nov 20-23 2018 |access-date=20 November 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cricinfo|id=1163674}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Uddin, Jalal}}<br />
[[Category:1992 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Dimapur]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Nagaland cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from Nagaland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-cricket-bio-1992-stub}}</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Thiruvananthapuram&diff=468959History of Thiruvananthapuram2025-07-12T16:57:01Z<p>LavadaDonald013: updated section also and updated info for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
The '''history of [[Thiruvananthapuram]]''' dates back to the 18th century AD. In 1795, the city became the capital of the [[princely state]] of [[Travancore]]. Several historic landmarks of the city, including the [[Kowdiar Palace]], [[University of Kerala]], and [[Napier Museum]] were built during that period. After independence, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] was made the capital of the state of Kerala.<br />
<br />
==Ancient and Medieval history==<br />
[[File:TVM_Padmanabhaswamy_Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]]]<br />
[[File:Padmanabhapuram Clock Tower.jpg|250px|thumbnail|[[Padmanabhapuram Palace]]]]<br />
According to legend, the site of Thiruvananthapuram was once a jungle known as Anantan Kādu, which was home to a [[Pulayar]] couple who cultivated rice. One day, the wife heard a baby crying as she was weeding. After a search, she found a child so beautiful that she assumed it was divine and was afraid to touch it. She fed the baby some milk and left it in the shade of a tree, whereupon a five-headed cobra appeared, moved the baby to a hole in the tree, and used its hood to shelter the child from the sun. Realizing it was an incarnation of the Hindu deity [[Vishnu]], the Pulayar and his wife made offerings of milk and congee in a coconut shell. Once the king of Travancore heard of the baby, he issued orders for the construction of a temple at the location of [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabha swami temple]].<br />
[[File:South India in early 11th century AD.jpg|thumbnail|[[South India]] in early 11th century CE (around 1000 CE)]]<br />
The ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The [[Chera dynasty]] governed the area of [[Malabar Coast]] between [[Alappuzha]] in the south to [[Kasaragod]] in the north. This includes, [[Palakkad Gap]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Erode, Tamil Nadu|Erode]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], and [[Kolli Hills]]. The region around [[Coimbatore]] was ruled by the Cheras during [[Sangam period]] between {{Circa|1st}} and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the [[Palakkad Gap]], the principal trade route between the [[Malabar Coast]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Trade">{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S|title=Roman connection in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th|access-date=28 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 January 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th|archive-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> However the southern region of the present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and [[Alappuzha]]) was under [[Ay dynasty]], who was more related to the [[Pandya dynasty]] of [[Madurai]].<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri</ref><br />
<br />
Present-day [[Thiruvananthapuram]] city, district, and [[Kanyakumari district]], were parts of [[Ay dynasty]] during ancient and medieval ages, which was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] kingdom based in the southernmost part of Indian Subcontinent.<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2007 |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history}}</ref> Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] in various periods.<ref name="askh"/> Later, it became a part of [[Venad]] in the late Middle Ages, which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of [[Travancore]] in the 18th-century CE.<ref name="askh"/> The [[Tamil people|Tamil]]-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in the Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct and unique from the architectural style of temples in northern parts of [[Kerala]].<ref name="askh"/><br />
<br />
Modern-day [[List of districts of Kerala|Southern Kerala]] (The districts like Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, etc.) had been ruled by [[Tamils|Tamil]] dynasties such as [[Ay kingdom]], [[Pandya dynasty]],<ref name=":302">Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'The Fall of the Old States', in ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations'', ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 172–73. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Pandya dynasty {{!}} Indian dynasty |language=en |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty |access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref> and [[Chola dynasty]],<ref>{{citation |last=Keay |first=John |title=India: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC |date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic |isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0 |page=215}}</ref><ref name=majumdar407>Majumdar (contains no mention of Maldives)</ref> for a long time until 16th-17th century CE. The official language of [[Venad]], based at [[Kollam]], was also identified as [[Tamil language|Tamil]], by the natives of Venad in those times.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Ganesh|first=K.N.|date=June 2009|title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala|journal=Indian Historical Review|volume=36|issue=1|pages=3–21|doi=10.1177/037698360903600102|s2cid=145359607 |issn=0376-9836}}</ref> The place names, the dialects of [[Malayalam]] spoken, and the customs, those exist in Southern parts of Kerala, still reveal a close relationship with Tamil heritage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jun/26/keralas-tamil-connection-126586.amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603134225/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jun/26/keralas-tamil-connection-126586.amp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2021 |title= Kerala's Tamil Connection |date = 26 June 2010 |publisher = The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Malayalam]] became more prevalent with the expansion of [[Venad]] into [[Travancore]] by annexing the regions as far as present-day [[Ernakulam district]].<br />
<br />
The [[Ays (Kerala)|Ays]] was the leading political power till the beginning of the 10th century AD. During the [[Chera-Chola Wars]] from 999 to 1110 AD, the city of significance was [[Vizhinjam]], which housed a university ([[Kanthalur Salai]]). [[Trivandrum]] housed the famous temple. All of the regions were attacked and sacked by the Chola army, till they were forced to retreat to [[Kottar]] in 1110 AD. The disappearance of the Ays synchronised with the emergence of the rulers of [[Venad]].<ref name="History of Thiruvananthapuram"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|publisher=Kerala PRD <br />
|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/tvm.htm <br />
|title=History of Thiruvananthapuram <br />
|access-date=2006-05-23 <br />
|url-status=dead <br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207004457/http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/tvm.htm <br />
|archive-date=2009-02-07 <br />
}}<br />
</ref> During the [[Venad]] rule, the trustees of the temple ([[Ettara Yogam]]) became powerful enough to challenge the authority of the rulers. Raja Aditya Varma was poisoned by them, and five out of six children of [[Umayamma Rani]] were murdered by them. In 1684, during her regency, the English [[British East India Company|East India Company]] obtained a sandy piece of land at [[Anchuthengu]] (Anjengo) on the sea coast, about 32&nbsp;km north of Thiruvananthapuram city, for erecting a factory and fortifying it. The place had earlier been frequented by the Dutch, and later by the British East India Company. It was from here that the English gradually extended their domain to other parts of Thiruvithamcore, anglicised as Travancore.<br />
<br />
During the regency of Umayamma Rani, Travancore was invaded by a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] adventurer, known as the [[Mughal Sirdar]], forcing the Rani to take refuge in [[Nedumangad]]. The Sardar camped in the suburbs of the present-day Trivandrum, till he was defeated by [[Later Chera Dynasty|Kerala Varma]], a prince from the Kottayam royal family, adopted into the Venad royal family. The Rani was brought back in triumph to Trivandrum, but in 1696 AD, Kottayam Kerala Varma was assassinated by the trustees within the precincts of his palace.<br />
<br />
During the reign of another Aditya Varma (1718–1721), the clashes between the royal officials and the temple trustees became more common. Failing to get redress at the hands of the king, the tenants of the temple lands marched to Trivandrum to present their grievances to the [[Yogakkar]] (trustees), indicating the low ebb of the power of the king.<br />
<br />
==Modern history==<br />
[[File:1733 Homann Heirs Map of India - Geographicus - India-homannheirs-1733.jpg|thumb|A map of [[Malabar Coast]] drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between [[Kollam]] and [[Kanyakumari]], as shown in the map (present-day districts of [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Trivandrum]] and Kanyakumari only). The vast region of Malabar Coast between [[Kannur]] and [[Kollam]] was under the control of [[Zamorin of Calicut]] then. It was in the latter half of the 18th century, that Travancore inherited the kingdoms as far as [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and became a powerful kingdom, and Thiruvananthapuram became a major city of Kerala.]]<br />
[[File:A language map of India prepared for the missionary projects at Serampore, 1822.jpg|thumbnail|A language map of [[India]] prepared in 1822.]]<br />
In the early 18th century CE, the [[Travancore royal family]] adopted some members from the royal family of [[Kolathunadu]] based at [[Kannur]] and [[Parappanad]], based in present-day [[Malappuram district]].<ref>Travancore State Manual</ref> [[Marthanda Varma|Maharaja Marthanda Varma]] who reigned from 1729 to 1758, and who is regarded as the father of modern Travancore, modernised Thiruvananthapuram. [[Travancore]] became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Kozhikode]] in the battle of [[Purakkad]] in 1755.<ref name="AHoT 162">{{cite book|last1=Shungoony Menon|first1=P.|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|date=1878|publisher=Higgin Botham & Co.|location=Madras|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212 162]–164|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|access-date=5 May 2016|language=en|format=pdf}}</ref> The locals of Thiruvananthapuram supported him against the [[Ettuveetil Pillamar]] and [[Ettara Yogam]] when he was the heir-apparent, and when he was attacked by the agents of the trustees, he fled to the safety of Trivandrum, from where he counterattacked. During his reign, he renovated the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] and the walls of the fortress. He also shifted the capital legally from [[Padmanabhapuram]] to Thiruvananthapuram, which he made a great centre of intellectual and artistic activity. Thiruvananthapuram became a prominent city in Kerala under [[Marthanda Varma]].<ref name="Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 2013">{{Britannica|606138|Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref><br />
<br />
As a result of the annexation of neighboring chiefdoms, the artists and scholars from these places migrated to Trivandrum, turning it into a cultural center. Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including ''Koothu'', ''Padhakam'', ''Kathakali'', ''Thullal'', and ''Koodiyattam''. Noted artists such as [[Ramapurathu Warrier]] and [[Kunchan Nambiar]] amongst others served as his court poets.<ref name="Gauri Lakshmi Bayi 1998 152–168">{{cite book|last=Gauri Lakshmi Bayi|first=Aswathi Thirunal|title=Sreepadmanabhaswami Kshetram|year=1998|publisher=The State Institute Of Languages|location=Thiruvananthapuram|isbn=978-81-7638-028-7|pages=152–168}}</ref> In 1791, the [[English East India Company]] signed a treaty to protect Travancore from the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and under its terms was allowed to install a Resident and troops in Thiruvananthapuram. In 1795, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital city of [[Travancore]]. In 1799, [[Velu Thampi Dalawa]], then a Karyakar of Talakkulam, led a march of the local people to Thiruvananthapuram to protest against the corruption of the King's ministers. The accession of [[Swathi Thirunal|Maharaja Swathi Thirunal]] who reigned from 1829 to 1847, ushered in an epoch of cultural progress and economic prosperity. The beginning of English education was marked in 1834 by the opening of an English school at Thiruvananthapuram. An observatory and a charity hospital were also established in 1836. During the reign of Maharaja [[Uthram Thirunal]], Rev. Mead, an Anglican priest of the London Missionary Society (L.M.S.), was employed by the Maharajah to improve the quality of education. Schools, including one for girls, were started in Thiruvananthapuram.<br />
[[File:Napier_museum_and_park_walkway.jpg|thumb|The [[Napier Museum]] was established in 1855.]]<br />
During the reign of [[Moolam Thirunal|Maharaja Moolam Thirunal]] (1885–1924), a [[College of Fine Arts Trivandrum|College of Fine Arts]] was opened here besides the several [[English language|English]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] schools, all over the State. A large hospital with lying-in-facility and a lunatic asylum were also established in Thiruvananthapuram. The [[Trivandrum University College]] was started in 1873, with Dr. Read as its principal. A Law class was opened in Thiruvananthapuram in 1874, and the main building of the old Kerala Government Secretariat was designed and constructed by the Maharajah's chief engineer, Mr. Barton. Mr. Barton also improved the sanitation of the city. During the reign of Sri Moolam Thirunal (1885–1924), the Sanskrit College, Ayurveda College, Law College, and a second-grade College for Women were started here. A department for the preservation and publication of oriental manuscripts was also established.<br />
<br />
One of the significant aspects associated with Maharaja Sree Moolam Thirunal's reign was the inauguration of the Legislative Council in 1888. This was the first legislative chamber, instituted in an Indian State. The Sri Moolam Assembly came into being in 1904. The activities of the [[Indian National Congress]] echoed in Thiruvananthapuram and other parts of Kerala during the reign of Maharaja Sree Moolam Thirunal. The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in [[Travancore]] region. After two decades, during the reign of [[Sree Chithira Thirunal]], Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into a Corporation on 30 October 1940.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |title=Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |archive-date=2010-09-18 }} Year of becoming a corporation</ref><br />
<br />
During the regency of Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bai, the college for Women at Trivandrum was raised to the first grade.<br />
[[File:Departures_terminal_Trivandrum_International_Airport_Kerala_India.jpg|thumb|The [[Trivandrum International Airport]] was established in 1932]]<br />
A political conference of the Congress was held in the city under the presidency of Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramaiah, in 1938. The period of Maharaja Sri Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma who took the reins of administration in 1931, witnessed many-sided progress. The promulgation of the Temple Entry Proclamation (1936) was an act that underlined social emancipation. In 1937, a separate University for Travancore was started. That was later redesignated as the University of Kerala, following the formation of the State of Kerala in 1956.<br />
<br />
== Post-Independence (1947 CE - present) ==<br />
With the end of the British rule in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian Union. The first people-elected ministry headed by [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]] was installed in office on 24 March 1948. In 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of [[Travancore-Cochin|Thiru-Kochi]], the state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbor [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]]. The king of [[Travancore]], [[Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma]], became the [[Rajpramukh]] of the [[Travancore-Cochin|Travancore-Cochin Union]] from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956. When the state of [[Kerala]] was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital.<br />
<br />
With the establishment of [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS) in 1962, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space program. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) in the outskirts of the city in 1963. Several establishments of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="VSSC Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=http://www.isro.org/centers/cen_vssc.htm |title=VSSC Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=23 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426233653/http://www.isro.org/centers/cen_vssc.htm |archive-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
A significant milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment of [[Technopark Kerala|Technopark]]—India's first IT park—in 1995.<ref name="Technopark Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web|publisher=Kerala State IT Mission|url=http://www.keralaitmission.org|title=First IT Park in Kerala|access-date=25 August 2006|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103110342/http://www.keralaitmission.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Technopark has developed into the largest IT park in the geographical area,<ref>{{cite book|title=The digital challenge: information technology in the development context |year=2003|publisher=S. Krishna, Shirin Madon by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|page=350|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVhMzNSMsLYC&pg=PA350|isbn=9780754634454}}</ref> employing around 40,000 people in 300 companies.<ref name="About Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web|publisher=Official Site of Kerala IT|url=http://technopark.org/component/content/frontpage|title=Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=28 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724115124/http://technopark.org/component/content/frontpage|archive-date=24 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{sister project links|Thiruvananthapuram}}<br />
{{Histories of Kerala cities}}<br />
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}<br />
{{Travancore}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Thiruvananthapuram}}<br />
[[Category:History of Thiruvananthapuram| ]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_cricket_team_in_Sri_Lanka_in_2024&diff=477378Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 20242025-06-01T02:41:51Z<p>LavadaDonald013: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|International cricket tour}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket tour<br />
| series_name = Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2024<br />
| team1_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg<br />
| team1_name = Sri Lanka<br />
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg<br />
| team2_name = India<br />
| from_date = 27 July<br />
| to_date = 7 August 2024<br />
| team1_captain = [[Charith Asalanka]]<br />
| team2_captain = [[Rohit Sharma]] (ODIs)<br/>[[Suryakumar Yadav]] (T20Is)<br />
| no_of_ODIs = 3<br />
| team1_ODIs_won = 2<br />
| team2_ODIs_won = 0<br />
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Avishka Fernando]] (137)<br />
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (157)<br />
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Jeffrey Vandersay]] (8)<br />
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Washington Sundar]] (5)<br />
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Dunith Wellalage]] (SL)<br />
| no_of_twenty20s = 3<br />
| team1_twenty20s_won = 0<br />
| team2_twenty20s_won = 3<br />
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Pathum Nissanka]] (137)<br />
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (92)<br />
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] (5)<br />
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] (6)<br />
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Ind)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured Sri Lanka in July and August 2024 to play the [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-set-to-be-gautam-gambhir-sanath-jayasuriyas-first-coaching-assignment-1442977 |title=India to tour Sri Lanka for three ODIs and three T20Is in July-August |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2023 |title=Sri Lanka Cricket announces 2024 calendar, India to tour for white-ball series in July-August |url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/sri-lanka-cricket-announces-2024-calendar-india-to-tour-for-white-ball-series-in-july-august/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=CricTracker |language=en}}</ref> The tour consisted of three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) and three [[One Day International]] (ODI) matches.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 29 November 2023 |title=India to tour Sri Lanka in July 2024 for 3 ODIs and 3 T20Is after T20 World Cup |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-to-tour-sri-lanka-for-3-odis-and-3-t20is-after-t20-world-cup-2024-2468908-2023-11-29 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepapare.com/fixtures-revealed-for-india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2024/ |title=Fixtures revealed for India tour of Sri Lanka 2024 |work=ThePapare |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=26 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In November 2023, [[Sri Lanka Cricket]] (SLC) announced its international calendar for 2024 and confirmed the bilateral series.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 29 November 2023|title=Men's 2024 Future Tours Program of Sri Lanka Cricket |url=https://srilankacricket.lk/2023/11/mens-2024-future-tours-program-of-sri-lanka-cricket/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Sri Lanka Cricket |language=en-US}}</ref> India last toured Sri Lanka in [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021|2021]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= 29 November 2023|title=India to tour Sri Lanka for white-ball series after T20 World Cup next year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-to-tour-sri-lanka-for-white-ball-series-after-2024-t20-world-cup-9047260/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In July 2024, Sri Lanka Cricket confirmed the fixtures for the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://srilankacricket.lk/2024/07/india-mens-team-tour-schedule-announced/ |title=India Men’s Team Tour Schedule Announced |work=Sri Lanka Cricket |access-date=14 July 2024 |date=11 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
This was [[Gautam Gambhir]]'s first assignment as head coach and Suryakumar Yadav's first series as full-time T20I captain of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/virat-kohli-tells-bcci-hes-available-for-sri-lanka-odis-as-its-gautam-gambhirs-first-series-as-india-coach-report-101721299517141.html |title=Virat Kohli tells BCCI he's available for Sri Lanka ODIs as it's Gautam Gambhir's first series as India coach |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/suryakumar-yadav-india-t20i-captain-sri-lanka-series-appointed-hardik-pandya-rohit-sharma-replacement/article68412978.ece |title=Suryakumar Yadav named India’s T20I captain ahead of Sri Lanka tour, succeeds Rohit Sharma |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref> India won the T20I series whitewashing Sri Lanka by 3-0. However, Sri Lanka won the ODI series defeating India by 2-0. It was their first bilateral ODI-series win in 27 years against India [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 1997|since 1997]].<br />
<br />
==Squads==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"<br />
|- <br />
!colspan="2" |{{cr|SL}}<br />
!colspan="2" |{{cr|IND}}<br />
|-<br />
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/asalanka-replaces-kusal-mendis-as-sri-lanka-odi-captain-1445451 |title=Asalanka replaces Kusal Mendis as Sri Lanka's ODI captain |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref><br />
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 July 2024 |title=Sri Lanka squad for the India T20I series |url=https://srilankacricket.lk/2024/07/sri-lanka-squad-for-the-india-t20i-series/ |work=[[Sri Lanka Cricket|SLC]]}}</ref><br />
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/XBuROKbb |title=Team India squad for 3 T20Is & 3 ODIs announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref><br />
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/suryakumar-yadav-confirmed-as-india-t20i-captain-for-sri-lanka-tour-1443665 |title=Suryakumar confirmed as India's T20I captain for Sri Lanka tour |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref><br />
|- style="vertical-align:top"<br />
|<br />
* [[Charith Asalanka]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Akila Dananjaya]]<br />
* [[Asitha Fernando]]<br />
* [[Avishka Fernando]]<br />
* [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]<br />
* [[Chamika Karunaratne]]<br />
* [[Janith Liyanage]]<br />
* [[Nishan Madushka]]<br />
* <s>[[Dilshan Madushanka]]</s><br />
* [[Eshan Malinga]]<br />
* [[Kamindu Mendis]]<br />
* [[Kusal Mendis]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Pathum Nissanka]]<br />
* <s>[[Matheesha Pathirana]]</s><br />
* [[Sadeera Samarawickrama]]<br />
* [[Mohamed Shiraz]]<br />
* [[Maheesh Theekshana]]<br />
* [[Jeffrey Vandersay]]<br />
* [[Dunith Wellalage]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Charith Asalanka]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* <s>[[Dushmantha Chameera]]</s><br />
* [[Dinesh Chandimal]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Asitha Fernando]]<br />
* [[Avishka Fernando]]<br />
* <s>[[Binura Fernando]]</s><br />
* [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]<br />
* [[Dilshan Madushanka]]<br />
* [[Kamindu Mendis]]<br />
* [[Kusal Mendis]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Ramesh Mendis]]<br />
* [[Pathum Nissanka]]<br />
* [[Matheesha Pathirana]]<br />
* [[Kusal Perera]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Dasun Shanaka]]<br />
* [[Maheesh Theekshana]]<br />
* <s>[[Nuwan Thushara]]</s><br />
* [[Dunith Wellalage]]<br />
* [[Chamindu Wickramasinghe]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Shubman Gill]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])<br />
* [[Khaleel Ahmed]]<br />
* [[Shivam Dube]]<br />
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]<br />
* [[Virat Kohli]]<br />
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Riyan Parag]]<br />
* [[Axar Patel]]<br />
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Harshit Rana]]<br />
* [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]<br />
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]<br />
* [[Washington Sundar]]<br />
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Shubman Gill]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])<br />
* [[Khaleel Ahmed]]<br />
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]]<br />
* [[Shivam Dube]]<br />
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]<br />
* [[Hardik Pandya]]<br />
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Riyan Parag]]<br />
* [[Axar Patel]]<br />
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]<br />
* [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]<br />
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]<br />
* [[Washington Sundar]]<br />
|}<br />
On 24 July 2024, [[Dushmantha Chameera]] was ruled out of the series due to bronchitis,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newswire.lk/2024/07/24/dushmantha-sick-not-injured-slc-names-replacement/ |title=Dushmantha sick, not injured : SLC names replacement |access-date=27 July 2024 |work=Newswire |date=24 July 2024}}</ref> [[Asitha Fernando]] was named as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/social-tracker-cricket/asitha-fernando-replaces-injured-dushmantha-chameera-for-india-white-ball-series-2523/ |title=Asitha Fernando replaces injured Dushmantha Chameera for India white-ball series |work=CricTracker |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> On 25 July 2024, [[Nuwan Thushara]] was ruled out of the T20I series with a broken finger in his left hand,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-vs-india-nuwan-thushara-out-of-india-t20is-with-broken-finger-1444456 |title=Thushara out of India T20Is with broken finger |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> [[Dilshan Madushanka]] was named as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/131149/injured-thushara-to-miss-india-series-madhushanka-comes-in |title=Injured Thushara to miss India series, Madhushanka comes in |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> On 26 July, [[Binura Fernando]] was hospitalized due to a chest infection,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/sports/Binura-Fernando-hospitalized-ahead-of-first-India-T20I/322-288151 |title=Binura Fernando hospitalized ahead of first India T20I |work=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|Daily Mirror]] |access-date=27 July 2024 |date=26 July 2024}}</ref> [[Ramesh Mendis]] was added to the squad as a stand-by player.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/ind-vs-sl-sri-lanka-bring-in-off-spinner-ramesh-mendis-on-stand-by-to-replace-hospitalised-binura-fernando-8980274.html |title=Sri Lanka Bring in Off-Spinner Ramesh Mendis on Stand-by to Replace Hospitalised Binura Fernando |work=News18 |access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref> On 1 August 2024, both [[Matheesha Pathirana]] and [[Dilshan Madushanka]] were ruled out due to injuries and were replaced by [[Mohamed Shiraz]] and [[Eshan Malinga]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 August 2024 |title=Sri Lanka pace duo ruled out of India ODIs |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/sri-lanka-pace-duo-ruled-out-of-india-odis |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> [[Kusal Perera]], [[Pramod Madushan]] and [[Jeffrey Vandersay]] were added to the squad as stand-by players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sl-vs-ind-matheesha-pathirana-dilshan-madushanka-out-of-odis-against-india-1445628 |title=Pathirana and Madushanka out of ODIs against India |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref> On 3 August 2024, [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] was ruled out of the rest of the ODI matches due to hamstring injury and was replaced by [[Jeffrey Vandersay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/131243/injured-hasaranga-to-miss-remaining-odis-vs-india |title=Injured Hasaranga to miss remaining ODIs vs India |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== T20I series ==<br />
=== 1st T20I ===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 27 July 2024<br />
| time = 19:00<br />
| night = Y<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}<br />
| score1 = 213/7 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 58 (26)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] 4/40 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 170 (19.2 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Pathum Nissanka]] 79 (48)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Riyan Parag]] 3/5 (1.2 overs)<br />
| result = India won by 43 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1442987.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]<br />
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)<br />
| motm = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Ind)<br />
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 2nd T20I ===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 28 July 2024<br />
| time = 19:00<br />
| night = Y<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| score1 = 161/9 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Kusal Perera]] 53 (34)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 3/26 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 81/3 (6.3 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 30 (15)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 1/16 (2 overs)<br />
| result = India won by 7 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1442988.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]<br />
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Prageeth Rambukwella]] (SL)<br />
| motm = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] (Ind)<br />
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = India were set a revised target of 78 runs from 8 overs due to rain.<br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 3rd T20I ===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 30 July 2024<br />
| time = 19:00<br />
| night = Y<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}<br />
| score1 = 137/9 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 39 (37)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 3/28 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 137/8 (20 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Kusal Perera]] 46 (34)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 2/3 (1 over)<br />
| result = Match tied (India won the [[Super Over]])<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1442989.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]<br />
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)<br />
| motm = [[Washington Sundar]] (Ind)<br />
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = [[Chamindu Wickramasinghe]] (SL) made his T20I debut.<br />
* Super Over: Sri Lanka 2/2, India 4/0<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== ODI series ==<br />
=== 1st ODI ===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 2 August 2024<br />
| time = 14:30<br />
| daynight = Y<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| score1 = 230/8 (50 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Dunith Wellalage]] 67[[not out|*]] (65)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 2/33 (10 overs)<br />
| score2 = 230 (47.5 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 58 (47)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Charith Asalanka]] 3/30 (8.5 overs)<br />
| result = Match tied<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1442990.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]<br />
| umpires = [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)<br />
| motm = [[Dunith Wellalage]] (SL)<br />
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = [[Mohamed Shiraz]] (SL) made his ODI debut.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 2nd ODI ===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 4 August 2024<br />
| time = 14:30<br />
| daynight = Y<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| score1 = 240/9 (50 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Kamindu Mendis]] 40 (44)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Washington Sundar]] 3/30 (10 overs)<br />
| score2 = 208 (42.2 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 64 (44)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Jeffrey Vandersay]] 6/33 (10 overs)<br />
| result = Sri Lanka won by 32 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1442991.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]<br />
| umpires = [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)<br />
| motm = [[Jeffrey Vandersay]] (SL)<br />
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = [[Jeffrey Vandersay]] (SL) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in [[One Day International|ODIs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/cricket-news/one-man-army-for-sri-lanka-fans-laud-jeffrey-vandersays-brilliant-spell-in-ind-vs-sl-2nd-odi-2643505 |title=‘One man army for Sri Lanka’: Fans laud Jeffrey Vandersay’s brilliant spell in IND vs SL 2nd ODI |work=News9live |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 3rd ODI ===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 7 August 2024<br />
| time = 14:30<br />
| daynight = Y<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| score1 = 248/7 (50 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Avishka Fernando]] 96 (102)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 3/54 (9 overs)<br />
| score2 = 138 (26.1 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 35 (20)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Dunith Wellalage]] 5/27 (5.1 overs)<br />
| result = Sri Lanka won by 110 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1442992.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]<br />
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)<br />
| motm = [[Avishka Fernando]] (SL)<br />
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = [[Riyan Parag]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-sri-lanka-2024-1442984 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]<br />
<br />
{{International cricket in 2024}}<br />
{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2024}}<br />
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2024]]<br />
[[Category:2024 in Sri Lankan cricket]]<br />
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandel_(Rajput_clan)&diff=466308Chandel (Rajput clan)2025-05-26T12:32:05Z<p>LavadaDonald013: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Clan in northern India}}<br />
{{Other uses|Chandel (disambiguation){{!}}Chandel}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
<br />
'''Chandel''' or '''Chandela''' is a [[Rajput]]<br />
clan from [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref> Families belonging to this clan ruled several kingdoms in north India and held various feudal estates. The most notable of these were the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]], who ruled the [[Bundelkhand]] region.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkkK6SZOo_gC&dq=chandel+chandravanshi&pg=PA1529 |title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh |date=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dole |first=Manoj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVukEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+chandravanshi&pg=PA76 |title=Great Indian Army Hero |publisher=Manoj Dole |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
During 10th to 13th century CE, the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] ruled the Bundelkhand region in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Chandel claim Chandravansh lineage,<ref name=":0" /> Historian R. K. Dikshit does find the Bhar and Gond origin theory convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> According to him, the dynasty's association with [[Gondi_people|Gond]] territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=7|language=en}}</ref><br />
Historian [[Romila Thapar]] states that although the Chandella dynasty claimed a mythological [[Lunar dynasty|Lunar(Chandravansh)]] descent but the origin of the Chandella dynasty was also, "associated with the Gond tribe of central India". It is stated that the dynasty rulers originally worshipped a rock named 'Maniya Deo', that they installed in [[Mahoba]], their first capital. They gave up worshipping the rock and started worshipping deities of the Puranas to form the Rajput Chandella dynasty. Thapar cites this example as one of the many instances where building of Temples was used for mobility in the caste system.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA480|quote=A signal of different kind came from the Chandella Dynasty. These kings narrated a complex origin myth linked to the lunar line in their inscriptions but their origin was associated with the Gond tribes of central India. It is said that they originally worshipped a rock, Maniya Deo, installed in their earliest capital of Mahoba. Through the processes of acquiring Rajput status and subscribing to Sanskritic culture, which involved devotion to Puranic deities, they expressed this change by building the temples of Khajuraho which were distinctly different from the shrine of Maniya Deo. This illustrates a shift from a local cult to a patronage of a puranic sect|title=Early India - From the Origins to AD 1300|author= Romila Thapar |page=480|publisher=University of California Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Gidhaur zamindari===<br />
{{Main|Gidhaur chieftaincy}}<br />
[[File:Gidhaur palace.jpg|thumb|Gidhaur palace]]<br />
The zamindari estate of [[Gidhaur]] in [[Munger district]], present-day [[Bihar]] was controlled by a branch of the Chandel <ref>{{cite journal | title=Landed Aristocracy and the Peasantry in Medieval Bhagalpur | author=Yogendra Roy | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 59| year=1998 | pages= 279–286|jstor = 44146998}}</ref> They are considered to be one of the oldest ruling families in Bihar. It was established by Bir Bikram Shah whose ancestors came from [[Mahoba]] in Bundelkhand but were driven into Bihar during the 12th century following various Muslim incursions. They managed to gain control of Gidhaur after expelling the various aboriginal chiefs from the region. Bir Bikram Shah slowly started to expand his chieftaincy to encompass the surrounding areas. Other rulers belonging to this lineage include Sukhdev Singh, Ram Naranjan Singh and Darp Narayan Singh.<ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book|first=Tahir Hussain |last=Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT234|year=2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-065152-2|pages=234–236}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Chandels of Mirzapur===<br />
<br />
Bijaigarh in modern [[Mirzapur district]] of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the [[Bhumihar]]s of [[Benares state]] and for participating in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Troy |title=Rajput revolt in Southern Mirzapur, 1857–58 |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1992 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=29–46 |doi=10.1080/00856409208723166 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409208723166|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Bilaspur Princely State===<br />
The Princely family of [[Bilaspur State]] are Chandel claiming descent from [[Shishupala]], who reigned in Chanderi in southern Palputana . But according to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh<br />
Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Birchand in 697 AD who claims its descent from Chandervanshi [[Rajputs]] who reigned at Chanderi in the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] to northern [[Mahismati]] region, but this is not completely true, Harihar Chand (71st king of [[Chanderi]]) made his son Govind Chand the king of [[Chanderi]] and in old age came north with Bir Chand.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=50 52 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Zaildari ===<br />
<br />
A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the [[zaildar]]is of Ghund, Madhan, and [[Theog]] in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from [[Chanderi]] to [[Kahlur|Bilaspur]]. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]]. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the [[Shimla district|Shimla region]]. The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA284 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=284 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
<br />
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA3 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn = 9788170170464}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Shailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}<br />
<br />
{{Rajput Groups of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Kifah&diff=485375Al-Kifah2025-03-31T21:16:32Z<p>LavadaDonald013: Adding first info needs work!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Arabic magazine}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox magazine<br />
| title = Al-Kifah<br />
| image_file = Cover of Al-Kifah, May 1984.jpg<br />
| image_alt = Black & White cover<br />
| image_caption = May 1984 cover<br />
| editor = [[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]]<br />
| category = [[Politics]], [[Foreign policy]], [[Islam in India]]<br />
| frequency = Biweekly<br />
| publisher = [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]]<br />
| founded = 1973<br />
| firstdate = October 1973<br />
| finaldate = December 1987<br />
| country = India<br />
| based = [[Delhi]]<br />
| language = Arabic<br />
}}<br />
'''''Al-Kifah''''' ({{langx|ar|{{nq|الكفاح}}}}) was a biweekly Arabic magazine, founded in 1973 under the editorship of [[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]]. Published by [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], it served as a mouthpiece for the organization, addressing the challenges faced by [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]]. The eight-page publication aimed to raise awareness of these concerns among a wider Islamic audience, especially in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf countries]]. Though ''Al-Kifah'' had no official affiliation with [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], it regularly published articles from writers connected to the institution's Arabic publication, ''[[Al-Daie]]''. The magazine ceased publication in 1987.<br />
<br />
== Initial efforts ==<br />
After [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in 1947, Indian Muslims faced significant challenges, with the [[Partition of India|partition]] and communal tensions weakening their collective identity and livelihoods.{{Sfn|Qamruzzaman|2001|p=123}} The [[Arab world]], focused on Pakistan, often overlooked the Muslims in India, considering them a small, marginalized group with little influence. In response, Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind sought to reshape perceptions by launching ''Al-Kifah'' in October 1973, aiming to address misconceptions, educate Indian Muslims, and highlight the organization's role.{{Sfn|Qamruzzaman|2001|p=123}} Led by Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi, who managed the magazine single-handedly for several years, ''Al-Kifah'' was distinguished by its presentation and non-commercial approach, maintaining a focus on the community's religious and social needs.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Qamruzzaman |first= |title=Maulavi Wahiduzzaman Karanvi his contribution to Arabic language and literature in India |degree=PhD |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/handle/10603/57789 |language=ar |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/HindustanMainArbiZubanAdabKayFaroghMainMaulanaWaheeduzamanKiranviKaKirdar |archive-date=30 March 2019 |year=2001 |page=125 |location=India |hdl=10603/57789}}</ref> The magazine was later edited by Altafur Rahman Azmi and Muhammad Mazammil Qasmi before ceasing publication in December 1987.<ref name=":AA">{{Cite thesis |last=Alangadan |first=Anees |title=Relocating Arabic Language And Literature With Reference To Arabic Journalism In India 1950 To 2000 |publisher=[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]] |year=2014 |location=India |page=219 |language=ar |hdl=10603/30548 |degree=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/30548 |hdl-access=free |via=Shodhganga |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050821/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/30548 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ideological focus ==<br />
The magazine, while primarily political, covered a wide range of topics, including religious discourse, philosophy, [[Global studies|global affairs]], and scientific and cultural developments.{{Sfn|Qamruzzaman|2001|p=124}} Launched during the [[History of the Indian National Congress|Congress government]]'s tenure in India, it aimed to address misconceptions in Arab countries regarding the status of Indian Muslims, highlighting their role in society and occasionally critiquing government policies.{{Sfn|Qamruzzaman|2001|p=124}} A large portion of its content focused on the Jamiat's programs, travels, and activities.<ref name=":HR">{{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Hafizur |title=Arabic journalism in India with special reference to Sayed Muhammad Al Hasani : a study |access-date= |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Gauhati University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/342127 |language=en |pages=202 |year=2020 |location=India |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217145140/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/342127 |url-status=live }}</ref> Special editions included a commemoration of [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]] and a [[Centenary Celebration of Darul Uloom Deoband|centennial issue]] for Darul Uloom Deoband, each spanning 132 pages.{{Sfn|Qamruzzaman|2001|p=125}} Content was presented by writers such as [[Nadeem al-Wajidi]] and occasionally featured works by Arab authors.{{Sfn|Qamruzzaman|2001|p=125}} Published in a large-format eight-page layout, the magazine included specialized sections on topics like political terminologies and ''Ta'liqaat al-Suhuf'', presenting technical insights and commentary on global news, alongside samples of [[Arabic calligraphy]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Nadwi |first=Sarwar Alam |title=Development Of Arabic Journalism In India After Independence |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/57825 |hdl-access=free |via=Shodhganga |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |degree=PhD |year=2000 |location=India |page=243 |language=ar |hdl=10603/57825 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126024641/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/57825 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Academic notability ==<br />
Academics have analyzed this magazine's efforts, emphasizing its linguistic, cultural, and thematic significance. Qamruzzaman from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] regarded it as a distinct initiative and an independent movement in Arabic journalism, marked by Kairanawi's innovative approach and wide readership.{{Sfn|Qamruzzaman|2001|p=123}} Anees Alangadan from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]] highlighted its alignment with other Indian Arabic magazines in promoting Arabic language and culture.<ref name=":AA" /> Abdur Rahman of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] noted its focus on Islamic issues, including the role of [[List of Deobandis|Deobandi scholars]] in anti-colonial efforts and developing connections with the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Abdur |date=2018 |title=Contributions of the Scholars of Darul Uloom Deoband to the Development of Arabic Journalism in India |url=http://aldebal.com/index.php/aldebal/article/view/43 |journal=Aldebal |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=82 |issn=2415-5500 |access-date=9 December 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907204130/http://aldebal.com/index.php/aldebal/article/view/43 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hafizur Rahman from Gauhati University emphasized its reputation among contemporary Arabic periodicals for its quality content and cultural relevance.{{Sfn|Rahman|2020|p=202}} Zikrullah Arabi from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] considered it an important publication in the context of Arabic journalism in India, engaging with Islamic and cultural themes while promoting Arabic language education.<ref name=":ZA">{{Cite thesis |last=Arabi |first=Zikrullah |title=Contribution of Darul Uloom Deoband to Arabic Journalism With Special Reference of Al-Die (Monthly Magazine) and Comprehensive Catalogue Upto 2013 |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |language=ar |pages=116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126024643/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=2019 |location=India |hdl=10603/337869 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sarwar Alam Nadwi from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] reflected on its role in spreading Islamic ideas, reviving heritage, and supporting Arabic studies.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=243}} Ahmed Daisy and Habib Shahidul Islam of [[Gauhati University]] acknowledged its role in advancing the Arabic language during its publication under the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, despite its later decline.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Islam |first=Habib Shahidul |title=The Role Of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulema In The Field Of Arabic Journalism In India A Study |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/114360 |language=en |page=86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050739/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/114360 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |year=2014 |location=India |hdl=10603/114360 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Daisy |first=Ahmed |title=Development Of Indo Arabic Literature And The Contribution Of Dr Sayeedur Rahman Al AZmi Al Nadwi To Al Baas Al Islami |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/93172 |hdl-access=free |via=Shodhganga |publisher=Gauhati University |year=2015 |location=India |page=104 |language=ar |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/93172 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208183533/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/93172 |archive-date= 8 Dec 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Transnational appeal ==<br />
The magazine received recognition in the Arab world for its focus on Islamic, cultural, and political issues, particularly those concerning [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]]. Publications such as ''Huda al-Islam'', published by the [[Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs (Oman)]], ''Manar al-Islam'', published by the UAE's [[General Authority of Islamic Affairs and Endowments]], and ''Islamic Studies and Research'', published by the [[League of Islamic Universities]], acknowledged its content.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=244}} Several newspapers also reprinted its articles, expanding its reach and increasing awareness of Indian Muslim issues among Arab audiences.{{Sfn|Qamruzzaman|2001|p=126}} Individual responses, including those from Abu Bakr Muhammad Saeed Hassan of Oman and Mahmoud Abda Ghanem of [[Medina]], emphasized the magazine's efforts in cultural enrichment and the promotion of Arabic language studies.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=245}} Similarly, Muhammad Ibrahim al-Awaid from Saudi Arabia commended its role in Islamic scholarship and in developing connections between Indian Muslims and the broader [[Muslim world|Islamic world]].{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=245}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Magazines of Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Deobandi Arabic magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic-language magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Biweekly magazines published in India]]<br />
[[Category:Conservative magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Propaganda newspapers and magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Magazines established in 1973]]<br />
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1987]]<br />
[[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]</div>LavadaDonald013https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tillangchong&diff=456909Tillangchong2025-01-06T02:55:44Z<p>LavadaDonald013: added references</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox islands<br />
| name = Tillangchong Island<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_link = Nicobarese language<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| sobriquet = <br />
| image_name = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_width = <br />
| map_caption = Location of Tillangchong Island in [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|8.50|N|93.63|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}<br />
| etymology = <br />
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]<br />
| archipelago = [[Nicobar Islands]]<br />
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]<br />
| total_islands = 1<br />
| major_islands = {{hlist|Tillangchong}}<br />
| area_km2 = 14.7<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman}}</ref><br />
| rank = <br />
| length_km = 16.5<br />
| width_km = 2<br />
| coastline_km = 46.5<br />
| elevation_m = 244<br />
| highest_mount = Maharani<ref>[http://www.sea-seek.com/ebook/Andaman_sea.pdf Info]</ref><br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]<br />
| country_admin_divisions = [[Nicobar district|Nicobar]]<br />
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]<br />
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Nicobar Islands]]<br />
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = [[Subdivisions of India]]<br />
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Nancowry Subdivision]]<br />
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]]<br />
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Teressa (Nicobar Islands)|Teressa tehsil]]<br />
| country_largest_city = Novara Bay<br />
| country_largest_city_population = 38<br />
| population = 38<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_rank_max = <br />
| density_km2 = 2.58<br />
| density_rank =<br />
| density_footnotes = <br />
| ethnic_groups = [[Hindu]], [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| timezone1_DST = <br />
| utc_offset1_DST = <br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] <br />
| postal_code = 744301<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 03192<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}<br />
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]<br />
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref><br />
|additional_info = {{Infobox|child=yes<br />
| label2 = Literacy | data2 = 84.4%<br />
| label3 = Avg. summer temperature| data3 ={{convert|32.0|°C|°F}}<br />
| label4 = Avg. winter temperature| data4 ={{convert|28.0|°C|°F}}<br />
| label5 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]| data5 =[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| label7 = Census Code| data7 = 35.638.0002.645033<br />
| label8 = Official Languages| data8 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> [[Car language|Car]] (regional)<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Tillangchong''', also known as '''Tillanchang''',<ref>{{cite web|title=No rescue for Police Jawans of Tillanchang Island|url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/2012/04/12/no-rescue-for-police-jawans-of-tillanchang-island/}}</ref> is an island and a [[Panchayati raj in India|village]] in the [[Nicobar district]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
The island belongs to the [[Teressa Island|Teressa]] tehsil in [[Nancowry subdivision|Nancowry]] subdivision.<ref>[http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf Tehsils]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-07-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095346/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
The island is a part of the [[Nicobar Islands]] chain, located in the northeast [[Indian Ocean]] between the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Andaman Sea]].<br />
<br />
==Flora and fauna==<br />
The island has the largest surviving populations of the endemic [[Nicobar megapode]] (''Megapodius nicobariensis''),<ref name=story /> and is a protected sanctuary.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/4171572/Tribal_reserves_IBAs_and_bird_conservation_The_unique_case_of_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands ''"Tribal reserves, IBAs, and bird conservation: The unique case of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands"''], Sekhsaria, P., 2013, academia.edu</ref><br />
<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/bird-calls-for-help/article3808359.ece News]</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
At the time of 2011 census, the island was largely uninhabited apart from a police post at Novara Bay, with several Policemen and their families,<ref name=story /><ref>[http://www.andamanchronicle.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6235:myanmarese-poachers-apprehended-off-tillangchong-island&catid=37&Itemid=142 News]</ref> with the island being held sacred to the Nicobarese people, who visit in one season annually to ''"...to pray, to feel, and to revere..."''.<ref name=story>[http://www.conservationindia.org/case-studies/the-nicobarese-get-their-megapode ''"The Nicobarese get their Megapode"''], Neha Sinha, Conservation India</ref><br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Tillang Chong Island has 4 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 89.47%.<ref name="census_2011"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20&%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Andaman & Nicobar Islands |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andaman & Nicobar Islands |accessdate=2015-07-21 }}</ref><br />
! !! Total !! Male !! Female<br />
|-<br />
| Population || 38 || 38 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Children aged below 6 years || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 5 || 5 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Literates || 34 || 34 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Workers (all) || 38 || 38 || 0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Image gallery==<br />
<gallery widths=180><br />
File:Map of Nicobar Islands-en.png|Map<br />
File:Nicobar islands 1 Tillangchong.jpg|Photo Aerial<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Portal|India|Islands}}<br />
*{{wikivoyage inline|Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}<br />
{{Nicobar district |state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tillangchong}}<br />
[[Category:Islands of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br />
[[Category:Villages in Nancowry tehsil]]<br />
[[Category:Islands of India]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places in India]]<br />
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Sacred islands]]<br />
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{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}</div>LavadaDonald013