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Kozhikode International Airport

2026-05-06T18:30:53Z

LauriTym702628: Made new info - done

{{Short description|Airport serving City of Kozhikode, Kerala, India}}{{Redirect|VOCL|the social network originally announced with this name|Frank (social network)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Calicut International Airport
| image =
| image-width = 250
| image2 = കോഴിക്കോട്_വിമാനത്താവളം.jpg
| image2-width = 250
| IATA = CCJ
| ICAO = VOCL
| type = Public
| owner-oper = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Kozhikode]]
| location = [[Karipur]], [[Kondotty]], [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], India
| operating_base = {{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}}
| opened = {{start date and age|1988|04|13|df=yes|p=n|br=n}}
| metric-elev = yes
| elevation-f = 342
| elevation-m = 104
| coordinates = {{coord|11|08|10|N|75|57|18|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label = '''CCJ'''/VOCL
| website = {{URL|www.aai.aero/en/airports/calicut}}
| metric-rwy = yes
| r1-number = 10/28
| r1-length-f = 9,383
| r1-length-m = 2,860
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 3,695,944 ({{increase}} 11.3%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 26,381 ({{increase}} 8%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 21,246 ({{increase}} 16.3%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airport Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Calicut International Airport''' {{airport codes|CCJ|VOCL}}, locally referred to as '''Karipur Airport''', is an [[international airport]] serving the city of [[Kozhikode]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is situated at [[Karippur]] {{cvt|28|km}} away from Kozhikode city. The airport opened on 13 April 1988,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/calicut-airport-turns-30/article23508804.ece |title=Calicut airport turns 30 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 April 2018 |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Calicut Airport |url=http://aera.gov.in/content/airports/calicut-airport.php |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504143011/http://www.aera.gov.in/content/airports/calicut-airport.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> serves as an operating base for [[Air India Express]]. It is [[List of busiest airports in India|tied with]] [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]] in terms of international traffic. It received the international airport status on 2 February 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-airports/calicut-airport.html |title=Calicut Airport |publisher=Iloveindia.com |access-date=12 March 2017 |archive-date=22 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822073540/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-airports/calicut-airport.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=inter>{{cite web |author=Archive |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/02/stories/2006020206940600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911010922/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/02/stories/2006020206940600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Calicut airport given international status |date=2 February 2006 |access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> It is one of the few airports in the country with a [[tabletop runway]].

[[File:Flights Parked at Calicut Airport.jpg|thumb|Apron area of the airport]]
[[File:Etihad Calicut.jpg|thumb|right|[[Etihad Airways]] [[Airbus A321]] at Kozhikode International Airport in 2021]]
[[File:Saudia calicut.jpg|thumb|right|[[Saudia]] [[Airbus A330]] at Kozhikode International Airport in 2021]]

==History==

===Early years===
The airport was inaugurated on 13 April 1988.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Silver-jubilee-does-not-bring-cheer-to-Karipur-airport-users/articleshow/12498757.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Silver jubilee does not bring cheer to Karipur airport users |date=2 April 2012}}</ref> In 1977, the airport was sanctioned due to long periods of struggle under the leadership of the late freedom fighter, [[K. P. Kesava Menon]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} In the 1990s, [[Kerala Gulf diaspora|Gulf Malayalis]] played an important role in the development of the airport - they collected funds for the purpose when the Union Government claimed it did not have any. This led to the inception of the Malabar International Airport Development Society, which helped raise funds for the airport's development.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Consequently, major developments of facilities, such as an extension of the runway from 6,000 feet to 9,000 feet to facilitate the operation of large aircraft, were carried out with loans from the [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation]] (HUDCO).{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
It received the status of an international airport on 2 February 2006{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}, which led to more development in its infrastructure, for handling the operation of international flights from its terminal.

=== Wide-body aircraft restrictions ===
Since 1 May 2015, the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) imposed restrictions on the operation of wide-body aircraft such as [[Boeing 777]] and [[Boeing 747|747]] for a period of six months for runway recarpeting, which had been long overdue at this airport. As a result, [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], [[Saudia]] and two [[Air India]] [[Boeing 747]] flight operations had to move temporarily to [[Cochin International Airport]] during this time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/news/2016/03/05/airlines-pull-out-of-calicut-international-airport/ |title=Airlines pull out of Calicut International Airport |website=Business Traveller |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> The airport authorities had expressed doubt about getting permission to operate wide-bodied aircraft from the airport, even after the completion of the recarpeting, for the runway in the airport is not large enough for the operation of jumbo aircraft. AAI had earlier instructed that all airports using widebody aircraft must have 240 m of [[Runway safety area|Runway End Safety Area]] (RESA) in each direction, whereas that of Calicut Airport must have 90 m.<ref name="No end to woes of Calicut airport">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/no-end-to-woes-of-calicut-airport/article24283531.ece |title=No end to woes of Calicut airport |date=29 June 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=22 March 2019 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The airport director K Janardhanan said the short runway was a major hurdle in operating wide-bodied aircraft from the [[tabletop runway]] and the runway length should be extended from the current 2,850 m to 3,150 m to operate wide-bodied aircraft, he added. The major hurdle in extending the runway is the delay in acquiring the land which requires a total of {{convert|385|acres|ha|order=flip}} of land for extending the runway and associated facilities. The state government has been finding the task difficult, for it requires relocation of 1,500 families living around the airport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20150501/ARTICLE/305019964/1028 |title=Wide-body aircraft operations to and from Gulf to stop at Calicut - Khaleej Times |last=Devasia |first=T K |website=www.khaleejtimes.com |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129180041/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20150501/ARTICLE/305019964/1028 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 10 June 2016, not much action has been taken for land acquisition to help increase the runway length.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/plea-to-acquire-land-for-airport/article8712402.ece |title=Plea to acquire land for airport |date=10 June 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> The AAI decided to get a runway safety area to avoid the aircraft overrunning the end of the table-top runway. On 7 August 2020, wide-body aircraft have been banned from flying to CCJ after the crash of [[Air India Express Flight 1344|IX 1344]], which overran the table-top runway.<ref name="Hindu_July2022">{{Cite news |date=7 July 2022 |title=Karipur airport: land acquisition procedures for runway development progressing |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/karipur-airport-land-acquisition-procedures-for-runway-development-progressing/article65611188.ece |access-date=7 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of November 2020, the airport does not have the recommended [[Runway safety area]] or [[Engineered Materials Arresting System]] installed. The land acquisition procedures for runway development are progressing as of July 2022.<ref name="Hindu_July2022"/>

=== Reinstatement of wide-body aircraft operations ===
As advocated by various Malayali associations like KMCC, MCC and MDF and others, [[Gulf Malayali]]s, political parties, [[Government of Kerala|Kerala State Government]] and [[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]] from [[Malabar region]], on 9 August 2018, [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]] gave approval for resuming wide-body aircraft (Code E category) operations from Calicut International Airport.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/finally-dgca-gives-nod-for-operation-of-wide-bodied-aircraft-at-calicut-airport/article24650974.ece|title=Finally, DGCA gives nod for operation of wide-bodied aircraft at Calicut airport|date=10 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/green-signal-for-jumbo-aircraft-in-karipur/article24649426.ece|title=Green signal for jumbo aircraft|date=10 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/operation-of-wide-body-aircraft-from-calicut-to-commence-soon-suresh-prabhu/articleshow/65343723.cms|title=Operation of wide-body aircraft from Calicut to commence soon: Suresh Prabhu|date=9 August 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mp-on-save-calicut-airport-mission/article24400506.ece|title=MP On 'save Calicut airport' mission|author=Staff Reporter|date=12 July 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/forum-alleges-conspiracy-to-downgrade-calicut-airport/article24335080.ece|title=Forum alleges conspiracy to downgrade Calicut airport|date=5 July 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/calicut-airport-expansion-aai-chief-to-meet-cm/article24504362.ece|title=Calicut airport expansion: AAI chief to meet CM|date=24 July 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/aug/10/calicut-airport-to-see-operation-of-wide-bodied-aircraft-centre-1855866.html|title=Calicut airport to see operation of wide-bodied aircraft: Centre|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> In the beginning, [[Saudia]] has been given permission to start nonstop flights to [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]] and [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]] using [[Boeing 777-200LR]] and [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-300]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> After three and a half years, the wide-body aircraft ([[Airbus A330|Airbus 330-300]]) of [[Saudia|Saudi Arabian Airlines]] from [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]] landed at Calicut International Airport at 11:04 (IST) on 5 December 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://flightaware.com/live/flight/SVA746/history/20181205/0015Z/OEJN/VOCL|title=Saudia (SV) #746 ✈ 05-Dec-2018 ✈ JED / OEJN - CCJ / VOCL ✈ FlightAware|website=FlightAware|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/big-birds-back-in-karipur/article25674491.ece|title=Big birds back in Karipur|author=Staff Reporter|date=5 December 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 December 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Saudia">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/big-aircraft-to-return-to-calicut-from-december-5/article25541985.ece | title=Big aircraft to return to Calicut from 5 December|work= The Hindu| date=19 November 2018| access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref> It flew back to Jeddah on the same day at 13:19 (IST).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://flightaware.com/live/flight/SVA747/history/20181205/0750Z/VOCL/OEJN|title=Saudia (SV) #747 ✈ 05-Dec-2018 ✈ CCJ / VOCL - JED / OEJN ✈ FlightAware|website=FlightAware |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/12/05/wide-body-plane-lands-calicut-airport-karipur.html|title=Large plane lands at Calicut airport after three years |website=OnManorama |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="Saudia"/> Saudia has also resumed its services to [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]] from Calicut in December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saudia.com/Header/About-Us/PressReleases-News/Press-Releases/press-release-04122018?sv_lang=en&sf95931499=1 |title=SAUDIA Press releases|website=www.saudia.com|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> On 5 July 2019, [[Saudia|Saudi Arabian Airlines]] flew with the [[Boeing 777-300ER]] and [[Airbus A330-300]] to CCJ. DGCA gave approval for wide-body aircraft operations of [[Air India]] from Calicut International Airport using [[Boeing 747-400]], [[Boeing 777-200LR]], [[Boeing 777-300ER]], and [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]].<ref name="AI-EK-1">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/dgca-approves-operation-of-big-aircraft-from-calicut/article28300254.ece | title=DGCA approves operation of big aircraft from Calicut|work= The Hindu| date=6 July 2019| access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="AI-EK-2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/air-india-emirates-get-dgca-nod-to-resume-jumbo-flight-operations-from-karipur-airport/articleshow/70096708.cms |title=Air India, Emirates get DGCA nod to resume jumbo flight operations from Karipur Airport |work=The Times of India |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref> [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] also secured approval from DGCA to operate Boeing 777-200LR and 777-300ER from Calicut.<ref name="AI-EK-1" /><ref name="AI-EK-2" />

On 7 August 2020, [[Air India Express Flight 1344]], a [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 repatriation flight]] on the [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]]-Kozhikode route, overran the tabletop runway upon landing in bad weather and crashed into the runway slope, killing 21 passengers. As a result, wide-body aircraft are no longer permitted to fly to Kozhikode Airport, and as of 7 July 2022, runway renovation is in progress.<ref name="Hindu_July2022" />

== Immigration ==
As of September 2025, FTI-TTP has commenced at Calicut International Airport<ref>{{Cite news |date=Sep 12, 2025 |title=Fast track immigration launched at Calicut airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/fast-track-immigration-launched-at-calicut-airport/articleshow/123837237.cms |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==

===Passenger===


{{Airport destination list

| [[Air Arabia]] | [[Ras Al Khaimah International Airport|Ras Al Khaimah]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/air-arabia-starts-direct-flights-rak-to-kozhikode-2 |title=Air Arabia operates first direct flight from RAK to Kozhikode, Kerala |website=gulfbusiness.com |date=23 November 2023 |access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref> [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Sharjah, United Arab Emirates SHJ|pages=1056-1057}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/money/air-arabia-super-seat-sale-flights-from-rs-5727-1.9948653 |title=Air Arabia's 'Super Seat Sale' is here – Fly for as low as Rs 5,727 on 5,00,000 seats! |website=english.mathrubhumi.com |date=1 October 2024 |access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Air Arabia Abu Dhabi]]}} | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH|pages=13-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230214-3lccu |title=Air Arabia Abu Dhabi Adds Kolkata Service From March 2023 |website=aeroroutes.com |access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}} | [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Al Ain International Airport|Al Ain]], [[Bahrain International Airport|Bahrain]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite tweet|user=AirIndiaX|number=1738292874364572147|date=23 December 2023|access-date=23 December 2023|language=en|title=Air India Express too begin Bengaluru–Kozhikode flight from 16 January 2024}}</ref> [[King Fahd International Airport|Dammam]], [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]], [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]], [[Ras Al Khaimah International Airport|Ras Al Khaimah]], [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]], [[Salalah International Airport|Salalah]], [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]]

|{{nowrap|[[AirAsia]]}} | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/money/airasia-provides-kozhikode-malaysia-air-ticket-starting-rupees-six-thousand-1.9445445 |title=AirAsia provides Kozhikode-Malaysia air ticket starting Rs 6000 |website=mathrubhumi.com |date=29 March 2024 |access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref>

|{{nowrap|[[Akasa Air]]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Akasa Air Flight Network|url=https://www.akasaair.com/fly-with-akasa/flight-schedule|website=Akasa Air|access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> |[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite tweet|user=AviationAll|number=1972930721246556506|date=30 September 2025|access-date=30 September 2025|language=en|title=Akasa Air to launch Bengaluru - Kozhikode eff 27OCT2025}},</ref> [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mjnz |title=Akasa Air to launch Jeddah flight |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/relief-for-kerala-expats-ai-express-to-resume-5-karipur-services-akasa-air-to-launch-jeddah-flight-albptm9d |website=english.mathrubhumi |access-date=6 February 2026 |language=en-CA |date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]]

| [[Etihad Airways]] | [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH|pages=14-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Etihad NW23 Network Changes – 09AUG23 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230810-eynw23 |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Flydubai]]}} | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Dubai, United Arab Emirates DXB|pages=337-343}}</ref><ref name="flydubaiCalicut2">{{cite web| url= https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/travel/flydubai-to-launch-new-flights-to-india-s-kozhikode-1.804828| title= Flydubai to launch new flights to India's Kozhikode| date= 20 December 2018| publisher= The National AE| access-date= 20 December 2018| archive-date= 20 December 2018| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181220204151/https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/travel/flydubai-to-launch-new-flights-to-india-s-kozhikode-1.804828| url-status= live}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Flynas]]}} | [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]]

| {{nowrap|[[IndiGo]]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Indigo Flight Schedules|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/flight-schedule.html|publisher=Official Website of [[IndiGo]]|access-date=5 March 2024|language=en}}</ref> | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{cite web|title=IndiGo Adds Kozhikode – Abu Dhabi Service in late-Dec 2024|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241222-6edec24auh}}</ref> [[Agatti Airport|Agatti]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2024/04/10/daily-flights-from-kozhikode-to-lakshadweep-s-agatti-for-rs-5000.html | title=Daily flights from Kozhikode to Lakshadweep's Agatti for Rs 5000: Details }}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref name="Flight Schedule">{{cite web|title=Flight Schedule|url=https://www.goindigo.in/|website=IndiGo|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> [[King Fahd International Airport|Dammam]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Fujairah International Airport|Fujairah]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/book/flight-select.html}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ArenaJet/status/1757684448890368210|title=IndiGo to resume Kozhikode to Jeddah flight from March 21|work=JetArena|accessdate=14 February 2024}}</ref> [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]],<ref name="Flight Schedule"/> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]]

| {{nowrap|[[Oman Air]]}} | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]

| {{nowrap|[[Qatar Airways]]}} | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]

| {{nowrap|[[SalamAir]]}} | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Cherian|first=Dona|title=Oman's SalamAir launches routes to five destinations in India|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/omans-salamair-launches-routes-to-five-destinations-in-india-1.1700584250064|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=21 November 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|language=en}}</ref>

| [[Saudia]] | [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Saudia Tentatively Moves Riyadh – Kozhikode Service to Dec 2025 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250917-svnw25ccj |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=17 September 2025 |language=en-CA |date=17 September 2025}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[SpiceJet]]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=SpiceJet Flight Schedule|url=https://corporate.spicejet.com/schedules.aspx|website=[[SpiceJet]]|access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref>| [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]],<ref>{{cite web |title=SpiceJet Resumes Flights To Dubai From 5 Indian Cities|url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/news/spicejet-resumes-flights-to-dubai|website=travelandleisureasia |date=18 August 2020 |access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]]<ref name="flightsfrom.com">{{cite web |title=SpiceJet flights from Kozhikode, CCJ - FlightsFrom.com |url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/CCJ/SG |website=Flightsfrom.com |access-date=4 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Fujairah International Airport|Fujairah]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SpiceJet Adds Seasonal Fujairah Service From June 2025 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250604-sgjun25fjr |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

}}

===Cargo===
The following cargo airline flies to the airport:
{{div col |colwidth=18em}}
* [[SpiceJet|SpiceXpress]]
{{div col end}}

== Ground Transport ==
; Road
Kozhikode International Airport is located between two National Highways. The closest one is [[National Highway 966 (India)|National Highway 966]] (NH-966) situated at a distance of 2.3 kilometres and the other one being [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] (NH-66) which is around 8 kilometres from the airport. NH-966 joins NH-66 at [[Ramanattukara]], located 12 kilometres from the airport. This combined road network enables seamless connectivity to the north to [[Kozhikode]], [[Kannur]], and [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], and towards the south to [[Malappuram]], [[Kondotty]], [[Palakkad]], [[Thrissur]], and [[Coimbatore]].

;Buses
[[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] operates ''FlyBus'' (low-floor [[Air conditioning|air con]] bus) services to the city of [[Kozhikode]] from the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/fly-bus-services-launched/article24324568.ece|title=Fly Bus services launched|author=Staff Reporter|date=4 July 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=14 July 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This is one of the cheapest available options to travel to the city. There are only a handful of these services so travellers looking for cheap options to travel can take an Auto-rickshaw to Airport Junction - Kondotty (2.8 km away) where buses are available to Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad etc.

[[File:AirIndia Express Landing Calicut.JPG|thumb|An [[Air India Express]] [[Boeing 737-800]]]]

;Taxis
Pre-paid taxi services are available at the airport.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kozhikodeairport.com/taxi.php |title=Kozhikode Calicut International Airport – Taxi options |website=www.kozhikodeairport.com |access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> The airport is also serviced by [[Uber]] and [[Ola Cabs]], online cab aggregators providing various options to Calicut city and for Outstation journeys.{{explain|reason=What is an Outstation journey?|date=February 2025}}

==Accidents and incidents==
* On 17 January 1969, a [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas C-47A]] VT-DTH of [[The Hindu Group|Hindu Publications]] crashed on take-off. The aircraft was operating a cargo flight. Both crew were killed. At the time the airport had been initialised as an air strip at [[Chelari Airport]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=ഡെസ്ക് |first1=വെബ് |date=8 August 2020 |title=1969ലും വിമാനം തകർന്നു; ചേളാരി 'വിമാനത്താവളത്തിൽ' |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/flight-crash-in-chelari-548599 |website=Madhyamam |language=ml |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> a few kilometres away from the current location.<ref name=ASN170169>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690117-0 |title=VT-DTH Accident Description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref>
* On 7 November 2008, [[Air India]] Flight 962, an [[Airbus A310|Airbus 310]] flying from [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]], scraped its right wingtip on the runway on landing. Parts of the plane's wing broke, leaving a mark on the runway.<ref name="Hindu 2012">{{cite news |title=Narrow escape for AI passengers |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/08/stories/2008110855721300.htm |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=8 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110115759/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/08/stories/2008110855721300.htm |archive-date=10 November 2008}}</ref>
* On 9 July 2012, an [[Air India Express]] [[Boeing 737-800]] skidded on landing, during heavy rain. The aircraft's landing gear impacted with runway beacons, breaking them.<ref name="IT 2012">{{cite magazine |last=Jolly |first=Asit |date=30 November 2012|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20121210-politics-and-commercial-considerations-override-safety-concerns-for-dgca-760905-1999-11-29 |title=On a Wing and a Prayer |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> There were no casualties on board.<ref name="IT 2012"/>
* On 10 June 2015, an argument between [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) and [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) personnel at the airport escalated into firearm discharging, leading to one person's death and serious injuries to two others late on Wednesday night.<ref name="International Business Times 2015">{{cite news |last1=Varghese |first1=Johnlee |title=Kozhikode Airport Shooting: CISF Jawan Killed, Two Airport Staff Injured |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/calicut-airport-shooting-cisf-jawan-killed-two-airport-personnel-injured-635440 |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=IB Times |date=11 June 2015}}</ref>
* On 25 April 2017, Air India Flight 937, an [[Air India]] [[Airbus A321|A321-200]] suffered an engine failure during takeoff, the aircraft temporarily lost directional control due to asymmetric thrust resulting in a left tyre burst when it impacted the runway edge lighting. The takeoff was aborted and the flight cancelled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Engine failure: Narrow escape for 186 Air India flyers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/engine-failure-narrow-escape-for-186-ai-flyers/articleshow/58350229.cms |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=25 April 2017}}</ref>
* On 4 August 2017, a [[SpiceJet]] [[Bombardier Dash 8]] skidded on landing and damaged the [[Instrument landing system|ILS beacons.]]
* On 7 August 2020, [[Air India Express Flight 1344]] crashed upon landing at Calicut from [[DXB|Dubai]] during poor weather. After landing, the aircraft, a [[Boeing 737 Next Generation#737-800|Boeing 737-800]], overran the [[tabletop runway]], skidding off the end of the runway and crashing into a gorge. A total of 21 people, including both pilots, were killed in the crash. 15 people out of the 169 survivors were critically injured.<ref name="BBC-53699857">{{cite news|date=7 August 2020|title=Air India jet breaks in two on Kerala runway|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53699857|access-date=7 August 2020|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Ashok|last2=Schmall|first2=Emily|date=20 April 2021|url=https://apnews.com/4ca4ac33e2b3f8a7f3832022dae4789d|title=Plane skids off runway in India; 17 killed, including pilots|work=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> The aircraft had been carrying out a repatriation flight under the [[Vande Bharat Mission]].

==See also==
* [[Kannur International Airport]]
* [[Cochin International Airport]]
* [[Trivandrum International Airport]]
* [[Aranmula International Airport]]
* [[Sabarimala Airport|Sabarimala International Airport]]
* [[List of airports in Kerala|List of Airports in Kerala]]
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[List of the busiest airports in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Calicut International Airport}}
* [https://www.aai.aero/airports/calicut Calicut International Airport] at [[Airports Authority of India]]

{{Navboxes
| title = Articles Related to Calicut International Airport
| list =
{{Portal bar|India|Aviation}}
{{Airports in India}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{South Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}
}}

[[Category:Airports in Kerala]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Transport in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Veerabhadra Temple, Pattiseema

2026-05-04T12:50:07Z

LauriTym702628: added new place

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|architecture=Chalukyan Architecture
|image=
|caption=
|country=[[India]]
|district=[[Eluru district|Eluru]]
|locale=[[Pattiseema]]
|coordinates = {{coord|17.217|N|81.646|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|name=Veerabhadra Temple
|map_caption=Location in Andhra Pradesh
|map_type=India Andhra Pradesh
|state=[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|deity=[[Veerabhadra|Veerabhadra Swamy]] ([[Shiva]])}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Veerabhadra Temple''' is located on Devakuta Parvatham, a hillock on an islet amidst the [[Godavari River]] near [[Pattiseema]] in [[Eluru district]], Andhra Pradesh. The temple is dedicated to Shiva and the namesake is [[Virabhadra|Veerabhadra]].
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/security-beefed-up-at-temples-for-sivaratri-in-west-godavari/article65086968.ece |title=Security beefed up at temples for Sivaratri in West Godavari |last=Srinivas |first=Rajulapudi |date=2022-02-26 |work=The Hindu|access-date=2022-02-26}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/050319/rajahmundry-devout-take-holy-dip-to-mark-mahashivaratri.html |title=Rajahmundry: Devout take holy dip to mark Mahashivaratr |last=Samaritan |first=Sampart P.|date=2019-03-05|website=|publisher=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2022-02-26}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLPUAAAAMAAJ |title=1961 India Census. Andhra Pradesh |year=1962 |page=38|publisher=Office of Registrar General |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref>

The temple is one of the 'pancha Kasi kshetras' (five important peaceful places) mentioned in the [[Skanda Purana|Skaanda puranam]], a collection of Hindu religious texts. {{citation needed|date=May 2022}} 

== Deities ==
Main deities in this temple are Lord Veera Bhadra Swamy and Goddess Bhadra Kali. Lord Shiva is Self manifested as Veerabhadreswara swamy. Goddess Sathi as goddess Bhadra Kali. According to temple's history Gouthama Buddha did Dhyanam here.

== History ==
This temple is also called as Pattisam Veerabhadra temple.

After few years Dakshaprajapati did Yagna inviting all Gods and goddess. But he did not invite Lord Shiva and her daughter goddess Sati Devi. After asking permission goddess went to his father's Yagna. But his father insulted her and Lord Shiva. Due to this goddess fired her self at Yagna. Due to this Lord Shiva got angry and from his Jatajutam (hair)plucked lock of hair and thrown to ground, from that born Veerabhadra swamy (incarnation lord Shiva) & Bhadrakali.

Then Veerabhadra swamy cut the head king Daksha with Pattisa (warriors instrument). After killing him the rage of lore is very high. And danced Rudra Thandavam on Devakuta Parvatha. After considering all gods request and specially Sage Agasthya embraced him with his hands to cool and make him to calm down. Finally asked to settle here in the form of Shiva Linga(self- manifested) on this hillock as mentioned in SKANDA PURANAM. We can see hand prints on Shiva Lingam on square panel.

Veerabhadra swamy cleaned his pattisam in this river Godavari. From then this places is called as Pattisam or Pattisachala kshetram.

Temple construction -As per Mythology temple constructed by Vishwa Karma.

According to history temple belongs to 12th century, constructed by Reddy kings.

=== Sub shrines ===

Kshetra palaka of temple is Bhavannarayana swamy. The main sub shrine is Lakshmi sahitha sri Bhavannaraya swamy one of Five Bhavannarayana swamy temples of India located in Andhra pradesh.

Sita Ramabhadra swamy temple, Kala Bhaivarava temple, subrahmanya swamy, goddess Saraswati, lakshmi Ganapathi, Suryanarayana swamy& sri thandava Veerabhadra swamy.

== Transport ==
Pattiseema temple is 40 km from Rajahmundry which has nearest airport and railway station. From there can travel through bus or car. After reaching Pattiseema village only means of transport is boat or launch to reach temple. Area surrounded by Papi hills.

== Other features ==

There is a big Hanuman statue at Pattiseema boating point.

Near to this Devakuta hillock there is a hill called Elephant hill (Aanugu shila) where god Sri Maha Vishnu gave salvation to Elephant mentioned in Gajendra moksham.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu Temples in Andhra Pradesh}} {{Shaivism}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Andhra Pradesh]]

Ajay Purkar

2026-05-02T17:46:30Z

LauriTym702628:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ajay Purkar
| birth_name = Ajay Ashok Purkar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|09|16}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor
| notable_works = ''[[Pawankhind]]'' (2022)
}}

'''Ajay Ashok Purkar''' is an Indian actor primarily works in [[Marathi Films|Marathi films]]. He had portrayed the roles of [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] and [[Tanaji Malusare]] in the [[Shri Shivraj Ashtak (film series)|Shri Shivraj Ashtak film series]].<ref name="A">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=26 July 2022|title=Pawankhind Actor Ajay Purkar’s Video From Pune Airport Goes Viral|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pawankhind-actor-ajay-purkars-video-from-pune-airport-goes-viral-5629399.html|website=news18.com|publisher=News18|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
|2007
| ''[[Dhol (film)|Dhol]]''
|Ordinary Goon
| Hindi Film Special Appearance/ Cameo Role
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Premachi Goshta (film)|Premachi Goshta]]''
|Samit
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=Premachi Goshta to hit silver screen soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/premachi-goshta-to-hit-silver-screen-soon/articleshow/17753786.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]''
|ACP Godbole
|Hindi film
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-26 |title=Ugly Cast List {{!}} Ugly Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ugly/cast/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Sangharsh (2014 film)|Sangharsh]]''
|Inspector Kalokhe
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Moviekoop |title=Ajay Purkar Biography, Movies, News, Photos, Awards and Achievements |url=https://moviekoop.com/Celeb/ajay-purkar |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Moviekoop |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''Mumbai Time''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Farzand]]''
|Motyaji Khalekar
|
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-09 |title="सुभेदारांच्या समाधीसमोर बसलो अन्..." अजय पूरकर यांनी सांगितला 'तो' किस्सा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/marathi-actor-ajay-purkar-share-sinhagad-fort-memory-subhedar-movie-tanaji-malusare-role-nrp-97-3844847/ |url-access=registration |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mulshi Pattern]]''
|Builder Shinde
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|[[Bhai: Vyakti Ki Valli|''Bhai - Vyakti Ki Valli'']]
|Pandit Bhimsen Joshi
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Bhai: Vyakti Ki Valli 2|Bhai - Vyakti Ki Valli 2]]''
|Pandit Bhimsen Joshi
|
|-
|''[[Bandishala]]''
|Advocate Raorane
|
|
|-
|''[[Fatteshikast]]''
|[[Subedar]] [[Tanaji Malusare]]
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[The Power (2021 Indian film)|The Power]]''
|Anna
| rowspan="2" |Hindi film
|
|-
|''[[Collar Bomb (film)|Collar Bomb]]''
|Commander Bhaskar Chandra
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Pawankhind]]''
|[[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]]<ref name="A"/>
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-01 |title='Subedar' Ajay Purkar to make his debut in South film industry with Boyapati Srinu's 'Skanda' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/subedar-ajay-purkar-to-make-his-debut-in-south-film-industry-with-boyapati-srinus-skanda/articleshow/103277268.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sher Shivraj]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Tanaji Malusare]]
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Subhedar]]''
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''[[Skanda (film)|Skanda]]''
|Rayudu
|Telugu film
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]''
|Balu Kaka
|Hindi film
|
|-
|''Amhi Jarange''
|Annasaheb Patil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=मेढे |first=जयदीप |date=2024-06-01 |title=गरजवंत मराठ्यांचा लढा! अजय पुरकर साकारणार माथाडी कामगार नेते 'अण्णासाहेब पाटलां'ची भूमिका |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/ajay-purkar-as-annasaheb-patil-in-amhi-jarange-movie-manoj-jarange-patil-marathi-reservation-entertainment-latest-update-detail-marathi-news-1286751 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Despatch (film)|''Despatch'']]
|Prasad
|Hindi film
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Abhanga Tukaram]]''
|Mambaji
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-09 |title=अभिनेते अजय पूरकर साकारणार खलनायक, ‘अभंग तुकाराम’ चित्रपटात ‘मंबाजी’च्या भूमिकेत |url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai/ajay-purkar-as-negative-villain-mambaji-in-abhang-tukaram-marathi-movie-digpal-lanjekar-mumbai-print-news-ocd-94-5432252/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sant Dnyaneshwaranchi Muktai]]''
|[[Changdev Maharaj|Changdev]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=‘SANT DNYANESHWARANCHI MUKTAAI’ (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 18 April, 2025 |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/sant-dnyaneshwaranchi-muktaai-marathi-review-18-april-2025/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Film Information |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2007-2009
|''[[Asambhav (TV series)|Asambhav]]''
|Police Inspector Vazalwar
|-
|2010
|''[[Shubham Karoti]]''
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Tu Tithe Me]]''
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Mulgi Zali Ho]]''
|Rajan Deshmukh
|-
|2021-2023
|''[[Dnyaneshwar Mauli]]''
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
|-
|2020
|''[[The Raikar Case]]''
|Rajshekhar Apte
|Hindi
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=5678959}}
* {{Twitter|id=OfficialAjayP}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajay Purkar}}
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

I Love New Year

2026-04-24T22:48:30Z

LauriTym702628: Made info - done

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Radhika Rao & Vinay Sapru}}
{{protection padlock|dispute|action=move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = I Love NY
| image = I-love-New-Year-Movie-First-Look-Poster-1.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director =[[Radhika Rao (director)|Radhika Rao]] Vinay Sapru
| writer = Radhika Rao Vinay Sapru
| based_on = {{Based on|[[The Irony of Fate]]|[[Emil Braginsky]]|Eldar Ryazanov}}
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]
| starring = [[Sunny Deol]] [[Kangana Ranaut]] [[Navin Chowdhry]] [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] [[Prem Chopra]] [[Kubra Sait]]
| narrator = Sunny Deol
| music = '''Songs''': [[Pritam]] '''Score''': [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
| cinematography = Sahil Kapoor
| editing = Deven Murdeshwar Vinod Pathak
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| distributor = T-Series
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|07|10}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| runtime = 127 minutes
}}

'''''I Love NY''''', also known as '''''I Love New Year''''', is a 2015 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Radhika Rao (director)|Radhika Rao]] and Vinay Sapru starring [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]]. It was produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]] and Krishan Kumar under the banner of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/|title=I Love NY|access-date=17 July 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> After numerous delays, the film released on 10 July 2015.

==Plot==
''I Love NY'' (also known as ''I Love New Year'') is a romantic comedy that unfolds over a single New Year's Eve.
The plot centres on two strangers, Randhir Singh and Tikku Verma, who live in two different cities, [[Chicago]] and [[New York City|New York]], respectively in the [[United States]]. On New Year's Eve, Randhir, a commitment-phobic [[Wall Street]] [[Investment banking|Investment Banker]], gets extremely drunk after a party with his friends. In his inebriated state, he accidentally boards a flight to New York, thinking he is returning home to Chicago.

Upon arriving in New York, he takes a cab to what he believes is his apartment address. Due to an incredible coincidence, an identical apartment building with the same number and layout exists in New York, and even his house key works in the lock. He enters the apartment, gets into bed, and passes out.

The apartment actually belongs to Tikku, a beautiful musician who is a self-described member of the "unlucky club" and is about to get engaged to her high-handed and controlling boyfriend, Ishaan. When she returns home, she finds a stranger – Randhir – in her bed. A series of comical misunderstandings and arguments ensue, especially when Tikku's boyfriend arrives and assumes she is cheating on him.

As the night progresses, Randhir and Tikku are forced to spend time together, and through their bizarre circumstances, they begin to develop an unexpected connection. They share their life stories and personal struggles, finding comfort and understanding in each other's company. Their chance encounter challenges their existing perceptions about love and happiness, leading them to question their current relationships. By the end of the night, they realize they have madly fallen in love, and the "comedy of errors" on New Year's Eve becomes a life-changing event for them both.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunny Deol To Romance Kangana Ranaut in I Love NY|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/sunny-deol-to-romance-kangana-ranaut-in-i-3-ny/|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 February 2012}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=I LOVE NEW YEAR: Sunny Pachi Deol to tickle audience's funny bone|url=http://in.omg.yahoo.com/news/love-sunny-deol-tickle-audiences-funny-bone-115746652.html|publisher=Yahoo India|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=D'Souza|first1=Martin|title=I LOVE NY Movie Review : I loved I LOVE NY. You may too. Give it a try.|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/i-love-ny-movie-review.asp|access-date=11 July 2015|publisher=Glamsham}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sunny Deol]] as Randhir Singh
* [[Kangana Ranaut]] as Tikku Verma
* [[Navin Chowdhry]] as Ishan
* [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as Riya
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Papa ji
* [[Kubra Sait]] as Vidya Saxena
* [[Reema Lagoo]] as Tikku's adoptive mother
* [[Maya Alagh]] as Tikku's neighbour
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]
* Jiten Mukhi as Randhir's friend
* Virag Mishra as Romy
* Elona Gagani as Sarah
* [[Russell Geoffrey Banks]] as Mike
* Alex Nowrouz as Passenger

==Production==
In 2011 directors [[Radhika Rao (director)|Radhika Rao]] and Vinay Sapru announced their intent to begin work on ''I Love New Year''. The film originally had the working title of ''Happy New Year'', but the title was changed because [[Shah Rukh Khan]] was working at the same time on [[Happy New Year (2014 film)|a film of that title]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shah Rukh, Salman's title tussle|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shah-Rukh-Salmans-title-tussle/articleshow/8244341.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227055942/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-12/news-interviews/29532785_1_srk-shah-rukh-khan-title-change|url-status=live|archive-date=27 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref> Actors [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]] were cast in the lead roles;<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Deol gears up for 'I Love New Year'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sunny-Deol-gears-up-for-I-Love-New-Year/articleshow/9636620.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227091933/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-17/news-interviews/29896187_1_sunny-deol-vinay-sapru-yamla-pagla-deewana|url-status=live|archive-date=27 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref> Ranaut said that she trained for over a month in order to learn the correct expressions and [[body language]] of a musician.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kangana Ranaut, a music teacher in I Love New Year|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kangana-ranaut-a-music-teacher-in-i-love-new-year/1067386/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref> Shooting commenced in summer 2011 at Filmalaya Studios in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite web|title=I Love New Year Shoot in progress|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/i-love-new-year-shoot-in-progress/|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=11 February 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090800/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/i-love-new-year-shoot-in-progress/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and some scenes were filmed in [[Bangkok]] and the final scenes in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Last schedule for I Love New Year|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Last-schedule-for-I-Love-New-Year/846569/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref>

==Music ==
The music for the film’s songs was composed by [[Pritam]], along with Falak Shabir, [[Anupam Amod]] and [[DJ Phukan]]. The lyrics of the songs were penned by [[Sayeed Quadri]] and [[Mayur Puri]], along with Falak Shabir. The background score of the movie was done by [[Aadesh Shrivastava]].

The song "Judaai" was recreated by Falak Shabir from a song previously composed by himself in 2013 of the same name. The song "Aaja Meri Jaan" was recreated by [[DJ Phukan]] from a song composed by [[R. D. Burman]] in 1993.

{{Infobox album
| name = I Love NY
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]], Falak Shabir, Anupam Amod and [[DJ Phukan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:34
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Halki Halki
| length1 = 5:02
| lyrics1 = [[Mayur Puri]]
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Tulsi Kumar]]
| music1 = [[Pritam]]
| title2 = Gud Naal Ishaq Mitha
| length2 = 3:27
| lyrics2 = Traditional, Mayur Puri
| extra2 = [[Tochi Raina]]
| music2 = [[Anupam Amod]]
| title3 = Aaja Meri Jaan
| length3 = 5:14
| lyrics3 = Mayur Puri
| extra3 = [[Mauli Dave]]
| music3 = [[DJ Phukan]]
| title4 = Aao Na
| length4 = 5:20
| lyrics4 = [[Sayeed Quadri]]
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Tulsi Kumar]]
| music4 = Pritam
| title5 = Judaai
| length5 = 4:31
| lyrics5 = Falak Shabir
| extra5 = Falak Shabir
| music5 =Falak Shabir
| title6 = Gud Naal Ishaq Mitha (Remix)
| extra6 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| lyrics6 = Traditional, Mayur Puri
| music6 = Anupom Amod
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length = {{Duration|m=23|s=34}}
| length6 =
}}

==Release==
Originally planned for release in April 2013, the film was delayed several times. The film was released on 10 July 2015.

===Critical reception===
The film received generally negative reviews. ''[[Filmfare]]'' reviewer Rachit Gupta gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, criticising the film's "mish-mash of sentimentality, annoying characters and clichéd rom-com developments". Gupta also felt that the music was forgettable.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-i-love-new-year-9800.html|title=Movie review: I Love New Year|work=Filmfare|date=11 July 2015|access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> Troy Ribeiro of [[NDTV]] gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, calling the plot "silly and far-fetched".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/i-love-ny-movie-review-1152|title=I Love NY Movie Review|publisher=NDTV|date=11 July 2015|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716041828/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/i-love-ny-movie-review-1152|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nishi Tiwari of [[Rediff.com]] wrote in a 1 out of 5 stars review that it was "criminally unremarkable", criticising the story.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-i-love-ny-a-great-disservice-to-new-years-eve-and-new-york/20150710.htm|title=Review: I Love NY, a great disservice to New Year's Eve and New York|publisher=Rediff.com|date=10 July 2015|access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film collected {{INRConvert|2.5|c}} nett in its entire theatrical run against the budget of {{INRConvert|15|c}},
and was unsuccessful at box office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I Love NY – Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2897|access-date=2020-09-13|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=2708644}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chicago]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:2015 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]

Aravakurichi Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T16:57:54Z

LauriTym702628: Started A Article...

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 134
| map_image = Constitution-Aravakurichi.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Karur district|Karur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| mla =[[R. Elango]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Aravakurichi
| electors = 195,517
| reservation = None
}}

'''Aravakurichi''' is an assembly constituency in the [[Tamil Nadu]] legislative assembly, that includes the town of [[Aravakurichi]] and other neighbouring parts of [[Karur district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 134. It is a part of [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Assembly
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|First]]
| 1952
| [[N. Rathina Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Second]]
| 1957
| [[S. Sadasivam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Third]]
| 1962
| S. Sadasivam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Fourth]]
| 1967
| [[S. K. Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Assembly
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]
| 1971-77
| Abdul Jabbar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]
| 1977-80
| [[S. Sadasivam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]
| 1980-84
| P. S. Sennimalai Kandasamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]
| 1984-89
| S. Jagadheeshan
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
| 1989-91
| Monjanoor Ramasamy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| 1991-96
| Asia Mariyamul
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]
| 1996-01
| [[S. S. Mohammad Ismail]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]
| 2001-06
| E. A. Liyaudeen Sait
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]
| 2006-2011
| [[M. A. Khaleelur Rahman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]
| 2011-2016
| K. C. Palanisamy
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifteenth]]
| 2016-2017 disqualification by Assembly Speaker
|rowspan=2| [[V. Senthil Balaji]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|By-Election 2019]]
| 2019-2021
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixteenth]]
| 2021-Incumbent
| [[R. Elango]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[Monjanur R. Elango| R. Elango]]|party=Secular Progressive Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selva Kumar|party=National Democratic Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Dr. Naren|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Karthikeyan |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194505|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Elango]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=93,369 |percentage=52.98 |change=-3.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=68,553|percentage=38.90|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anitha Parveen. M|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=7,188|percentage=4.08|change=+ 2.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangavel. P. S. N|party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=1,599|percentage=0.91|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohammed Haneef Shahil. K. S|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|votes=1,382|percentage=0.78|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saravanan. P|party=Independent politician|votes=1,236|percentage=0.70|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=869|percentage=0.49|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,816 |percentage=14.08|change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=176,245|percentage=82.38|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=451 |percentage=0.26 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 213,946 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 By-election===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: [[Aravakurichi]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC134.pdf
|access-date= 30 Apr 2022
|archive-date = 30 Apr 2022
|title= Form 21E (Return of Election), 2019 By-Election
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430075402/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC134.pdf
|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in
}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[V. Senthil Balaji]]
|votes = 97,800
|percentage = 56.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = V. V. Senthil Nathan
|votes = 59,843
|percentage = 34.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Shahul Hameed
|votes = 7,195
|percentage = 4.15
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = P.K.Selvam
|votes = 2,227
|percentage = 1.29
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Makkal Needhi Maiam
|candidate = S. Mohanraj
|votes = 1,361
|percentage = 0.79
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 904
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 35,693
|percentage = 21.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,73,271
|percentage = 84.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Aravakurichi]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[V. Senthil Balaji]]
|votes = 88,068
|percentage = 53.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = K. C. Palanisamy
|votes = 64,407
|percentage = 39.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = S. Prabhu
|votes = 3,162
|percentage = 1.92
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,538
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = M. Muthu
|votes = 1,513
|percentage = 0.92
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 23,661
|percentage = 14.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,64,582
|percentage = 82.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Palanisamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,831 |percentage=49.71% |change=4.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Senthilnathan. V |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,290 |percentage=46.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijayakumar. R |party=Independent politician |votes=1,530 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jagadeesan. N |party=Independent politician |votes=1,355 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marimuthu. C |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=779 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy. V |party=Independent politician |votes=370 |percentage=0.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Iqbal. H |party=Independent politician |votes=326 |percentage=0.22% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam. S |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=180 |percentage=0.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kannan. R |party=Independent politician |votes=161 |percentage=0.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muruganandam. L. K |party=Independent politician |votes=139 |percentage=0.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Indiramoorthy. V |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=0.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,541 |percentage=3.10% |change=0.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,70,483 |percentage=85.94% |change= 11.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,46,509 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[M. A. Khaleelur Rahman]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,960 |percentage=45.60% |change=14.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Monjanur Ramasamy. P. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,135 |percentage=42.80% |change=27.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Basheer Mohamed. A. |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,619 |percentage=6.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manoharan. K. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,744 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramamoorthy. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,291 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dalit Pandiyan. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=633 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bala Subramani. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=523 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kaja Mohideen. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=336 |percentage=0.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mallika. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=313 |percentage=0.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhayalan. R. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=229 |percentage=0.23% |change= ''New'' }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,825 |percentage=2.80% |change=-14.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,00,783 |percentage=74.75% |change= 14.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,828 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.43% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Liyaudeen Sait E. A |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,535 |percentage=48.03% |change=18.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmi Duraisamy Tmt. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,209 |percentage=30.95% |change=-7.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Monjanur Ramasamy P |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,954 |percentage=15.80% |change=-8.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amuthakumar V |party=Independent politician |votes=2,054 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sheik Abdul Kadhar M. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,160 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganesan K |party=Independent politician |votes=722 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sasikumar M |party=Independent politician |votes=707 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pounkodi L |party=Independent politician |votes=565 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppusamy T P |party=Independent politician |votes=395 |percentage=0.37% |change= ''New''}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,326 |percentage=17.08% |change=8.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,07,301 |percentage=60.68% |change= -5.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,76,820 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.66% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Mohammad Ismail]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,153 |percentage=38.36% |change=2.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Duraisamy. V. K. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,059 |percentage=29.89% |change=-25.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Monjanur Ramasamy. P. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,203 |percentage=24.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gnanasekaran. J. |party=Independent politician |votes=4,767 |percentage=4.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chenniappan. V. S. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,138 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gunasekaran. K. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=737 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumar. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=455 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayapal. G. |party=Independent politician |votes=399 |percentage=0.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natarajan. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=224 |percentage=0.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Annadurai. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=70 |percentage=0.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhayalan. R. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=63 |percentage=0.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,094 |percentage=8.48% |change=-11.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,07,268 |percentage=66.17% |change= 2.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,69,837 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Mariyamul Asia |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,957 |percentage=55.60% |change=29.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Monjanur Ramasamy P. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,005 |percentage=35.50% |change=-6.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthusamy K. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,461 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amaravathi K. |party=Independent politician |votes=906 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam T. P. S. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=550 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniappan N. |party=Independent politician |votes=337 |percentage=0.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnamoorthy K. |party=Independent politician |votes=209 |percentage=0.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Periyasamy R. |party=Independent politician |votes=206 |percentage=0.20% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chelllan K. |party=Independent politician |votes=198 |percentage=0.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Munisamy K. |party=Independent politician |votes=175 |percentage=0.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kandasamy K. |party=Independent politician |votes=173 |percentage=0.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,952 |percentage=20.10% |change=4.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,04,232 |percentage=63.27% |change= -10.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,73,736 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy Monjanor |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,463 |percentage=42.40% |change=-0.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Jagadeesan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,309 |percentage=26.52% |change=-29.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sadasivam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,226 |percentage=21.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Somasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=6,423 |percentage=5.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. M. Duraisamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,100 |percentage=2.71% |change=-53.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Damodaran |party=Independent politician |votes=486 |percentage=0.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sakthkvel |party=Independent politician |votes=346 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuravi |party=Independent politician |votes=310 |percentage=0.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Pasupathi |party=Independent politician |votes=216 |percentage=0.19% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuliah Asiriyar |party=Independent politician |votes=208 |percentage=0.18% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,154 |percentage=15.88% |change=2.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,14,296 |percentage=73.75% |change= -2.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,57,264 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Jegatheesan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,887 |percentage=55.72% |change=4.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramasami |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,273 |percentage=42.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. S. Basheer Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=792 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sakthivel |party=Independent politician |votes=492 |percentage=0.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kothandapani |party=Independent politician |votes=443 |percentage=0.43% |change= ''New'' }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,614 |percentage=13.10% |change=7.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,03,887 |percentage=76.04% |change= 10.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,41,938 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Sennimalai Alias. Kandahsamy P. S. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,145 |percentage=51.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam. K. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,233 |percentage=45.99% |change=6.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam. K. . L. I. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,125 |percentage=1.29% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raman. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=979 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,912 |percentage=5.61% |change=-7.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,482 |percentage=65.23% |change= 2.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,35,591 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sadasivam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,581 |percentage=39.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,547 |percentage=26.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Jabbar |party=Independent politician |votes=16,152 |percentage=19.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V.K. Ramasamy |party=Janata Party |votes=5,666 |percentage=6.87% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthan Alias Muthusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=5,269 |percentage=6.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,252 |percentage=1.52% |change=''New'' }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,034 |percentage=13.38% |change=-13.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,467 |percentage=62.46% |change= -3.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,33,806 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian Union Muslim League |swing= -20.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Jabbar |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=34,164 |percentage=60.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kadasamy Gounder S. |party=Swatantra Party |votes=18,859 |percentage=33.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rengaswamy Gounder K. |party=Independent politician |votes=2,653 |percentage=4.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnan P. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,170 |percentage=2.06% |change=''New'' }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,305 |percentage=26.92% |change=-8.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,846 |percentage=65.81% |change= -6.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,107 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian Union Muslim League |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -7.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Gounder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=46,614 |percentage=67.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,482 |percentage=32.54% |change=-12.73% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,132 |percentage=34.93% |change=23.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,096 |percentage=72.02% |change= 0.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,247 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 22.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sadasivam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,372 |percentage=45.26% |change=-9.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Muthusami Gounder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=21,082 |percentage=33.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Khader Jamali |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=8,919 |percentage=14.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thangavel |party=Independent politician |votes=2,604 |percentage=4.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subba Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=1,704 |percentage=2.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,290 |percentage=11.63% |change=-7.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,681 |percentage=71.44% |change= 20.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,900 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.76% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sadasivam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,726 |percentage=55.02% |change=21.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rathina Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=15,920 |percentage=35.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Senthilvel |party=Independent politician |votes=4,291 |percentage=9.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,806 |percentage=19.60% |change=-3.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,937 |percentage=50.79% |change= -14.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,480 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -1.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Aravakurichi<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rathina Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=30,692 |percentage=56.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. M. Nallaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,140 |percentage=33.40% |change=33.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. Krishnan |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=5,487 |percentage=10.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,552 |percentage=23.11% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,319 |percentage=65.09% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,446 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10.77|N|77.92|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Karur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Sringaravelan

2026-04-22T20:15:01Z

LauriTym702628: added new info

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sringaravelan
| image = Sringaravelan-poster-550.jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| director = [[Jose Thomas]]
| producer = Jaison Elamkulam
| writer = [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas]]
| starring = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Vedhika]] [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] [[Joy Mathew]] [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] [[Baburaj]] [[Shammi Thilakan]]
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| music = [[Berny-Ignatius]] [[Nadirshah]] Rajamani
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|09|14}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = ₹32 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/5-biggest-hits-of-dileep-from-the-last-5-years-249390.html|title=5 Biggest Hits Of Dileep From The Last 5 Years!|work=Filmibeat|date=14 December 2016}}</ref> 
}}

'''''Sringaravelan''''' is a 2013 [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy]] film directed by [[Jose Thomas]] and scripted by [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/season-for-celebration/article5119620.ece| title = Season for celebration - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 12 September 2013| last1 = George| first1 = Vijay}}</ref> It stars [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] and [[Vedhika]] (in her in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] debut) with [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Baburaj]], [[Joy Mathew]] and [[Shammi Thilakan]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/95756.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130727201152/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/95756.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 27 July 2013| title = Malayalam Cinema News {{!}} Malayalam Movie Reviews {{!}} Malayalam Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Malayalam}}</ref> The film was released in [[Onam]], and was a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-onam-box-office-september-12-to-18-news-malayalam-njtpa4abdab.html |title=Kerala Onam Box-Office - September 12 to 18 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921203639/http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-onam-box-office-september-12-to-18-news-malayalam-njtpa4abdab.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{plot|date=June 2025}} 
Kannan is a suave con-man and the son of a fashion weaver Ayyapanashan. His father had sent him for fashion designing, but Kannan wants to become rich overnight. His friends are Yesudas alias Yesu, a goon and Vasu. Kannan tries to woo rich girls and marry them and try to make his living. Once Kannan with Vasu went to give a saree to Varmaji, who is Ayyapanashan's friend and a 'Thampuran' of the 'Kovilakam'. There Kannan meets Radhu, Varmaji's granddaughter, and falls in love with her. Kannan accidentally stops a pooja which was being held there and is forced to stay at that place for more than a fortnight. In the process, Kannan gets more attracted to Radhu and once he gets into her room when Kannan was trying to escape that place. Kannan expresses his love to her and Radhu laughs, not taking it seriously.

D. Gopi Prasad alias DGP is the father of Radhu and he is a big gangster and crime boss in [[Bombay]] who wants to hide his daughter from several enemies who seek revenge. Radhu and her grandparents don't like DGP as his ″profession″ is the cause for the death of Radhu's mother, Revathy. When Kannan gets more attracted to Radhu, she says that she loves him but due to her father and his high criminal background she will be unable to marry Kannan and if her father knows about this love, Kannan will be shot at sight. However, Radhu says that if Kannan were able to fight her father and marry her, she would be ready to go with him.

Kannan gets scared hearing this. But he doesn't want to lose Radhu. DGP orders Kannan to leave the house before the next morning. At night, when Kannan was sitting at the veranda of the outhouse, he notices someone trying to shoot Radhu and in the nick of time, intending to prevent it from happening, there ensues a fight with the assassin. Learning that all have woken up, he escapes. DGP, who had ordered Kannan to leave demands not to go until the killer is found. Kannan brings Yesu (who disguises as an astrologer) to the house for help. One day, Varmaji finds Radhu with Kannan and slaps him. But he realises that they are in love and Varmaji accepts it. He plans to get Radhu married to Kannan. He had a wish to have Revathy's marriage at a temple in Mellkkallur, but now he plans to make Radhu's marriage there. He asks DGP whether to take Radhu out but he refuses. Yesu helps Kannan to bring Radhu to Mellkkallur through his friend Mahalingam who is a kidnapping specialist. But while searching for Radhu, DGP and his men threaten Yesu to check astrologically where Radhu is and he tells that she is going to Mellkkallur. He asks their manager Govindan Nair where Varmaji went and he tells Varmaji went to a temple in Thrissur for a pooja for Radhu. This confuses them and they go to Thrissur to find Radhu, but they fail to get her. Then they goes to Mellkkallur temple to find her. Meanwhile, Kannan goes to a lodge where Varmaji is and tells that their plan succeeded. He finds his parents there who came to see Kannan's marriage. They finds Yesu in the astrologer look and tells Varmaji that Yesu is a Christian. Kannan apologies to Varmaji and tells that he brought Yesu for a help but he didn't think that Yesu will come as an astrologer. Then they goes to temple for the wedding. When Kannan goes to tie the thali knot on Radhu, the killer who tried to kill Radhu earlier comes there again and tries to shoot them but they escapes. DGP comes there and saves them.

The next day, DGP finds about the shootout that happened in the temple in many newspapers. Angrily, he and his gang hits Kannan. Varmaji tells them that he told Kannan to take Radhu to the temple to get them married. DGP slaps Radhu and he tries to kill Kannan, but she stops it and tells that she will marry the person whom her father told earlier which made Kannan very upset. DGP kicks him out of the house and his father comes there to take him. DGP seeks help from [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Ukken Tintu, a funny and comedian police officer to make some arrangements and full protection for Radhu's marriage in the auditorium. Tintu thinks that DGP is really the [[Director general of police]] and helps him. Only Kannan knows the killer so the police takes him along with his friends. His friends tells that they all are Kannan which confuses Tintu. He takes many persons whose names are Kannan to the police station. DGP finds Kannan and tells to identify. He fools them by drawing the wrong person. DGP gives 2 lakhs to Tintu to keep Kannan and his friends in custody. But he releases Kannan as he realises he loves Radhu and DGP is a criminal. He gives the two lakhs to Kannan and he tells that the person whom he drew was [[Oommen Chandy]] and he tells that he didn't draw the killer's face as he thought that there might be some people in the police who might be the killer's men. Meanwhile, DGP makes arrangements for Radhu's marriage but she was unhappy. Varmaji tells him that he was a father like DGP but he lost his daughter due to him. DGP tells that he didn't force and marry Revathy but it was due to some circumstances.

He reveals that in a police attack that happened in [[Bandra]], he got shot and to treat attacked gangster they kidnaps medical students where Revathy was one of them. Ahuja, their gang leader selects Revathy to treat DGP. When she was treating him, Ahuja plays a foul and tries to rape her and the other medical students. DGP plans to save Revathy. He kills many of his men and shoots Ahuja on his hand. He went for searching DGP and Revathy due to revenge. The duo went hiding and soon got married. Radhu's birth changes their life and they live happily. At the same time, DGP became the leader of his gang and Ahuja remains to be main enemy. He became a threat to their happiest life, but Revathy was unaware about this. At a [[holi]] festival, Ahuja comes to their house and kills Revathy. DGP and his men goes to Ahuja's house who was celebrating his daughter's wedding and kills Ahuja and his men thus avenging Revathy's death. During the shootout, his daughter gets shot. Before dying, Ahuja tells that Radhu will be killed by one of his men. Back to the present, DGP now believes that the killer is Ahuja's henchman. He brought Radhu to [[Kerala]] as he thought it is a safe place and for a good marriage. He tells that he needs to win by saving his daughter.

On the day of the marriage, they all goes to the wedding hall with the needed security, but on the way a gang of thugs attacks them. A shootout occurs where the thugs shoots all of DGP's men and DGP kills one of the thugs. Soon, the killer arrives and the thugs were his men. He hits DGP and reveals that he is Vikram, Ahuja's son. He came to avenge his father's death and last wish by killing Radhu, as Ahuja told to DGP earlier. When he goes to shoot Radhu in front of her father, Kannan arrives and saves her. Kannan takes her with him but Vikram and his men follows them along with her father. During the chase, Vikram's and DGP's car collides with each other. Kannan and Radhu reaches a building where he fights off Vikram's men with his friend's help and confronts Vikram. Yesu gives a gun (which one of Vikram's men had) to Kannan and he points it on Vikram. When DGP comes there, Kannan gives the gun to him and DGP kills Vikram. Kannan didn't kill Vikram as it was a problem between them and Kannan needs to marry Radhu. DGP thanks Kannan for saving Radhu and tells to join them for the marriage. He becomes very emotional. When DGP leaves to the wedding hall with Radhu, he is arrested by Tintu for murdering Vikram. He reveals that he recorded, DGP shooting Vikram in his phone as an evidence. DGP tells that he needs to watch Radhu's marriage so he needs to go. Kannan stops them and tells he will marry Radhu. He tells DGP to surrender and calls him as "Pappa" as Radhu's father is also his father. Tintu who calls himself also as Kannan takes DGP. Finally, Kannan and Radhu reunites.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Kannan
* [[Vedhika]] as Radhu, Kannan's love interest (voiceover by Vimmy Mariam George)
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Yesudas (Yesu)
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as Vasu
* [[Joy Mathew]] as D. Gopi Prasad (DGP)
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Mahalingam
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Varmaji, Radhu's grandfather
* [[Babu Namboothiri]] as Ayyappanasaan, Kannan's father
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Vikram, the main antagonist
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Ahuja, the secondary antagonist
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as Ukken Tintu (Kannan) (reprising his role from [[Neram]])
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Savithri, Kannan's mother
* [[Geetha Salam]] as Astrologer
* Pala Aravindan
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Aishwarya Rani
* [[Saju Kodiyan]] as Narayanan Nair
* [[Sreedevi Unni]] as Kovilakam Thampuratti, Varmaji's wife
* [[Anju Aravind]] as Revathy, Radhu's mother and DGP's wife
* Anjana Appukuttan
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Musician
!Lyricist
!Singers
|-
|"Ashakoshale Pennundo"
|[[Nadirshah|Nadirsha]]
|Nadirsha
|[[Afsal]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]
|-
|"Indraneelangalo Pranaya"
| rowspan="5" |[[Berny-Ignatius|Berny Ignatious]]
|[[Rafeeq Ahammed|Rafeeq Ahamed]]
|[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
|"Machaane"
|Nadirsha
|Nadirsha
|-
|"Minnaminungin Vettam"
| rowspan="3" |Rafeeq Ahamed
|Subin, [[Delsy Ninan]]
|-
|"Naalambalam Anayaan"
|Sudeep Kumar, [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan|Jyotsna]]
|-
|"Neerthullikal Thorathey"
|Tansen Berny, Thulasi Yatheendran
|}

==Reception==
Metromatinee.com review: "Dileep is typically exuberant and the heroine [[Vedhika]] looks gorgeous and thankfully doesn't look out of place".<ref>[http://www.metromatinee.com/movie-review/sringaravelan-movie-review-333 Sringaravelan movie review - Metro Matinee]</ref>

==Box office==
The film is commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/director-jos-thomas-next-titled-isha/articleshow/73139364.cms|title=Director Jos Thomas' next titled 'Isha'|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/threes-company/article5503908.ece/|title=Three's company Dileep|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vedhika-looks-as-fresh-as-a-daisy-in-this-picture/articleshow/77480066.cms|title=Vedhika looks as fresh as a daisy in THIS picture|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-malayalam-commercial-hits-of-2013-south/20140117.htm#1| title = The Top Malayalam Commercial Hits of 2013 - Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/vedhika-vadivambal-in-kaaviya-thalaivan-is-my-most-challenging-role-to-date/|title = Vedhika: Vadivambal in Kaaviya Thalaivan is my most challenging role to date!|date = 24 October 2014}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|4.92|c}} from 5 days alone in Kerala box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-onam-box-office-september-12-to-18-news-malayalam-njtpa4abdabsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028081101/http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-onam-box-office-september-12-to-18-news-malayalam-njtpa4abdabsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2014|title=Kerala Onam Box-Office - September 12 to 18|work=[[Sify]]|date=19 September 2013}}</ref> The film collected ₹32 crore from Kerala box office in its final run.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/5-biggest-hits-of-dileep-from-the-last-5-years-249390.html|title=5 Biggest Hits Of Dileep From The Last 5 Years!|work=Filmibeat|date=14 December 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jose Thomas}}

[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadirshah]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jose Thomas]]
[[Category:Films scored by Berny–Ignatius]]

Kripa Shanker

2026-04-19T23:27:17Z

LauriTym702628: Made a details - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kripa Shanker
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1897|12|14}}
| birth_place = Basti,[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day  [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariyaganj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1962-1967
| predecessor = [[Ram Shankar Lal]]
| successor = [[Narayan Swaroop Sharma]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Girja Devi
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1518.htm
}}
'''Kripa Shanker''' was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariyaganj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1962 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Parliament of India, Third Lok Sabha: Who's who 1962 | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | year=1962 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6v7v6JijJAC | access-date=19 Mar 2023 | page=244}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 2003 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Indian Parliamentary Companion: Who's who of Members of Lok Sabha | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | year=2003 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLZVAAAAYAAJ | access-date=19 Mar 2023 | page=255}}</ref><ref name="India Votes 1968 p. ">{{cite book | title=India Votes | year=1968 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q5q4MedrFIC | language= | access-date=19 Mar 2023 | page=509}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1518.htm Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website]

[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Pratap Wagh

2026-04-18T15:42:18Z

LauriTym702628: Started a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pratap Wagh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |1938|12|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nasik]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]]
| term = 1980-1984
| predecessor = [[Vithalrao Hande]]
| successor = [[Muralidhar Mane]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Sujata Wagh
| children = One daughter
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2952.htm
}}

'''Pratap Wagh''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Reed Times of India (Firm) 1983 p. ">{{cite book | last=Reed | first=Sir Stanley | author2=Times of India (Firm) | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who | publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company | year=1983 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ke4gAQAAMAAJ | access-date=5 Mar 2023 | page=862}}</ref><ref name="Reed Times of India (Firm) 1982 p. ">{{cite book | last=Reed | first=Sir Stanley | author2=Times of India (Firm) | title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who | publisher=Times of India Press | year=1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBW2AAAAIAAJ | access-date=5 Mar 2023 | page= 823}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/repeating-winning-act-tough-task-for-mps-in-nashik-ls-poll-119040800547_1.html | title=Repeating winning act tough task for MPs in Nashik LS poll | publisher=Business Standard | date=8 April 2019 | accessdate=5 Mar 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2952.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Aishwarya Sharma

2026-04-17T15:24:36Z

LauriTym702628: Started A Bio...

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1992)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aishwarya Sharma
| image = Actress Aishwarya Sharma in 2025.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Aishwarya Sharma in 2025
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|12|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh]], India
| years_active = 2015–present
| known for = ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'' ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13]]'' [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 17)|''Bigg Boss 17'']]
| alma mater = [[Rajiv Gandhi Technical University]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actress|Dancer}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Neil Bhatt]]|2021}}
}}

'''Aishwarya Sharma''' (born 8 December 1992) is an [[India]]n actress and classical dancer<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-14 |title=Bigg Boss 17: From facing hate comments in Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin to becoming the finalist of Khatron Ke Khiladi 13; All about contestant Aishwarya Sharma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-17-from-facing-hate-comments-in-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-to-becoming-the-finalist-of-khatron-ke-khiladi-13-all-about-contestant-aishwarya-sharma/articleshow/104425093.cms |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-06 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin: Aishwarya Sharma ने दिखाया अपने नच का हुनर, Neil Bhaat भी हो जाएंगे इंप्रेस {{!}} Bollywood Life हिंदी |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/hi/videos/entertainment/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-neil-bhaats-gilrfriend-aishwarya-sharma-shows-her-classical-dance-moves-watch-video-read-lastest-tv-news-and-gossip-1789332/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Bollywood Life |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance is my first love, says Aishwarya Sharma |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/dance-is-my-first-love-155559/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> known for her work in [[Hindi]] television shows. She is best known for her portrayal of Patralekha "Pakhi" Mohitepatil in [[Star Plus]]'s romantic drama ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/rekha-promotes-upcoming-show-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-1727348-2020-10-01 | title=Rekha promotes upcoming show Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin | date=October 2020 }}</ref> In 2023, she participated in the reality shows ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13]]'' and [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 17)|''Bigg Boss 17'']].

== Early life ==
Sharma was born on 8 December 1992 in Mahidpur,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-27 |title=EXCLUSIVE! Neil Bhatt opens up about his relationship with co-actor Aishwarya Sharma and his marriage plans later this year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/80482165.cms |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-pakhi-aka-aishwarya-sharma-celebrates-birthday-with-neil-bhatt-shared-kissing-photos/376267 | title=Aishwarya Sharma Birthday: बर्थडे पर पति नील भट्ट के होठों को चूमती नजर आईं ऐश्‍वर्या शर्मा, देखें 'गुम है...' के विराट और पाखी का ये अंदाज | date=8 December 2021 }}</ref> She completed her graduation<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-04 |title=It was my father who pushed me to pursue acting: Aishwarya Sharma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/it-was-my-father-who-pushed-me-to-pursue-acting-aishwarya-sharma/articleshow/80687558.cms |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance is my first love, says Aishwarya Sharma |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/dance-is-my-first-love-155559/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Bigg Boss 17: Contestants family background and education qualification |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/photos/bigg-boss-17-ankita-lokhande-munawar-faruqui-and-other-contestants-family-background-and-education-qualification-celebs-photos-entertainment-news-2651313/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=bollywood-life |language=en}}</ref> in Electronics and Communication engineering<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-06 |title=Aishwarya Sharma Gears Up For Adrenaline-Fueled Adventures On ‘Khatron Ke Khiladi 13’ |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/aishwarya-sharma-gears-up-for-adrenaline-fueled-adventures-on-khatron-ke-khiladi-13-1600181 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-03 |title=इंजीनियरिंग कर एक्टिंग में आईं Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin की पाखी यानि Aishwarya Sharma, सेट पर मिला प्‍यार |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-fame-patralekha-aka-aishwarya-sharma-profile-she-did-engineering-in-electronics-and-communication/353064 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.timesnowhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref> from [[Rajiv Gandhi Technical University]], [[Bhopal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-20 |title=Exclusive - Aishwarya Sharma on her journey from Engineering to acting; says 'My heart was always drawn to the arts, performance, and creativity' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-aishwarya-sharma-on-her-journey-from-engineering-to-acting-says-my-heart-was-always-drawn-to-the-arts-performance-and-creativity/articleshow/121977694.cms |access-date=2025-06-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/exclusive-aishwarya-sharma-on-her-journey-from-engineering-to-acting-says-my-heart-was-always-drawn-to-the-arts-performance-and-creativity/ar-AA1H6Cdr |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> She then pursued her graduation in [[Kathak]] Dance from [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance is my first love, says Aishwarya Sharma : The Tribune India |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/dance-is-my-first-love-155559/}}</ref>

==Career==
Sharma started her acting career in 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aishwarya Sharma Has A Perfect Response To Unfollow Threats From Pakistan |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/aishwarya-sharma-has-a-perfect-response-to-unfollow-threats-from-pakistan-aa-9340352.html |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> with an episodic appearance in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''. The same year, she played the role of Jamvanthi in ''[[Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan]]''.<ref name=":0" /> She later appeared in various television series, including ''[[Suryaputra Karn]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aishwarya Sharma's Ex Rahul Pandya Says He Is 'Depressed' After Their Dating Pictures Surface Online |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/aishwarya-sharmas-ex-rahul-pandya-says-he-is-depressed-after-their-dating-pictures-surface-online-8637242.html |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-16 |title=GHKPM: Ayesha, Neil, Aishwarya and more actors' transformation will leave you stunned |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/photos/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-ayesha-singh-neil-bhatt-aishwarya-sharma-and-more-actors-transformation-will-leave-you-stunned-entertainment-news-2216773/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=bollywood-life |language=en}}</ref> ''Bal Krishna'' ''and'' ''[[Janbaaz Sindbad]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aishwarya Sharma’s Biography; Neil Bhatt’s Wife, Big Boss 17 Contestant, Khatron Ke Khiladi Finalist, Engineer, Dancer and more |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/aishwarya-sharma-s-biography-neil-bhatt-s-wife-big-boss-17-contestant-khatron-ke-khiladi-finalist-engineer-dancer-and-more-rc1047385 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=jagrantv |language=en}}</ref>

Sharma starred as Patralekha "Pakhi" Mohitepatil in ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'' from 2020 to 2023 alongside Ayesha Singh and [[Neil Bhatt]]. It proved to be her breakthrough role and she and Bhatt got married while doing it.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.easterneye.biz/star-plus-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-clocks-200-episodes/ | title=Star Plus' Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin clocks 200 epis odes - EasternEye | newspaper=Easterneye | date=24 May 2021 }}</ref> In 2023, she quit the series,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/after-aishwarya-sharma-neil-bhatt-ayesha-singh-and-harshad-arora-to-quit-ghkkpm-too-know-here-7867795.html | title=After Aishwarya Sharma, Neil Bhatt, Ayesha Singh and Harshad Arora to Quit GHKKPM Too? Know Here | date=20 May 2023 }}</ref> and participated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13]]'' and emerged as the 2nd runner-up.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/dino-james-wins-khatron-ke-khiladi-13-rohit-shetty-arjit-taneja-101697334861863.html | title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 13: Rapper Dino James wins Rohit Shetty-hosted reality show, beats Arjit Taneja and Aishwarya Sharma | date=15 October 2023 }}</ref> Then, she participated with her husband Neil Bhatt in [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 17|''Bigg Boss 17'']], where she was evicted at the 14th position on Day 70.

== Personal life==
Sharma met actor [[Neil Bhatt]] while working on the television series ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]].''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/after-neil-bhatt-fiancee-aishwarya-sharma-also-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-7228902/ | title=After Neil Bhatt, co-star Aishwarya Sharma tests positive for coronavirus, Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin junks special Holi sequence | newspaper=The Indian Express | date=15 March 2021 }}</ref> The couple got engaged on 27 January 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=Bigg Boss 17's Neil Bhatt-Aishwarya Sharma Celebrate Roka Anniversary; Share Unseen Pics |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-17-neil-bhatt-aishwarya-sharma-celebrate-roka-anniversary-share-unseen-pics-article-107186884 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/neil-bhatt-aishwarya-sharma-of-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-mein-fame-engaged-share-images-on-social-media-9245141.html | title=Neil Bhatt, Aishwarya Sharma of Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Mein fame engaged, share images on social media|work=Firstpost|date=27 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Mein stars Neil Bhatt, Aishwarya Sharma share roka ceremony pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-mein-stars-neil-bhatt-aishwarya-sharma-share-roka-ceremony-pics-1763293-2021-01-27 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and got married on 30 November 2021<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-30 |title=Neil Bhatt pens a loving note for his wife Aishwarya Sharma on their first wedding anniversary; says, "We’ve graduated from being friends to companions" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neil-bhatt-pens-a-loving-note-for-his-wife-aishwarya-sharma-on-their-first-wedding-anniversary-says-weve-graduated-from-being-friends-to-companions/articleshow/95888706.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in Ujjain.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-s-neil-bhatt-and-aishwarya-sharma-get-married-see-first-pics-from-their-wedding-101638282898219.html | title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin's Neil-Aishwarya get married, see first pics from their wedding | date=30 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-03 |title=Aishwarya Sharma recalls moment from wedding with Neil Bhatt that left her in splits. Read post |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/aishwarya-sharma-recalls-moment-from-wedding-with-neil-bhatt-that-left-her-in-splits-read-post-1883875-2021-12-03 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''
| Unnamed
|
|rowspan="5" | <ref name=":0">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-17-from-facing-hate-comments-in-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-to-becoming-the-finalist-of-khatron-ke-khiladi-13-all-about-contestant-aishwarya-sharma/articleshow/104425093.cms | title=Bigg Boss 17: From facing hate comments in Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin to becoming the finalist of Khatron Ke Khiladi 13; All about contestant Aishwarya Sharma | newspaper=The Times of India | date=14 October 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan]]''
| Jamwanthi
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2015–2016
| ''[[Suryaputra Karn]]''
| [[Urvashi]]
|
|-
| ''[[Janbaaz Sindbad]]''
| Ameen's mother
|
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Baal Krishna]]''
| [[Putana]]
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Meri Durga]]''
| Amrita Chaudhary
|
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-may-be-playing-a-mom-on-screen-but-in-real-life-i-am-yet-to-go-on-my-honeymoon-with-neil-aishwarya-sharma/articleshow/94131352.cms | title=I may be playing a mom on screen, but in real life, I am yet to go on my honeymoon with Neil: Aishwarya Sharma | newspaper=The Times of India | date=11 September 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Saundarya
|
|
|-
| ''Surajya Sanhita''
| Vishpala
|
|
|-
| 2020–2023
| ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
| rowspan="2" |Patralekha "Pakhi" Mohitepatil
| Lead role
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/will-aishwarya-sharma-neil-bhatt-aysha-singhs-love-traingle-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-replace-kasautii-zindagii-kay/articleshow/78068118.cms | title=Will Aishwarya Sharma, Neil Bhatt, Ayesha Singh's love traingle Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin replace Kasautii Zindagii Kay? }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
|''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Smart Jodi''
|rowspan="3" | Contestant
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/smart-jodi-neil-bhatt-aishwarya-sharma-face-flak-on-social-media-netizens-say-stop-playing-victim-card-4815920.html | title=Smart Jodi: Neil Bhatt-Aishwarya Sharma Face Flak on Social Media, Netizens Say 'Stop Playing Victim Card' | date=27 February 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13]]''
|3rd place
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/031023/kkk13-aishwarya-sharma-beats-arjit-taneja-archana-gautam-in-ticket-to.html|title=Meet The First Finalist of Khatron Ke Khiladi 13|date=3 October 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 17)|Bigg Boss 17]]''
|14th place
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 17: Inside Vicky Jain And Aishwarya Sharma's Bickering |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-17-aishwarya-sharma-slams-vicky-jain-for-commenting-on-her-marriage-with-neil-bhatt-4527017 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}
'''Guest Appearance'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Dance Deewane (season 4)|Dance Deewane 4]]''
| rowspan="2" |Herself
| rowspan="2" |Guest appearance
|
|-
|''[[Suhaagan (TV series)|Suhaagan: Ke Rang Jashn Ke Rang]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=17 March 2024 |title=Bigg Boss 17 Fame Aishwarya Sharma Faints During Her Dance Performance At A Holi Event; The Actress Informs Her Fans 'She Is Doing Fine Now' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-17-fame-aishwarya-sharma-faints-during-her-dance-performance-at-a-holi-event-the-actress-informs-her-fans-she-is-doing-fine-now/articleshow/108568232.cms |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2020
|''Madhuri Talkies''
| Punita
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://theenvoyweb.com/news/madhuri-talkies-mx-player-lovers-revenge/ | title=Madhuri Talkies: MX Player's new series shows a lover's revenge | date=13 January 2020 }}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|''Mann Jogiya''
|[[Yasser Desai]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/neil-bhatt-and-aishwarya-sharma-release-a-romantic-music-video-before-their-wedding-1882124-2021-11-29 | title=Neil Bhatt and Aishwarya Sharma release a romantic music video before their wedding | date=29 November 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Pyaar Kartey Hain''
|[[Payal Dev]], Laqshay Kapoor
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7Dc4FYZ1iw |title=Pyaar Kartey Hain: Payal Dev, Laqshay Kapoor {{!}} Neil Bhat, Aishwarya Sharma |date=2024-09-24 |last=T-Series |access-date=2024-09-26 |via=T-Series YouTube}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|portal1 = India
|portal2 = Biography
|portal3 = Television
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Aishwarya}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Nadaunta Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:48:58Z

LauriTym702628: Done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nadaunta
|type= SLA
|state = Himachal Pradesh
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2007
|electors = 75,166
|mla = Baldev Sharma
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Nadaunta Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Bishan Dutt Lakhan Pal
|-
| [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Udho Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Ram Rattan Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Manjit Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Ram Rattan Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Manjit Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=3 | Baldev Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaunta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,634 |percentage=53.80% |change={{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vidya Kumari Jar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,070 |percentage=21.14% |change={{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arvinder Rani |party=Independent politician |votes=5,629 |percentage=11.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Pal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,066 |percentage=10.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulsi Ram Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=804 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neeta Sharma |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=357 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,564 |percentage=32.67% |change= {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,646 |percentage=63.39% |change= {{decrease}}9.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,166 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaunta<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,796 |percentage=50.12% |change={{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vidya Kumari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,235 |percentage=23.66% |change={{decrease}}17.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=10,568 |percentage=22.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=753 |percentage=1.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=601 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulsi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=525 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,561 |percentage=26.46% |change= {{increase}}14.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,478 |percentage=72.61% |change= {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,394 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaunta<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,706 |percentage=52.69% |change={{increase}}19.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,021 |percentage=40.77% |change={{increase}}16.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Capt. Sri Ram |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=1,314 |percentage=3.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand Dhiman |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=943 |percentage=2.40% |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,685 |percentage=11.92% |change= {{increase}}11.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,295 |percentage=72.48% |change= {{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,780 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}19.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaunta<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,821 |percentage=33.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rattan Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,650 |percentage=33.08% |change={{decrease}}28.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajindra Zar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,656 |percentage=24.58% |change={{decrease}}11.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nikke Ram Advocate |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=964 |percentage=2.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishan Dutt Lakhanpal |party=Janata Dal |votes=895 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=443 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishan Dass Jaswal |party=Independent politician |votes=368 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Chand Matauria |party=Independent politician |votes=313 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=171 |percentage=0.49% |change= {{decrease}}24.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,216 |percentage=67.92% |change= {{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,256 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}28.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaunta<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rattan Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,626 |percentage=61.77% |change={{increase}}21.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,536 |percentage=36.31% |change={{decrease}}20.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagi Rath Sharma |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=456 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,090 |percentage=25.46% |change= {{increase}}8.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,774 |percentage=65.49% |change= {{decrease}}3.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,092 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaunta<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,692 |percentage=57.07% |change={{increase}}21.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rattan Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,387 |percentage=40.35% |change={{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=342 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=152 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,305 |percentage=16.72% |change= {{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,742 |percentage=68.70% |change= {{increase}}4.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,738 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaunta<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rattan Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,365 |percentage=43.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Chand Verma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,622 |percentage=35.97% |change={{increase}}14.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishan Dutt |party=Janata Party |votes=3,457 |percentage=14.42% |change={{decrease}}38.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans |party=Independent politician |votes=362 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birender Chaudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=341 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bichittar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=331 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangila Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=216 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=167 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,743 |percentage=7.27% |change= {{decrease}}24.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,970 |percentage=65.05% |change= {{increase}}9.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,402 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaunta<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Udho Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=9,380 |percentage=52.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pramodh Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,810 |percentage=21.49% |change={{decrease}}37.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishan Datt |party=Independent politician |votes=3,130 |percentage=17.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdev |party=Independent politician |votes=873 |percentage=4.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=534 |percentage=3.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,570 |percentage=31.42% |change= {{decrease}}7.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,727 |percentage=55.37% |change= {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,495 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaunta<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishan Dutt Lakhan Pal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,528 |percentage=59.42% |change={{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,008 |percentage=20.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,443 |percentage=10.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=712 |percentage=4.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=244 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chand |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=237 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=181 |percentage=1.26% |change={{decrease}}21.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,520 |percentage=38.46% |change= {{increase}}12.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,353 |percentage=56.71% |change= {{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,232 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaunta<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,021 |percentage=48.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=2,790 |percentage=22.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=1,326 |percentage=10.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,152 |percentage=9.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=775 |percentage=6.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Pathania |party=Communist Party of India |votes=235 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,231 |percentage=26.27% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,299 |percentage=53.77% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,597 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coord|31.78|76.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 disestablishments in India]]

Madar'i

2026-04-13T10:54:28Z

LauriTym702628: Done

{{Short description|Dalit community in North India}}
{{For|the similarly named community of [[Tamil Nadu]]|Arunthathiyar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{ethnic group
|group= Zinda Shah Madar
|image = Madari with Damaru.jpg
|popplace = {{hlist|India|Pakistan}}
|langs =
|rels= [[Islam]]
|related= {{hlist|[[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]]|[[Jogi Faqir]]}}
}}

'''Madari''', also known as the '''Zinda Shah Madar''' and the '''Dewan Shah''', are a [[Sufi order]], who are derived from the '''Dewangan Silsila of Sufi Syed Zinda Shah Madar'''. Dewan/Diwan is not a [[Indian caste|caste]] but the name of a Sufi order executed by Sufi Dewan Syed Zamaluddin Janeman Jannati.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.muslimsocieties.org/Vol6/Madariya_Silsila_in_Indian_Perspective.pdf|title=Madariya Silsila in Indian Perspective}}</ref>

The Dewan community descends from Sadaat group of Zinda Shah Madar whose original shrine (majar) is located in [[Makanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pardesh]], [[India]]. The literal meaning of Dewan is the head of a Khanqah, Chief or Master. In village areas, Dewan surname is mostly used, but in the urban area, the same community is also known by different surnames such as Shah, Syed etc. Most of the Sufi Dargahs belong to Shah community. The surnames Shah and Syed are interchangeably used by the communities descending from Dewan tribe. They are a Muslim community found in a [[North India]]. They are a community of Muslim Syed Sufi Fakir, who are originally from descendants of [[Badi' al-Din|Syed Badiuddin Zinda Shah Madar]] through His Caliphate Syed Zamaluddin Janeman Jannati).<ref name="Haryana">{{Cite book |url=https://library.niti.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=32898&query_desc=au%3A%22Singh%2C%20K%20S%20(Ed.)%22ifn-1O6OAxUkTGwGHS55GqcQ6AF6BAgHEAM |title=People of India: Haryana, Volume XXIII |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |year=1994 |isbn=9788173040917 |editor1-last=Sharma |editor1-first=M. L. |series=People of India |pages=335–375 |editor2-last=Bhatia |editor2-first=A. K.}}</ref>

They are [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] in the list of Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Commission for Backward Classes: Himachal Pradesh |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/HimachalPradesh.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227014116/https://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/himachalpradesh.pdf |archive-date=27 Feb 2012 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Dom people}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sufism in India]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

K. T. Telang

2026-04-06T04:25:30Z

LauriTym702628: Made article - done

{{short description|Indian judge and indologist (1850–1893)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =K. T. Telang
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}}
| image =
| caption=
| office = [[Bombay Legislative Council|Member of Bombay Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 1884
| term_end = {{circa|1890}}
| governor = [[Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet|James Fergusson]] [[Lord Reay]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1850|8|20|df=y}}
| constituency = ''Nominated''
| birth_name = Kashinath Trimbak Telang
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| death_place = Bombay, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1893|9|1|1850|8|20|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Indologist|politician|judge}}
| alma_mater = [[Elphinstone College]] ([[M.A.]], [[LL.B.]])
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Kashinath Trimbak Telang''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (20 August 1850 – 1 September 1893), better known as '''K. T. Telang''', was an Indian [[indologist]], politician, and [[judge]] at the [[Bombay High Court]].

==Early life and education==
Telang was born in a [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]] (GSB) family.<ref name="Chandrachud2015">{{cite book|author=Abhinav Chandrachud|title=An Independent, Colonial Judiciary: A History of the Bombay High Court during the British Raj, 1862–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doM8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|date=28 May 2015|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-908948-2|pages=8–}}</ref>
At the age of five Telang was sent to the Amarchaud Wadi [[vernacular]] school, and in 1859 entered the high school in Bombay which bears the name of [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]]. Here he came under the influence of Narayan Mahadev Purmanand, a teacher of intellect and force of character, afterwards one of Telang's most intimate friends.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=508}}

As a student, Telang won the Bhugwandas scholarship in [[Sanskrit]], and in this language his later studies were profound. From this school he passed to the [[Elphinstone College]], of which he became a fellow, and after taking the degree of [[Master's degree|M.A.]] and [[LL.B.]], decided to follow the example of Bal Mangesh Wagle, the first Indian admitted by the judges to practise on the original side of the high court, a position more like the status of a [[barrister]] than a ''vakil'' or pleader. He passed the examination and was enrolled in 1872.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=509}}

==Career==
===Legal career===
By profession an [[advocate]] of the high court, he also took a vigorous share in literary, social, municipal and political work, as well as in the affairs of the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]], over which he presided as vice-chancellor for two years (1892-1893) until his death.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=509}}
His learning and other gifts soon brought him an extensive practice. He had complete command of the [[English language]], and his intimacy with [[Sanskrit]] enabled him to study and quote the [[Hindu]] law-books with an ease not readily attained by [[Europe]]an counsel. He was one of the counsel for the defendant, [[Rukhmabai]] in the famous restitution of conjugal rights brought by her husband.<ref name="Kosambi2000">{{cite book|author1=Toshio Yamazaki|author2=Meera Kosambi (Editor)|title=Intersections: Socio-cultural Trends in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&pg=PA1|year=2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1878-0|pages=81–91|chapter=Justice K.T. Telang}}</ref> Telang, finding his career assured, declined an offer of official employment. But in 1889 he accepted a seat on the high court bench, where his judgments are recognized as authoritative, especially on the [[Hindu law]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=509}}

===Educationalist===
He was [[syndic]] of the university from 1881, and [[Chancellor (education)|vice-chancellor]] from 1892 until his death. In that year also he was elected President of the [[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai|Bombay Branch]] of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]]. These two offices had never been held by a native of India before. The decoration of [[C.I.E.]] conferred on him in the [[1884 Birthday Honours]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25357 |page=2287 |date=23 May 1884 }}</ref> was a recognition of his services as a member of [[William Wilson Hunter|Hunter Commission]] appointed by the colonial government to deal with the educational system of India.<ref name="Kosambi2000"/>

===Politics===

Telang was active in politics from 1872 to 1889. He was nominated to the Bombay legislative council in 1884, but declined a similar position on the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|viceroy's council]]. He and fellow Bombay lawyers, [[Pherozshah Mehta]], and [[Badruddin Tyabji]] were the founders of the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay Presidency Association]].<ref name="Kosambi2000"/> He was the secretary of reception committee for the inaugural meeting of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1885.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=509}}

===Sanskrit scholar===
His translation of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] into English prose and verse is a standard work, and available in [[Max Müller]]'s monumental compilation, the ''[[Sacred Books of the East]]'', volume 8, as the ''Bhagavadgita With the [[Sanatsugatiya|Sanatsugâtiya]] and the Anugitâ'' (published 1882). Also notable is his publication, in 1884, of the historical Sanskrit play, ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' of ''[[Vishakhadatta]]'' under the auspices of the Education Department and the Government Central Book Depot, Bombay. He criticized [[Albrecht Weber]]'s hypothesis that the story of the [[Ramayana]] was influenced by the [[Homer]]ic epics. While devoted to the sacred classics of the Hindus, Telang did not neglect his own vernacular, [[Marathi language|Marathi]] literature being enriched by his translation of [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing|Lessing]]'s ''[[Nathan the Wise]]'', and an essay on ''Social Compromise''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=509}}

==Works==
* ''[https://archive.org/details/bhagavadgtwi00tela The Bhagavadgîtâ With the Sanatsugâtîya and the Anugîtâ]'' (1882)
* ''[https://archive.org/details/risemarathapowe00bahagoog Rise of the Maráthá Power]'' (1900)
* ''[https://archive.org/details/mudrarakshasawit00visauoft Mudrarakshasa With the Commentary of Dhundiraja]'' (1915)

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{EB1911|wstitle= Telang, Kashinath Trimbak|volume=26|pages=508–509}}
*{{cite book|author=Vasant Narayan Naik|title=Kashinath Trimbak Telang, the Man and His Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcshAAAAMAAJ|year=1895|publisher=[[G. A. Natesan]]}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://inc.in/organization/33-Pherozeshah-Mehta/profile |title=Indian National Congress |access-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709113633/http://inc.in/organization/33-Pherozeshah-Mehta/profile |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Kashinath Trimbak Telang}}
*''Mudrarakshasa'' of ''Vishakhadatta'' (critical notes and introduction in English) includes 1713 CE commentary of Dhundhiraj; at google books [https://books.google.com/books?id=VL0IAAAAQAAJ&q=M]
*The ''Bhagvadgita'' with the ''[[Sanatsugatiya]]'' and ''Anugita'' Vol.8, The Sacred Books of the East. Translated by Kashinath Trimbak Telang [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe08/index.htm]
* [http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?auth=amdldGlkPTMzJnBhZ2Vubz00 Brief biography at Bombay High Court]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Telang, Kashinath Trimbak}}
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:1850 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu law jurists]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

PSLV-C41

2026-04-02T11:07:14Z

LauriTym702628: Started a stub

{{Short description|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle mission by ISRO}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2020}}

{{Infobox rocket launch
| name = PSLV-C41
| rocket = PSLV-XL
| launch = {{Start date|2018|04|12|df=yes}}, 04:04:00 IST
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| pad = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|First]]
| payload = [[IRNSS-1I]]
| outcome = Success
| succession = [[List of PSLV launches|PSLV launches]]
| previous = [[PSLV-C40]]
| next = [[PSLV-C42]]
|image=File:PSLV (DYK).png}}

'''PSLV-C41''' was the 43rd mission of the Indian [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) rocket. It was launched on Thursday, April 12, 2018, at 04:04 Hrs (IST) by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|first launch pad]] of the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] at [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. This was the 12th mission to use the PSLV XL configuration.

This mission launched [[IRNSS-1I]] navigation satellite into orbit.<ref name="EDUCATIONALTECHS">{{cite web|url=https://www.educationaltechs.com/2018/04/isro-successfully-launched-irnss-1i.html| title= ISRO Successfully Launched IRNSS - 1I Navigation Satellite By PSLV - C41 | publisher= EDUCATIONALTECHS, edited by -Vikash Kushwaha |access-date=17 April 2018}}</ref> The satellite is intended to replace the failed [[IRNSS-1A]], and complete the constellation of geosynchronous navigation satellites after [[IRNSS-1H]] failed to do so. The satellite was successfully infected into orbit 19 minutes after lift-off. ISRO Chairman [[Kailasavadivoo Sivan|K. Sivan]] described the mission as a success and congratulated the scientists behind it.

==Payload==
Like its predecessor, [[IRNSS-1I]] has two types of payloads, navigation payload and the ranging payload. The navigation payload transmits navigation service signals to the users. This payload is operating in [[L band|L5 band]] and [[S band]]. A highly accurate Rubidium atomic clock is part of the navigation payload of the satellite.<ref name="payload">{{cite web|title=ISAC's website for IRNSS |url=https://www.isac.gov.in/navigation/irnss.jsp|publisher=ISAC|date=31 August 2017}}</ref> Failure of these Rubidium atomic clocks was the reason for [[IRNSS-1A]] to be deemed unfit. The satellite contains corner cube [[retroreflectors]] used for LASER ranging.

==Launch==

Launched on April 12, 2018,

* Ignition of the core stage, followed by the ignition of the six strap-ones.
*After 70 seconds, at an altitude of 23.6 km, the boosters separated.
* Core stage separated after 110 seconds, at an altitude of 55 km.
* At 203 seconds, at 113&km, second stage ignited.
*After the payload fairing, the second stage separated at an altitude of 131.5&km.
*At 264 seconds, 132 km, third stage ignited, followed by a third stage separation at 599 seconds and 183 km height.
*At 609 seconds, 185 km, fourth stage is ignited.
*At 454.4 km, fourth stage is cut off. Soon after, the satellite is injected into a sub geosynchronous transfer orbit, which is 284 km at perigee and 20650 km at apogee.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.isro.gov.in/mission_PSLV_c41_englishvideo.html|title=PSLV-C curtain raiser |website=isro.gov.in|accessdate=28 September 2023}}</ref> The maneuver took place above the island of [[New Guinea]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{PSLV}}

[[Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2018]]
[[Category:April 2018 in India]]
[[Category:Rocket launches in 2018]]

Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-29T07:41:23Z

LauriTym702628:

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Vidisha <hr>{{Small|MP–18}}
| constituency_no =
| map_image = Madhya Pradesh Lok Sabha constituencies (Vidisha highlighted).png
| map_caption = Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency within Madhya Pradesh
| established = 1967
| electors = 19,45,404<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=Election Commission of India | website=elections24.eci.gov.in | access-date=27 May 2024 | archive-date=25 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| mp = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] {{Small|[[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Union Minister of Agriculture and Farmer's Welfare]]}} {{Small|[[Minister of Rural Development (India)|Union Minister of Rural Development]]}}
| incumbent_image = The Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan meeting the Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Shri Ajit Singh, in New Delhi on November 21, 2012 1(cropped).jpg
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance |NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|2024]]
| preceded_by = {{nowrap|[[Ramakant Bhargava]],}} {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| reservation = None
| assembly_cons = [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bhojpur]] [[Sanchi Assembly constituency|Sanchi]] [[Silwani Assembly constituency|Silwani]] [[Vidisha Assembly constituency|Vidisha]] [[Basoda Assembly constituency|Basoda]] [[Budhni Assembly constituency|Budhni]] [[Ichhawar Assembly constituency|Ichhawar]] [[Khategaon Assembly constituency|Khategaon]]
}}
'''Vidisha''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. This constituency came into existence in 1967. This constituency covers parts of [[Raisen district|Raisen]], [[Vidisha district|Vidisha]], [[Sehore district|Sehore]] and [[Dewas district|Dewas]] districts.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Legislative Assembly segments ==
Presently, since the delimitation of the parliamentary and legislative assembly constituencies in 2008, Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight Legislative Assembly segments:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|141
|[[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bhojpur]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Raisen district|Raisen]]
|[[Surendra Patwa]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|142
|[[Sanchi Assembly constituency|Sanchi]] (SC)
|[[Prabhuram Choudhary]]
|-
|143
|[[Silwani Assembly constituency|Silwani]]
|[[Devendra Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|144
|[[Vidisha Assembly constituency|Vidisha]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vidisha district|Vidisha]]
|[[Mukesh Tandan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|145
|[[Basoda Assembly constituency|Basoda]]
|[[Hari Singh Raghuwanshi]]
|-
|156
|[[Budhni Assembly constituency|Budhni]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sehore district|Sehore]]
|[[Ramakant Bhargava]]
|-
|158
|[[Ichhawar Assembly constituency|Ichhawar]]
|[[Karan Singh Verma]]
|-
|173
|[[Khategaon Assembly constituency|Khategaon]]
|[[Dewas district|Dewas]]
|[[Aashish Govind Sharma]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1952-1967 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Pandit Shiv Sharma<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1967 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Ramnath Goenka]]<ref name=election1971>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1971 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Raghavji]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pratap Bhanu Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Raghavji]]
| rowspan="12" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="12" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|1991^
| rowspan="5" |[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|2006^
|[[Rampal Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sushma Swaraj]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Ramakant Bhargava]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|}
^ denotes By Poll

== Election results ==

=== 2024 results ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Vidisha<ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|votes = 1,116,460
|percentage = 76.70
|change = {{up}}8.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= [[Pratap Bhanu Sharma]]
|party=Indian National Congress|votes= 295,052|percentage=20.27|change={{down}}7.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=9,280|percentage=0.64|change={{down}}0.05}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,21,408|percentage=56.43|change={{up}}16.21}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,455,658|percentage=74.48|change={{up}}2.65}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{up}}8.51
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 results ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: Vidisha<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramakant Bhargava]]
|votes = 8,53,022
|percentage = 68.19
|change = {{up}}1.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shailendra Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,49,938
|percentage = 27.97
|change = {{down}}1.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Geetawali Er. P.S. Ahirwar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 14,409
|percentage = 1.15
|change = {{up}}0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Sudhir Kumar
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 5,102
|percentage = 0.41
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 8,619
|percentage = 0.69
|change = {{down}}0.3
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,03,084
|percentage = 40.22
|change = {{up}}1.88
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,50,244
|percentage = 71.83
|change = {{up}}5.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{up}}1.64
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 results ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: Vidisha<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
|votes = 7,14,348
|percentage = 66.55
|change =-12.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,03,650|percentage=28.29|change=new}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kamlesh Sallam|party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party|votes=10,824|percentage=1.01|change=new}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amar Singh Patel|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=9,699|percentage=0.90|change=-5.78}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Chandresh Singh
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 5,359
|percentage = 0.50
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=10,618|percentage=0.99|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,10,698|percentage=38.36|change=-31.74}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,73,781|percentage=65.71|change=+20.62}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 results ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Vidisha<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
|votes = 4,38,235
|percentage = 78.80
|change = +37.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Munvvar Saleem|Ch. Munavver Salim]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 48,391
|percentage = 8.70
|change = +5.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Prem Shankar Sharma
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 37,142
|percentage = 6.68
|change = +6.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhai Munshi Lal Silawat
|party = Republican Party of India (Athvale)
|votes = 12,136
|percentage = 2.18
|change = +2.18
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Rajeshwar Singh Yadav Rao
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 7,596
|percentage = 1.37
|change = +1.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Harbhajan Jangre
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 5,054
|percentage = 0.91
|change = +0.91
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Ganesh Ram Lodhi
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 4,434
|percentage = 0.80
|change = +0.80
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Ram Gopal Malviya
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 3,140
|percentage = 0.56
|change = +0.56
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,89,844
|percentage = 70.10
|change = +56.54
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,56,128
|percentage = 45.09
|change = -2.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +37.63
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 (by-election) results ===
{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 2006: Vidisha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rampal Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]
|votes = 2,58,263
|percentage = 41.17
|change = -24.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajshree Rudra Pratap Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,73,176
|percentage = 27.61
|change = +2.13
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Bharatiya Janshakti Party|BJSP]]
|candidate = Raghunandan Sharma
|votes = 1,37,354
|percentage = 21.89
|change = +21.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Munvvar Saleem|Ch. Munavver Salim]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 17,397
|percentage = 2.77
|change = -0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Malti Bai
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 10,041
|percentage = 1.60
|change = +1.60
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 85,087
|percentage = 13.56
|change = -26.15
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,27,219
|percentage = 47.68
|change = -2.32
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -24.02
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 results ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Vidisha<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 October 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|votes = 4,28,030
|percentage = 65.19
|change = +9.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narbada Prasad Sharma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,67,304
|percentage = 25.48
|change = -17.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ch. Munavver Salim
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 21,543
|percentage = 3.28
|change = +2.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Khuman Singh Kushwaha
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 15,638
|percentage = 2.38
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Mohan Babu Sharma
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 10,876
|percentage = 1.66
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Pandey
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 8,280
|percentage = 1.26
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Abdul Jabbar
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 4,893
|percentage = 0.75
|change = new
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,60,726
|percentage = 39.71
|change = +26.99
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,56,555
|percentage = 50.00
|change = -5.96
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===20th century===
====1999 results====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Vidisha<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|votes = 3,60,421
|percentage = 55.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jasvant Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,78,024
|percentage = 42.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Azijkhan Dada Bhai
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 6,749
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Shivdayal Tiwari
|party = [[Ajeya Bharat Party|AJBP]]
|votes = 1,690
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Abdul Jabbar Khan
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 761
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 82,397
|percentage = 12.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,47,645
|percentage = 55.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1998 results====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Vidisha<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1998 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,74,406
|percentage = 56.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashutosh Dayal Sharma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,36,548
|percentage = 36.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Kushwaha
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 27,941
|percentage = 4.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Onkar Singh Thakur
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 5,398
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Omprakash Patel
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 4,189
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,37,858
|percentage = 20.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,56,984
|percentage = 59.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1996 results====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Vidisha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,10,580
|percentage = 54.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hridaya Mohan Jain
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,34,822
|percentage = 23.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nathoo Ram Lodhi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 43,617
|percentage = 7.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Naresh Jain
|party = [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIIC(T)]]
|votes = 40,328
|percentage = 7.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Uday
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 7,377
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,75,758
|percentage = 30.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,73,521
|percentage = 53.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1991 results====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Vidisha<ref name=election1991>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1991 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|votes = 2,79,232
|percentage = 58.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Pratap Bhanu Sharma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,75,098
|percentage = 36.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagdish Yadav
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 3,985
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Faiyaz Ali
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 3,457
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Nujjafar Yarkhan
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 3,337
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,04,134
|percentage = 21.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,74,794
|percentage = 50.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Vidisha district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-reports |title=Old Election reports |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{S-bef |before= [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of the opposition]]|years=2009 – 2014}}
{{s-vac | next = [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]] | reason = till 2014 No [[Official opposition]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Dewas district}}
{{coord|23.53|N|77.82|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Raisen district]]
[[Category:Vidisha district]]
[[Category:Sehore district]]
[[Category:Dewas district]]

Giorgia Meloni

2026-03-27T21:41:23Z

LauriTym702628: expand layout

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Italy since 2022}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Giorgia Meloni
| image = Giorgia Meloni Official 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2024
| office = [[Prime Minister of Italy]]
| president = [[Sergio Mattarella]]
| term_start = 22 October 2022
| deputy = {{ubl|[[Antonio Tajani]]|[[Matteo Salvini]]}}
| predecessor = [[Mario Draghi]]
| successor =
| office2 = [[Brothers of Italy#Leadership|President of Brothers of Italy]]
| term_start2 = 8 March 2014
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Ignazio La Russa]]
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party#Leadership|President of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party]]
| term_start3 = 1 April 2020
| term_end3 = 14 January 2025
| predecessor3 = [[Jan Zahradil]]
| successor3 = [[Mateusz Morawiecki]]
| office4 = [[Italian Minister of Youth|Minister of Youth]]
| term_start4 = 8 May 2008
| term_end4 = 16 November 2011
| primeminister4 = [[Silvio Berlusconi]]
| predecessor4 = [[Giovanna Melandri]]
| successor4 = [[Andrea Riccardi]]
| office5 = [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Member of the Chamber of Deputies]]
| term_start5 = 28 April 2006
| constituency5 = {{collapsible list
|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}
|[[Lazio 1 (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Lazio 1]] (2006–2008)
|[[Lazio 2 (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Lazio 2]] (2008–2013)
|[[Lombardy 3 (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Lombardy 3]] (2013–2018)
|[[Lazio 2 (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Latina]] (2018–2022)
|[[Abruzzo (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|L'Aquila]] (since 2022)
}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|1|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rome]], Italy
| party = [[Brothers of Italy]] (since 2012)
| otherparty = {{ubl|[[Italian Social Movement]] (1992–1995)|[[National Alliance (Italy)|National Alliance]] (1995–2009)|[[The People of Freedom]] (2009–2012)}}
| partner = [[Andrea Giambruno]] (2015–2023)
| children = 1
| relations =
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Zoe Incrocci]] (grandmother)|[[Agenore Incrocci]] (granduncle)}}
| website = {{ubl|{{Official website|https://www.governo.it/it/il-presidente|name=Government website}}|{{Official website|https://www.giorgiameloni.it|name=Personal website}}}}
| signature = Giorgia Meloni signature.svg
}}
{{Giorgia Meloni sidebar}}

'''Giorgia Meloni''' ({{IPA|it|ˈdʒordʒa meˈloːni|lang}}; born 15 January 1977) is an Italian stateswoman and politician who has served as [[Prime Minister of Italy]] since October 2022. She is the first woman to hold the office and the [[List of prime ministers of Italy by time in office|head of the third-longest government]] in the [[history of the Italian Republic]]. A member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] since 2006, she has been president of the [[right-wing]] to [[far-right]] party [[Brothers of Italy]] (FdI) since 2014, and was president of the [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party]] from 2020 to 2025.

In 1992, Meloni joined the [[Youth Front (Italy)|Youth Front]], the youth wing of the [[Italian Social Movement]] (MSI), a [[neo-fascist]] political party founded in 1946 by followers of [[Italian fascism]]. She later became the national leader of [[Student Action (Italy)|Student Action]], the student movement of the [[National Alliance (Italy)|National Alliance]] (AN), a [[Post-fascism in Italy|post-fascist]] party that became the MSI's legal successor in 1995 and moved towards [[national conservatism]]. She was a councillor of the [[province of Rome]] from 1998 to 2002, after which she became the president of [[Youth Action (Italy)|Youth Action]], the youth wing of AN. In 2008 she was appointed [[Minister for Youth Policies]] in the [[fourth Berlusconi government]], a role which she held until 2011. In 2012, she co-founded FdI, a legal successor to AN, and became its president in 2014. She unsuccessfully ran in the [[2014 European Parliament election]] and the [[2016 Rome municipal election]]. After the [[2018 Italian general election|2018 general election]], she led FdI in opposition during the entire [[18th Italian legislature|18th legislature]]. FdI grew its popularity in opinion polls, particularly during the management of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|COVID-19 pandemic]] by the [[Draghi Cabinet]], a [[national unity government]] to which FdI was the only opposition party. Following the [[fall of the Draghi government]], FdI won the [[2022 Italian general election|2022 general election]].

Meloni is a [[Catholic]] and a [[Conservatism in Italy|conservative]], and believes in defending "''[[:it:Dio, patria, famiglia|Dio, patria, famiglia]]''" ('God, fatherland, family'). She is opposed to [[euthanasia]], [[same-sex marriage]], and [[same-sex parenting]], stating that [[nuclear families]] are exclusively headed by male–female pairs. She is also a critic of [[globalism]]. Meloni supported (but never enacted) a naval blockade to halt [[illegal immigration]], and she has been described as [[xenophobic]] and [[Islamophobic]] by some critics. A supporter of [[NATO]], she maintains [[Eurosceptic]] views regarding the [[European Union]] (EU), views she describes as "Eurorealist". She favoured improved [[Italy–Russia relations|relations with Russia]] before the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], which she condemned, pledging to keep sending arms to Ukraine. In 2024, ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked Meloni as the [[Forbes list of the World's 100 Most Powerful Women|third-most-powerful woman in the world]] and she was listed amongst the [[Time 100|most influential people in the world]] by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, while ''[[Politico]]'' ranked her as the most powerful person in Europe in 2025.

== Early life ==
Giorgia Meloni was born on 15 January 1977 in [[Rome]], Italy.<ref name="Pietromarchi 2022">{{cite news|last=Pietromarchi|first=Virginia|date=19 September 2022|title=Who is Italy's leadership hopeful Giorgia Meloni?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/19/who-is-italys-leadership-hopeful-giorgia-meloni|access-date=21 September 2022|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920090612/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/19/who-is-italys-leadership-hopeful-giorgia-meloni|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Biography" /> Her father, Francesco Meloni, was the son of Nino Meloni, a radio director from [[Sardinia]], and the actress [[Zoe Incrocci]] from [[Lombardy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://espresso.repubblica.it/politica/2022/12/02/news/giorgia_meloni_famiglia_teatro-377146552/|title=Giorgia Meloni, il teatro nel sangue. Ecco chi erano i nonni della premier|access-date=20 May 2023|date=2 December 2022|work=[[la Repubblica]]|archive-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517210745/https://espresso.repubblica.it/politica/2022/12/02/news/giorgia_meloni_famiglia_teatro-377146552/|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni's mother, Anna Paratore, is from [[Sicily]]. Her father was a [[tax advisor]] and according to some political profiles had [[communist]] sympathies and voted for the [[Italian Communist Party]], while her mother later became a novelist.<ref name="corriere.it">{{cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/22_ottobre_21/madre-meloni-io-scrittrice-romanzi-rosa-le-mie-figlie-2d1023b8-5142-11ed-ae37-402d6a32bf5d.shtml|title=Meloni's mother: "I, a writer of romance novels for my daughters"|date=21 October 2022|access-date=15 May 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506124803/https://www.corriere.it/politica/22_ottobre_21/madre-meloni-io-scrittrice-romanzi-rosa-le-mie-figlie-2d1023b8-5142-11ed-ae37-402d6a32bf5d.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/how-giorgia-meloni-thinks-brothers-of-italy-election-salvini-mario-draghi-silvio-berlusconi/|title=How Giorgia Meloni thinks|date=23 September 2022|access-date=10 May 2023|archive-date=13 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613045218/https://www.politico.eu/article/how-giorgia-meloni-thinks-brothers-of-italy-election-salvini-mario-draghi-silvio-berlusconi/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="trtworld.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/how-fascist-is-the-party-of-giorgia-meloni-italy-s-pm-frontrunner-60141|title=How 'fascist' is the party of Giorgia Meloni, Italy's PM frontrunner?|access-date=10 May 2023|archive-date=10 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510215229/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/how-fascist-is-the-party-of-giorgia-meloni-italy-s-pm-frontrunner-60141|url-status=live}}</ref> Her father abandoned the family in 1978 when she was one year old, moving to the [[Canary Islands]] and remarrying. Meloni has four half-siblings from her father's second marriage.<ref name="Dell'Arti & Spada 2014">{{cite news|last1=Dell'Arti|first1=Giorgio|last2=Spada|first2=Alberto|date=27 May 2014|title=Giorgia Meloni|language=it|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|url=http://cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerThread.php?threadId=MELONI+Giorgia|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105033643/http://cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerThread.php?threadId=MELONI+Giorgia|archive-date=5 November 2014}}</ref> Seventeen years later, in 1995, he was convicted of drug trafficking and sentenced to nine years in a Spanish prison. He last contacted Meloni in 2006, when she became the vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 September 2022|title=Giorgia Meloni, il racconto della stampa spagnola sul padre (che la abbandonò da piccola): 'Fu condannato per traffico di droga'|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni, from the Spanish press about her father (who abandoned her as a child): 'He was convicted of drug trafficking'|language=it|work=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]]|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/09/28/giorgia-meloni-il-racconto-della-stampa-spagnola-sul-padre-che-la-abbandono-da-piccola-fu-condannato-per-traffico-di-droga/6821134/|url-status=live|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001152047/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/09/28/giorgia-meloni-il-racconto-della-stampa-spagnola-sul-padre-che-la-abbandono-da-piccola-fu-condannato-per-traffico-di-droga/6821134/|archive-date=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pistilli|first=Clemente|date=29 September 2022|url=https://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2022/09/29/news/giorgia_meloni_narcotraffico_spagna-367863619/|title=Il padre di Giorgia Meloni fu condannato per narcotraffico, il racconto della stampa spagnola|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni's father was convicted of drug trafficking, the story from the Spanish press|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001192003/https://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2022/09/29/news/giorgia_meloni_narcotraffico_spagna-367863619/|archive-date=1 October 2022|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> Legal documents have revealed an alleged indirect economic link through a network of real estate companies in which the ex-wife Anna Paratore, mother of Giorgia Meloni, was a partner at various times.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/05/20/news/anna_paratore_mamma_meloni_replica_inchiesta-401021935/|title="Non sono un'abile affarista immobiliare". Anna Paratore, la madre di Meloni, si difende|work=La Repubblica|date=20 May 2023|access-date=20 September 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003203554/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/05/20/news/anna_paratore_mamma_meloni_replica_inchiesta-401021935/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://infosannio.com/2023/05/19/linchiesta-di-domani-societa-spagnola-e-plusvalenza-le-bugie-della-madre-di-meloni/|title=l'inchiesta di "Domani": "Società spagnola e plusvalenza: le bugie della madre di Meloni"|date=19 May 2023|work=Infosannio from [[Domani (newspaper)|Domani]]|access-date=20 September 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002170149/https://infosannio.com/2023/05/19/linchiesta-di-domani-societa-spagnola-e-plusvalenza-le-bugie-della-madre-di-meloni/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Meloni was raised in the working-class district of [[Garbatella]] in Rome, moving there after the more affluent home she had first lived in as an infant with her parents was destroyed in a [[house fire]] a few years after her father left. Her upbringing has been described by her family as impoverished.<ref name="corriere.it"/> In her autobiography, Meloni wrote that her childhood and her family's breakdown influenced her political outlook.<ref name="trtworld.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/08/14/news/giorgia_meloni_la_storia_e_le_radici-359540378/|title= Investigation into M.|date= 13 August 2022|access-date= 10 May 2023|archive-date= 10 May 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230510215227/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/08/14/news/giorgia_meloni_la_storia_e_le_radici-359540378/|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="Dell'Arti & Spada 2014" /><ref name="Brezar 2022">{{cite news|last=Brezar|first=Aleksandar|date=27 September 2022|title=Italy election: In Rome's progressive neighbourhood, Meloni's victory causes anger and concern|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/09/27/in-romes-progressive-neighbourhood-melonis-victory-causes-anger-and-concern|access-date=22 October 2022|publisher=[[Euronews]]|language=it|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927140413/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/09/27/in-romes-progressive-neighbourhood-melonis-victory-causes-anger-and-concern|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni has a sister, [[Arianna Meloni|Arianna]], who was born in 1975 and has been appointed head of the party's political secretariat in 2023. Arianna was also partnered with [[Francesco Lollobrigida]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Spagnoli|first=Sofia|date=27 September 2022|title=Arianna Meloni: chi è la sorella di Giorgia. 'Ti accompagnerò come Sam con Frodo'|trans-title=Arianna Meloni: who is Giorgia's sister. 'I'll accompany you like Sam with Frodo'|url=https://www.quotidiano.net/elezioni/arianna-meloni-sorella-giorgia-1.8120618|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927112008/https://www.quotidiano.net/elezioni/arianna-meloni-sorella-giorgia-1.8120618|archive-date=27 September 2022|access-date=23 October 2022|work=[[Quotidiano Nazionale]]|language=it}}</ref> who has been [[Italian Minister of Agriculture|Minister of Agriculture]] since 22 October 2022.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 October 2022|title=Cos'è il Ministero della Sovranità alimentare e cosa significa|trans-title=What is the Ministry of Food Sovereignty and what it means|url=https://quifinanza.it/economia/video/ministero-sovranita-alimentare-cosa-significa-francesco-lollobrigida/672881/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023212235/https://quifinanza.it/economia/video/ministero-sovranita-alimentare-cosa-significa-francesco-lollobrigida/672881/|archive-date=23 October 2022|access-date=23 October 2022|website=QuiFinanza|language=it}}</ref>

=== Education and early political activism ===
In 1992, at 15 years of age, Meloni joined the [[Youth Front (Italy)|Youth Front]], the youth wing of the [[Italian Social Movement]] (MSI), a neo-fascist political party that dissolved in 1995.<ref name="Pietromarchi 2022" /> During this time, she founded the student coordination {{lang|it|Gli Antenati}} ('The Ancestors'), which took part in the protest against the public education reform promoted by minister [[Rosa Russo Iervolino]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Fontana|first=Simone|date=28 July 2022|title=Da dove arriva Giorgia Meloni, l'ultima fiamma della destra|trans-title=Where does Giorgia Meloni, the last flame of the right, come from|url=https://www.laregione.ch/estero/estero/1597310/da-dove-arriva-giorgia-meloni-l-ultima-fiamma-della-destra|access-date=21 September 2022|website=[[laRegione Ticino]]|language=it|archive-date=7 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807111359/https://www.laregione.ch/estero/estero/1597310/da-dove-arriva-giorgia-meloni-l-ultima-fiamma-della-destra|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1996, she became the national leader of [[Student Action (Italy)|Student Action]], the student movement of the post-fascist [[National Alliance (Italy)|National Alliance]] (AN), the [[national-conservative]] heir of the MSI, representing this movement in the Student Associations Forum established by the [[Italian Ministry of Education]].<ref>{{cite web|date=10 August 2022|title='Woman, mother, Christian' guides Italian far-right to brink of power|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/woman-mother-christian-guides-italian-far-right-to-brink-of-power/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822125300/https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/woman-mother-christian-guides-italian-far-right-to-brink-of-power/|archive-date=22 August 2022|access-date=21 September 2022|website=[[Euractiv]]}}</ref>

In 1998, after winning the primary election, Meloni was elected as a councillor of the [[province of Rome]], holding this position until 2002. She was elected national director in 2000 and became the first woman president of [[Youth Action (Italy)|Youth Action]], the AN youth wing, in 2004. During these years, she worked as a nanny, waitress, and bartender at the [[:it:Piper Club]], one of the most famous [[nightclub]]s in Rome.<ref>{{cite news|orig-date=17 January 2013|title=Meloni, da barman a tata... a ministro: 'Ho fatto tutti i lavori e ne sono fiera'|trans-title=Meloni, from barman to nanny... to minister: 'I did all the jobs and I'm proud of it'|language=it|work=Blitz Quotidiano|url=https://www.blitzquotidiano.it/politica-italiana/meloni-barman-tata-ministro-ho-fatto-tutti-lavori-vado-fiera-1450587/|url-status=live|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422135929/https://www.blitzquotidiano.it/politica-italiana/meloni-barman-tata-ministro-ho-fatto-tutti-lavori-vado-fiera-1450587/|archive-date=22 April 2021|date=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Guerzoni|first=Monica|date=17 January 2013|title=Giorgia Meloni: 'Io militante ventenne e i Lego con la figlia di Fiorello'|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni: 'I'm a militant in my twenties and Lego with Fiorello's daughter'|language=it|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/13_gennaio_17/meloni-fiorello-politica-guerzoni_7ddfc190-607a-11e2-bd7d-debf946ea0b6.shtml|url-status=live|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331123122/https://www.corriere.it/politica/13_gennaio_17/meloni-fiorello-politica-guerzoni_7ddfc190-607a-11e2-bd7d-debf946ea0b6.shtml|archive-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>

Meloni graduated from Istituto tecnico professionale di Stato Amerigo Vespucci<ref name="money.it/che-scuola"/><ref name="amerigovespucci.edu.it/la-storia">{{cite web|title=La Storia|url=https://www.amerigovespucci.edu.it/la-scuola/la-storia/|website=L'Istituto Professionale di Stato per l'Enogastronomia e l'Ospitalità. Amerigo Vespucci|access-date=24 May 2023|language=it-IT|archive-date=24 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524145422/https://www.amerigovespucci.edu.it/la-scuola/la-storia/|url-status=live}}</ref> in 1996.<ref name="Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.sitiarcheologici.palazzochigi.it/www.governo.it/novembre%202011/www.governo.it/Governo/Biografie/ministri/Meloni_Giorgia.html|title=Biografia del ministro Giorgia Meloni|trans-title=Biography of Minister Giorgia Meloni|language=it|publisher=[[Chigi Palace]]|date=November 2011|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331122339/http://www.sitiarcheologici.palazzochigi.it/www.governo.it/novembre%202011/www.governo.it/Governo/Biografie/ministri/Meloni_Giorgia.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.comune.roma.it/web-resources/cms/documents/Meloni_2016_cvp.pdf|title=Curriculum Vitae di Giorgia Meloni|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni's Curriculum Vitae|language=it|publisher=[[Commune of Rome]]|date=16 September 2016|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805090317/https://www.comune.roma.it/web-resources/cms/documents/Meloni_2016_cvp.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> After her election to the [[Italian Parliament]] in 2006, she declared in her [[curriculum vitae]] that she obtained a high school diploma in languages with the final mark of 60/60, and "Diploma di liceo linguistico; Giornalista".<ref name="camera.it/leg">*{{cite web|title=MELONI Giorgia|url=https://www.camera.it/leg18/29?tipoAttivita=&tipoVisAtt=&tipoPersona=&shadow_deputato=302103&idLegislatura=18|website=XVIII Legislatura – Deputati e Organi – Scheda deputato|publisher=[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)]]|access-date=24 May 2023|language=it}}
*{{cite web|title=MELONI Giorgia|url=https://leg16.camera.it/29?shadow_deputato=302103&idpersona=302103|website=XVI Legislatura – Deputati e Organi Parlamentari – Scheda deputato|publisher=[[camera.it]]|access-date=24 May 2023|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409092148/https://leg16.camera.it/29?shadow_deputato=302103&idpersona=302103|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|title=MELONI Giorgia|url=https://leg15.camera.it/cartellecomuni/leg15/include/contenitore_dati.asp?deputato=d302103&Pagina=Deputati/Composizione/SchedeDeputati/SchedeDeputati.asp%3Fdeputato=d302103&Vis=1&Nominativo=MELONI%20Giorgia|website=XV legislatura – Deputati – La scheda personale|publisher=camera.it|access-date=24 May 2023|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406221947/https://leg15.camera.it/cartellecomuni/leg15/include/contenitore_dati.asp?deputato=d302103&Pagina=Deputati%2FComposizione%2FSchedeDeputati%2FSchedeDeputati.asp%3Fdeputato%3Dd302103&Vis=1&Nominativo=MELONI%20Giorgia|url-status=live}}</ref> This created some controversy, as Istituto tecnico professionale di Stato Amerigo Vespucci<ref name="money.it/che-scuola"/><ref name="amerigovespucci.edu.it/la-storia"/> was not a foreign language high school and was not qualified to issue any diploma in languages; instead, it was a Hospitality Institute (see ''{{ill|istituto tecnico|it}})'' specialised in issuing professional diplomas for job titles such as chef, waiter, entertainer, tour guide, hostess, depending on the course of studies chosen by the student. It is unknown what course of studies Meloni selected at Istituto tecnico professionale di Stato Amerigo Vespucci.<ref name="amerigovespucci.edu.it/la-storia"/><ref name="money.it/che-scuola">{{cite web|last=Nuzzo|first=Alessandro|date=1 September 2022|title=Che scuola ha fatto Giorgia Meloni: cosa sappiamo sul curriculum della leader di FdI|trans-title=What school did Giorgia Meloni go to: what do we know about the curriculum of the FdI leader|url=https://www.money.it/che-scuola-ha-fatto-giorgia-meloni-cosa-sappiamo-curriculum-leader-fdi|access-date=21 September 2022|website=Money.it|language=it|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901205943/https://www.money.it/che-scuola-ha-fatto-giorgia-meloni-cosa-sappiamo-curriculum-leader-fdi|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni mentioned that the Hospitality Institute she attended became the Centro di Formazione Professionale Ernesto Nathan issuing diplomas in foreign languages. However, training centers are not allowed to issue diplomas. The Centro di Formazione Professionale Ernesto Nathan issues qualifications for beauticians and hairdressers.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 May 2023|url=https://www.comune.roma.it/web/it/scheda-servizi.page?contentId=INF60570|title=Centro di Formazione Professionale "Ernesto Nathan"|trans-title='Ernesto Nathan' Professional Training Center|language=it|website=Rome City Council|access-date=23 May 2023|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523132229/https://www.comune.roma.it/web/it/scheda-servizi.page?contentId=INF60570|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Minister of Youth ===
[[File:Giorgia Meloni daticamera 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Meloni as Minister for Youth Policies in 2008|alt=2008 portrait of Meloni for the Chamber of Deputies]]
In the [[2006 Italian general election]], she was elected to the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] as a member of the [[National Alliance (Italy)|National Alliance]] (AN), where she became its youngest ever vice-president.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 September 2022|title=Meloni: Italy's far-right 'Christian mother' on brink of power|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220921-meloni-italy-s-far-right-christian-mother-on-brink-of-power|access-date=21 September 2022|website=[[France 24]]|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925050828/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220921-meloni-italy-s-far-right-christian-mother-on-brink-of-power|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2006, she also started to work as a journalist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odg.roma.it/ricerca.php|title=Ordine dei giornalisti del Lazio|trans-title=Order of Journalists of Lazio|language=it|publisher=[[Italian Order of Journalists]]|date=2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303201224/http://www.odg.roma.it/ricerca.php|archive-date=3 March 2011|access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref>
In 2006, Meloni defended the laws passed by the [[third Berlusconi government]] that benefited companies of the prime minister and media mogul [[Silvio Berlusconi]] and also delayed ongoing trials involving him. Meloni said: "it is necessary to contextualise them. Those are laws that Silvio Berlusconi made for himself. But they are perfectly fair laws."<ref>{{cite web|date=7 December 2006|title=Giorgia Meloni|url=http://www.melba.it/csf/articolo.asp?articolo=341|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012233156/http://www.melba.it/csf/articolo.asp?articolo=341|archive-date=12 October 2007|access-date=11 August 2022|website=Corsera Magazine|language=it}}</ref>

After the [[2008 Italian general election|general election in April 2008]], she (then 31 years old) was appointed [[Minister for Youth Policies]] in the [[fourth Berlusconi government]], a position she held until 16 November 2011, when Berlusconi was forced to resign as the prime minister amid a financial crisis and [[2011 Rome demonstration|public protests]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naím|first=Moisés|date=19 September 2022|title=Who is Giorgia Meloni?|url=https://english.elpais.com/opinion/the-global-observer/2022-09-19/who-is-giorgia-meloni.html|access-date=21 September 2022|website=[[El País]]|archive-date=19 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919174203/https://english.elpais.com/opinion/the-global-observer/2022-09-19/who-is-giorgia-meloni.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
She was the second youngest-ever minister in the history of [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy since 1861]].<ref name="Il Sole 24 Ore 2013">{{cite news|url=http://argomenti.ilsole24ore.com/giorgia-meloni.html|title=Giorgia Meloni|work=[[Il Sole 24 Ore]]|language=it|date=8 February 2013|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226160946/http://argomenti.ilsole24ore.com/giorgia-meloni.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In August 2008, she invited Italian athletes to boycott the opening ceremony of the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympic Games]] in disagreement with [[Sinicization of Tibet|the Chinese policy implemented towards Tibet]]. This statement was criticised by Berlusconi and by the foreign affairs minister [[Franco Frattini]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://loccidentale.it/giorgia-meloni-a-tatanka-ho-chiesto-un-gesto-non-di-non-gareggiare/|title=Giorgia Meloni a Tatanka: 'Ho chiesto un gesto, non di non gareggiare'|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni to Tatanka: 'I asked for a gesture, not to not compete'|work=[[L'Occidentale]]|language=it|date=6 August 2008|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806143841/https://loccidentale.it/giorgia-meloni-a-tatanka-ho-chiesto-un-gesto-non-di-non-gareggiare/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2009, her party merged with [[Forza Italia (1994)|Forza Italia]] (FI) into [[The People of Freedom]] (PdL) and she took over the presidency of the united party's youth section, called [[Young Italy (2009)|Young Italy]].<ref name="Il Sole 24 Ore 2013"/> In the same year, she voted in favour of a decree law against [[euthanasia]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Telese|first=Luca|date=8 February 2009|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/meloni-caro-fini-ecco-perch-non-ti-seguo.html|title=La Meloni: 'Caro Fini, ecco perché non ti seguo'|trans-title=La Meloni: 'Dear Fini, that's why I don't follow you'|work=[[Il Giornale]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814115349/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/meloni-caro-fini-ecco-perch-non-ti-seguo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2010, on behalf of the ministry, she presented a €300 million package (equivalent to €{{Inflation|EU|300|2010|r=2}} million in {{Inflation/year|EU}}) called the "Right to the Future". It was aimed at investing in young people and contained five initiatives, including incentives for new entrepreneurs, bonuses in favour of temporary workers, and loans for deserving students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.confinionline.it/detail.aspx?id=21382&l=it|title=Diritto al futuro: 300 milioni di euro per il domani dei giovani|trans-title=Right to the future: 300 million euros for the future of young people|website=Confini Online|language=it|date=3 December 2010|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105136/https://www.confinionline.it/detail.aspx?id=21382&l=it|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2012, she announced her bid to contest the PdL leadership against [[Angelino Alfano]], in opposition to the party's support of the [[Monti government]]. After the cancellation of the primaries, she teamed up with fellow politicians [[Ignazio La Russa]] and [[Guido Crosetto]] to set out an anti-Monti policy, asking for renewal within the party and being also critical of the leadership of Berlusconi.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sala|first=Alessandro|date=20 November 2012|url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/12_novembre_29/primarie-pdl-rabbia-giovani-meloni-cattaneo_90f27118-3a16-11e2-8e20-34fd72ebaa93.shtml|title=Pdl, primarie in fumo. La rabbia dei giovani|trans-title=PDL, primary in smoke. The anger of young people|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=12 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223714/http://www.corriere.it/politica/12_novembre_29/primarie-pdl-rabbia-giovani-meloni-cattaneo_90f27118-3a16-11e2-8e20-34fd72ebaa93.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2012/12/20/news/crosetto_meloni_via_dal_pdl-49183057/|title=Crosetto e Meloni dal Pdl a 'Fratelli d'Italia': trattativa con La Russa su nome e simbolo|trans-title=Crosetto and Meloni from the PDL to 'Fratelli d'Italia': negotiation with La Russa on name and symbol|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it|date=20 December 2012|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924185352/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2012/12/20/news/crosetto_meloni_via_dal_pdl-49183057/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Leader of Brothers of Italy ===
In December 2012, Meloni, La Russa, and Crosetto founded a new political movement, [[Brothers of Italy]] (FdI), whose name comes from the words of the [[Italian national anthem]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Piccolillo|first=Virginia|date=16 December 2012|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2012/dicembre/16/Pdl_giorno_dei_montiani_scissioni_co_0_20121216_cb940f86-4748-11e2-96a9-077294bad7d3.shtml|title=Pdl, il giorno dei montiani. 'No a scissioni'|trans-title=PDL, the day of the Montians. 'No to splits'|newspaper=[[Corriere della Sera]]|language=it|page=7|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017072205/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2012/dicembre/16/Pdl_giorno_dei_montiani_scissioni_co_0_20121216_cb940f86-4748-11e2-96a9-077294bad7d3.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Guerzoni|first=Monica|date=17 December 2012|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2012/dicembre/17/Appello_Monti_guerra_alla_sinistra_co_0_20121217_f62eb7f4-4811-11e2-b9b5-3eea74e97452.shtml|title=Appello a Monti e guerra alla sinistra. Il Pdl si ricompatta|newspaper=[[Corriere della Sera]]|trans-title=Appeal to Monti and war on the left. The PDL regroups|language=it|page=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201185618/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2012/dicembre/17/Appello_Monti_guerra_alla_sinistra_co_0_20121217_f62eb7f4-4811-11e2-b9b5-3eea74e97452.shtml|archive-date=1 February 2014|access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Balmer|first=Crispian|date=26 September 2022|title=Nationalist Meloni set to smash Italy's glass ceiling, become premier|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/italy-election-meloni-idAFKBN2QR02P|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001212142/https://www.reuters.com/article/italy-election-meloni-idAFKBN2QR02P|archive-date=1 October 2022|access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> In the [[2013 Italian general election]], she stood as part of Berlusconi's [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right coalition]] and received 2.0% of the vote and 9 seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=24%2F02%2F2013&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S|title=Camera del 24 Febbraio 2013|trans-title=Chamber of February 24, 2013|website=Eligendo Archivio|publisher=[[Italian Ministry of the Interior]]|language=it|date=24 February 2013|access-date=5 November 2021|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709081857/http://elezionistorico.interno.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=24%2F02%2F2013&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S|url-status=live}}</ref> She was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies for [[Lombardy]] and was later appointed the party's leader in the house, a position that she would hold until 2014, when she resigned to dedicate herself to the party. She was succeeded by [[Fabio Rampelli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fratelli-italia.it/attualita/attualita/2879-e-fabio-rampelli-il-nuovo-capogruppo-di-fratelli-d-italia-alleanza-nazionale.html|title=E' Fabio Rampelli il nuovo Capogruppo di Fratelli d'Italia – Alleanza Nazionale|trans-title=Fabio Rampelli is the new Group Leader of Brothers of Italy – National Alliance|website=[[Fratelli d'Italia]]|language=it|date=17 June 104|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192719/http://www.fratelli-italia.it/attualita/attualita/2879-e-fabio-rampelli-il-nuovo-capogruppo-di-fratelli-d-italia-alleanza-nazionale.html|archive-date=14 July 2014|access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Meloni Crosetto.JPG|thumb|220px|Meloni with [[Guido Crosetto]] during an FdI rally in 2014]]
In March 2014, she became president of FdI, and in April she was nominated for the [[2014 European Parliament election in Italy]] as the leader of the FdI in all five constituencies. FdI party obtained 3.7% of the votes, not exceeding the threshold of 4%, and she did not become a [[Member of the European Parliament]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.corriere.it/foto-gallery/politica/speciali/2014/elezioni-europee/14_maggio_26/europee-soru-piu-votato-classifica-preferenze-74fe85e4-e485-11e3-8e3e-8f5de4ddd12f.shtml|title=Europee, Bonafè (Pd) è la più votata. Elette Mussolini, Picierno e Matera|trans-title=European, Bonafè (Pd) is the most voted. Elette Mussolini, Picierno and Matera|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|language=it|date=16 May 2014|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=7 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607034805/http://www.corriere.it/foto-gallery/politica/speciali/2014/elezioni-europee/14_maggio_26/europee-soru-piu-votato-classifica-preferenze-74fe85e4-e485-11e3-8e3e-8f5de4ddd12f.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leggioggi.it/2014/05/26/elezioni-europee-2014-risultati-definitivi-italia-e-europa/|title=Elezioni europee 2014, i risultati definitivi in Italia e Europa|trans-title=European elections 2014, the definitive results in Italy and Europe|website=LeggiOggi|language=it|date=26 May 2014|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814125719/https://www.leggioggi.it/2014/05/26/elezioni-europee-2014-risultati-definitivi-italia-e-europa/|url-status=live}}</ref> she received 348,700 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=E&dtel=25%2F05%2F2014&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S|title=Europee 25/05/2014|website=Eligendo Archivio|publisher=[[Italian Ministry of the Interior]]|language=it|date=25 May 2014|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105130/https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=E&dtel=25%2F05%2F2014&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 November 2015, she founded [[Our Land (Italy)|Our Land]], a [[conservative]] political committee in support of her campaigns.<ref>{{cite news|last=De Santis|first=Livia|date=4 November 2015|url=https://www.secoloditalia.it/2015/11/fratelli-ditalia-lancia-il-movimento-terra-nostra-a-fine-novembre-la-prima-assemblea/|title=Fratelli d'Italia lancia 'Terra nostra': a fine novembre la prima assemblea|trans-title=Brothers of Italy launches 'Terra nostra': the first assembly at the end of November|work=[[Secolo d'Italia]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412112438/https://www.secoloditalia.it/2015/11/fratelli-ditalia-lancia-il-movimento-terra-nostra-a-fine-novembre-la-prima-assemblea/|url-status=live}}</ref> Our Land was a parallel organisation to FdI,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comitatoterranostra.it/chisiamo/|title=Chi siamo|trans-title=Who we are|website=Comitato Terra Nostra|language=it|date=November 2015|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621125534/http://www.comitatoterranostra.it/chisiamo/|url-status=live}}</ref> and aimed at enlarging FdI's popular base.<ref>{{cite news|last=Curridori|first=Francesco|date=4 November 2015|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/nasce-terra-nostra-parte-derby-destra-fini-e-meloni-1190775.html|title=Nasce Terra nostra, parte il derby a destra tra Fini e Meloni|trans-title=Terra nostra is born, the derby starts on the right between Fini and Meloni|work=[[Il Giornale]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511101647/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/nasce-terra-nostra-parte-derby-destra-fini-e-meloni-1190775.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 January 2016, she participated in the Family Day, an [[anti-LGBT rights]] demonstration, declaring herself against [[LGBT adoption]]. At the same Family Day, she announced that she was pregnant; her daughter Ginevra was born on 16 September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/cronaca/2016/9/16/giorgia-meloni-mamma-e-nata-la-figlia-ginevra-l-annuncio-sui-social-con-il-fiocco-rosa-oggi-16-settembre-2016/723710/|title=Giorgia Meloni mamma / È nata la figlia Ginevra: FdI saluta la nuova 'sorellina d'Italia' (oggi, 16 settembre 2016)|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni mother / Daughter Geneva is born: FdI greets the new 'little sister of Italy' (today, 16 September 2016)|website=IlSussidiario.net|language=it|date=16 September 2016|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907121253/https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/cronaca/2016/9/16/giorgia-meloni-mamma-e-nata-la-figlia-ginevra-l-annuncio-sui-social-con-il-fiocco-rosa-oggi-16-settembre-2016/723710/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2016 Rome municipal election]] in June, she ran for mayor with the support of [[Us with Salvini]], a political party led by [[Matteo Salvini]], and in opposition to the candidate supported by Berlusconi's [[Forza Italia (2013)|Forza Italia]] (FI), [[Alfio Marchini]]. In May 2016, she promised to name a street after [[Giorgio Almirante]] if elected, causing controversy among the local Jewish community and the anti-fascist association [[ANPI]] (Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/speciali/elezioni/2016/05/22/meloni-se-sindaco-intitolero-una-strada-ad-almirante_dc6cf717-f007-4244-9b5b-49089f2effa5.html|url-status=live|title=Meloni: 'Una via per Almirante'. Insorgono comunità ebraica e Anpi|trans-title=Meloni: 'A street for Almirante'. Jewish community and Anpi rise up|publisher=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]]|language=it|date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801003128/http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/speciali/elezioni/2016/05/22/meloni-se-sindaco-intitolero-una-strada-ad-almirante_dc6cf717-f007-4244-9b5b-49089f2effa5.html|archive-date=1 August 2016|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> Meloni won 20.6% of the vote, almost twice that of FI's candidate, but she did not qualify for the run-off, while FdI obtained 12.3% of the vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/static/speciale/2016/elezioni/comunali/roma.html|title=Comune di Roma – Lazio – Elezioni Comunali – Risultati – Ballottaggio – 5 giugno 2016|trans-title=Municipality of Rome – Lazio – Municipal Elections – Results – Ballot – 5 June 2016|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it|date=5 June 2016|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=20 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620073550/http://www.repubblica.it/static/speciale/2016/elezioni/comunali/roma.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Meloni Salvini Berlusconi.jpg|thumb|Meloni with [[Matteo Salvini]] (centre) and [[Silvio Berlusconi]] (right) in 2018|alt=Giorgia Meloni with Matteo Salvini and Silvio Berlusconi in 2018]]
During the campaign for the [[2016 Italian constitutional referendum]] on the reform promoted by the [[Renzi government]], Meloni founded the "No, Thanks" committee and participated in numerous television debates, including one against the then prime minister [[Matteo Renzi]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 November 2016|title=Renzi: 'Il voto se vince il No? Lo deciderà Mattarella'|trans-title=Renzi: 'The vote if the No wins? Mattarella will decide'|url=https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/italia/2016/11/23/news/renzi-il-voto-se-vince-il-no-lo-decidera-mattarella-1.31311405|access-date=21 September 2022|work=[[Il Secolo XIX]]|language=it|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105130/https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/italia/2016/11/23/news/renzi-il-voto-se-vince-il-no-lo-decidera-mattarella-1.31311405|url-status=live}}</ref> As "No" won with almost 60% of the votes on 4 December, Meloni called for [[snap elections]]. When Renzi resigned the next day, she withheld confidence from the next government led by [[Paolo Gentiloni]] on 12 December.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gallori|first1=Paolo|last2=Rubino|first2=Monica|date=12 December 2016|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2016/12/12/news/consultazioni_gentiloni_ministri_governo-153941735/|title=Il governo Gentiloni ha giurato, ministri confermati tranne Giannini. Alfano agli Esteri. Minniti all'Interno. Boschi sottosegretario|trans-title=The Gentiloni government has sworn, ministers confirmed except Giannini. Alfano to Foreigners. Minniti inside. Boschi Undersecretary|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814125720/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2016/12/12/news/consultazioni_gentiloni_ministri_governo-153941735/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Romano|first=Luca|date=13 December 2016|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/meloni-attacca-governo-vergona-avete-po-dignit-1342228.html|title=Gentiloni incassa la fiducia. Opposizioni contro il governo|trans-title=Gentiloni collects the trust. Oppositions against the government|work=[[Il Giornale]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412112424/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/meloni-attacca-governo-vergona-avete-po-dignit-1342228.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2–3 December 2017 congress of FdI in [[Trieste]] saw the re-election of Meloni as president of the party, as well as a renewal of the party logo and the joining of [[Daniela Santanchè]], a long-time right-wing politician.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stefanoni|first=Franco|date=12 March 2017|url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/17_dicembre_03/fratelli-d-italia-via-an-msi-simbolo-entra-santanche-tornata-casa-mia-f3f3ad3c-d81c-11e7-83d0-5335217d8231.shtml|title=Fratelli d'Italia: via An e Msi dal simbolo. Entra Santanchè: 'Tornata a casa mia'|trans-title=Brothers of Italy: via An and MSI from the symbol. Santanchè enters: 'Back to my house'|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191210/https://www.corriere.it/politica/17_dicembre_03/fratelli-d-italia-via-an-msi-simbolo-entra-santanche-tornata-casa-mia-f3f3ad3c-d81c-11e7-83d0-5335217d8231.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

As party leader, she decided to form the alliance with the [[Lega (political party)|League]] (Lega), led by Salvini, launching several political campaigns with him against the centre-left government led by the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] (PD), placing FdI in [[Eurosceptic]] and [[right-wing populist]] positions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://formiche.net/2018/03/meloni-salvini-maroni-centrodestra/|title=Matteo Salvini e la nuova mappa della destra, fra Giorgia Meloni e Roberto Maroni|trans-title=Matteo Salvini and the new map of the right, between Giorgia Meloni and Roberto Maroni|language=it|date=2 March 2018|website=Formiche.net|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606232102/https://formiche.net/2018/03/meloni-salvini-maroni-centrodestra/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2018 Italian general election]], FdI stood as part of the [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right coalition]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Barigazzi|first=Jacopo|date=25 February 2018|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/far-right-leader-giorgia-meloni-brothers-of-italy-rejects-idea-of-emma-bonino-as-pm/|title=Far-right leader rejects idea of Emma Bonino as Italy's PM|website=[[Politico Europe]]|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717165930/https://www.politico.eu/article/far-right-leader-giorgia-meloni-brothers-of-italy-rejects-idea-of-emma-bonino-as-pm/|url-status=live}}</ref> with Berlusconi's FI, Salvini's Lega, and [[Raffaele Fitto]]'s [[Us with Italy]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sala|first=Alessandro|date=3 April 2018|url=http://www.corriere.it/elezioni-2018/notizie/elezioni-2018-exit-poll-risultati-proiezioni-spoglio-eb21387e-1ff1-11e8-a09a-92b478235f6f.shtml|title=Elezioni 2018: M5S primo partito, nel centrodestra la Lega supera FI|trans-title=Elections 2018: M5S first party, in the centre-right the League overcomes FI|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124191121/https://www.corriere.it/elezioni-2018/notizie/elezioni-2018-exit-poll-risultati-proiezioni-spoglio-eb21387e-1ff1-11e8-a09a-92b478235f6f.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni's party obtained 4.4% of the vote and more than three times the seats won in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=5 March 2018|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/italy.html|url-status=live|title=Italy|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084436/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/italy.html|archive-date=19 March 2018|access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> She was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the [[single-member constituency]] of [[Latina, Lazio]], with 41% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elezioni.interno.gov.it/camera/scrutini/20180304/scrutiniCI16240000000|title=Elezioni 2018 – Collegio uninominale di Latina|trans-title=Elections 2018 – Latina single-member college|publisher=[[Italian Ministry of the Interior]]|language=it|date=4 March 2018|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206031325/http://elezioni.interno.gov.it/camera/scrutini/20180304/scrutiniCI16240000000|url-status=live}}</ref> The centre-right coalition, in which the League emerged as the main political force, won a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]] of seats in the Chamber of Deputies; as no political group or party won an outright majority, it resulted in a [[hung parliament]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Matteucci|first=Piera|date=4 March 2018|url=http://www.repubblica.it/speciali/politica/elezioni2018/2018/03/04/news/risultati_elezioni_politiche_pd_centrodestra_m5s_fi_lega-190424815/|title=Elezioni politiche: vincono M5s e Lega. Crollo del Partito democratico. Centrodestra prima coalizione. Il Carroccio sorpassa Forza Italia|trans-title=Political elections: M5s and Lega win. Collapse of the Democratic Party. Centre-right first coalition. The Carroccio overtakes Forza Italia|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714201806/https://www.repubblica.it/speciali/politica/elezioni2018/2018/03/04/news/risultati_elezioni_politiche_pd_centrodestra_m5s_fi_lega-190424815/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Mattarella Meloni 2019.jpg|thumb|220px|Meloni with President [[Sergio Mattarella]] in 2019|alt=Giorgia Meloni and Sergio Mattarella in 2019]]
On 19 October 2019, she participated in the Italian Pride rally in Rome against the newly formed [[second Conte government]]. In her speech, she criticised the proposal to replace on the [[Italian identity cards]] of minors the wording ''father'' and ''mother'' with ''parent 1'' and ''parent 2'', concluding with the slogan "I am Giorgia. I'm a woman, I'm a mother, I'm Italian, I'm Christian".<ref name="Pietromarchi 2022"/> This slogan was remixed by two Milanese DJs, becoming a disco-trash catchphrase with millions of views, imitations, and memes on social media, even winning a gold disc.<ref>{{cite web|title='Io sono Giorgia', il remix del discorso di Meloni è virale, con meme e sfide virtuali|language=it|trans-title='I am Giorgia', the remix of Meloni's speech is viral, with memes and virtual challenges|website=[[Sky TG24]]|date=12 November 2019|url=https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2019/11/12/meloni-canta-io-sono-giorgia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927184611/https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2019/11/12/meloni-canta-io-sono-giorgia|archive-date=27 September 2022|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> By her own admission in her autobiography, the media and viral success of the remixed music video, having lost the original [[Satire|satirical]] intention in favour of the LGBT community with which it had been created, greatly increased her popularity as a politician, who she said was suddenly transformed "from a boring politician into a curious pop phenomenon".<ref>{{cite book|last=Meloni|first=Giorgia|year=2021|title=Io sono Giorgia|trans-title=I am Giorgia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrgsEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025151444/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Io_sono_Giorgia/rrgsEAAAQBAJ|archive-date=25 October 2022|edition=E-book|location=Rome|publisher=Rizzoli Libri|language=it|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rrgsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 5]–6|isbn=978-8-8318-0460-8|access-date=25 October 2022|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

In February 2021, she joined the [[Aspen Institute]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Lanzavecchia|first=Otto|date=25 July 2022|url=https://formiche.net/2021/02/why-giorgia-meloni-is-strengthening-ties-with-the-american-right/|title=Why Giorgia Meloni is strengthening ties with the American right|website=Formiche.net|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915181337/https://formiche.net/2021/02/why-giorgia-meloni-is-strengthening-ties-with-the-american-right/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pavia|first=Alissa|date=26 September 2022|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/which-giorgia-meloni-will-washington-get/|title=Which Giorgia Meloni will Washington get?|publisher=[[Atlantic Council]]|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926151921/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/which-giorgia-meloni-will-washington-get/|url-status=live}}</ref> an international think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C.,<ref>{{cite web|last=Bechis|first=Francesco|date=25 July 2022|url=https://www.ilgiornaleditalia.it/news/politica/391901/giorgia-meloni-aspen-institute-grande-sonno-occidente.html|title=Meloni l'americana. Tutte le stelle e le strisce dentro FdI|trans-title=Melons the American. All the stars and stripes inside FdI|website=Formiche.net|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801115618/https://www.ilgiornaleditalia.it/news/politica/391901/giorgia-meloni-aspen-institute-grande-sonno-occidente.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Tocchi|first=Alfredo|date=28 July 2022|url=https://www.ilgiornaleditalia.it/news/politica/391901/giorgia-meloni-aspen-institute-grande-sonno-occidente.html|title=Giorgia Meloni, l'Aspen Institute e il Grande sonno dell'Occidente|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni, the Aspen Institute and the Great Sleep of the West|work=[[Il Giornale d'Italia]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801115618/https://www.ilgiornaleditalia.it/news/politica/391901/giorgia-meloni-aspen-institute-grande-sonno-occidente.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which includes many financiers, businessmen, and politicians, such as [[Giulio Tremonti]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Blogo |first1=Redazione |url=https://www.blogo.it/post/94929/aspen-institute-cose|title=Aspen Institute: cos'è? Giorgia Meloni ne entra a far parte|trans-title=Aspen Institute: what is it? Giorgia Meloni joins it|website=Blogo|language=it|date=1 February 2021|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814131546/https://www.blogo.it/post/94929/aspen-institute-cose|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Berra|first=Valerio|date=3 February 2021|url=https://www.open.online/2021/02/03/giorgia-meloni-aspen-institute/|title=Da Io sono Giorgia all'Aspen Institute: l'irresistibile ascesa di Meloni tra popolo, canzonette e fascino dei poteri forti|trans-title=From Io sono Giorgia to the Aspen Institute: Meloni's irresistible rise among people, songs and the fascination of strong powers|work=Open|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814131545/https://www.open.online/2021/02/03/giorgia-meloni-aspen-institute/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Vitale|first=Giovanna|date=26 March 2022|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/03/26/news/giorgia_meloni_atlantista-342871365/|title=FdI, Giorgia l'atlantista: le metamorfosi di Meloni|trans-title=FdI, Giorgia the Atlantist: Meloni's metamorphoses|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105133/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/03/26/news/giorgia_meloni_atlantista-342871365/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 February 2021, the [[University of Siena]] professor Giovanni Gozzini insulted Meloni calling her vulgar names from a radio; both the president [[Sergio Mattarella]] and the prime minister [[Mario Draghi]] phoned Meloni and stigmatised Gozzini, who was suspended by the board of his university.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2021/02/20/vacca-e-scrofa-docente-insulta-meloni.-poi-le-scuse_6410b83c-670d-4505-9a8c-7fc3c1d1d82d.html|title='Vacca e scrofa', docente insulta Meloni. Poi le scuse|trans-title='Cow and sow', teacher insults Meloni. Then the apologies|work=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]]|language=it|date=20 February 2021|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907121252/https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2021/02/20/vacca-e-scrofa-docente-insulta-meloni.-poi-le-scuse_6410b83c-670d-4505-9a8c-7fc3c1d1d82d.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/gozzini-sospeso-da-universita-siena-per-insulti-a-meloni_OBMnQgEcIYpAivb8kDZ8y|title=Gozzini sospeso da università Siena per insulti a Meloni|trans-title=Gozzini suspended from Siena university for insults against Meloni|work=[[Adnkronos]]|language=it|date=23 February 2021|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827110802/https://www.adnkronos.com/gozzini-sospeso-da-universita-siena-per-insulti-a-meloni_OBMnQgEcIYpAivb8kDZ8y|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:CPAC 2022 con Hermann Tertsch y Victor Gonzalez. (51915932680).jpg|thumb|220px|Meloni at [[2022 Conservative Political Action Conference|CPAC 2022]] in Florida]]
In October 2021, Meloni signed the [[Madrid Charter]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.giorgiameloni.it/2021/10/10/ue-meloni-a-convention-vox-europa-del-dopo-merkel-sia-leuropa-dei-conservatori-video/|title=UE, Meloni a Convention Vox: Europa del dopo-Merkel sia l'Europa dei conservatori (video)|trans-title=EU, Meloni at Vox Convention: post-Merkel Europe and conservative Europe (video)|website=Giorgia Meloni|language=it|date=10 October 2021|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814141035/https://www.giorgiameloni.it/2021/10/10/ue-meloni-a-convention-vox-europa-del-dopo-merkel-sia-leuropa-dei-conservatori-video/|url-status=live}}</ref> a 2020 document that describes left-wing groups as enemies of [[Ibero-America]] involved in a "criminal project" that are "under the umbrella of the Cuban regime".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fundaciondisenso.org/carta-de-madrid/|title=Carta de Madrid|trans-title=Madrid Charter|website=Fundación Disenso|language=es|date=26 October 2020|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225071301/https://fundaciondisenso.org/carta-de-madrid/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was drafted by [[Vox (political party)|Vox]], a Spanish [[far-right]] party. She also took part at Vox's party congress,<ref>{{cite news|last=Lauria|first=Emanuele|date=10 October 2020|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2021/10/10/news/meloni_a_madrid_con_gli_ultranazionalisti_di_vox-321573582/|title=FdI, Meloni a Madrid con gli ultranazionalisti di Vox: 'No a tutti i regimi'|trans-title=FdI, Meloni in Madrid with the ultranationalists of Vox: 'No to all regimes'|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814141032/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2021/10/10/news/meloni_a_madrid_con_gli_ultranazionalisti_di_vox-321573582/|url-status=live}}</ref> where she said: "Yes to the natural family. No to the [[LGBT lobby]], yes to sexual identity. No to [[gender ideology]]. No to Islamist violence, yes to secure borders. No to mass migration, no to big international finance, no to the bureaucrats of Brussels."<ref name="Kirby 2022"/><ref name="Sergi 2022">{{cite web|last=Sergi|first=Sabrina|date=26 September 2022|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-a-right-wing-party-of-neo-fascist-roots-became-poised-to-lead-italy|title=How a right-wing party of neo-fascist roots became poised to lead Italy|publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=30 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927165911/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-a-right-wing-party-of-neo-fascist-roots-became-poised-to-lead-italy|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2022, Meloni spoke at the annual [[Conservative Political Action Conference]] in Florida. She told the attending [[American conservative]] activists and officials they must defend their views against [[progressives]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Di Caro|first=Paolo|date=26 February 2022|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/22_febbraio_26/meloni-conservatori-usa-difendiamoci-progressisti-be4eb856-9745-11ec-ae45-371c99bdba95.shtml|title=Meloni ai conservatori Usa: difendiamoci dai progressisti|trans-title=Melons to US conservatives: let's defend ourselves from progressives|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814112622/https://www.corriere.it/politica/22_febbraio_26/meloni-conservatori-usa-difendiamoci-progressisti-be4eb856-9745-11ec-ae45-371c99bdba95.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2022 general election ===
Heading into the [[2022 Italian general election]], a snap election that was called after the [[2022 Italian government crisis]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Roberts|first=Hannah|date=22 July 2022|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/berlusconi-big-lunch-mario-draghi-resign-oust-forza-italia-matteo-salvini-election-italy-conte-chaos/|title=Berlusconi's big lunch: How Italy's right ousted Mario Draghi|website=[[Politico Europe]]|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805030712/https://www.politico.eu/article/berlusconi-big-lunch-mario-draghi-resign-oust-forza-italia-matteo-salvini-election-italy-conte-chaos/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Roberts|first=Hannah|date=29 July 2022|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-link-italy-giorgia-meloni-election-campaign/|title=Russian links to Italian right threaten Meloni's election campaign|website=[[Politico Europe]]|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811161622/https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-link-italy-giorgia-meloni-election-campaign/|url-status=live}}</ref> it was agreed among the centre-right coalition that the leader of the party receiving the most votes would be put forward as the prime minister candidate.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Hannah|date=10 August 2022|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/giorgia-meloni-im-not-a-fascist-i-like-the-tories-says-italys-far-right-leader/|title=I'm not a fascist — I like the Tories, says Italy's far-right leader|work=[[Politico Europe]]|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012314/https://www.politico.eu/article/giorgia-meloni-im-not-a-fascist-i-like-the-tories-says-italys-far-right-leader/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of July 2022, FdI was the first party in the coalition according to opinion polling,<ref name="Broder 2022"/><ref>{{cite web|date=24 July 2022|title=Brothers of Italy, the far-right party on the cusp of power|url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220724-brothers-of-italy-the-far-right-party-on-the-cusp-of-power|access-date=25 July 2022|website=[[France 24]]|publisher=[[Agence France-Press]]|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724153553/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220724-brothers-of-italy-the-far-right-party-on-the-cusp-of-power|url-status=live}}</ref> and she was widely expected to become [[Prime Minister of Italy]] if the centre-right coalition obtained an [[absolute majority]] in Parliament, which would be the most right-wing government in the [[history of the Italian Republic]] according to some academics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Hannah|date=3 August 2022|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-fascist-giorgia-meloni-mario-draghi-silvio-berlusconi-matteo-salvini-racist-mussolini-election/|title=Italy confronts its fascist past as the right prepares for power|work=[[Politico Europe]]|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814005130/https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-fascist-giorgia-meloni-mario-draghi-silvio-berlusconi-matteo-salvini-racist-mussolini-election/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In an attempt to moderate herself to placate fears among those who describe FdI as [[neo-fascist]] or far right,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghiglione|first1=Davide|last2=Politi|first2=James|date=10 February 2018|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f8c32044-0d92-11e8-8eb7-42f857ea9f09|title=Meloni takes Italian far-right back to 1930s roots|work=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930101710/https://www.ft.com/content/f8c32044-0d92-11e8-8eb7-42f857ea9f09|url-status=live}}</ref> including fears within the [[European Commission]] that she could lead Italy towards Hungary under [[Viktor Orbán]],<ref name="Segre 12 August">{{cite news|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/08/12/liliana-segre-e-pd-chiedono-a-meloni-di-togliere-la-fiamma-tricolore-dal-simbolo-di-fdi-partiamo-dai-fatti-non-dalle-parole/6760622/|title=Liliana Segre e Pd chiedono a Meloni di togliere la fiamma tricolore dal simbolo di Fdi: 'Partiamo dai fatti, non dalle parole'|trans-title=Liliana Segre and Pd ask Meloni to remove the tricolour flame from the Fdi symbol: 'Let's start with facts, not words'|work=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]]|language=it|date=12 August 2022|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814113057/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/08/12/liliana-segre-e-pd-chiedono-a-meloni-di-togliere-la-fiamma-tricolore-dal-simbolo-di-fdi-partiamo-dai-fatti-non-dalle-parole/6760622/|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni told the foreign press that [[Italian fascism]] is history. As president of the [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party]] since 2020,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Steven|first1=Martin|last2=Szczerbiak|first2=Aleks|date=6 May 2022|title=Conservatism and 'Eurorealism' in the European Parliament: the European Conservatives and Reformists under the leadership of Poland's Law and Justice|journal=[[European Politics and Society]]|volume=24|issue=5|pages=585–602|doi=10.1080/23745118.2022.2065725|s2cid=248600333|issn=2374-5118|doi-access=free|url=https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/168840/1/Manuscript_Steven_and_Szczerbiak_EPS_1_.pdf|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105102421/https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/168840/1/Manuscript_Steven_and_Szczerbiak_EPS_1_.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> she said she shared the experiences and values of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] in the United Kingdom, [[Likud]] in Israel, and the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/08/10/il-segnale-di-meloni-alla-stampa-estera-nessuna-svolta-autoritaria-la-destra-italiana-ha-consegnato-il-fascismo-alla-storia-da-decenni/6759120/|title=Il segnale di Meloni alla stampa estera: 'Nessuna svolta autoritaria, la destra italiana ha consegnato il fascismo alla storia da decenni'|trans-title=Meloni's signal to the foreign press: 'No authoritarian turning point, the Italian right has consigned fascism to history for decades'|work=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]]|language=it|date=10 August 2022|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814102834/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/08/10/il-segnale-di-meloni-alla-stampa-estera-nessuna-svolta-autoritaria-la-destra-italiana-ha-consegnato-il-fascismo-alla-storia-da-decenni/6759120/|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics were sceptical of her claims, citing her speeches on LGBT rights.<ref>{{cite news|last=Giuffrida|first=Angela|date=11 August 2022|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/11/scepticism-over-giorgia-melonis-claims-fascism-is-history-in-italian-far-right|title=Scepticism over Giorgia Meloni's claim 'fascism is history' in Italian far right|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814090622/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/11/scepticism-over-giorgia-melonis-claims-fascism-is-history-in-italian-far-right|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC 2022">{{cite news|date=20 September 2022|title=Italy elections: Far-right party sacks candidate for Hitler praise|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62971802|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=20 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105130/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62971802|url-status=live}}</ref> She campaigned for lower taxes, less European bureaucracy, and a halt to [[illegal immigration]] through a [[naval blockade]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libyaupdate.com/italian-leadership-nominee-calls-for-blockade-on-libya-to-stop-migrants|url-status=live|title=Italian leadership nominee calls for blockade on Libya to stop migrants|website=Libya Update|date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007033937/https://libyaupdate.com/italian-leadership-nominee-calls-for-blockade-on-libya-to-stop-migrants/|archive-date=7 October 2022|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Nielsen 2022">{{cite web|last=Nielsen|first=Nikolaj|date=28 September 2022|title=Meloni's navy-blockade plan to stop Libya migrants 'unlikely'|url=https://euobserver.com/migration/156160|website=[[Euobserver]]|access-date=28 September 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928150343/https://euobserver.com/migration/156160|url-status=live}}</ref> saying she would put [[national interests]] first.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Hannah|date=1 October 2022|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-giorgia-meloni-warns-that-national-interests-will-come-first/|url-status=live|title=Italy's national interests take top priority, Meloni vows in first speech since elections|work=[[Politico]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005013820/https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-giorgia-meloni-warns-that-national-interests-will-come-first/|archive-date=5 October 2022|access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=1 October 2022|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/01/giorgia-meloni-says-she-will-put-italy-first-in-tackling-high-energy-costs|url-status=live|title=Giorgia Meloni says she will put Italy first in tackling high energy costs|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001170038/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/01/giorgia-meloni-says-she-will-put-italy-first-in-tackling-high-energy-costs|archive-date=1 October 2022|access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Riegert|first=Bernd|date=26 September 2022|title=Italy election: Who is Giorgia Meloni, the star of the far right?|url=https://www.dw.com/en/italy-election-who-is-giorgia-meloni-the-star-of-the-far-right/a-62604896|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=28 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926063319/https://www.dw.com/en/italy-election-who-is-giorgia-meloni-the-star-of-the-far-right/a-62604896|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Centrodestra Quirinale 2022.jpg|thumb|Meloni and the other members of the [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right coalition]] at the [[Quirinal Palace]] in October 2022]]
In a record-low [[voter turnout]] election,<ref name="RAI turnout">{{cite news|date=26 September 2022|title=Proiezioni: FdI primo partito. Calano M5s, Lega e Forza Italia. Pd al 19%, Terzo polo al 7%|trans-title=Projections: FdI first party. Calano M5s, Lega and Forza Italia. Pd at 19%, Third pole at 7%|language=it|work=[[RAI]]|url=https://www.rainews.it/maratona/2022/09/elezioni-politiche-italiani-al-voto-i-dati-della-affluenza-gli-exit-poll-le-proiezioni-i-risultati-in-tempo-reale--a8e20abb-c824-4811-85c1-a13a3b53da4a.html|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926055307/https://www.rainews.it/maratona/2022/09/elezioni-politiche-italiani-al-voto-i-dati-della-affluenza-gli-exit-poll-le-proiezioni-i-risultati-in-tempo-reale--a8e20abb-c824-4811-85c1-a13a3b53da4a.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[exit poll]]s projected that the centre-right coalition would win a majority of seats in the 2022 general election.<ref name="Kirby 2022">{{cite news|last=Kirby|first=Paul|date=25 September 2022|title=Giorgia Meloni: Italy's far-right wins election and vows to govern for all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925232312/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63029909|archive-date=25 September 2022|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63029909|access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=25 September 2022|title=Speciale Elezioni 2022 di RaiNews|trans-title=RaiNews Election Special 2022|language=it|work=[[RAI]]|url=https://www.rainews.it/elezioni-politiche-2022.html|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926235036/https://www.rainews.it/elezioni-politiche-2022.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Amante & Balmer 2022">{{cite news|last1=Amante|first1=Angelo|last2=Balmer|first2=Crispian|date=25 September 2022|title=Italy's right wing, led by Meloni, wins election, exit polls say|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/polls-open-italy-right-wing-alliance-seen-winning-2022-09-25/|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927062237/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/polls-open-italy-right-wing-alliance-seen-winning-2022-09-25/|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni was projected to be the winner of the election with FdI receiving a plurality of seats,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Italy elections: Giorgia Meloni's right-wing alliance ahead|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-63025985|access-date=26 September 2022|website=[[BBC News]]|date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926192821/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-63025985|url-status=live}}</ref> and per agreement with the centre-right coalition, which held that the largest party in the coalition would nominate the next prime minister,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Balmer|first=Crispian|date=20 September 2022|title=Italy's conservative alliance in lockstep, ready to govern, says Meloni|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italys-conservative-alliance-lockstep-ready-govern-says-meloni-2022-09-20/|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927143433/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italys-conservative-alliance-lockstep-ready-govern-says-meloni-2022-09-20/|url-status=live}}</ref> she was the frontrunner and would become the country's first female prime minister.<ref name="D'Emilio, Winfield & Zampano 2022">{{cite news|last1=D'Emilio|first1=Frances|last2=Winfield|first2=Nicole|last3=Zampano|first3=Giada|date=26 September 2022|title=Italy shifts to the right as voters reward Meloni's party|url=https://apnews.com/article/elections-voting-italy-matteo-salvini-c251832f5b73063b2e20869a21f92efe|access-date=27 September 2022|website=[[AP News]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927011036/https://apnews.com/article/elections-voting-italy-matteo-salvini-c251832f5b73063b2e20869a21f92efe|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2022|title=Italy's far-right Meloni begins tricky government talks|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220927-italy-s-far-right-meloni-begins-tricky-government-talks|access-date=28 September 2022|work=[[France 24]]|publisher=[[Agence France-Press]]|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927204739/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220927-italy-s-far-right-meloni-begins-tricky-government-talks|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]], head of the [[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|centre-left coalition]], conceded defeat shortly after the exit polls,<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 September 2022|title=Italy's centre-left Democratic Party concedes election defeat|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italys-centre-left-democratic-party-concedes-election-defeat-2022-09-25/|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927152537/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italys-centre-left-democratic-party-concedes-election-defeat-2022-09-25/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Hungary's Orbán, Poland's [[Mateusz Morawiecki]], United Kingdom's [[Liz Truss]], and [[Marine Le Pen]], former leader of [[National Rally]] (RN) in France, congratulated Meloni.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 September 2022|title=Political reaction to Italian election outcome|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/political-reaction-italian-election-outcome-2022-09-26/|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926183621/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/political-reaction-italian-election-outcome-2022-09-26/|url-status=live}}</ref> European [[Radical right (Europe)|radical right]] parties and leaders, such as [[Alternative for Germany]] and Vox, also celebrated Meloni's results.<ref name="DW 2022">{{cite news|date=26 September 2022|title=Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=https://www.dw.com/en/italy-election-meloni-says-center-right-bloc-has-clear-mandate/a-63233616|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926232549/https://www.dw.com/en/italy-election-meloni-says-center-right-bloc-has-clear-mandate/a-63233616|url-status=live}}</ref> After many years of absence from politics, [[Gianfranco Fini]], former leader of the MSI and AN during the early years of Meloni's political career, expressed satisfaction for her victory, said he had voted for her party, and described her as an anti-fascist,<ref>{{cite web|title=Gianfranco Fini: 'Meloni? Ho sempre creduto in lei, è antifascista'|trans-title=Gianfranco Fini: 'Meloni? I've always believed in her, she's an anti-fascist'|url=https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2022/10/04/meloni-gianfranco-fini-intervista|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004162017/https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2022/10/04/meloni-gianfranco-fini-intervista|archive-date=4 October 2022|access-date=18 October 2022|website=[[Sky TG24]]|date=4 October 2022|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=De Robertis|first=Pierfrancesco|date=10 October 2020|title=Fini e i fantasmi della destra di governo|trans-title=Fini and the ghosts of the right-wing government|url=https://www.quotidiano.net/elezioni/fini-destra-1.8166363|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011101845/https://www.quotidiano.net/elezioni/fini-destra-1.8166363|archive-date=11 October 2022|access-date=18 October 2022|work=[[Quotidiano Nazionale]]|language=it}}</ref> despite her rejection of the label, which she considers to be political.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meloni (Fratelli d'Italia): 'L'antifascismo l'ho visto a Livorno quando mi hanno sputato. Mi sono rotta di parlare di storia'|trans-title=Meloni (Brothers of Italy): 'I saw anti-fascism in Livorno when they spat on me. I'm tired of talking about history'|date=16 February 2018|url=https://www.la7.it/piazzapulita/video/meloni-fratelli-ditalia-lantifascismo-lho-visto-a-livorno-quando-mi-hanno-sputato-mi-sono-rotta-di-16-02-2018-234242|url-status=live|publisher=[[La7]]|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809125501/https://www.la7.it/piazzapulita/video/meloni-fratelli-ditalia-lantifascismo-lho-visto-a-livorno-quando-mi-hanno-sputato-mi-sono-rotta-di-16-02-2018-234242|archive-date=9 August 2022|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lavia|first=Mario|date=11 October 2021|title=Lei è Giorgia: Non è fascista, la Meloni, ma nemmeno antifascista. Così le prende da tutti ed è colpa sua|trans-title=She is Giorgia: Meloni isn't a fascist, but she isn't an anti-fascist either. So she's attacked by everyone and it's her fault|url=https://www.linkiesta.it/2021/10/meloni-fascismo-antifascismo-fratelli-ditalia-an-fini-cgil/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823063725/https://www.linkiesta.it/2021/10/meloni-fascismo-antifascismo-fratelli-ditalia-an-fini-cgil/|archive-date=23 August 2022|access-date=18 October 2022|website=[[Linkiesta]]|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sansonetti|first=Piero|date=12 August 2022|title=Giorgia Meloni è antifascista, lo dica chiaramente!|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni is an anti-fascist, she should says it clearly|url=https://www.ilriformista.it/giorgia-meloni-e-antifascista-lo-dica-chiaramente-314238/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813075310/https://www.ilriformista.it/giorgia-meloni-e-antifascista-lo-dica-chiaramente-314238/|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=18 October 2022|work=[[Il Riformista]]|language=it}}</ref>

Observers have debated how right-wing a Meloni-led government would be, and which label and position on the political spectrum would be more accurate or realistic. Many variously described it as Italy's first far-right-led government since [[World War II]],<ref name="DW 2022"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Barry|first1=Colleen|last2=Cook|first2=Lorne|date=26 September 2022|title=Italy's EU partners vigilant as far right set to take power|url=https://apnews.com/article/elections-migration-italy-92c9461fbf324331f14178cbb3e9fdaf|url-status=live|access-date=27 September 2022|work=[[AP News]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926203703/https://apnews.com/article/elections-migration-italy-92c9461fbf324331f14178cbb3e9fdaf|archive-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> and Meloni as the first far-right leader since [[Benito Mussolini]], and some academics also described it as the most right-wing government since 1945.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Leali|first1=Giorgio|last2=Roberts|first2=Hannah|date=25 September 2022|title=Italy on track to elect most right-wing government since Mussolini|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-election-exit-poll-far-right-giorgia-meloni-brothers-of-berlusconi-salvini-mario-draghi/|url-status=live|access-date=27 September 2022|work=[[Politico]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926194101/https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-election-exit-poll-far-right-giorgia-meloni-brothers-of-berlusconi-salvini-mario-draghi/|archive-date=26 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Braithwaite|first1=Sharon|last2=DiDonato|first2=Valentina|last3=Fox|first3=Kara|last4=Mortensen|first4=Antonia|last5=Nadeau|first5=Barbie Latza|last6=Ruotolo|first6=Nicola|date=26 September 2022|title=Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/25/europe/italy-election-results-intl/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926235650/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/25/europe/italy-election-results-intl/index.html|archive-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> Many questioned its direction, citing Berlusconi's and Salvini's Russian ties,<ref>{{cite news|last1=D'Emilio|first1=Frances|last2=Winfield|first2=Nicole|last3=Zampano|first3=Giada|date=27 September 2022|title=First female premier poised to take helm of Italy government|url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-elections-migration-economy-866fe6cb6a35cc96aaff064a832acaf6|access-date=27 September 2022|work=[[AP News]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008031424/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-elections-migration-economy-866fe6cb6a35cc96aaff064a832acaf6|url-status=live}}</ref> in contrast to Meloni's [[Atlanticism]].<ref name="D'Emilio, Winfield & Zampano 2022"/> Others, such as [[Sky News]], while citing Meloni's and her party's neo-fascist roots, disagreed with the far-right label and said: "Giorgia Meloni is not a fascist."<ref>{{cite web|last=Parsons|first=Adam|date=26 September 2022|title=Italy will move to the right, the question is just how far|url=https://news.sky.com/story/italy-will-move-to-the-right-the-question-is-just-how-far-12705513|url-status=live|access-date=11 October 2022|website=[[Sky News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007065611/https://news.sky.com/story/italy-will-move-to-the-right-the-question-is-just-how-far-12705513|archive-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> [[Steve Sedgwick (journalist)|Steve Sedwick]] of [[CNBC]] summarised the discussion, saying: "Have we got a centre-right coalition, have we got a right coalition, have we got a far-right coalition, or have we got a fascist coalition? I have seen all four printed, depending on who you read."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/video/2022/09/26/melonis-ascent-to-power-a-balancing-exercise-policy-sonar.html|url-status=live|title=Meloni's ascent to power 'a balancing exercise,' says political risk consultancy|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009040717/https://www.cnbc.com/video/2022/09/26/melonis-ascent-to-power-a-balancing-exercise-policy-sonar.html|archive-date=9 October 2022|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

== Prime Minister of Italy ==
{{Main|Meloni government}}

=== Government formation ===
{{Main|2022 Italian government formation}}

[[File:Giorgia Meloni Quirinale (2022) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.95|Meloni accepting the task of forming a new government]]

Immediately after the first meeting of the new legislature, tensions began to grow within the centre-right coalition. On 13 October, Berlusconi refused to support [[Ignazio La Russa]], FdI's candidacy to be [[President of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)|president of the Senate of the Republic]]. He succeeded in being elected by obtaining 116 votes out of 206 in the first round thanks to the support from opposition parties to the centre-right coalition.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 October 2022|title=Far-right veteran elected Italian Senate speaker|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221013-far-right-veteran-elected-italian-senate-speaker|access-date=20 October 2022|work=[[France 24]]|publisher=[[Agence France-Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022095026/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221013-far-right-veteran-elected-italian-senate-speaker|archive-date=22 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=13 October 2022|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20221013/who-is-the-far-right-veteran-elected-italian-senate-speaker/|url-status=live|title=Who is the far-right veteran elected Italian Senate speaker?|access-date=20 October 2022|website=[[The Local]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020094038/https://www.thelocal.it/20221013/who-is-the-far-right-veteran-elected-italian-senate-speaker/|archive-date=20 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Giuffrida|first=Angela|date=13 October 2022|title=Brothers of Italy politician who collects fascist relics elected senate speaker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/13/ignazio-la-russa-brothers-of-italy-politician-fascist-relics-elected-senate-speaker|url-status=live|access-date=20 October 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020072239/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/13/ignazio-la-russa-brothers-of-italy-politician-fascist-relics-elected-senate-speaker|archive-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> Tensions further grew, in particular between Berlusconi and Meloni, whom Berlusconi described as "patronising, overbearing, arrogant ... [and] offensive" in a series of written notes in the Senate.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 October 2022|title=Berlusconi calls Meloni arrogant in written notes in Senate|url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2022/10/14/berlusconi-calls-meloni-arrogant-in-written-notes-in-senate_fb3b2130-2950-4123-8d75-cfae53aac569.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 October 2022|publisher=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020145508/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2022/10/14/berlusconi-calls-meloni-arrogant-in-written-notes-in-senate_fb3b2130-2950-4123-8d75-cfae53aac569.html|archive-date=20 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kington|first=Tom|date=17 October 2022|title=Silvio Berlusconi undercuts Italian coalition by labelling Meloni arrogant|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/silvio-berlusconi-undercuts-italian-coalition-by-labelling-meloni-arrogant-njj23lzsl|work=[[The Times]]|url-status=live|access-date=20 October 2022|issn=0140-0460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020145509/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/silvio-berlusconi-undercuts-italian-coalition-by-labelling-meloni-arrogant-njj23lzsl|archive-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> In the following days, after meetings between parties' leader, tensions loosened and the centre-right coalition parties reached an agreement on the formation of the new cabinet.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kirby|first=Paul|date=21 October 2022|title=Italy Meloni: Far-right leader agrees to form government|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63327290|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021200052/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63327290|archive-date=21 October 2022|access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref>

On 20 October, consultations between President [[Sergio Mattarella]] and parties officially began. On the following day, delegates from FdI, the League, FI, and [[Civics of Italy]]–[[Us Moderates]]–[[Associative Movement Italians Abroad|MAIE]], announced to Mattarella they had reached an agreement to form a [[coalition government]] with Meloni as [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quirinale.it/page/20221020|url-status=live|title=Consultazioni per la formazione del nuovo governo|trans-title=Consultations for the formation of the new government|date=20 October 2022|website=[[Quirinale]]|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020215405/https://www.quirinale.it/page/20221020|archive-date=20 October 2022|access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Horowitz|first=Jason|date=21 October 2022|title=Giorgia Meloni Gets Go-Ahead for New Italian Government|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/21/world/europe/giorgia-meloni-new-italian-government.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021201738/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/21/world/europe/giorgia-meloni-new-italian-government.html|archive-date=21 October 2022|access-date=21 October 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the afternoon, Mattarella summoned Meloni to the [[Quirinal Palace]], asking her to form a new government.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 October 2022|title=Italy Meloni: Far-right leader agrees to form government|website=[[The Local]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63327290|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021095848/https://www.thelocal.it/20221021/far-right-leader-meloni-set-to-be-named-italys-first-woman-pm/|archive-date=21 October 2022|access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref> She accepted the task and on the same day announced the composition of [[Meloni Cabinet|her cabinet]], which was officially sworn in on 22 October.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rainews.it/maratona/2022/10/consultazioni-con-il-presidente-della-repubblica-per-il-nuovo-governo-92e01557-486a-43f5-b45d-57207f7f329d.html|url-status=live|title=Il governo Meloni giura oggi al Quirinale|trans-title=The Meloni government swears today at the Quirinale|publisher=[[RAI]]|language=it|date=21 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021134007/https://www.rainews.it/maratona/2022/10/consultazioni-con-il-presidente-della-repubblica-per-il-nuovo-governo-92e01557-486a-43f5-b45d-57207f7f329d.html|archive-date=21 October 2022|access-date=21 October 2022}} Updated as of 22 October 2022.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2022/10/21/governo-meloni-ultime-news|url-status=live|title=Nuovo governo, le news. Alle 10 il giuramento di Giorgia Meloni e dei ministri|trans-title=New government, the news. At 10 the oath of Giorgia Meloni and the ministers|website=[[Sky TG24]]|language=it|date=21 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021134336/https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2022/10/21/governo-meloni-ultime-news|archive-date=21 October 2022|access-date=21 October 2022}} Updated as of 22 October 2022.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Harlan|first1=Chico|last2=Pitrelli|first2=Stefano|date=21 October 2022|title=Meloni sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/10/21/giorgia-meloni-silvio-berlusconi-italy/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021231732/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/10/21/giorgia-meloni-silvio-berlusconi-italy/|archive-date=21 October 2022|access-date=22 October 2022|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> She is the first woman to hold the office of Prime Minister of Italy.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Amante|first1=Angelo|last2=Weir|first2=Keith|date=21 October 2022|title=Meloni takes charge as PM as Italy swings to the right|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italys-meloni-meets-president-set-become-prime-minister-2022-10-21/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021102408/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italys-meloni-meets-president-set-become-prime-minister-2022-10-21/|archive-date=21 October 2022|access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=21 October 2022|title=Presidential palace says Giorgia Meloni forms government, giving Italy first far-right-led coalition since World War II|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/presidential-palace-giorgia-meloni-forms-government-giving-italy-91866408|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022000948/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/presidential-palace-giorgia-meloni-forms-government-giving-italy-91866408|archive-date=22 October 2022|access-date=21 October 2022|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=21 October 2022|title=Far-right Meloni set to become Italy's first woman PM|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221021-far-right-meloni-set-to-become-italy-s-first-woman-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021100236/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221021-far-right-meloni-set-to-become-italy-s-first-woman-pm|archive-date=21 October 2022|access-date=21 October 2022|website=[[France 24]]|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref>

On 25 October, Meloni gave her first official speech as prime minister in front of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]], before the [[confidence vote]] on her cabinet.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 October 2022|title=Governo Meloni, ecco il timing: l'incarico, il giuramento, la fiducia e la Legge di Bilancio|trans-title=Meloni government, here is the timeline: the assignment, the oath, the trust, and the Budget Law|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/politica/giorgia_meloni_timing_governo_giuramento_fiducia_legge_bilancio-7003713.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021100829/https://www.ilmessaggero.it/politica/giorgia_meloni_timing_governo_giuramento_fiducia_legge_bilancio-7003713.html|archive-date=21 October 2022|access-date=22 October 2022|work=[[Il Messaggero]]|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bongarrà|first=Francesco|date=21 October 2022|title=Dall'incarico alla manovra, il timing|trans-title=From the task to govern to the budget law, the timeline|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2022/10/21/dallincarico-alla-manovra-il-timing_36546866-6932-4b2c-950b-4f110bf0dd5a.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021170609/https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2022/10/21/dallincarico-alla-manovra-il-timing_36546866-6932-4b2c-950b-4f110bf0dd5a.html|archive-date=21 October 2022|access-date=22 October 2022|publisher=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]]|language=it}}</ref> During her speech, she stressed the weight of being the first woman to serve as head of the Italian government.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jakhnagiev|first=Alexander|date=25 October 2022|title=Meloni alla Camera, l'applauso al suo arrivo e l'abbraccio di Salvini|trans-title=Meloni in the Chamber, the applause on her arrival and Salvini's hug|url=https://video.corriere.it/politica/meloni-camera-l-applauso-suo-arrivo-abbraccio-salvini/9a225d66-5446-11ed-a58a-ad027d5a5146|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025140212/https://video.corriere.it/politica/meloni-camera-l-applauso-suo-arrivo-abbraccio-salvini/9a225d66-5446-11ed-a58a-ad027d5a5146|archive-date=25 October 2022|access-date=25 October 2022|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|language=it}}</ref> She thanked several Italian women, including [[Tina Anselmi]], [[Samantha Cristoforetti]], [[Grazia Deledda]], [[Oriana Fallaci]], [[Nilde Iotti]], [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]], and [[Maria Montessori]], who she said, "with the boards of their own examples, built the ladder that today allows me to climb and break the heavy [[glass ceiling]] placed over our heads."<ref>{{cite news|date=25 October 2022|title=Governo, da Iotti a Cristoforetti: le donne che 'hanno osato' citate da Meloni|trans-title=Government, from Iotti to Cristoforetti: the women who 'dared' cited by Meloni|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/governo-da-iotti-a-cristoforetti-tutte-le-donne-citate-da-meloni_6ZOisvoA3tG76Z0mDAp9T8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025140411/https://www.adnkronos.com/governo-da-iotti-a-cristoforetti-tutte-le-donne-citate-da-meloni_6ZOisvoA3tG76Z0mDAp9T8|archive-date=25 October 2022|access-date=25 October 2022|work=[[Adnkronos]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=De Rosa|first=Gianluca|title=Meloni citazionista: da Steve Jobs a Giovanni Paolo II, tutti i riferimenti del suo discorso|trans-title=Meloni quotationist: from Steve Jobs to John Paul II, all the references of her speech|url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2022/10/25/news/meloni-citazionista-da-steve-jobs-a-giovanni-paolo-ii-tutti-i-riferimenti-del-suo-discorso-4593956/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025140520/https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2022/10/25/news/meloni-citazionista-da-steve-jobs-a-giovanni-paolo-ii-tutti-i-riferimenti-del-suo-discorso-4593956/|archive-date=25 October 2022|access-date=25 October 2022|work=[[Il Foglio]]|language=it}}</ref> The government won the confidence vote with a comfortable majority in both houses.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cipolla|first1=Alessandro|last2=Imparato|first2=Rosaria|date=25 October 2022|url=https://www.money.it/meloni-camera-diretta-video-voto-fiducia-governo|title=Meloni alla Camera, diretta video voto di fiducia al governo: cosa ha detto nella replica la presidente del Consiglio|trans-title=Meloni in the Chamber, live video vote of confidence in the government: what the prime minister said in response|website=Money|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026003822/https://www.money.it/meloni-camera-diretta-video-voto-fiducia-governo|archive-date=26 October 2022|access-date=26 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 October 2022|title=Il Senato vota la fiducia al governo Meloni: 115 sì, 79 no e 5 astenuti|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2022/10/26/il-senato-vota-la-fiducia-al-governo-meloni-115-si-79-no-e-5-astenuti_1f316e11-70d5-491d-801f-7e5cea2d1b71.html|url-status=live|trans-title=The Senate votes for confidence in the Meloni government: 115 yes, 79 no, and 5 abstentions|access-date=26 October 2022|publisher=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]]|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026200317/https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2022/10/26/il-senato-vota-la-fiducia-al-governo-meloni-115-si-79-no-e-5-astenuti_1f316e11-70d5-491d-801f-7e5cea2d1b71.html|archive-date=26 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Domestic policies ===
[[File:Giorgia Meloni video message to the 2022 NIAF Gala.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Meloni during a press conference in 2022]]
One of the first measures implemented by the government regarded [[COVID-19]] and concerned with the complete removal of the [[COVID-19 vaccination certificate]], known in Italy as the Green Pass; moreover, non-vaccinated doctors were re-integrated into service.<ref>{{cite news|date=31 October 2022|title=Governo Meloni, le news. Cdm dà ok a dl unico su Covid, carcere ostativo e Rave party|trans-title=Meloni government, the news. Cdm gives ok to single dl on COVID, ostativo prison and Rave party|url=https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2022/10/31/governo-meloni-ultime-news-31-ottobre|url-status=live|access-date=3 November 2022|work=[[Sky TG24]]|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101123650/https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2022/10/31/governo-meloni-ultime-news-31-ottobre|archive-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> By this time, the government's workforce vaccination mandate had been in place for over one year, rendering the edict largely symbolic. On 31 October, the government approved a decree providing for a penalty of up to six years of imprisonment for illegal parties and rallies.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 November 2022|title=The party's over for illegal raves, Italy's new government says|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/partys-over-illegal-raves-italys-new-government-says-2022-10-31/|url-status=live|access-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102023648/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/partys-over-illegal-raves-italys-new-government-says-2022-10-31/|archive-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> Despite being officially presented as a decree against illegal [[rave parties]], the law was applicable to any illegal gathering that the public authority deemed dangerous, which garnered criticism,<ref>{{cite web|last=Boffa|first=Nadia|date=1 November 2022|title=Meloni party. Primo colpo di democrazia illiberale|trans-title=Meloni's party. First blow of illiberal democracy|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/politica/2022/11/01/news/rave_party_centrodestra_meloni-10542023/|url-status=live|access-date=3 November 2022|website=[[HuffPost]]|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101230908/https://www.huffingtonpost.it/politica/2022/11/01/news/rave_party_centrodestra_meloni-10542023/|archive-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> including from jurist Vitalba Azzolini.<ref>{{cite tweet|url-status=live|author-first1=Vitalba |author-last1=Azzolini|user=vitalbaa|number=1587218043511398401|title=Gazzetta Ufficiale. Confermo quanto avevo scritto. Norma insidiosa, scritta male, in teoria applicabile a qualunque raduno che l'autorità pubblica reputi pericoloso a suo giudizio. Giudizio del tutto discrezionale, perché la norma non fornisce criteri per definire la pericolosità|trans-title=Official Gazette. I confirm what I wrote. Insidious, poorly written rule, theoretically applicable to any gathering that the public authority deems dangerous in its judgment. This judgment is entirely discretionary because the standard doesn't provide criteria for defining the hazard|date=1 November 2022|access-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104000143/https://twitter.com/vitalbaa/status/1587218043511398401|archive-date=4 November 2022|via=Twitter}}</ref> The decree also caused a lot of protests from opposition parties and civil rights associations, and was also contested by FI.<ref>{{cite news|last=Olivo|first=Francesco|date=2 November 2022|title=Governo, è lite sui rave party. Forza Italia vuole stoppare Meloni: 'Servono modifiche in Parlamento'|trans-title=Government, there's a dispute over rave parties. Forza Italia wants to stop Meloni: 'We need changes in Parliament'|url=https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2022/11/02/news/governo_e_lite_sui_rave_party_forza_italia_vuole_stoppare_meloni_servono_modifiche_in_parlamento-12213086/|url-status=live|access-date=3 November 2022|work=[[La Stampa]]|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104002653/https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2022/11/02/news/governo_e_lite_sui_rave_party_forza_italia_vuole_stoppare_meloni_servono_modifiche_in_parlamento-12213086/|archive-date=4 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2 November 2022|title=Rave party, la mediazione di Forza Italia: 'Abbassare le pene a quattro anni'|trans-title=Rave party, Forza Italia's mediation: 'Lower the sentences to four years'|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/11/02/news/rave_party_decreto_modifiche_forza_italia-372606340/|url-status=live|access-date=3 November 2022|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102174733/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/11/02/news/rave_party_decreto_modifiche_forza_italia-372606340/|archive-date=2 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cangemi|first=Annalisa|date=2 November 2022|title=Decreto anti rave party approda in Senato: prime crepe nel governo, Forza Italia vuole cambiarlo|trans-title=Anti-rave party decree arrives in the Senate: first cracks in the government, Forza Italia wants to change it|url=https://www.fanpage.it/politica/decreto-anti-rave-party-approda-in-senato-prime-crepe-nel-governo-forza-italia-vuole-cambiarlo/|url-status=live|access-date=3 November 2022|website=[[Fanpage.it]]|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104003309/https://www.fanpage.it/politica/decreto-anti-rave-party-approda-in-senato-prime-crepe-nel-governo-forza-italia-vuole-cambiarlo/|archive-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> According to [[Amnesty International]], the decree "risked undermining the right to peaceful protest".<ref>{{cite news|last=Caccia|first=Fabrizio|date=1 November 2022|title=Scontro sul decreto anti rave. Il Pd e i 5 Stelle: ritiratelo. Salvini: 'Indietro non si torna'|trans-title=Clash over the anti-rave decree. The PD and the 5 Stars: withdraw it. Salvini: 'We can't go back'|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/22_novembre_01/scontro-decreto-anti-rave-pd-5-stelle-ritiratelo-1c5a31c6-5a25-11ed-b1b9-61dd73ac3c0d.shtml|url-status=live|access-date=3 November 2022|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101231520/https://www.corriere.it/politica/22_novembre_01/scontro-decreto-anti-rave-pd-5-stelle-ritiratelo-1c5a31c6-5a25-11ed-b1b9-61dd73ac3c0d.shtml|archive-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> The Meloni government has rejected the accusations and announced that it will accept minor changes to the text in Parliament.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 November 2022|title=Decreto "rave party". La Meloni lo difende ma si apre a modifiche|trans-title=Decree "rave party". Meloni defends it but is open to changes|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/decreto-rave-party-meloni-difende-si-apre-modifiche-2081568.html|access-date=10 November 2022|work=[[Il Giornale]]|language=it|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215171115/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/decreto-rave-party-meloni-difende-si-apre-modifiche-2081568.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Decreto anti-rave, governo e Parlamento verso modifiche|language=it|trans-title=Anti-rave decree, government and Parliament towards changes|url=https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2022/11/03/decreto-rave-party-testo-modifica|access-date=10 November 2022|work=[[Sky TG24]]|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713051807/https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2022/11/03/decreto-rave-party-testo-modifica|url-status=live}}</ref> In the first weeks after taking office, Meloni implemented stricter policies than previous governments regarding the fight against [[illegal immigration]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 November 2022|title=Meloni, serve legalità, difenderemo i confini – Ultima Ora|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/topnews/2022/11/08/meloni-serve-legalita-difenderemo-i-confini_dd649d45-46a5-4953-86d2-75bb6d23277e.html|access-date=11 November 2022|website=[[Agenzia ANSA]]|language=it|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713052645/https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/topnews/2022/11/08/meloni-serve-legalita-difenderemo-i-confini_dd649d45-46a5-4953-86d2-75bb6d23277e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

From an economic point of view, Meloni and her government have decided to prevent the increase in energy prices, in continuity with her predecessor [[Mario Draghi]], by lowering prices, giving subsidies to families and businesses and making new drilling decisions in the Italian seas to increase national gas production. The government decided also to increase the cash ceiling from €2,000 to €5,000.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marro|first=Enrico|date=11 November 2022|title=Decreto Aiuti quater, dal taglio delle accise alle bollette a rate: tutte le misure, in arrivo 9 miliardi|trans-title=Aid decree quater, from cutting excise duties to installment bills: all measures, 9 billion on the way|language=it|url=https://www.corriere.it/economia/finanza/cards/decreto-aiuti-quater-bollette-rate-taglio-accise-arrivo-9-miliardi/decreto-aiuti-quater-proroga-sostegni_principale.shtml|access-date=11 November 2022|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501014621/https://www.corriere.it/economia/finanza/cards/decreto-aiuti-quater-bollette-rate-taglio-accise-arrivo-9-miliardi/decreto-aiuti-quater-proroga-sostegni_principale.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Sergio Mattarella and Giorgia Meloni in March 2023.jpg|thumb|right|Meloni with President [[Sergio Mattarella]] in March 2023]]
On 26 February 2023, a [[2023 Calabria migrant boat disaster|boat carrying migrants sank]] amidst harsh weather conditions while trying to land on the coast of Steccato di Cutro, near [[Crotone]], Calabria. The boat was carrying between 143 and 200 migrants when it sank, of whom at least 86 died, including 12 children, becoming one of the deadliest naval disasters in recent years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Latza Nadeau|first=Barbie|date=26 February 2023|title=Children and women among 43 dead as migrant boat hits rocks near Italy|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/26/europe/migrant-shipwreck-deaths-italy-calabria-intl/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226154122/https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/26/europe/migrant-shipwreck-deaths-italy-calabria-intl/index.html|archive-date=26 February 2023|access-date=26 February 2023|website=[[CNN]]|language=en}}</ref> Meloni expressed her "deep sorrow for the many human lives torn away by human traffickers", and condemned the "exchange" of migrants' lives for "the 'price' of a ticket paid by them in the false prospect for a safe voyage".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=D'Emilio|first=Frances|date=26 February 2023|title=Migrant boat breaks apart off Italy; 43 dead, 80 survivors|url=https://apnews.com/article/italy-business-789562253af9aca2c201207c877c5b5f|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226141304/https://apnews.com/article/italy-business-789562253af9aca2c201207c877c5b5f|archive-date=26 February 2023|access-date=26 February 2023|website=[[AP News]]|language=en}}</ref> On 1 March 2023, the new leader of the Democratic Party, [[Elly Schlein]], as well as [[More Europe]] and [[Greens and Left Alliance]] asked for the resignation of interior minister [[Matteo Piantedosi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 March 2023|title=Naufragio, Schlein contro Piantedosi: "Parole indegne, si dimetta" – Politica|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2023/03/01/naufragio-schlein-contro-piantedosi-parole-indegne-si-dimetta_6b2c22e1-cd7c-4d0f-9161-82842a5f0a54.html|access-date=26 March 2023|website=Agenzia ANSA|language=it|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327214140/https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2023/03/01/naufragio-schlein-contro-piantedosi-parole-indegne-si-dimetta_6b2c22e1-cd7c-4d0f-9161-82842a5f0a54.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2023, Italy's Meloni government approved a draft bill banning the production and commercialisation of [[cultured meat]] for human and animal consumption;<ref>{{cite web |last=Dell'Anna |first=Alessio |date=2023-04-04 |title=Italy's waging a crusade against lab-grown meat. Does it have a point? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/04/04/frankenstein-food-why-italys-crusade-against-cultured-meat-probably-wont-work |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Euronews}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sabelli |first=Chiara |date=2023-04-05 |title=Scientists protest Italy's ban on cultivated meat |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d43978-023-00050-7 |journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d43978-023-00050-7 |s2cid=257991805 |access-date=2023-10-25|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Evans-Pritchard |first=Ambrose |date=2023-08-10 |title=Giorgia Meloni risks going the way of Liz Truss if she keeps defying the market |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/08/10/italy-giorgia-meloni-liz-truss-defying-market/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919223221/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/08/10/italy-giorgia-meloni-liz-truss-defying-market/ |archive-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> this move, which the government said was intended to protect food heritage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-29 |title=Italy moves to ban lab-grown meat to protect food heritage |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65110744 |access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref>

[[File:P061209-268594.jpg|thumb|Meloni and European Commission president [[Ursula von der Leyen]] during a visit in the [[2023 Emilia-Romagna floods|flooded area]] of Emilia-Romagna]]
In May 2023, the government had to face [[2023 Emilia-Romagna floods|severe floods]] which affected [[Emilia-Romagna]] region,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Povoledo|first=Elisabetta|date=17 May 2023|title='Catastrophic' Floods in Italy Leave 8 Dead and Thousands Homeless|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/17/world/europe/italy-flooding-emilia-romagna.html?smtyp=cur&smid=tw-nytimes|url-status=live|url-access=limited|access-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517134631/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/17/world/europe/italy-flooding-emilia-romagna.html?smtyp=cur&smid=tw-nytimes|archive-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> killing 17 people and displacing 50,000 others.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 May 2023|title=Severe flooding in Italy kills 2; drought persists|url=https://apnews.com/article/floods-agriculture-drought-deaths-italy-30ec2bfd7d3efc3491c9f12024b6c181|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518204238/https://apnews.com/article/floods-agriculture-drought-deaths-italy-30ec2bfd7d3efc3491c9f12024b6c181|archive-date=18 May 2023|access-date=17 May 2023|website=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2023|title=Alluvione Emilia-Romagna: altre 5 vittime e un disperso nel Ravennate. Lugo e Cervia allagate. In Regione 34mila case senza luce|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/live-post/2023/05/18/alluvione-emilia-romagna-due-agricoltori-trovati-morti-a-russi-lugo-e-cervia-allagate-evacuazioni-a-ravenna-34mila-case-senza-luce/7165152/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518143205/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/live-post/2023/05/18/alluvione-emilia-romagna-due-agricoltori-trovati-morti-a-russi-lugo-e-cervia-allagate-evacuazioni-a-ravenna-34mila-case-senza-luce/7165152/|archive-date=18 May 2023|access-date=18 May 2023|website=Il Fatto Quotidiano|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Robinson|first=James|date=17 May 2023|title=Italy flooding: Three dead and thousands evacuated from their homes as rivers burst their banks|publisher=Sky News|url=https://news.sky.com/story/italy-flooding-three-dead-and-thousands-evacuated-from-their-homes-as-rivers-burst-their-banks-12882587|url-status=live|access-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517085709/https://news.sky.com/story/italy-flooding-three-dead-and-thousands-evacuated-from-their-homes-as-rivers-burst-their-banks-12882587|archive-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> The provisional cost of the damage caused by the floods amounts to more than [[Euro|€]]10 billion ([[US$]]11 billion).<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 May 2023|title=La conta dei danni. Campi, aziende, strade e turismo: 5 miliardi persi.|url=https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2023/05/21/news/danni_alluvione_emilia_romagna_stanziamento_fondi-401052309/?ref=RHLF-BG-I400748377-P1-S1-T1|url-access=subscription|access-date=22 May 2023|website=La Repubblica|language=it|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521105028/https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2023/05/21/news/danni_alluvione_emilia_romagna_stanziamento_fondi-401052309/?ref=RHLF-BG-I400748377-P1-S1-T1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 May 2023|title=Alluvione Emilia-Romagna, la Regione: "I danni ammonteranno a oltre 7 miliardi"|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2023/05/24/alluvione-emilia-romagna-regione-danni-oltre-7-miliardi-alert-acque-contaminate/7171370/|access-date=28 May 2023|website=Il Fatto Quotidiano|language=it-IT|archive-date=25 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525083740/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2023/05/24/alluvione-emilia-romagna-regione-danni-oltre-7-miliardi-alert-acque-contaminate/7171370/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 May, Italy's [[Council of Ministers (Italy)|Council of Ministers]] officially announced the approval of the first law decree in response to the emergency, an estimated €2 billion recovery package that was aimed to public and private businesses, schools, universities, museums and farm workers, among other categories.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 May 2023|title=Convocazione del Consiglio dei Ministri n. 35|url=https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/convocazione-del-consiglio-dei-ministri-n-35/22668|access-date=28 May 2023|website=www.governo.it|language=it-IT|archive-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802100545/https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/convocazione-del-consiglio-dei-ministri-n-35/22668|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2023|title=La prima misura del governo per aiutare le zone alluvionate in Emilia-Romagna|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2023/05/23/alluvione-emilia-romagna-decreto-governo/|access-date=28 May 2023|website=Il Post|language=it-IT|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530152248/https://www.ilpost.it/2023/05/23/alluvione-emilia-romagna-decreto-governo/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2023|title=Il decreto del governo per l'Emilia Romagna. Stanziati oltre due miliardi|url=https://www.agi.it/cronaca/news/2023-05-23/alluvione-emilia-romagna-approvato-decreto-emergenza-21510277/|access-date=28 May 2023|website=Agi|language=it-IT|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607202006/https://www.agi.it/cronaca/news/2023-05-23/alluvione-emilia-romagna-approvato-decreto-emergenza-21510277/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 May, Meloni and Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, visited the flooded areas along with Bonaccini. Meloni underlined the strong spirit of the Romagnol people, stating: "Usually, when you lose everything, the prevailing feeling is anger, blame-seeking, or resignation. In Emilia-Romagna I found people shoveling mud with pride in their eyes, saying: all right, we have a problem, but we will solve it, we will rebuild."<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 May 2023|title=Emilia-Romagna diretta maltempo. Meloni: "Locomotiva d'Italia, non può fermarsi". Conselice evacuata per rischio sanitario|url=https://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2023/05/26/diretta/maltempo_in_emilia_romagna-401816528/|access-date=26 May 2023|website=la Repubblica|language=it|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616083353/https://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2023/05/26/diretta/maltempo_in_emilia_romagna-401816528/|url-status=live}}</ref> After weeks of tension within the government and between majority and opposition parties,<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|date=8 June 2023|title=Non c'è ancora un commissario straordinario per l'alluvione in Romagna|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2023/06/08/commissario-straordinario-emilia-romagna-alluvioni/|access-date=8 June 2023|website=Il Post|language=it-IT|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119095649/https://www.ilpost.it/2023/06/08/commissario-straordinario-emilia-romagna-alluvioni/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite web|date=23 May 2023|title=Alluvione, Salvini mette il veto su Bonaccini: slitta la nomina a commissario|url=https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2023/05/23/news/bonaccini_ricostruzione_commissario_stop_della_lega-401494952/|access-date=28 May 2023|website=La Repubblica|language=it|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530203028/https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2023/05/23/news/bonaccini_ricostruzione_commissario_stop_della_lega-401494952/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":26">{{Cite web|title=Perché il governo non ha ancora nominato Stefano Bonaccini commissario per la ricostruzione in Emilia Romagna|url=https://www.fanpage.it/politica/emilia-romagna-chi-sara-commissario-per-ricostruire-dopo-le-alluvioni-il-governo-frena-su-bonaccini/|access-date=28 May 2023|website=Fanpage|date=25 May 2023|language=it|archive-date=8 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608012410/https://www.fanpage.it/politica/emilia-romagna-chi-sara-commissario-per-ricostruire-dopo-le-alluvioni-il-governo-frena-su-bonaccini/|url-status=live}}</ref> on 27 June 2023 the Meloni cabinet officially appointed army corps general [[Francesco Paolo Figliuolo]] as Extraordinary Commissioner for the Reconstruction.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web|last=Baroncini|first=Valerio|date=26 June 2023|title=Figliuolo commissario post alluvione per 5 anni. Le reazioni, Bonaccini: "Scelta sbagliata"|url=https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/emilia-romagna/politica/commissario-alluvione-oggi-nomina-figliuolo-diretta-b677b4ea|access-date=28 June 2023|website=Il Resto del Carlino|language=it-IT|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730113739/https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/emilia-romagna/politica/commissario-alluvione-oggi-nomina-figliuolo-diretta-b677b4ea|url-status=live}}</ref>

Italy became the first country to ban cultured meat in November 2023, when the government approved the bill.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-16 |title=Carne coltivata: il divieto è legge. Rissa sfiorata tra i deputati di +Europa e il presidente di Coldiretti |url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/il-ddl-sulla-carne-coltivata-e-legge-in-italia-sara-vietata-la-produzione-e-l-immissione-sul-mercato-202311161557461807 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=MF Milano Finanza |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-17 |title=Italy bans lab-grown meat in nod to farmers |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67448116 |access-date=2023-11-18}}</ref>

On 23 January 2024, the bill about "differentiated autonomy" (which aims to give much more autonomy to [[Regions of Italy|Italian regions]], for a maximum of 23 specific subjects) was approved in the Senate,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-23 |title=Il Senato ha approvato il disegno di legge sull'autonomia differenziata, che ora passerà alla Camera |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2024/01/23/senato-approvazione-disegno-di-legge-autonomia-differenziata/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Il Post |language=it}}</ref> and it was then approved by the Chamber on June 19.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rainews |first=Redazione di |date=2024-06-19 |title=Autonomia differenziata, che cosa cambia con il ddl Calderoli |url=https://www.rainews.it/articoli/2024/06/autonomia-differenziata-via-libera-definitivo-opposizioni-contrarie-calderoli-le-gambe-tremano-b315a246-4722-46d5-bf57-dedf4725935f.html |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=RaiNews |language=it}}</ref> The law was criticised by the opposition and by various deputies and presidents of [[southern Italy]] (both from the majority and the opposition, such as [[Roberto Occhiuto]] of Forza Italia, president of Calabria, and [[Vincenzo De Luca]] of the PD, president of Campania),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-27 |title=Da cacicco a icona pop del Pd: la tournée al Nord di De Luca, testimonial contro l'Autonomia nelle Feste dell'Unità |url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2024/07/27/news/vincenzo_de_luca_pd_autonomia_feste_unita-423416776/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> accusing the government of wanting to abandon the southern regions, favoring those of the [[Northern Italy|north]], and on 20 July a collection of signatures began to call an abrogative referendum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TG24 |first=Sky |date=2024-06-19 |title=Ddl Autonomia è legge, Lega esulta. Schlein: 'Meloni spacca il Paese' |url=https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2024/06/19/autonomia-legge-reazioni |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=tg24.sky.it |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-31 |title=Il referendum sull'Autonomia differenziata parte col botto: oltre 300mila firme raccolte. Come si vota |url=https://www.fanpage.it/politica/il-referendum-sullautonomia-differenziata-parte-col-botto-oltre-300mila-firme-raccolte-come-si-vota/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Fanpage |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rtv |first=San Marino |date=2024-07-05 |title=Autonomia differenziata, opposizioni unite depositano referendum abrogativo |url=https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/italia-c7/autonomia-differenziata-opposizioni-unite-depositano-referendum-abrogativo-a261548 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=San Marino Rtv |language=it}}</ref> On 12 August 2024, Meloni characterised as "surrealist" the court case initiated by the European Commission over the Italian government's social policy that favoured Italians over recent non-citizen immigrants.<ref name="en1">{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OlFf6lKucQ | title=La procédure d'infraction de l'UE contre l'Italie jugée "surréaliste" par Giorgia Meloni }}</ref> On 16 October 2024, The [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate]] voted 84-58 in favor of extending a ban on surrogacy to couples who go abroad to avail of the procedure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2024 |title=Italy expands its ban on surrogacy to overseas as critics say it targets same-sex couples |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/italy-surrogacy-pregnancy-overseas-ban-lgbtq-3f1181480a71a01166b38540e7c25103 |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref>

In October 2025, Meloni's government became the [[List of prime ministers of Italy by time in office|third-longest one]] in the [[history of the Italian Republic]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2025 |title=Meloni's coalition becomes third-longest serving Italian government |url=https://www.qatar-tribune.com/article/199851/world/melonis-coalition-becomes-third-longest-serving-italian-government/amp |newspaper=[[Qatar Tribune]] |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2025 |title=Meloni Government Becomes Third Longest-Serving in Italy's Postwar History |url=https://intrieste.com/2025/10/20/meloni-government-becomes-third-longest-serving-in-italys-postwar-history/ |website=intrieste.com |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Law and order policies ===
On 15 June 2023, the Council of Ministers approved, on the proposal of Minister [[Carlo Nordio]], a bill on justice,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Giustizia, il governo approva la riforma e la dedica a Berlusconi |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2023/06/15/giustizia-il-governo-approva-la-riforma-e-la-dedica-a-berlusconi-meloni-di-nuovo-assente/7196025/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it-IT}}</ref> which abolished the crime of abuse of office and redesigned the appeal procedures in the first instance initiated by prosecutors against acquittals, as well as the use and dissemination of wiretapping.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Comunicato stampa del Consiglio dei Ministri n. 39 |url=https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/comunicato-stampa-del-consiglio-dei-ministri-n-39/22911 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.governo.it |language=it}}</ref> The bill was then be approved by the Senate on 13 February 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Il Senato ha approvato in prima lettura il "ddl Nordio", che cancella il reato di abuso d'ufficio |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2024/02/13/senato-approvato-ddl-nordio-abuso-d-ufficio/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Il Post |language=it}}</ref> and then by the Chamber of Deputies on 10 July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-10 |title=La Camera ha approvato in via definitiva il "ddl Nordio", che cancella il reato di abuso d'ufficio |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2024/07/10/ddl-nordio-abuso-ufficio-approvato/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Il Post |language=it}}</ref>

[[File:Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni decorates the flag of the Italian Army's 21st Field Artillery Regiment "Trieste".jpg|thumb|right|Meloni decorating the flag of the [[Italian Army]]]]
On 18 September 2024, the Chamber of Deputies approved the "Safety Bill" (a modified version of the "safety package" previously approved by the Council of Ministers on 16 November 2023),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-16 |title=Il severo "pacchetto sicurezza" approvato dal governo |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2023/11/16/governo-disegno-di-legge-pacchetto-sicurezza/?homepagePosition=2 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Il Post |language=it}}</ref> which covered many subjects: terrorism; scams; protection of law enforcement; banning cannabis (in any form, as well as hemp-containing products); imprisonment (2-7 years) for those who illegally occupy a property; increase in penalties in case of protest (including passive resistance to orders) in prison; the need for a residence permit (for non-EU immigrants) to buy a SIM card; possible imprisonment (1 month if alone, 6 months-2 years if with more people) for those implementing road or railway blockades (even as a protest).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ronda |first=Serenella |date=2024-09-18 |title=Il Ddl sicurezza ottiene il via libera alla Camera. Ecco tutte le novità |url=https://www.agi.it/politica/news/2024-09-18/ddl-sicurezza-approvato-camera-principali-misure-27900099/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=www.agi.it |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perrone |first=Manuela |date=2024-09-18 |title=Sì della Camera al Ddl Sicurezza: dall'alt alla cannabis light alle armi libere per gli agenti |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/verso-si-ddl-sicurezza-dall-alt-cannabis-light-armi-libere-gli-agenti-AFzowCzD |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Il Sole 24 ORE |language=it}}</ref>

Minister of the Interior [[Matteo Piantedosi]] confirmed that the rule about blockades could be applied in some [[Strike action|strike]] cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/it-it/money/other/ministro-piantedosi-dice-che-il-ddl-sicurezza-colpir%C3%A0-anche-scioperi-e-picchetti-davanti-alle-aziende/ar-AA1rbVCt |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> The bill was heavily criticised by the oppositions, which labelled it as "liberticidal": in particular, the "anti-Salis rule" (named after [[Ilaria Salis]], an AVS MEP accused of illegal occupation in 2008; however, there was only one identification while she was in the plant at that moment, as the ALER had never initiated investigations, nor criminal or civil cases, in 16 years)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title=Ilaria Salis, "Sì, lo confesso: sono stata una militante del movimento di lotta per la casa". E risponde alle accuse di aver occupato un appartamento a Milano |url=https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2024/06/21/news/ilaria_salis_movimento_di_lotta_per_la_casa-423267964/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> and the "anti-Gandhi rule" were criticised, the first one because it aggravated the situation of people who had no home to stay, the second one because it could also prevent peaceful protests (such as those historically led by Gandhi).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Passa alla Camera la norma anti-dissenso: carcere fino a due anni per chi blocca le strade |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2024/09/11/passa-alla-camera-la-norma-anti-dissenso-carcere-fino-a-due-anni-per-chi-blocca-le-strade-colpiti-studenti-eco-attivisti-e-lavoratori/7689926/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Cosa prevedono le norme anti-Gandhi e anti-Salis approvate dalla maggioranza |url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2024/09/12/news/nuovo_reato_occupazione_abusiva_anti_salis_gandhi-423493020/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalla norma "anti-Salis" a quella contro le borseggiatrici in metro: cosa c'è nel Ddl Sicurezza |url=https://www.today.it/politica/ddl-sicurezza-cosa-contiene.html |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Today |language=it}}</ref>

The government has also proposed, within the security bill, the expansion of the powers of the secret services (which could participate in and/or direct terrorist or subversive groups), and the obligation for universities and public research bodies to collaborate with the secret services ([[Dipartimento delle Informazioni per la Sicurezza|DIS]], [[Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna|AISE]], [[Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna|AISI]]), including communicating private information; both of these proposals have been harshly criticised: the first because in Italy the secret services, during the [[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]] between 1960s and 1980s, were involved in illicit activities and massacres during the [[Strategy of tension|Strategy of Tension]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Nuovo Ddl Sicurezza: i servizi potranno guidare gruppi terroristici "per il bene dello Stato" |url=https://www.lindipendente.online/2024/11/26/nuovo-ddl-sicurezza-i-servizi-potranno-guidare-gruppi-terroristici-per-il-bene-dello-stato/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=L'INDIPENDENTE |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-03 |title=Il governo crea i Servizi sovversivi |url=https://lespresso.it/c/-/2025/2/3/il-governo-crea-i-servizi-sovversivi/52665 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=lespresso.it |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grossi |first=Luca |date=2024-11-21 |title=Con il Ddl sicurezza gli 007 potranno 'guidare' gruppi terroristici e mafie. Per eseguire stragi? |url=https://www.antimafiaduemila.com/home/mafie-news/254-focus/102842-con-il-ddl-sicurezza-gli-007-potranno-guidare-gruppi-terroristici-e-mafie-per-eseguire-stragi.html |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Antimafia Duemila {{!}} Fondatore Giorgio Bongiovanni |language=it-IT}}</ref> and the second because it would represent an authoritarian turn on universities, with the risk of violating the privacy and communicating the political opinions of students, professors and researchers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-05 |title=Studenti Uds a ministero contro riforma Statuto diritti e doveri - Notizie - Ansa.it |url=https://www.ansa.it/canale_legalita_scuola/notizie/2025/02/05/studenti-uds-a-ministero-contro-riforma-statuto-diritti-e-doveri_79392c9a-fce1-4781-b7f7-2b7e87157197.html |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Agenzia ANSA |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Servizi segreti nelle università: i rischi del ddl sicurezza |url=https://www.agendadigitale.eu/sicurezza/privacy/ddl-sicurezza-e-intelligence-nelle-universita-i-nuovi-poteri-dei-servizi-segreti/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Agenda Digitale}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=I servizi segreti «infiltrano» le università |url=https://ilmanifesto.it/i-servizi-segreti-infiltrano-le-universita |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=il manifesto |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cicalò |first=Martina |date=2025-01-18 |title='Legge bavaglio': uno schiaffo alla libertà di informazione? |url=https://politicamag.it/legge-bavaglio-uno-schiaffo-alla-liberta-di-informazione/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=POLITICA |language=it-IT}}</ref>

On 4 April 2025, the government approved a decree-law that almost entirely follows the previous security bill (apart from some changes), which had been sent back to the Chamber due to the lack of financial coverage and doubts raised by the President of the Republic [[Sergio Mattarella]], in order to speed up the approval process.

=== Constitutional reform ===
[[File:Giorgia Meloni, 2025.03.06 (03).jpg|thumb|right|Meloni speaking with the press in 2025]]
In late December 2022, Meloni announced that [[Elisabetta Casellati]], minister for constitutional reforms, would meet with the opposition parties to officially begin the roadmap towards a constitutional reform to strengthen the powers of the prime minister, even if the coalition's electoral program included only the direct election of the president.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 January 2023|title=Casellati al lavoro sul presidenzialismo, proseguono le 'consultazioni': ora tocca alle opposizioni. Obiettivo: ddl entro giugno|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/01/13/news/ddl_presidenzialismo_casellati_giugno-383278778/|access-date=26 March 2023|website=la Repubblica|language=it|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305114911/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/01/13/news/ddl_presidenzialismo_casellati_giugno-383278778/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 November 2023, Meloni officially presented the reform which provided the direct election of the prime minister by popular vote, the so-called ''premierato'', and a new electoral law which gave 55% of parliamentary seats in both houses to the coalition that arrives first in the general election.<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/11/03/news/premierato_approvato_cdm_governo_meloni-419496628/ Il Cdm approva il premierato. Meloni: "Madre di tutte le riforme, basta ribaltoni e governi tecnici"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219032328/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/11/03/news/premierato_approvato_cdm_governo_meloni-419496628/|date=19 December 2023}}. la Repubblica</ref> Following new legislation in Italy passed by the Meloni government, only a child's biological parent can be named on their birth certificate.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Jack Guy|author2=Barbie Latza Nadeau |date=21 July 2023|title=Italy starts removing lesbian mothers' names from children's birth certificates|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/21/europe/italy-lesbian-couples-birth-certificates-scli-intl/index.html|access-date=29 December 2023|website=CNN|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410041853/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/21/europe/italy-lesbian-couples-birth-certificates-scli-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2026 referendum====
In March 2026, Meloni's government held a [[2026 Italian constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] where voters were asked whether they approved a [[constitutional law]], often called the "[[Nordio Reform]]" (''Riforma Nordio'') after [[Carlo Nordio]] (the [[Minister of Justice (Italy)|Minister of Justice]]), that would amend the Italian Constitution in various aspects, most notably by proposing the constitutional separation of career paths between [[judge]]s and public [[prosecutor]]s, the splitting of the [[High Council of the Judiciary (Italy)|High Council of the Judiciary]] (CSM) into two distinct bodies, and the selection of members by [[sortition]] rather than traditional election, as well as the establishment of a High Disciplinary Court to oversee disciplinary proceedings. The government-initiated constitutional bill was approved by the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]] on 30 October 2025. Since it did not reach the qualified two-thirds majority in each chamber of [[Italian Parliament]] during the parliamentary approval process, pursuant to Article 138 of the Italian Constitution, the necessary signatures were collected to request a confirmatory constitutional referendum. A [[quorum]] is not required for the referendum to be valid, and the Nordio law submitted to the referendum would be promulgated if confirmed by a majority of valid votes. Meloni's government supported and campaigned in favour of its passing. However, the victory of the "No" side was widely seen as a blow to her government and a boost to opposition parties ahead of the [[Next Italian general election|2027 general election]].<ref>https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-judicial-reform-referendum-defeat-giorgia-meloni/</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
{{Main|List of international prime ministerial trips made by Giorgia Meloni}}

[[File:Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Italian Prime Minister Ms. Giorgia Meloni.jpg|thumb|220px|Meloni with Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] in March 2023]]

The first foreign leader met by Meloni was the French president [[Emmanuel Macron]], who was in [[Rome]] on 23 October 2023 to meet President [[Sergio Mattarella]] and [[Pope Francis]], and had a bilateral meeting with Meloni, primarily focused on the ongoing energy crisis and the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/il-presidente-meloni-incontra-il-presidente-macron/20762|title=Il Presidente Meloni incontra a Roma il Presidente Macron|language=it|trans-title=President Meloni meets President Macron in Rome|website=Governo|date=23 October 2022|access-date=11 November 2022|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107122146/https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/il-presidente-meloni-incontra-il-presidente-macron/20762|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 November 2023, Meloni met [[European Union]] (EU) leaders such as [[Ursula von der Leyen]], [[Charles Michel]], [[Paolo Gentiloni]], [[Roberta Metsola]], and other politicians in Brussels.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zapponini|first=Gianluca|date=3 November 2022|title=Il poker di Meloni in Europa. Cronaca di una giornata a Bruxelles|trans-title=Meloni's poker in Europe. Chronicle of a day in Brussels|url=https://formiche.net/2022/11/meloni-bruxelles-europa-von-der-leyen/|access-date=3 November 2022|website=Formiche.net|language=it|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104001408/https://formiche.net/2022/11/meloni-bruxelles-europa-von-der-leyen/|archive-date=4 November 2022}}</ref>

On 7 November 2023, Meloni took part in her first international summit, the [[2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference|United Nations COP27]] in [[Sharm El Sheik]], Egypt. During her speech, Meloni stated: "Italy remains strongly convinced of its commitment to decarbonisation in compliance with the [[Paris Agreement]]. We must diversify energy suppliers, in close collaboration with African countries."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.open.online/2022/11/07/cop27-discorso-meloni-cambiamento-climatico/|title=Cop27, il discorso di Meloni: "L'Italia ha triplicato gli sforzi per la lotta al cambiamento climatico" – Il video|language=it|trans-title=Cop27, Meloni's speech: "Italy has tripled its efforts to fight climate change" – The video|website=Open|date=7 November 2022|access-date=15 November 2022|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201223708/https://www.open.online/2022/11/07/cop27-discorso-meloni-cambiamento-climatico/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the conference, the prime minister also had a bilateral meeting with the Egyptian president [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/cop-27-stretta-mano-meloni-e-al-sisi-premier-vede-herzog-lotta-all-antisemitismo-AEIdxtEC?refresh_ce=1|title=Cop27, Meloni vede Sisi: apre sul gas ma resta il nodo Regeni. Onu chiede tasse sui profitti|language=it|trans-title=Cop27, Meloni sees Sisi: opens on gas but the Regeni knot remains. UN calls for taxes on profits|website=[[Il Sole 24 Ore]]|date=7 November 2022|access-date=15 November 2022|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713052255/https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/cop-27-stretta-mano-meloni-e-al-sisi-premier-vede-herzog-lotta-all-antisemitismo-AEIdxtEC?refresh_ce=1|url-status=live}}</ref> In the following week, Meloni participated in the [[G20]] summit in [[Bali]], Indonesia,<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 November 2022|title=Bali, il Presidente Meloni al Vertice G20|url=https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/il-presidente-meloni-al-vertice-g20-bali/20995|access-date=26 March 2023|website=Governo Italiano|language=it|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713052645/https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/il-presidente-meloni-al-vertice-g20-bali/20995|url-status=live}}</ref> where she had her first bilateral meeting with the U.S. president [[Joe Biden]] on 15 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2022|title=Vertice G20, il Presidente Meloni incontra il Presidente degli Stati Uniti Biden|url=https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/vertice-g20-il-presidente-meloni-incontra-il-presidente-degli-stati-uniti-biden/21001|access-date=26 March 2023|website=Governo Italiano|language=it|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713052726/https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/vertice-g20-il-presidente-meloni-incontra-il-presidente-degli-stati-uniti-biden/21001|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 2022|title=Italy's Meloni discusses Ukraine, China in G20 meeting with Biden|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/italys-meloni-discusses-ukraine-china-g20-meeting-with-biden-2022-11-15/|access-date=26 March 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713052751/https://www.reuters.com/world/italys-meloni-discusses-ukraine-china-g20-meeting-with-biden-2022-11-15/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:President Joe Biden participates in a bilateral meeting with Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Meloni with U.S. president [[Joe Biden]] at the [[White House]] in July 2023]]
In January 2023, Meloni visited [[Algeria]], where she met President [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] with whom she signed a deal regarding gas supply to Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 January 2013|title=Meloni in Algeria: 'Algeri fondamentale per realizzare Piano Mattei'|url=https://tg24.sky.it/mondo/2023/01/23/giorgia-meloni-algeria|access-date=26 March 2023|website=sky tg24|language=it|archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214122636/https://tg24.sky.it/mondo/2023/01/23/giorgia-meloni-algeria|url-status=live}}</ref> Thanks to this deal, Algeria will become Italy's largest gas supplier.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 January 2023|title=Meloni in Algeria: l'Italia può diventare un hub per la distribuzione di energia|url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/meloni-ad-algeri-piano-far-diventare-l-italia-l-hub-energetico-dell-europa-AExCABZC|access-date=26 March 2023|website=Il Sole 24 ORE|language=it|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416173502/https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/meloni-ad-algeri-piano-far-diventare-l-italia-l-hub-energetico-dell-europa-AExCABZC|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 February 2023, Meloni visited [[Ukraine]] and met with President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] to discuss about the ongoing [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion]]. Meloni also visited [[Bucha, Kyiv Oblast|Bucha]], in the suburbs of [[Kyiv]], where the Russian forces [[Bucha massacre|killed]] more than 400 Ukrainians in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ciriaco|first=Tommaso|date=21 February 2023|title=Le lacrime, il fango, i fiori. Meloni a Bucha nella 'città non sconfitta': "Con voi fino alla fine"|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/02/21/news/bucha_irpin_meloni-388863103/|access-date=26 March 2023|website=la Repubblica|language=it|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302102151/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/02/21/news/bucha_irpin_meloni-388863103/|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni stressed that Ukraine can count on Italy, adding, "we have been with Ukraine from the beginning and will be until the end."<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 February 2023|title=Meloni a Bucha, combatteremo per la vostra libertà – Ultima Ora|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/topnews/2023/02/21/meloni-a-bucha-combatteremo-per-la-vostra-liberta_f5909b09-e260-40de-906c-0805498069ea.html|access-date=26 March 2023|website=Agenzia ANSA|language=it|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713052255/https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/topnews/2023/02/21/meloni-a-bucha-combatteremo-per-la-vostra-liberta_f5909b09-e260-40de-906c-0805498069ea.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was an ally of Polish prime minister [[Mateusz Morawiecki]] and has praised [[Poland]]'s support for Ukraine and Poland's acceptance of large numbers of [[Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)|Ukrainian refugees]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Migrants and Ukraine: on these bases Meloni and Morawiecki are consolidating the alliance in view of the European elections|url=https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/migrants-and-ukraine-on-these-bases-meloni-and-morawiecki-consolidate-the-alliance-in-view-of-the-european-elections/|work=Agenzia Nova|date=5 July 2023|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003223634/https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/migrants-and-ukraine-on-these-bases-meloni-and-morawiecki-consolidate-the-alliance-in-view-of-the-european-elections/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 March 2023, Meloni visited [[India]], where she met [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and President [[Droupadi Murmu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2023|title=Il Presidente Meloni in India|url=https://www.governo.it/it/media/il-presidente-meloni-india/21952|access-date=26 March 2023|website=Governo Italiano|language=it|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713054339/https://www.governo.it/it/media/il-presidente-meloni-india/21952|url-status=live}}</ref> During a press conference, Meloni praised Modi and his policies, describing him as the "most loved leader in the world".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lauria|first=Emanuele|date=2 March 2023|title=Italia-India: Meloni e il 'modello' di consenso Modi: "Il più amato del mondo. Nuova Delhi può facilitare pace giusta per Ucraina"|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/03/02/news/meloni_modi_new_delhi_india-390180909/|access-date=26 March 2023|website=la Repubblica|language=it|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713054342/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/03/02/news/meloni_modi_new_delhi_india-390180909/|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, she hosted [[Israel]]i Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] in Rome.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel ready to help Italy become energy hub, Netanyahu says|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/israel-ready-help-italy-become-energy-hub-netanyahu-says-2023-03-10/|work=Reuters|date=10 March 2023|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217054312/http://www.reuters.com/world/israel-ready-help-italy-become-energy-hub-netanyahu-says-2023-03-10/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How Netanyahu is provoking armed Intifada in the West Bank|url=https://jordantimes.com/opinion/ramzy-baroud/how-netanyahu-provoking-armed-intifada-west-bank|work=The Jordan Times|date=30 May 2023|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927091445/http://jordantimes.com/opinion/ramzy-baroud/how-netanyahu-provoking-armed-intifada-west-bank|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Ursula von der Leyen in Cairo, 2024 (15).jpg|thumb|left|Meloni with Egyptian president [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] and European Commission president [[Ursula von der Leyen]] in Cairo, 17 March 2024]]
In April 2023, Meloni had an official visit in [[Ethiopia]], where she met Prime Minister [[Abiy Ahmed]] and Somali president [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]]. In [[Addis Ababa]], Meloni announced the so-called "[[Enrico Mattei|Mattei]] Plan" by the Italian government regarding investments in the African continent.<ref>[https://www.today.it/economia/piano-mattei-governo-meloni-africa-gas-cosa-e.html Cos'è il Piano Mattei di cui parla tanto Giorgia Meloni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010120848/https://www.today.it/economia/piano-mattei-governo-meloni-africa-gas-cosa-e.html|date=10 October 2023}}. Today</ref><ref>[https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2023/04/14/meloni-a-ottobre-presentiamo-il-piano-mattei-per-lafrica_395c8e97-c8fa-4294-8328-89f9dfd3c80b.html Meloni in Etiopia: 'A ottobre presentiamo il piano Mattei per l'Africa'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516065957/https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2023/04/14/meloni-a-ottobre-presentiamo-il-piano-mattei-per-lafrica_395c8e97-c8fa-4294-8328-89f9dfd3c80b.html|date=16 May 2023}}. ANSA</ref> Meloni was the first Western leader to visit Ethiopia since the end of the [[Tigray War]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Meloni in Ethiopia: "Italy can be the spokesperson for the continent's needs"|url=https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/melons-in-ethiopia-Italy-can-act-as-a-spokesperson-for-the-continent%27s-needs/|work=Agenzia Nova|date=15 April 2023|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004232602/https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/melons-in-ethiopia-Italy-can-act-as-a-spokesperson-for-the-continent%27s-needs/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the visit, she also had a bilateral meeting with the chair of the [[African Union Commission]] [[Moussa Faki]].<ref>[https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/visita-del-presidente-meloni-etiopia/22356 Visita del Presidente Meloni in Etiopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420120515/https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/visita-del-presidente-meloni-etiopia/22356|date=20 April 2023}}. www.governo.it</ref> In May 2023, Meloni attended the [[49th G7 summit]] in [[Hiroshima]], Japan. On 16 July, Prime Minister Meloni, along with European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen and Dutch Prime Minister [[Mark Rutte]], travelled to [[Tunis]] in order to sign an agreement with President [[Kais Saied]] regarding the strengthening of the economic partnership between Europe and Tunisia, the European diplomatic support for the disbursement of the loan from [[IMF]] and, especially, the fight against irregular migration flows.<ref>[https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/meloni-von-der-leyen-e-rutte-tunisia/23153 Meloni, von der Leyen e Rutte in Tunisia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718160204/https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/meloni-von-der-leyen-e-rutte-tunisia/23153|date=18 July 2023}}. Governo Italiano</ref> She considered withdrawing from China's [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Italy's Meloni: Good China relations possible without Belt and Road|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/we-can-have-good-china-relations-even-without-belt-and-road-says-italys-pm/|work=Politico|date=28 May 2023|access-date=11 August 2023|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108005734/https://www.politico.eu/article/we-can-have-good-china-relations-even-without-belt-and-road-says-italys-pm/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Visit of Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, to Italy (24).jpg|thumb|220px|Meloni and the other [[G7]] leaders during the [[50th G7 summit|50th summit]] in Italy]]
In July 2023, she had an official trip to the United States. On 27 July, Meloni visited the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] where she met with [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Kevin McCarthy]] and Senate Majority Leader [[Chuck Schumer]] and Minority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]]. Later she met with U.S. president [[Joe Biden]] at the [[White House]], where they discussed about many issues, including [[Ukraine]], [[China]], and [[Africa]]. They also talked about the strengthening of economic exchange between the two countries, trade relations between Europe and U.S., security policies and the forthcoming G7 Italian presidency.<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/07/29/news/meloni_biden_diritti_lgbtq-409302224/ La Casa Bianca avvisa Meloni: "Sui diritti Lgbtq+ serve più attenzione". Lei sceglie di parlare a Fox, la tv pro-Trump] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115160917/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/07/29/news/meloni_biden_diritti_lgbtq-409302224/|date=15 November 2023}}. la Repubblica</ref> During the [[Gaza war]], Meloni stated her support for "Israel's full right to defend itself in accordance with international law, and to live in peace".<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2023|title=President Meloni visits Israel|url=https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/president-meloni-visits-israel/24009|access-date=23 October 2023|website=www.governo.it|language=en|archive-date=19 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219135303/https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/president-meloni-visits-israel/24009|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2024, she condemned Israeli attacks on [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UNIFIL]] bases in [[Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=France, Italy and Spain 'outraged' after UN peacekeepers injured - and accuse Israel of violating international law |url=https://news.sky.com/story/france-italy-and-spain-outraged-after-un-peacekeepers-injured-and-accuse-israel-of-violating-international-law-13232208 |work=Sky News |date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Giorgia Meloni at the EU-Gulf Cooperation Council Summit (05).jpg|thumb|Meloni and Saudi crown prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]] at the EU-Gulf Cooperation Council summit in Brussels, 16 October 2024]]
On 28 April 2024, Meloni announced that she would run for a seat in the [[European Parliament]] in elections due to be held in [[2024 European Parliament election|June]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 April 2024|title=Italy's Meloni to stand in EU elections in bid to boost ruling party|url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240428-italy-meloni-eu-elections-bid-to-boost-ruling-party|access-date=28 April 2024|website=France 24|language=en|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428140722/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240428-italy-meloni-eu-elections-bid-to-boost-ruling-party|url-status=live}}</ref> In the election, her party remained the most voted in the country with 28.8% of votes, and Meloni became the most voted candidate in the election.

From 13 to 15 June, Meloni hosted the [[50th G7 summit]] in [[Borgo Egnazia]], Apulia. The topics discussed included the ongoing wars in Ukraine and [[Gaza war|Middle East]], [[Climate change|Climate Change]], [[China]], migration, and the economy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Summit |url=https://www.g7italy.it/en/summit|access-date=15 June 2024|website=G7 Italia 2024|language=en|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615122950/https://www.g7italy.it/en/summit/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mallees|first=Nojoud Al|date=14 June 2024|title=G7 leaders pledge action to counter foreign interference in new statement|url=https://www.cp24.com/news/g7-leaders-pledge-action-to-counter-foreign-interference-in-new-statement-1.6926631|access-date=15 June 2024|website=CP24|language=en|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615122948/https://www.cp24.com/news/g7-leaders-pledge-action-to-counter-foreign-interference-in-new-statement-1.6926631|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pope Francis|Francis]] became the first [[pope]] to address a G7 summit.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-ai-g7-italy-610b8f16aac4d36aa8a56c88de2ca09f Pope Francis becomes first pontiff to address a G7 summit, raising alarm about AI. The G7 responds]. AP News</ref>

On 18 October 2024, Meloni traveled to [[Lebanon]] and assured the solidarity of Italy with Lebanon and [[UNIFIL]] in the [[2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon|current conflict]]. In a joint statement to the press with Lebanese acting prime minister [[Najib Mikati]] she concluded: "To conclude - you prime minister you know you can always count on Italy. We will do all that is in our power to return peace and prosperity to this friend nation." (original, she spoke in English)<ref>{{cite web |title=President Meloni visits Lebanon |url=https://www.governo.it/en/media/president-meloni-visits-lebanon/26863 |date=18 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=www.governo.it/en}}</ref>

[[File:Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni for a bilateral meeting in 10 Downing Street on 2 March 2025 - 3.jpg|thumb|Meloni with the UK prime minister [[Keir Starmer]] in 2025]]
On 19 December 2024, the Italian journalist [[Cecilia Sala]] was arrested in [[Tehran]] and put in solitary confinement in [[Evin Prison]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bubola |first=Emma |title=Italian Journalist Is Detained While Reporting in Iran |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/27/world/middleeast/cecilia-sala-italian-journalist-arrested-iran.html |work=The New York Times |date=27 December 2024 |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref> This became known only on 27 December.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tondo |first=Lorenzo |title=Italian journalist arrested and held in solitary confinement in Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/27/italian-journalist-arrested-held-solitary-confinement-iran-cecilia-sala |work=The Guardian |date=27 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024}}</ref> On 30 December, Iran's Ministry of Culture finally confirmed that they had arrested her for "violating the laws of the Islamic Republic".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2024 |title=Iran confirms arrest of Italian journalist Cecilia Sala |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/12/30/iran-confirms-arrest-of-italian-journalist-cecilia-sala |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> Her arrest came three days after Italy arrested Iranian engineer Mohammad Abedini Najafabadi at [[Milan Malpensa Airport]] at the request of the United States, which accused him, together with an accomplice arrested in the country, of conspiring to circumvent embargoes and supplying sophisticated electronic components from the United States to Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Abedini Najafabadi, chiesti arresti domiciliari per iraniano fermato a Malpensa |url=https://tg24.sky.it/mondo/2024/12/30/mohammad-abedini-najafabadi-domiciliari |website=[[Sky Italia]] |date=30 December 2024 |trans-title=Mohammad Abedini Najafabadi, house arrest requested for Iranian stopped at Malpensa airport}}</ref><ref name="Raymond-27 Dec 2024">{{Cite web |title=Engineer pleads not guilty in US case over deadly Iran-linked drone strike |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/engineer-pleads-not-guilty-us-case-over-deadly-iran-linked-drone-strike-2024-12-27/ |last=Raymond |first=Nate |date=27 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250105195011/https://www.reuters.com/world/engineer-pleads-not-guilty-us-case-over-deadly-iran-linked-drone-strike-2024-12-27/ |archive-date=5 January 2025 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=[[Reuters]] |editor-last=Nickel |editor-first=Rod |archive-format= |place=[[Boston]] |format=}}</ref><ref name="Department of Justice-16 December 2024">{{cite web |author=Office of Public Affairs |date=16 December 2024 |title=Founder of Iranian Company Arrested for Providing Material Support to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), and for Scheme to Procure Sensitive U.S. Technology for Use in IRGC Military Drones, One of Which Killed Three U.S. Servicemembers |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]] |website=justice.gov |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/founder-iranian-company-arrested-providing-material-support-islamic-revolutionary-guard |access-date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=30 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230163007/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/founder-iranian-company-arrested-providing-material-support-islamic-revolutionary-guard |url-status=live }}</ref> On 3 January 2025, Iran reportedly asked for a [[prisoner swap]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Shahed |last=Alavi |title=Iran tells Italy it seeks prisoner swap for jailed Italian journalist |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202501027494 |publisher=Iran International |date=3 January 2025 }}</ref> On 8 January 2025, Meloni announced that Sala had been released by Iranian authorities and had left the country,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Italian journalist Cecilia Sala freed from detention in Iran, Italian PM's office says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/08/europe/cecilia-sala-freed-iran-italy-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=8 January 2025 }}</ref> landing at [[Rome Ciampino Airport]] on Wednesday afternoon, where she was welcomed by Meloni herself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |date=8 January 2025 |title=Italian journalist Cecilia Sala returns home after release from prison in Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/08/italian-journalist-cecilia-sala-freed-from-detention-in-iran |access-date=9 January 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On 12 January, Abedini was released back to Iran.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zampano |first=Giada |date=12 January 2025 |title=Italy's justice minister seeks to revoke the arrest of an Iranian based on a US warrant |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/italys-justice-minister-seeks-revoke-arrest-iranian-based-117599577 |access-date=12 January 2025 }}</ref>

On 19 January 2025, the Libyan general Osama Elmasry Njeem, better known as Almasri, was arrested after the [[Juventus]]–[[Milan]] match near the [[Juventus Stadium]], in [[Turin]], and transported to the Vallette prison. Almasri was [[List of people indicted in the International Criminal Court|indicted]] by the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) of [[The Hague]] for war crimes. Subsequently, the [[court of appeal]] of Rome ordered his release on 21 January due to the irregularity of the arrest, which resulted from the lack of approval from the Ministry of Justice.<ref>[https://www.rainews.it/video/2025/01/liberato-il-carnefice-di-tripoli-larresto-di-al-masri-aveva-un-vizio-di-forma-47d9be32-7924-4c24-b5e0-9ec4c957e5d4.html Libero per un cavillo il carnefice libico, Al-Masri è già a Tripoli]. Rai News</ref> After his release, the Libyan military officer was expelled and repatriated to Libya aboard a [[Falcon 900]] aircraft of the Italian intelligence services. On 27 January, following a report filed with the Rome prosecutor's office by lawyer Luigi Li Gotti, the Tribunal of Ministers was involved to assess whether Prime Minister Meloni, Minister of the Interior [[Matteo Piantedosi]], Minister of Justice [[Carlo Nordio]], and Undersecretary to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers [[Alfredo Mantovano]] should be investigated for aiding and abetting and embezzlement.<ref>[https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/25_gennaio_28/giorgia-meloni-indagata-almasri-c46e2d8c-41b3-4e06-85a4-2339973a2xlk.shtml Giorgia Meloni è indagata per favoreggiamento e peculato per il caso Almasri, insieme a Piantedosi, Nordio e Mantovano. Lei: "A testa alta e senza paura"]. Corriere della Sera</ref> In a video posted on social media, Meloni said: "Curiously, the [ICC] did so just when this person was about to enter Italian territory, after he had peacefully stayed in three other European states for twelve days."<ref>{{cite news |title=Why is Italy's Meloni being investigated for release of Libyan ICC suspect? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/01/29/why-is-italys-meloni-being-investigated-for-release-of-libyan-icc-suspect |work=Euronews |date=29 January 2025}}</ref> According to writer and journalist [[Roberto Saviano]], the repatriation affair would have been completely buried without the intervention of some Italian media outlets focused on immigration and the Libyan mafia's control over illegal immigration, who were the first to report the news.<ref>[https://www.avvenire.it/attualita/pagine/libia-almasri-habish Il caso. Un rebus l'arresto del torturatore libico. Scarcerato, è già a Tripoli]. Avvenire</ref>

[[File:President Donald Trump holds a bilateral meeting with Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni of Italy (5446029292).jpg|thumb|right|Meloni with U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] at the [[White House]] in April 2025]]
On April 17, after discussing with Ursula von der Leyen strategies on how to approach the meeting,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Matranga |first1=Anna |last2=Reals |first2=Tucker |date=2025-04-17 |title=Italy's Giorgia Meloni meets with Trump at the White House amid EU anxiety - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-giorgia-meloni-italy-eu-tariffs-white-house-meeting/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> she visited [[Washington, D.C.]] and met with U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] (who had recently imposed [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration|significant tariffs]] on almost all foreign imports); this visit constituted the first step towards trade talks between the EU and the US. Meloni received a warm welcome from Trump, who praised her [[conservative]] stances and accepted her invitation for a state visit in Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/18/world/europe/meloni-trump-tariffs-italy.html|title=Meloni and Trump: Oval Office Meeting Cements Special Rapport|work=The New York Times |date=18 April 2025 |last1=Bubola |first1=Emma }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/press-review/20250418-the-trump-whisperer-papers-react-to-trump-s-meeting-with-meloni|title=The Trump whisperer': Papers react to Trump's meeting with Meloni|date=18 April 2025|work=France 24}}</ref>

On 27 August 2025, Meloni criticized Israel's [[Gaza war|military actions in Gaza]], specifically condemning the [[2025 Nasser Hospital strikes|killing of five journalists]] in an airstrike on [[Nasser Hospital]] in [[Khan Younis]] as "unjustifiable". While reiterating support for Israel's right to defense following the October 7 attack, she added that the military reaction had "gone beyond the principle of proportionality" and resulted in excessive [[Casualties of the Gaza war|civilian casualties]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berman |first1=Lazar |title=Meloni: War in Gaza ‘has gone beyond the principle of proportionality’ |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/meloni-war-in-gaza-has-gone-beyond-the-principle-of-proportionality/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

In September 2025, Meloni faced large [[2025 Italian general strikes and protests for Gaza|general strikes]] for her policies towards the Gaza war and in response to Israeli military attacks on the [[Global Sumud Flotilla]]. Meloni condemned the violence between demonstrators and police forces.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Milone |first=Martina |title='Milano distrutta dalla guerriglia' come raccontano giornali e tv? Il giorno dopo alla stazione Centrale è tutto normale, mancano solo i vetri a due portoni |work=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]] |date=23 September 2025 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2025/09/23/protesta-milano-centrale-gaza-scontri-notizie/8136114/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924143553/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2025/09/23/protesta-milano-centrale-gaza-scontri-notizie/8136114/ |archive-date=24 September 2025 |url-status=live |language=it}}</ref> She referred to the protesters as "hooligans", arguing that clashing with law enforcement and damaging public property would not contribute to supporting the Palestinian cause.<ref name="reuters">{{cite web|first1=Claudia|last1=Greco|first2=Anna|last2=Uras|title=Pro-Palestinian protesters fight police in Milan, Italian ports blocked|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/genoa-dockers-walk-out-italian-unions-protest-against-israel-2025-09-22/|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=22 September 2025|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/anti-israel-protesters-rally-across-italy-after-unions-call-to-denounce-the-genocide-in-gaza/|title=Anti-Israel protesters rally across Italy after unions call to 'denounce the genocide in Gaza'|work=[[Times of Israel]]|date=22 September 2025|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> Meloni's government took a pro-Israel position throughout the crisis, aligning with Israel and ruling out any recognition of the [[State of Palestine]], unlike several other European countries that had endorsed such recognition during the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly. Her stance drew criticism from opposition parties, which accused the government of isolating Italy diplomatically.<ref name="auto"/> Meloni refused to recognise the State of Palestine as long as Hamas remained in power in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web | title= Mossa di Meloni, sì alla Palestina ma a due condizioni. L'opposizione la gela | date=23 September 2025 | url=http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2025/09/23/meloni-mozione-condizionata-per-riconoscere-la-palestina_254290f4-e4b7-4dcf-bfa0-e8e184b74dc4.html|website=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]]|language=it|first=Claudio|last=Salvalaggio|access-date=20 October 2025 }}</ref>

Meloni condemned the 28 February 2026 [[2026 Minab school attack|missile strike on a girls' school in Minab]], Iran, describing the incident as a 'massacre'. She called for accountability for the tragedy, which occurred during [[2026 Iran war|U.S.-Israeli strikes against Iran]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Squires |first=Nick |date=11 March 2026 |title=Meloni criticises Trump and labels Iran school attack a 'massacre' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2026/03/11/giorgia-meloni-condemns-iran-school-killings/ |access-date=11 March 2026 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref>

== Political positions ==
{{Conservatism in Italy|Politicians}}
Some observers have described Meloni's political positions as [[far right]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harlan|first1=Chico|last2=Pitrelli|first2=Stefano|date=13 September 2022|title=A far-right politician is poised to become Italy's first female leader|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/13/giorgia-meloni-italy-election-right/|url-status=live|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914234106/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/13/giorgia-meloni-italy-election-right/|archive-date=14 September 2022|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="Khrebtan-Hörhager & Pyatovskaya 2022">{{cite web|last1=Khrebtan-Hörhager|first1=Julia|last2=Pyatovskaya|first2=Evgeniya|date=19 September 2022|title=Giorgia Meloni – the political provocateur set to become Italy's first far-right leader since Mussolini|url=http://theconversation.com/giorgia-meloni-the-political-provocateur-set-to-become-italys-first-far-right-leader-since-mussolini-190116|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001220623/http://theconversation.com/giorgia-meloni-the-political-provocateur-set-to-become-italys-first-far-right-leader-since-mussolini-190116|archive-date=1 October 2022|access-date=13 October 2022|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> and have highlighted her campaign appearances with [[Rachele Mussolini (politician)|Rachele Mussolini]].<ref name=FemmeFascista>{{cite journal |last1=Latza Nadeau |first1=Barboe |date=Summer 2018 |title=FEMME FASCISTA: How Giorgia Meloni became the star of Italy's far right |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27204872 |journal= World Policy Journal |volume=35 |issue=2 |publisher= World Policy Institute |pages= 14–21 |doi=10.1215/07402775-7085556 |jstor=27204872 |access-date=31 January 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In August 2018, Friedel Taube wrote in ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'' that "Giorgia Meloni has a long history in far-right politics".<ref>{{cite news|last=Taube|first=Friedel|date=30 August 2018|url=https://www.dw.com/en/women-increasingly-drawn-to-right-wing-populist-parties-study-shows/a-45284465|title=Women increasingly drawn to right-wing populist parties, study shows|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907044445/https://www.dw.com/en/women-increasingly-drawn-to-right-wing-populist-parties-study-shows/a-45284465|url-status=live}}</ref> In a July 2022 interview with Nicholas Farrell of ''[[The Spectator]]'', Meloni rejected descriptions of her politics as far right, calling it a [[smear campaign]] by her opponents and cited British [[conservative]] philosopher [[Roger Scruton]] as one of her influences.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Farrell|first=Nicholas|date=20 July 2022|title=Is Giorgia Meloni the most dangerous woman in Europe?|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/is-giorgia-meloni-the-most-dangerous-woman-in-europe|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821001904/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/is-giorgia-meloni-the-most-dangerous-woman-in-europe|archive-date=21 August 2022|access-date=21 August 2022|website=[[The Spectator]]}}</ref> She has described herself as a mainstream conservative.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|date=27 September 2022|title=Italy's Meloni: The mainstreaming of the West's far right is complete|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/27/mainstreaming-wests-far-right-is-complete/|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927225054/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/27/mainstreaming-wests-far-right-is-complete/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Farrell|first=Nicholas|date=27 September 2022|title=It is absurd to call Giorgia Meloni 'far right'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/09/27/absurd-call-giorgia-meloni-far-right/|access-date=28 September 2022|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927135626/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/09/27/absurd-call-giorgia-meloni-far-right/|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, Meloni has been described as [[Radical right (Europe)|hard right]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Horowitz|first=Jason|date=24 September 2022|title=Italian Voters Appear Ready to Turn a Page for Europe|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/24/world/europe/italy-election-fascism-meloni.html|access-date=25 September 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926054719/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/24/world/europe/italy-election-fascism-meloni.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[right-wing populist]],<ref>{{cite web|date=30 May 2022|title=Italian far-right star turns against Russia|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/155072|access-date=21 September 2022|website=[[EUobserver]]|archive-date=30 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530065051/https://euobserver.com/tickers/155072|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=von Nahmen|first=Alexandra|date=20 September 2022|title=Italy's election: Giorgia Meloni, far-right favorite for prime minister, appeals to disgruntled voters|url=https://www.dw.com/en/italys-election-giorgia-meloni-far-right-favorite-for-prime-minister-appeals-to-disgruntled-voters/a-63184990|access-date=21 September 2022|website=Deutsche Welle|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105131/https://www.dw.com/en/italys-election-giorgia-meloni-far-right-favorite-for-prime-minister-appeals-to-disgruntled-voters/a-63184990|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[nationalist]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutt|first1=David|last2=Schad|first2=Verena|date=24 August 2022|title=Ukraine war: How has Russia's invasion changed Europe?|work=[[Euronews]]|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/08/24/ukraine-war-country-by-country-guide-on-how-russias-invasion-has-changed-europe|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905173607/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/08/24/ukraine-war-country-by-country-guide-on-how-russias-invasion-has-changed-europe|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Amante|first1=Angelo|last2=Balmer|first2=Crispian|last3=Vagnoni|first3=Giselda|date=25 August 2022|title=Italy's Meloni says public finances will be safe in her hands|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/exclusive-italys-meloni-says-public-finances-will-be-safe-her-hands-2022-08-25/|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=19 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919042102/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/exclusive-italys-meloni-says-public-finances-will-be-safe-her-hands-2022-08-25/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Balmer|first=Crispian|date=26 September 2022|title=Italy's right wing, led by Meloni, wins election, exit polls say|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/meloni-former-far-right-activist-heads-italian-pms-office-2022-08-29/|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927062152/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/meloni-former-far-right-activist-heads-italian-pms-office-2022-08-29/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Meloni has been described as being close to [[Viktor Orbán]], the [[prime minister of Hungary]] and leader of [[Fidesz]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2021/02/25/news/governo_lettera_orba_n_ungheria_meloni-289242084|title=FdI, Orbán scrive a Meloni: "Collaboriamo, abbiamo una visione comune del mondo: lottiamo insieme"|language=it|trans-title=FdI, Orbán writes to Meloni: "We collaborate, we have a common vision of the world: we fight together"|work=[[la Repubblica]]|date=25 February 2021|access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909132830/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2021/02/25/news/governo_lettera_orba_n_ungheria_meloni-289242084|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://europa.today.it/attualita/meloni-difende-orban.html|title=Meloni difende Orban: 'Ue contro di lui perché si batte per la sovranità'|language=it|trans-title=Meloni defends Orban: 'EU against him because it fights for sovereignty'|first=Dario|last=Prestigiacomo|date=3 February 2020|work=[[Europa Today]]|access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419162947/https://europa.today.it/attualita/meloni-difende-orban.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Rishi Sunak]], the former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British prime minister]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] leader.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2023|title=Why Rishi Sunak loves Italy's Giorgia Meloni|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/rushi-sunak-giorgia-meloni-love-united-kingdom-italy-prime-minister/|access-date=24 December 2023|website=POLITICO|language=en|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224114415/https://www.politico.eu/article/rushi-sunak-giorgia-meloni-love-united-kingdom-italy-prime-minister/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Diver|first=Tony|date=12 July 2023|title=Rishi Sunak and Giorgia Meloni appear to be new best friends|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2023/07/12/rishi-sunak-giorgia-meloni-appear-new-best-friends/|access-date=24 December 2023|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224115056/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2023/07/12/rishi-sunak-giorgia-meloni-appear-new-best-friends/|url-status=live}}</ref> She has also been linked with the [[Vox (political party)|Vox]] political party in Spain,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.secoloditalia.it/2021/05/ue-meloni-incontra-a-madrid-santiago-abascal-totale-sintonia-tra-fdi-e-vox-per-rafforzare-ecr|title=Ue, Meloni incontra a Madrid Santiago Abascal. 'Totale sintonia tra FdI e Vox per rafforzare Ecr'|language=it|trans-title=EU, Meloni meets Santiago Abascal in Madrid. 'Total harmony between FdI and Vox to strengthen Ecr'|work=[[Secolo d'Italia]]|access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909125822/https://www.secoloditalia.it/2021/05/ue-meloni-incontra-a-madrid-santiago-abascal-totale-sintonia-tra-fdi-e-vox-per-rafforzare-ecr/|url-status=live}}</ref> representatives of the [[Law and Justice]] party in Poland,<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Adnkronos |date=3 April 2019|title=Meloni da Kaczynski: 'Insieme decisivi nell'Ue'|trans-title=Meloni from Kaczynski: 'Together decisive in the EU'|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/meloni-vede-kaczynski-insieme-decisivi-nellue_3c1GGjwhVkz2w7QnqIe8V3|website=[[Adnkronos]]|language=it|access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425180449/https://www.adnkronos.com/meloni-vede-kaczynski-insieme-decisivi-nellue_3c1GGjwhVkz2w7QnqIe8V3|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 July 2020|title=Polonia. Andrzej Duda vince le presidenziali. Gli auguri di Giorgia Meloni|trans-title=Poland. Andrzej Duda wins the presidential elections. Best wishes from Giorgia Meloni|url=https://www.agenpress.it/polonia-andrzej-duda-vince-le-presidenziali-gli-auguri-di-giorgia-meloni|website=[[Agen Press]]|language=it|access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603221427/https://www.agenpress.it/polonia-andrzej-duda-vince-le-presidenziali-gli-auguri-di-giorgia-meloni/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lumsanews.it/giorgia-meloni-e-le-convention-con-trump-e-i-conservatori-europei-e-sfida-a-salvini/|title=Meloni andrà negli Usaper incontrare The Donald È sfida con Salvini|language=it|trans-title=Meloni will go to the USA to meet The Donald It's a challenge with Salvini|first=Giulio|last=Seminara|date=31 January 2020|work=[[Lumsa News]]|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204113051/https://www.lumsanews.it/giorgia-meloni-e-le-convention-con-trump-e-i-conservatori-europei-e-sfida-a-salvini/|archive-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quotidiano.net/politica/giorgia-meloni-usa-1.5014854|title=Giorgia Meloni negli Usa per l'esame di maturità|language=it|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni in the USA for the final exam|first=Pierfrancesco|last=De Robertis|date=5 February 2020|access-date=5 February 2020|website=[[Quotidiano Nazionale]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205163915/https://www.quotidiano.net/politica/giorgia-meloni-usa-1.5014854|archive-date=5 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/fatti/politica/2020/02/04/meloni-salvini-sono-dei-patti-vanno-rispettati_pIVbSWyzrKjpkIZkxrSZfN.html|title=Meloni a Salvini: 'Ci sono dei patti e vanno rispettati'|language=it|trans-title=Meloni to Salvini: 'There are pacts and they must be respected'|date=4 February 2020|access-date=4 February 2020|website=[[Adnkronos]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204130608/https://www.adnkronos.com/fatti/politica/2020/02/04/meloni-salvini-sono-dei-patti-vanno-rispettati_pIVbSWyzrKjpkIZkxrSZfN.html|archive-date=4 February 2020}}</ref> Meloni has self-described her political party, [[Brothers of Italy]] (FdI), as a mainstream conservative party.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 September 2022|title=Italy's frontrunner party suspends candidate over Hitler praise|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italys-frontrunner-party-suspends-candidate-over-hitler-praise-2022-09-20/|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105130/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italys-frontrunner-party-suspends-candidate-over-hitler-praise-2022-09-20/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Amante & Balmer 2022"/><ref>{{cite news|date=25 September 2022|title=Italy's right-wing, led by Meloni wins election, according to exit polls|work=[[France 24]]|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|url=http://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220925-italy-s-right-wing-parties-set-to-win-power-according-to-exit-polls|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925212252/http://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220925-italy-s-right-wing-parties-set-to-win-power-according-to-exit-polls|url-status=live}}</ref> She is in favour of [[presidentialism]] and supports changes to the [[Constitution of Italy]].<ref name="Pietromarchi 2022"/>

In June 2024, Meloni criticised the [[European Green Deal|EU ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2035]] that would "condemn [Europe] to new strategic dependencies, such as China's electric [vehicles]". According to Meloni: "Reducing polluting emissions is the path we want to follow, but with common sense."<ref>{{cite news |title=Italy's Meloni denounces 'ideological madness' of EU ban on gas and diesel cars |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/italys-meloni-denounces-ideological-madness-of-eu-ban-on-gas-and-diesel-cars/ |work=Politico |date=26 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Social issues ===
[[File:HZ 0626.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Meloni speaking at a [[Vox (political party)|Vox]] rally in [[Málaga]], Spain]]
Meloni opposes abortion, [[euthanasia]], and laws that recognise [[same-sex marriage]], and describes herself as "pro-family".<ref>{{cite news|date=14 September 2022|title='I plan to leave': Foreigners in Italy fear for their futures if far right wins election|work=[[The Local]] (Italy edition)|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20220914/i-plan-to-leave-foreigners-in-italy-fear-for-their-futures-if-far-right-wins-election/|access-date=20 September 2022|archive-date=19 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919102222/https://www.thelocal.it/20220914/i-plan-to-leave-foreigners-in-italy-fear-for-their-futures-if-far-right-wins-election/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Torrisi 2022">{{cite web|last=Torrisi|first=Claudia|date=20 September 2022|title=The anti-women agenda of the woman set to be Italy's next PM|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/giorgia-meloni-far-right-brothers-of-italy-election-prime-minister-racism-gender/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920124128/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/giorgia-meloni-far-right-brothers-of-italy-election-prime-minister-racism-gender/|archive-date=20 September 2022|access-date=1 October 2022|website=[[openDemocracy]]}} Updated 26 September 2022.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Claudia|first=Torrisi|date=28 September 2022|title=What Meloni's far-Right government will mean for Italy|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/giorgia-meloni-far-right-government-policies-christian-right-funding/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930164516/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/giorgia-meloni-far-right-government-policies-christian-right-funding/|archive-date=30 September 2022|access-date=1 October 2022|website=openDemocracy}}</ref> She has said she "wouldn't change" the [[abortion law in Italy]] but wanted to apply more fully the part of the law "about prevention", such as permitting doctors to refuse to carry them out ([[conscientious objection to abortion]]).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pianigiani|first1=Gaia|last2=Povoledo|first2=Elisabetta|date=23 August 2022|title=Giorgia Meloni Could Be the First Woman to Lead Italy. Not All Women Are Happy|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/23/world/europe/giorgia-meloni-italy-women.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923115207/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/23/world/europe/giorgia-meloni-italy-women.html|archive-date=23 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2022|title=Mixed reactions abroad to Meloni winning Italian elections|url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220926-mixed-reactions-in-europe-to-meloni-winning-italian-elections|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926155304/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220926-mixed-reactions-in-europe-to-meloni-winning-italian-elections|archive-date=26 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022|website=[[France 24]]|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> She also stated that the [[recognition of same-sex unions in Italy]] is good enough,<ref>{{cite news|last=Bubola|first=Emma|date=25 August 2022|title='They are not happy with how we love each other': Gay parents fear a Meloni victory.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/25/world/europe/lgbt-adoption-giorgia-meloni.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928071930/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/25/world/europe/lgbt-adoption-giorgia-meloni.html|archive-date=28 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Bollinger 2022">{{cite web|last=Bollinger|first=Alex|date=26 September 2022|title=Marjorie Taylor Greene loves Italy's new fascist prime minister. But she can't spell her name.|url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/09/marjorie-taylor-greene-loves-italys-new-fascist-prime-minister-cant-spell-name/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927105157/https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/09/marjorie-taylor-greene-loves-italys-new-fascist-prime-minister-cant-spell-name/|archive-date=27 September 2022|access-date=8 October 2022|website=[[LGBTQ Nation]]}}</ref> and she said it was something she would not change;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.open.online/2022/09/03/elezioni-plitiche-2022-meloni-risponde-marco-marras-ragazzo-contestatore-unioni-civili|last=Cigna|first=Ygnazia|title=Meloni al ragazzo che l'ha contestata sul palco: 'Rispetto il tuo coraggio. Unioni civili? Non le toccherò'|trans-title=Meloni to the boy who challenged her on stage: 'I respect your courage. Civil unions? I won't touch them'|website=Open|date=3 September 2022|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905204118/https://www.open.online/2022/09/03/elezioni-plitiche-2022-meloni-risponde-marco-marras-ragazzo-contestatore-unioni-civili/|archive-date=5 September 2022|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> in 2016, while she said she would respect the law if elected [[mayor of Rome]], she had supported a [[referendum]] to abrogate the civil union law.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2016|title=Unioni civili, la Meloni: 'Se diventerò sindaco di Roma rispetterò legge'|trans-title=Civil unions, Meloni: 'If I become mayor of Rome I will respect thelaw|url=https://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/05/11/news/unioni_civili_la_meloni_se_diventero_sindaco_di_roma_rispettero_legge_-139592437/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512111142/http://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/05/11/news/unioni_civili_la_meloni_se_diventero_sindaco_di_roma_rispettero_legge_-139592437/|archive-date=12 May 2016|access-date=8 October 2022|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2016|title=Unioni civili: Meloni, rispetterò legge|trans-title=Civil unions: Meloni, I will respect the law|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2016/05/11/unioni-civili-meloni-rispettero-legge_63abd211-c993-4bc6-8500-422abae21d8f.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512112338/http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2016/05/11/unioni-civili-meloni-rispettero-legge_63abd211-c993-4bc6-8500-422abae21d8f.html|archive-date=12 May 2016|access-date=8 October 2022|publisher=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]]|language=it}}</ref> At a rally at the [[Piazza del Popolo]] in October 2019, she spoke against [[same-sex parenting]]; her speech became viral on Italian social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 November 2019|title='Io sono Giorgia', il remix del discorso di Meloni è virale, con meme e sfide virtuali|trans-title='I am Giorgia', the remix of Meloni's speech is viral, with memes and virtual challenges|url=https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2019/11/12/meloni-canta-io-sono-giorgia.html|access-date=14 August 2022|website=[[Sky TG24]]|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127194629/https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2019/11/12/meloni-canta-io-sono-giorgia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During a February 2016 interview to ''[[Le Iene]]'', an Italian television show, she had also said that she would "rather not have a gay child".<ref>{{cite news|date=22 February 2016|title=Giorgia Meloni alle Iene: 'Preferirei non avere un figlio gay'|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni at Le Iene: 'I'd rather not have a gay son'|language=it|work=[[Il Secolo XIX]]|url=https://video.ilsecoloxix.it/embed/italia/giorgia-meloni-alle-iene-preferirei-non-avere-un-figlio-gay/16784/16784|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804011326/https://video.ilsecoloxix.it/embed/italia/giorgia-meloni-alle-iene-preferirei-non-avere-un-figlio-gay/16784/16784|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Carlo 2022">{{cite news|last=Carlo|first=Andrea|date=29 July 2022|title=I'm Italian and I'm deeply worried about our probable next prime minister|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/giorgia-meloni-italy-next-prime-minister-lgbt-b2133404.html|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=6 August 2022|department=Voices (opinion)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806025717/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/giorgia-meloni-italy-next-prime-minister-lgbt-b2133404.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brezar|first=Aleksander|date=28 September 2022|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/09/27/in-romes-progressive-neighbourhood-melonis-victory-causes-anger-and-concern|url-status=live|title=Italy election: In Rome's progressive neighbourhood, Meloni's victory causes anger and concern|work=[[Euronews]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930051416/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/09/27/in-romes-progressive-neighbourhood-melonis-victory-causes-anger-and-concern|archive-date=30 September 2022|access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>

Meloni has opposed the {{ill|1993 Mancino law|it|Legge Mancino}}, a [[hate speech]] law.<ref name="Brezar 2022"/> She is opposed to the [[DDL Zan]], an [[anti-homophobia]] law that would expand the Mancino law to cover LGBT discrimination, declaring in 2020 that "there is no homophobia" in Italy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jakhnagiev|first=Alexander|date=16 July 2020|title='Gli omosessuali in Italia? Non sono discriminati': Meloni e Salvini in piazza contro la legge sull'omofobia minimizzano le aggressioni|trans-title='Homosexuals in Italy? They aren't discriminated against': Meloni and Salvini in the streets against the law on homophobia minimize the attacks|language=it|work=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]]|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/07/16/gli-omosessuali-in-italia-non-sono-discriminati-meloni-e-salvini-in-piazza-contro-la-legge-sullomofobia-minimizzano-le-aggressioni/5870812/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412111945/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/07/16/gli-omosessuali-in-italia-non-sono-discriminati-meloni-e-salvini-in-piazza-contro-la-legge-sullomofobia-minimizzano-le-aggressioni/5870812/|url-status=live}}</ref> She is also opposed to [[surrogacy]], which is pejoratively known in Italian as ''utero in affitto'' ('uterus renting'),<ref>{{cite news|date=21 April 2022|title=Maternità surrogata, ok al testo base: sì a proposta Meloni. 'Va considerata reato universale'|trans-title=Surrogate maternity, ok to the basic text: yes to Meloni's proposal. 'It must be considered a universal crime'|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/04/21/news/utero_in_affitto_ok_a_testo_base_pdl_meloni_reato_universale-346325147/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928134257/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/04/21/news/utero_in_affitto_ok_a_testo_base_pdl_meloni_reato_universale-346325147/|archive-date=28 September 2022|access-date=8 October 2022|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 August 2022|title=Meloni: 'Utero in affitto reato universale'|trans-title=Meloni: 'Womb for rent a universal crime'|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/politica/2022/08/10/news/meloni_utero_in_affitto_reato_universale-10017165/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930164531/https://www.huffingtonpost.it/politica/2022/08/10/news/meloni_utero_in_affitto_reato_universale-10017165/|archive-date=30 September 2022|access-date=8 October 2022|website=[[HuffPost]]|language=it}}</ref> and she has pushed in Parliament for a law to make it a "universal crime"; her efforts have been endorsed by the [[Catholic Church in Italy|Catholic Church]] and by [[Pope Francis]] himself.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Spuntoni|first=Nico|date=5 December 2023|title=Lo Zuppi che non ti aspetti: "Utero in affitto? Mercificazione della donna". E sull'eutanasia...|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/vaticano/zuppi-che-non-ti-aspetti-utero-affitto-mercificazione-donna-2251561.html|access-date=|website=[[Il Giornale]]|language=it|archive-date=1 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401044102/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/vaticano/zuppi-che-non-ti-aspetti-utero-affitto-mercificazione-donna-2251561.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bollinger 2022"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Horowitz|first=Jason|date=8 January 2024|title=Francis Urges Ban on Surrogacy, Calling It 'Despicable'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/08/world/europe/pope-francis-surrogacy-ban.html|access-date=|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402191348/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/08/world/europe/pope-francis-surrogacy-ban.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni is supportive of the [[anti-gender movement]], based on [[Catholic theology]] in the 1990s that condemns [[gender studies]], and she is sceptical of what she calls "gender ideology";<ref>{{cite news|last=Lami|first=Paolo|date=10 June 2015|title=Meloni, FdI: Contro l'ideologia gender presenti al raduno sulla famiglia|language=it|trans-title=Meloni, FdI: Against gender ideology present at the meeting on the family|work=[[Secolo d'Italia]]|url=https://www.secoloditalia.it/2015/06/meloni-fdi-contro-lideologia-gender-presenti-raduno-famiglia/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616185735/https://www.secoloditalia.it/2015/06/meloni-fdi-contro-lideologia-gender-presenti-raduno-famiglia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Crowley|first=Michael|date=27 September 2022|title=Italy's Hard-Right Lurch Raises New Concerns in Washington|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/us/politics/italy-election-biden.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928012713/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/us/politics/italy-election-biden.html|archive-date=28 September 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> she says it is being taught in schools,<ref>{{cite web|date=24 June 2015|title=La discriminazione non si combatte con la diffusione della teoria gender nelle scuole|trans-title=Discrimination cannot be fought with the spread of gender theory in schools|url=http://www.giorgiameloni.it/2015/06/24/meloni-al-ministro-giannini-la-teoria-del-gender-non-e-lotta-alla-discriminazione/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524120056/https://www.giorgiameloni.it/2015/06/24/meloni-al-ministro-giannini-la-teoria-del-gender-non-e-lotta-alla-discriminazione/|archive-date=24 May 2019|access-date=30 July 2020|website=Giorgia Meloni|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cardoni |first1=Aldo |date=25 June 2022|title=Scuola, Meloni a Giannini: Teoria del gender non è lotta alla discriminazione|trans-title=School, Meloni to Giannini: Gender theory is not a fight against discrimination|url=http://www.fratelli-italia.it/2015/06/24/scuola-meloni-a-giannini-teoria-del-gender-non-e-lotta-alla-discriminazione/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301003738/http://www.fratelli-italia.it/2015/06/24/scuola-meloni-a-giannini-teoria-del-gender-non-e-lotta-alla-discriminazione/|archive-date=1 March 2018|access-date=28 February 2018|website=[[Fratelli d'Italia]]|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=6 May 2021|title=Giorgia Meloni parla di 'gender', ma poi ammette di non sapere cos'è|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni talks about 'gender', but then admits she doesn't know what it is|url=https://www.nextquotidiano.it/giorgia-meloni-parla-di-gender-ma-poi-ammette-di-non-sapere-cosa-sia-video/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506071110/https://www.nextquotidiano.it/giorgia-meloni-parla-di-gender-ma-poi-ammette-di-non-sapere-cosa-sia-video/|archive-date=6 May 2021|access-date=1 October 2022|website=[[NeXt Quotidiano]]|language=it}}</ref> and that it attacks female identity and motherhood.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 May 2022|title=Meloni: 'Teorie gender attaccano l'identità delle donne e il ruolo materno'|trans-title=Meloni: 'Gender theories attack women's identity and maternal role'|url=https://www.dire.it/13-05-2022/734410-meloni-teorie-gender-attaccano-lidentita-delle-donne-e-il-ruolo-materno/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616105637/https://www.dire.it/13-05-2022/734410-meloni-teorie-gender-attaccano-lidentita-delle-donne-e-il-ruolo-materno/|archive-date=16 June 2022|access-date=1 October 2022|publisher=DIRE|language=it}}</ref> She is supportive of changing the Constitution of Italy to make it illegal for same-sex couples to adopt children.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 January 2018|title=Giorgia Meloni: 'In Costituzione il divieto di adozione per le coppie omosessuali'|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni: 'In the Constitution the ban on adoption for homosexual couples'|url=https://www.gaypost.it/giorgia-meloni-costituzione-divieto-adozione-coppie-omosessuali/|access-date=14 August 2022|website=Gaypost.it|language=it|archive-date=29 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729141013/https://www.gaypost.it/giorgia-meloni-costituzione-divieto-adozione-coppie-omosessuali|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2018, she criticised [[The Walt Disney Company]] for the decision to represent a gay couple in the musical fantasy film ''[[Frozen II]]''. On Facebook, she wrote: "Enough! We are sick of it! Take your hands off the children."<ref>{{cite news|last=De Gregorio|first=Antonella|date=3 February 2018|title=Elsa di Frozen lesbica? Da Salvini a Meloni, la destra contro la Disney|trans-title=Elsa from Frozen lesbian? From Salvini to Meloni, the right against Disney|language=it|work=[[La Repubblica]]|url=https://www.corriere.it/elezioni-2018/notizie/elezioni-salvini-elsa-lesbica-vogliono-mondo-incontrario-38487444-1e2d-11e8-af9a-2daa4c2d1bbb.shtml|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814132728/https://www.corriere.it/elezioni-2018/notizie/elezioni-salvini-elsa-lesbica-vogliono-mondo-incontrario-38487444-1e2d-11e8-af9a-2daa4c2d1bbb.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2 March 2018|title=Elsa di Frozen lesbica? Salvini e Meloni contro la Disney|trans-title=Elsa from Frozen lesbian? Salvini and Meloni against Disney|language=it|work=[[Il Messagero]]|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/primopiano/elsa_frozen_lesbica_salvini_meloni_contro_disney-3582145.html|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805135043/https://www.ilmessaggero.it/primopiano/elsa_frozen_lesbica_salvini_meloni_contro_disney-3582145.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=De Montis|first=Luisa|date=2 March 2018|title=Salvini: 'Elsa di Frozen lesbica? Il mondo al contrario...'|trans-title=Salvini: 'Elsa from Frozen lesbian? The world in reverse ... '|language=it|work=[[Il Giornale]]|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/spettacoli/salvini-elsa-frozen-lesbica-mondo-contrario-1500390.html|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808081413/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/spettacoli/salvini-elsa-frozen-lesbica-mondo-contrario-1500390.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Feminism ====
[[File:Giorgia Meloni, 23.03.23.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Meloni at the [[European Council]] in March 2023]]
In her 2011 book ''We Believe'', Meloni wrote: "I am a right-wing woman, and I proudly support women's issues. In recent years we have had to suffer contempt and racism by feminists. ... Perhaps as far as feminism is conceived in this way, it is more a question of ideology than of gender and substance."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Arfini|first1=Elia|last2=Ghigi|first2=Rossella|last3=Magaraggia|first3=Sveva|year=2019|title=Can feminism be right? A content analysis of discourses about women by female Italian right-wing politicians|url=https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/772998/1586260/A12Can%20feminism%20be%20right_OPEN.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia|issue=4/2019|pages=693–719|doi=10.1423/96112|s2cid=216672593|issn=0486-0349|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004022637/https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/772998/1586260/A12Can%20feminism%20be%20right_OPEN.pdf|archive-date=4 October 2022|access-date=4 October 2022|via=AIR Unimi}}</ref> She is opposed to pink quotas and has denied being anti-women as accused by some critics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Hannah|date=2 September 2022|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-first-woman-prime-minister-giorgia-meloni-mario-draghi-brothers-abortion-feminist-levante-chiara-ferragni-elodie/|title=Will Italy's first female prime minister be bad for women?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930122807/https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-first-woman-prime-minister-giorgia-meloni-mario-draghi-brothers-abortion-feminist-levante-chiara-ferragni-elodie/|archive-date=30 September 2022|access-date=4 October 2022|work=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Pianigini|first1=Gaia|last2=Povoledo|first2=Elisabetta|date=23 September 2022|title=Giorgia Meloni Could Be the First Woman to Lead Italy. Not All Women Are Happy.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/23/world/europe/giorgia-meloni-italy-women.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930121526/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/23/world/europe/giorgia-meloni-italy-women.html|archive-date=30 September 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Giuffrida|first=Angela|date=29 September 2022|title=Italy's Giorgia Meloni denies she is anti-women as credentials questioned|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/29/giorgia-meloni-italian-women-abortion-pink-quotas|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930102516/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/29/giorgia-meloni-italian-women-abortion-pink-quotas|archive-date=30 September 2022|access-date=4 October 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

The possibility of Meloni becoming the first woman to become [[Prime Minister of Italy]] had been widely discussed both prior to and after the [[2022 Italian general election]]. Some women did not see this as a victory due to her political positions, while others saw it at least partly in a positive light, and a few others called her a feminist despite Meloni's rejection of the label.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siviero|first=Giulia|date=24 August 2022|title=La vittoria di Meloni sarebbe una vittoria 'per le donne'?|trans-title=Would Meloni's victory be a win 'for women'?|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2022/08/24/vittoria-meloni-femminismo/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927221517/https://www.ilpost.it/2022/08/24/vittoria-meloni-femminismo/|archive-date=27 September 2022|access-date=13 October 2022|website=[[Il Post]]|language=it}}</ref> Prior to the election, former U.S. secretary of state [[Hillary Clinton]] commented: "The election of the first woman prime minister in a country always represents a break with the past, and that is certainly a good thing."<ref>{{cite web|last=Broder|first=David|date=1 September 2022|title=Hillary Clinton Is Wrong: Electing a Far-Right Woman Is Not a Step Forward for Women|url=https://jacobin.com/2022/09/hillary-clinton-women-far-right-italy-giorgia-meloni-feminism|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927162420/https://jacobin.com/2022/09/hillary-clinton-women-far-right-italy-giorgia-meloni-feminism|archive-date=27 September 2022|access-date=13 October 2022|website=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lennard|first=Natasha|date=26 September 2022|title=It's a Girl (Fascist)!|url=https://theintercept.com/2022/09/26/giorgia-meloni-italy-fascist/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927074131/https://theintercept.com/2022/09/26/giorgia-meloni-italy-fascist/|archive-date=27 September 2022|access-date=13 October 2022|website=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref> This prompted a response from some critics and observers, including historians [[Ruth Ben-Ghiat]] and David Broder. Ben-Ghiat wrote: "Meloni would also represent continuity with Italy's darkest episode."<ref name="Ben-Ghiat 2022">{{cite news |last=Ben-Ghiat |first=Ruth |date=23 September 2022 |title=The Return of Fascism in Italy |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2022/09/giorgia-meloni-italy-election-fascism-mussolini/671515/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923111236/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2022/09/giorgia-meloni-italy-election-fascism-mussolini/671515/ |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> For her part, Meloni declared herself ready to govern and criticised feminists.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 September 2022|title=Giorgia Meloni: 'Io pronta a governare ma le femministe di casa nostra non lo tollerano'|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni: 'I'm ready to govern but our own feminists don't tolerate it'|url=https://www.open.online/2022/09/19/elezioni-politiche-2022-giorgia-meloni-governo-femministe/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928143051/https://www.open.online/2022/09/19/elezioni-politiche-2022-giorgia-meloni-governo-femministe/|archive-date=28 September 2022|access-date=13 October 2022|website=Open|language=it}}</ref> In August 2025, [[Mihail Neamțu]] wrote: "Unlike [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]]'s emphasis on economic freedoms, and unlike modern feminism's insistence on rights and recognition, Meloni grounds her conservatism in a deeper sense of duty [...] a vision of womanhood that is not a repudiation of tradition, but its vindication."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Starobin |first=Paul |date=August 2025 |title=An Iron Lady for Our Times: The March of Conservatism in Meloni's Italy |url=https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2025/08/an-iron-lady-for-our-times-the-march-of-conservatism-in-melonis-italy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821130311/https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2025/08/an-iron-lady-for-our-times-the-march-of-conservatism-in-melonis-italy/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[American Affairs]]}}</ref> In November 2025, Meloni supported the passing of the [[Femicide in Italy|law against femicide]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-26 |title=Italy now recognizes the crime of femicide and punishes it with life in prison |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/25/europe/italy-femicide-law-intl-hnk |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

=== Immigration and multiculturalism ===
[[File:Mark Rutte, Ursula von der Leyen, Kaïs Saïed, and Giorgia Meloni, 2023, P061638-976557.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Meloni with [[Mark Rutte]], [[Ursula von der Leyen]], and [[Kais Saied]] signing Tunisian aid legislation and an agreement against [[illegal immigration]]]]
[[File:P061667-590454.jpg|thumb|Meloni with Ethiopian prime minister [[Abiy Ahmed]] and other leaders at the International Conference on Development and Migration in Rome, 23 July 2023]]
Meloni has criticised Italy's approach towards [[illegal immigrants]], calling for a [[zero-tolerance]] policy. She wants to blockade illegal immigrants from reaching Italian ports,<ref name="Nielsen 2022"/> and boost the birth rate of Italian nationals to ease the need for migrant labour.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sparks|first=Willis|date=27 May 2021|url=https://www.gzeromedia.com/whos-afraid-of-giorgia-meloni|title=Who's afraid of Giorgia Meloni?|publisher=GZERO Media|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628091048/https://www.gzeromedia.com/whos-afraid-of-giorgia-meloni|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> She is opposed to [[Jus soli|birthright citizenship]] proposals, which would give citizenship including education rights to foreigners born and living in Italy.<ref name="Farrell 2022">{{cite news|last=Farrell|first=Rita|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/migrants-italy-face-uncertainty-prime-ministers-win/story?id=90916653|url-status=live|title=Migrants in Italy face uncertainty after far-right prime minister's win|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003140627/https://abcnews.go.com/International/migrants-italy-face-uncertainty-prime-ministers-win/story?id=90916653|archive-date=3 October 2022|access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref>

Amid the 2022 escalation of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], Meloni said she supported giving refugee status to those coming from a war-shaken country but not to other [[asylum seekers]]. She said: "It's time to call things by their name, to give refugee status to those fleeing war, women, and children, perhaps doing the opposite with those who aren't refugees."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/guerra-in-ucraina-meloni-rifugiato-chi-scappa-da-guerra-no-altri_WtTQZUUv4J7caN1dVv7Hs|url-status=live|title=Elezioni, quando Meloni diceva: 'Ci servono immigrati? Prendiamoli in Venezuela, sono cristiani e di origine italiana'. Il video del 2018|trans-title=Ukraine, Meloni: 'Giving refugee status to those fleeing war, no to others'|work=[[Adnkronos]]|language=it|date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828002849/https://www.adnkronos.com/guerra-in-ucraina-meloni-rifugiato-chi-scappa-da-guerra-no-altri_WtTQZUUv4J7caN1dVv7Hs|archive-date=28 August 2022|access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref> In August 2022, she reposted a [[Pixelation|pixelated]] video on Twitter that shows a woman being raped by an asylum seeker.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 August 2022|title=Italy's Giorgia Meloni criticized for posting video of woman's rape|url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/08/22/giorgia-meloni-far-right-leader-criticised-for-posting-video-of-womans-rape|access-date=21 September 2022|website=[[Euronews]]|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162651/https://www.euronews.com/2022/08/22/giorgia-meloni-far-right-leader-criticised-for-posting-video-of-womans-rape|url-status=live}}</ref> The victim of the violence decried the publication of the video and said she was recognised by the video posted.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 August 2022|title=La donna violentata a Piacenza: 'Riconosciuta dal video, sono disperata', 27enne si difende: 'L'ho soccorsa'|language=it|trans-title=The woman raped in Piacenza: 'Recognized by the video, I'm desperate', 27-year-old defends herself: 'I helped her'|url=https://www.ilriformista.it/la-donna-violentata-a-piacenza-riconosciuta-dal-video-sono-disperata-27enne-si-difende-lho-soccorsa-315506/|access-date=24 August 2022|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824121147/https://www.ilriformista.it/la-donna-violentata-a-piacenza-riconosciuta-dal-video-sono-disperata-27enne-si-difende-lho-soccorsa-315506/|url-status=live}}</ref> After receiving backlash, Meloni defended herself by accusing other politicians of not having condemned the rape itself.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barry|first=Colleen|date=22 August 2022|title=Italy's Meloni shocks opponents with alleged rape video|url=https://apnews.com/article/migration-sexual-assault-italy-7890c421bbdcd7520336004d7835cf67|access-date=23 August 2022|work=[[AP News]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=23 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823042923/https://apnews.com/article/migration-sexual-assault-italy-7890c421bbdcd7520336004d7835cf67|url-status=live}}</ref>

Meloni has blamed [[neo-colonialism]] for Africa's underdevelopment and the [[2015 European migrant crisis]], and she said she favours co-operation over what she termed [[Neocolonialism#Françafrique|France's neocolonialism]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Redazione |date=3 March 2021|title=Africa: Meloni, 'stop neocolonialismo, seguire modello Mattei per cooperazione'|trans-title=Africa: Meloni, 'stop to neocolonialism, let's follow Mattei model for cooperation'|url=https://www.sardiniapost.it/news-adnkronos/africa-meloni-stop-neocolonialismo-seguire-modello-mattei-per-cooperazione/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004021915/https://www.sardiniapost.it/news-adnkronos/africa-meloni-stop-neocolonialismo-seguire-modello-mattei-per-cooperazione/|archive-date=4 October 2022|access-date=4 October 2022|website=[[SardiniaPost]]|language=it}}</ref> She has been considered as opposed to the reception of illegal immigrants,<ref>{{cite news|last=Torchiaro|first=Aldo|date=26 August 2022|trans-title=Meloni, the recipe for migrants (white and Christian) and Calenda attacks: 'They will break up the budgets'|title=Meloni, la ricetta sui migranti (bianchi e cristiani) e l'attacco di Calenda: 'Sfasceranno i conti'|url=https://www.ilriformista.it/meloni-la-ricetta-sui-migranti-bianchi-e-cristiani-e-lattacco-di-calenda-sfasceranno-i-conti-315909/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826103447/https://www.ilriformista.it/meloni-la-ricetta-sui-migranti-bianchi-e-cristiani-e-lattacco-di-calenda-sfasceranno-i-conti-315909/|archive-date=26 August 2022|access-date=8 October 2022|work=[[Il Riformista]]|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mallamo|first=Anna|date=26 August 2022|title=Quelli che 'servono' a Meloni|trans-title=Those that are 'useful' to Meloni|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/blog/2022/08/26/news/meloni-10092065/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826101520/https://www.huffingtonpost.it/blog/2022/08/26/news/meloni-10092065/|archive-date=26 August 2022|access-date=8 October 2022|website=[[HuffPost]]|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bonafede|first=Adriano|date=5 October 2022|title=Nell'azienda Italia della Meloni c'è poco posto per le diversità|trans-title=There is little room for diversity in Meloni's Italy company|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/blog/2022/10/05/news/lazienda_italia_della_meloni-10349852/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005104918/https://www.huffingtonpost.it/blog/2022/10/05/news/lazienda_italia_della_meloni-10349852/|archive-date=5 October 2022|access-date=8 October 2022|website=[[HuffPost]]|language=it}}</ref> as well as to [[multiculturalism]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nocioni|first=Angela|date=1 November 2019|title=Giorgia Meloni: 'Salvini ha chiuso i porti, io avrei fatto il blocco navale'|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni: 'Salvini has closed the ports, I would have made the naval blockade'|url=https://www.ilriformista.it/intervista-giorgia-meloni-3913/|access-date=21 September 2022|website=[[Il Riformista]]|language=it|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105131/https://www.ilriformista.it/intervista-giorgia-meloni-3913/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Giorgia Meloni: 'C'è un piano per destrutturare la nostra società attraverso i migranti'|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni: 'There is a plan to deconstruct our society through migrants'|url=https://www.fanpage.it/politica/giorgia-meloni-ce-un-piano-per-destrutturare-la-nostra-societa-attraverso-i-migranti/|access-date=21 September 2022|website=[[Fanpage.it]]|date=19 June 2019|language=it|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226044256/https://www.fanpage.it/politica/giorgia-meloni-ce-un-piano-per-destrutturare-la-nostra-societa-attraverso-i-migranti/|url-status=live}}</ref> and she has been described as [[xenophobic]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Sunderland|first=Judith|date=28 February 2018|title=La xenofobia nella campagna elettorale italiana|trans-title=Xenophobia in the Italian electoral campaign|url=https://www.hrw.org/it/news/2018/02/28/315442|access-date=14 August 2022|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|language=it|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809140814/https://www.hrw.org/it/news/2018/02/28/315442|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 December 2020|title=L'Ossessione xenofoba di Meloni: 'Il governo non si occupa dell'Italia ma favorisce i clandestini'|trans-title=Meloni's xenophobic obsession: 'The government doesn't take care of Italy but favours illegal immigrants'|url=https://www.globalist.it/news/2020/12/04/l-ossessione-xenofoba-di-meloni-il-governo-non-si-occupa-dell-italia-ma-favorisce-i-clandestini/|access-date=14 August 2022|work=Globalist|language=it|archive-date=3 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803151409/https://www.globalist.it/news/2020/12/04/l-ossessione-xenofoba-di-meloni-il-governo-non-si-occupa-dell-italia-ma-favorisce-i-clandestini/|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as [[Islamophobic]],<ref name="Khrebtan-Hörhager & Pyatovskaya 2022"/><ref>{{cite web|date=30 November 2019|title=Meloni usa l'attentato di Londra per alimentare l'islamofobia sovranista|trans-title=Meloni uses the London bombing to fuel sovereignist Islamophobia|url=https://www.globalist.it/politics/2019/11/30/meloni-usa-l-attentato-di-londra-per-alimentare-l-islamofobia-sovranista-2049756.html|access-date=14 August 2022|website=Globalist|language=it|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613014916/https://www.globalist.it/politics/2019/11/30/meloni-usa-l-attentato-di-londra-per-alimentare-l-islamofobia-sovranista-2049756.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 May 2020|title=Giorgia Meloni con la scimitarra verbale: 'La conversione è uno dei metodi del terrorismo islamico'|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni with the verbal scimitar: 'Conversion is one of the methods of Islamic terrorism'|url=https://www.globalist.it/intelligence/2020/05/10/giorgia-meloni-con-la-scimitarra-verbale-la-conversione-e-uno-dei-metodi-del-terrorismo-islamico-2057948.html|access-date=14 August 2022|website=Globalist|language=it|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613122714/https://www.globalist.it/intelligence/2020/05/10/giorgia-meloni-con-la-scimitarra-verbale-la-conversione-e-uno-dei-metodi-del-terrorismo-islamico-2057948.html|url-status=live}}</ref> by some critics.{{Disputed inline|date=January 2025}} In 2018, she said she would welcome Venezuelans, saying they are Christians and often of Italian origins.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/08/25/elezioni-quando-meloni-diceva-ci-servono-immigrati-prendiamoli-in-venezuela-sono-cristiani-e-di-origine-italiana-il-video-del-2018/6774168/|url-status=live|title=Elezioni, quando Meloni diceva: 'Ci servono immigrati? Prendiamoli in Venezuela, sono cristiani e di origine italiana'. Il video del 2018|trans-title=Elections, when Meloni said: 'Do we need immigrants? Let's take them from Venezuela, they are Christian and of Italian origin'. The video from 2018|work=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]]|language=it|date=25 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925204101/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/08/25/elezioni-quando-meloni-diceva-ci-servono-immigrati-prendiamoli-in-venezuela-sono-cristiani-e-di-origine-italiana-il-video-del-2018/6774168/|archive-date=25 September 2022|access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref> She has often criticised [[George Soros]] and what she terms ''[[Globalist (epithet)|globalists]]'', at times reflecting the views of [[Soros conspiracy theories]],<ref>{{cite web|date=19 June 2019|title=Sui migranti Meloni rispolvera la teoria del complotto: Un disegno di Soros contro l'Europa|trans-title=On migrants, Meloni dusts off the conspiracy theory: A Soros plan against Europe|url=https://www.globalist.it/politics/2019/06/19/sui-migranti-meloni-rispolvera-la-teoria-del-complotto-un-disegno-di-soros-contro-l-europa-2043129.html|access-date=14 August 2022|website=Globalist|language=it|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613120107/https://www.globalist.it/politics/2019/06/19/sui-migranti-meloni-rispolvera-la-teoria-del-complotto-un-disegno-di-soros-contro-l-europa-2043129.html|url-status=live}}</ref> once saying: "When you are a slave, you act in Soros's interests."<ref>{{cite news|last=Rachman|first=Gideon|date=3 October 2022|title=When conspiracy theorists run countries|work=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/dc79e50c-45dc-4bb4-a688-ac59d3fb1073|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009090835/https://www.ft.com/content/dc79e50c-45dc-4bb4-a688-ac59d3fb1073|archive-date=9 October 2022|access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> She has endorsed the [[Great Replacement]], a [[white nationalist]] conspiracy theory.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kington|first=Tom|date=27 September 2022|title=Giorgia Meloni is first west European leader to believe Great Replacement conspiracy theory|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/giorgia-meloni-is-first-west-european-leader-to-believe-great-replacement-conspiracy-theory-pddmf5vsf|url-status=live|work=[[The Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009141000/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/giorgia-meloni-is-first-west-european-leader-to-believe-great-replacement-conspiracy-theory-pddmf5vsf|archive-date=9 October 2022|access-date=13 October 2022|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> She also believes there is a planned mass migration from Africa to Europe for the purpose of replacing and eliminating Italians, an [[antisemitic]], [[white genocide]], and [[far-right conspiracy theory]] known as the [[Kalergi Plan]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Drago|first=Giovanni|date=7 October 2016|title=Giorgia Meloni contro il terribile Piano Kalergi|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni against the terrible Kalergi Plan|url=https://www.nextquotidiano.it/giorgia-meloni-contro-il-piano-kalergi/|access-date=14 August 2022|website=nextQuotidiano|language=it|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901142154/https://www.nextquotidiano.it/giorgia-meloni-contro-il-piano-kalergi/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=19 June 2019|title=Meloni e il piano segreto per portare immigrati in Italia: qualcuno le racconti come stanno davvero le cose|trans-title=Meloni and the secret plan to bring immigrants to Italy: someone should tell her how things really are|url=https://www.tpi.it/cronaca/meloni-immigrazione-piano-segreto-20190619349499/|magazine={{ill|The Post Internazionale|it}}|language=it|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=3 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903100033/https://www.tpi.it/cronaca/meloni-immigrazione-piano-segreto-20190619349499/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bernasconi|first=Francesca|date=19 June 2019|title=Meloni: 'Soros complice di piano per destrutturare la società'|trans-title=Meloni: 'Soros complicit in his plan to deconstruct society'|language=it|work=[[Il Giornale]]|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/meloni-soros-complice-piano-destrutturare-societ-1713380.html|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726102706/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/meloni-soros-complice-piano-destrutturare-societ-1713380.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She has described pro-immigration policies as part of an alleged left-wing conspiracy to "replace Italians with immigrants". In January 2017, she called [[immigration to Italy]] "ethnic substitution".<ref name="Farrell 2022"/>

Meloni complained about the danger of [[Great Replacement|ethnic substitution]] also in her 2019 book on the [[Nigerian mafia]],<ref name="Bottura">{{Cite news|last=Luca|first=Bottura|date=20 August 2023|title=Quel saggio di Giorgia Meloni: stereotipi razzisti, mafia nigerania tesi, complottiste e crimini dei neri|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni's essay: racist stereotypes, Nigerian mafia, conspiracy theories and crimes of black people|pages=6|work=[[Il Secolo XIX]]|url=}}</ref><ref name="Pucciarelli">{{Cite news|last=Pucciarelli|first=Matteo|date=19 August 2023|title=Un altro libro imbarazza il governo. Quando Meloni accusava i nigeriani: "Mafiosi, giganti e pure cannibali"|language=it|trans-title=Another book embarrasses the government. When Meloni accused Nigerians: "Mafiosi, giants and even cannibals"|work=[[la Repubblica]]|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/08/20/news/libro_mafia_nigeriana_meloni-411663275/|access-date=21 August 2023|archive-date=21 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821110142/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/08/20/news/libro_mafia_nigeriana_meloni-411663275/|url-status=live}}</ref> co-written with [[:it:Alessandro Meluzzi|Alessandro Meluzzi]], [[Anti-vaccine activism|anti-vaccine]] psychiatrist, founder of the "Anti-Islamisation Party" and at the time [[Primate (bishop)|primate]] of a schismatic Italian Orthodox Church.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Strippoli|first=Sara|date=6 October 2021|title=Torino, Alessandro Meluzzi sospeso dall'Ordine dei medici: non si è vaccinato|trans-title=Turin, Alessandro Meluzzi suspended from the Medical Association: he did not vaccinate|work=[[la Repubblica]]|url=https://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/10/06/news/alessandro_meluzzi_sospeso_dall_ordine_dei_medici_non_si_e_vaccinato-321111984/|access-date=21 August 2023|archive-date=21 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821114643/https://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/10/06/news/alessandro_meluzzi_sospeso_dall_ordine_dei_medici_non_si_e_vaccinato-321111984/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2017|title=In Italia è nato il partito Anti Islamizzazione|trans-title=Anti-Islamisation party born in Italy|url=https://www.agi.it/politica/2017/07/04/news/partito_anti_islamizzazione_costituente_islamica-1927970/|access-date=21 August 2023|website=[[Agenzia Giornalistica Italia]]|language=it|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710110944/http://www.agi.it/politica/2017/07/04/news/partito_anti_islamizzazione_costituente_islamica-1927970/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Turrini|first=Davide|date=21 January 2016|title=Alessandro Meluzzi, vescovo della Chiesa Ortodossa. Ma gli esponenti ufficiali: "Vicenda che ci espone al ridicolo. La sua organizzazione non è riconosciuta"|trans-title=Alessandro Meluzzi, bishop of the Orthodox Church. But the official exponents: 'This affair exposes us to ridicule. His organisation is not recognised'|work=[[il Fatto Quotidiano]]|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2016/01/21/alessandro-meluzzi-vescovo-della-chiesa-ortodossa-ma-gli-esponenti-ufficiali-vicenda-che-ci-espone-al-ridicolo-la-sua-organizzazione-non-e-riconosciuta/2393563/|access-date=23 August 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325134022/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2016/01/21/alessandro-meluzzi-vescovo-della-chiesa-ortodossa-ma-gli-esponenti-ufficiali-vicenda-che-ci-espone-al-ridicolo-la-sua-organizzazione-non-e-riconosciuta/2393563/|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with other [[white supremacist]] stereotypes, the book argues that a project is underway to "change the European ethnicity and create Eurafrica", that the Nigerian mafia is the product of "local cultures that practice ritual murder and cannibalism", and that "the corpses of white people are very appreciated" by the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], who are said to be engaged in the trade of human flesh and organs.<ref name="Bottura" /><ref name="Pucciarelli" />
In 2023, amidst an unprecedented migration crisis, she asserted that Europe and Italy need immigration and that only illegal immigration must be fought in favour of legal immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 July 2023|title=Giorgia Meloni: "L'Italia e l'Europa hanno bisogno di immigrazione"|url=https://www.la7.it/intanto/video/giorgia-meloni-litalia-e-leuropa-hanno-bisogno-di-immigrazione-24-07-2023-495896?amp|access-date=25 July 2023|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725171839/https://www.la7.it/intanto/video/giorgia-meloni-litalia-e-leuropa-hanno-bisogno-di-immigrazione-24-07-2023-495896?amp|url-status=live|publisher=[[La7]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 July 2023|title=Meloni: Europa ha bisogno di immigrazione, ma no a segnale che viene premiato chi entra illegalmente|url=https://stream24.ilsole24ore.com/video/italia/meloni-europa-ha-bisogno-immigrazione-ma-no-segnale-che-viene-premiato-chi-entra-illegalmente/AF53TYK?refresh_ce=1|website=[[Il Sole 24 Ore]]|access-date=25 July 2023|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725173056/https://stream24.ilsole24ore.com/video/italia/meloni-europa-ha-bisogno-immigrazione-ma-no-segnale-che-viene-premiato-chi-entra-illegalmente/AF53TYK?refresh_ce=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni wanted to make a deal with Tunisian president [[Kais Saied]] with a focus on stopping illegal immigration from Tunisia to Europe. In September 2023, more than 120 boats carrying around 7,000 migrants from Africa arrived on the Italian island of [[Lampedusa]] within 24 hours, increasing the volume handled by the local migration reception center by 15 times and leading to the migrants outnumbering the island's native population.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 September 2023|title=What's behind the surge in migrant arrivals to Italy?|url=https://apnews.com/article/migration-italy-lampedusa-3b47cdacb91c2d72f99b11aa396a6d59|access-date=16 September 2023|website=AP News|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917202932/https://apnews.com/article/migration-italy-lampedusa-3b47cdacb91c2d72f99b11aa396a6d59|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni declared that she wrote to the European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen "to ask her to come with me to Lampedusa to personally realise the gravity of the situation we face, and to immediately accelerate the implementation of the agreement with Tunisia by transferring the agreed resources".<ref>{{cite news|title=Migrants, Meloni: "Von der Leyen come to Lampedusa. Extraordinary measures in the Council of Ministers on Monday"|url=https://news.italy24.press/news/872268.html|work=Italy 24 Press News|date=15 September 2023|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204221222/https://news.italy24.press/news/872268.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 6 November 2023, Giorgia Meloni and Albanian Prime Minister [[Edi Rama]] signed an immigration agreement, that allowed Italy, for at least five years, to make use of specified locations in Albania to establish two migrant management facilities, funded and placed under Italian jurisdiction. Building work started in March 2024, with the initial structures finished later that year. The port of [[Shëngjin]] hosts an arrival facility, and an asylum complex operates on a nearby military base close to the village of [[Gjadër]].<ref name =migops>{{cite web | last1=Zandonini | first1=Giacomo | last2=Vermeulen | first2=Maite | title=Cuffed, caged, cast away: this is Europe's 'innovative solution' for unwanted migrants | website=De Correspondent | date=2026-01-29 | url=https://decorrespondent.nl/16676/cuffed-caged-cast-away-this-is-europe-s-innovative-solution-for-unwanted-migrants/61263eff-7e2b-01ba-23bd-8f0f6fbd6afe | access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref> The detention centre in Gjadër has been criticised by politicians and human rights observers for its lack of transparency, prison-like conditions, and serious risks to detainees' mental health, including reports of frequent self-harm, suicide attempts, and inadequate access to legal and medical safeguards. The asylum centre has room for 36,000 migrants but by October 2025, only 256 have been detained there. In most cases, judicial decisions resulted in their return to Italy.<ref name=migops/>

=== Foreign issues ===
[[File:Meloni and Macron 2022.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Meloni with French president [[Emmanuel Macron]] in 2022]]
Meloni followed the PdL party line in favour of the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]]; however, in 2019, she criticised the French rationale for the intervention, stating it was because of [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s opposition to the [[CFA franc]].<ref>{{cite news|date=12 April 2019|title=Giorgia Meloni continua ad attaccare la Francia, ma anche lei votò per l'intervento in Libia|language=it|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni continues to attack France, but she too voted for intervention in Libya|work=Giornalettismo|url=https://www.giornalettismo.com/giorgia-meloni-libia/|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105131/https://www.giornalettismo.com/giorgia-meloni-libia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 January 2019|title=Giorgia Meloni: "La Francia ha bombardato la Libia quando Gheddafi progettava di uscire dal Franco africano"|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni: "France bombed Libya when Gaddafi planned to leave the African franc"|language=it|work=[[Libero (newspaper)|Libero Quotidiano]]|url=https://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/politica/13421846/giorgia-meloni-francia-bombardato-libia-gheddafi-franco-africano.html|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902181503/https://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/politica/13421846/giorgia-meloni-francia-bombardato-libia-gheddafi-franco-africano.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was critical of Italian relations with [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Qatar]], stating that these countries "systematically and deliberately spread fundamentalist theories that are the main causes of the growth of [[Islamic fundamentalism]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Meloni contro Renzi: "Vergognoso spot all'Arabia Saudita, Stato che nega i diritti alle donne"|work=The Conservative |url=https://archive.theconservative.online/article/meloni-contro-renzi-vergognoso-spot-allarabia-saudita-stato-che-nega-i-diritti-alle-donne|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105133/https://archive.theconservative.online/article/meloni-contro-renzi-vergognoso-spot-allarabia-saudita-stato-che-nega-i-diritti-alle-donne|url-status=live}}</ref> She opposed the decision to host the [[Supercoppa Italiana]] final in Saudi Arabia, and stated that Italy should actively raise the issue of [[human rights in Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Ogginotizie |date=9 January 2019|title=Supercoppa Juventus-Milan in Arabia Saudita, Giorgia Meloni: 'Dove c'è la Sharia offende le donne'|trans-title=Juventus-Milan Super Cup in Saudi Arabia, Giorgia Meloni: 'Where there is Sharia it offends women'|language=it|website=Oggi Notizie|url=https://www.ogginotizie.it/supercoppa-juventus-milan-in-arabia-saudita-giorgia-melonidove-ce-la-sharia-offende-le-donne/|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901094624/https://www.ogginotizie.it/supercoppa-juventus-milan-in-arabia-saudita-giorgia-melonidove-ce-la-sharia-offende-le-donne/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, upon taking office, Meloni reversed her position, with her government stating it was "keen to maintain the excellent relationship with Saudi Arabia" yet still calling for a "firm reaction" against Qatar to which several Italians were accused of involvement in [[Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament|Qatargate]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2022|title=Meloni calls for 'firm reaction' to Qatargate – English|url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2022/12/15/meloni-calls-for-firm-reaction-to-qatargate_3a2e69cb-84aa-48aa-afbf-454cd305f061.html|access-date=19 February 2023|website=ANSA.it|language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, Meloni stated her party "denounced the authoritarian, Islamist direction [[Erdogan]]'s Turkey has taken for years and asked the EU to withdraw Ankara's status as a candidate country",<ref>{{cite news|work=ANSA|url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2021/04/14/draghi-dictator-remark-total-rudeness-says-erdogan_a289219f-3345-4bfa-b6de-d588631089ec.html|title=Draghi 'dictator' remark 'total rudeness' says Erdogan|date=14 April 2021|access-date=12 January 2023|archive-date=12 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112013922/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2021/04/14/draghi-dictator-remark-total-rudeness-says-erdogan_a289219f-3345-4bfa-b6de-d588631089ec.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but upon taking office, pursued closer ties with the Turkish government, due to [[Italy–Libya relations|Italy's interests in Libya]], cooperation in stopping [[illegal immigration]], shared nationalist values and common disagreement with French foreign policy.<ref>{{cite news|work=RFI|title=Turkey's Erdogan cosies up to Italy's far-right Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni|date=3 December 2022|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/podcasts/international-report/20221203-turkey-s-erdogan-cosies-up-to-italy-s-far-right-prime-minister-giorgia-meloni|access-date=12 January 2023|archive-date=12 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112013921/https://www.rfi.fr/en/podcasts/international-report/20221203-turkey-s-erdogan-cosies-up-to-italy-s-far-right-prime-minister-giorgia-meloni|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni advocated for the expulsion of the Indian ambassador to Italy as a result of the [[Enrica Lexie case]],<ref>{{cite news|date=10 July 2013|title=Maro' | Meloni a Letta: 'Rimandiamo indietro l'Ambasciatore Indiano'|language=it|trans-title=Maro '& # 124; Meloni a Letta: 'We send back the Indian Ambassador'|work=[[Roma Daily News]]|url=https://www.romadailynews.it/politica/maro-meloni-a-letta-rimandiamo-indietro-lambasciatore-indiano-0165670/|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901095231/https://www.romadailynews.it/politica/maro-meloni-a-letta-rimandiamo-indietro-lambasciatore-indiano-0165670/|url-status=live}}</ref> and she urged [[Alessandro Del Piero]] to refuse to play in the [[Indian Super League]] until the detained Italian marines were returned.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2014|title=Del Piero giocherà in India. La Meloni: 'Non andare, fallo per i marò'|language=it|trans-title=Del Piero will play in India. La Meloni: 'Don't go, do it for the marines'|work=[[Il Giornale]]|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/sport/piero-giocher-india-meloni-non-andare-fallo-i-mar-1047318.html|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901095223/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/sport/piero-giocher-india-meloni-non-andare-fallo-i-mar-1047318.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[Asia Bibi blasphemy case]], Meloni criticised what she called the "silence of the West" and advocated a stronger stance by the international community against [[Human rights in Pakistan|human rights violations in Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|date=7 November 2018|title=Meloni: 'L'Italia dimostri di avere a cuore Asia Bibi e le conceda asilo politico'|language=it|trans-title=Meloni: 'Italy shows that it has Asia Bibi at heart and grants her political asylum'|url=https://www.tempi.it/meloni-litalia-dimostri-di-avere-a-cuore-asia-bibi-e-le-conceda-asilo-politico/|website=Tempi|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901100024/https://www.tempi.it/meloni-litalia-dimostri-di-avere-a-cuore-asia-bibi-e-le-conceda-asilo-politico/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Meeting with the President of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic in Kyiv. (52716153898).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Meloni with Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] in 2023|alt=Meloni with the Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy in 2022]]

Prior to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], she was in favour of better relations with Russia and supported lifting [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|sanctions]] on Russia in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last=Meacci|first=Ludovica|date=27 September 2022|title=Italy's Right Is Torn on Ukraine but United on China|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/27/italy-china-russia-right/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930145323/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/27/italy-china-russia-right/|archive-date=30 September 2022|access-date=4 October 2022|website=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref> In 2018, she congratulated [[Vladimir Putin]] for his re-election as president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20180319/italian-rightwing-politicians-matteo-salvini-giorgia-meloni-putin-russian-election/|title=Italy's right-wing party leaders congratulate Putin on re-election|website=[[The Local]]|date=19 March 2018|access-date=17 October 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927215032/https://www.thelocal.it/20180319/italian-rightwing-politicians-matteo-salvini-giorgia-meloni-putin-russian-election/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, she wrote that [[Russia under Putin]] defends European values and Christian identity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2022/sep/24/giorgia-meloni-is-a-danger-to-italy-and-the-rest-of-europe-far-right|title=Giorgia Meloni is a danger to Italy and the rest of Europe|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Saviano|first=Roberto|date=24 September 2022|access-date=28 September 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928021608/https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2022/sep/24/giorgia-meloni-is-a-danger-to-italy-and-the-rest-of-europe-far-right|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 2022 invasion, she has pledged to send arms to Ukraine<ref>{{cite web|date=23 July 2022|title=Italy's Meloni: Right-wing government is 'nothing to fear'|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/italys-meloni-right-wing-government-is-nothing-to-fear/|access-date=23 July 2022|website=[[Politico Europe]]|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723132114/https://www.politico.eu/article/italys-meloni-right-wing-government-is-nothing-to-fear/|url-status=live}}</ref> and moved towards [[Atlanticism]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Vitale|first=Giovanna|date=25 March 2022|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/03/26/news/giorgia_meloni_atlantista-342871365/|url-status=live|title=FdI, Giorgia l'atlantista: le metamorfosi di Meloni|trans-title=FdI, Giorgia the Atlantist: Meloni's metamorphoses|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529062315/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/03/26/news/giorgia_meloni_atlantista-342871365/|archive-date=29 May 2022|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2022/09/05/giorgia-meloni-atlantismo/|url-status=live|title=L'atlantismo di Giorgia Meloni è un fatto piuttosto recente|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni's Atlanticism is a rather recent fact|work=[[Il Post]]|language=it|date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905150332/https://www.ilpost.it/2022/09/05/giorgia-meloni-atlantismo/|archive-date=5 September 2022|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Castaldi|first=Roberto|date=8 September 2022|url=https://euractiv.it/section/capitali/news/il-programma-di-fratelli-ditalia-nazionalista-atlantista-contro-una-maggiore-integrazione-europea/|url-status=live|title=Il programma di Fratelli d'Italia: nazionalista, atlantista, contro una maggiore integrazione europea|trans-title=The Brothers of Italy programme: nationalist, Atlantist, against greater European integration|website=[[Euractiv]]|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908082956/https://euractiv.it/section/capitali/news/il-programma-di-fratelli-ditalia-nazionalista-atlantista-contro-una-maggiore-integrazione-europea/|archive-date=8 September 2022|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> In September 2022, she said that Russia's [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexation]] of four partially occupied provinces in southeastern Ukraine has "no legal and political value".<ref>{{cite news|title=Italy's Meloni: Russia's annexations have 'no legal, political value'|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/italys-meloni-russias-annexations-have-no-legal-political-value/2699552|work=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=30 September 2022}}</ref> She is supportive of [[NATO]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rankin|first=Jennifer|date=18 September 2022|title=Far-right favourite to be Italy's next PM softens on EU as election looms|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/18/far-right-contender-giorgia-meloni-italian-pm-eu-election|access-date=21 September 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=19 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919143707/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/18/far-right-contender-giorgia-meloni-italian-pm-eu-election|url-status=live}}</ref> although she maintains [[Euroscepticism|Eurosceptic]] views towards the EU,<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2022|title=Who is Giorgia Meloni, Italy's likely next prime minister?|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20220824/profile-who-is-giorgia-meloni-italys-likely-next-prime-minister/|access-date=21 September 2022|website=The Local Italy|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914145621/https://www.thelocal.it/20220824/profile-who-is-giorgia-meloni-italys-likely-next-prime-minister/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Carrer|first=Gabriele|date=10 October 2022|title=Euro-realismo o conservatorismo? Il dilemma (esistenziale) di Giorgia Meloni|trans-title=Euro-realism or conservatism? Giorgia Meloni's (existential) dilemma|url=https://formiche.net/2022/10/meloni-tra-euro-realismo-e-conservatorismo/|access-date=20 October 2022|website=Formiche|language=it|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010163843/https://formiche.net/2022/10/meloni-tra-euro-realismo-e-conservatorismo/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=11 October 2022|title=Euro-realist or conservative champion? Giorgia Meloni's dilemma|url=https://decode39.com/4533/euro-realist-conservative-champion-giorgia-meloni-dilemma/|access-date=20 October 2022|website=Decode39|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011151929/https://decode39.com/4533/euro-realist-conservative-champion-giorgia-meloni-dilemma/|url-status=live}}</ref> having also previously advocated a withdrawal from the [[eurozone]].<ref>{{cite news|date=26 July 2022|title=Le giravolte di Meloni sull'euro e il sogno impossibile di un'altra Ue|trans-title=Meloni's twists and turns on the euro and the impossible dream of another EU|url=https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2022/07/27/news/le_giravolte_di_meloni_sulleuro_e_il_sogno_impossibile_di_unaltra_ue-5479947/|access-date=11 August 2022|work=[[La Stampa]]|language=it|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801163712/https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2022/07/27/news/le_giravolte_di_meloni_sulleuro_e_il_sogno_impossibile_di_unaltra_ue-5479947/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lamberti|first=Giovanni|date=10 August 2022|title=Meloni 'rassicura' la Ue, se il centrodestra vincerà 'l'Italia non uscirà dall'euro'|trans-title=Meloni 'reassures' the EU, if the centre-right wins 'Italy will not leave the euro'|url=https://www.agi.it/politica/news/2022-08-10/elezioni-meloni-rasicura-ue-su-pnrr-fascismo-consegnato-a-storia-17720928/|access-date=11 August 2022|publisher=[[Agenzia Giornalistica Italia]]|language=it|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810191624/https://www.agi.it/politica/news/2022-08-10/elezioni-meloni-rasicura-ue-su-pnrr-fascismo-consegnato-a-storia-17720928/|url-status=live}}</ref> She rejects the Eurosceptic label, favouring the [[Eurorealism]] of a confederal Europe of sovereign nations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sondel-Cedarmas|first=Joanna|year=2022|chapter=Giorgia Meloni's New Europe: Europe of Sovereign Nations in the Brothers of Italy Party Manifestos|editor1-last=Berti|editor1-first=Francesco|editor2-last=Sondel-Cedarmas|editor2-first=Joanna|title=The Right-Wing Critique of Europe|location=London|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.4324/9781003226123-8|isbn=978-1-0005-2042-2|s2cid=246381004}}</ref> Following the start of Trump's second term, Meloni has been noted for her efforts to preserve the transatlantic alliance leveraging her relationship with Trump and credited for orchestrating a rapprochement between Trump and Ukrainian president Zelensky at the 2025 [[Death and funeral of Pope Francis|funeral of Pope Francis]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-26 |title=Meloni receives Zelensky, PM: 'Russia shows willingness for peace' |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/04/26/meloni-zelensky-meeting-lasted-almost-an-hour-italian-pm-russia-shows-willingness-for-peac |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Can Meloni Save the Transatlantic Alliance? |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/europe/strategic-europe/2025/04/can-meloni-save-the-transatlantic-alliance?lang=en |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |author-first1=Rosario|author-last1=Iaconis|title=Can Giorgia Meloni, After Orchestrating Impromptu Parley Between Trump and Zelensky, Achieve a Transatlantic Rapprochement? |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/can-giorgia-meloni-after-orchestrating-impromptu-parley-between-trump-and-zelensky-achieve-a-transatlantic-rapprochement |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=The New York Sun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Legorano |first=Giovanni |date=2025-04-16 |title=How Giorgia Meloni Became Europe's 'Trump Whisperer' |url=https://time.com/7278270/meloni-white-house-visit-trump-whisperer/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:21.06.2023 - Reunião com a Primeira-Ministra da República Italiana, Giorgia Meloni (52993633304).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Meloni with Brazilian president [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] in 2023|alt=Giorgia Meloni and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2023]]
A critic of [[China]], Meloni is a supporter of closer ties between Italy and [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202209230009|title=Italy's PM hopeful has concerns over China, vows closer ties with Taiwan|website=Focus Taiwan|date=23 September 2022|access-date=23 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924102204/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202209230009|url-status=live}}</ref> She is a controversial figure in Croatia due to her [[Italian irredentist]] statements in which she claimed [[Dalmatia]] and [[Istria]], and for being opposed to Croatian entry into the EU due to the unresolved dispute concerning properties of [[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus|exiled Italians]] after [[World War II]] from these two Croatian regions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pavičić|first=Milan|date=26 September 2022|title=Buduća talijanska premijerka svojata dijelove Hrvatske, bila je zgrožena našim ulaskom u EU|trans-title=The future Italian prime minister, who claims parts of Croatia, was appalled by our entry into the EU|url=https://www.telegram.hr/politika-kriminal/buduca-talijanska-premijerka-svojata-dijelove-hrvatske-bila-je-zgrozena-nasim-ulaskom-u-eu/|access-date=26 September 2022|website=Telegram.hr|language=hr|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926170757/https://www.telegram.hr/politika-kriminal/buduca-talijanska-premijerka-svojata-dijelove-hrvatske-bila-je-zgrozena-nasim-ulaskom-u-eu/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bešker|first=Inoslav|date=26 September 2022|title=Antipatija Meloni spram Hrvatske je poznata, ali trijumf Desnog centra nije kataklizma. Evo zašto|trans-title=Meloni's antipathy towards Croatia is well known, but the triumph of the Centre-right isn't a cataclysm. Here's why|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/svijet/antipatija-meloni-spram-hrvatske-je-poznata-ali-trijumf-desnog-centra-nije-kataklizma-evo-zasto-15253149|access-date=27 September 2022|website=[[Jutarnji list]]|language=hr-hr|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927134056/https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/svijet/antipatija-meloni-spram-hrvatske-je-poznata-ali-trijumf-desnog-centra-nije-kataklizma-evo-zasto-15253149|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, she said that [[Iran]] and Lebanese militant group [[Hezbollah]] were protectors of [[Christianity in Syria|Syrian Christians]] in the [[Syrian civil war]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Italy election winner Meloni lauded Iran, Hezbollah as protectors of Syria Christians in 2018|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/italy-election-winner-meloni-lauded-iran-hezbollah-2018|work=[[The New Arab]]|date=27 September 2022}}</ref> She condemned "another massacre of children in Gaza" during the [[2014 Gaza War]] between [[Israel]] and the Palestinian militant group [[Hamas]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Italy far-right leader once hailed Iran, Hezbollah as defenders of Syrian Christians|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/italy-far-right-leader-once-hailed-hezbollah-iran-as-defenders-of-syrian-christians/|work=The Times of Israel|date=27 September 2022}}</ref> but later changed her stance and became a supporter of closer relations with Israel.<ref>{{cite news|title=Italy's Meloni portrays herself as strong supporter of Israel, rejects fascist past|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/italys-meloni-portrays-herself-as-strong-supporter-of-israel-rejects-fascist-past/|work=The Times of Israel|date=26 September 2022}}</ref> However, unlike [[Matteo Salvini]], she is opposed to moving the Italian embassy to Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem,<ref>{{cite news|work=Decode 39|title=Salvini v Meloni: Italy's centre-right clashes over Israel's capital|date=31 August 2022|url=https://decode39.com/4146/matteo-salvini-israel-jerusalem-centre-right-coalition/}}</ref> opposed the [[Rafah offensive]] during the ongoing [[Gaza war]], and is supportive of a [[two-state solution]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Al Monitor|title=Once an ally, Italy's Meloni sours on Israel's Netanyahu, repositions on Gaza|date=29 May 2024|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/05/once-ally-italys-meloni-sours-israels-netanyahu-repositions-gaza}}</ref> After the [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|2023 Israeli invasion of Gaza]], she reversed her pro-Israel stance and imposed a full arms embargo on Israel.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jns.org/meloni-italy-imposed-full-arms-embargo-on-israel-over-gaza-ground-op/ | title=Meloni: Italy imposed full arms embargo on Israel over Gaza ground op | date=16 October 2024 }}</ref>

Meloni has not apologised to African nations for wrongs committed during the [[Italian Empire|Italian colonial period]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mhaka|first1=Tafi|title=No winners in the tragicomic colonial blame game|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/12/2/no-winners-in-the-tragicomic-colonial-blame-game|work=Al Jazeera|date=2 December 2022}}</ref> but is vocally critical of the legacy of the [[French colonial empire]] in Africa, arguing that France continues to exploit its former colonies through the [[CFA franc]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Le Monde|title=Giorgia Meloni's exaggerations about France's 'colonial currency'|date=26 November 2022|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/les-decodeurs/article/2022/11/26/giorgia-meloni-s-exaggerations-about-france-s-colonial-currency_6005693_8.html}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 pandemic and vaccines ===
Meloni has exhibited support for [[vaccine hesitancy]], such as not vaccinating her daughter during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy]] because "it's not a religion".<ref>{{cite news|date=8 February 2022|title=Covid, Meloni: 'Non vaccino mia figlia perché non è una religione'|trans-title=Covid, Meloni: 'I don't vaccinate my daughter because it's not a religion'|language=it|work=[[La Repubblica]]|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/02/08/news/covid_meloni_no_vaccino_mia_figlia-336948922/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808081413/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/02/08/news/covid_meloni_no_vaccino_mia_figlia-336948922/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Adnkronos |date=8 February 2022|title=Covid, Meloni: 'Non vaccino mia figlia'|trans-title=Covid, Meloni: 'I don't vaccinate my daughter'|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/covid-meloni-non-vaccino-mia-figlia_1ygFgawKHU3FVSPmraf4b|access-date=17 June 2022|website=[[Adnkronos]]|language=it|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617145537/https://www.adnkronos.com/covid-meloni-non-vaccino-mia-figlia_1ygFgawKHU3FVSPmraf4b|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=9 February 2022|title='Non vaccino mia figlia'. Su una cosa almeno Salvini e Meloni sono d'accordo|trans-title='I don't vaccinate my daughter'. On one thing at least Salvini and Meloni agree|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/covid/2022/02/09/news/non_vaccino_mia_figlia_su_una_cosa_almeno_salvini_e_meloni_sono_d_accordo-8698277/|access-date=14 August 2022|work=[[Huffington Post]]|language=it|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904092312/https://www.huffingtonpost.it/covid/2022/02/09/news/non_vaccino_mia_figlia_su_una_cosa_almeno_salvini_e_meloni_sono_d_accordo-8698277/|url-status=live}}</ref> She has been criticised due to her statements on [[vaccine]]s and [[COVID-19]], stating the probability of someone aged 0–19 dying from COVID-19 was the same as being struck by lightning.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 February 2022|title=Meloni: 'Un ragazzo ha le stesse possibilità di morire per un fulmine che di Covid'. La replica di Burioni|trans-title=Meloni: 'A boy has the same chance of dying from lightning as from Covid'. Burioni's reply|language=it|work=[[L'Unione Sarda]]|url=https://www.unionesarda.it/politica/meloni-piu-facile-che-un-ragazzo-muoia-colpito-da-un-fulmine-che-di-covid-la-replica-di-burioni-eufqho8k|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326155824/https://www.unionesarda.it/politica/meloni-piu-facile-che-un-ragazzo-muoia-colpito-da-un-fulmine-che-di-covid-la-replica-di-burioni-eufqho8k|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=9 February 2022|title=Fulmini e Covid-19: cosa non torna nei dati di Meloni|trans-title=Lightning and COVID-19: what doesn't add up in Meloni's data|url=https://pagellapolitica.it/fact-checking/fulmini-e-covid-19-cosa-non-torna-nei-dati-di-meloni|access-date=14 August 2022|website=[[Pagella Politica]]|language=it|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501195805/https://www.pagellapolitica.it/fact-checking/fulmini-e-covid-19-cosa-non-torna-nei-dati-di-meloni|url-status=live}}</ref> After her party won the [[2022 Italian general election]], they pledged to review the positions taken by the Italian government during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and end the [[COVID-19 vaccine mandate]] in place for health care workers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roberts|first=Hannah|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/brothers-of-italy-giorgia-meloni-roll-back-covid-rule-vaccine/|url-status=live|title=Brothers of Italy prepare to roll back COVID rules|date=30 September 2022|website=[[Politico]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001023521/https://www.politico.eu/article/brothers-of-italy-giorgia-meloni-roll-back-covid-rule-vaccine/|archive-date=1 October 2022|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Relationship with fascism ===
During her political career, Meloni has expressed statements that generated controversy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bastasin|first=Carlo|date=26 August 2022|title=What happens if right-wing Giorgia Meloni wins Italy's elections?|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2022/08/26/what-happens-if-right-wing-giorgia-meloni-wins-italys-elections/|access-date=21 September 2022|website=Brookings|archive-date=18 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918212058/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2022/08/26/what-happens-if-right-wing-giorgia-meloni-wins-italys-elections/|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview to the French newscast {{lang|fr|[[Soir 3]]}} when she was 19,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Branchereau|first1=Gael|last2=Ritchie|first2=Alice|date=26 September 2022|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/italys-giorgia-meloni-from-teen-activist-who-praised-mussolini-to-brink-of-power|title=Italy's Giorgia Meloni: From teen activist who praised Mussolini to brink of power|work=[[Times of Israel]]|access-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927174044/https://www.timesofisrael.com/italys-giorgia-meloni-from-teen-activist-who-praised-mussolini-to-brink-of-power/|archive-date=27 September 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> she praised Italian dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] as "a good politician, in that everything he did, he did for Italy",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuoXr-zjqas&t=45s|title=1996 : Giorgia Meloni "Mussolini était un bon politicien"|website=[[YouTube]] |date=23 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Squires|first=Nick|date=19 June 2021|title=Giorgia Meloni: heiress to Italy's fascists to become the country's first female leader|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/06/19/giorgia-meloni-far-right-fatty-could-become-italys-first-female/|access-date=28 September 2022|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926135648/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/06/19/giorgia-meloni-far-right-fatty-could-become-italys-first-female/|url-status=live}} Updated 26 September 2022</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 September 2022|title=Meloni: Italy's far-right 'Christian mother' on brink of power|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/people-and-entertainment/20220921-meloni-italy-s-far-right-christian-mother-on-brink-of-power|access-date=21 September 2022|website=[[Radio France Internationale]]|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105131/https://www.rfi.fr/en/people-and-entertainment/20220921-meloni-italy-s-far-right-christian-mother-on-brink-of-power|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Serhan|first=Yasmeen|date=22 September 2022|title=Italy Is Getting Its First Female Leader—A Polished Far-Right Firebrand|url=https://time.com/6215723/italy-election-giorgia-meloni-far-right/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=28 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927132810/https://time.com/6215723/italy-election-giorgia-meloni-far-right/|url-status=live}}</ref> and as the best politician of the last 50 years.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2022|title=Meloni a 19 anni: 'Mussolini? Un buon politico'. Il video fa il giro della rete|url=https://www.dire.it/17-08-2022/777018-video-meloni-19-anni-mussolini-buon-politico/|trans-title=Melons at 19: 'Mussolini? A good politician'. The video goes viral|access-date=21 September 2022|website=Dire|language=it|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829004704/https://www.dire.it/17-08-2022/777018-video-meloni-19-anni-mussolini-buon-politico/|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2020, there was some controversy after Meloni and the {{lang|it|[[comune]]}} ('municipality') of Verona supported naming a street after [[Giorgio Almirante]]; Meloni and the {{lang|it|comune}} also supported giving [[Liliana Segre]], a [[Holocaust survivor]] and [[senator for life]], honorary citizenship. Segre said that she and Almirante are incompatible and the ''comune'' had to make a choice.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2020/01/21/news/verona_ricorso_al_prefetto_contro_l_intitolazione_di_una_strada_ad_almirante_decisa_dal_comune_di_destra-246284539/|url-status=live|title=Verona, un caso la strada ad Almirante. Liliana Segre: 'Io e lui siamo incompatibili, il Comune faccia una scelta'|trans-title=Verona, a controversy on naming street after Almirante. Liliana Segre: 'Him and I aren't compatible, the Comune should make a choice'|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it|date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510201123/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2020/01/21/news/verona_ricorso_al_prefetto_contro_l_intitolazione_di_una_strada_ad_almirante_decisa_dal_comune_di_destra-246284539/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/meloni-si-alla-strada-per-almirante-meriti-riconosciuti_5w4rsRFmGp8RhM0nDD84mS|url-status=live|title=Verona, un caso la strada ad Almirante. Liliana Segre: 'Io e lui siamo incompatibili, il Comune faccia una scelta'|trans-title=Meloni: 'Yes to the street named after Almirante, recognized merits'|work=[[Adnkronos]]|language=it|date=22 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133227/https://www.adnkronos.com/meloni-si-alla-strada-per-almirante-meriti-riconosciuti_5w4rsRFmGp8RhM0nDD84mS|archive-date=8 March 2021|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> In May 2020, Meloni praised Almirante as a "great politician", as well as "a patriot".<ref>{{cite news|last=Mari|first=Laura|date=22 May 2020|title=Anniversario morte di Almirante, Meloni: 'Grande politico e patriota'. Sui social è rivolta|trans-title=Almirante's death anniversary, Meloni: 'Great politician and patriot'. On social media there is a revolt|language=it|work=[[La Repubblica]]|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2020/05/22/news/anniversario_morte_di_almirante_meloni_grande_politico_e_patriota_sui_social_e_rivolta_firmo_le_leggi_razziali_-257375545/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811074106/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2020/05/22/news/anniversario_morte_di_almirante_meloni_grande_politico_e_patriota_sui_social_e_rivolta_firmo_le_leggi_razziali_-257375545/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=22 May 2020|title=Giorgia Meloni ricorda Almirante: 'Politico e patriota stimato anche dai suoi avversari'. Polemica sui social|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni remembers Almirante: 'Politician and patriot also esteemed by his opponents'. Controversy on social media|language=it|work=Open|url=https://www.open.online/2020/05/22/giorgia-meloni-ricorda-almirante-politico-e-patriota-stimato-anche-dai-suoi-avversari-polemica-sui-social/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105133/https://www.open.online/2020/05/22/giorgia-meloni-ricorda-almirante-politico-e-patriota-stimato-anche-dai-suoi-avversari-polemica-sui-social/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hamadi|first=Shady|date=23 May 2020|title=Giorgia Meloni elogia Almirante come patriota: Le servirebbe un ripasso di storia|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni praises Almirante as a patriot: She needs a review of history|language=it|work=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]]|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/05/23/giorgia-meloni-elogia-almirante-come-patriota-le-servirebbe-un-ripasso-di-storia/5811216/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522133723/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/05/23/giorgia-meloni-elogia-almirante-come-patriota-le-servirebbe-un-ripasso-di-storia/5811216/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the co-founder of the [[Italian Social Movement]] (MSI), who had a long post-war political career until retiring in 1987. During [[World War II]], he was a [[wartime collaborator]] as a civil minister of the [[Italian Social Republic]] (RSI), a Nazi [[puppet state]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Ventura|first=Sofia|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/rom/19408.pdf|url-status=live|title=Giorgia Meloni e Fratelli d'Italia. Un partito personalizzato tra destra estrema e destra radicale|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni and Brothers of Italy. A personalized party between the far right and the radical right|publisher=[[Friedrich Ebert Stiftung]]|language=it|page=2|date=July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726154307/https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/rom/19408.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2022|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> as well as editor-in-chief of the antisemitic and racist magazine {{lang|it|[[La Difesa della Razza]]}}, which published the "[[Manifesto of Race]]" in 1938.<ref name="Carlo 2022" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2020/01/22/storia-giorgio-almirante/|url-status=live|title=Chi era Giorgio Almirante|trans-title=Who was Giorgio Almirante|website=[[Il Post]]|language=it|date=22 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417163825/https://www.ilpost.it/2020/01/22/storia-giorgio-almirante/|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=22 May 2020|title=Giorgia Meloni ricorda il 'patriota' Almirante, bufera sul web: 'Collaborò coi nazisti e fu firmatario delle leggi razziali'|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni remembers the 'patriot' Almirante, storm on the web: 'He collaborated with the Nazis and was a signatory of the racial laws'|language=it|work=[[Il Riformista]]|url=https://www.ilriformista.it/giorgia-meloni-ricorda-il-patriota-almirante-bufera-sul-web-collaboro-coi-nazisti-e-fu-firmatario-delle-leggi-razziali-103109/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213081957/https://www.ilriformista.it/giorgia-meloni-ricorda-il-patriota-almirante-bufera-sul-web-collaboro-coi-nazisti-e-fu-firmatario-delle-leggi-razziali-103109/|url-status=live}}</ref> As a minister in 2009, Meloni visited [[Yad Vashem]] in Israel,<ref name="Sergi 2022"/> and she has also said as FdI party leader that her party "handed fascism over to history for decades now" and it "unambiguously condemns the suppression of democracy and the ignominious [[Italian racial laws|anti-Jewish laws]]".<ref name="Pietromarchi 2022"/>

In November 2018, Meloni declared that the celebration of the [[Liberation Day (Italy)|Liberation Day]], also known as the Anniversary of Italy's Liberation from Nazi-Fascism on 25 April, and {{lang|it|[[Festa della Repubblica]]}}, which celebrates the birth of the Italian Republic on 2 June, should be substituted with the [[National Unity and Armed Forces Day]] on 4 November, which commemorates Italy's victory in [[World War I]]. She said that Liberation Day and {{lang|it|Festa della Repubblica}} are "two controversial celebrations".<ref>{{cite news|last=Rubino|first=Monica|date=November 2018|title='Il 25 aprile è divisivo, il 4 novembre torni festa nazionale': Meloni lancia l'offensiva patriottica di Fdi|trans-title='April 25 is divisive, November 4 returns a national holiday': Meloni launches Fdi's patriotic offensive|language=it|work=[[La Repubblica]]|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/11/01/news/meloni_festa_4_novembre_fdi-210531022/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805141408/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/11/01/news/meloni_festa_4_novembre_fdi-210531022/|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni has tried to distance herself from her ties to Roberto Jonghi Lavarini, a Milanese politician and entrepreneur known as the "Black Baron".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Di Giuseppe|first=Lisa|title=Meloni prova a prendere le distanze dalla lobby nera, Jonghi Lavarini dimostra che a Milano era con lui|trans-title=Meloni tries to distance himself from the black lobby, Jonghi Lavarini proves that he was with him in Milan|url=https://www.editorialedomani.it/politica/italia/meloni-prova-a-prendere-le-distanze-dalla-lobby-nera-jonghi-lavarini-dimostra-che-a-milano-era-con-lui-ylmcu7zn|access-date=4 September 2022|website=Editoriale Domani|language=it|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904053521/https://www.editorialedomani.it/politica/italia/meloni-prova-a-prendere-le-distanze-dalla-lobby-nera-jonghi-lavarini-dimostra-che-a-milano-era-con-lui-ylmcu7zn|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Giorgia Meloni 2014.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Meloni with the tricolour flame in the background, 2014]]
After the formation of FdI in 2012, she decided to add the tricolour flame to the party flag, a [[neo-fascist]] symbol associated with the MSI, which derived its name and ideals from the RSI.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 April 2017|title=La fiamma, dal disegno di Almirante al nuovo logo di Fratelli d'Italia|trans-title=The flame, from Almirante's design to the new Fratelli d'Italia logo|language=it|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/cards/fiamma-disegno-almirante-nuovo-logo-fratelli-d-italia/scelta-rauti.shtml|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810210041/https://www.corriere.it/politica/cards/fiamma-disegno-almirante-nuovo-logo-fratelli-d-italia/scelta-rauti.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The tricolour flame is said to represent Mussolini's remains, where a flame is always burning on his tomb in [[Predappio]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Curridori|first=Francesco|date=15 October 2021|title=Vogliono spegnere la fiamma tricolore|trans-title=They want to put out the tricolour flame|language=it|work=[[Il Giornale]]|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/vogliono-spegnere-fiamma-tricolore-1982324.html|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805154337/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/vogliono-spegnere-fiamma-tricolore-1982324.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Heading into the 2022 general election, Segre told ''Pagine Ebraiche'' that Meloni should remove the tricolour flame from the party's logo. FdI's co-founder [[Ignazio La Russa]] rejected this view,<ref name="Segre 12 August"/> and Meloni ignored the request, keeping the tricolour flame.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/08/13/elezioni-finora-depositati-70-simboli-meloni-tiene-la-fiamma-in-quello-di-fdi-conte-va-personalmente-al-viminale/6762128/|title=Elezioni, finora depositati 70 simboli. Meloni tiene la fiamma in quello di Fdi, Conte va personalmente al Viminale|trans-title=Elections, 70 symbols deposited so far. Meloni holds the flame in that of Fdi, Conte personally goes to the Viminale|work=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]]|language=it|date=13 August 2022|access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref>

Observers, including historians [[Ruth Ben-Ghiat]], David Broder, and [[Laurence Bertrand Dorléac]],<ref name="Broder 2022">{{cite news|last=Broder|first=David|date=22 July 2022|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/22/opinion/italy-draghi-meloni-government.html|title=The Future Is Italy, and It's Bleak|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814193338/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/22/opinion/italy-draghi-meloni-government.html|archive-date=14 August 2022|access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cheles|first=Luciano|title='Giorgia Meloni's cleverly constructed image helps make her radical ideas more digestible'|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/09/24/giorgia-meloni-s-cleverly-constructed-image-helps-make-her-radical-ideas-more-digestible_5998098_4.html|access-date=28 September 2022|work=[[Le Monde]]|date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924201126/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/09/24/giorgia-meloni-s-cleverly-constructed-image-helps-make-her-radical-ideas-more-digestible_5998098_4.html|archive-date=24 September 2022|url-status=live}} Updated 27 September 2022</ref> said that Meloni and FdI have been ambiguous about their fascist past,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bruno|first1=Valerio Alfonso|last2=Downes|first2=James F.|last3=Scopelliti|first3=Alessio|date=12 November 2021|url=https://culturico.com/2021/11/12/post-fascism-in-italy-so-why-this-flame-mrs-giorgia-meloni/|url-status=live|title=Post-Fascism in Italy: 'So Why This Flame Mrs. Giorgia Meloni'|website=Cultorico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924090619/https://culturico.com/2021/11/12/post-fascism-in-italy-so-why-this-flame-mrs-giorgia-meloni/|archive-date=24 September 2022|access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> at times rejecting it and at other times minimising it, and that this has helped to rebrand both herself and her party.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lawler|first=Dave|title=Europe's nationalists rebrand, and win|url=https://www.axios.com/2022/09/26/europe-far-right-parties-rebrand-giorgia-meloni|access-date=30 September 2022|website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926235601/https://www.axios.com/2022/09/26/europe-far-right-parties-rebrand-giorgia-meloni|archive-date=26 September 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Responding to the 2021 ''[[Fanpage.it]]'' report, she minimised the investigation and refused to remove openly neo-fascist members of FdI.<ref>{{cite web|last=Artiaco|first=Ida|date=18 December 2021|title=Meloni sull'inchiesta Lobby Nera di Fanpage: 'Non caccio i dirigenti Fdi per un aperitivo sbagliato'|trans-title=Meloni on Fanpage's Black Lobby investigation: 'I'm not chasing Fdi executives for a wrong aperitif'|url=https://www.fanpage.it/politica/meloni-sullinchiesta-lobby-nera-di-fanpage-non-caccio-i-dirigenti-fdi-per-un-aperitivo-sbagliato/|access-date=14 August 2022|website=[[Fanpage.it]]|language=it|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813073306/https://www.fanpage.it/politica/meloni-sullinchiesta-lobby-nera-di-fanpage-non-caccio-i-dirigenti-fdi-per-un-aperitivo-sbagliato/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2021, FdI's Alfredo Catapano and Luigi Rispoli were among former MSI members who did a [[Roman salute]], which was condemned by the [[ANPI]]. Rispoli told ''Fanpage.it'': "I believe in the [[New Right]] and in the efforts Giorgia Meloni is making in Brothers of Italy. It makes me wonder, frankly, this clamour."<ref>{{cite news|date=31 December 2021|title=Napoli, 'dirigenti e militanti di Fratelli d'Italia in posa mentre fanno il saluto romano'. L'Anpi condanna: 'Offesa grave per la città'|trans-title=Naples, 'Brothers of Italy leaders and militants posing while making the Roman salute'. The Anpi condemns: 'Serious offense for the city'|language=it|work=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]]|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2021/12/31/napoli-dirigenti-e-militanti-di-fratelli-ditalia-in-posa-mentre-fanno-il-saluto-romano/6442006/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813073304/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2021/12/31/napoli-dirigenti-e-militanti-di-fratelli-ditalia-in-posa-mentre-fanno-il-saluto-romano/6442006/|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly before the 2022 general election, she sacked a member that openly praised [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref name="BBC 2022" /> FdI had also distanced itself from the [[Ascoli Piceno]] party section after it celebrated the anniversary of the [[March on Rome]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last=Berizzi|first=Paolo|date=29 October 2019|title=Neofascismo, ad Ascoli Piceno Fratelli d'Italia celebra la marcia su Roma con una cena-evento|trans-title=Neofascism, in Ascoli Piceno Fratelli d'Italia celebrates the march on Rome with a dinner-event|language=it|work=[[La Repubblica]]|url=https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2019/10/29/news/ascoli_piceno_fratelli_d_italia_celebra_la_marcia_su_roma_con_una_cena-evento-239804927/|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812080219/https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2019/10/29/news/ascoli_piceno_fratelli_d_italia_celebra_la_marcia_su_roma_con_una_cena-evento-239804927/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 25 October 2022, on the occasion of the vote of confidence of the Parliament at the government, Meloni in her speech before the deputies said: "Freedom and democracy are the distinctive elements of contemporary European civilisation in which I have always recognised myself. And therefore, despite the instrumental argument of my opponents, I have never had sympathy for undemocratic regimes. For any regime, including fascism. Exactly as I have always considered the racial laws of 1938 the lowest point in Italian history, a shame that will mark our people forever."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meloni alla Camera, cosa ha detto su fascismo e leggi razziali - Video - Adnkronos.com|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/meloni-alla-camera-cosa-ha-detto-su-fascismo-e-leggi-razziali-video_4L7jRRKu0uT3sCyos6yr9C/amp.html|access-date=10 November 2022|website=www.adnkronos.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Morosi|first=Silvia|date=25 October 2022|title=Leggi razziali, totalitarismi e violenza politica: così la premier condanna gli orrori del passato|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/22_ottobre_25/fascismo-leggi-razziali-totalitarismi-violenza-politica-storia-parole-meloni-camera-428c62d8-5453-11ed-a58a-ad027d5a5146.shtml|access-date=10 November 2022|website=Corriere della Sera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2022|title=Meloni: 'Mai provato simpatie per i regimi, fascismo compreso'. Poi ancora: 'Non limiteremo mai i diritti esistenti' – IL DISCORSO – Politica|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2022/10/25/meloni-mai-provato-simpatie-per-regimi-fascismo-compreso_f5cb19d4-f9e1-4db9-a6fb-3fcaddfe53ef.html|access-date=10 November 2022|website=Agenzia ANSA|language=it}}</ref>

In July 2024, Meloni was awarded damages in a defamation lawsuit against journalist Giulia Cortese, who in October 2021 had posted a photo of Meloni on Twitter, now X, which was altered to show with Mussolini in the background. Cortese later mocked Meloni's height, stating, "You don't scare me, Giorgia Meloni. After all, you're only 1.2 metres (4 ft) tall. I can't even see you."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |date=18 July 2024 |title=Italian journalist ordered to pay €5,000 damages over Giorgia Meloni height jibe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/18/italian-journalist-ordered-pay-damages-mocking-giorgia-meloni-height |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Cortese was not charged for posting the photo comparing Meloni to Mussolini, but was fined for comments about Meloni's height that were deemed "body shaming".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2024 |title=Italian journalist fined €5K for mocking PM Meloni's height |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/journalist-italy-giorgia-meloni-fine-milan-court-ruling-defamatory-twitter-social-media-statement/ |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref> Cortese criticised the judgment in a post on X, stating, "Italy's government has a serious problem with freedom of expression and journalistic dissent."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giorgia Meloni: Journalist told to pay damages for mocking Italian PM's height |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cnk41nnl125o |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=www.bbc.com |date=18 July 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Giorgia Meloni celebrates birthday in Tokyo 01.jpg|thumb|Meloni receives a [[birthday cake]] for her forty-ninth birthday, during her official visit to Japan in January 2026.]]
In 2015, Meloni began a relationship with [[Andrea Giambruno]], a journalist working for [[Mediaset]] TV channels.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kington|first1=Tom|last2=Willan|first2=Philip|date=20 October 2023|title=Giorgia Meloni separates from partner after threesome comment|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/giorgia-meloni-partner-andrea-giambruno-k8mw7c0cp|work=[[The Times]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231020182745/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/giorgia-meloni-partner-andrea-giambruno-k8mw7c0cp|archive-date=20 October 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple have a daughter born in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/16_settembre_16/ginevra-sorellina-d-italia-nata-bambina-giorgia-meloni-d57e9734-7c30-11e6-a2aa-53284309e943.shtml|title=Ginevra, 'sorellina d'Italia': è nata la bambina di Giorgia Meloni|trans-title=Geneva, 'little sister of Italy': Giorgia Meloni's baby girl was born|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|language=it|date=16 September 2016|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325005517/http://www.corriere.it/politica/16_settembre_16/ginevra-sorellina-d-italia-nata-bambina-giorgia-meloni-d57e9734-7c30-11e6-a2aa-53284309e943.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 August 2022|title=A destra vogliono una famiglia tradizionale. Ma non per loro|trans-title=On the right they want a traditional family. But not for them|url=https://www.repubblica.it/commenti/2022/08/30/news/famiglia_tradizionale_destra_modello-363518463/|access-date=5 September 2022|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=it|archive-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905074053/https://www.repubblica.it/commenti/2022/08/30/news/famiglia_tradizionale_destra_modello-363518463/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 October 2023, she announced her split with Giambruno, following his off-air statements transmitted by the television program ''[[Striscia la notizia]]'' that were described as "sexist" and "chauvinist", which included propositioning a female colleague for a [[threesome]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/20/italian-pm-giorgia-meloni-splits-from-partner-after-his-sexist-comments Italian PM Giorgia Meloni splits from partner after his sexist comments]. The Guardian</ref><ref>[https://www.quotidiano.net/cronaca/giambruno-striscia-la-notizia-fuorionda-710a5f78 I fuorionda di Giambruno: frasi e battute sessiste]. Quotidiano Nazionale</ref><ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/10/20/news/meloni_giambruno_si_sono_lasciati_striscia-418285887/ Meloni: "La mia relazione con Andrea Giambruno finisce qui"]. la Repubblica</ref> Meloni added that "all those who hoped to weaken [her] by attacking [her] personal life should know that however much the drop of water tries to dig out the stone, the stone remains stone and the drop is only water".<ref>[https://www.open.online/2023/10/20/giorgia-meloni-andrea-giambruno-fine-relazione-instagram/ Giorgia Meloni annuncia la fine della relazione con Andrea Giambruno su Instagram]. Open</ref> She defended herself not being married to her child's father.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/politics-a-family-affair-for-italys-far-right-leader-giorgia-meloni/articleshow/94505791.cms|url-status=live|title=Politics a family affair for Italy's far-right leader Giorgia Meloni|work=[[France 24]]|publisher=[[Agence France-Press]]|date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006023437/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220928-politics-a-family-affair-for-italy-s-far-right-leader-giorgia-meloni|archive-date=6 October 2022|access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref>

Meloni is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and has used her religious identity in part to help build her national brand. In a 2019 speech to a rally in Rome, she said: "I am Giorgia. I am a woman, I am a mother, I am Italian, I am Christian."<ref name="Pietromarchi 2022"/><ref>{{cite news|date=10 August 2022|title='Woman, mother, Christian' guides Italian far-right to brink of power|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/woman-mother-christian-guides-italian-far-right-to-brink-of-power/|work=[[Euractiv]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=20 September 2022|archive-date=22 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822125300/https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/woman-mother-christian-guides-italian-far-right-to-brink-of-power/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 September 2022|title=Meloni, Salvini, Berlusconi: The key figures in Italy's likely new government|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20220926/meloni-salvini-berlusconi-the-key-figures-in-italys-likely-new-government/|work=[[The Local]]|access-date=20 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927133922/https://www.thelocal.it/20220926/meloni-salvini-berlusconi-the-key-figures-in-italys-likely-new-government/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2022, Meloni reportedly continued to embrace the trinomial "''[[:it:Dio, patria, famiglia|Dio, patria, famiglia]]''" ('God, fatherland, family').<ref>{{cite news|last=Giuffrida|first=Angela|date=17 September 2022|title=God, family, fatherland - how Giorgia Meloni has taken Italy's far right to the brink of power|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/17/giorgia-meloni-brothers-of-italy-leader-far-right-elections-alliance-|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919113102/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/17/giorgia-meloni-brothers-of-italy-leader-far-right-elections-alliance-|archive-date=19 September 2022|access-date=21 September 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> She has said she resents being linked to Italy's fascist past.

In addition to her native Italian, Meloni speaks English, Spanish, and French.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kington|first=Tom|date=21 September 2022|title=My win can help Spanish right triumph, says Giorgia Meloni|newspaper=[[The Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/giorgia-meloni-accused-of-promoting-fascists-across-europe-bshv902nv|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930100433/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/giorgia-meloni-accused-of-promoting-fascists-across-europe-bshv902nv|archive-date=30 September 2022|access-date=3 November 2022|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

Meloni is a fan of fantasy, particularly [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. As a youth activist with the [[Italian Social Movement]] (MSI), she attended the 1993 revival of the [[:it:Campi Hobbit#I successivi Campi Hobbit|Camp Hobbit]] festival ("Hobbit 93") and sang along with the folk band [[:it:Compagnia dell'Anello (gruppo musicale)|Compagnia dell'Anello]], named after ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' (1954).<ref name=Seibt2022>{{cite news |last1=Seibt |first1=Sebastian |title=Inspired by Tolkien, Meloni is on a quest for Italy's 'ring of power' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220925-inspired-by-tolkien-meloni-is-on-a-quest-for-italy-s-ring-of-power |access-date=27 September 2022|website=[[France 24]]|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926191117/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220925-inspired-by-tolkien-meloni-is-on-a-quest-for-italy-s-ring-of-power |url-status=live |language=en |quote=The [Hobbit] camps ended in 1981, when Meloni was just 4 years old. Just over a decade later, however, she attended a revival of the festivals, dubbed "Hobbit 93", in Rome. There she sang along with the far-right band Compagnia dell'Anello (Fellowship of the Ring), whose song "Tomorrow Belongs to Us" was an anthem of MSI's youth wing.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Guerrin|first=Michel|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2022/09/30/pour-giorgia-meloni-le-seigneur-des-anneaux-n-est-pas-juste-un-roman-adore-mais-un-programme_6143778_3232.html|title='Pour Giorgia Meloni, 'Le Seigneur des anneaux' n'est pas juste un roman adoré mais un programme'|trans-title=For Giorgia Meloni, 'The Lord of the Rings' is not just a beloved novel but a programme|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=fr|date=30 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930130725/https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2022/09/30/pour-giorgia-meloni-le-seigneur-des-anneaux-n-est-pas-juste-un-roman-adore-mais-un-programme_6143778_3232.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, she named her political conference [[Atreyu (The Neverending Story)|Atreyu]], after the hero of the novel ''[[The Neverending Story]]'' (1979).<ref>{{cite news|last=Horowitz|first=Jason|date=21 September 2022|title=Hobbits and the Hard Right: How Fantasy Inspires Italy's Potential New Leader|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/21/world/europe/giorgia-meloni-lord-of-the-rings.html|access-date=22 September 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922070006/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/21/world/europe/giorgia-meloni-lord-of-the-rings.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Meloni told ''[[The New York Times]]'': "I think that Tolkien could say better than we can what conservatives believe in."<ref name=Seibt2022/> In November 2023, Meloni inaugurated a major exhibition on J. R. R. Tolkien at the National Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art in Rome to mark the 50th anniversary of the author's death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/11/15/giorgia-meloni-confesses-love-of-hobbits-at-jrr-tolkien/|title=Giorgia Meloni discusses love of JRR Tolkien at Rome exhibition|website=The Telegraph|date=16 November 2023|access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref> Apart from Tolkien, she is fond of British conservative philosopher [[Roger Scruton]] and has said: "If I were British I would be a [[Tory]]."<ref>{{cite news|last=Farrell|first=Nicholas|date=27 September 2022|title=It is absurd to call Giorgia Meloni 'far-Right'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/09/27/absurd-call-giorgia-meloni-far-right/|access-date=20 October 2022|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015195828/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/09/27/absurd-call-giorgia-meloni-far-right/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Honours and recognition ==
''[[Forbes]]'' ranked Meloni as the seventh [[Forbes list of the World's 100 Most Powerful Women|most powerful woman in the world]] in 2022<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 December 2022|title=Ursula von der Leyen, Giorgia Meloni, Rihanna: chi sono le 100 donne più potenti del mondo|language=it-IT|trans-title=Ursula von der Leyen, Giorgia Meloni, Rihanna: who are the 100 most powerful women in the world|work=[[Forbes]] Italia|url=https://forbes.it/2022/12/06/classifica-100-donne-piu-potenti-del-mondo/|access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> and placed her third in 2023 and 2024.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/|title=The World's Most Powerful Women 2023 |website=Forbes|date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205122317/https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/|archive-date=5 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes World's Most Powerful Women - Ranked 2024 List |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/ |access-date= |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In 2024 she was named one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]] by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2024/04/17/news/time_meloni_tra_le_100_personalita_piu_influenti_del_pianeta-14233334/|title=Per la rivista Time, Meloni tra le 100 personalità più influenti del pianeta|trans-title=For Time magazine, Meloni among the 100 most influential personalities on the planet|date=17 April 2024|work=[[La Stampa]]|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/6964998/giorgia-meloni/|title=Time 100: Giorgia Meloni|date=17 April 2024|last=Serhan|first=Yasmeen|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> That same year, Meloni also received the [[Atlantic Council]]'s [[Global Citizen Awards|Global Citizen Award]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ewing |first1=Jack |last2=Bubola |first2=Emma |date=23 September 2024 |title=Elon Musk Hails Italy's Leader at Awards Ceremony |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/23/business/elon-musk-giorgia-meloni.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Atlantic Council Global Citizen Awards to honor two European government leaders, an African president, and a South Korean entertainment pioneer |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/news/press-releases/atlantic-council-global-citizen-awards-to-honor-two-european-government-leaders-an-african-president-and-a-south-korean-entertainment-pioneer/ |website=Atlantic Council |access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref> ''[[Politico Europe]]'' ranked her as Europe's Most Powerful Person in their Class of 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ranking the most influential people in Europe: Class of 2025 |url=https://www.politico.eu/politico-28-class-of-2025/ |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=Politico Europe}}</ref>

=== Foreign honours ===
* {{flag|Finland}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Rose of Finland]] (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2023|title=Vuonna 2023 ulkomaalaisille annetut kunniamerkit – Utmärkelsetecken förlänade åt utlänningar 2023|url=https://ritarikunnat.fi/ritarikunnat/annetut-kunniamerkit/vuonna-2023-annetut-kunniamerkit-forlanade-utmarkelsetecken-2023/vuonna-2023-ulkomaalaisille-annetut-kunniamerkit-utmarkelsetecken-forlanade-at-utlanningar-2023/|access-date=28 April 2024|website=Ritarikunnat|language=fi}}</ref>
* {{flag|Spain}}: Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]] (2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-25837|title=Real Decreto 1264/2024, de 10 de diciembre, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a determinadas personalidades de la República Italiana.|date=10 December 2024|access-date=12 December 2024|lang=es}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ukraine}}: Member of the [[Order of Liberty (Ukraine)|Order of Liberty]] (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Volodymyr Zelensky awarded Giorgia Meloni the Order of Freedom |url=https://odessa-journal.com/volodymyr-zelensky-awarded-george-meloni-the-order-of-freedom |website=The Odessa Journal |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
Meloni has been a member of Parliament since 2006, being most recently re-elected in 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=Giorgia Meloni fa la storia: è la prima donna alla presidenza del Consiglio|trans-title=Giorgia Meloni makes history: she's the first female prime minister|agency=IPA|work=TGcom24|date=21 October 2022|access-date=27 October 2022|url=https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/politica/giorgia-meloni-fa-la-storia-e-la-prima-donna-alla-presidenza-del-consiglio_56328345-202202k.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021164602/http://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/politica/giorgia-meloni-fa-la-storia-e-la-prima-donna-alla-presidenza-del-consiglio_56328345-202202k.shtml|archive-date=21 October 2022|language=it}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="width:55%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
|-
! width="12%"|Election
! width="25%"|House
! width="25%"|Constituency
! width="5%" colspan="2"|Party
! width="12%"|Votes
! width="12%"|Result
|-
! [[2006 Italian general election|2006]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[Lazio 1 (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Lazio 1]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|National Alliance (Italy)}}"|
|[[National Alliance (Italy)|AN]]
|–{{efn|name=fn1|She was elected in a [[closed list]] proportional representation system}}
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[2008 Italian general election|2008]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[Lazio 2 (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Lazio 2]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|The People of Freedom}}"|
|[[The People of Freedom|PdL]]
|–{{efn|name=fn1}}
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[2013 Italian general election|2013]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[Lombardy 3 (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Lombardy 3]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Brothers of Italy}}"|
|[[Brothers of Italy|FdI]]
|–{{efn|name=fn1}}
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[2014 European Parliament election in Italy|2014]]
|[[European Parliament]]
|[[Central Italy (European Parliament constituency)|Central Italy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Brothers of Italy}}"|
|[[Brothers of Italy|FdI]]
|99,143
|{{nowrap|{{cross|15}} '''Not elected'''}}
|-
! [[2018 Italian general election|2018]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[Lazio 2 (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Lazio 2]] – [[Latina, Lazio|Latina]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Brothers of Italy}}"|
|[[Brothers of Italy|FdI]]
|70,268
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[2019 European Parliament election in Italy|2019]]
|[[European Parliament]]
|[[Central Italy (European Parliament constituency)|Central Italy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Brothers of Italy}}"|
|[[Brothers of Italy|FdI]]
|130,159
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''{{efn|name=EP|Meloni renounced her seat to remain a member of the Chamber of Deputies}}
|-
! [[2022 Italian general election|2022]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[Abruzzo (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Abruzzo]] – [[L'Aquila]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Brothers of Italy}}"|
|[[Brothers of Italy|FdI]]
|104,823
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[2024 European Parliament election in Italy|2024]]
|[[European Parliament]]
|[[Central Italy (European Parliament constituency)|Central Italy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Brothers of Italy}}"|
|[[Brothers of Italy|FdI]]
|611,847
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''{{efn|name=EP}}
|}
{{notelist}}

=== First-past-the-post elections ===
Meloni won [[first-past-the-post]] elections for a parliamentary seat in both 2018 and 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=04/03/2018&tpa=I&tpe=L&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=16&levsut1=1&lev2=2&levsut2=2&levsut3=3&ne1=16&ne2=162&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=S&ms=S&ne3=1624&lev3=4|url-status=live|title=Elezioni Camera 4 marzo 2018 – Collegio di Latina|trans-title=4 March 2018 elections to the Chamber – Constituency of Latina|website=Eligendo Archivio|publisher=[[Italian Ministry of the Interior]]|language=it|date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108225246/https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=4|archive-date=8 January 2022|access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=25 September 2022|title=Elezioni 2022: Dettaglio scrutini|trans-title=2022 elections: Ballot details|access-date=27 October 2022|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/elezioni/politiche_2022/elezioni_dati.shtml?t=4&s=u&regione=abruzzo&x1=2_CU_ABRUZZO_-_U03.xml|url-status=live|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002030125/http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/elezioni/politiche_2022/elezioni_dati.shtml?t=4&s=u&regione=abruzzo&x1=2_CU_ABRUZZO_-_U03.xml|archive-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
|-
! colspan="5"|[[2018 Italian general election|2018 general election]] ([[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|C]]): [[Latina, Lazio|Latina]]
|-
! colspan="2"|Candidate
! Coalition
! Votes
! %
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Centre-right coalition (Italy)}}"|
|align="left"|'''Giorgia Meloni'''
|align="left"|[[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|Centre-right coalition]]
|70,268
|41.0
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Five Star Movement}}"|
|align="left"|Leone Martellucci
|align="left"|[[Five Star Movement]]
|62,563
|36.5
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Centre-left coalition (Italy)}}"|
|align="left"|Federico Fauttilli
|align="left"|[[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|Centre-left coalition]]
|26,293
|15.3
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Other}}"|
|align="left" colspan="2"|Others
|12,269
|7.2
|-
|align="left" colspan="3"|'''Total'''
|'''171,393'''
|'''100.0'''
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
|-
! colspan="5"|[[2022 Italian general election|2022 general election]] ([[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|C]]): [[L'Aquila]]
|-
! colspan="2"|Candidate
! Coalition
! Votes
! %
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Centre-right coalition (Italy)}}"|
|align="left"|'''Giorgia Meloni'''
|align="left"|[[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|Centre-right coalition]]
|104,823
|51.5
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Centre-left coalition (Italy)}}"|
|align="left"|Rita Innocenzi
|align="left"|[[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|Centre-left coalition]]
|42,630
|20.9
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Five Star Movement}}"|
|align="left"|Attilio D'Andrea
|align="left"|[[Five Star Movement]]
|33,132
|16.3
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Other}}"|
|align="left" colspan="2"|Others
|22,998
|11.3
|-
|align="left" colspan="3"|'''Total'''
|'''203,583'''
|'''100.0'''
|}

=== Municipal elections ===
Meloni lost the municipal election to become [[mayor of Rome]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rainews.it/archivio-rainews/articoli/Comunali-2016-a-Roma-vince-M5s-Virginia-Raggi-ballottaggio-con-Roberto-Giachetti-terza-giorgia-meloni-quarto-alfio-marchini-dcbec432-8810-42a3-9994-b5fe02deb47f.html|title=Comunali 2016, a Roma Virginia Raggi al ballottaggio con Giachetti. Grillo: "Risultato storico"|trans-title=Comunali 2016, in Rome Virginia Raggi in the ballot with Giachetti. Cricket: "Historic result"|publisher=[[RAI]]|language=it|date=6 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128132204/https://www.rainews.it/archivio-rainews/articoli/Comunali-2016-a-Roma-vince-M5s-Virginia-Raggi-ballottaggio-con-Roberto-Giachetti-terza-giorgia-meloni-quarto-alfio-marchini-dcbec432-8810-42a3-9994-b5fe02deb47f.html|archive-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
|-
! colspan="7"|[[2016 Rome municipal election|2016 municipal election]]: [[Rome]]
|-
! colspan="2"|Candidate
! Coalition
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Five Star Movement}}"|
|align="left"|[[Virginia Raggi]]
|align="left"|[[Five Star Movement]]
|461,190
|35.3
|770,564
|67.2
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Centre-left coalition}}"|
|align="left"|[[Roberto Giachetti]]
|align="left"|[[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|Centre-left coalition]]
|325,835
|24.9
|376,935
|32.8
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Centre-right coalition}}"|
|align="left"|'''Giorgia Meloni'''
|align="left"|[[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|Centre-right coalition]]
|269,760
|20.6
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Other}}"|
|align="left" colspan="2"|Others
|251,160
|19.2
|-
|align="left" colspan="3"|'''Total'''
|'''1,307,945'''
|'''100.0'''
|'''1,147,499'''
|'''100.0'''
|}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last=Meloni|first=Giorgia|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0xphrql-GYC|title=Noi crediamo|trans-title=We Believe|series=Saggi|language=it|editor=Podda, Stefano|location=Milan|publisher=[[:it:Sperling & Kupfer]]|isbn=978-8-8200-4932-4|oclc=898518765|via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book|last1=Meloni|first1=Giorgia|last2=Meluzzi|first2=Alessandro|last3=Mercurio|first3=Valentina|year=2019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEZzwwEACAAJ|title=Mafia nigeriana. Origini, rituali, crimini|trans-title=Nigerian Mafia: Origins, Rituals, Crimes |series=I saggi|language=it|location=Mantova|publisher=Oligo Editore|isbn=978-8-8857-2325-2|access-date=14 August 2022|via=Google Books}}
* {{cite book|last=Meloni|first=Giorgia|year=2021|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHlzzgEACAAJ|title=Io sono Giorgia, le mie radici, le mie idee|trans-title=I Am Giorgia, My Roots, My Ideas |series=Saggi|language=it|location=Rome|publisher=Rizzoli|isbn=978-8-8171-5468-0|via=Google Books}}

== See also ==
* [[2022 Italian general election]]
* {{anl|Brothers of Italy}}
* [[Conservatism in Italy]]
* [[Far-right politics in Italy]]
* [[List of current heads of state and government]]
* [[List of heads of the executive by approval rating]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Italy|Italian prime ministers]]
* {{anl|Meloni government}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Madron |first1=Paolo |last2=Bisignani |first2=Luigi |year=2023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2HyzwEACAAJ|title=I potenti al tempo di Giorgia|trans-title=The Powerful in Giorgia's Time |series=Saggi |language=it |location=Milan |publisher=Chiarelettere |isbn=978-8-8329-6633-6 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Vassallo |first1=Salvatore |last2=Vignati |first2=Rinaldo |title=Brothers of Italy and the Rise of the Italian National Conservative Right under Giorgia Meloni |location=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2024 |isbn=978-3-0315-2188-1}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Müller |first=Jan-Werner |title=No one is further right than me |volume=47 |number=5 |date=20 March 2025 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v47/n05/jan-werner-mueller/no-one-is-further-right-than-me |url-access=limited |magazine=[[London Review of Books]]}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=1|d=yes}}
* {{C-SPAN|137622}}
* {{IMDb name}}

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{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ignazio La Russa]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Brothers of Italy#Leadership|President of]] [[Brothers of Italy]]|years=2014–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jan Zahradil]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[European Conservatives and Reformists Party#Leadership|President of the]] [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party]]|years=2020–2025}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mateusz Morawiecki]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Giovanna Melandri]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Italian Minister for Youth Policies|Minister of Youth]]|years=2008–2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Andrea Riccardi]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mario Draghi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Italy]]|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Fumio Kishida]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[G7|Group of Seven]]|years=2024}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mark Carney]]}}
{{s-prec|italy}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lorenzo Fontana]] {{Small|''as President of the Chamber of Deputies''}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Italian order of precedence|Order of precedence of Italy]] {{Small|''Prime Minister''}}|years=}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Augusto Antonio Barbera]] {{Small|''as President of the Constitutional Court''}}}}
{{s-end}}

{{Giorgia Meloni|state=expanded}}
{{Berlusconi IV Cabinet}}
{{European Council}}
{{Offices of italy}}
{{Current G7 Leaders}}
{{Current G20 Leaders}}
{{Current NATO leaders}}
{{Current heads of government}}
{{Meloni Cabinet}}
{{Prime Ministers of Italy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meloni, Giorgia}}
[[Category:Giorgia Meloni| ]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Italian women politicians]]
[[Category:Italian anti-same-sex-marriage activists]]
[[Category:Brothers of Italy politicians]]
[[Category:Critics of Islamism]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature XV of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature XVI of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature XVII of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature XVIII of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature XIX of Italy]]
[[Category:Female critics of feminism]]
[[Category:Critics of feminism]]
[[Category:Italian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Italian eurosceptics]]
[[Category:Italian nationalists]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Leaders of political parties in Italy]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Meloni Cabinet]]
[[Category:National Alliance (Italy) politicians]]
[[Category:The People of Freedom politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rome]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Italy]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Liberty (Ukraine)]]
[[Category:Right-wing populism in Italy]]
[[Category:Women government ministers of Italy]]
[[Category:Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)]]
[[Category:Women opposition leaders]]
[[Category:Women prime ministers in Europe]]
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[[Category:21st-century women prime ministers]]
[[Category:21st-century heads of government]]

Vivek Wadhwa

2026-03-26T10:55:22Z

LauriTym702628: added details

{{Short description|Indian-American academic}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vivek Wadhwa
| image = Wadhwa, Vivek.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/03/AR2007010301402.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | first=Rachel | last=Konrad | title=Immigrants Behind 25 Percent of Startups | date=4 January 2007}}</ref>
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation =
| alma_mater = [[University of Canberra]] (B.A., 1974) [[New York University Stern School of Business]] (M.B.A., 1986)
}}
'''Vivek Wadhwa''' is an [[Indian-American]] technology [[entrepreneur]] and academic.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://business.time.com/2013/05/01/time-tech-40-the-ten-most-influential-tech-ceos/slide/vivek-wadhwa-singularity-university/ | magazine=Time | title=Time Tech 40: The Most Influential Minds In Tech | date=1 May 2013}}</ref> He is Distinguished Fellow & Adjunct Professor at Carnegie Mellon's School of Engineering at Silicon Valley<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmu.edu/iii/innovators/faculty-staff/wadhwa.html|title=Vivek Wadhwa - Integrated Innovation Institute - Carnegie Mellon University|last=University|first=Carnegie Mellon|website=www.cmu.edu|language=en|access-date=13 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211111821/https://www.cmu.edu/iii/innovators/faculty-staff/wadhwa.html| archive-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> and Distinguished Fellow at the Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lwp.law.harvard.edu/people/vivek-wadhwa|title=Vivek Wadhwa|website=lwp.law.harvard.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-06-05|archive-date=2020-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204032405/https://lwp.law.harvard.edu/people/vivek-wadhwa|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is also author of books ''Your Happiness Was Hacked: Why Tech Is Winning the Battle to Control Your Brain—and How to Fight Back'', ''Driver in the Driverless Car,'' ''Innovating Women: The Changing Face of Technology'',<ref>{{cite news| author =Claire Cain Miller| title =Curtain Is Rising on a Tech Premiere With (as Usual) a Mostly Male Cast| quote =...said Vivek Wadhwa, a fellow at Stanford's Rock Center for Corporate Governance who is writing a book on women in tech.| newspaper =[[The New York Times]]| date = October 4, 2013 | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/05/technology/as-tech-start-ups-surge-ahead-women-seem-to-be-left-behind.html| access-date =February 21, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author =William Alden| title =For a High-Powered Career, It's Finance vs. Tech| newspaper =[[The New York Times]]| date = October 30, 2013| url =https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/10/30/for-a-high-powered-career-its-finance-vs-tech/| access-date =February 21, 2015}}</ref> and ''Immigrant Exodus''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wdp.wharton.upenn.edu/book/the-immigrant-exodus/|title=The Immigrant Exodus: Why America Is Losing the Global Race to Capture Entrepreneurial Talent by Vivek Wadhwa|website=Wharton Digital Press|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Wadhwa was born in Delhi, India. He graduated from the [[University of Canberra]] in 1974 with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in Computing Studies, and from [[New York University]] in 1986 with an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wadhwa.com/bio/ |title=Bio – Vivek Wadhwa |access-date=2015-02-13 |archive-date=2015-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095038/http://wadhwa.com/bio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
At [[Credit Suisse First Boston]], Wadhwa led the development of a [[computer-aided software engineering|computer-aided software engineering (CASE)]] tool to develop [[client-server model]] software. First Boston spent $150 million on these development efforts. The CASE technology was spun off by First Boston into Seer Technologies in 1990 with an investment of $20 million by [[IBM]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Srikumar S. |last=Rao |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2000/1113/6613336a.html |title=Cracking The Code |work=Forbes.com |date= 2000-11-13|access-date=2012-11-02}}</ref> At Seer, Wadhwa was executive VP and chief technology officer. Seer developed tools to build client-server systems.<ref>{{cite news |
url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SMG/is_n12_v13/ai_14191539/ |
title=Seer Technologies, Inc - Field Report: Companies on the Move |
date=August 1993 |
publisher=Software Magazine |
last=Bucken |first=Mike}}</ref> Seer Technologies filed for an [[Initial public offering|IPO]] in May 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/SEER+TECHNOLOGIES+FILES+FOR+INITIAL+PUBLIC+OFFERING.-a016934124 |title=Seer Technologies Files For Initial Public Offering. - Free Online Library |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |date=1995-05-09 |access-date=2012-11-02 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017164449/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/SEER+TECHNOLOGIES+FILES+FOR+INITIAL+PUBLIC+OFFERING.-a016934124 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1997, Wadhwa founded Relativity Technologies, a company in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]] which developed tools for modernizing legacy COBOL programs.<ref>{{cite news |
url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-1608717/Mouth-piece-Vivek-Wadhwa-s.html |
title=Mouth piece: Vivek Wadhwa's talent for trumpeting his company shines, but observers want to see another kind of performance. |
date=April 1, 2002 |
author=Maley, Frank | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022015809/http://business.highbeam.com/129/article-1G1-85015232/mouth-piece-vivek-wadhwa-talent-trumpeting-his-company | archive-date=22 October 2012 |
publisher=Business North Carolina }} [http://law-journals-books.vlex.com/vid/mouth-vivek-wadhwa-trumpeting-observers-54443508 Alt URL]</ref> He left the company in 2004,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://localtechwire.com/business/local_tech_wire/news/story/1161249/|title=Relativity Technologies, Targeting Public Sector, Launches New Sales Initiative|access-date=4 December 2008|date=11 July 2004|publisher=[[Capitol Broadcasting Company]]}}</ref> and it was sold to [[Micro Focus]] in January, 2009.<ref>[http://www.microfocus.com/aboutmicrofocus/pressroom/releases/pr20090105295388.asp Micro Focus Press release: Micro Focus completes acquisition of Relativity Technologies, Inc.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618164754/http://www.microfocus.com/aboutmicrofocus/pressroom/releases/pr20090105295388.asp |date=2014-06-18 }} January 5, 2009</ref>

After a heart attack, Wadhwa shifted his focus to academic research.<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Pyak |url=http://www.immigrantspirit.com/interview-with-vivek-wadhwa |title=Interview with Vivek Wadhwa |date=2 August 2013 |publisher=Immigrantspirit.com |access-date=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153501/http://www.immigrantspirit.com/interview-with-vivek-wadhwa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wadhwa is an executive-in-residence/adjunct professor at the Masters of [[Engineering management|Engineering Management]] Program<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soc.duke.edu/GlobalEngineering/vivekwadhwa.php |title=Project Team :: Global Engineering and Entrepreneurship @ Duke |publisher=Soc.duke.edu |access-date=2012-11-02}}</ref> and Director of Research at the Center for Research Commercialization at [[Duke University]]'s [[Edmund T. Pratt Jr. School of Engineering|Pratt School of Engineering]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memp.pratt.duke.edu/faculty-staff/vivek-wadhwa |title=Vivek Wadhwa | Master of Engineering Management |publisher=Memp.pratt.duke.edu |access-date=2012-11-02 |archive-date=2015-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318022458/http://memp.pratt.duke.edu/faculty-staff/vivek-wadhwa |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a Distinguished [[Visiting scholar|Visiting Scholar]] at the Halle Institute for Global Learning, at Emory University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://halleinstitute.emory.edu/research/visiting_scholars/wadhwa.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121214161310/http://halleinstitute.emory.edu/research/visiting_scholars/wadhwa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-12-14 |title=Vivek Wadhwa |publisher=Halleinstitute.emory.edu |access-date=2012-11-02 }}</ref> He has been a Senior Research Associate at [[Harvard Law School]]'s Labor and Worklife Program<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/lwp/people/staffBios/LWPstaff_vivek_wadhwa.html |title=LWP Staff: Vivek Wadhwa |publisher=Law.harvard.edu |access-date=2012-11-02}}</ref> and a visiting professor at the [[University of California, Berkeley School of Information|School of Information]], at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/people/visitors/vivekwadhwa |title=Vivek Wadhwa | School of Information |publisher=Ischool.berkeley.edu |date=2012-04-10 |access-date=2012-11-02}}</ref> He writes a regular column for ''[[The Washington Post]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/vivek-wadhwa/2011/05/28/AGtx1eFH_viewAll.html |title=Vivek Wadhwa |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=2012-11-02}}</ref> ''[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/authors/2532-vivek-wadhwa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325220312/http://www.businessweek.com/authors/2532-vivek-wadhwa |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 25, 2012 |title=Vivek Wadhwa |publisher=Businessweek |date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2012-11-02}}</ref> the American Society of Engineering Education's ''Prism Magazine'',<ref>[http://www.prism-magazine.org/mar12/leading_edge.cfm Engineering Our Health, March 2012] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326055208/http://www.prism-magazine.org/mar12/leading_edge.cfm |date=March 26, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prism-magazine.org/sept11/leading_edge.cfm |title=ASEE Prism - September 2011 - Leading Edge |publisher=Prism-magazine.org |access-date=2012-11-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217132330/http://www.prism-magazine.org/sept11/leading_edge.cfm |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prism-magazine.org/summer06/last_word.cfm |title=ASEE Prism - Summer 2006 - Last Word: The Real Numbers - By Vivek Wadhwa |publisher=Prism-magazine.org |access-date=2012-11-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221055225/http://www.prism-magazine.org/summer06/last_word.cfm |archive-date=December 21, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prism-magazine.org/dec11/leading_edge.cfm |title=ASEE Prism - December 2011 - Leading Edge |publisher=Prism-magazine.org |access-date=2012-11-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319233734/http://www.prism-magazine.org/dec11/leading_edge.cfm |archive-date=March 19, 2014 }}</ref> and ''[[Forbes]]'', and has written for ''[[Foreign Policy]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/12/28/chinese_and_indian_entrepreneurs_are_eating_americas_lunch |title=Chinese and Indian Entrepreneurs Are Eating America's Lunch - By Vivek Wadhwa |publisher=Foreign Policy |access-date=2012-11-02}}</ref> He is also the author of the 2012 non-fiction book ''The Immigrant Exodus: Why America Is Losing the Global Race to Capture Entrepreneurial Talent''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Preventing Silicon Valley's 'Immigrant Exodus'|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/10/05/162297444/preventing-silicon-valleys-immigrant-exodus|newspaper=NPR|date=October 5, 2012}}</ref>

Wadhwa serves as an advisor to Malaysia on advancing innovation, science and technology through the Global Science and Innovation Advisory Council (GSIAC).<ref>{{cite web|title=MALAYSIA TO BE AT FOREFRONT OF ADVANCES IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY THROUGH GSIAC|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/malaysia-forefront-advances-scence-technology-gsiac-011700052.html|website=Yahoo News Singapore|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180348/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/malaysia-forefront-advances-scence-technology-gsiac-011700052.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/05/20/malaysia-to-be-at-forefront-of-advances-in-scence-and-technology-through-gsiac/|title=Malaysia to be at forefront of advances in science and technology through GSIAC |website=The Borneo Post online|date=20 May 2011 |access-date=25 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Mallek|first1=Nik|last2=Ramasamy|first2=Puvaneswa|title=Greening the Future through Malaysian Biomass Initiatives|url=http://www.might.org.my/en/SiteAssets/Cover%20story%203rd%20Edition.pdf|website=www.might.org|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123614/http://www.might.org.my/en/SiteAssets/Cover%20story%203rd%20Edition.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He also advises Russia on how to create innovation ecosystems through his participation in the [[New York Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Burke|first1=Adrienne|title=How To Build An Innovation Ecosystem|url=http://www.nyas.org/Publications/Detail.aspx?cid=da1b8e1d-ed2d-4da4-826d-00c987f63c82|website=The New York Academy of Sciences Magazine|access-date=27 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145220/http://www.nyas.org/Publications/Detail.aspx?cid=da1b8e1d-ed2d-4da4-826d-00c987f63c82|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How We Catalyze Innovation Ecosystems|url=http://www.nyas.org/Publications/Detail.aspx?cid=6a134c63-f255-4171-b603-c62284ce365d|website=The New York Academy of SciencesMagazine|access-date=27 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402200849/http://www.nyas.org/Publications/Detail.aspx?cid=6a134c63-f255-4171-b603-c62284ce365d|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=Can Russia Build a Silicon Valley|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/09/12/can-russia-build-a-silicon-valley/|website=TechCrunch|date=12 September 2010 |access-date=27 March 2015}}</ref>

=== Columnist and pundit ===
Wadhwa writes a regular column for ''[[The Washington Post]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/vivek-wadhwa/2011/05/28/AGtx1eFH_viewAll.html |title=Vivek Wadhwa |newspaper=The Washington Post |date= 6 May 2013|access-date=2014-09-29}}</ref> ''[[Bloomberg Business|Bloomberg BusinessWeek]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/authors/2532-vivek-wadhwa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325220312/http://www.businessweek.com/authors/2532-vivek-wadhwa |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 25, 2012 |title=Vivek Wadhwa |publisher= BusinessWeek|access-date=2014-09-29}}</ref> the [[American Society for Engineering Education]]'s ''Prism Magazine'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prism-magazine.org/google-search.cfm?cx=016590455638624070743%3A750qbe39hf0&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=Vivek+Wadhwa&siteurl=www.prism-magazine.org%2Fmar12%2Fleading_edge.cfm&ref=&ss=4662j2279046j16 |title=Vivek Wadhwa |publisher=Prism Magazine |access-date=2014-09-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006130436/http://www.prism-magazine.org/google-search.cfm?cx=016590455638624070743%3A750qbe39hf0&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=Vivek%2BWadhwa&siteurl=www.prism-magazine.org%2Fmar12%2Fleading_edge.cfm&ref=&ss=4662j2279046j16 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 }}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'', ''Foreign Policy'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/author/vivek-wadhwa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514053431/http://foreignpolicy.com/author/vivek-wadhwa/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-05-14 |title=Vivek Wadhwa |publisher=Foreign Policy |access-date=2014-09-29 }}</ref> and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/accelerators/tag/vivek-wadhwa/ |title=All posts by Vivek Wadhwa |publisher= The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2014-09-29}}</ref> Wadhwa has frequently argued that because of the low numbers of women technology CEOs, there is a problem with the system.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=Silicon Valley, You and Some of Your VCs have a Gender Problem|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/07/silicon-valley-you%E2%80%99ve-got-a-gender-problem-and-some-of-your-vc%E2%80%99s-still-live-in-the-past/|website=TechCrunch|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Upadhyaya|first1=Preeti|title=Why Vivek Wadhwa takes on the Silicon Valley status quo|url=http://upstart.bizjournals.com/entrepreneurs/hot-shots/2014/11/01/why-vivek-wadhwa-takes-on-the-silicon-valley.html?ana=twt&page=all|website=UpStart Business Journal|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> In September 2014, Wadhwa released ''Innovating Women: The Changing Face of Technology'', a book he co-authored with [[Farai Chideya]] and including contributions from hundreds of women.<ref>{{cite book|title=Innovating Women: The Changing Face of Technology|isbn=978-1-62681-383-0 |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Vivek |last2=Chideya |first2=Farai |date=2014-09-09 |publisher=Diversion Books }}</ref> The book presented research about women in technology and argued that "it's not enough for company executives to make donations or be advisors to groups like [[Girls Who Code]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.girlswhocode.com/ |title=Home |website=girlswhocode.com}}</ref> They must take action and be the good example – just as Facebook did before its IPO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/06/my-response-to-dickc-twitter-must-lead-silicon-valley-on-diversity/|title = My Response to Dick Costolo: Twitter Must Lead Silicon Valley on Diversity| date=6 October 2013 }}</ref> In September 2015 Wadhwa was recognized by Financial Times as "one of ten men worth emulating in his support of women."<ref name="ft.com">{{cite news|last1=Rae|first1=Lily|title=FT's top feminist men help women succeed in business and beyond|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/106951ca-586c-11e5-9846-de406ccb37f2.html#axzz3lqoFU4Ag|website=Financial Times|date=15 September 2015|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> The article states, "Some feel it is wrong to focus on the work that men — rather than women — do to help women fulfill their potential at work. (Vivek Wadhwa on our list has been on the sharp end of such criticism). We disagree, and hope that recognising this varied group will engage and embolden other champions."<ref name="ft.com"/>

Wadhwa has advocated for more [[diversity (business)|diversity]] in the technology industry.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Upadhyaya|first1=Preeti|title=Why Vivek Wadhwa takes on the Silicon Valley status quo|url=http://upstart.bizjournals.com/entrepreneurs/hot-shots/2014/11/01/why-vivek-wadhwa-takes-on-the-silicon-valley.html|website=Upstart Business Journal|access-date=15 November 2014}} "He (Wadwha) has been a vocal advocate for more inclusion and diversity in Silicon Valley..."</ref> Wadhwa's research, public debates and articles call for greater inclusion of not only women but also African Americans, Hispanics, and older people. An [[MSNBC]] article by Alicia Maule on November 14, 2014 quotes Wadhwa as saying, "Venture capital is in dismal shape. It produces low returns because it's been the bastion of the boys club, which is not the model that needs to be followed. You need men and women. African-American and Latino – diversity is a catalyst to innovation."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maule|first1=Alicia|title=Innovators Changing the Face of Tech|url=https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/innovators-changing-the-face-tech|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117054453/http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/innovators-changing-the-face-tech|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 17, 2014|website=MSNBC|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref> Wadhwa was featured as a mentor to the black technology community in the CNN documentary "Black in America"<ref>{{cite news|title=Black in America|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/09/studentnews/black-in-america-silicon-valley-educator-parent-guide/|website=CNN|access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref> and has argued for the inclusion of more blacks in technology in the CNN program "Black in America: The New Promised Land, Silicon Valley"<ref>{{cite news|title=CNN Presents Black in America: The New Promised Land, Silicon Valley|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1111/13/cp.01.html|website=CNN|access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref> as well as in multiple articles including "We need a black [[Mark Zuckerberg]]"<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=We need a black Mark Zuckerberg|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/innovations/post/we-need-a-black-mark-zuckerberg/2011/06/24/AGWXYHjH_blog.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=11 April 2015|date=24 June 2011}}</ref> "Women of Color in Tech: How Can We Encourage Them"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=Women of Color in Tech: How Can We Encourage Them?|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/03/women-of-color-in-tech-how-can-we-encourage-them/|website=TechCrunch|date=3 April 2011 |access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref> and "The Face of Success, Part 4: Blacks in Silicon Valley".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=The Face of Success, Part 4: Blacks in Silicon Valley|url=http://www.inc.com/vivek-wadhwa/face-of-success-blacks-in-silicon-valley.html|website=Inc.|date=2 February 2012|access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref>

Wadhwa has researched old and young entrepreneurs and has argued that older entrepreneurs tend to be more successful. He has written several articles arguing that VCs should invest in them. The articles include: '' The case for old entrepreneurs'',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=The case for old entrepreneurs|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-innovations/the-case-for-old-entrepreneurs/2011/12/02/gIQAulJ3KO_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=16 November 2014|date=2 December 2011}}</ref> ''Innovation without Age Limits'',<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=Innovation without Age Limits|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/426760/innovation-without-age-limits/|website=MIT Technology Review|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> ''When It Comes To Founding Successful Startups, Old Guys Rule''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=When It Comes To Founding Successful Startups, Old Guys Rule|url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/09/07/when-it-comes-to-founding-successful-startups-old-guys-rule/|website=TechCrunch|date=7 September 2009 |access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> and ''Silicon Valley's Dark Secret: It's All About Age''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=Silicon Valley's Dark Secret: It's All About Age|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/08/28/silicon-valley%E2%80%99s-dark-secret-it%E2%80%99s-all-about-age/|website=TechCrunch|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref>

Wadhwa has researched engineering education in India, China, and the US. He has argued in many articles that US education is superior and that education is important for US competitiveness. The articles include '' Engineering Gap? Fact and Fiction'',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=Engineering Gap? Fact and Fiction|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-07-09/engineering-gap-fact-and-fiction|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823005114/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-07-09/engineering-gap-fact-and-fiction|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 23, 2013|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=10 July 2006 |access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> ''U.S. Schools Are Still Ahead—Way Ahead'',<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=U.S. Schools Are Still Ahead—Way Ahead|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jan2011/tc20110112_006501.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116213554/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jan2011/tc20110112_006501.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 16, 2011|website=Bloomberg Businessweek Technology|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> and '' U.S. Schools: Not That Bad''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=U.S. Schools: Not That Bad|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-05-28/u-dot-s-dot-schools-not-that-badbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820122530/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-05-28/u-dot-s-dot-schools-not-that-badbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 20, 2012|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=28 May 2008 |access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>

Wadhwa has argued that higher education is valuable. Alongside Henry Bienen, he debated [[Peter Thiel]], who launched the [[Thiel Fellowship]] to provide $100,000 to students who dropped out of college to start up companies, on the merits of higher education. Wadhwa argued against Thiel and Charles Murray at an [[Intelligence Squared]] debate in Chicago that was broadcast on NPR stations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Too Many Kids Go To College|url=http://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/debates/past-debates/item/550-too-many-kids-go-to-college-our-first-debate-in-chicago|website=Intelligence 2 Debates|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-date=2014-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213102305/http://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/debates/past-debates/item/550-too-many-kids-go-to-college-our-first-debate-in-chicago|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=Friends Don't Let Friends Take Education Advice From Peter Thiel|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/12/friends-don%E2%80%99t-let-friends-take-education-advice-from-peter-thiel/|website=TechCrunch|access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> Wadhwa spoke on 60 Minutes "Dropping Out: Is College Worth the Cost?" and argued that basic college education is important and valuable because it teaches skills, including social skills and the skills to turn an idea into an invention and then into a company, and that those skills help individuals get ahead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Partying and its benefits|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/partying-and-its-benefits/|website=CBS News|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dropping Out: Is College Worth the Cost|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dropping-out-is-college-worth-the-cost/3/|website=CBS News|access-date=6 April 2015|date=21 May 2012}}</ref>

Wadhwa is named as a co-inventor on 4 patents: 6,389,588: "Method and system of business rule extraction from existing applications for integration into new applications", 6,346,953: "Method and system for recreating a user interface of an existing application text based user interface into a [[graphical user interface]]", 5,495,610: "Software distribution system to build and distribute a software release" and 5,295,222: "Computer-aided software engineering facility".<ref>{{cite web|title=[US Patent & Trademark Office, Patent Full Text and Image Database]|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=wadhwa%2C+vivek&FIELD1=INNM&co1=AND&TERM2=&FIELD2=&d=PTXT|website=[US Patent & Trademark Office, Patent Full Text and Image Database]|access-date=17 April 2015|archive-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130144010/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=wadhwa%2C+vivek&FIELD1=INNM&co1=AND&TERM2=&FIELD2=&d=PTXT|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has argued that software patents should be abolished: "patents have become the greatest inhibitor to innovation and are holding the United States back."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=Here's Why Patents Are Innovation's Worst Enemy|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/vivek-wadhwa/patents-innovation_b_6851314.html|website=Huff Post Tech|access-date=17 March 2015|date=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=Why We Need To Abolish Software Patents|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/08/07/why-we-need-to-abolish-software-patents/|website=TechCrunch|date=7 August 2010 |access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

In November 2012, Wadhwa discussed "Technology's Promise, Humanity's Future" with Nobel Laureate Ahmed Zewail at UCSB Campbell Hall in Isla Vista, California.<ref>{{cite web|title=Technology's Promise, Humanity's Future|url=http://www.uctv.tv/shows/Technologys-Promise-Humanitys-Future-24776|website=University of California Television|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Technology's Promise, Humanity's Future|url=http://www.cappscenter.ucsb.edu/news/upcoming-event-calendar/|website=Walter H. Capps Center for the Study of Ethics, Religion, and Public Life|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref>

Wadhwa argues that this decade will be the most innovative in history, predicting that "today's technology is rapidly catching up to Star Trek" and that in the coming years, 3D printers will make it possible to synthetically produce meat and create an abundance of food, humans will eventually be banned from driving cars, and artificial intelligence will be able to be individual's personal medical assistants.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sollinger|first1=Marc|title=Vivek Wadhwa on 2025|url=http://blogs.wgbh.org/innovation-hub/2015/3/11/vivek-wadhwa-2025/|website=Innovation Hub|access-date=26 April 2015|archive-date=20 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420201144/http://blogs.wgbh.org/innovation-hub/2015/3/11/vivek-wadhwa-2025/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=3D food printers could end famine, says academic Vivek Wadhwa|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/technology/d-food-printers-could-end-famine-says-academic-vivek-wadhwa/story-e6frgakx-1227275429905|website=The Australian Business Review|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=How today's technology is rapidly catching up to Star Trek|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/innovations/wp/2014/07/01/how-todays-technology-is-rapidly-catching-up-to-star-trek/|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=28 April 2015|date=1 July 2014}}</ref>

In 2013, Wadhwa debated<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=Why I Believe That This Will Be The Most Innovative Decade In History|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/singularity/2012/06/25/most-innovative-decade-in-history/|website=Forbes|access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref> Nobel Laureate Robert Shiller on "Goldman Vs. Google: A career on Wall Street or in Silicon Valley?" at The Economist's Buttonwood Gathering.<ref>{{cite web|last1=WithTheEconomist|title=Goldman versus Google: A career on Wall Street or in Silicon Valley?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6ecPxD_tV0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/O6ecPxD_tV0 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|website=YouTube|date=5 December 2013 |access-date=6 March 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Shiller argued, "When you study finance, you are studying how to make things happen, on a big scale, on a lasting scale. That has to matter more than getting into Google and programming some little gimmick."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Griswold|first1=Alison|title=Robert Shiller: Young People With A Moral Purpose Should Work For Goldman Sachs, Not Google|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/robert-shiller-young-people-moral-223545274.html|website=Yahoo Finance|date=30 October 2013 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> Wadhwa argue that "Google is changing the dynamics of cities, changing the dynamics of life" and that technology is enabling the world to be on the verge of solving "the grand challenges of humanity." Wadhwa posed this question: "Would you rather have your children engineering the financial system creating more problems for us, or having a chance of saving the world?"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weisul|first1=Kimberly|title=The Great Career Debate: Google Versus Goldman|url=http://www.inc.com/kimberly-weisul/the-great-career-debate-google-versus-goldman.html|website=Inc.|date=31 October 2013|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gongloff|first1=Mark|title=Nobel Prize Winner Seriously Suggests Goldman Is More Moral Than Google|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/31/robert-shiller-goldman-google_n_4181072.html|website=Huff Post Business|access-date=6 March 2015|date=31 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Alden|first1=William|title=For a High-Powered Career, It's Finance vs. Tech|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/10/30/for-a-high-powered-career-its-finance-vs-tech/?_r=0|website=The New York Times|access-date=6 March 2015|date=30 October 2013}}</ref> At the conclusion of the debate, "the audience voted heavily in favor of Mountain View and against Wall Street."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Palmer|first1=Andrew|title=In Defense of Financial Innovation|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2015-03-05/defense-financial-innovation|journal=Foreign Affairs|date=21 April 2015 |volume=94 |issue=3 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>

He appeared in the 2016 documentary [[The Future of Work and Death]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/mar/03/no-more-death-taxes-but-do-we-really-want-to-live-forever-with-nothing-to-do|title=No more 'death & taxes' – but do we really want to live forever with nothing to do?|last=Beard|first=Matthew|date=2017-03-02|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref>

=== Startup Chile ===
[[Start-Up Chile|Startup Chile]] is a government sponsored program that acts like a focused incubation program and attracts early-stage entrepreneurs to work on their startups. The program gives accepted entrepreneurs equity free seed funding, a work visa, office space, and access to mentors and global partnerships with organizations like Google, Amazon Web Services, Evernote, HubSpot and more.<ref>{{cite web|title=Startup Chile|url=http://www.startupchile.org/|website=startupchile.org |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Betting on Startups|url=http://www.incmagazine-digital.com/incmagazine/march_2015?pg=36#pg36|website=www.incmagazine-digital.com|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> In addition to co-conceiving and helping create Startup Chile, Wadhwa serves as an unpaid advisor and consultant to the program.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Underwood|first1=Ryan|title=The Silicon Valley of South America? To spur innovation, Chile is offering American start-ups $40,000 in seed funding.|url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/20110401/the-silicon-valley-of-south-america.html|website=www.inc.com|date=April 2011|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Haynes|first1=Brad|title=Chile aims to be Silicon Valley incubator|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/chile-innovation-idUSN0414742220100804|website=Reuters|access-date=23 March 2015|date=4 August 2010|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095111/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/08/04/chile-innovation-idUSN0414742220100804|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to co-conceiving and helping create Startup Chile, Wadhwa advised Spanish efforts to create their programs to attract entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Leiber|first1=Nick|title=At Spain's Door, a Welcome Mat for Entrepreneurs|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/23/business/international/at-spains-door-a-welcome-mat-for-entrepreneurs-.html?_r=1#story-continues-1|website=The New York Times|access-date=25 March 2015|date=22 November 2014}}</ref>

== Controversy and criticism ==
Wadhwa has publicly argued that [[Twitter]] is overly complacent about improving its diversity numbers. On the first occasion, he criticized Twitter for having an all-male [[board of directors]]. Twitter CEO [[Dick Costolo]] initially refused to comment, but then in a tweet, disparaged Wadhwa by likening him to "the [[Carrot Top]] of academic sources".<ref name="nyt-twitter">{{cite news|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/twitter-c-e-o-defends-representation-of-women-at-the-company-sort-of/?_r=0|title=Twitter C.E.O. Defends Representation of Women at the Company — Sort Of|work=[[New York Times]]|last=Miller|first=Claire Caine|date=6 October 2013|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> Subsequently, Twitter appointed a woman, [[Marjorie Scardino]], onto its board. On the second occasion, Wadhwa posted a series of tweets critical of Twitter's published diversity numbers (which included 90% of tech roles being filled by men) and the way in which Twitter had framed them, concluding that Twitter "is unrepentant and should be ashamed. Problems start from board and exec management. Must diversify".<ref name="sfbt-twitter">{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/techflash/2014/07/vivek-wadhwa-twitter-ceo-dick-costolo-diversity.html?page=all|title=Vivek Wadhwa attacks Twitter, CEO Costolo over diversity numbers|last=Hoge|first=Patrick|publisher=San Francisco Business Times|date=24 July 2014|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref>

'''Bitcoin Criticism'''

In January 2016 he wrote an article stating Bitcoin was dead.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wadhwa |first=Vivek |date=2016-01-19 |title=R.I.P., Bitcoin. It's time to move on. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/01/19/r-i-p-bitcoin-its-time-to-move-on/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref>

=== Withdrawal from the societal debate on women in technology ===
In 2015, Wadhwa was criticized publicly by several women in technology for the way in which he was speaking on behalf of women in technology. One example mentioned was that at an event, he had used the slang word "floozies"<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@marytrigiani/captains-and-floozies-d246f21ab062|title=Captains and floozies|first=Mary|last=Trigiani|access-date=21 February 2015|date=24 January 2015}}</ref> when referring to technology companies needing to take hiring women more seriously, in the context of his advocacy for tech companies to include higher-ranking women on interview panels for female candidates. Wadhwa responded to the criticism by writing that he had not known what the word "floozy" meant due to his poor grasp of American [[slang]], as an immigrant, that he had apologized at the event as soon as his misstep was pointed out to him, and that he had lost sleep over the ordeal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vivek Wadhwa explains|url=https://medium.com/@marytrigiani/vivek-wadhwa-explains-3ccac5d148df|access-date=21 February 2015|date=25 January 2015|first=Vivek|last=Wadhwa|publisher=Mary Trigiani}}</ref>

The [[podcast]] ''TLDR'', which is produced by an [[NPR]] affiliate, interviewed one of the critics, [[Amelia Greenhall]], about a post she had recently written, entitled "Quiet, Ladies. @wadhwa is speaking now". Wadhwa published a response, alleging that several false claims were made in the original ''TLDR ''episode, and calling it an "unfair attack" on him.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Vivek|title=My response to the podcast that unfairly attacked me|url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/02/14/my-response-to-the-podcast-that-unfairly-attacked-me/|website=[[VentureBeat]]|access-date=16 February 2015|date=14 February 2015}}</ref> ''TLDR'' took down their original podcast episode and apologized for not speaking to Wadhwa about it before publication, and expressed regret for not [[fact-checking]] it. ''TLDR's'' next episode was a follow-up which gave Wadhwa a [[right of reply]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.theverge.com/2015/2/25/8107719/vivek-wadhwa-women-in-tech-diversity|title = Interview with a Wadhwa|date = 25 February 2015|access-date = 25 February 2015|website = [[The Verge]]|last = Tiku|first = Nitasha}}</ref> However, [[Gawker]]'s Jay Hathaway opined that "in the process of defending himself, Vivek Wadhwa ended up confirming much of what TL;DR asserted about his attitude".<ref>{{cite web|title=Vivek Wadhwa Makes Great Case Against Vivek Wadhwa on WNYC |first=Jay |last=Hathaway |url=http://newsfeed.gawker.com/vivek-wadhwa-makes-great-case-against-vivek-wadhwa-on-w-1687016630 |website=[[Gawker]] |date=20 February 2015 |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221010304/http://newsfeed.gawker.com/vivek-wadhwa-makes-great-case-against-vivek-wadhwa-on-w-1687016630 |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref>

On February 23, Wadhwa wrote an article in the ''[[Washington Post]]'' explaining why he would no longer participate in the debate on women in technology, writing, "I may have made the mistake of fighting the battles of women in technology for too long. And I may have taken the accusations too personally. Today there is a chorus of very powerful, intelligent, voices who are speaking from personal experience. The women who I have written about, who have lived the discrimination and abuse, as well as others, deserve the air time."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/innovations/wp/2015/02/23/why-i-am-stepping-out-of-the-debate-on-women-in-technology/ | title=Why I am stepping out of the debate on women in technology | first=Vivek | last=Wadhwa | newspaper=[[Washington Post]] | date=February 23, 2015 | access-date=February 23, 2015 }} This is a condensed version of [https://web.archive.org/web/20150223210854/http://wadhwa.com/2015/02/23/why-i-am-stepping-out-of-the-debate-on-women-in-technology/ an article published on Wadhwa's personal site].</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' columnist [[Farhad Manjoo]] wrote a subsequent article entitled "An Outspoken Voice for Women in Tech, Foiled by His Tone" which summarized the imbroglio, and quoted Wadhwa and a number of women in technology in relation to it.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Manjoo|first1=Farhad|title=An Outspoken Voice for Women in Tech, Foiled by His Tone|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/26/technology/personaltech/an-outspoken-voice-for-women-in-tech-foiled-by-his-tone.html|work=New York Times|date=February 25, 2015}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==

In 1999, Wadhwa was named a "leader of tomorrow" by ''Forbes'' magazine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/1999/12/30/feat.html |title=The leaders of tomorrow |work=Forbes.com |date= 1999-12-30|access-date=2012-11-02}}</ref>

In February 2012, Wadhwa was one of the six "2012 Outstanding American by Choice" recipients, a distinction awarded by the [[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a/?vgnextoid=651214f929685310VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD&vgnextchannel=34165c2af1f9e010VgnVCM1000000ecd190aRCRD |title=USCIS - 2012 Outstanding American by Choice Recipients |publisher=Uscis.gov |access-date=2012-11-02 |archive-date=2013-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012019/http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a/?vgnextoid=651214f929685310VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD&vgnextchannel=34165c2af1f9e010VgnVCM1000000ecd190aRCRD |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In December 2012, Wadhwa was recognized by ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine as a Top 100 Global Thinker.<ref>[https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/26/the_fp_100_global_thinkers The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers | Foreign Policy]</ref>

In June 2013, Wadhwa was named to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's list of the Top 40 Most Influential Minds in Tech.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://business.time.com/2013/05/01/time-tech-40-the-ten-most-influential-tech-ceos/slide/vivek-wadhwa-singularity-university/ | magazine=Time | title=Time Tech 40: The Most Influential Minds In Tech | date=2013-05-01}}</ref>

In September 2015, ''Financial Times'' named Wadhwa one of top ten men worth emulating in his support of women.<ref name="ft.com"/>

In May 2018, Silicon Valley Forum awarded Wadhwa its Visionary Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sv.cmu.edu/news/2018/05/18-wadhwa-sv-forum.html|title=Vivek Wadhwa honored with Silicon Valley Forum Visionary Award|website=sv.cmu.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://wadhwa.com/ Personal website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadhwa, Vivek}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University faculty]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:University of Canberra alumni]]
[[Category:New York University Stern School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Duke University faculty]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]

Judges (Protection) Act, 1985

2026-03-26T09:20:07Z

LauriTym702628:

{{Single source|date=October 2024}}

The '''Judges (Protection) Act, 1985''' is an [[Act (document)|act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] which was enacted in order to provide [[Absolute immunity|absolute]] [[judicial immunity]] to judges and others acting in a judicial capacity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Judges (Protection) Act, 1985 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1858/1/198559.pdf}}</ref>

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Judges (Protection) Act, 1985
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act for securing additional protection for Judges and others acting Judicially and for matters
connected therewith.
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 6th September, 1985
| status = in force
}}

== Provisions ==
Section 2 of the act defines the meaning of "Judge" which along with the usual definition, include:<ref name=":0" />
{{Quotation|text=(a) who is empowered by law to give in any legal proceeding a definitive judgment, or a judgment which, if not appealed against, would be definitive, or a judgment which, if confirmed by some other authority, would be definitive; or 

(b) who is one of a body of persons which body of persons is empowered by law to give such a judgment as is referred to in clause (a).|title=Section 2 of Judges (Protection) Act, 1985}}
Section 3(1) provides protection to judges by stating:<ref name=":0" />
{{Quotation|text=(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force and subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), no court shall entertain or continue any civil or criminal proceeding against any person who is or was a Judge for any act, thing or word committed, done or spoken by him when, or in the course of, acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official or judicial duty or function.|author=Section 3(1) of Judges (Protection) Act, 1985.}}
But this does not prevent the Central Government, the State Government, the Supreme Court of India or any High Court or any other authority under any law in force to take such action (whether by way of civil, criminal, or departmental proceedings or otherwise) against any person who is or was a judge.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Judiciary of India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1985]]

Baloch people

2026-03-24T20:38:05Z

LauriTym702628: expanded information also and corrected details

{{Short description|Ethnolinguistic group native to South Asia and Iran}}
{{pp-move}}
{{excessive citations|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use British English|date = December 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Baloch
| native_name = بلۏچ
| native_name_lang = bal
| flag_caption = [[Flag of Balochistan, Pakistan|Flag of Balochistan]]
| image = baloch_people_(8).jpg
| caption = Baloch people
| population = {{plainlist|
{{circa|15 million}}
}}
| region1 = [[Pakistan]]
| pop1 = 8,117,795 ([[2023 Pakistani census|2023 census]]){{efn|Only includes those who speak Balochi as mother tongue}}
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005130123/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2024|title=Table 11: Population by Mother Tongue, Sex, and Rural/Urban – 2023 Census}}</ref>
| region2 = [[Iran]]
| pop2 = 4,800,000<ref name=":unpo">{{cite web |title=West Balochistan|url=https://unpo.org/member/west-balochistan|website=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] |access-date=December 18, 2024}}</ref>
| ref2 =
| region3 = [[Oman]]
| pop3 = 1,000,000
| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Long |first1=Roger D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&dq=omani+baloch&pg=PA129 |title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |last3=Samad |first3=Yunas |last4=Talbot |first4=Ian |date=2015-10-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44820-4 |language=en}}</ref>
| region4 = [[Afghanistan]]
| pop4 = 300,000–500,000
| ref4 =
| region5 = [[United Arab Emirates]]
| pop5 = 383,000
| ref5 = <ref name="thebalochistanpost">{{Cite web|url=https://thebalochistanpost.net/2023/02/baloch-population-scattered-around-the-world/| title=Baloch population scattered around the world | date=20 February 2025 }}</ref>
| region6 = [[India]]
| pop6 = 64,000
| ref6 = <ref name="thebalochistanpost"/>
| region7 = [[Qatar]]
| pop7 = 53,000
| ref7 = <ref name="thebalochistanpost"/>
| region8 = [[Bahrain]]
| pop8 = 44,000
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Baloch population scattered around the world |date=16 February 2023 |url=https://thebalochistanpost.net/2023/02/baloch-population-scattered-around-the-world|access-date=December 18, 2024}}</ref>
| region9 = [[Turkmenistan]]
| pop9 = 36,000
| ref9 = <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Long |first1=Roger D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&dq=baloch+million+Afghanistan&pg=PA129 |title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |last3=Samad |first3=Yunas |last4=Talbot |first4=Ian |date=2015-10-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44820-4 |pages=129 |language=en}}</ref>
| region10 = [[Kuwait]]
| pop10 = 20,000
| ref10 =
| region11 = [[Saudi Arabia]]
| pop11 = 12,000
| ref11 =
| region12 = [[Somalia]]
| pop12 = 11,000
| ref12 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Baloch in Somalia|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15034/SO|website=[[Joshua Project]] |access-date=December 18, 2024}}</ref>
| langs = [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Brahui language|Brahui]], various other languages of host regions spoken by splinter groups

Other languages:
[[Persian language|Persian]] (in Iran and Afghanistan), [[Urdu]] (in Pakistan), [[Pashto]] (in Afghanistan), [[English language|English]]
| religions = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] Predominantly [[Islam]] (mainly [[Sunni Islam]])
| related = [[Brahui people|Brahuis]], other [[Iranian peoples]]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Baloch people}}
The '''Baloch people'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|b|ə|ˈ|l|oʊ|tʃ}} {{respell|bə|LOHCH}}; {{langx|bal|بلۏچ|Balòc|engvar=gb}}; Also spelled '''Baluch''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ə|ˈ|l|uː|tʃ}} {{respell|bə|LOOCH}}}} or the '''Balochs''' are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Nomadic pastoralism|nomadic pastoral]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laura |first=Etheredge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IM6J4sgCU28C&dq=Baloch+nomads&pg=PA66 |title=Persian Gulf States: Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates |date=2011-01-15 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-1-61530-327-4 |pages=66 |language=en |quote=The '''Baloch''' are traditionally '''nomads''', but settled agricultural existence is becoming more common; every chief has a fixed residence. The villages are collections of mud or stone huts; on the hills, enclosures of rough stone walls are covered with matting to serve as temporary habitations. The Baloch raise '''camels, cattle, sheep, and goats''' and engage in carpet making and embroidery. They engage in agriculture using simple methods and are chiefly Muslim.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bashir |first1=Shahzad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1jvYqOkC0YC&dq=Baloch+nomads&pg=PA140 |title=Under the Drones |last2=Crews |first2=Robert D. |date=2012-05-28 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06476-8 |pages=140 |language=en |quote=In southwestern Afghanistan the '''Baloch''' have traditionally been '''nomads''', and some of them continue to lead a '''nomadic''' way of life today. Over the course of the twentieth century most Baloch settled down in the southwest and started a sedentary way of life based on pastoralism and irrigated agriculture. Repeated droughts during the last two decades caused many Baloch to give up livestock farming and agriculture,}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gayer |first=Laurent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&dq=Baloch+nomads&pg=PA128 |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935444-3 |pages=127_128 |language=en |quote=Lyari's first residents were Sindhi fishermen and '''Baloch nomads''' (pawans) from Makran, Lasbela and Kalat districts, flee- ing drought and tribal feuds. A first influx occurred around 1725, a few years before Sindhi banyas settled in Karachi and committed to expand it. A second wave of Baloch settlers arrived around 1770, when Karachi came under the control of the Khan of Kalat, following an accord between the Khan and the Kalhora rulers of Sindh. A third wave of Baloch migra- tion took place after 1795, following the annexation of the city by the Talpur rulers of Sindh, which attracted Baloch tribesmen from interior Sindh and the Seraiki belt, many of whom found employment as guards, particularly at the Manora fort.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shahrani |first=M. Nazif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRlZDwAAQBAJ&dq=Baloch+nomads&pg=PA278 |title=Modern Afghanistan: The Impact of 40 Years of War |date=2018-02-10 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-03026-9 |pages=276 |language=en |quote=According to one of the members of the group's lead- ing (Sardar) family whom I met in Pakistan in 2012, the reason for abandoning the settlements in southern Nimruz was that the Sanjerani landowners were threatened by the "communist regime" in Afghanistan in the 1980s. So the Sanjerani moved almost completely to Baloch areas in Pakistan and Iran. At the same time the Brahui, '''Baloch groups of pastoral nomads''', established the main local mujahideen faction, the Jabhe-ye Nimruz and took over most of the for- mer property of the Sanjerani (see below).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nahyan |first1=Mansoor Bin Tahnoon Al |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IICXDwAAQBAJ&dq=Baloch+pastoral+people&pg=PA73 |title=Tribes of Pakistan |last2=Hussain |first2=Jamal |last3=Ghafoor |first3=Asad ul |date=2019-05-09 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-3439-1 |pages=73 |language=en |quote=The '''Baloch''', like the Brahuis, are divided geographically into two groups, the Suleimani (northerners) and the Makrani (southerners) occupying the respective parts of the province, with the central areas inhabited by the Brahuis." Historically, they have also been a nomadic '''pastoral''' people living in the open and avoiding towns.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&dq=Baloch+pastoralit&pg=PA289 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=978-0-87808-352-7 |pages=289 |language=en |quote=They are united by language and a common culture, and the name '''Baluch''' has the connotation of a tent-dwelling '''nomadic pastoralist''', although most of them have never lived like that. The '''Baluch''' practice different combinations of agriculture and '''pastoralism'''.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dong |first1=Shikui |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJjvDAAAQBAJ&dq=Baloch+pastoralists&pg=PA4 |title=Building Resilience of Human-Natural Systems of Pastoralism in the Developing World: Interdisciplinary Perspectives |last2=Kassam |first2=Karim-Aly S. |last3=Tourrand |first3=Jean François |last4=Boone |first4=Randall B. |date=2016-08-30 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-30732-9 |pages=4 |language=en |quote=Some pastoral groups in the world: (a) Tibetan in Qinghai, China; (b) Kirghiz in Badakhshan, Afghanistan: (c) Boran in Borana, Ethiopia; (d) Massai in Kenya; (e) Mongol in Inner Mongolia, China; (1) Tajik in Yangi Qala, Afghanistan; (g) Bedouin in Negev, Israel; (h) '''Baloch in northern Pakistan'''.}}</ref>{{Citation overkill|date=February 2026}} ethnic group which speaks the [[Western Iranian|Western Iranic]] [[Balochi language]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zehi |first=Pirmohamad |title=A Cultural Anthropology of Baluchis |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/people/articles/cultural_anthropology_of_baluchis.php |website=Iran Chamber Society}}</ref> and are native to the [[Balochistan]] region of [[South Asia|South]] and [[West Asia]], occupying parts of [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], and [[Afghanistan]]. There are also [[Baloch diaspora]] communities in neighbouring regions, including in [[Central Asia]], and the [[Arabian Peninsula]].

The majority of the Baloch reside within Pakistan. About 50% of the total Baloch population live in the Pakistani province of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]],<ref>Blood, Peter, ed. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0055) "Baloch"]. ''Pakistan: A Country Study''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.</ref> while 40% are [[Baloch people in Sindh|settled in Sindh]] and a significant albeit smaller number resides in the [[Baloch people in Punjab|Pakistani Punjab]]. They make up 3.6% of Pakistan's total population, 2% of Iran's population, and around 0.5%–1% of the population of Afghanistan,<ref>{{cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |date=2013 |title=The World Factbook: Ethnic Groups |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116044500/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> and the largest non-Arab community in [[Omani Baloch|Oman]].<ref name="Peterson2">{{cite web |title=Oman's Diverse Society: Northern Oman |url=http://www.jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/oman_diverse_society_northern_oman.pdf |website=JE Peterson}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The exact origin of the word "Baloch" is unclear. According to the Baloch historian Naseer Dashti (2012), the name of the ethnic group derives from 'Balaschik' living in [[Balasagan]], between the [[Caspian Sea]] and [[Lake Van]] in present-day Turkey and Azerbaijan, who are believed to have migrated to Balochistan during the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] times.{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=8, 33–34, 44}} The remnants of the original name such as "Balochuk" and "Balochiki" are said to be still used as ethnic names in Balochistan.{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=33–34}}

Some other writers suggest a derivation from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] words ''bal'', meaning strength, and ''och'' meaning high or magnificent.{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=33–34}}

Regardless of its possible roots in ancient era, the ethnonym Baloch might be derived from a term cockscomb or crest used in [[Middle Persian]] that refer to the Baloch in [[Median kingdom]] and [[Kayanian dynasty]] who were part of the army of [[Astyages]] or [[Kay Khosrow]] troops.{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=33}}<ref name=":The Baloch race2">{{cite book |last1=Dames |first1=Mansel Longworth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf0RAAAAYAAJ |title=The Baloch race. A historical and ethnological sketch |date=1904 |publisher=London, Royal Asiatic society |pages=22, 26, 29}}</ref> In ancient time, the Baloch wore distinctive helmets decorated with a cock's comb.<ref name=":ashkash2">{{Cite web |title=AŠKAŠ |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/askas-an-iranian-hero-in-the-reign-of-kay-kosrow |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref> It is presumably indicated to Turban that known as the "Paag" in Balochi language. The Baloch traditionally wear various styles of the turban, wrapped around the head.{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=130}}

[[Ernst Herzfeld|Ernst Emil Herzfeld]] believes that the word Baloch is derived from the [[Median language|Median]] term "*brza -vačiya" meaning "loud shouting".<ref>Iran in the Ancient East: Archaeological Studies Presented in the Lowell Lectures at Boston Hardcover by Ernst Emil Herzfeld – 1988. {{ISBN|9780878173082}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Frye |first=Richard N |year=1929 |title=Remarks on Baluchi History |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=6 |pages=44–50 |jstor=41926492 |number=6/1}}</ref>

An earliest Sanskrit reference to the Baloch might be the Gwalior inscription of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] ruler [[Mihira Bhoja]] (r. 836–885), which says that the dynasty's founder [[Nagabhata I]] repelled a powerful army of ''Valacha Mlecchas'', translated as "Baluch foreigners" by [[D. R. Bhandarkar]]. The army in question is that of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] after the conquest of [[Sindh]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bhandarkar |first=D. R. |author-link=D. R. Bhandarkar |year=1929 |title=Indian Studies No. I: Slow Progress of Islam Power in Ancient India |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=10 |page=30 |jstor=41682407 |number=1/2}}</ref>

==Language==
{{Main|Balochi language|Rakhshani dialect|Makrani dialect|Eastern Balochi (dialect)}}
{{See also|Balochi Standard Alphabet|Balochi Academy|Balochi literature|}}
Balochi ({{lang|bal|بلۏچی|rtl=yes}}, romanised: {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|bal|Balòci}}) is an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]], spoken by the Baloch and belonging to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the family. As an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]], it is classified in the [[Western Iranian languages|Northwestern group]],<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2">{{cite book |last1=Carina،Korn |first1=Jahani،Korn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3IMAQAAMAAJ&q=Scheming |title=The Baloch and Their Neighbours |date=2003 |publisher=Reichert |isbn=9783895003660 |pages=49,314–317,248,260}}</ref> spoken primarily in the Balochistan region of Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. In addition, there are speakers in Oman, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Turkmenistan, East Africa and in diaspora communities in other parts of the world.<ref name=":The Iranian Languages2">{{cite book |last=Windfuhr |first=Gernot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtpQZ1DD6tEC |title=The Iranian Languages |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2013 |isbn=9781135797041 |page=636}}</ref>

There are a number of characteristic features that Balochi shares to [[Parthian language|Parthian]] and [[Median language|Median]] and close affinity with them.<ref name="Spooner2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Baluchistan i. Geography, History and Ethnography |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-i |access-date=30 December 2014 |last=Spooner |first=Brian |date=1988}}</ref>{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=32}}<ref>{{cite book |last=John |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC |title=PakistanThe Struggle Within |publisher=Pearson Longman |year=2009 |isbn=9788131725047 |page=22}}</ref>

The Balochi dialects are classified as:<ref>{{cite web |date=25 November 2024 |title=The Balochi Language Project |url=https://www.uu.se/en/department/linguistics-and-philology/research/proj/the-balochi-language |access-date=December 17, 2024 |website=[[Uppsala University]]}}</ref>

* [[Eastern Balochi (dialect)|Eastern group]] (the Soleimani dialect group)
* Southern group or [[Makrani dialect]] (part of the Makrani dialect group)
* Western group (part of the [[Rakhshani dialect|Rakhshani]] dialect group)

[[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi]] is also classified as Balochi.<ref>[[ethnologuefamily:90021|Ethnologue report for Southwestern Iranian languages]]</ref>

Many Baloch are either bilingual or multilingual, speaking the language of their respective nation of origin, such as Urdu, Persian, and Arabic as a second language alongside their native Balochi, while those in diaspora communities often speak three or more languages.<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2" />

==History==
===Antiquity===
During the rule of [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]], the Baloch were among rebellious [[Medes]] and [[Parthia]]ns who supported [[Bardiya]] against [[Darius the Great|Darius I]] and later allied with [[Darius III]] in the [[Battle of Gaugamela]] with [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]].<ref name=":Balochistan and its ancient civilization2">{{cite book |last1=Afshar |first1=Iraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXFIAAAAMAAJ |title=Balochistan and its ancient civilization |date=1992 |publisher=Printing and Publishing Organization of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance |pages=89–90,101,127,376 |language=fa}}</ref>{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=57}}

Agha Mir Nasir Khan Ahmadzai the author of seven-volume book on the history of Baloch and Balochistan,<ref name=":Ahmedzai2">{{cite book |author=Mir Naseer Khan Ahmedzai Kambarani Baloch |title=A History of the Baloch and Balochistan (2023) |asin=B0D66DTRMW}}</ref> connects Balochs with [[Medes]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmadzai Baloch |first1=Mir Naseer Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYWGAAAAIAAJ |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Baloc va Balocistān, Volume 1 |date=1988 |publisher=Balocī Ikaiḍamī |pages=36 |language=urdu}}</ref> and considers them descendants of the Medes, the people of [[ancient Iran]]. He makes mention of all Baloch tribes<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmadzai Baloch |first1=Mir Naseer Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYWGAAAAIAAJ |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Baloc va Balocistān, Volume 1 |date=1988 |publisher=Balocī Ikaiḍamī |pages=241–251 |language=urdu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmadzai Baloch |first1=Mir Naseer Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8351AAAAIAAJ |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Baloc va Balocistān, Volume 4 |date=1988 |publisher=Balocī Ikaiḍamī |pages=13–16 |language=urdu}}</ref> are descendants of the Medes, who came to Balochistan and settled in [[Ancient history|ancient time]].<ref name=":Ahmedzai2" />

[[Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr]] is a surviving Middle Persian text on Sasanian administrative geography and history,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ŠAHRESTĀNĪHĀ Ī ĒRĀNŠAHR |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sahrestaniha-i-eransahr}}</ref> based on the source, Padishkhwārgar (located at the vicinity of [[Sakastan (Sasanian province)|Segistan]]) was a Sasanian province in [[Late antiquity|Late Antiquity]] and people who contributed to building 21 cities in Padishkhwargar were the Kōfyār "mountain dweller" people called Baločān "Balochs".<ref name=":Alimoradi2">{{cite book |last1=Alimoradi |first1=Pooriya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxY4EQAAQBAJ&dq=baloch++++zorostian&pg=PA329 |title="The Wolf Era Ends, and The Sheep Era Starts": Zoroastrian Apocalypticism in The Maʿnī-yi Vahman Yasht |date=2024 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004710580 |page=329 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Mansel Longworth Dames]] in 1902 stated that "a theory of the origin of the Baloch people, the largest ethnic group in the region, is that they are of Median descent."<ref>M. Longworth Dames, Balochi Folklore, ''Folklore'', Vol. 13, No. 3 (29 September 1902), pp. 252–274</ref>

The Baloch were among [[Kay Khosrow]] allies and formed part of his army headed by General [[Ashkash]].<ref name=":ashkash2" /><ref name=":The Baloch race2" /> This is depicted in the mythological part of the [[Shahnameh|Shahnamah]] a prose work written in Middle Persian.<ref name=":Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore2">{{cite book |last=Badalkhan |first=Sabir |title=Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore |publisher=Universita degli studi di Napoli |year=2013 |isbn=978-88-6719-060-7 |series=Balochistan Monograph Series, V |location=Naples, Italy |pages=20,36,96–97,120}}</ref>
{{blockquote|<poem>
"Next after [[Gostaham]] came shrewd Aškash
endowed with prudent heart and ready brain
An army of warriors of the kuch and Baloch
Scheming war like the faighting-ram
No one in the word has seen(them tun) rheir backs
No one has seen(as much as) one of their fingers unarmed”<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours">{{cite book |last1=Carina،Korn |first1= Jahani،Korn|title=The Baloch and Their Neighbours |pages=49,314–317,248,260|date=2003|publisher= Reichert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3IMAQAAMAAJ&q=Scheming|isbn=9783895003660}}</ref><ref name="Ferdowsi 2006">Ferdowsi (2006). ''Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings''. Translated by Dick Davis. New York: Viking. {{ISBN|0670034851}}.</ref>
</poem>}}
Also in another piece of this pose which is depicted in the same work:
{{blockquote|<poem>
"Also from Pahlav and Pars and Koch o Baloch"
from the warriors of Gilan and Dasht-e Soroch"<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours" /><ref name=":The Baloch race">{{cite book |last1=Dames |first1= Mansel Longworth|title=The Baloch race. A historical and ethnological sketch |pages=22, 26, 29|date=1904|publisher= London, Royal Asiatic society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf0RAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Ferdowsi 2006" />
</poem>}}
During the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] era, [[Khosrow I|Anoshervan]] and [[Ardashir I|Ardashir]] fought against the Balochs and After initially sustaining a defeat, succeeded in subjugating the Baloch. The Baloch scattered in the Makran (modern-day Balochistan in Iran and Pakistan) and Kerman regions, areas that formed the southeastern frontier of the Sassanid Empire. Periodic uprisings or refusals to pay tribute might have been part of their interactions with the Sassanid kings.{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=50–55}}<ref name=":The Baloch race2" /><ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2" /><ref name="Spooner2" /><ref name=":Zeb2">{{cite book |last=Rathore |first=Rizwan Zeb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3UgEAAAQBAJ |title=Ethno-political Conflict in Pakistan The Baloch Movement |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |isbn=9781000729924}}</ref>

===Medieval period===
According to Baloch lore, their ancestors hail from [[Aleppo]] in what is now [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olson |title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires |date=1994 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0313274978 |page=101 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> After the fight against [[abbasid Caliph]] [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun]] under Ameer Hamza the [[Kharijites]] leader<ref name=":Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=meer hamza: a very famous personality in the baloch history |url=http://www.uob.edu.pk/Journals/Balochistan-Review/data/BR%2002%202012/23-31%20Meer%20Hamza,%20A%20very%20Famous%20Personality%20in%20The%20Baloch%20History,%20Ghulam%20Farooq%20Baloch.pdf |access-date=December 18, 2024 |website=[[University of Balochistan]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=67}} migrated to east or southeast of the central Caspian region, specially toward to east or southeast of the central [[Caspian Sea|Caspian region]], specially toward [[Sistan]],{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=67}} Iran.

Based on an analysis of the linguistic connections of the Balochi language, which is one of the [[Western Iranian languages]], the original homeland of the Baloch tribes was likely to the east or southeast of the central [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] region. The Baloch began migrating towards the east in the late [[Sasanian]] period. The cause of the migration is unknown but may have been as a result of the generally unstable conditions in the Caspian area. The migrations occurred over several centuries.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Baluchistan iii. Baluchi Language and Literature |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-iii |access-date=30 December 2014 |last=Elfenbein |first=J. |date=1988}}</ref>

By the 9th century, [[Arab people|Arab]] writers [[Istakhri]], [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] and [[Al-Maqdisi|Al-Muqaddasī]] refer to the Baloch as a distinct ethnical group living in the area between [[Kerman]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Sistan]], and [[Makran]].<ref name="Spooner2" /> [[Ibn Khordadbeh]], in [[Book of Roads and Kingdoms|Kitab al-Masalik wal-Mamalik]], describes the geography of Makran, and mentions the Baloch as They are powerful, numerous, and engaged in animal husbandry, their houses are made of wood. Al-Muqaddasī documented that [[Panjgur District|Panjgur]] was the capital of Makran and that it was populated by people called Baloch.<ref>{{citation |last=Hansman |first=John |title=A Periplus of Magan and Meluhha |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=36 |number=3 |pages=553–587 |year=1973 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00119858 |jstor=613582}}</ref><ref name=":Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore2" />{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=85}}

The 12th century Seljuk invasion of [[Kerman]] seemed to have stimulated the further eastwards emigration of the Baloch,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Baloch {{!}} People, History, & Culture {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baloch |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> towards what is now the Balochistan province of Pakistan, although some remained behind and there are still Baloch in the eastern parts of the Iranian [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province|Sistan-Baluchestan]] and [[Kerman province|Kerman]] provinces. By the 13th–14th centuries, waves of Baloch were moving into Sindh, and by the 15th century into the Punjab.<ref name="Spooner2" />

[[Dayaram Gidumal]] writes that a Baloch legend is backed up by the medieval [[Qarmatians]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gidumal |first=Dayaram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ra86AQAAMAAJ |title=History of Alienations in the Province of Sind: Compiled from the Jagir and Other Records in the Commissioner's Office on the Authority of Bombay Government, Resolution No. 12, Dated 2nd January 1878, Revenue Department |date=1888 |publisher=Printed at the "Commissioner's Press" |language=en}}</ref> The fact that the [[Kalmati]]s were ethnic Baluchis is also confirmed by the Persian historian in the 16th century [[Muhammad Qasim Ferishta]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JH7q-DP30HUC |title=Gazetteer |date=1880 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref>

Traditionally, [[Jalal Khan]] was the ruler and founder of the first Baloch confederacy in the 12th century. (He may be the same as [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]] the last ruler of the [[Khwarazmian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dashti |first=Naseer |title=The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4669-5896-8 |location=Bloomington, Indiana |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xIjyLNpusbAC&pg=PA104 103–104]}}</ref>) Jalal Khan left four sons – [[Rind Khan]], Lashar Khan, [[King Hoth Baloch|Hoth Khan]], Korai Khan and a daughter, Bibi Jato, who married his nephew Murad.<ref name=":Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore2" /> Since 12th century Baloch chieftains ruled over most of Balochistan. [[Jalal Khan|Mir Jalal khan]] and [[Mir Chakar Rind|Mir Chakar]] after the establishment of the Baloch Confederation, They extended their dominance on outside the borders of Balochistan, Mir Chakar seized control over Punjab and captured [[Multan]].<ref name=":Balochistan A Conflict of Narratives2">{{cite book |last=Malik |first=Fida Hussain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNwCEAAAQBAJ |title=Balochistan A Conflict of Narratives |publisher=Saiyid Books |year=2020 |isbn=9789692200028 |page=3}}</ref> The great Baloch kingdom was based on tribal confederation, Punjab and Balochistan remained under his rule for a period of time .<ref name=":Rathore2">{{cite book |last=Rathore |first=Azad Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3UgEAAAQBAJ |title=Balochistan The Heights of Oppression |publisher=Partridge Publishing India |year=2021 |isbn=9781543706642}}</ref><ref name=":Zeb2" />

According to Akhtar Baloch, professor at [[University of Karachi]], the Baloch migrated from [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]] during the [[Little Ice Age]] and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries,<ref name="Mann20032">{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Michael |url=http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf |title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2003 |editor1-last=MacCracken |editor1-first=Michael C. |chapter=Little Ice Age |access-date=17 November 2012 |editor2-last=Perry |editor2-first=John S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124223238/http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Lamb19722">{{cite book |author=Lamb, H. H. |title=Climate: present, past and future |publisher=Methuen |year=1972 |isbn=0-416-11530-6 |location=London |page=107 |chapter=The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800}} (noted in Grove 2004:4).</ref><ref name="NASA Glossary2">{{Cite web |title=Earth observatory Glossary L-N | date=29 April 1999 |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n |access-date=17 July 2015 |publisher=NASA |place=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt MD}}</ref> or alternatively, from about 1300<ref name="miller20122">Miller ''et al.'' 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" ''Geophysical Research Letters'' '''39''', 31 January: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002252/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml abstract (formerly on AGU website)] (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see [http://news.agu.org/press-release/unusual-volcanic-episode-rapidly-triggered-little-ice-age-researchers-find/ press release on AGU website] (accessed 11 July 2015).</ref> to about 1850.<ref>Grove, J. M., ''Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern,'' Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.</ref><ref>Matthews, J. A. and Briffa, K. R., [https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf "The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept"], ''Geogr. Ann., 87,'' A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance – AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html |access-date=24 June 2013 |publisher=Ipcc.ch}}</ref>

The area where the Baloch tribes settled was disputed between the [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Safavids]] and the [[Mughal emperors]]. Although the Mughals managed to establish some control over the eastern parts of the area, by the 17th century, a tribal [[Brahui people|Brahui]] leader named Mir Hasan established himself as the first "Khan of the Baloch". In 1666, he was succeeded by [[Ahmad I (Kalat)|Mir Aḥmad Khan Qambarani]] who established the [[Khanate of Kalat]] under the Ahmadzai dynasty.{{refn|A number of unrelated tribes with the name ''Ahmadzai'' exist.<ref name=Iranica>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kieffer |first=Ch. M. |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|title= Aḥmadzī|url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmadzi-descendants-of-ahmad-sing|edition= Online|publisher= [[Columbia University]]|location= United States}}</ref> There are two [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] tribes who are unrelated to each other with this name: the [[Ahmadzai (Wazir clan)|Ahmadzai]] who are a [[Wazir (Pashtun tribe)|Waziri tribe]] and the [[Sulaimankhel]] [[Ahmadzai (Ghilji clan)|Ahmadzai]], part of the [[Ghilzai]] confederation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Ethnic_identity.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118025854/http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Ethnic_identity.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2007 |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School |title=Ethnic Identity in Afghanistan |access-date=3 January 2015 }}</ref> However, the Ahmadzai Khans of Khalat were neither of these and belonged to a [[Brahui people|Brahui]] tribe.<ref name="BrunsMiggelbrink2011">{{cite book|author1=Bettina Bruns|author2=Judith Miggelbrink|title=Subverting Borders: Doing Research on Smuggling and Small-Scale Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VlULn9od0HoC&pg=PA52|date=8 October 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-531-93273-6|page=52, footnote 12}}</ref><ref name="Minahan2012">{{cite book|first=James|last=Minahan|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA48|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-659-1|page=48}}</ref><ref name="Axmann2008">{{cite book|last=Axmann|first=Martin|title=Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism, 1915–1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ngMAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547645-3|page=22}}</ref>|group="note"}} Originally in alliance with the Mughals, the Khanate lost its autonomy in 1839 with the signing of a treaty with the [[British Raj|British colonial government]] and the region effectively became part of the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Spooner2" />

===Safavid period===
{{further|Safavid dynasty}}
The Baluch tribes revolted against the Safavid government. [[Engelbert Kaempfer]] writes about this: Despite their small numbers, they attacked [[Suleiman I of Persia|Suleiman Shah]] with their fortifications.<ref name=":Balochistan and its ancient civilization2" />

During the Safavid dynasty sought to incorporate the Baloch regions into its administrative structure, the Baloch tribes maintained their autonomy through resistance, strategic alliances. In the reign of [[Soltan Hoseyn]], a number of Baloch chiefs, ruling Balochistan and neighbouring areas.{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=273}}

===Afsharid period===
{{further|Afsharid dynasty}}
After the fall of the Safavids, Iran fell under the control of the [[Afsharid Iran|Afsharid Empire]] ruled by [[Nader Shah]]. Nader Shah sought to consolidate and expand his empire, which brought him into contact with the Baloch. [[Mohammad Khan Baloch]] became military commander in [[Afsharid Iran]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Floor |first1=Willem M. |title=The Rise and Fall of Nader Shah: Dutch East India Company Reports, 1730–1747 |date=2009 |publisher=Mage Publishers |isbn=978-1933823324}}</ref> and Nader appointed Mohammad Khan Baloch the governor of [[Fars province|fars]], [[Kohgiluyeh County|Kohgiluyeh]] and [[Khuzestan province|Khuzestan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bastani Parizi |first1=Mohammad Ebrahim ([[Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi]]) |title=Kerman History |page=207 |language=fa}}</ref> Many Baloch were moved to Khorasan in order to protect the eastern border from invading Afghans during the reign of afsharid dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mīrńiyā |first1=Alī |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pizh%C5%ABhish%C4%AB_dar_shin%C4%81kht_i_%C4%AAlh%CC%81%C4%81_va/8IwdAAAAMAAJhl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86 |title=Nomadic clans of Khorasan, The political role of the heads of the great clans in the affairs of the country and their relations with the governments and colonialists(In Persian) |date=1990 |page=173 |language=fa}}</ref>

===Khanate of Kalat===
The [[Khanate of Kalat]] founded in the 16th century by Mir Altaz Sani Khan Qambrani and played an important part of [[History of Balochistan|Baloch history]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamdam |first=Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3ASEAAAQBAJ |title=The Right to Self-Determination Under International Law and Politics: the Case of the Baloch People |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=9781698704364}}</ref> The major figure in its establishment was Mir Ahmad Khan, who, established his authority over Kalat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sheikh |first=Salman Rafi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IA5ZDwAAQBAJ |title=The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9781351020688}}</ref> The dynasty established as a tribal confederacy of [[List of Baloch tribes|Baloch and Brahui tribes]] and emerged as a political entity that consolidated the power of these tribes under a single ruler, known as the Khan.<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2" /> Mir Ahmad Khan I was strong enough to capture [[Quetta]], [[Mastung District|Mastung]], and [[Pishin District|Pishin]] from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal governor]] at Kandahar.

[[Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai]] the sixth ruler of kalat was one of the most prominent and influential rulers of the Khanate of Kalat. He played a crucial role in consolidating Baloch power, unifying the Baloch tribes, and shaping the political and administrative structure of the Khanate.<ref name=":Balochistan In Quest of Freedom2">{{cite book |last=Ramsey |first=Syed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3LOEAAAQBAJ |title=Balochistan In Quest of Freedom |publisher=VIJ Books (India) PVT Limited |year=2017 |isbn=9789386834393}}</ref> The border of Balochestan in the reign of Nasir khan stretched from across modern-day Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan. Northern Border in areas such as [[Helmand Province|Helmand]] and parts of [[Kandahar]] ([[Balochistan, Afghanistan]]). In the East stretched as far as Punjab including [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], in the south [[Makran coast]] along the [[Arabian Sea]] from [[Karachi]] to [[Bandar Abbas]], in the western included Persian Balochistan (modern-day Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Iran), [[Kerman province|Kerman]] and Bandar abbas.<ref name=":The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan2">{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Farhan Hanif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDb6i9x1FKgC |title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=9780415686143 |page=54}}</ref>

The Khanate of Kalat declined in the early 19th century, losing much of its territory to [[Qajar Iran]], [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|British Balochistan]].

===Talpur period===
{{further|Talpur dynasty}}
[[File:A_Nautch_in_the_Palace_of_the_Ameer_of_Sind.jpg|right|thumb|190x190px|Baloch [[Emir]] of [[Sindh]] in 1808]]
[[Talpur dynasty|Talpur]] was a Baloch dynasty that originated in the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talpur |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Talpur |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>

The Talpur ruled the Sindh until British conquest of Sindh in 1843. The [[Talpur]] Baloch were a prominent Baloch tribe that rose to power in Sindh during the late 18th century and established their rule. The [[Battle of Miani]] (1843), took place near [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]], Baloch forces under the last Talpur ruler [[Amir Nasir Khan Talpur]] defeated by the [[East India Company]] led by [[Charles Napier (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Napier]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beasley |first1=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiklDwAAQBAJ |title=The Chartist General |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-51728-5 |page=214}}</ref>

===Modern era===
{{further|Baloch nationalism|Insurgency in Balochistan|Anjuman-e-Ittehad-e-Balochan-wa-Balochistan}}
For centuries, Balochistan was governed autonomously and local Baloch chieftains ruled Balochistan.{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=177}}<ref name="Breseeg2">{{Cite book |last=Breseeg |first=Taj Mohammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw0DHAAACAAJ |title=Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development |date=2004 |publisher=Royal Book Company |isbn=9789694073095 |pages=145 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Balochistan_region_in_the_year_1789.png|thumb|Balochistan in 1789, which included the Kalat Khanate and the states under its rule.]]
From 1666 Balochistan was continuously under the control of the Khanate of Kalat and ruled by confederacy of Baloch tribes, until the occupation of Balochistan by the British in 1839.<ref name=":The Baloch Conflict with Iran and Pakistan2">{{cite book |last=Dashti |first=Naseer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rutYnQAACAAJ |title=The Baloch Conflict with Iran and Pakistan Aspects of a National Liberation Struggle |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=9781490780917 |page=11,52–53,66}}</ref>
[[File:Baloch_Khans.png|thumb|Sardar Ibrahim Khan Sanjrani, Baloch [[Sardar]] of [[Sistan]], {{c.|1884}}]]
Baloch tribes in the Sarhad resisted the Persian government force. Gamshadzai, [[Yarahmadzai tribe|Yar Ahmadzai]], Ismailzai and Kurd tribes fought against Persian force during 1888.<ref name=":The Baloch Conflict with Iran and Pakistan2" /> [[Sanjrani Chiefdom|Sanjrani]] Baloch ruled [[Seistan]] with its capital at [[Chakhansur District|Chakansur]] in the early and late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ČAḴĀNSŪR |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cakansur-principal-town-of-the-large-kasrud-delta-oasis-in-northeastern-sistan |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baloch |first=Inayatullah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox0NAAAAIAAJ&q=Kesmacoran+(+Kech+-+Makran+)+is+a+kingdom+having+a+king+of+its+own+with+a+peculiar+language+.+%22+It+seems+that |title=The Problem of "Greater Baluchistan": A Study of Baluch Nationalism |date=1987 |publisher=Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden |isbn=978-3-515-04999-3 |language=en}}</ref> In 1897 the western regions of Balochistan were under the leadership of the chieftains of the Narui tribe.<ref name="Breseeg2" />

Baloch nationalism in its modern form began in the form of the [[Anjuman-e-Ittehad-e-Balochan-wa-Balochistan]] based in [[Mastung, Pakistan|Mastung]] in 1929, led by [[Yousaf Aziz Magsi]], [[Abdul Aziz Kurd]] and others.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khosa |first=Tariq |date=20 July 2020 |title=Baloch Nationalism |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1570090 |access-date=11 January 2023 |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref> In Pakistan's Balochistan province, insurgencies by Baloch nationalists have been fought in 1948–50, 1958–60, 1962–63 and 1973–1977, with an ongoing low-level insurgency beginning in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Zahid |date=25 April 2013 |title=The battle for Balochistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/794058/the-battle-for-balochistan |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref> The Baloch population in Pakistan has endured grave violations of human rights, which include extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and torture. These actions are purportedly perpetrated by state security forces and their associates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The untold story of human rights violations in Balochistan: Unveiling the historical context |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-the-untold-story-of-human-rights-violations-in-balochistan-unveiling-the-historical-context-3044953 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Daily News and Analysis |language=en}}</ref>

The [[First Balochistan conflict|First Balochistan Conflict]] started when three of the princely states of Kalat acceded to Pakistan in 1947 after [[Partition of India|independence]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Syed Farooq Hasnat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C |title=Global Security Watch—Pakistan |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-34698-9 |page=78}}</ref>

During the [[Second Balochistan conflict]] The Baloch nationalist leader [[Nauroz Khan|Nawab Nauroz Khan]] led an armed rebellion against the central government, demanding greater autonomy. This triggered a major armed conflict, with over 50,000 Baloch fighters resisting the Pakistani military.<ref name="future2">{{cite book |last1=Axmann |first1=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSwauwAACAAJ |title=The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baluch Nationalism |date=2 August 2012 |publisher=OUP Pakistan |isbn=978-0-19-906592-9}}</ref>

The [[Third Balochistan conflict]] began and engaging in guerrilla warfare against the Pakistani military. [[Sher Mohammad Marri|Sher Muhammad Bijrani Marri]] led militants into guerrilla warfare from 1963 to 1969 by creating their own insurgent bases.<ref name="Soviet2">{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Selig S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLnCAAAAIAAJ&q=Third+Balochistan+conflict+-Bharatpedia |title=Baloch nationalism and Soviet temptation |date=1981 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |isbn=978-0-87003-029-1}}</ref> This insurgency ended in 1969, with the Baloch separatists agreeing to a ceasefire granting general amnesty to the separatists as well as freeing the separatists.<ref>{{cite book |author=Farhan Hanif Siddiqi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0b0epgzkrz8C&pg=PA64 |title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements |date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-33696-6 |pages=64–}}</ref>

==Baloch communities==
=== Pakistan ===
{{Main|Baloch people in Punjab|Baloch people in Sindh|||||}}

[[File:Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg|thumb|Baloch-inhabited areas (pink) of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran in 1980]]
About 50% of the total Baloch population live in the Pakistani province of Balochistan while 40% are settled in Sindh and a significant albeit smaller number reside in the Pakistani Punjab.

In 2008, there were 180,000 [[Bugti]] based in [[Dera Bugti District]]. They are divided between the Rahija Bugti, Masori Bugti, Kalpar Bugti, Marehta Bugti and other sub-tribes.<ref name="Tahir20082">{{cite journal |last=Tahir |first=Muhammad |date=3 April 2008 |title=Tribes and Rebels: The Players in the Balochistan Insurgency |url=https://jamestown.org/program/tribes-and-rebels-the-players-in-the-balochistan-insurgency/#.VnssNfFRZ2I |journal=Terrorism Monitor |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |volume=6 |issue=7 |access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="piia20062">{{cite book |title=Pakistan Horizon, Volume 59, Issues 3–4 |publisher=Pakistan Institute of International Affairs |year=2006}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=January 2016}} led the Bugti as Tumandar until his death in 2006. Talal Akbar Bugti was the tribal leader and President of the [[Jamhoori Watan Party]] from 2006 until his death in 2015.<ref name="pktrib201504272">{{cite news |date=27 April 2015 |title=JWP leader Talal Bugti passes away in Quetta |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/876591/talal-bugti-passes-away-in-quetta/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

There are 98,000 [[Marri (tribe)|Marri]] based in [[Kohlo]] district in 2008,<ref name="Tahir20082" /> who further divide themselves into Gazni Marri, Bejarani Marri, and Zarkon Marri.<ref name="Tahir20082" />{{update after|2024|1|18}}

As of 2008 it was estimated that there were between eight and nine million Baloch people living in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. They were subdivided between over 130 tribes.<ref name="Tahir20082" /> Some estimates put the figure at over 150 tribes, though estimates vary depending on how subtribes are counted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baloch |first=Muhammad Amin |title=Inside Ormara |publisher=Muhammad Amin Baloch |year=1999 |page=83}}</ref> The tribes, known as ''taman'', are led by a tribal chief, the [[tumandar]]. Subtribes, known as paras, are led by a muqaddam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bonarjee |first=P. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/ahandbookfighti00bonagoog |title=A handbook of the fighting races of India |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. |year=1899 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ahandbookfighti00bonagoog/page/n71 47]}}</ref>

The Baloch holds a significant place in the [[history of Sindh]]. The Talpur, originally a Baloch tribe, ruled Sindh from 1783 to 1843. A significant population in sindh have Baloch root according unofficial estimates at about 4 million.<ref>{{cite book |last=Al Nahyan, Hussain, Ghafoor |first=Mansoor Bin Tahnoon, Jamal, Asad ul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IICXDwAAQBAJ |title=Tribes of Pakistan |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=9781527534391 |page=112 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=John |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC |title=PakistanThe Struggle Within |publisher=Pearson Longman |year=2009 |isbn=9788131725047 |page=28}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
{{Main|Baloch people in Iran|Khorasani Baloch|}}

[[File:Bazaar_of_Zahedan_-_18_March_2013_21.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Two Baloch men in the Zahedan market]]
Baloch in Iran are the majority ethnic inhabitants of the region of [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]] in [[Iran]].The town of [[Jask]] in neighbouring [[Hormozgan Province]] is also inhabited by Baloch people. Baloch people also make up a minority in the eastern parts of [[Kerman]], [[Razavi Khorasan province|Razavi Khorasan]] and [[South Khorasan province|South Khorasan]] ([[Khorasani Baloch]]) and are scattered throughout other provinces of Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khorasan i. Ethnic Groups |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khorasan-1-ethnic-groups |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2024 |title=The Balochi Language Project |url=https://www.lingfil.uu.se/research/the-balochi-language-project/ |website=[[Uppsala University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=[[Sir Charles Yate, 1st Baronet]] |title=A travelogue of Khorasan and Sistan |url=http://library.sharif.ir/parvan/resource/260027/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=19 January 2024 |work=[[Sharif University of Technology]] |location=Iran |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119171837/http://library.sharif.ir/parvan/resource/260027/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They speak the Rakhshani and Sarawani dialects of [[Balochi language|Balochi]], an [[Indo-Iranian languages|Iranian language]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=iran+Rakhshani&pg=RA1-PA308 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |pages=308 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:1986_"World_Handicrafts_Day_10th_June"_stamp_of_Iran_(3).jpg|thumb|Baloch needlework highlighted on a stamp of Iran, 1986]]
Sistan and Balochestan is one of the poorest and least developed provinces in Iran. Basic infrastructure, such as roads, schools, and hospitals, is lacking compared to other regions. The unemployment rate is disproportionately high, especially among Baloch youth.<ref name=":baloch in iran2">{{cite book |last1=Taheri |first1=Ahmad Reza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lfpBgAAQBAJ&dq=baloch++khorasan&pg=PA13 |title=A Sociopolitical Study of Iranian Baloch Elites (1979–2013) |date=2014 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781312349681 |language=en}}</ref> The majority of Iranian Baloch are Sunni Muslims, which distinguishes them from the predominantly Shia Muslim population of Iran. This religious difference has often contributed to tensions between the Baloch and the central government.<ref name=":baloch in iran2" />

During the 1950s, tribal revolt led by a Baloch farmer [[Dad Shah|Mir Daad Shah]] struck south eastern Iran. Elements of Baloch nationalism were present in this movement, he participated in a rebellion and [[Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency|armed insurgency]] against the Shah of Iran, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], in the 1950s.<ref name=":baloch in iran2" />

On September 30, 2022 ([[2022 Zahedan massacre|Bloody Friday]]) in Zahedan a large number of Baloch civilians gathered for Friday prayers at the [[Jameh Mosque of Makki|Grand Makki Mosque]], the largest Sunni mosque in Iran, located in Zahedan. After the prayers, peaceful demonstrations began, demanding justice for the sexual assault case of the alleged rape of a 15-year-old Baloch girl in June that by a commander of the police force in [[Chabahar]]. Iranian security forces, including the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC) and riot police, surrounded the area and opened fire on the protesters.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Kevin B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyMREQAAQBAJ |title=A Political Sociology of Twenty-First Century Revolutions and Resistances |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2024 |isbn=9781040107423}}</ref><ref name="amnesty international baluchi2">{{cite news |date=6 October 2022 |title=Iran: At least 82 Baluchi protesters and bystanders killed in bloody crackdown |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/10/iran-at-least-82-baluchi-protesters-and-bystanders-killed-in-bloody-crackdown/ |access-date=13 October 2022 |work=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> According to human rights organisations such as [[Amnesty International|Amnesty]] International and Baloch activist groups, at least 96 people were killed on the day of the massacre, and hundreds were injured.<ref name="amnesty international baluchi2" /> [[Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi|Molavi Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi]] called the incident a "catastrophe" and demanded "trial and punishment for those responsible for those who have killed people", adding that worshipers were shot in the head and heart by snipers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title="جمعه خونین" زاهدان؛ مولوی عبدالحمید: تیرها به سر و قلب نمازگزاران شلیک شده |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/articles/cgx9xvwvl49o |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=BBC News فارسی |language=fa}}</ref> From this event, a picture of [[Killing of Khodanur Lojei|Khodanur Lojei]], a Baloch protester whose hands were tied to a flagpole, with a cup of water put in front of him (but out of his reach) became a symbol in the ongoing protests.<ref>{{cite book |last=Azizi |first=Arash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6avEAAAQBAJ |title=What Iranians Want |publisher=Oneworld Publications |year=2024 |isbn=9780861547128}}</ref>

=== Afghanistan ===
{{Main|Baloch of Afghanistan|Balochistan, Afghanistan|Partisans of National Liberation of Afghanistan|}}

Baloch constitute roughly 0.5%–1% Afghanistan's population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernandez Jr. |first=Edward Joy |date=December 2012 |title=Balochistan and Nationalism |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/f20f02ef-8bd1-4d5c-a999-6a70c86063cc/content |website=The University of Texas at Austin |quote=Over 300.000 ethnic Baloch people inhabit the Afghan part of Balochistan, though the Pakhtoons or Pushtuns (Pathan) heavily populate the tract.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-22 |title=West Balochistan - |url=https://unpo.org/west-balochistan/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] |language=en-GB |quote=A small community of around 500,000 Baloch resides in Afghanistan}}</ref> They are the majority in [[Nimruz Province|Nimroz Province]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baloch Tribal Council |url=https://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=2741&task=view&total=5083&start=867&Itemid=2 |access-date=May 8, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Baloch also have a presence in [[Helmand Province|Helmand]], [[Faryab Province|Faryab]], [[Takhar Province|Takhar]], [[Herat]], [[Kandahar]], and other parts of Afghanistan.<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2" /><ref name=":Under the Drones2">{{cite book |last=Crews, Bashir |first=Robert, Shahzad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNwCEAAAQBAJ |title=Under the Drones |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=212 |isbn=9780674064768 |page=139,147,150,151}}</ref>
[[File:Naeem_Baloch.jpg|right|thumb|270x270px|Naeem Baloch, Former governor of Helmand province]]
Rug weaving is a common profession among the Baloch tribes of Afghanistan. Balochi rugs, floor coverings made by the Baloch, are often sold in the Herat local market and global market.<ref name=":Baluchi rug2">{{Cite web |title=Baluchi rug |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Baluchi-rug |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Needlework and handicrafts are the art of Baloch women in Afghanistan. Baloch women wear clothes called "Za Asteen Guptan", which are designed on Baloch needlework and embroidery. Keeping and breeding camels, as well as holding [[Camel racing|camel riding]] competitions in Nimroz province, is popular among the Baloch.<ref>{{cite book |last=Amiri |first=Ghulam Rahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MGr60AEACAAJ |title=The Helmand Baluch |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2024 |isbn=9781836950592 |pages=124–125}}</ref>

In the fall of 1978, Balochi was recognised as an official language of Afghanistan, alongside Pashto and Dari. A weekly newspaper in Balochi began publication in September 1978.<ref name="Breseeg2" /> The Baloch Council of Afghanistan is a Baloch socio-cultural organisation that celebrates Baloch Culture Day every year.

The government of Afghanistan has always been implacably opposed to any suggestion of Baloch separatism. Since the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|fall of Kabul]] in 2021, the Taliban has been accused of having anti-Baloch bias.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mohammad |date=2024-11-12 |title=Taliban Commander's Ethnic Bias Against Nimruz Baloch: 'Go to Iran; This Place Isn't Yours' |url=https://8am.media/eng/taliban-commanders-ethnic-bias-against-nimruz-baloch-go-to-iran-this-place-isnt-yours/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Hasht-e Subh |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Ghulam Mohammad Lalzad Baloch]], [[Naeem Baloch|Mohammad Naeem Baloch]], are some of the notable Baloch people in Afghanistan.

===Oman===
{{Main|Omani Baloch|Al-Balushi|}}

Baloch account for 20% of Oman's population, a total of around 1 million people and the largest non-Arab community in Oman. The first modern army of Oman was exclusively Baloch,<ref name="Peterson2" /> and even today around 40% of [[Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces|Omani Army]] consists of Baloch people.<ref name="AlSalhi 2021 248–249">{{cite book |last=AlSalhi |first=Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1M3EAAAQBAJ |title=Music in Arabia |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780253057525 |pages=248–249}}</ref>

The Baloch have been well integrated in political life in Oman. the Baloch hold positions in many high-ranking jobs and have played a significant role in the progress and development of Oman.<ref name="AlSalhi 2021 248–249"/>

===India===
{{Main|Baloch people in India|}}

There are around 300 Baloch families living in [[Mumbai]], numbering about 1,500 individuals. They are scattered across the outer western suburbs and ghettos of Mumbai's metropolitan area. The vast majority of them belong to a [[working class]] background, having little formal education, and are employed as manual labourers or drivers.<ref>{{cite news |author=Roshni Nair |date=3 December 2016 |title=Mumbai's filmi daredevils with a cross-border history |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mumbai-s-filmi-daredevils-with-a-cross-border-history/story-zZxj8hDGF0EiOahNCJmUTL.html |access-date=9 July 2020 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Turkmenistan===
{{Main|Baloch of Turkmenistan|}}

[[File:Baloch_in_Turkmenistan.jpg|thumb|170x170px|Baloch in Turkmenistan]]
Baloch are also found in Turkmenistan mainly [[Merv]] and smaller numbers in other areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barjasteh Delforooz |first=Behrooz |year=2010 |title=Discourse Features in Balochi of Sistan |url=http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:345413 |pages=17–18 |website=[[Uppsala University]]}}</ref> They immigrated into the Merv and the Murghab River inland delta from the areas west and north of Herat, Afghanistan, [[Chakhansur District]] in the province of Nimruz and Iran in the mid 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Axenov |first1=Serge |title=Balochi Language of Turkmenistan: A Corpus-based Grammatical Description (Studia Iranica Upsaliensia) |isbn=9155467660}}</ref> In 1926 the Baluch of Merv Oasis numbered 9,974. Their numbers fell to 7,842 in the official statistics by 1959 but then rose to 12,582 by 1970 and 18,997 by 1979.

===Diaspora===
====Persian Gulf Countries====
{{Main|Baloch people in the United Arab Emirates|Ajam of Bahrain|}}

The Baluch people have a notable presence in the Persian Gulf countries, many of which are in [[Oman]], [[Kuwait]], [[UAE]], [[Qatar]], and [[Bahrain]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=Lawrence G. |url=http://www.jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/Peterson_Baluch_Presence_in_the_Gulf_2013.pdf |title=Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=229–244 |access-date=2024-09-04 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McCoy |first=Eric |url=https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/193398/azu_etd_10189_sip1_m.pdf |title=Iranians in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates: Migration, Minorities, and Identities in the Persian Gulf Arab States |publisher=The University of Arizona |year=2008 |isbn=9780549935070 |pages= |language=en |oclc=659750775 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219012742/https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/193398/azu_etd_10189_sip1_m.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2024 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=17 December 2024 }}</ref>

====North America====
{{Main|Baloch Americans|}}

There was substantial immigration of ethnic Baloch in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2" /> who are mainly political refugees and immigrants seeking economic opportunity. A 2015 eight-part documentary by VSH News, the first Balochi language news channel, called Balochs in America, shows that Baloch Americans live in different parts of the United States, including [[Washington D.C.]], New York, Texas, North Carolina and Washington.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baloch in America |url=http://www.vshnews.tv/Documentary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112084925/http://www.vshnews.tv/Documentary/ |archive-date=2016-11-12 |access-date=2016-12-18 |publisher=VSH News}}</ref>

====Australia====
{{main|Australian Baloch}}

There is a considerable number of [[Australian Baloch|Baloch]] who settled in [[Australia]] for education and employment opportunities.<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Westrip |first1=J. |title=Colonial Cousins: a surprising history of connections between India and Australia |last2=Holroyde |first2=P. |date=2010 |publisher=[[Wakefield Press (Australia)|Wakefield Press]] |isbn=978-1862548411 |page=193}}</ref> Small Baloch groups of cameleers were shipped in and out of Australia at three-year intervals, to service the Australian inland pastoral industry by carting goods and transporting wool bales by camel trains. Baloch cameleers who worked the [[Western Australian Goldfields]] in the late 1890s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Philip G. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34934991?selectedversion=NBD42302474 |title=Australia's Muslim Cameleers: Pioneers of the Inland, 1860s–1930s |last2=Jones |first2=Anna |date=2007 |publisher=Wakefield Press |isbn=9781862547780 |edition=Pbk |page=39,172}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Afghan camelmen |url=http://www.southaustralianhistory.com.au/afghans.htm |access-date=2 June 2019 |website=South Australian History: Flinders Ranges Research}}</ref>

====Europe====
{{main|Swedish Baloch|Baloch in the United Kingdom}}

[[File:Nation's_Evolution.jpg|right|thumb|232x232px|A Baloch Girl in [[Switzerland]]]]
There are also significant populations in [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], and other [[European countries]].<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2" />

Most [[Swedish Baloch|Baloch people in Sweden]] live in the capital [[Stockholm]] or in [[Uppsala]]. A majority of Baloch political refugees<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2024 |title=Iranian Baloch Activist In Danger Of Deportation From Sweden |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202403078522 |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=Iran International |language=en}}</ref> and students choose Sweden as their host country and therefore they have a cultural presence in Sweden.<ref name=":carina2">{{cite book |last=Korn, Jahani, Titus |first=Agnes , Carina , Paul Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNoRAQAAMAAJ |title=The Baloch and Others Linguistic, Historical and Socio-political Perspectives on Pluralism in Balochistan |date=2008 |publisher=Reichert Verlag |isbn=9783895005916 |page=19,223 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Uppsala University]] offers a course titled Balochi A, which provides basic knowledge of the phonetics and syntax of the [[Balochi language]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Balochi Language Project |url=https://www.uu.se/en/department/linguistics-and-philology/research/proj/the-balochi-language |access-date=December 17, 2024 |website=[[Uppsala University]] |date=25 November 2024 }}</ref> This course also includes a brief overview of the history of the Baloch people. The course is conducted in [[English language|English]] and is available as a distance learning option, making it accessible to a broader audience interested in learning about the Balochi language.<ref>{{cite web |title=Balochi A |url=https://www.uu.se/en/study/course?query=5BA001 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |website=[[Uppsala University]]}}</ref> [[Carina Jahani]] is a prominent Swedish [[Iranian studies|Iranologist]] and professor of [[Iranian languages]] at Uppsala University, deeply researching in the study and preservation of the Balochi language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jahani |first1=Carina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XEbAQAAIAAJ&q=balochi |title=Standardization and Orthography in the Balochi Language |date=1989 |publisher=Uppsala University |isbn=978-91-554-2487-9}}</ref>

There is a Baloch community in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], originating from the Balochistan province of southwestern Pakistan and neighbouring and other parts where Baloch populations reside. Estimates suggest that the Baloch community in [[London]] numbers in the thousands, though an exact figure is not available. There are many Baloch associations and groups active in the UK, including the Baloch Students and Youth Association (BSYA), Baloch Cultural Society, Baloch Human Rights Council (UK) and others.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=Balochistan: Important London Meeting For UK Baloch |url=http://www.unpo.org/article/15513 |access-date=1 June 2014 |work=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]}}</ref>

====East Africa====
There is also a small but historic Baloch community in [[East Africa]], left over from when the [[Muscat and Oman|Sultanate of Muscat]] ruled over [[Zanzibar]] and the [[Swahili Coast]].<ref>Lodhi, Abdulaziz Y. 2000. A note on the Baloch in East Africa. In: Language in society: eight sociolinguistic essays on Balochi, Studia iranica upsaliensia, no 3, pp 91–95. Edited by Carina Jahani. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis</ref><ref>[http://www.baluchii.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=2 Baluchis from East Africa: In Search of Our Roots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514085509/http://www.baluchii.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=2 |date=14 May 2011 }}, Retrieved 27 June 2010</ref>

==Baloch culture==
{{main|Balochi culture}}

{{See also|Balochi clothing|Balochi cuisine}}

Gold ornaments such as necklaces and bracelets are an important aspect of Baloch women's traditions and among their most favoured items of jewellery are ''dorr'', heavy earrings that are fastened to the head with gold chains so that the heavy weight will not cause harm to the ears. They usually wear a gold brooch (''tasni'') that is made by local jewellers in different shapes and sizes and is used to fasten the two parts of the dress together over the chest.<ref name="Baloch Society & culture2">{{cite web |title=Baloch Society & culture |url=http://baask.com/diwwan/index.php?topic=4273.0;wap2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916045319/http://baask.com/diwwan/index.php?topic=4273.0%3Bwap2 |archive-date=16 September 2011 |access-date=7 September 2010 |publisher=Baask.com}}</ref>

[[Balochi Culture|Baloch Culture]] Day is celebrated by the Baloch people annually on 2 March with festivities to celebrate their rich culture and history.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 March 2018 |title=Baloch Cultural Day celebrated with colourful functions, gatherings |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/03/02/baloch-cultural-day-celebrated-with-colourful-functions-gatherings/ |access-date=21 April 2018 |website=Pakistan Today}}</ref>

===Women===
[[File:Mahrang_Baloch.jpg|right|thumb|259x259px|Mahrang Baloch, Human Rights Activist]]
In general, Baloch women's rights and equality have improved in the recent years due to political movements within Baloch society. However, despite the progress, Baloch and international women's rights organisations still report significant human rights issues related to gender equality, forced marriages,<ref>{{cite book |last=Taheri |first=Ahmad Reza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lfpBgAAQBAJ |title=A Sociopolitical Study of Iranian Baloch Elites |publisher=Lulu Press, Incorporated |year=2014 |isbn=978-1312349681 |page=11,45}}</ref> and honour killings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Enrile, Weiss, Zaleski |first=Annalisa V., Eugenia L., Kristen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmmtDwAAQBAJ |title=Women's Journey to Empowerment in the 21st Century |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780190927097 |page=117,144}}</ref>

Baloch women have taken the lead in the new wave of Baloch movements and have emerged as leaders and advocates for Baloch rights. In the movement of [[Baloch Long March]] two baloch women leading the movement for justice and equality in Baloch society against [[human rights violation]]s and [[Forced disappearances in Pakistan|enforced disappearances]] in Balochistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baloch |first=Kiyya |date=19 December 2023 |title=Women Are Leading an Unprecedented Protest Movement in Balochistan |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/women-are-leading-an-unprecedented-protest-movement-in-balochistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222162945/https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/women-are-leading-an-unprecedented-protest-movement-in-balochistan/ |archive-date=22 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=thediplomat.com}}</ref> [[Mahrang Baloch]] and [[Sammi Deen Baloch]] the leader of the [[Baloch Yakjehti Committee]] and [[Voice for Baloch Missing Persons]] and have been prominent advocate for the rights of Baloch people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ebrahim |first1=Zofeen T. |date=31 August 2024 |title='She has won our hearts and minds': can one woman unite the Baloch people in peaceful resistance? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/aug/31/can-one-woman-unite-the-baloch-people-in-peaceful-resistance-balochistan-pakistan-mahrang |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Balochistan, Families Demand Answers for Forced Disappearances |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/in-balochistan-families-demand-answers-for-forced-disappearances/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In December 2024, Marang Baloch was included on the [[BBC]]'s [[100 Women (BBC)|100 Women]] list.<ref name="bbc2">{{cite web |date=3 December 2024 |title=BBC 100 Women 2024: Who is on the list this year? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/resources/idt-4f79d09b-655a-42f8-82b4-9b2ecebab611 |access-date=3 December 2024 |publisher=BBC |language=}}</ref> Sammi Baloch has been honoured with the Asia Pacific Human Rights Award for 2024, presented by [[Front Line Defenders]]. The award ceremony took place in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=Sammi Deen Baloch honoured with human rights award |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1195462-sammi-deen-baloch-honoured-with-human-rights-award |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The News International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=Sammi Deen Baloch |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/sammi-deen-baloch |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Secretary_of_State_Antony_Blinken_and_First_Lady_Jill_Biden_with_award_recipient_Fariba_Balouch_of_the_2024_International_Women_of_Courage_Award_(IWOC)_at_the_White_House_on_March_4,_2023_(cropped).jpg|thumb|200x200px|Fariba Baloch in the 18th annual International Women of Courage Award Ceremony at the White House in Washington]]
[[Fariba Balouch|Fariba Baloch]] is another Baloch women who works for women's rights and human rights in Balochistan in Iran. She is particularly outspoken about the challenges faced by women in Balochistan region, advocating for gender equity and justice amidst widespread human rights abuses. She received the 2024 [[International Women of Courage]] award.<ref>{{cite web |last=Service |first=VOA Persian |date=3 March 2024 |title=Iranian Activist Among Recipients of 2024 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iranian-activist-among-recipients-of-2024-international-women-of-courage-awards/7512052.html |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=Voice of America}}</ref><ref name="United States Department of State 2024 f2432">{{cite web |date=6 March 2024 |title=2024 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2024-international-women-of-courage-award/#iran |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=United States Department of State}}</ref><ref name="IranWire 2023 h0222">{{cite web |date=21 June 2023 |title=Son, Brother of Exiled Iranian Rights Activist Arrested |url=https://iranwire.com/en/news/117755-son-brother-of-exiled-iranian-rights-activist-arrested/ |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=IranWire |ref={{sfnref | IranWire | 2023}}}}</ref>

[[Karima Baloch]] was a human rights activist and was included in the [[100 Women (BBC)#2016|100 Women List]] by the ''[[BBC]]'' in 2016, where she was identified as a political activist campaigning for the independence for Balochistan from Pakistan.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38012048 BBC 100 Women 2016: Who is on the list?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711230227/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-38012048|date=11 July 2017}}, BBC, 7 October 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2016.</ref> Her inclusion in the BBC 100 list as a Baloch woman was repeated in 2024 when the Iranian [[Zhina Modares Gorji]] bookseller was also named for her struggle for freedom of speech.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women Activists from Balochistan and Kurdistan Nominated to BBC's 100 Influential Individuals |url=https://balochwarna.com/2024/12/03/women-activists-from-balochistan-and-kurdistan-nominated-to-bbcs-100-influential-individuals/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Balochwarna |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Baloch Women have played numerous roles, and contributed in many ways, to Baloch society. Historically, tradition maintained. [[Banadi Shehak]] the sister of Mir Chakar Rind was a Baloch woman who led the war and participated in the battlefield.

===Folklore===
Baloch folklore ({{langx|bal|بلوچ لوک}}) consists of [[Folklore|folk]] traditions which have developed in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] over many centuries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-08 |title=Remembering the tragedy and legend of Hani and Sheh Mureed |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/362725/remembering-the-tragedy-and-legend-of-hani-and-sheh-mureed/ |access-date=2020-05-09 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The majority of such folk traditions are preserved in the [[Balochi language|Balochi]] language and deal with themes such as tragic love, resistance and war.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-26 |title=Baloch literature is the repository of love and romanticism |url=https://nation.com.pk/26-May-2017/baloch-literature-is-the-repository-of-love-and-romanticism |access-date=2020-05-09 |website=The Nation |language=en}}</ref> The history of Baloch tribes is captured in the ballads which narrate the conflicts and wars fought by various clans, celebrating the valor of tribal chiefs and heroes.

[[Hani and Sheh Mureed]], a [[Tragedy|tragic]] love story. It tells of the deep love between Hani and Sheh Mureed and the societal pressures that ultimately lead to their separation.{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=8, 33–34, 44}}

[[Hammal Jiand|Mir Hammal Jiand]] is a significant figure in Baloch folklore, Baloch culture and Balochi literature,<ref name=":The Baloch and Their NeighboursThe Baloch race2">{{cite book |last1=Carina،Korn |first1=Jahani،Korn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3IMAQAAMAAJ&q=Scheming |title=The Baloch and Their Neighbours |date=2003 |publisher=Reichert |isbn=9783895003660 |pages=260}}</ref> particularly noted for his role during the conflicts with Portuguese colonial forces in the 16th century. He is celebrated as a heroic leader and is often compared to other notable Baloch leaders like Mir Chakar Rind.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Windfuhr |first1=Gernot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7au4-y3Q-AC |title=The Iranian Languages |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135797034 |page=635}}</ref>

Widely varying in purpose and style, among the Baloch folklore one will find stories about nature, anthropomorphic animals, love, heroes and villains, mythological creatures and everyday life. Baloch mythology often intertwines with their beliefs and geography, featuring the supernatural. A number of these mythological figures can be found in other cultures, like stories of [[Shahnameh]] and [[Persian mythology|Iranian Mythology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=FOLK POETRY |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/folk-poetry- |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref> [[Ashkash]] is introduced in several verses in the Shahnameh as the commander of the Baloch army.<ref name=":ashkash2" /> This work has inspired Baloch heroic tales and has appeared in the works of Baloch writers and Baloch folklore.<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2" />

===Music and Dance===
{{Main|Chaap|Balochi Music}}

[[File:Traditional_dance_of_Baloch_tribes.jpg|thumb|Baloch men performing a traditional dance.]]
In ancient times, especially during the pre-Islamic era, it was common for Baloch women to perform [[Chaap|dances]] and sing [[Balochi music|folk songs]] at different events. The tradition of a Baloch mother singing lullabies to her children has played an important role in the transfer of knowledge from generation to generation since ancient times. Apart from the dressing style of the Baloch, indigenous and local traditions and customs are also of great importance to the Baloch.<ref name="Baloch Society & culture2" />

[[Zahirok|Zahīrōk]] is one of the musical forms of Baloch and in the beginning, was only sung by two groups of Baloch women.<ref name=":BALUCHISTAN iv. Music of Baluchistan2">{{Cite web |title=Baluchistan iv. Music of Baluchistan |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-iv |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref>

[[Suroz]] and [[Ghaychak]] are popular instrument between Balochs such as craftspeople, folk artists, folk musicians and dance groups.<ref name=":BALUCHISTAN iv. Music of Baluchistan2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghaychak Instrument; What Iran is known for |url=https://iranpress.com/ghaychak-instrument-what-iran-is-known-for |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Balouchi_rug.jpg|thumb|173x173px|Balouchi rug]]
[[File:نمونه_سوزندوزی_لباس_زنان_بلوچ.jpg|thumb|120x120px|Needlework of Baloch women's clothes]]

===Weaving===
{{See also|Balochi rug|Balochi needlework}}
Balochi weaving is renowned throughout the world, with fine specimens of both rugs and carpets. The most famous balochi rugs are those from [[Nimruz Province|Nimruz]] and [[Khorasan province|Khorasan]].<ref name=":Baluchi rug2" /> Wool is the primary material used, sourced from sheep and goats. In some cases, camel hair or a mix of natural fibres is also used.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sabry |first=Fouad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TkgQEQAAQBAJ |title=War Rug |publisher=One Billion Knowledgeable |year=2024}}</ref> Mehrabi is a [[prayer rug]] designed in the Balochi style, and it typically features a [[mihrab]] or arch at one end of the rug.<ref>{{cite web |title=Investigating the types, methods and geography of Iranian carpet production in the first five centuries of Hijra, based on written sources(In Persian) |url=https://congress2.iranology.ir/pdf/tarikh%20o%20joghrafiaye%20iran/Persian.pdf/408.pdf |access-date=June 6, 2024 |website=[[Shahed University]] |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aesthetics of color and design of Baloch Mehrabi carpets(In Persian) |url=https://paykareh.scu.ac.ir/article_13206_45c0a33ff87fa184de18574271bf47e4.pdf |access-date=June 6, 2024 |website=[[Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz]] |language=fa}}</ref>

===Handicrafts===
{{See also|Balochi handicrafts}}
[[File:Baloch_handicrafts.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Balochi mirror embroidery]]
[[Balochi handicrafts]] are handicraft or handmade crafted works originating from Baloch people.<ref name=":iranica2">{{Cite web |title=CLOTHING xviii. Clothing of the Baluch in Persia |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-xviii |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref>

[[Balochi handicrafts#Balochi mirror work embroidery|Balochi mirror work embroidery]] is a type of traditional Balochi embroidery<ref name=":iranica2" /> and art that is used to decorate coats, cloth, hat(pag), cushion covers, tablecloths, bags, shoes, vests, local clothing between [[Baloch of Afghanistan|Baloch of Afghanistan]] and Pakistan.<ref name=":iranicaonline2">{{Cite web |title=CLOTHING xix. Clothing of the Baluch in Pakistan and Afghanistan |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-xix |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref>

[[Balochi handicrafts#Balochi coin work embroidery|Balochi coin work embroidery]] is one of the handicrafts of [[Balochistan]] that the Baloch generally use to decorate bedspreads or camel necks during weddings, and they often hang them on the walls to decorate rooms.<ref name=":Balochistan and its ancient civilization2" /> Balochi coin embroidery is very popular among the [[Baloch people in Iran]] and has created a large market.<ref name=":Effects of nomadic tourism2">{{cite book |last1=Zendeh del |first1=Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oqgAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87%20%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C |title=Effects of nomadic tourism |date=2000 |publisher=Irangardan |isbn=978-964-6635-29-6 |pages=176&179 |language=fa}}</ref>

Outside of weaving and clothing, there are many other [[Balochi needlework|Baloch needleworks]], decorations on [[Balochi clothing|balochi dress]] is a tradition in Baloch culture including Balochi cap, jackets, belts, ladies purse, shoulder bags, and many other items.<ref>Rehman Khan, F. and Malghani, M. and Ayyaz, S., [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342375348_Construction_of_Baloch_Ethnic_Identity_through_Ethnolinguistic_Awareness_and_Cultural_Dynamics.pdf "Construction of Baloch Ethnic Identity through Ethnolinguistic Awareness and Cultural Dynamics"], ''Clark,'' pp. 440 (2005). Retrieved 2 January 2024.</ref> These crafts are known for their intricate designs, vibrant colours, and high-quality craftsmanship. They are often made by women artisans and serve both functional and decorative purposes, playing a significant role in the economy and identity of the Baloch community.<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2" /> Notable Balochi needlework artisans include [[Mahtab Norouzi]]. [[Farah Pahlavi|Farah Diba Pahlavi]], the former [[Shahbanu]] of Iran, was particularly drawn to Balochi needlework handcrafts and incorporated them into many of her formal dresses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2012 |title=مهتاب نوروزی؛ نماد نیم قرن سوزن دوزی در بلوچستان |trans-title=Mahtab Norouzi; Symbol of half a century of needlework in Balochistan |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/arts/2012/07/120716_l44_pics_mahtab_needlework |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=BBC News فارسی |language=fa}}</ref>

Among crafts are coin embroidery and cream embroidery that are made with natural materials.<ref>{{cite book |last=Carr, Butler |first=Anna, Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_kcEQAAQBAJ |title=The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Indigenous Peoples |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2024 |isbn=9781040086629 |page=373}}</ref>

== Genetics ==
For most Balochs, [[haplogroup R1a]] is the most common paternal [[clade]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=R-Y920 YTree |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-Y920/ |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=yfull.com}}</ref> The majority of Balochs belong to R1a, with a frequency of 34–36%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ikram |first1=Muhammad Salman |last2=Mehmood |first2=Tahir |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Akhtar |first4=Sareen |last5=Mahmood Khan |first5=Muhammad Imran |last6=Al-Qahtani |first6=Wedad Saeed |last7=Fatmah |first7=Ahmed Safhi |last8=Hadi |first8=Sibte |last9=Wang |first9=Chuan-Chao |last10=Adnan |first10=Atif |date=2022 |title=Genetic diversity and forensic application of Y-filer STRs in four major ethnic groups of Pakistan |journal=BMC Genomics |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=7–11 |doi=10.1186/s12864-022-09028-z |issn=1471-2164 |pmc=9714238 |pmid=36451116 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite bioRxiv |biorxiv=10.1101/392456 |first1=Atif |last1=Adnan |first2=Shao-Qing |last2=Wen |title=Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand-line revealed by Y chromosomal STRs |date=22 November 2020 |last3=Rakha |first3=A. |last4=Alghafri |first4=R. |last5=Nazir |first5=Sh. |last6=Rehman |first6=M. |last7=Wng |first7=Ch.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FamilyTreeDNA – " Al-Baloushi " Group Project – مشروع البلوشي الجيني |url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/albaloushi?iframe=yresults&srsltid=AfmBOoovE8kGBr-8MCrJxJTdXrprkBJglVbiUGDQhACzGZT3sywEFnin |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.familytreedna.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FamilyTreeDNA – |url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/albloushi_tribe/default.aspx?section=yresults |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.familytreedna.com}}</ref>

==Religion==
=== Islam ===
The Baloch are predominantly [[Muslims|Muslim]], with the vast majority belonging to the [[Hanafi]] school of [[Sunni Islam]], but there is also tiny proportion of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] in Balochistan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Korn, Jahani, Titus |first=Agnes , Carina , Paul Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNoRAQAAMAAJ&q=baloch%20shia%20sunni |title=The Baloch and Others Linguistic, Historical and Socio-political Perspectives on Pluralism in Balochistan |date=2008 |publisher=Reichert Verlag |isbn=9783895005916 |page=12 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baloch people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baloch |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>

In the case of Pakistan, breakdown by religious movements or sub-groups among the ethnic Baloch in the country as a whole is as following: 64.78% are Sunni-[[Deobandi]]s, 33.38% are Sunni-[[Barelvi]]s and 1.25% are Sunni-[[Ahl-i Hadith]]; Shia's are 0.59%. Inside Pakistan's Balochistan province more specifically, the religious affiliation among the Baloch is: 68.75% Sunni-Deobandi, 30.38% Sunni-Barelvis, 0.79% Sunni-Ahl-i Hadith and 0.07% Shi'as.<ref name="nsuworks.nova.edu2">[[C. Christine Fair|Fair, C. Christine]] and Hamza, Ali (2017) [https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1405&context=pcs "Rethinking Baloch Secularism: What the Data Say,"] ''Peace and Conflict Studies'': Vol. 24 : No. 1, Article 1, see Table 2 & Table 4. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241219092437/https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1405&context=pcs Archived] on 19 December 2024.</ref>

==== Islamism ====
Although Baloch leaders, backed by traditional scholarship, have held that the Baloch people are secular, [[Christine Fair]] and Ali Hamza found during their 2017 study that, when it comes to [[Islamism]], "contrary to the conventional wisdom, Baloch are generally indistinguishable from other Pakistanis in Balochistan or the rest of Pakistan". There are virtually no statistically significant or substantive differences between Baloch Muslims and other Muslims in Pakistan in terms of religiosity, support for a sharia-compliant Pakistan state, liberating Muslims from oppression including [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]], etc.<ref name="nsuworks.nova.edu2" />

==== Zikri sect ====
In 2020, 800,000 Pakistani Baloch were estimated to follow the [[Zikri]] sect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ&dq=zikris&pg=PA141 |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |date=2020-02-24 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |language=en}}</ref>

===Zoroastrian influences===
{{Main|Zoroastrianism}}

Before the Islam era, the Baloch were the followers of [[Mazdakism|Mazdakian]] and [[Manichaeism|Manichean]] sects of [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]].{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=142}}<ref name=":From Border to Border Research Study on Identity and Ethnicity in Iran2">{{cite book |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VXeEAAAQBAJ |title=From Border to Border Research Study on Identity and Ethnicity in Iran |publisher=Avaye Buf |year=2013 |isbn=9788794295314 |page=100}}</ref><ref name=":Zeb2" />

A number of Baloch tribes still preserve and adhere to pre-Islamic traditions, including the Nal oath (a type of [[oath]] to prove innocence by passing through fire)<ref name=":Balochistan and its ancient civilization2" /> which is common among the Baloch around [[Taftan (volcano)|Taftan]], and they are bilingual, speaking Parsiwani in addition to the Balochi language.<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jahani,Karina |first=Agnes,Korn |title=The Baloch and their Neighbours, Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Time |publisher=[[Cambridge University]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-89500-366-0 |page=248}}</ref>

=== Hindu and Sikh minorities ===
{{See also|Hinduism in Balochistan}}
[[File:A_ride_to_India_across_Persia_and_Baluchistan_(1891)_(14782067294).jpg|thumb|A ''zigri'', a type of folk dance, in Gwarjak in 1891]]
A small number of Balochs are non-Muslims, particularly in the [[Bugti]] clan which has [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] members.<ref name="HingolTemple2">{{Cite news |author=Kamal Siddiqi |date=30 July 2009 |title=Hingol Temple Symbolises Baloch Secularism |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/world/hingol-temple-symbolises-baloch-secularism/story-yOyVxu6v2DeBdC9obUAwsN.html |access-date=20 October 2020 |newspaper=Hindustan Times }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Most of these Hindus or Sikhs are not ethnic Baloch, or not fully; for example, many [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]] were captured following their defeat at the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761 and were integrated within the Baloch tribal system (taking names like Bugti and more), their history having been covered in the 2023 [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] movie ''[[Baloch (film)|Baloch]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohta |first=Nikita |date=22 November 2024 |title=From Panipat to Balochistan: Tracing the Maratha community's journey through history |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/from-panipat-to-balochistan-tracing-the-maratha-communitys-journey-through-history-9670804/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Likewise, the [[Bhagnaris]] are a Hindu community living in India<ref name="BalochMumbai2">{{cite news |author=Roshni Nair |date=3 December 2016 |title=Mumbai's filmi daredevils with a cross-border history |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mumbai-s-filmi-daredevils-with-a-cross-border-history/story-zZxj8hDGF0EiOahNCJmUTL.html |access-date=9 July 2020 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> who trace their origin to southern Balochistan but migrated to India during the [[Partition of India|Partition]].<ref name="BalochPartition2">{{Cite news |author=Sadaf Modak |date=7 November 2016 |title=A piece of Balochistan in Mumbai since Partition – 150 families & Khatti Dal |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/a-piece-of-balochistan-in-mumbai-since-partition-150-families-khatti-dal-3740905/lite/ |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> Numbering around 2,500 in [[Mumbai]] they identify as [[Sindhis]] in terms of ethnicity and speak [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], a language close to [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maskeri |first=Anju |date=20 November 2016 |title=A century here, but still not at home |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/A-century-here--but-still-not-at-home-17771158 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225180059/https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/A-century-here--but-still-not-at-home-17771158 |archive-date=25 December 2024 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |quote=For the Bhagnari community of Mumbai, who also originate from Balochistan and date their presence in this city to the Partition, there's no identity conflict. "We are identified as Sindhis. Although we speak Sairaki (a dialect spoken in the southern half of the province of Punjab in Pakistan), there's never been a clash," says Lalit Jham, a businessman and member of the community. According to statistics, there are approximately 2,500 Bhagnaris living in Mumbai. "Since we come under the Sindhi caste, we can avail of benefits like reservation."}}</ref>

==Notable people==
===Pakistan===
{{Div col}}
*[[Abdul Rashid Ghazi]] (1964–2007), Pakistani diplomat and Islamic scholar<ref name=":3b">{{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=Declan |title=The Nine Lives of Pakistan: Dispatches from a Divided Nation |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |pages=32–33}}</ref>
* [[Muhammad Abdullah Ghazi|Maulana Muhammad Abdullah]] (1935–1998), Islamic scholar who served as Chairman of [[Ruet-e-Hilal Committee]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mansoor |first=Riaz |url=https://archive.org/details/SHAEEDISLAM |title=Hayat Shaheed E Islam (حیات شہید ای اسلام) |publisher=[[Jamia Faridia#Maktaba Faridia|Maktaba Faridia]] |year=2006 |pages=57}}</ref>
* [[Nabi Bakhsh Baloch]] (1917–2011), research scholar, historian, educationist and linguist in [[Urdu]], English, [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] languages.
* [[Aftab Baloch]] (1953–2022), a former Pakistani cricketer.
* [[Abdul Qadir Baloch]] (born 1945), a retired General in the Pakistan army. Currently a Pakistani politician.
* [[Mahnoor Baloch]] (born 1970), Canadian Pakistani actress.
* [[Naz Baloch]] (born 1981), Pakistani female politician.
* [[Quratulain Balouch]], Pakistani American singer and songwriter.
* [[Kiran Baluch|Kiran Maqsood Baluch]] (born 1978), a Pakistani woman cricketer.
* [[Akbar Bugti]] (1926–2006), the former Tumandar of the Bugti tribe and Minister of State of Balochistan Province.
* [[Abdul Aziz (Pakistani cleric)|Maulana Abdul Aziz]], (born 1960), Imam of [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Red Mosque]]
* [[Sarfraz Bugti]] (born 1981), former member of the Pakistani Senate and current chief minister of Balochistan.
* [[Usman Buzdar|Sardar Usman Buzdar]] (born 1969), former chief minister of Punjab province.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haider |first1=Sikandar |title=Poorest Baloch tribe's chief set to rule Punjab |url=https://nation.com.pk/19-Aug-2018/poorest-baloch-tribe-s-chief-set-to-rule-punjab |website=The Nation |language=en |date=18 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CM Usman Buzdar's resignation accepted, Punjab cabinet dissolved |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/946521-cm-usman-buzdar-resigns-punjab-cabinet-dissolved |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Eva B]], hip hop rapper and singer.
* [[Mir Jafar Khan Jamali]] (1911–1967), a veteran politician from [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and a tribal leader from Balochistan<ref>{{cite web |author1=Dr Shahida Jaffrey Jamali |title=Remembering Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/18852/remembering-mir-jaffar-khan-jamali/ |website=Daily Times |date=6 April 2017}}</ref>
* [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]] (1944–2020), the 15th prime minister of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zafarullah Khan Jamali – Age, Political Party, Family and Education |url=https://arynews.tv/en/zafarullah-khan-jamali/ |website=ARYNEWS |date=11 August 2018}}</ref>
* [[Kaifi Khalil]] (born 1996), singer-songwriter.
* [[Sardar Muhammad Ayub Khan|Sardar Mohammad Ayub Khan Gadhi]], (born 1961) [[Member of the Provincial Assembly]] and ex-Minister for Counter Terrorism Punjab.
* [[Zulfiqar Ali Khosa]] (born 1935), a former governor of Punjab province.
* [[Latif Khosa]] (born 1946), a former Governor of Punjab.
* [[Asif Saeed Khan Khosa]] (born 1954), the 26th chief justice of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice Asif Saeed Khosa to be sworn in as 26th Chief Justice of Pakistan |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/420271-justice-asif-saeed-khosa-to-be-sworn-in-as-26th-chief-justice-of-pakistan |website=thenews.com.pk |date=17 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mir Hazar Khan Khoso]] (1929–2021), jurist and [[caretaker prime minister of Pakistan]] from 25 March to 5 June 2013.
* [[Muhammad Muqeem Khan Khoso]] (1949–2016), a former Chief Sardar of the Khoso Tribe and former Member of the Provincial Assembly from PS-14 Jacobabad.
* [[Bilal Lashari]] (born 1981), Pakistani filmmaker, cinematographer, screenwriter and actor.
* [[Farooq Leghari]] (1940–2010), the 8th president of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Farooq Ahmad Khan: Bhutto's pick, until he sacked her |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/farooq-ahmad-khan-bhutto-s-pick-until-he-sacked-her-1.545647 |website=The National |date=30 October 2010 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Hasnain Lehri]] (born 1989), Pakistani actor and model.
* [[Khair Bakhsh Marri]] (1928–2014), was a Baloch politician from the province of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] in Pakistan.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1111939 |author=Hasan Mansoor|title=Khair Bakhsh Marri: a fighter all the way |date=11 June 2014|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref>
* [[Sherbaz Khan Mazari]] (1930–2020), a Baluch veteran politician.
* [[Shireen Mazari]] (born 1949), the federal minister for human rights and a member of Pakistan [[Tehreek-e-Insaf]].
* [[Muniba Mazari]] (born 1987), human rights activist, artist and motivational speaker.
* [[Balakh Sher Mazari|Sardar Mir Balakh Sher Mazari]] (1928–2022), the interim prime minister of Pakistan in a 1993 caretaker government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Balakh Sher Mazari – Age, Son, Family, Political party |url=https://arynews.tv/en/balakh-sher-mazari |website=ARYNEWS |date=15 July 2018}}</ref>
* [[Yasir Nawaz]] (born 1970), director, producer, screenwriter and actor.
* [[Danish Nawaz]] (born 1978), television actor, director and comedian.
* [[Siraj Raisani]] (1963–2018), a member of [[Balochistan Awami Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=I am Siraj Khan Raisani Baloch & I will die a Pakistani |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/341638-i-am-siraj-khan-raisani-baloch-i-will-die-as-pakistani |website=thenews.com.pk |date=14 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the [[Sitara-e-Shujaat]] (star of bravery).<ref name=militaryawards>{{cite web |title=President Alvi confers top civil, military awards for excellence on Pakistan Day |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1471417/president-alvi-confers-top-civil-military-awards-for-excellence-on-pakistan-day |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |language=en |date=23 March 2019}}</ref>
* [[Mir Chakar Rind]], (1468–1565), Baloch folk hero
* [[Asif Ali Zardari]] (born 1955), the 11th and 14th president of Pakistan.
* [[Sanaullah Khan Zehri]] (born 1961), the 15th chief minister of Balochistan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Notezai |first1=Muhammad Akbar |title=Profile: Sanullah Zehri – more of a Sardar than a politician |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1381921 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |language=en |date=10 January 2018}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

==See also==

* [[Baloch of Iran]]
* Baloch of Pakistan
** [[Baloch people in Punjab]]
** [[Baloch people in Sindh]]
* [[Baloch people in the United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Baloch of Turkmenistan]]
* [[Omani Baloch|Baloch of Oman]]
* [[Australian Baloch]]
* [[Baloch people in India]]
* [[Al Balushi]]
* [[Balochi cuisine]]
* [[Indo-Iranian peoples]]
* [[Baloch nationalism]]
* [[1898 Baloch uprising]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="note"}}{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== General and cited references ==

* {{Cite book |last=Dashti |first=Naseer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIjyLNpusbAC&pg=PA33 |title=The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State |date=2012 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4669-5896-8 |pages=33– |ref={{sfnref|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012}}}}

==Further reading==

* {{EI3|last=Axmann|first=Martin|title=Baluchistan and the Baluch people|year=2019|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/baluchistan-and-the-baluch-people-COM_25188?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=baluch}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Islamica|last1=Bulookbashi|first1=Ali A.|last2=Asatryan|first2=Mushegh|title=Balūch|year=2013|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/baluch-COM_00000057?s.num=12&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-islamica&s.q=azerbaijan}}
* Elfenbein, J. "Balochi Literature". P. G. Kreyenbroek and U. Marzolph, eds. ''Oral Literature of Iranian Languages. Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian & Tajik''. A History of Persian Literature. ed. E. Yarshater. vol. 18. Companion vol. 2. London: [[I. B. Tauris]], 2010. pp. 167–198.

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260114034728/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ Iran]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://www.uu.se/en/department/linguistics-and-philology/research/proj/the-balochi-language The Balochi Language Project] by Uppsala Universitet
* {{Wikiatlas|Iran}}
{{Navboxes||list={{Baloch tribes}}
{{Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
{{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}
{{Iranian peoples}}
{{Balochistan, Pakistan topics}}}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Baloch people| ]]
[[Category:Baloch culture]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Balochistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Central Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Oman]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Iranian ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Iranian nomads]]
[[Category:Modern nomads]]
[[Category:Nimruz Province]]
[[Category:Nomads]]
[[Category:Pastoralists]]
[[Category:Sistan and Baluchestan province]]
[[Category:Social groups of Balochistan, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]

Khokari Tombs

2026-03-23T03:52:42Z

LauriTym702628: adjusted layout for consistency and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{More footnotes|date=November 2009}}
{{Infobox Historic building
|name = Khokari Tombs
|image = Khokari Tomb - India.jpg
|caption = Tomb of Sidi Surul Khan
|pushpin_map =
|coordinates = {{coord|18.301561|72.980928|region:IN-MH|display=inline}}
|location = Khokari
|location_town = [[Murud, Raigad|Murud]]
|location_country = [[India]]
|architectural_style = [[Indo-Saracenic]]
}}

The '''Khokari''' (or '''Khokri''') tombs are three 500-year-old massive stone tombs of the early rulers of the erstwhile [[Janjira State]] in western [[India]], near Murud in [[Maharashtra]] state.

==History==
The largest is the tomb of Sidi [[Surul Khan]], who was chief of [[Janjira State]] from 1707 to 1734. One of the two smaller tombs is that of Sidi Kasim, commonly known as Yakut Khan, who was in command of Janjira (1670–1677), of the Mugal fleet (1677–1696), and again of Janjira (1696–1707). The other small tomb is of his brother Khairiyat Khan, who was in command of Danda–Rajpuri (1670–1677) and of Janjira (1677–1696).

The tomb of Surul Khan is said to have been built during his lifetime. Yakut Khan's tomb has an Arabic inscription stating that he died on Thursday 30th Jama-Dilaval AH 1118 (AD 1707). Khairiyat Khan's tomb also has an inscription. The figures of the date of his death are AH 1018, but the Arabic words give the date H. 1108 (AD 1696). The latter date is believed to be the correct one.

The tombs were kept in repair by the Nawab, who had assigned to the village of Savli-Mitha-gar a yearly revenue of Rs. 2,000 for the maintenance of Surul Khan's tomb, and by the village of Dodakal for the maintenance of Yakut Khan's and Khairiyat Khan's tombs. In the past, Kuran was read at these tombs on Thursday nights, on yearly death-days or when urus were celebrated.<ref name=Gazetteer>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QKJg1dQsk7oC&dq=Khokari+tomb&pg=PA464 Gazetteer By Bombay (India : State), Bombay (Presidency) (Published 1883)]</ref>

The monument, which is done in the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style, is being restored by the Mumbai Circle of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_maharashtra_mumbai.asp Archaeological Survey of India List of Monuments under Mumbai Circle]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Smaller tombs of Khokari.jpg|Tombs of Yakut Khan and Khairiat Khan
File:Khokari Main Tomb Corner view.jpg|Main tomb
File:Khokari Masjid.jpg|Mazjid
File:Khokari Masjid Inscription.jpg|Arch and inscription inside Masjid
</gallery>

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Siddhi people]]
[[Category:Indo-Islamic architecture]]

Queen Victoria

2026-03-12T19:49:16Z

LauriTym702628: small fix

{{Short description|Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901}}
{{Redirect|Victoria of the United Kingdom||Victoria of the United Kingdom (disambiguation)|and|Queen Victoria (disambiguation)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs2}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Victoria
| image = Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg
| alt = Victoria wearing a lace cap and diamond jewellery
| caption = Formal portrait, 1882
| succession = [[Queen of the United Kingdom]]
| reign = 20 June 1837 – {{awrap|22 January 1901}}
| coronation = 28 June 1838
| cor-type = [[Coronation of Queen Victoria|Coronation]]
| predecessor = [[William IV]]
| successor = [[Edward VII]]
| reign1 = 1 May 1876 – {{awrap|22 January 1901}}
| coronation1 = 1 January 1877
| cor-type1 = {{Nowrap|[[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1877|Imperial Durbar]]}}
| succession1 = [[Empress of India]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = Edward VII
| birth_name = Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1819|05|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kensington Palace]], London, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1901|01|22|1819|05|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, England
| burial_date = 4 February 1901
| burial_place = [[Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore]], Windsor
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]|10 February 1840|14 December 1861|reason=died}}
| issue = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[Victoria, German Empress]]
* [[Edward VII]]
* [[Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine]]
* [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
* [[Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]]
* [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll]]
* [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]]
* [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany]]
* [[Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg]]}}
| house = [[House of Hanover|Hanover]]
| father = [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn]]
| mother = [[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]
| religion = [[Protestantism in the United Kingdom|Protestant]]{{Efn|As monarch, Victoria was [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England]]. She was also aligned with the [[Church of Scotland]].|group=fn}}
| signature = Queen Victoria Signature.svg
| signature_alt = Cursive signature of Queen Victoria
}}

'''Victoria''' (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was [[Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] from 20 June 1837 until [[Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria|her death]] in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days, which was [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longer than those of any of her predecessors]], constituted the [[Victorian era]], a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] marked by a great expansion of the [[British Empire]]. In 1876, the [[British parliament]] voted to grant her the additional title of [[Empress of India]].

Victoria was the daughter of [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn]] (the fourth son of King [[George III]]), and [[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she was [[Kensington System|raised under close supervision]] by her mother and her [[Comptroller of the Household|comptroller]], [[John Conroy]]. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving [[Legitimacy (family law)|legitimate]] issue. Victoria attempted privately to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of [[Victorian morality|personal morality]].

[[Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert|Victoria married]] her maternal first cousin, [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria the [[sobriquet]] "[[grandmother of Europe]]". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, [[British republicanism]] temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Golden]] and [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Diamond]] jubilees were times of public celebration. Victoria died at [[Osborne House]] on the [[Isle of Wight]], at the age of 81. The last [[British monarch]] of the [[House of Hanover]], she was succeeded by her son [[Edward VII]].

== Early life ==

=== Birth and ancestry ===
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Sir William Beechey (1753-1839) - Victoria, Duchess of Kent, (1786-1861) with Princess Victoria, (1819-1901) - RCIN 407169 - Royal Collection.jpg
| caption1 = Victoria as a child with her mother, after [[William Beechey]]
| direction = vertical
| image2 = Denning, Stephen Poyntz - Princess Victoria aged Four - Google Art Project.jpg
| caption2 = Portrait by [[Stephen Poyntz Denning]], 1823
}}

Victoria's father was [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn]], the fourth son of [[King George III]] and [[Queen Charlotte]]. Until 1817, King George's only legitimate grandchild was Edward's niece [[Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)|Princess Charlotte of Wales]], the daughter of [[George, Prince Regent]] (who would become George IV). Charlotte's death in 1817 precipitated [[Hymen's war terrific|a succession crisis]] that brought pressure on Edward and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818, the Duke of Kent married [[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]], a widowed German princess with two children—[[Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen|Carl]] and [[Princess Feodora of Leiningen|Feodora]]—by her first marriage to [[Emich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen]]. Her brother [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold]] was Charlotte's widower and later the first [[king of Belgium]]. Victoria was born at 4:15 am on Monday, 24 May 1819 at [[Kensington Palace]] in London and was the Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 3–12; Strachey, pp. 1–17; Woodham-Smith, pp. 15–29</ref>

Victoria was christened privately by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Charles Manners-Sutton]], on 24 June in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.{{Efn|Her godparents were Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] (represented by her uncle [[Frederick, Duke of York]]), her uncle [[George, Prince Regent]], her aunt [[Queen Charlotte of Württemberg]] (represented by Victoria's aunt [[Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom|Princess Augusta]]) and Victoria's maternal grandmother the [[Countess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf|Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]] (represented by Victoria's aunt [[Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh]]).}} She was baptised ''Alexandrina'' after one of her godparents, Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]], and ''Victoria'', after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Prince Regent.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 12–13; Longford, p. 23; Woodham-Smith, pp. 34–35</ref>

At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: George, Prince Regent (later George IV); [[Frederick, Duke of York]]; [[William, Duke of Clarence]] (later William IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.<ref>Longford, p. 24</ref> Prince George had no surviving children, and Frederick had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. William married in 1818, in a joint ceremony with his brother Edward, but both of William's legitimate daughters died as infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. A week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William. She was fourth in line while William's second daughter, [[Princess Elizabeth of Clarence|Princess Elizabeth]], lived, from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821.<ref>Worsley, p. 41.</ref>

=== Heir presumptive ===
Frederick died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; their next surviving brother succeeded to the throne as William IV, and Victoria became [[heir presumptive]]. The [[Regency Act 1830]] made special provision for Victoria's mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.<ref>Hibbert, p. 31; St Aubyn, p. 26; Woodham-Smith, p. 81</ref> King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a [[regency]] could be avoided.<ref>Hibbert, p. 46; Longford, p. 54; St Aubyn, p. 50; Waller, p. 344; Woodham-Smith, p. 126</ref>

{{multiple images
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Princess Victoria and Dash by George Hayter.jpg
| caption1 = Portrait with her spaniel Dash by [[George Hayter]], 1833
| image2 = Victoria sketch 1835.jpg
| caption2 = Self-portrait, 1835
}}

Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy".<ref>Hibbert, p. 19; Marshall, p. 25</ref> Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "[[Kensington System]]", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering [[comptroller]], [[Sir John Conroy]], who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover.<ref>Hibbert, p. 27; Longford, pp. 35–38, 118–119; St Aubyn, pp. 21–22; Woodham-Smith, pp. 70–72. The rumours were false in the opinion of these biographers.</ref> The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 27–28; Waller, pp. 341–342; Woodham-Smith, pp. 63–65</ref> The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's illegitimate children.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 32–33; Longford, pp. 38–39, 55; Marshall, p. 19</ref> Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her [[King Charles Spaniel]], [[Dash (spaniel)|Dash]].<ref>Waller, pp. 338–341; Woodham-Smith, pp. 68–69, 91</ref> Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin,<ref>Hibbert, p. 18; Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, pp. 74–75</ref> but she spoke only English at home.<ref>Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, p. 75</ref> At age ten, she wrote and illustrated a children's story, ''The Adventures of Alice Laselles'', which was eventually published in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |first = Alastair |last = Jamieson |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/childrens-book-written-queen-victoria-published-after-185-years-n371591 |title=Children's Book Written by Queen Victoria Published After 185 Years|publisher=NBC News|date=8 June 2015 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

In 1830, the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the [[Malvern Hills]], stopping at towns and great [[country houses]] along the way.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 34–35</ref> Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 35–39; Woodham-Smith, pp. 88–89, 102</ref> William compared the journeys to [[royal progress]]es and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive.<ref>Hibbert, p. 36; Woodham-Smith, pp. 89–90</ref> Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 35–40; Woodham-Smith, pp. 92, 102</ref> She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy and forced Victoria to continue the tours.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 38–39; Longford, p. 47; Woodham-Smith, pp. 101–102</ref> At [[Ramsgate]] in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence.<ref>Hibbert, p. 42; Woodham-Smith, p. 105</ref> While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her [[Private Secretary to the Sovereign|private secretary]].<ref>Hibbert, p. 42; Longford, pp. 47–48; Marshall, p. 21</ref> As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 42, 50; Woodham-Smith, p. 135</ref> Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household.<ref>Marshall, p. 46; St Aubyn, p. 67; Waller, p. 353</ref>

By 1836, Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry her to [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]],<ref>Longford, pp. 29, 51; Waller, p. 363; Weintraub, pp. 43–49</ref> the son of his brother [[Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.<ref>Longford, p. 51; Weintraub, pp. 43–49</ref> William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of [[Prince Alexander of the Netherlands]], second son of [[William II of the Netherlands|the Prince of Orange]].<ref>Longford, pp. 51–52; St Aubyn, p. 43; Weintraub, pp. 43–49; Woodham-Smith, p. 117</ref> Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.<ref>Weintraub, pp. 43–49</ref> According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful."<ref>Victoria quoted in Marshall, p. 27 and Weintraub, p. 49</ref> Alexander, on the other hand, she described as "very plain".<ref>Victoria quoted in Hibbert, p. 99; St Aubyn, p. 43; Weintraub, p. 49 and Woodham-Smith, p. 119</ref>

Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her "best and kindest adviser",<ref>[[Queen Victoria's journals|Victoria's journal]], October 1835, quoted in St Aubyn, p. 36 and Woodham-Smith, p. 104</ref> to thank him "for the prospect of ''great'' happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see."<ref>Hibbert, p. 102; Marshall, p. 60; Waller, p. 363; Weintraub, p. 51; Woodham-Smith, p. 122</ref> However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.<ref>Waller, pp. 363–364; Weintraub, pp. 53, 58, 64, and 65</ref>

== Accession and early reign ==
[[File:Victoriatothrone.jpg|alt=Drawing of Conyngham and Howley on their knees in front of Victoria|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Victoria receives the news of her accession from Lord Conyngham (bowing) and the Archbishop Howley (right). Painting by [[Henry Tanworth Wells]], 1887.]]

Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and thus a [[regency]] was avoided. Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.{{Efn|Under section 2 of the Regency Act 1830, the [[Accession Council]]'s proclamation declared Victoria as the King's successor "saving the rights of any issue of His late Majesty King William the Fourth which may be borne of his late Majesty's Consort". {{London Gazette|issue=19509|date=20 June 1837|page=1581|mode=cs2}}.}} In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the [[William Howley|Archbishop of Canterbury]] and [[Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham|Lord Conyngham]] were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and ''alone'', and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that ''I'' am ''Queen''."<ref>St Aubyn, pp. 55–57; Woodham-Smith, p. 138</ref> Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again.<ref>Woodham-Smith, p. 140</ref> Since 1714, Britain had shared a monarch with [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]] in Germany, but under [[Salic law]], women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother, [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland]], became [[King of Hanover]]. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she had a child.<ref>Packard, pp. 14–15</ref>

At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by the [[British Whig Party|Whig]] prime minister [[Lord Melbourne]]. He at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch, who relied on him for advice.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 66–69; St Aubyn, p. 76; Woodham-Smith, pp. 143–147</ref> [[Charles Greville (diarist)|Charles Greville]] supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was "passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.<ref>Greville quoted in Hibbert, p. 67; Longford, p. 70 and Woodham-Smith, pp. 143–144</ref> [[Coronation of Queen Victoria|Her coronation]] took place on 28 June 1838 at [[Westminster Abbey]]. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations.<ref>{{Citation |title=Queen Victoria's Coronation 1838 |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/The%20Royal%20Collection%20and%20other%20collections/TheRoyalArchives/QueenVictoriaeducationproject/QueenVictoriasCoronation1838.aspx |publisher=The British Monarchy |access-date=28 January 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203025327/http://www.royal.gov.uk/The%20Royal%20Collection%20and%20other%20collections/TheRoyalArchives/QueenVictoriaeducationproject/QueenVictoriasCoronation1838.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> She became the first sovereign to take up residence at [[Buckingham Palace]]<ref>St Aubyn, p. 69; Waller, p. 353</ref> and inherited the revenues of the duchies of [[Duchy of Lancaster|Lancaster]] and [[Duchy of Cornwall|Cornwall]] as well as being granted a [[civil list]] allowance of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts.<ref>Hibbert, p. 58; Longford, pp. 73–74; Woodham-Smith, p. 152</ref>

[[File:Sir George Hayter (1792-1871) - Queen Victoria (1819-1901) - RCIN 401213 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Victoria wears her crown and holds a sceptre.|[[Coronation portrait of Queen Victoria|Coronation portrait]] by [[George Hayter]]]]
At the start of her reign Victoria was popular,<ref>Marshall, p. 42; St Aubyn, pp. 63, 96</ref> but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, [[Lady Flora Hastings]], developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.<ref>Marshall, p. 47; Waller, p. 356; Woodham-Smith, pp. 164–166</ref> Victoria believed the rumours.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 77–78; Longford, p. 97; St Aubyn, p. 97; Waller, p. 357; Woodham-Smith, p. 164</ref> She hated Conroy, and despised "that odious Lady Flora",<ref>Victoria's journal, 25 April 1838, quoted in Woodham-Smith, p. 162</ref> because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess in the Kensington System.<ref>St Aubyn, p. 96; Woodham-Smith, pp. 162, 165</ref> At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.<ref>Hibbert, p. 79; Longford, p. 98; St Aubyn, p. 99; Woodham-Smith, p. 167</ref> Conroy, the Hastings family, and the opposition [[Tories (British political party)|Tories]] organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 80–81; Longford, pp. 102–103; St Aubyn, pp. 101–102</ref> When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen.<ref>Longford, p. 122; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 104; Woodham-Smith, p. 180</ref> At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered at as "Mrs. Melbourne".<ref>Hibbert, p. 83; Longford, pp. 120–121; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 105; Waller, p. 358</ref>

In 1839, Melbourne resigned after [[Radicals (UK)|Radicals]] and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of [[Jamaica]]. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolition of slavery]].<ref>St Aubyn, p. 107; Woodham-Smith, p. 169</ref> The Queen commissioned a Tory, [[Robert Peel]], to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the [[Royal Households of the United Kingdom|Royal Household]], who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen's [[ladies of the bedchamber]] were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the "[[bedchamber crisis]]", Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 94–96; Marshall, pp. 53–57; St Aubyn, pp. 109–112; Waller, pp. 359–361; Woodham-Smith, pp. 170–174</ref>
{{clear}}

== Marriage and public life ==
{{See also|Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert|Wedding dress of Queen Victoria}}
[[File:Victoria Marriage01.jpg|alt=Painting of a lavish wedding attended by richly dressed people in a magnificent room|thumb|''[[The Marriage of Queen Victoria]]'', painted by George Hayter]]
Although Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required by [[social convention]] to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy.<ref>Longford, p. 84; Marshall, p. 52</ref> The duchess was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her.<ref>Longford, p. 72; Waller, p. 353</ref> When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's proximity promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a "schocking {{Sic}} alternative".<ref>Woodham-Smith, p. 175</ref> Victoria showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 103–104; Marshall, pp. 60–66; Weintraub, p. 62</ref>

Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. They felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived at [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]].<ref>Hibbert, pp. 107–110; St Aubyn, pp. 129–132; Weintraub, pp. 77–81; Woodham-Smith, pp. 182–184, 187</ref> They were married on 10 February 1840, in the [[Chapel Royal]] of [[St James's Palace]], London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary:
{{Blockquote|
I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could have ''hoped'' to have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness—really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such a ''Husband''! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life!<ref>Hibbert, p. 123; Longford, p. 143; Woodham-Smith, p. 205</ref>
}}
Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half of her life.<ref>St Aubyn, p. 151</ref> Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House in [[Belgrave Square]]. After the death of Victoria's aunt [[Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom|Princess Augusta]] in 1840, the duchess was given both [[Clarence House]] and [[Frogmore House]].<ref>Hibbert, p. 265, Woodham-Smith, p. 256</ref> Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved.<ref>Marshall, p. 152; St Aubyn, pp. 174–175; Woodham-Smith, p. 412</ref>

[[File:Edward Oxford shoots at H. M. the Queen, 1840.jpg|thumb|Contemporary lithograph of Edward Oxford's attempt to assassinate Victoria, 1840]]
During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old [[Edward Oxford]] attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot.<ref>Charles, p. 23</ref> He was tried for [[high treason]], found [[not guilty by reason of insanity]], committed to an insane asylum indefinitely, and later sent to live in Australia.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 421–422; St Aubyn, pp. 160–161</ref> In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the [[Lady Flora Hastings#Scandal|Hastings affair]] and the [[bedchamber crisis]].<ref>Woodham-Smith, p. 213</ref> Her daughter, also named [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Victoria]], was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant,<ref>Hibbert, p. 130; Longford, p. 154; Marshall, p. 122; St Aubyn, p. 159; Woodham-Smith, p. 220</ref> viewed breast-feeding with disgust,<ref>Hibbert, p. 149; St Aubyn, p. 169</ref> and thought newborn babies were ugly.<ref>Hibbert, p. 149; Longford, p. 154; Marshall, p. 123; Waller, p. 377</ref> Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children: [[Edward VII|Albert Edward]], [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Alice]], [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Alfred]], [[Princess Helena of the United Kingdom|Helena]], [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|Louise]], [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Arthur]], [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany|Leopold]] and [[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom|Beatrice]].<ref name="odnb" />

The household was largely run by Victoria's childhood governess, Baroness [[Louise Lehzen]] from [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]]. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoria<ref>Woodham-Smith, p. 100</ref> and had supported her against the Kensington System.<ref>Longford, p. 56; St Aubyn, p. 29</ref> Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter Victoria's health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 150–156; Marshall, p. 87; St Aubyn, pp. 171–173; Woodham-Smith, pp. 230–232</ref>

On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along [[The Mall, London]], when John Francis aimed a pistol at her, but the gun did not fire. The assailant escaped; the following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to bait Francis into taking a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plainclothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted to [[transportation for life]], [[John William Bean]] also tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge.<ref>Charles, p. 51; Hibbert, pp. 422–423; St Aubyn, pp. 162–163</ref> Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840.<ref name="auto">Hibbert, p. 423; St Aubyn, p. 163</ref> Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail.<ref name="auto"/> In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed along [[Constitution Hill, London]].<ref>Longford, p. 192</ref> In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer, [[Robert Pate]]. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation.<ref>St Aubyn, p. 164</ref>

[[File:Winterhalter - Queen Victoria 1843.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]], 1843]]
Melbourne's support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the [[1841 United Kingdom general election|1841 general election]] the Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced.<ref>Marshall, pp. 95–101; St Aubyn, pp. 153–155; Woodham-Smith, pp. 221–222</ref> In 1845, Ireland was hit by a [[potato blight]].<ref>Woodham-Smith, p. 281</ref> In the next four years, over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]].<ref>Longford, p. 359</ref> In Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Queen".<ref>The title of [[Maud Gonne]]'s 1900 article upon Queen Victoria's visit to Ireland</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Harrison |first=Shane |title=Famine Queen row in Irish port |date=15 April 2003 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2951395.stm |publisher=BBC News |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=19 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919081531/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/2951395.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 1847 she personally donated £2,000 (equivalent to between £230,000 and £8.5{{nbsp}}million in 2022)<ref>{{Citation |last1=Officer |first1=Lawrence H. |title=Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present |date=2024 |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ukcompare/result.php?year_source=1846&amount=2000&year_result=2022 |publisher=MeasuringWorth |access-date=8 June 2024 |last2=Williamson |first2=Samuel H.}}</ref> to the [[British Relief Association]], more than any other individual famine relief donor,<ref>{{Citation |last=Kinealy |first=Christine |title=Private Responses to the Famine |url=http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Private_Responses_to_the_Famine3344361812 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406031633/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Private_Responses_to_the_Famine3344361812 |publisher=University College Cork |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> and supported the [[Maynooth Grant]] to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.<ref>Longford, p. 181</ref> The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to [[Battersea Dogs Home]], was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kenny |first=Mary |title=Crown and Shamrock: Love and Hate Between Ireland and the British Monarchy |date=2009 |place=Dublin |publisher=New Island |isbn=978-1-905494-98-9}}</ref> By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of the [[Corn Laws]]. Many Tories—by then known also as [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]]—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the free-trade oriented [[liberal conservative]] "[[Peelite]]s"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced by [[Lord John Russell]].<ref>St Aubyn, p. 215</ref>
{| class="toc" style="float:LEFT; border:3px solid lightblue; font-size:90%;margin-right:10px; clear:left;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:mistyrose"|{{strong|Victoria's British prime ministers}}
|- style="background:lavenderblush;"
! scope="col" style="width:5.5em;" | Year
! scope="col" | Prime Minister ''(party)''
|-
|1835
| style="background:#fed;"|[[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|Viscount Melbourne]] ''([[Whig (British political party)|Whig]])''
|-
|1841
| style="background:#def;"|[[Sir Robert Peel]] ''([[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]])''
|-
|1846
| style="background:#fed;"|[[Lord John Russell]] ''(Whig)''
|-
|1852 (Feb.)
| style="background:#def;"|[[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|Earl of Derby]] ''(Conservative)''
|-
|1852 (Dec.)
| style="background:#D8F8C8;"|[[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen|Earl of Aberdeen]] ''([[Peelite]])''
|-
|1855
| style="background:#ffd;"|[[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] ''([[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]])''
|-
|1858
| style="background:#def;"|Earl of Derby ''(Conservative)''
|-
|1859
| style="background:#ffd;"|Viscount Palmerston ''(Liberal)''
|-
|1865
| style="background:#ffd;"|Lord John Russell as Earl Russell ''(Liberal)''
|-
|1866
| style="background:#def;"|Earl of Derby ''(Conservative)''
|-
|1868 (Feb.)
| style="background:#def;"|[[Benjamin Disraeli]] ''(Cons.)''
|-
|1868 (Dec.)
| style="background:#ffd;"|[[William Gladstone]] ''(Liberal)''
|-
|1874
| style="background:#def;"|Benjamin Disraeli as Lord Beaconsfield ''(Cons.)''
|-
|1880
| style="background:#ffd;"|William Gladstone ''(Liberal)''
|-
|1885
| style="background:#def;"|[[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]] ''(Cons.)''
|-
|1886 (Feb.)
| style="background:#ffd;"|William Gladstone ''(Liberal)''
|-
|1886 (July)
| style="background:#def;"|Marquess of Salisbury ''(Cons.)''
|-
|1892
| style="background:#ffd;"|William Gladstone ''(Liberal)''
|-
|1894
| style="background:#ffd;"|[[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|Earl of Rosebery]] ''(Liberal)''
|-
|1895
| style="background:#def;"|Marquess of Salisbury ''(Cons.)''
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|colspan="2"|See [[List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria]] for details of her British and overseas premiers
|}
Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.<ref>St Aubyn, p. 238</ref> She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the [[House of Orleans]], who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with King [[Louis Philippe I]] at [[Château d'Eu]] in Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French monarch since the meeting of [[Henry VIII]] of England and [[Francis I of France]] on the [[Field of the Cloth of Gold]] in 1520.<ref>Longford, pp. 175, 187; St Aubyn, pp. 238, 241; Woodham-Smith, pp. 242, 250</ref> When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign.<ref>Woodham-Smith, p. 248</ref> Louis Philippe was deposed in the [[revolutions of 1848]], and fled to exile in England.<ref>Hibbert, p. 198; Longford, p. 194; St Aubyn, p. 243; Woodham-Smith, pp. 282–284</ref> At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of [[Osborne House]],<ref>Hibbert, pp. 201–202; Marshall, p. 139; St Aubyn, pp. 222–223; Woodham-Smith, pp. 287–290</ref> a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 161–164; Marshall, p. 129; St Aubyn, pp. 186–190; Woodham-Smith, pp. 274–276</ref> Demonstrations by [[Chartists]] and [[Irish nationalists]] failed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances.<ref>Longford, pp. 196–197; St Aubyn, p. 223; Woodham-Smith, pp. 287–290</ref> Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism.<ref>Longford, p. 191; Woodham-Smith, p. 297</ref>

Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen.<ref>St Aubyn, p. 216</ref> She found particularly offensive the [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Foreign Secretary]], [[Lord Palmerston]], who often acted without consulting the cabinet, the prime minister, or the Queen.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 196–198; St Aubyn, p. 244; Woodham-Smith, pp. 298–307</ref> Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President [[Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s [[1851 French coup d'état|coup in France]] without consulting the prime minister.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 204–209; Marshall, pp. 108–109; St Aubyn, pp. 244–254; Woodham-Smith, pp. 298–307</ref> The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by [[Lord Derby]].<ref>St Aubyn, pp. 255, 298</ref>

[[File:Queen Victoria Prince Albert and their nine children.JPG|alt=Victoria, dressed in black, is seated and holding her infant daughter. Prince Albert and their other children stand around her.|thumb|Albert, Victoria and their nine children, 1857. Left to right: Alice, Arthur, Prince Albert, Albert Edward, Leopold, Louise, Queen Victoria with Beatrice, Alfred, Victoria, and Helena]]
In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, [[chloroform]]. She was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 216–217; St Aubyn, pp. 257–258</ref> Victoria may have had [[postnatal depression]] after many of her pregnancies.<ref name="odnb" /> Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".<ref>Hibbert, pp. 217–220; Woodham-Smith, pp. 328–331</ref>

In early 1855, the government of [[Lord Aberdeen]], who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in the [[Crimean War]]. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 227–228; Longford, pp. 245–246; St Aubyn, p. 297; Woodham-Smith, pp. 354–355</ref> Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally as a result of the Crimean War,<ref name="odnb" /> visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.<ref>Woodham-Smith, pp. 357–360</ref> Napoleon III met the couple at [[Boulogne]] and accompanied them to Paris.<ref>{{Citation |last=Queen Victoria |title=Queen Victoria's Journals |volume=40 |page=93 |chapter=Saturday, 18th August 1855 |chapter-url=http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org |via=The Royal Archives |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152643/http://qvj.chadwyck.com/marketing.do |url-status=live}}</ref> They visited the {{lang|fr|[[Exposition Universelle (1855)|Exposition Universelle]]|italic=no}} (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the [[Great Exhibition]]) and [[Napoleon I]]'s tomb at [[Les Invalides]] (to which his remains had only been [[retour des cendres|returned]] in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the [[Palace of Versailles]].<ref>{{Citation |title=1855 visit of Queen Victoria |url=http://en.chateauversailles.fr/history/the-significant-dates/most-important-dates/1855-visit-of-queen-victoria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111200927/http://en.chateauversailles.fr/history/the-significant-dates/most-important-dates/1855-visit-of-queen-victoria |publisher=Château de Versailles |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> This marked the first time that a reigning British monarch had been to Paris in over 400 years.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/queen-victoria-in-paris/bowes-museum-barnard-castle |title=Queen Victoria in Paris |publisher=Royal Collection Trust |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829155504/https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/queen-victoria-in-paris/bowes-museum-barnard-castle |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Queen Victoria - Winterhalter 1859.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|[[State portraits of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert|State portrait]] by Winterhalter, 1859]]
On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain called [[Felice Orsini]] attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 241–242; Longford, pp. 280–281; St Aubyn, p. 304; Woodham-Smith, p. 391</ref> The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister.<ref>Hibbert, p. 242; Longford, p. 281; Marshall, p. 117</ref> Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of [[Cherbourg]] on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the [[Royal Navy]] in comparison to the [[French Navy]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Napoleon III Receiving Queen Victoria at Cherbourg, 5 August 1858 |url=http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/12129.html |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403162336/http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/12129.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office.<ref>Hibbert, p. 255; Marshall, p. 117</ref>

Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Prince Frederick William of Prussia]] in London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and her husband Albert until the bride was 17.<ref>Longford, pp. 259–260; Weintraub, pp. 326 ff.</ref> The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging [[Prussia]]n state.<ref>Longford, p. 263; Weintraub, pp. 326, 330</ref> The Queen felt "sick at heart" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; "It really makes me shudder", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, "when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one."<ref>Hibbert, p. 244</ref> Almost exactly a year later, the Princess gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild, [[Wilhelm II|Wilhelm]], who would become the last German emperor.<ref name="odnb" />

== Widowhood and isolation ==
[[File:Queen Victoria by JJE Mayall, 1860.png|thumb|left|upright|Photograph by [[J. J. E. Mayall]], 1860]]

In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply;<ref>Hibbert, p. 267; Longford, pp. 118, 290; St Aubyn, p. 319; Woodham-Smith, p. 412</ref> she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging her from her mother.<ref>Hibbert, p. 267; Marshall, p. 152; Woodham-Smith, p. 412</ref> To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief,<ref>Hibbert, pp. 265–267; St Aubyn, p. 318; Woodham-Smith, pp. 412–413</ref> Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble.<ref>Waller, p. 393; Weintraub, p. 401</ref> In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, [[Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]], who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying in [[Killarney]]. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with the actress [[Nellie Clifden]] in Ireland.<ref>Hibbert, p. 274; Longford, p. 293; St Aubyn, p. 324; Woodham-Smith, p. 417</ref> Appalled, he travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him.<ref>Longford, p. 293; Marshall, p. 153; Strachey, p. 214</ref>

By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 276–279; St Aubyn, p. 325; Woodham-Smith, pp. 422–423</ref> He was diagnosed with [[typhoid fever]] by [[Sir William Jenner, 1st Baronet|William Jenner]], and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 280–292; Marshall, p. 154</ref> She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's [[philandering]]. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said.<ref>Hibbert, p. 299; St Aubyn, p. 346</ref> She entered a state of [[mourning]] and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years.<ref>St Aubyn, p. 343</ref> Her seclusion earned her the nickname "widow of Windsor".<ref>e.g. Strachey, p. 306</ref> Her weight increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to public appearances.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ridley |first=Jane |title=Queen Victoria – burdened by grief and six-course dinners |date=27 May 2017 |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2017/05/queen-victoria-burdened-by-grief-and-six-course-dinners/ |work=The Spectator |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828081110/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2017/05/queen-victoria-burdened-by-grief-and-six-course-dinners/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.<ref>Marshall, pp. 170–172; St Aubyn, p. 385</ref> She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—[[Windsor Castle]], Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, [[Balmoral Castle]]. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of [[Buckingham Palace]] that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business".<ref>Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 321; St Aubyn, pp. 343–344; Waller, p. 404</ref> Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] at [[Kensington]] and take a drive through London in an open carriage.<ref>Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 322</ref>

[[File:Queen Victoria, photographed by George Washington Wilson (1863).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Victoria on a horse|With John Brown at Balmoral, 1863. Photograph by [[George Washington Wilson|G. W. Wilson]]]]

Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, [[John Brown (servant)|John Brown]].<ref>Hibbert, pp. 323–324; Marshall, pp. 168–169; St Aubyn, pp. 356–362</ref> Rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and some referred to the Queen as "Mrs. Brown".<ref>Hibbert, pp. 321–322; Longford, pp. 327–328; Marshall, p. 170</ref> The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie ''[[Mrs. Brown]]''. A painting by Sir [[Edwin Henry Landseer]] depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the [[Royal Academy]], and Victoria published a book, ''Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands'', which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly.<ref>Hibbert, p. 329; St Aubyn, pp. 361–362</ref>

Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the [[State Opening of Parliament]] for the first time since Albert's death.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 311–312; Longford, p. 347; St Aubyn, p. 369</ref> The following year she supported the passing of the [[Reform Act 1867]] which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men,<ref>St Aubyn, pp. 374–375</ref> though she was not in favour of votes for women.<ref>Marshall, p. 199; Strachey, p. 299</ref> Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by [[Benjamin Disraeli]], who charmed Victoria. "Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel."<ref>Hibbert, p. 318; Longford, p. 401; St Aubyn, p. 427; Strachey, p. 254</ref> With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her.<ref>[[George Earle Buckle|Buckle, George Earle]]; [[William Flavelle Monypenny|Monypenny, W. F.]] (1910–1920) ''The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield'', vol. 5, p. 49, quoted in Strachey, p. 243</ref> Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, [[William Ewart Gladstone]], was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were "a public meeting rather than a woman".<ref>Hibbert, p. 320; Strachey, pp. 246–247</ref>

In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the [[Third French Republic]].<ref>Longford, p. 381; St Aubyn, pp. 385–386; Strachey, p. 248</ref> A republican rally in [[Trafalgar Square]] demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her.<ref>St Aubyn, pp. 385–386; Strachey, pp. 248–250</ref> In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an [[abscess]] in her arm, which [[Joseph Lister]] successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic [[carbolic acid]] spray.<ref>Longford, p. 385</ref> In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die.<ref>Hibbert, p. 343</ref> As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 343–344; Longford, p. 389; Marshall, p. 173</ref> To general rejoicing, he recovered.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 344–345</ref> Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in [[St Paul's Cathedral]] on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.<ref>Hibbert, p. 345; Longford, pp. 390–391; Marshall, p. 176; St Aubyn, p. 388</ref>

On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor, a great-nephew of Irish MP [[Feargus O'Connor]], waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him; O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment<ref>Charles, p. 103; Hibbert, pp. 426–427; St Aubyn, pp. 388–389</ref> and a [[birching]].<ref>{{Old Bailey|defendant=Arthur O'Connor|trialdate=8 April 1872|id= t18720408-352}}</ref> As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further.<ref>Hibbert, p. 427; Marshall, p. 176; St Aubyn, p. 389</ref>

== Empress of India ==
{{Wikisource|Proclamation by the Queen in Council, to the princes, chiefs, and people of India}}

After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[British East India Company]], which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the [[Indian subcontinent]] were formally incorporated into the [[British Empire]]. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 249–250; Woodham-Smith, pp. 384–385</ref> She wrote of "her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war",<ref>Woodham-Smith, p. 386</ref> and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state "should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration".<ref name="hws">Hibbert, p. 251; Woodham-Smith, p. 386</ref> At her behest, a reference threatening the "undermining of native religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom.<ref name=hws/>
[[File:Heinrich von Angeli (1840-1925) - Queen Victoria (1819-1901) - RCIN 405021 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Victoria admired [[Heinrich von Angeli]]'s 1875 portrait of her for its "honesty, total want of flattery, and appreciation of character".<ref>St Aubyn, p. 335</ref>]]

In the [[1874 United Kingdom general election|1874 general election]], Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the [[Public Worship Regulation Act 1874]], which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.<ref>Hibbert, p. 361; Longford, p. 402; Marshall, pp. 180–184; Waller, p. 423</ref> She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the [[presbyterian]] [[Church of Scotland]] than the [[Episcopal polity|episcopal]] [[Church of England]].<ref>Hibbert, pp. 295–296; Waller, p. 423</ref> Disraeli also pushed the [[Royal Titles Act 1876]] through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876.<ref>Hibbert, p. 361; Longford, pp. 405–406; Marshall, p. 184; St Aubyn, p. 434; Waller, p. 426</ref> The new title was proclaimed at the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1 January 1877.<ref>Waller, p. 427</ref>

On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had married [[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse|Louis of Hesse]], died of [[diphtheria]] in [[Darmstadt]]. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as "almost incredible and most mysterious".<ref>Victoria's diary and letters quoted in Longford, p. 425</ref> In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth of [[Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen]]) and passed her "poor old 60th birthday". She felt "aged" by "the loss of my beloved child".<ref>Victoria quoted in Longford, p. 426</ref>

Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]], but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the [[Congress of Berlin]].<ref>Longford, pp. 412–413</ref> Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the [[Anglo-Zulu War]] and the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]. "If ''we'' are to ''maintain'' our position as a ''first-rate'' Power", she wrote, "we must ... be ''Prepared'' for ''attacks'' and ''wars'', ''somewhere'' or ''other'', CONTINUALLY."<ref>Longford, p. 426</ref> Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: "It is not in our custom to annexe countries", she said, "unless we are obliged & forced to do so."<ref>Longford, p. 411</ref> To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the [[1880 United Kingdom general election|1880 general election]], and Gladstone returned as prime minister.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 367–368; Longford, p. 429; Marshall, p. 186; St Aubyn, pp. 442–444; Waller, pp. 428–429</ref> When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears",<ref>Letter from Victoria to [[Montagu Corry, 1st Baron Rowton]], quoted in Hibbert, p. 369</ref> and erected a memorial tablet "placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I."<ref>Longford, p. 437</ref>

[[File:Victoria farthing.jpg|thumb|upright|Victorian [[Farthing (British coin)|farthing]], 1884]]

On 2 March 1882, [[Roderick Maclean]], a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems,<ref>Hibbert, p. 420; St Aubyn, p. 422</ref> shot at the Queen as her carriage left [[Windsor & Eton Central railway station|Windsor railway station]]. [[Gordon Chesney Wilson]] and another schoolboy from [[Eton College]] struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman.<ref>Hibbert, p. 420; St Aubyn, p. 421</ref> Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity,<ref>Hibbert, pp. 420–421; St Aubyn, p. 422; Strachey, p. 278</ref> but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was "worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved".<ref>Hibbert, p. 427; Longford, p. 446; St Aubyn, p. 421</ref>

On 17 March 1883, Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.<ref>Longford, pp. 451–452</ref> John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir [[Henry Ponsonby]], Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown.<ref>Longford, p. 454; St Aubyn, p. 425; Hibbert, p. 443</ref> Ponsonby and [[Randall Davidson]], [[Dean of Windsor]], who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 443–444; St Aubyn, pp. 425–426</ref> The manuscript was destroyed.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 443–444; Longford, p. 455</ref> In early 1884, Victoria did publish ''More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands'', a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her "devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown".<ref>Hibbert, p. 444; St Aubyn, p. 424; Waller, p. 413</ref> On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in [[Cannes]]. He was "the dearest of my dear sons", she lamented.<ref>Longford, p. 461</ref> The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with [[Prince Henry of Battenberg]] at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter [[Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine]] to Henry's brother [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]]. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her.<ref>Longford, pp. 477–478</ref>
[[File:British Empire in 1898.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Extent of the [[British Empire]] in 1898]]

Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.<ref>Hibbert, p. 373; St Aubyn, p. 458</ref> She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of [[Charles George Gordon|General Gordon]] during the [[Siege of Khartoum]].<ref>Waller, p. 433; see also Hibbert, pp. 370–371 and Marshall, pp. 191–193</ref> Gladstone was replaced by [[Lord Salisbury]]. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man".<ref>Hibbert, p. 373; Longford, p. 484</ref> Gladstone attempted to pass [[Government of Ireland Bill 1886|a bill granting Ireland home rule]], but to Victoria's glee it was defeated.<ref>Hibbert, p. 374; Longford, p. 491; Marshall, p. 196; St Aubyn, pp. 460–461</ref> In [[1886 United Kingdom general election|the ensuing election]], Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.<ref>St Aubyn, pp. 460–461</ref>

== Golden and Diamond Jubilees ==
[[File:The Family of Queen Victoria (Tuxen).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=The Family of Queen Victoria in 1887|''[[The Family of Queen Victoria (1887)|The Family of Queen Victoria]]'' in 1887, by [[Laurits Tuxen]]. The painting, commissioned by the Queen to celebrate her Golden Jubilee, depicts Victoria and members of her family in the Green Drawing Room at Windsor Castle.]]

In 1887, the [[British Empire]] celebrated [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Victoria's Golden Jubilee]]. She marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Queen Victoria |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/TheQueenandspecialanniversaries/HistoryofJubilees/QueenVictoria.aspx |publisher=Royal Household |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313022325/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/TheQueenandspecialanniversaries/HistoryofJubilees/QueenVictoria.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular.<ref>Marshall, pp. 210–211; St Aubyn, pp. 491–493</ref> Two days later on 23 June,<ref>Longford, p. 502</ref> she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was [[Abdul Karim (the Munshi)|Abdul Karim]]. He was soon promoted to "[[Munshi]]": teaching her [[Urdu]] and acting as a clerk.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 447–448; Longford, p. 508; St Aubyn, p. 502; Waller, p. 441</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Queen Victoria's Urdu workbook on show |date=15 September 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-41285054 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=23 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043830/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-41285054 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Hunt |first=Kristin |title=Victoria and Abdul: The Friendship that Scandalized England |date=20 September 2017 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/victoria-and-abdul-friendship-scandalized-england-180964959/ |work=Smithsonian |access-date=23 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032437/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/victoria-and-abdul-friendship-scandalized-england-180964959/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League and biasing the Queen against Hindus and in favour of Muslims.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 448–449</ref> [[Equerry]] [[Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby|Frederick Ponsonby]] (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]], [[Viceroy of India]], "the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do."<ref>Hibbert, pp. 449–451</ref> Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice.<ref>Hibbert, p. 447; Longford, p. 539; St Aubyn, p. 503; Waller, p. 442</ref> Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death.<ref>Hibbert, p. 454</ref>
[[File:Queen Victoria and Abdul Karim.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=The Munshi stands over Victoria as she works at a desk.|With the Munshi Abdul Karim]]
Victoria's eldest daughter became [[German Empire|empress consort of Germany]] in 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria's eldest grandchild became German Emperor as [[Wilhelm II|Wilhelm II]]. Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer in [[autocracy]]. Victoria thought he had "little heart or ''Zartgefühl'' [tact] – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely {{sic|wharped}}".<ref>Hibbert, p. 382</ref>

Gladstone returned to power after the [[1892 United Kingdom general election|1892 general election]]; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP [[Henry Labouchère]] to the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]], so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him.<ref>Hibbert, p. 375; Longford, p. 519</ref> In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed [[Lord Rosebery]] as prime minister.<ref>Hibbert, p. 376; Longford, p. 530; St Aubyn, p. 515</ref> His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign.<ref>Hibbert, p. 377</ref>[[File:Queen Victoria 60. crownjubilee.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Seated Victoria in embroidered and lace dress|Official Diamond Jubilee photograph by [[W. & D. Downey]]]]

On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest-reigning monarch in British history]]. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria|her Diamond Jubilee]],<ref>Hibbert, p. 456</ref> which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of the [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]], [[Joseph Chamberlain]].<ref>Longford, p. 546; St Aubyn, pp. 545–546</ref> The prime ministers of all the [[self-governing]] [[Dominion]]s were invited to London for the festivities.<ref>Marshall, pp. 206–207, 211; St Aubyn, pp. 546–548</ref> One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to invite Victoria's grandson Wilhelm II, who, it was feared, might cause trouble at the event.<ref>{{Citation |last=MacMillan |first=Margaret |title=The War That Ended Peace |date=2013 |page=29 |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=978-0-8129-9470-4}}</ref>

The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire. The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the 78-year-old Queen.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 457–458; Marshall, pp. 206–207, 211; St Aubyn, pp. 546–548</ref>

== Declining health and death ==
{{Main|Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria}}
[[File:Queen Victoria by Heinrich von Angeli.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait by [[Heinrich von Angeli]], 1899]]
[[File:Queen Victoria In Dublin (Rare archive footage from 1900).webm|thumb|upright|Queen Victoria in Dublin, 1900|left]]

Victoria regularly holidayed in mainland Europe. In 1889, during a stay in [[Biarritz]], she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to visit Spain by briefly crossing the border.<ref>Hibbert, p. 436; St Aubyn, p. 508</ref> By April 1900, the [[Boer War]] was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 437–438; Longford, pp. 554–555; St Aubyn, p. 555</ref>

In July 1900, Victoria's second son, Alfred ("Affie"), died. "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote in her journal. "It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another."<ref>Longford, p. 558</ref>

Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. [[Rheumatism]] in her legs had rendered her disabled, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 464–466, 488–489; Strachey, p. 308; Waller, p. 442</ref> Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell",<ref>Victoria's journal, 1 January 1901, quoted in Hibbert, p. 492; Longford, p. 559 and St Aubyn, p. 592</ref> and by mid-January she was "drowsy{{nbsp}}[...] dazed, [and] confused".<ref>Her personal physician [[Sir James Reid, 1st Baronet]], quoted in Hibbert, p. 492</ref> Her [[Queen Victoria's pets|favourite pet]] [[Pomeranian (dog)|Pomeranian]], Turi, was laid on her bed as a last request.<ref name="ABC">{{Citation |last=Rappaport |first=Helen |title=Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion |date=2003 |pages=34–39 |chapter=Animals |publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=978-1-85109-355-7}}</ref> Victoria died at 6:30 pm on 22 January 1901, aged 81, in the presence of her eldest son, Albert Edward, and grandson, Wilhelm II. Albert Edward succeeded immediately as Edward VII.<ref>Longford, pp. 561–562; St Aubyn, p. 598</ref>

In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for [[Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria|her funeral]], which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army,<ref name="odnb" /> and white instead of black.<ref>Hibbert, p. 497; Longford, p. 563</ref> On 25 January, Edward VII and Wilhelm II, together with Prince Arthur, helped lift her body into the coffin.<ref>St Aubyn, p. 598</ref> She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil.<ref>Longford, p. 563</ref> An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her physician and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers.<ref name="odnb" /><ref>Hibbert, p. 498</ref> Items of [[Victorian jewellery|jewellery]] placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of Brown's mother, which Brown gave Victoria in 1883.<ref name="odnb">{{Cite ODNB |title=Victoria (1819–1901) |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36652 |orig-date=2004 |date=October 2009 |edition=online |author-link1=Colin Matthew |last1=Matthew |first1=H. C. G. |last2=Reynolds |first2=K. D. |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her funeral took place on Saturday, 2 February, in [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]]. Following two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in the [[Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore]], within [[Home Park, Windsor]].<ref>Longford, p. 565; St Aubyn, p. 600</ref>

With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was the [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest-reigning British monarch]] and the [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|longest-reigning]] [[queen regnant]] in world history, until her great-great-granddaughter [[Elizabeth II]] surpassed her on 9 September 2015.<ref>{{Citation |last=Gander |first=Kashmira |title=Queen Elizabeth II to become Britain's longest reigning monarch, surpassing Queen Victoria |date=26 August 2015 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-to-become-britains-longest-reigning-monarch-surpassing-queen-victoria-10473729.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |place=London |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=19 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919003603/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-to-become-britains-longest-reigning-monarch-surpassing-queen-victoria-10473729.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She was the last monarch of Britain from the [[House of Hanover]]; her son Edward VII belonged to her husband's [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]].<ref>{{citation |last=Weir |first=Alison |year=1996 |author-link=Alison Weir (historian) |title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy |edition=Revised |location=London |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-7126-7448-5 |page=317}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
===Reputation===
{{See also|Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria}}
[[File:Her Majesty's Gracious Smile by Charles Knight.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Victoria smiling|Victoria, amused. The remark "We are not amused" is attributed to her but there is no direct evidence that she ever said it,<ref name="odnb"/><ref>[[Roger Fulford|Fulford, Roger]] (1967) "Victoria", ''Collier's Encyclopedia'', United States: Crowell, Collier and Macmillan Inc., vol. 23, p. 127</ref> and she denied doing so.<ref>[[Mike Ashley (writer)|Ashley, Mike]] (1998) ''British Monarchs'', London: Robinson, {{ISBN|1-84119-096-9}}, p. 690</ref> Her staff and family recorded that Victoria "was immensely amused and roared with laughter" on many occasions.<ref>Example from a letter written by lady-in-waiting Marie Mallet née Adeane, quoted in Hibbert, p. 471</ref>|262x262px]]

According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life.<ref>Hibbert, p. xv; St Aubyn, p. 340</ref> From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept [[Queen Victoria's journals|a detailed journal]], which eventually encompassed 122 volumes.<ref>St Aubyn, p. 30; Woodham-Smith, p. 87</ref> After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 503–504; St Aubyn, p. 30; Woodham-Smith, pp. 88, 436–437</ref> Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, [[Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher|Lord Esher]] transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.<ref>Hibbert, p. 503</ref> Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by [[A. C. Benson]], [[Hector Bolitho]], [[George Earle Buckle]], Lord Esher, [[Roger Fulford]], and [[Richard Hough]] among others.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 503–504; St Aubyn, p. 624</ref>

In her later years, Victoria was stout, dowdy, and about {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=off|spell=in}} tall, but she projected a grand image.<ref>Hibbert, pp. 61–62; Longford, pp. 89, 253; St Aubyn, pp. 48, 63–64</ref> She was unpopular during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure.<ref>Marshall, p. 210; Waller, pp. 419, 434–435, 443</ref> Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public.<ref name="odnb" /><ref>Waller, p. 439</ref> Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as [[Lytton Strachey]]'s ''Queen Victoria'' of 1921, are now considered out of date.<ref>St Aubyn, p. 624</ref> The biographies written by [[Elizabeth Longford]] and [[Cecil Woodham-Smith]], in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.<ref>Hibbert, p. 504; St Aubyn, p. 623</ref> [[Stanley Weintraub]]'s from 1987 is considered one of the gold-standard biographies of Victoria, and was the first to be written by an American.<ref>Worsley, p. 6.</ref> They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.<ref>e.g. Hibbert, p. 352; Strachey, p. 304; Woodham-Smith, p. 431</ref>

Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern [[constitutional monarchy]] in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] at the expense of the [[House of Lords]] and the monarch.<ref>Waller, p. 429</ref> In 1867, [[Walter Bagehot]] wrote that the monarch only retained "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn".<ref>{{Citation |last=Bagehot |first=Walter |title=The English Constitution |date=1867 |page=103 |place=London |publisher=Chapman and Hall}}</ref> As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.<ref>St Aubyn, pp. 602–603; Strachey, pp. 303–304; Waller, pp. 366, 372, 434</ref>

=== Descendants and haemophilia ===
[[File:Victoria Memorial situated in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|The [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] in [[Kolkata]], India]]

Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe".<ref>Erickson, Carolly (1997) ''Her Little Majesty: The Life of Queen Victoria'', New York: Simon & Schuster, {{ISBN|0-7432-3657-2}}</ref> Of the [[grandchildren of Victoria and Albert]], 34 survived to adulthood.<ref name="odnb" />

Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease [[haemophilia B]] and at least two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. [[Haemophilia in European royalty|Royal haemophiliacs]] descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, [[Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia]]; [[Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)|Alfonso, Prince of Asturias]]; and [[Infante Gonzalo of Spain]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Rogaev |first1=Evgeny I. |title=Genotype Analysis Identifies the Cause of the "Royal Disease" |date=2009 |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5954 |page=817 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..817R |doi=10.1126/science.1180660 |pmid=19815722 |last2=Grigorenko |first2=Anastasia P. |last3=Faskhutdinova |first3=Gulnaz |last4=Kittler |first4=Ellen L. W. |last5=Moliaka |first5=Yuri K. |s2cid=206522975 |doi-access=free |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to [[Legitimacy of Queen Victoria|modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent]], but a haemophiliac.<ref>Potts and Potts, pp. 55–65, quoted in Hibbert p. 217; Packard, pp. 42–43</ref> There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always had the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill.<ref>[[Steve Jones (biologist)|Jones, Steve]] (1996) ''In the Blood'', [[BBC]] documentary</ref> It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers.<ref>{{Citation |last=McKusick |first=Victor A. |title=The Royal Hemophilia |date=1965 |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=213 |issue=2 |page=91 |bibcode=1965SciAm.213b..88M |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0865-88 |pmid=14319025 |author-link=Victor A. McKusick}}; {{Citation |last=Jones |first=Steve |title=The Language of the Genes |date=1993 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=0-00-255020-2 |location=London |page=69 |author-link=Steve Jones (biologist)}}; {{Citation |author-link=Steve Jones (biologist) |last=Jones |first=Steve |date=1993 |title=In The Blood: God, Genes and Destiny |location=London |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-255511-5 |page=270}}; {{Citation |last=Rushton |first=Alan R. |date=2008 |title=Royal Maladies: Inherited Diseases in the Royal Houses of Europe |location=[[Victoria, British Columbia]] |publisher=Trafford |isbn=978-1-4251-6810-0 |pages=31–32}}</ref> Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hemophilia B |date=5 March 2014 |url=http://www.hemophilia.org/Bleeding-Disorders/Types-of-Bleeding-Disorders/Hemophilia-B |publisher=National Hemophilia Foundation |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-date=24 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324033555/http://www.hemophilia.org/Bleeding-Disorders/Types-of-Bleeding-Disorders/Hemophilia-B |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Titles, styles, honours, and arms ==
=== Titles and styles ===
She was born Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent, with a style of [[Royal Highness|''Her Royal Highness'']]. At the end of her reign, her full [[Style of the British sovereign#Styles of British sovereigns|style]] was: "Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] Queen, [[Defender of the Faith]], Empress of India".<ref name="1900 Whitaker" />

=== Honours ===
==== British honours ====
* [[Royal Family Order of George IV]], ''1826''<ref>{{Citation |last1=Risk |first1=James |title=Royal Service |date=2001 |volume=2 |pages=16–19 |place=Lingfield |publisher=Third Millennium Publishing/Victorian Publishing |last2=Pownall |first2=Henry |last3=Stanley |first3=David |last4=Tamplin |first4=John |last5=Martin |first5=Stanley}}</ref>
* Founder of the [[Victoria Cross]] ''5 February 1856''<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21846|pages=410–411|date=5 February 1856|mode=cs2}}</ref>
* Founder and Sovereign of the [[Order of the Star of India]], ''25 June 1861''<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22523|date=25 June 1861|page=2621|mode=cs2}}</ref>
* Founder and Sovereign of the [[Royal Order of Victoria and Albert]], ''10 February 1862''<ref name="Whitaker1894">{{Citation |last=Whitaker |first=Joseph |title=An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ... |date=1894 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6cUMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112 |page=112 |publisher=J. Whitaker |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322110601/https://books.google.com/books?id=6cUMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Founder and Sovereign of the [[Order of the Crown of India]], ''1 January 1878''<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=24539 |date=4 January 1878 |page=113 |mode=cs2}}</ref>
* Founder and Sovereign of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]], ''1 January 1878''<ref>{{Citation |last=Shaw |first=William Arthur |title=The Knights of England |date=1906 |volume=1 |page=xxxi |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924092537418/page/n55/mode/2up |place=London |publisher=Sherratt and Hughes |author-link=William Arthur Shaw}}</ref>
* Founder and Sovereign of the [[Royal Red Cross]], ''27 April 1883''<ref>"[https://qaranc.co.uk/royalredcross.php The Royal Red Cross] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128053143/https://qaranc.co.uk/royalredcross.php |date=28 November 2019 }}". ''QARANC – Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps''. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</ref>
* Founder and Sovereign of the [[Distinguished Service Order]], ''6 November 1886''<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25641|pages=5385–5386| date=9 November 1886 |mode=cs2}}</ref>
* [[Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)|Albert Medal]] of the [[Royal Society of Arts]], ''1887''<ref>{{Citation |title=The Albert Medal |url=http://www.thersa.org/about-us/history-and-archive/medals/albert-medal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608193010/http://www.thersa.org/about-us/history-and-archive/medals/albert-medal |publisher=[[Royal Society of Arts]], London, UK |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref>
* Founder and Sovereign of the [[Royal Victorian Order]], ''23 April 1896''<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26733|date=24 April 1896|page=2455|mode=cs2}}</ref>

==== Foreign honours ====
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[History of Spain (1810–1873)|Spain]]:
** Dame of the [[Order of Queen Maria Luisa]], ''21 December 1833''<ref>{{Citation |title=Real orden de damas nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa |date=1834 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89003308012&view=1up&seq=128 |work=Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid |page=91 |place=Madrid |publisher=Imprenta Real |language=es |via=hathitrust.org |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328225310/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89003308012&view=1up&seq=128 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]]<ref name="Naotaka">{{Citation |last=Kimizuka |first=Naotaka |script-title=ja:女王陛下のブルーリボン: ガーター勲章とイギリス外交 |date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T13tPAAACAAJ |page=303 |trans-title=Her Majesty The Queen's Blue Ribbon: The Order of the Garter and British Diplomacy |place=Tokyo |publisher=NTT Publishing |language=ja |isbn=978-4-7571-4073-8 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322110556/https://books.google.com/books?id=T13tPAAACAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]:
** Dame of the [[Order of Saint Isabel|Order of Queen Saint Isabel]], ''23 February 1836''<ref name="Agraciamentos">{{Citation |last=Bragança |first=Jose Vicente de |title=Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota |date=2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10576008 |work=Pro Phalaris |volume=9–10 |page=6 |trans-title=Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |language=pt |access-date=28 November 2019 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152639/https://www.academia.edu/10576008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa]]<ref name="Naotaka" />
* [[Russian Empire|Russia]]: [[Order of St. Catherine|Grand Cross of St. Catherine]], ''26 June 1837''<ref>{{Citation |script-title=ru:Список кавалерам россійских императорских и царских орденов |trans-title=List of Knights of the Russian Imperial and Tsarist Orders |date=1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_QxAQAAMAAJ |page=15 |script-chapter=ru:Ордена Св. Екатерины |trans-chapter=Knights of the Order of St. Catherine |place=Saint Petersburg |publisher=Printing house of the II branch of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery |language=ru |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322110556/https://books.google.com/books?id=z_QxAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July Monarchy|France]]: Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]], ''5 September 1843''<ref>{{Citation |title=Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers |date=2009 |pages=21, 460, 564 |place=Paris |publisher=Archives & Culture |language=French |isbn=978-2-35077-135-9 |ref=M. et B. Wattel |first1=Michel |last1=Wattel |first2=Béatrice |last2=Wattel}}</ref>
* [[Second Mexican Republic|Mexico]]/[[Second Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]]:
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Guadalupe|National Order of Guadalupe]], ''1854''<ref>{{Citation |title=Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 |date=1866 |page=[{{GBurl |id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ |p=244}} 244] |chapter=Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ |place=Mexico City |publisher=Imp. de J.M. Lara |language=es |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322110556/https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Charles (Mexico)|Imperial Order of San Carlos]], ''1866''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Olvera Ayes |date=2020 |first=David A. |periodical=Cuadernos del Cronista Editores, México |title=La Orden Imperial de San Carlos |mode=cs2}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]: Dame of the [[Order of Louise]], 1st Division, ''11 June 1857''<ref>{{Citation |last=Queen Victoria |title=Queen Victoria's Journals |volume=43 |page=171 |chapter=Thursday, 11th June 1857 |chapter-url=http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org |via=The Royal Archives |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152643/http://qvj.chadwyck.com/marketing.do |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Pedro I]], ''3 December 1872''<ref>{{Citation |last=Queen Victoria |title=Queen Victoria's Journals |volume=61 |page=333 |chapter=Tuesday, 3rd December 1872 |chapter-url=http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org |via=The Royal Archives |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152643/http://qvj.chadwyck.com/marketing.do |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Qajar Iran|Persia]]:<ref>{{Citation |last=Naser al-Din Shah Qajar |title=The Diary of H.M. The Shah of Persia during his tour through Europe in A.D. 1873: A verbatim translation |date=1874 |page=149 |chapter=Chapter IV: England |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofhmshahofp00nasiuoft/page/148 |place=London |publisher=John Murray |author-link=Naser al-Din Shah Qajar |translator-last=Redhouse |translator-first=James William |translator-link=James Redhouse}}</ref>
** [[Order of Aftab|Order of the Sun]], 1st Class in Diamonds, ''20 June 1873''
** Order of the August Portrait, ''20 June 1873''
* [[Siam]]:
** [[Order of the White Elephant|Grand Cross of the White Elephant]], ''1880''<ref name="times29924">{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular |department=Court and Social |date=3 July 1880 |page=11 |issue=29924 |column=G |mode=cs2}}</ref>
** Dame of the [[Order of the Royal House of Chakri]], ''1887''<ref>{{Citation |script-title=th:ข่าวรับพระราชสาสน์ พระราชสาสน์จากกษัตริย์ในประเทศยุโรปที่ทรงยินดีในการได้รับพระราชสาสน์จากพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว |date=5 May 1887 |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2430/026/214_1.PDF |work=[[Royal Thai Government Gazette]] |language=th |access-date=8 May 2019 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021052436/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2430/026/214_1.PDF |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Hawaii]]: Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of Kamehameha I (decoration)|Order of Kamehameha I]], with Collar, ''July 1881''<ref>Kalakaua to his sister, 24 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) "[https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf The Royal Tourist – Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019083943/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf |date=19 October 2019 }}", ''Hawaiian Journal of History'', vol. 5, p. 100</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]]:<ref>{{Citation |last=Acović |first=Dragomir |title=Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima |date=2012 |pages=364 |place=Belgrade |publisher=Službeni Glasnik |language=Serbian}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Two Royal Families – Historical Ties |url=http://www.royalfamily.org/two-royal-families-historical-ties/ |work=The Royal Family of Serbia |date=13 March 2016 |access-date=6 December 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206100031/http://www.royalfamily.org/two-royal-families-historical-ties/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Cross of Takovo|Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo]], ''1882''
** [[Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)|Grand Cross of the White Eagle]], ''1883''
** [[Order of Saint Sava|Grand Cross of St. Sava]], ''1897''
* [[Hesse and by Rhine]]: [[House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse)|Dame of the Golden Lion]], ''25 April 1885''<ref name="hesse">{{Citation |title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste |page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248626&view=1up&seq=45&skin=2021 35] |year=1885 |chapter=Goldener Löwen-orden |chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248626&view=1up&seq=43&skin=2021 |place=Darmstadt |publisher=Staatsverlag |language=German |via=hathitrust.org |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906135729/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248626&view=1up&seq=43&skin=2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]: Order of the [[Bulgarian Red Cross]], ''August 1887''<ref>{{Citation |title=Honorary Badge of the Red Cross |url=https://bulgariandecorations.com/distinctions/red_cross |work=Bulgarian Royal Decorations |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215074015/https://bulgariandecorations.com/distinctions/red_cross |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]]: [[Order of the Seal of Solomon|Grand Cross of the Seal of Solomon]], ''22 June 1897'' – Diamond Jubilee gift<ref>{{Citation |title=The Imperial Orders and Decorations of Ethiopia |url=http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomonsSeal |work=The Crown Council of Ethiopia |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=26 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226054014/http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomonsSeal |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Principality of Montenegro|Montenegro]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Prince Danilo I]], ''1897''<ref>[http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/news/051207.htm "The Order of Sovereign Prince Danilo I"]. ''orderofdanilo.org''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009012208/http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/history/index.htm |date=9 October 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]: Silver Wedding Medal of Duke Alfred and Duchess Marie, ''23 January 1899''<ref>{{Citation |title=Silver Wedding medal of Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburg & Grand Duchess Marie |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/441137 |publisher=Royal Collection |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212053018/https://www.rct.uk/collection/441137 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

=== Arms ===

As Sovereign, Victoria used the [[royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom]]. As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover, her arms did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her immediate predecessors. Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne.<ref name="louda"/>
{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 300
| perrow =
| image1 = Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837).svg
| caption1 = Royal coat of arms outside Scotland
| image2 = Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland (1837-1952).svg
| caption2 = Royal coat of arms in Scotland
}}

==Family==
[[File:Franz Xaver Winterhalter Family of Queen Victoria.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Victoria's family in 1846 by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]] Left to right: [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Alfred]] and [[Edward VII|the Prince of Wales]]; the Queen and [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]]; Princesses [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Alice]], [[Princess Helena of the United Kingdom|Helena]] and [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Victoria]]]]

{{clear}}

=== Issue ===

{{See also|Descendants of Queen Victoria|Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX}}


{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="19%"|Name
! width="10%" |Birth
! width="10%" |Death
! Spouse and children<ref name="1900 Whitaker">''[[Whitaker's Almanack]]'' (1900) Facsimile Reprint 1998, London: Stationery Office, {{ISBN|0-11-702247-0}}, p. 86</ref><ref>''[[Whitaker's Almanack]]'' (1993) Concise Edition, London: J. Whitaker and Sons, {{ISBN|0-85021-232-4}}, pp. 134–136</ref>

|- style="background: #fff8f8"
| [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Victoria, Princess Royal]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1840 21 Nov
| style="text-align:center" | 1901 5 August
| style="background:#f8f8ff" | Married 1858, [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick]], later German Emperor and King of Prussia (1831–1888); 4 sons (including [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor]]), 4 daughters (including [[Queen Sophia of Greece]])

|- style="background: #f8f8ff"
| [[Edward VII]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1841 9 Nov
| style="text-align:center" | 1910 6 May
| style="background:#fff8f8" | Married 1863, Princess [[Alexandra of Denmark]] (1844–1925); 3 sons (including King [[George V]] of the United Kingdom), 3 daughters (including [[Queen Maud of Norway]])

|- style="background: #fff8f8"
| [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Princess Alice]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1843 25 April
| style="text-align:center" | 1878 14 Dec
| style="background:#f8f8ff" | Married 1862, [[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]] (1837–1892); 2 sons, 5 daughters (including [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia]])

|- style="background: #f8f8ff"
| [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1844 6 August
| style="text-align:center" | 1900 31 July
| style="background:#fff8f8" | Married 1874, [[Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia]] (1853–1920); 2 sons (1 [[stillborn]]), 4 daughters (including [[Queen Marie of Romania]])

|- style="background: #fff8f8"
| [[Princess Helena of the United Kingdom|Princess Helena]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1846 25 May
| style="text-align:center" | 1923 9 June
| style="background:#f8f8ff" | Married 1866, [[Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] (1831–1917); 4 sons (1 [[stillborn]]), 2 daughters

|- style="background: #fff8f8"
| [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|Princess Louise]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1848 18 March
| style="text-align:center" | 1939 3 Dec
| style="background:#f8f8ff" | Married 1871, [[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|John Campbell]], Marquess of Lorne, later 9th [[Duke of Argyll]] (1845–1914); no issue

|- style="background: #f8f8ff"
| [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1850 1 May
| style="text-align:center" | 1942 16 Jan
| style="background:#fff8f8" | Married 1879, [[Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia]] (1860–1917); 1 son, 2 daughters (including [[Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden]])

|- style="background: #f8f8ff"
| [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany|Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1853 7 April
| style="text-align:center" | 1884 28 March
| style="background:#fff8f8" | Married 1882, [[Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont]] (1861–1922); 1 son, 1 daughter

|- style="background: #fff8f8"
| [[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom|Princess Beatrice]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1857 14 April
| style="text-align:center" | 1944 26 Oct
| style="background:#f8f8ff" | Married 1885, [[Prince Henry of Battenberg]] (1858–1896); 3 sons, 1 daughter ([[Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain]])

|}

=== Ancestry ===
{{Ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes|ref=<ref name="louda">{{Citation |last1=Louda |first1=Jiří |title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |last2=Maclagan |first2=Michael |date=1999 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-1-85605-469-0 |location=London |pages=32, 34 |author-link=Jiří Louda |author-link2=Michael Maclagan}}</ref>
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Victoria of the United Kingdom'''
|2= 2. [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn]]
|3= 3. [[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]
|4= 4. [[George III]] of the United Kingdom
|5= 5. [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
|6= 6. [[Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]
|7= 7. [[Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf]]
|8= 8. [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]]
|9= 9. [[Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha]]
|10= 10. [[Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg]]
|11= 11. [[Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
|12= 12. [[Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]
|13= 13. [[Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
|14= 14. [[Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf]]
|15= 15. [[Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg]]
}}

=== Family tree ===
* {{Color sample|border=#CC0000|white; border-width:1px}} Red borders indicate British monarchs
* {{Color sample|border=#000000|white; border-width:2px}} {{Color sample|border=#CC0000|white; border-width:2px}} Bold borders indicate children of British monarchs
{{Chart top|collapsed=yes|Family of Queen Victoria, spanning the reigns of her grandfather, [[George III]], to her grandson, [[George V]]}}
{{Tree chart/start}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |GR3|y|CMS
| GR3='''[[George III]]''' {{Small|1738–1820 '''r.1760–1820'''}}
| boxstyle_GR3=border-color:#CC0000
| CMS=[[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Charlotte]] {{Small|of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1744–1818}}
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |!| | |GR4|y|CB2| |FY|~|FP| |ASM|y|WR|y|DJ| |CR|~|FW3| |EK|y|VS| |AS2
| CB2=[[Caroline of Brunswick|Caroline]] {{Small|of Brunswick 1768–1821}}
| GR4='''[[George IV]]''' {{Small|1762–1830 '''r.1820–1830'''}}
| boxstyle_GR4=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000
| FY=[[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|Frederick]] {{Small|Duke of York and Albany 1763–1827}}
| boxstyle_FY=border-width:2px
| FP=[[Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia|Frederica Charlotte]] {{Small|of Prussia 1767–1820}}
| ASM=[[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen|Adelaide]] {{Small|of Saxe-Meiningen 1792–1849}}
| WR='''[[William IV]]''' {{Small|1765–1837 '''r.1830–1837'''}}
| boxstyle_WR=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000
| DJ=[[Dorothea Jordan]] {{Small|1761–1816}}
| CR=[[Charlotte, Princess Royal|Charlotte]] {{Small|Princess Royal 1766–1828}}
| boxstyle_CR=border-width:2px
| FW3=[[Frederick I of Württemberg|Frederick I]] {{Small|King of Württemberg 1754–1816}}
| EK=[[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn|Edward]] {{Small|Duke of Kent and Strathearn 1767–1820}}
| boxstyle_EK=border-width:2px
| VS=[[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|Victoria]] {{Small|of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 1786–1861}}
| AS2=[[Augusta Sophia]] {{Small|1768–1840}}
| boxstyle_AS2=border-width:2px
}}

{{Tree chart|border=0| |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|'| | | |`|IC| | | | | | | | | | | | |!|
| IC={{Small|Illegitimate children}}
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|-|b|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|b|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|b|-|v|-|-|-|.|
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|El|~|FHH|!|EA2|y|FMS| |AFS|!|AC|y|AHC| |Ma|~|WG2| |SM| |Oc|!|Al| |Am
| El=[[Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth]] {{Small|1770–1840}}
| boxstyle_El=border-width:2px
| FHH=[[Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg|Frederick VI]] {{Small|Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 1769–1829}}
| EA2=[[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus]] {{Small|King of Hanover 1771–1851}}
| boxstyle_EA2=border-width:2px
| FMS=[[Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Frederica]] {{Small|of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1778–1841}}
| AFS=[[Augustus Frederick]] {{Small|Duke of Sussex 1773–1843}}
| boxstyle_AFS=border-width:2px
| AC=[[Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge|Adolphus]] {{Small|Duke of Cambridge 1774–1850}}
| boxstyle_AC=border-width:2px
| AHC=[[Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel|Augusta]] {{Small|of Hesse-Kassel 1797–1889}}
| Ma=[[Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh|Mary]] {{Small|1776–1857}}
| boxstyle_Ma=border-width:2px
| WG2=[[Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh|William Frederick]] {{Small|Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 1776–1834}}
| SM=[[Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom|Sophia Matilda]] {{Small|1777–1848}}
| boxstyle_SM=border-width:2px
| Oc=[[Prince Octavius of Great Britain|Octavius]] {{Small|1779–1783}}
| boxstyle_Oc=border-width:2px
| Al=[[Prince Alfred of Great Britain|Alfred]] {{Small|1780–1783}}
| boxstyle_Al=border-width:2px
| Am=[[Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom|Amelia]] {{Small|1783–1810}}
| boxstyle_Am=border-width:2px
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|'| |,|-|'| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |!|
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|LB|~|CA2| |GH|~|MSA| |CC| |EC2| |GC| |AC2|~|FWM| |MA|~|FT|!|
| LB=[[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold I]] {{Small|King of the Belgians 1790–1865}}
| CA2=[[Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)|Charlotte]] {{Small|of Wales 1796–1817}}
| boxstyle_CA2=border-width:2px
| GH=[[George V of Hanover|George V]] {{Small|King of Hanover 1819–1878}}
| MSA=[[Marie of Saxe-Altenburg|Marie]] {{Small|of Saxe-Altenburg 1818–1907}}
| CC=[[Princess Charlotte of Clarence|Charlotte]] {{Small|of Clarence 1819}}
| boxstyle_CC=border-width:2px
| EC2=[[Princess Elizabeth of Clarence|Elizabeth]] {{Small|of Clarence 1820–1821}}
| boxstyle_EC2=border-width:2px
| GC=[[Prince George, Duke of Cambridge|George]] {{Small|Duke of Cambridge 1819–1904}}
| AC2=[[Princess Augusta of Cambridge|Augusta]] {{Small|of Cambridge 1822–1916}}
| FWM=[[Frederick William, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Frederick William]] {{Small|Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1819–1904}}
| MA=[[Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge|Mary Adelaide]] {{Small|of Cambridge 1833–1897}}
| FT=[[Francis, Duke of Teck|Francis]] {{Small|Duke of Teck 1837–1900}}
}}

{{Tree chart|border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`|-|.|
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |KW1| | | | | | | | | |C9| | | | | | | | | | | | | |A3| | | | | | | | | |Vic|y|APC
| KW1=[[William I, German Emperor|William I]] {{Small|King of Prussia, German Emperor 1797–1888}}
| C9=[[Christian IX]] {{Small|King of Denmark 1818–1906}}
| Vic='''Victoria''' {{Small|1819–1901 '''r.1837–1901'''}}
| boxstyle_Vic=border-color:#CC0000
| APC=[[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Albert]] {{Small|of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1819–1861}}
| A3=[[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] {{Small|Emperor of Russia 1818–1881}}
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|b|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|b|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(|
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |FG|y|VR| |ERI|y|AD| |AMM|y|LH| |AS|y|MAR| |HAV|y|CSH| | | | |!|
| FG=[[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick III]] {{Small|German Emperor 1831–1888}}
| VR=[[Victoria, Princess Royal|Victoria]] {{Small|Princess Royal 1840–1901}}
| boxstyle_VR=border-width:2px
| AMM=[[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Alice]] {{Small|1843–1878}}
| AD=[[Alexandra of Denmark|Alexandra]] {{Small|of Denmark 1844–1925}}
| ERI='''[[Edward VII]]''' {{Small|1841–1910 '''r.1901–1910'''}}
| boxstyle_ERI=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000
| boxstyle_AMM=border-width:2px
| LH=[[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse|Louis IV]] {{Small|Grand Duke of Hesse 1837–1892}}
| AS=[[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Alfred]] {{Small|Duke of Edinburgh/Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1844–1900}}
| boxstyle_AS=border-width:2px
| MAR=[[Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia|Maria]] {{Small|of Russia 1853–1920}}
| HAV=[[Princess Helena of the United Kingdom|Helena]] {{Small|1846–1923}}
| boxstyle_HAV=border-width:2px
| CSH=[[Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein|Christian]] {{Small|of Schleswig-Holstein 1831–1917}}
}}

{{Tree chart|border=0| | | | | |,|-|'| | | |,|-|-|-|'| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |`|HO| | | | |!|
| HO=''[[House of Oldenburg|{{Small|House of Oldenburg}}]]''
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|b|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|b|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|'|
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | |LCA|~|JA|!|AC|~|LMP|!|LA|~|HWP| |Bat|y|HB
| LCA=[[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|Louise]] {{Small|1848–1939}}
| boxstyle_LCA=border-width:2px
| JA=[[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|John Campbell]] {{Small|Duke of Argyll 1845–1914}}
| AC=[[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Arthur]] {{Small|Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 1850–1942}}
| boxstyle_AC=border-width:2px
| LMP=[[Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia|Louise Margaret]] {{Small|of Prussia 1860–1917}}
| LA=[[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany|Leopold]] {{Small|Duke of Albany 1853–1884}}
| boxstyle_LA=border-width:2px
| HWP=[[Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont|Helena]] {{Small|of Waldeck and Pyrmont 1861–1922}}
| Bat=[[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom|Beatrice]] {{Small|1857–1944}}
| boxstyle_Bat=border-width:2px
| HB=[[Prince Henry of Battenberg|Henry]] {{Small|of Battenberg 1858–1896}}
}}

{{Tree chart|border=0| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |,|-|'| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |`|BF
| BF=''[[Battenberg family|{{Small|Battenberg family}}]]''
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |!| | | |,|-|b|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|b|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |KW2| |AHP|!|ME|y|FR| |ELH|y|VME|y|CVR| |AE|y|EHL| |BE|y|AG
| KW2=[[Wilhelm II]] {{Small|German Emperor 1859–1941}}
| AHP=[[Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Alfred]] {{Small|of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1874–1899}}
| ME=[[Marie of Romania|Marie]] {{Small|of Edinburgh 1875–1938}}
| FR=[[Ferdinand of Romania|Ferdinand]] {{Small|King of Romania 1865–1927}}
| ELH=[[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse|Ernest Louis]] {{Small|Grand Duke of Hesse 1868–1937}}
| VME=[[Victoria Melita]] {{Small|of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1876–1936}}
| CVR=[[Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia|Kirill Vladimirovich]] {{Small|Grand Duke of Russia 1876–1938}}
| AE=[[Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Alexandra]] {{Small|of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1878–1942}}
| EHL=[[Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Ernst II]] {{Small|of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 1863–1950}}
| BE=[[Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Beatrice]] {{Small|of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1884–1966}}
| AG=[[Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera|Alfonso]] {{Small|Duke of Galliera 1886–1975}}
}}

{{Tree chart|border=0| | | | |HH| | | | |!| | | |`|HHS| | | | |`|HHD|`|HR| | | | |`|HHL| | | | |`|HO
| HH=''[[House of Hohenzollern|{{Small|House of Hohenzollern}}]]''
| HHS=''{{Small|House of [[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]]}}''
| HR=''{{Small|[[House of Romanov]]}}''
| HHD=''{{Small|[[House of Hesse-Darmstadt]]}}''
| HHL=''{{Small|House of [[Hohenlohe-Langenburg]]}}''
| HO=''{{Small|[[House of Orléans-Galliera]]}}''
}}

{{Tree chart|border=0| | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |AVC| |GRI|~|MT| |LR|~|AF| |VCT| |MW|~|HN| |AJ
| AVC=[[Albert Victor]] {{Small|Duke of Clarence 1864–1892}}
| boxstyle_AVC=border-width:2px
| GRI='''[[George V]]''' {{Small|1865–1936 '''r.1910–1936'''}}
| boxstyle_GRI=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000
| MT=[[Mary of Teck|Mary]] {{Small|of Teck 1867–1953}}
| LR=[[Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife|Louise]] {{Small|Princess Royal 1867–1931}}
| boxstyle_LR=border-width:2px
| AF=[[Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife|Alexander Duff]] {{Small|Duke of Fife 1849–1912}}
| VCT=[[Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] {{Small|1868–1935}}
| boxstyle_VCT=border-width:2px
| MW=[[Maud of Wales|Maud]] {{Small|of Wales 1869–1938}}
| boxstyle_MW=border-width:2px
| HN=[[Haakon VII]] {{Small|King of Norway 1872–1957}}
| AJ=[[Prince Alexander John of Wales|Alexander John]] {{Small|of Wales 1871}}
| boxstyle_AJ=border-width:2px
}}

{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation |last=Charles |first=Barrie |title=Kill the Queen! The Eight Assassination Attempts on Queen Victoria |date=2012 |place=Stroud |publisher=Amberley Publishing |isbn=978-1-4456-0457-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Hibbert |first=Christopher |title=Queen Victoria: A Personal History |date=2000 |place=London |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-638843-4 |author-link=Christopher Hibbert}}
* {{Citation |last=Longford |first=Elizabeth |title=Victoria R.I. |date=1964 |place=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=0-297-17001-5 |author-link=Elizabeth Pakenham, Countess of Longford}}
* {{Citation |last=Marshall |first=Dorothy |title=The Life and Times of Queen Victoria |date=1972 |edition=1992 reprint |place=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=0-297-83166-6}}
* {{Citation |last=Packard |first=Jerrold M. |title=Victoria's Daughters |date=1998 |place=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=0-312-24496-7}}
* {{Citation |last1=Potts |first1=D. M. |title=Queen Victoria's Gene: Haemophilia and the Royal Family |date=1995 |place=Stroud |publisher=Alan Sutton |isbn=0-7509-1199-9 |last2=Potts |first2=W. T. W. |author-link=Malcolm Potts}}
* {{Citation |last=St. Aubyn |first=Giles |title=Queen Victoria: A Portrait |date=1991 |place=London |publisher=Sinclair-Stevenson |isbn=1-85619-086-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Strachey |first=Lytton |title=Queen Victoria |date=1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/queenvictoria01265gut |place=London |publisher=Chatto and Windus |author-link=Lytton Strachey}}
* {{Citation |last=Waller |first=Maureen |title=Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England |date=2006 |place=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |isbn=0-7195-6628-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Weintraub |first=Stanley |title=Albert: Uncrowned King |date=1997 |place=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |isbn=0-7195-5756-9 |author-link=Stanley Weintraub}}
* {{Citation |last=Woodham-Smith |first=Cecil |title=Queen Victoria: Her Life and Times 1819–1861 |date=1972 |place=London |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |isbn=0-241-02200-2 |author-link=Cecil Woodham-Smith}}
* {{Citation |last=Worsley |first=Lucy |title=Queen Victoria – Daughter, Wife, Mother, Widow |date=2018 |place=London |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Ltd |isbn=978-1-4736-5138-8 |author-link=Lucy Worsley}}
{{Refend}}

==== Primary sources ====
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation |title=The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection of Her Majesty's Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861 |date=1907 |editor-last=Benson |editor-first=A. C. |place=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |editor-link=A. C. Benson |editor-last2=Esher |editor-first2=Viscount |editor-link2=Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher}}
* {{Citation |title=Letters of Queen Victoria from the Archives of the House of Brandenburg-Prussia |date=1938 |editor-last=Bolitho |editor-first=Hector |place=London |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |editor-link=Hector Bolitho}}
* {{Citation |title=The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd Series 1862–1885 |date=1926 |editor-last=Buckle |editor-first=George Earle |place=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |editor-link=George Earle Buckle}}
* {{Citation |title=The Letters of Queen Victoria, 3rd Series 1886–1901 |date=1930 |editor-last=Buckle |editor-first=George Earle |place=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]}}
* {{Citation |last=Connell |first=Brian |title=Regina v. Palmerston: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and her Foreign and Prime Minister, 1837–1865 |date=1962 |url=https://archive.org/details/reginavspalmerst001327mbp |place=London |publisher=Evans Brothers}}
* {{Citation |title=Victoria in the Highlands: The Personal Journal of Her Majesty Queen Victoria |date=1968 |editor-last=Duff |editor-first=David |place=London |publisher=Muller}}
* {{Citation |title=Dear and Honoured Lady: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and Alfred Tennyson |date=1969 |editor-last=Dyson |editor-first=Hope |place=London |publisher=Macmillan |editor-last2=Tennyson |editor-first2=Charles}}
* {{Citation |title=The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty's Diaries Between the Years 1832 and 1840 |date=1912 |editor-last=Esher |editor-first=Viscount |place=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]}}
* {{Citation |title=Dearest Child: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal, 1858–1861 |date=1964 |editor-last=Fulford |editor-first=Roger |place=London |publisher=Evans Brothers |editor-link=Roger Fulford}}
* {{Citation |title=Dearest Mama: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1861–1864 |date=1968 |editor-last=Fulford |editor-first=Roger |place=London |publisher=Evans Brothers |editor-link=Roger Fulford}}
* {{Citation |title=Beloved Mama: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess, 1878–1885 |date=1971 |editor-last=Fulford |editor-first=Roger |place=London |publisher=Evans Brothers |editor-link=Roger Fulford}}
* {{Citation |title=Your Dear Letter: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1863–1871 |date=1971 |editor-last=Fulford |editor-first=Roger |place=London |publisher=Evans Brothers |editor-link=Roger Fulford}}
* {{Citation |title=Darling Child: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess of Prussia, 1871–1878 |date=1976 |editor-last=Fulford |editor-first=Roger |place=London |publisher=Evans Brothers |editor-link=Roger Fulford}}
* {{Citation |title=Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals |date=1984 |editor-last=Hibbert |editor-first=Christopher |place=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |isbn=0-7195-4107-7 |editor-link=Christopher Hibbert}}
* {{Citation |title=Advice to a Grand-daughter: Letters from Queen Victoria to Princess Victoria of Hesse |date=1975 |editor-last=Hough |editor-first=Richard |place=London |publisher=Heinemann |isbn=0-434-34861-9 |editor-link=Richard Hough}}
* {{Citation |title=Letters of the Prince Consort 1831–1861 |date=1938 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174741 |editor-last=Jagow |editor-first=Kurt |place=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]}}
* {{Citation |title=Queen Victoria: Leaves from a Journal |date=1961 |editor-last=Mortimer |editor-first=Raymond |place=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus & Cudahy |editor-link=Raymond Mortimer}}
* {{Citation |title=Letters of the Empress Frederick |date=1930 |editor-last=Ponsonby |editor-first=Frederick |place=London |publisher=Macmillan |editor-link=Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby}}
* {{Citation |title=Beloved and Darling Child: Last Letters between Queen Victoria and Her Eldest Daughter, 1886–1901 |date=1990 |editor-last=Ramm |editor-first=Agatha |place=Stroud |publisher=Sutton Publishing |isbn=978-0-86299-880-6}}
* {{Citation |last=Victoria |first=Queen |title=Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1848 to 1861 |date=1868 |place=London |publisher=Smith, Elder}}
* {{Citation |last=Victoria |first=Queen |title=More Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1862 to 1882 |date=1884 |place=London |publisher=Smith, Elder}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation |last=Arnstein |first=Walter L. |title=The Warrior Queen: Reflections on Victoria and Her World |journal=Albion |year=1998 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.2307/4052381 |jstor=4052381}}
* {{Citation |last=Arnstein |first=Walter L. |title=Queen Victoria |date=2003 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-63806-4}}
* {{Citation |last=Baird |first=Julia |title=Victoria The Queen: An Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire |date=2016 |place=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4000-6988-0}}
* {{Citation |last=Cadbury |first=Deborah |title=Queen Victoria's Matchmaking: The Royal Marriages That Shaped Europe |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury}}
* {{Citation |title=Mistress of everything: Queen Victoria in Indigenous worlds |date=2016 |editor-last=Carter |editor-first=Sarah |publisher=Manchester University Press |editor-last2=Nugent |editor-first2=Maria Nugent}}
* {{Citation |last=Eyck |first=Frank |title=The Prince Consort: a political biography |date=1959 |url=https://archive.org/details/tomyfatherteache0000unse |publisher=Chatto}}
* {{Citation |last=Gardiner |first=Juliet |title=Queen Victoria |date=1997 |place=London |publisher=Collins and Brown |isbn=978-1-85585-469-7 |author-link=Juliet Gardiner}}
* {{Citation |title=Remaking Queen Victoria |date=1997 |editor-last=Homans |editor-first=Margaret |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor-last2=Munich |editor-first2=Adrienne}}
* {{Citation |last=Homans |first=Margaret |title=Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837–1876 |date=1997}}
* {{Citation |last=Hough |first=Richard |title=Victoria and Albert |date=1996 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-30385-3 |author-link=Richard Hough}}
* {{Citation |last=James |first=Robert Rhodes |title=Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography |date=1983 |url=https://archive.org/details/princealbertbiog00jame |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |isbn=9780394407630 |author-link=Robert Rhodes James}}
* {{Citation |last=Kingsley Kent, Susan |title=Queen Victoria: Gender and Empire |date=2015}}
* {{Citation |last=Lyden |first=Anne M. |title=A Royal Passion: Queen Victoria and Photography |date=2014 |place=Los Angeles |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-155-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Ridley |first=Jane |title=Victoria: Queen, Matriarch, Empress |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin}}
* {{cite book |last=Somerset |first=Anne |title=Queen Victoria and Her Prime Ministers: Her Life, the Imperial Ideal, and the Politics and Turmoil That Shaped Her Extraordinary Reign |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |year=2024 |isbn=978-1101875575 |oclc=1427662307}}
* {{Citation |last=Taylor |first=Miles |date=2020 |title=The Bicentenary of Queen Victoria |volume=59 |pages=121–135 |doi=10.1017/jbr.2019.245 |journal=[[Journal of British Studies]] |issue=1 |s2cid=213433777}}
* {{Citation |last=Weintraub |first=Stanley |title=Victoria: Biography of a Queen |date=1987 |place=London |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-04-923084-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Wilson |first=A. N. |title=Victoria: A Life |date=2014 |place=London |publisher=Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1-84887-956-0}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Spoken Bharatpedia|En-Queen Victoria-article.ogg|date=20 July 2014}}
* [https://www.royal.uk/queen-victoria Queen Victoria] at the official website of the [[British monarchy]]
* [https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/victoria-queen-of-the-united-kingdom-1819-1901#/type/subject Queen Victoria] at the official website of the [[Royal Collection Trust]]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/ks3-gcse-history-queen-victoria-monarchy/z73rnrd Queen Victoria] at BBC Teach
* {{NPG name}}
* [http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/home.do Queen Victoria's Journals], online from the Royal Archive and [[Bodleian Library]]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=9035}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Queen Victoria}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3622}}
* {{20th Century Press Archives|FID=pe/017802}}

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Menaka (1955 film)

2026-03-04T05:05:28Z

LauriTym702628: Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Menaka
| image = Menaka 1955 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = V. C. Subburaman
| producer = V. C. Subburaman
| screenplay = A. T. Krishnaswamy
| story = [[Vaduvur Duraisami Iyengar]]
| starring = [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] [[K. Sarangapani]]
| music = [[T. G. Lingappa]] [[C. N. Pandurangan]] [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
| cinematography = P. Balasubramaniam R. R. Chandran M. S. Mani
| editing = B. V. M.
| studio = Kasturi Films
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1955|1|5|ref1=}}
| runtime = 182 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Menaka''''' is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by V. C. Subburaman. It is a remake of the [[Menaka (1935 film)|1935 film of the same name]], in turn based on the novel of the same name by [[Vaduvur Duraisami Iyengar]]. The film stars [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] and [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1955 – மேனகா-2 – கஸ்தூரி பிலிம்ஸ் (நாடகம்) |trans-title=1955 – Menaka-2 – Kasturi Films (play) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails32.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170629010400/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails32.asp |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film was released on 5 January 1955,<ref>{{Cite web |title=மேனகா 2 / Menaka 2 |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/menaka-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112133727/https://screen4screen.com/movies/menaka-2 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen }}</ref> and emerged a critical and commercial failure.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2022}}
The story is about a loving couple getting separated by designs of evil doers. However, after many sufferings, they reunite.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=4 September 2011 |title=Menaka 1955 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/menaka-1955/article2421868.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170629011224/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/menaka-1955/article2421868.ece |archive-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>

== Cast ==
List adapted from the database of [[Film News Anandan]]<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and from [[the Hindu]] review article.<ref name="hindu" />
{{Col-begin|width=62%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Male cast
*[[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]]
*[[K. Sarangapani]]
*[[T. K. Ramachandran]]
*[[D. Balasubramaniam]]
*Acharya
*Friend Ramasami
*T. N. Sivathanu
*M. S. Karuppaiah
*T. V. Sethuraman
*V. P. Balaraman
*V. P. S. Mani
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Female cast
*[[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]
*[[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]
*[[C. K. Saraswathi]]
*M. S. S. Bhagyam
*K. S. Angamuthu
*Indira
*S. K. Venubai
*K. S. Adilakshmi
*K. S. Rajam
*K. S. Chandra
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Dance
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
*[[T. D. Kusalakumari|Kushalakumari]]
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
This is the second edition of the same story by [[Vaduvur Duraisami Iyengar]] that he first published as a novel. Then it was staged as a successful play by TKS Brothers. It was made into a film in 1935 with the [[Menaka (1935 film)|same title]]. [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] who featured in a supporting role in the 1935 film, was the hero in this film.<ref name="hindu" />

The film was produced and directed by V. C. Subburaman. Screenplay and dialogues were written by A. T. Krishnaswamy. Cinematography was handled by P. Balasubramaniam, R. R. Chandran and M. S. Mani while the editing was done by B. V. M. V. Ramaraju was in charge of art direction while the choreography was done by V. Madhavan. Still photography was by R. N. Nagaraja Rao.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[T. G. Lingappa]], [[C. N. Pandurangan]] and [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] while the lyrics were penned by [[Kannadasan]], Ku. Sa. Krishnamoorthy, [[A. Maruthakasi]], K. P. Kamatchisundaram, [[K. D. Santhanam]] and [[S. D. Sundharam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |location=Chennai |pages=100 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Length
|-
| "O! Come Come Aiyaa Salaamunga" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Aasai Kaaddi Yaengalaagumaa" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan & A. P. Komala || 02:34
|-
| "Anna Amudham Nee Eppo" || ||
|-
| "Kanavu Ninaivaagumo" || (Radha) Jayalakshmi || 03:10
|-
| "Manam Polae Ini Vaazhalaam" || K. R. Ramasamy & (Radha) Jayalakshmi || 02:41
|-
| "Sugamaana Isaiyaagum Vaazhve" || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || 02:31
|-
| "Azhagin Deivam Arivin" || K. R. Ramasamy & Sirkazhi Govindarajan || 03:02
|-
| "Allahvin Naamathai" || A. M. Rajah || 02:49
|-
| "Karpanai Ulaginilae" || K. R. Ramasamy || 03:19
|}

== Reception ==
''Menaka'' was poorly received by critics, and underperformed at the box office.<ref name="hindu" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. N. Pandurangan]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vedha (composer)]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

HIT: The Second Case

2026-03-03T09:16:26Z

LauriTym702628: quick update

{{Short description|2022 film by Sailesh Kolanu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = HIT: The Second Case
| image = HIT 2 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Sailesh Kolanu]]
| writer = Sailesh Kolanu
| producer = [[Prashanti Tipirneni]] [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as (presenter)
| starring = {{Ubl| [[Adivi Sesh]] | [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = S. Manikandan
| editing = [[Garry BH]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[M. M. Srilekha]] '''Score:''' John Stewart Eduri
| studio = [[Nani (actor)|Wall Poster Cinema]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|12|02}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|15 crore|link=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=HIT 2 BOX OFFICE COLLECTION, CAST, BUDGET, HIT OR FLOP|date=30 November 2022 |url=https://www.cinefry.co.in/hit-2-box-office/}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|41.85 crore|link=yes}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}
}}

'''''HIT: The Second Case'''''{{Efn|''HIT'' is the abbreviation of ''Homicide Intervention Team''.}} is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by [[Sailesh Kolanu]]. Produced by [[Prashanti Tipirneni|Wall Poster Cinema]], it is the second instalment in the [[HIT (film series)|''HIT'' film series]] following ''[[HIT: The First Case]]'' (2020). The film stars [[Adivi Sesh]], [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]], [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]] and [[Rao Ramesh]]. In the film, a police officer in the [[Andhra Pradesh]] state Homicide Intervention Team (HIT) investigates gruesome cases involving dismembered bodies of women.

''HIT: The Second Case'' was released worldwide on 2 December 2022 in theatres. The film received positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success at the box office. A standalone sequel, ''[[HIT: The Third Case]],'' was released on 1 May 2025.<ref name="critic2">{{cite news |title=HIT 2 box office collection day 1: Movie becomes biggest opener for Adivi Sesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hit-2-box-office-collection-day-1-movie-becomes-biggest-opener-for-adivi-sesh/articleshow/95955801.cms |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=the film that received mixed to positive reviews from audiences and critics praising performances, screenplay, cinematography, background score, crisp runtime and direction of the film.}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ram Prasad Koduri, a humble carpenter, discovers his wife Jhansi’s extramarital affair. When he threatens to expose her, she falsely accuses him of sexual assault. Ostracized by society and broken in spirit, Ram Prasad builds a treehouse at home and commits suicide.

In present-day [[Visakhapatnam]], Krishna Dev (KD), a sharp and intuitive [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of police]] (SP) in the Homicidal Intervention Team (HIT), is in a live-in relationship with Aarya, an entrepreneur and women’s rights activist. KD is assigned a disturbing murder case involving Sanjana, a bar worker, whose body is found dismembered and stitched together with parts from three different women. [[Forensic science|Forensics]] reveals that the killer has an extra tooth and left a UV-reactive pub stamp on a severed hand.

KD suspects Raghavudu, who refuses to reveal his alibi to protect his secret affair. Under political pressure, KD’s superiors plan to kill Raghavudu in a fake encounter. KD uncovers evidence proving his innocence and stops the encounter at the last moment, but Raghavudu later commits suicide. KD is taunted by the killer, who threatens Aarya and another woman, Rajitha.

As the investigation deepens, KD links the dismembered parts to other missing women, Tanya and Pooja, all connected to a women’s welfare association. He discovers that Jhansi, a past victim and president of the same association, had a son named Rajeev. Meanwhile, the ADGP dismisses KD from police force and withdraws police protection given to Aarya, as he finds out that KD had leaked police's plan to encounter Raghavudu in the attempt to stop the encounter. Soon after, Aarya is abducted.

KD tracks the clues to a dental clinic owned by Rajeev Kumar Koduri, Ram Prasad and Jhansi's son. Traumatised by his father's suicide and his mother’s betrayal, Rajeev seeks revenge on women he views as morally corrupt, starting with his mother and continuing with other women’s association members. Rajeev is revealed to be Kumar, Rajitha's boyfriend, who captures KD and threatens Aarya who is strapped to a wheelchair and starts torturing KD who is tied onto a dental clinic chair. KD successfully makes Rajeev to open the main door thus calling his dog inside by whistling sound. The dog attacks Rajeev who is shot by Varsha. Rajeev but Rajeev manages to overwhelm Varsha and starts thrashing her. The dog is shot by Rajeev and an angry KD breaks his restraints and beats Rajeev severely. Rajitha confesses she was coerced by Rajeev. KD gets carried to hospital, and later ADGP reluctantly apologises to KD and informs that his dismissal is withdrawn. Disillusioned with the ADGP's attitude, KD declines to continue in HIT Andhra Pradesh and has himself transferred to [[Telangana]]. He marries Aarya, and they begin a new life together. Arjun Sarkaar arrives as KD's replacement as the new SP, teasing a [[HIT: The Third Case|sequel]].

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Adivi Sesh]] as [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Krishna Dev "KD" [[Indian Police Service| IPS]] HIT, [[Visakhapatnam]]
*[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] as Aarya
*[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]] as Dr. Rajeev Kumar Koduri alias Kumar, Ram Prasad's son
*[[Rao Ramesh]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]] Nageswara Rao IPS HIT, Visakhapatnam
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Sanjana's father
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as News reporter
*[[Komalee Prasad]] as ASP Varsha [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], HIT [[Visakhapatnam]]
* Maganti Srinath as SP [[HIT: The First Case|Abhilash]] IPS, HIT [[Hyderabad]]
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as DGP Ramaiah IPS
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as IG Ramesh Khanna , HIT [[Hyderabad]]
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Ram Prasad Koduri
* Divya Narni as Rajitha
* Gujjuru Hemanth as a Constable
* Kedar Shankar as KD's father
* [[Brahmaji]] as R. Shinde
* [[Kancharapalem Raju]] as Raghavudu's father
* Dhaasshyam Geetha Bhascker as Aarya's mother
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as Arjun Sarkaar IPS (cameo appearance)
* [[Vishwak Sen]] as Vikram Rudraraju (Archive footage)
}}

==Production==
After the success of ''[[HIT: The First Case]]'', [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] announced a sequel in February 2021, one year after the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2021 |title=Nani announces HIT 2, says its time to go on a nailbiting journey |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-announces-hit-2-says-its-time-to-go-on-a-nailbiting-journey-7208514/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126132828/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-announces-hit-2-says-its-time-to-go-on-a-nailbiting-journey-7208514/ |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Sailesh Kolanu, who directed the first film of the franchise, would also be directing the sequel. [[Adivi Sesh]] replaced [[Vishwak Sen]] in the sequel as the main character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2021 |title=Telugu film HIT sequel announced with Adivi Sesh in lead; producer Nani unveils first poster |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/telugu-film-hit-sequel-announced-with-adivi-sesh-in-lead-producer-nani-unveils-first-poster-9441881.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210083512/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/telugu-film-hit-sequel-announced-with-adivi-sesh-in-lead-producer-nani-unveils-first-poster-9441881.html |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Nani wanted the franchise to be "concept oriented" rather than "star oriented," so he moved the setting from [[Telangana]] to [[Andhra Pradesh]] and chose Sesh as the protagonist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title='HIT 2': Nani Reveals Why Adivi Sesh Is The Perfect Choice For The Film |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-nani-reveals-why-adivi-sesh-was-the-best-choice-for-hit-2/405568 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210082452/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-nani-reveals-why-adivi-sesh-was-the-best-choice-for-hit-2/405568 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] was cast opposite Sesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=4 March 2021 |title=Meenakshi Chaudhary bags Hit 2 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/040321/meenakshi-chaudhary-bags-hit-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211041855/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/040321/meenakshi-chaudhary-bags-hit-2.html |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Sen said he missed out on the sequel due to scheduling conflicts, and wished he'd be a part of ''HIT'' 3 or 4.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} The film was then formally launched in March 2021 with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=22 March 2021 |title=Adivi Sesh in the next 'HIT' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adivi-sesh-collaborates-with-nani-for-second-franchise-of-hit/article34129460.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210082450/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adivi-sesh-collaborates-with-nani-for-second-franchise-of-hit/article34129460.ece |archive-date=10 February 2022}}</ref> Principal photography commenced in August 2021 in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2021 |title=Adivi Sesh joins the sets of HIT 2 |url=https://www.telugu360.com/adivi-sesh-joins-the-sets-of-hit-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210082453/https://www.telugu360.com/adivi-sesh-joins-the-sets-of-hit-2/ |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022 |website=Telugu360}}</ref> In December 2021, Nani confirmed that 90% of the shoot was completed with filming also taking place in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":1" /> In July 2022, it was announced that the final schedule would commence in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=2022-07-23 |title=Adivi Sesh Confirms That 'HIT 2' Final Schedule Will Begin In The Next Month |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/adivi-sesh-confirms-that-hit-2-final-schedule-will-begin-in-the-next-month-754790 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

==Music==
The music of the film is composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]] and Suresh Bobbili. The [[film score]] is composed by John Stewart Eduri.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Krishna Kanth
| title1 = Urike Urike
| music1 = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]], [[Ramya Behara]]
| length1 = 4:36
| title2 = Poratame 2
| music2 = Suresh Bobbili
| extra2 = Sailesh Kolanu
| length2 = 3:45
}}

==Release==
''HIT: The Second Case'' was released theatrically on 2 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adivi Sesh's Hit: The Second Case gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/sep/15/adivi-seshs-hit-the-second-case-gets-a-release-date-34705.html |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=15 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Originally the film had been scheduled for release on 29 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |author=News9 Staff |date=2022-05-02 |title=Adivi Sesh-starrer HIT 2 to have theatrical release on July 29 |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/adivi-sesh-starrer-hit-2-to-have-theatrical-release-on-july-29-167856 |access-date= |website=NEWS9LIVE |language=}}</ref> However, Sesh announced that the film was postponed due to the promotional works of his film [[Major (film)|''Major'']] (2022) and the film having production delays.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-25 |title=HIT 2 Postponed to December? |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994520379/HIT-Postponed-to-December |access-date= |website=India Herald |language=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HIT 2 Trailer Launch Date: హిట్‌ 2 ట్రైలర్‌ వచ్చేది ఆ రోజే.. నాని, అడివి శేష్ ఫన్నీగా ఎలా అనౌన్స్‌ చూశారో చూడండి |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hit-2-trailer-launch-date-announced-by-nani-and-adivi-sesh-121669047017970.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121162940/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hit-2-trailer-launch-date-announced-by-nani-and-adivi-sesh-121669047017970.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=21 November 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times Telugu}}</ref> On November 25, the film received an [[A certificate]] because of its gruesome nature and use of profanity.

The theatrical rights of the film were sold at a cost of {{INRConvert|145|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-29 |title=Hit 2 Pre Release Theatrical Business |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/adivi-sesh-hit-2-pre-release-theatrical-business-details-total-box-office-target-here-are-the-details-ta-1521908-page-6.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref> A [[Hindi]] dubbed version was released theatrically on 30 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hindi-version-of-adivi-sesh-hit-the-second-case-to-release-on-this-date-8338035/|title=Hindi version of Adivi Sesh's Hit: The Second Case to release on this date|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> The film premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 6 January 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 January 2023 |title= HIT: The second case on OTT platform: Release date, where to watch, cast and plot|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/hit-the-second-case-on-ott-platform-release-date-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-2317222-2023-01-06 |website=India Today|date= 6 January 2023}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''HIT: The Second Case'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref name="critic">{{cite news |title=HIT 2 box office collection day 1: Movie becomes biggest opener for Adivi Sesh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hit-2-box-office-collection-day-1-movie-becomes-biggest-opener-for-adivi-sesh/articleshow/95955801.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 December 2022|quote=the film that received mixed response from fans and critics alike.}}</ref>

Balakrishna Ganeshan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Sailesh Kolanu's ''HIT 2'' is one of the best-written Telugu films in recent times, with each character, scene, and dialogue having relevance to the story".<ref>{{cite web |title=HIT 2 review: Adivi Sesh's film is thoroughly gripping|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hit-2-review-adivi-sesh-s-film-thoroughly-gripping-170549|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=2 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "HIT 2 is a significant improvement over the first iteration. One can only hope that Sailesh fills in the gaps in his storytelling and becomes a more refined filmmaker with HIT 3".<ref>{{cite web |title=HIT 2 movie review: Adivi Sesh starrer is a significant improvement on HIT 1|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hit-2-movie-review-adivi-sesh-starrer-is-a-significant-improvement-on-hit-1-8302606/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film delivers what it promises when it comes to the gore and taking the HIT universe forward".<ref>{{cite news |title=Hit : The Second Case Movie Review : Delivers when it comes to gore but not the rest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hit-the-second-case/movie-review/95932699.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> Rotkim Rajpal of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''HIT 2'' is a middling thriller that caters only to Advi Sesh but doesn't do justice to its inherently engaging story".<ref>{{cite web |title=HIT 2 Movie Review: Meant only for Adivi Sesh fans|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hit-2-movie-review-meant-only-for-adivi-sesh-fans-2304469-2022-12-02|website=[[India Today]]|date=2 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and termed the film as a "gripping thriller" and wrote, "If you are a fan of crime thrillers, you would surely love this. Watch it for Adivi Sesh".<ref>{{cite web |title=HIT 2 Review, Rating|url=https://menglish.sakshi.com/news/movie-reviews/hit-2-review-rating-165497|website=[[Sakshi Post]]|date=2 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref>

==Sequel==
{{Main|HIT: The Third Case}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14279982}}

{{Sailesh Kolanu}}
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Police procedural films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films about missing people]]
[[Category:2022 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sailesh Kolanu]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]

Gol Mall

2026-03-03T04:45:48Z

LauriTym702628: new.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gol Mall
| image = Gol Mall.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Selva (actor)|Selva]]
| writer = Selva S. N. Sakthivel (dialogues)
| producer = [[K. S. Ravikumar]] C. Sudhakar
| starring = Selva Monica Nerukkar
| cinematography = M. R. Hareekanth
| editing = B. Ramesh
| music = Bala Bharathi
| studio = North East Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1998|06|05}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Gol Mall''''' (or '''''Golmaal''''') is a 1998 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by actor [[Selva (actor)|Selva]], making his directorial debut. The film stars Selva himself and newcomer Monica Nerukkar, with [[Rajan P. Dev]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[Dhamu]], Sathya Prakash, [[Mahanadi Shankar]], Bhanu Prakash playing supporting roles. It was released on 5 June 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gol mall ( 1998 ) |url=http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=gol%20mall |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070815073735/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=gol%20mall |archive-date=15 August 2007 |access-date=10 July 2014 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=June 2023}}
Ganesh, a good-for-nothing youth, falls in love with Aishwarya. Her father, Colonel Rajappa, is very strict and hates love. Ganesh and Aishwarya decide to elope but her father later has a heart attack and Aishwarya refuses to marry him. Colonel Rajappa's state of health deteriorates, therefore he arranges his daughter's wedding as soon as possible. Three terrorists escape from jail. While preparing Aishwarya's wedding in Colonel Rajappa's house, Ganesh enters in her room and tries to convince her. In the meantime, the three terrorists enter their house and begin to sequester them. These terrorists are ultimately Ganesh's friends and it was Ganesh's plan to marry his lover Aishwarya. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Selva (actor)|Selva]] as Ganesh
*Monica Nerukkar as Aishwarya
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Colonel Rajappa
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]] as ACP Bike Pandian (Periya Pandi) and Chinna Pandi
*[[Dhamu]] as Dhamu
*[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Ganesh's Friend
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Bangaru
*Bhanu Prakash as Gautham
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Muthukrishnan, Ganesh's father
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Viswanath
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Dhamu's father
*[[Typist Gopu]]
*[[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]] as Aishwarya's sister-in-law
*[[Abitha]] as Reshma, Aishwarya's sister
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] as Aishwarya's mother
*[[Sheela (Tamil actress)|Sheela]] as Aishwarya's niece
*Rajasekhar as Home Minister
*Jenisha
*Chitti
*Baboos as Tyson
*Kalidoss
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] in a guest appearance
}}

== Production ==
Actor Selva turned director with this film, which would be his last before a hiatus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2020 |title=70 Tamil actors you didn't know were directors too |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jun/16/70-tamil-actors-you-didnt-know-were-directors-too-1064--37.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424010550/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jun/16/70-tamil-actors-you-didnt-know-were-directors-too-1064--37.html |archive-date=24 April 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=10 July 2017 |title=A tribute to Thalaivar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/10/a-tribute-to-thalaivar-1626643.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902222105/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/10/a-tribute-to-thalaivar-1626643.html |archive-date=2 September 2020 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Monica Nerukkar, a Mumbai-based model best known for her work on the "Maggie Dosa" advert, made her debut as an actress in Tamil cinema with the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=1997-98'ன் கோடம்பாக்கக் குஞ்சுகள் |trans-title=1997-98 Kodambakkam babies |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/98/Feb/kuttisp2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724022641/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/98/Feb/kuttisp2.htm |archive-date=24 July 2012 |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Indolink |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Bala Bharathi, with lyrics written by Arivumathi, Vasan and Thirumaran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NATPUKAGA & GOLMAAL (BHASKY TAMIL AUDIO CD) |url=https://maduramusiccentre.com/shop/ols/products/natpukaga-golmaal-bhasky-tamil-audio-cd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602045105/https://maduramusiccentre.com/shop/ols/products/natpukaga-golmaal-bhasky-tamil-audio-cd |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=MaduraMusicCentre}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Hey Paappa" || [[Suresh Peters]] || 4:24
|-
| "Nee Pesum" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:22
|-
| "Twinkle Twinkle" || [[Anuradha Sriram]] || 4:24
|-
| "Vaada Vaana" || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || 4:29
|}

== Reception ==
Ji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the humour, climax and interesting ideas used for humour but criticised the use of double meaning dialogues and concluded saying this full-length decent comedy would have been widely appreciated if scissors had been used in significant places.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜி |date=19 July 1998 |title=கோல்மால் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1998-07-19/page/n97/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230602020949/https://archive.org/details/kalki1998-07-19/page/n97/mode/2up |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=96 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that Selva "webs a fairly interesting tale based on his own story and the surprise punches are cleverly effected to get over the issues he has created".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=19 June 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Priyamudan/Golmal |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980619/09/09190224.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991008203723/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980619/09/09190224.htm |archive-date=8 October 1999 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref> Two years after release, the producers were given a {{INRConvert|5|l|year=2000}} subsidy by the Tamil Nadu government along with several other films.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvTZAAAAMAAJ&q=Swarnamukhi |title=Mass Media in India |publisher=[[Publications Division]] |year=2001 |isbn=9788123009421 |pages=181 |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1998 comedy films]]
[[Category:1998 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Qala (film)

2026-03-02T04:56:20Z

LauriTym702628: cleaned up intro also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2022 Indian psychological drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Qala.jpeg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Anvita Dutt]]
| writer = Anvita Dutt
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Karnesh Ssharma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/theres-lots-in-a-name-karnesh-ssharma-is-making-sure-his-name-adds-up-to-a-success-number/22862210|title = Karnesh Ssharma is making sure his name adds up to a success number|date = 27 June 2020}}</ref>
* [[Anushka Sharma]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Tripti Dimri]]
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]]
* [[Babil Khan]]
}}
| cinematography = Siddharth Diwan
| editing = Manas Mittal
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Amit Trivedi]] Sagar Desai '''Background Score:''' Sagar Desai
| studio = [[Clean Slate Filmz]]
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|12|01}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Qala''''' ({{lit|''Art''}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[period drama|period]] [[psychological drama]] film,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/psychological-drama-qala-to-release-on-dec-1-23253443 |title=Psychological drama 'Qala' to release on Dec 1 |date=2 November 2022 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> written and directed by [[Anvita Dutt]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/qala-director-anvitaa-dutt-on-telling-a-mother-daughter-story-in-the-upcoming-film/article66175791.ece |title='Qala' director Anvitaa Dutt on telling a mother-daughter story in the upcoming film |first=Pallavi |last=Keswani |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 November 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> The film is produced by Karnesh Ssharma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/theres-lots-in-a-name-karnesh-ssharma-is-making-sure-his-name-adds-up-to-a-success-number/22862210|title = Karnesh Ssharma is making sure his name adds up to a success number|date = 27 June 2020}}</ref> under [[Clean Slate Filmz]]<ref>{{cite news |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/anushka-sharma-s-brother-karnesh-on-babil-s-acting-debut-qala-says-he-has-dad-irrfan-s-rawness-1941607-2022-04-25 |title=Anushka Sharma's brother Karnesh on Babil's acting debut Qala, says he has dad Irrfan's 'rawness' |last=Kanabar |first=Nirali |date=25 April 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> and stars [[Tripti Dimri]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], and [[Babil Khan]] in his film debut.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=Tripti Dimri, Babil Khan-starrer Qala set for December release on Netflix |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tripti-dimri-starrer-qala-set-for-december-release-on-netflix-8242081/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sir-qala-belongs-to-me-too-swastika-mukherjee-slams-trade-analyst-for-omitting-her-name-from-film-cast-1994635-2022-08-31 |last=Cyril |first=Grace |title=Sir, Qala belongs to me too! Swastika Mukherjee slams trade analyst for omitting her name from film cast |work=India Today |date=31 August 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/irrfan-khans-son-babils-qala-ready-to-go-on-floors-in-december-1503127107.html |title=Irrfan Khan's son Babil's 'Qala' ready to go on floors in December |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=1 November 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>

''Qala'' was released on [[Netflix]] on 1 December 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/babil-khan-tripti-dimris-qala-to-premiere-on-netflix-on-december-1-new-poster-out-2291829-2022-11-01 |title=Babil Khan, Tripti Dimri's Qala to premiere on Netflix on December 1. New poster out |work=India Today |date=1 November 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> It is loosely based on [[K. Viswanath]]'s ''[[Swathi Kiranam]]'', and [[Miloš Forman]]'s ''[[Amadeus (film)|Amadeus]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/qala-poster-shows-tripti-dimri-s-classical-singer-avatar-release-date-announced-101667287485858.html |title=Qala poster shows Tripti Dimri in her classical singer avatar, release date of Netflix film announced |date=1 November 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>

At the [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Qala'' received 6 nominations, including Best Web Original Film, Best Actress in a Web Original Film (Dimri) and Best Supporting Actress in a Web Original Film (Mukherjee), and won Best Production Design (Web Original Film) (Meenal Agarwal).

==Plot==
Set in the 1940s, ''Qala'' is about the tumultuous relationship between an aspiring singer and her domineering mother.
The movie begins with Qala Manjushree, who has just won the "Golden Vinyl." She is being interviewed by several journalists who mention her brother. Distraught, Qala replies that she does not have a brother. In a flashback, her mother, Urmila, who was pregnant with twins, gives birth to Qala, but her stillborn brother does not survive. In a fit of rage, Urmila attempts to smother Qala.

Urmila teaches Qala the art of music but warns her against being a courtesan. Qala is haunted by visions of her brother, who accuses her of taking what is rightfully his, for which a doctor advises her to rest. In another flashback, Qala is being taught music for a performance in 3 days, but Urmila chides her and accuses her of not working hard enough. To punish her, Urmila locks Qala out in the snow. At the performance, few people show up, and Qala is upstaged by an orphan, Jagan. Urmila takes a liking to his music and brings him home to live with her, to the dismay of Qala, who is jealous of him. In the present, a renowned singer, Sanyal, has died. It is revealed that her mother seduced Sanyal to obtain a chance for Jagan to sing with him. To further Jagan's career, Urmila attempts to marry Qala off but she refuses. Urmila hosts a party and invites several influential people. At the party, Qala feels invisible but is noticed by Sanyal, whom she kisses.

Jagan falls sick and cannot sing so Qala sings instead, impressing the guests. Jagan's sickness worsens to the point of being unable to sing but is cared for by Urmila. Qala seduces Sumant Kumar to obtain a chance to record a song, taking Jagan's place. That night, Jagan talks to Qala one last time before he hangs himself in the forest. The next day, Qala discovers his body and hugs his corpse. Her mother is distraught and cradles Jagan in her hands. Urmila and Qala have a fight during which Qala calls Urmila a courtesan, after which she forbids Qala from coming back to their house ever again. Qala leaves for Calcutta for her recording session. She is nervous and cannot sing even on the 11th take. For a last chance, she is forced to provide oral pleasure to Sumant. She recalls Jagan, who said that he always sung for himself. Using this mindset, she successfully records the song. Qala slowly rises to fame as a singer, becoming close with Majrooh, the songwriter who advises her to cease her arrangement with Sumant.

While being interviewed by journalists again, she sees another vision of Jagan. While recording a song, she breaks down and sees snow falling all around her. Her mother hears her interview being broadcast over the radio. In a flashback, Qala is shown dropping a globule of mercury into Jagan's milk before his performance, leading to his sickness. She attempts to kill herself by overdosing on sleeping pills. Her doctor calls her mother and informs her of Qala's suicide attempt. Her mother comes to Calcutta to visit her, but finds that she has hanged herself. Later, she tearfully listens to Qala's vinyl which Qala had sent to her in Tanuku.

==Cast==
* [[Tripti Dimri]] as Qala Manjushree
** Aadhya Jha as young Qala
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]] as Urmila "Urmi" Manjushree<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/swastika-mukherjee-on-qala-my-character-urmila-is-different-from-the-mothers-you-have-seen-on-screen |title=Swastika Mukherjee on Qala: 'My character Urmila is different from the mothers you have seen on screen' |last=Bhatnagar |first=Rohit |website=Free Press Journal |date=16 September 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
* [[Babil Khan]] as Jagan Batwal
* [[Amit Sial]] as Sumant Kumar
* [[Samir Kochhar|Sameer Kochhar]] as Chandan Lal Sanyal
* [[Girija Oak]] as Sudha
* [[Swanand Kirkire]] as Mansoor Khan Sahab
* Tasveer Kamil as Naseeban Appa
* [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] as Majrooh
* Veera Kapur EE as Rani Mandira
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Dr. Banerjee
* Alireza-Jadidi (voice)
* [[Anushka Sharma]] as Devika (special appearance) (Marks her appearance in films after last appearance 2018)

==Production==
The film was announced by [[Netflix]] on 10 April 2021, [[Tripti Dimri]] was cast in the title role, and was joined by Babil Khan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/qala-teaser-irrfan-khan-son-babil-to-debut-in-anushka-sharma-production-watch-first-look-video-7268025/ |title=Qala teaser: Irrfan Khan's son Babil to debut in Anushka Sharma produced Netflix film, watch its first look |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 April 2021 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Rishita Roy |date=11 April 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/irrfan-s-son-babil-to-debut-in-anushka-sharma-production-qala-first-look-out-1789625-2021-04-11 |title=Irrfan's son Babil to debut in Anushka Sharma production Qala. First look out |work=India Today |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/first-look-of-babil-khan-s-acting-debut-unveiled-irrfan-s-son-to-be-launched-by-anushka-sharma-watch-101618068091622.html |title=First look of Babil Khan's acting debut unveiled, Irrfan's son to be launched by Anushka Sharma. Watch |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 April 2021 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/babil-khan-marks-debut-with-netflixs-qala-opposite-tripti-dimri |title=Babil Khan Marks Debut With Netflix's Qala Opposite Tripti Dimri |date=11 April 2021 |website=TheQuint |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> The film marks the second collaboration between [[Tripti Dimri]], [[Anvita Dutt]] and [[Clean Slate Filmz]] after ''[[Bulbbul]]'' (2020).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/node/2885762/ |title=Babil Khan's debut film 'Qala' announced, Irrfan Khan's son to star opposite Triptii Dimri in Anushka Sharma production |website=DNA India |date=10 April 2021 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>

Principal photography started in April 2021, in [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/tripti-dimri-completes-first-schedule-of-netflixs-qala-says-super-happy-to-join-enthusiastic-team-7270283/ |last=Sharma |first=Priyanka |title=Tripti Dimri completes first schedule of Netflix film Qala, says 'super happy to join enthusiastic team' |date=13 April 2021 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/babil-khan-resumes-shoot-of-debut-film-qala-post-lockdown-see-pics-1818713-2021-06-24 |last=Srivastava |first=Samriddhi |title=Babil Khan resumes shoot of debut film Qala post lockdown. See pics |work=India Today |date=24 June 2021 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> Filming was completed in October 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/tripti-reunites-with-anvita-dutt-for-qala-455825 |title=Tripti reunites with Anvita Dutt for 'Qala' |date=14 October 2021 |website=millenniumpost.in |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/triptii-dimri-shooting-qala-has-definitely-changed-me-as-a-person |last=Bhatnagar |first=Rohit |title=Triptii Dimri: 'Shooting Qala has definitely changed me as a person' |website=Free Press Journal |date=12 September 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
|name = Qala
|type = soundtrack
|artist = [[Amit Trivedi]], Sagar Desai
|released = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|24}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gaana.com/album/qala-music-from-the-netflix-film |title=Qala (Music From The Netflix Film) {{!}} Amit Trivedi |date=24 November 2022 |publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>
|recorded = 2021
|genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
|length = {{duration|m=25|s=24}}
|language = [[Hindi]]
|label = [[Netflix]], [[Sony Music India]]
}}

The music for the film was composed by [[Amit Trivedi]], the background score was composed by Sagar Desai, while guest-composed one song "Udh Jaayega" and lyrics were written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], [[Swanand Kirkire]], [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] and [[Kausar Munir]]. The teaser of the [[ghazal]], "Phero Na Najariya", was released on 29 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/qala-netflix-movie-2022-cast-tripti-dimri-anvitaa-dutt-netflix-india-3297172 |last=Bhatnagar |first=Rohit |title=Watch the Sneak Peek at Netflix's Qala, Starring Tripti Dimri |website=Gadgets 360 |date=29 August 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/irrfan-khans-son-babil-khan-set-for-debut-with-period-film-qala-23243433 |title=Irrfan Khan's son Babil Khan set for debut with period film 'Qala' |date=30 August 2022 |website=Mid-day |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> The first single "Ghodey Pe Sawaar" was released on 16 November 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghodey Pe Sawaar (From "Qala") - Single by Amit Trivedi, Amitabh Bhattacharya & Sireesha Bhagavatula |date=16 November 2022 |url=https://music.apple.com/id/album/ghodey-pe-sawaar-from-qala-single/1654862552 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> The second single "Rubaaiyaan" was released on 22 November 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rubaaiyaan (From "Qala") - Single by Amit Trivedi, Swanand Kirkire, & Shahid Mallya |date=22 November 2022 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/rubaaiyaan-from-qala-single/1655292108 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> The third single "Shauq" was released on 24 November 2022. The film also included a remake of a popular [[Kangri language|Kangri]] folk song, "Amma Puchdi", sung by Sireesha Bhagavatula.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

{{Track listing
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|title1 = Ghodey Pe Sawaar
|length1 = 3:14
|lyrics1 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|music1 = [[Amit Trivedi]]
|extra1 = Sireesha Bhagavatula
|title2 = Rubaaiyaan
|length2 = 4:13
|lyrics2 = Swanand Kirkire
|music2 = Amit Trivedi
|extra2 = Shahid Mallya, Sireesha Bhagavatula
|title3 = Shauq
|length3 = 3:39
|lyrics3 = [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]
|music3 = Amit Trivedi
|extra3 = [[Swanand Kirkire]], [[Shahid Mallya]], Sireesha Bhagavatula
|title4 = Phero Na Najariya
|length4 = 4:00
|lyrics4 = [[Kausar Munir]]
|music4 = Amit Trivedi
|extra4 = Sireesha Bhagavatula
|title5 = Nirbhau Nirvair
|length5 = 5:08
|lyrics5 = Sant [[Kabir]], Anvitaa Dutt
|music5 = Amit Trivedi
|extra5 = Shahid Mallya
|title6 = Udh Jaayega
|length6 = 4:37
|lyrics6 = Sant Kabir
|music6 = Sagar Desai
|extra6 = Shahid Mallya
|total_length = 24:57
}}

==Marketing and release==
The teaser for the film launched on 24 September 2022, on [[Netflix]], and the trailer of the film was released on 15 November 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 September 2022 |title=Irrfan Khan's Son Babil Khan Makes A Musical Debut In Netflix's 'Qala' Teaser |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/irrfan-khan-s-son-babil-khan-makes-a-musical-debut-in-netflix-s-qala-teaser-news-225568 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/irrfan-khans-son-babil-makes-a-musical-debut-in-netflixs-qala-teaser-1503114649.html |title=Irrfan Khan's son Babil makes a musical debut in Netflix's 'Qala' teaser |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=24 September 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/qala-trailer-irrfan-khans-son-babil-khan-and-tripti-dimri-shine-in-this-psychological-drama-11637571.html |title=Qala Trailer Out: Babil Khan and Tripti Dimri shine in upcoming Netflix drama |date=16 November 2022 |website=Firstpost |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>

The film had its World Premiere in Goa at the [[53rd International Film Festival of India]], on 24 November 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/netflix-announces-feature-line-53rd-international-film-festival-india-iffi-goa/ |title=Netflix announces its feature line-up at the 53rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in Goa : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=18 November 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1877482 |title=Fauda S4 to premiere at the International Film Festival of India (IFFI) |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://iffigoa.org/schedules/ |title=IFFI 53 Events-Schedule-International Film Festival of India 2022 |website=iffigoa.org |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191749/https://iffigoa.org/schedules/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/netflix-goa-iffi-1235436727/ |title=Netflix to Make Series and Films Splash at Goa's IFFI |first=Patrick |last=Frater |date=18 November 2022}}</ref> ''Qala'' was released on [[Netflix]] on 1 December 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/netflix-to-stream-new-film-qala-on-1-december-11668581120362.html |last=Jha |first=Lata |title=Netflix to stream new film 'Qala' on 1 December |date=16 November 2022 |website=Mint |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tripti-dimri-starrer-qala-set-for-december-release-on-netflix/article66085744.ece |title=Tripti Dimri-starrer 'Qala' set for December release on Netflix |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 November 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=80|count=15|average=5.7|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=25 March 2024}}
{{Film and game ratings
| rev1 = [[India TV]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/qala-review-tripti-dimri-babil-khan-musical-period-drama-journey-of-envy-and-jealousy-netflix-movie-rating-695 |title=Qala Review: Tripti Dimri, Babil Khan's musical period drama marks the journey of envy and jealousy |last=Devnath |first=Aparupa |publisher=India TV News |date=1 December 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
| rev1score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}
| rev2 = [[NDTV]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/qala-review-period-drama-rides-on-impressive-turns-by-tripti-dimri-and-swastika-mukherjee-3-5-stars-3568806 |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Qala Review: Period Drama Rides On Impressive Turns By Triptii Dimri And Swastika Mukherjee |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=1 December 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
| rev2score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}
| rev3 = [[Pinkvilla]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/qala-review-triptii-dimri-babil-khan-swastika-film-is-a-delectable-prose-of-jealousy-ambition-and-passion-1201448 |title=Qala Review: Triptii Dimri, Babil Khan, Swastika film is a delectable prose of jealousy, ambition and passion |last=Lohana |first=Avinash |website=PINKVILLA |date=1 December 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
| rev3score = {{Rating|4|5}}
| rev4 = [[The Indian Express]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/qala-movie-review-tripti-dimri-babil-khan-film-8299996/ |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |title=Qala movie review: The stately beauty of Tripti Dimri-Babil Khan film works against it |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 December 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
| rev4score = {{Rating|2.5|5}}
| rev5 = [[The Times of India]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/qala/ottmoviereview/95852110.cms |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |title=Qala Review: A haunting tale of validation and penance |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 December 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
| rev5score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}
}}

Debiparna Chakraborty of [[MovieWeb]] wrote, "Anvita Dutt’s 2022 psychological drama ''Qala'' holds up a mirror to misogyny through a neo-expressionist lens with its distorted shadows and angles. From Amit Trivedi’s music to Siddharth Diwan’s cinematography, ''Qala'' weaves a beautiful but harrowing and tragic tale of loss, grief, and desire that starts off in the snowy moors of Shimla and ends in a burnished manor of Calcutta."<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2022 |title=How Netflix's Qala Explores The Profound Horror Of Grief |url=https://movieweb.com/how-netflixs-qala-explores-the-profound-horror-of-grief/ |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=MovieWeb |language=en}}</ref>

Renuka Vyavahare of [[The Times of India]] wrote, "A fictitious period drama about a playback singer, Qala treads an unfamiliar, unspoken path in terms of relationships. It looks beyond the obvious to explore the underlying complexities of a mother-daughter equation, a rare sight in Hindi cinema. The latter has either overlooked or villainised the conflict for the gallery. Qala dares to observe the raw, even ugly insides of a seemingly normalised relationship with heart aching longing and regret at its core."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Qala Review : A haunting tale of validation and penance |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/qala/ottmoviereview/95852110.cms |access-date=3 June 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award ceremony
! Category
! Nominee / work
! Result
! {{Ref heading}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|2023]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Web Original Film
|''Qala''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-279050.html |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress in a Web Original Film
|[[Triptii Dimri]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress in a Web Original Film
|[[Swastika Mukherjee]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Music (Web Original Film)
|Sagar Desai
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Production Design (Web Original Film)
|Meenal Agarwal
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer (Web Original Film)
|Siddharth Diwan
|{{nom}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Netflix original films (since 2022)|List of Netflix original films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|14428598}}
* {{Netflix title}}

[[Category:2022 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films about the arts]]
[[Category:2020s musical drama films]]
[[Category:Films about classical music and musicians]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Films about teacher–student relationships]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:2022 musical films]]

Vavveru

2026-02-14T14:48:40Z

LauriTym702628: added pg

{{Short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox place
| name = Vavveru
| settlement_type = Revenue village
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| subdivision_name3 = Buchireddypalem
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 30.14
| elevation_m = 27
| population_total = 33803
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 524305
}}
'''Vavveru''' is a village in Buchireddypalem Mandal, [[Nellore district|Nellore District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located on the eastern shore of Kanigiri Reservoir, about 13 kilometres northwest of the district seat [[Nellore]] and 5 kilometres north of the mandal seat [[Buchireddypalem]]. According to the [[2011 India census|2011 India Census]], the village has a population of 33,803.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Vavveru is situated at the mouth of Alluru Kaluva as it enters the Kanigiri Reservoir. The village of Mullapudi is located to Vavveru's north, village of Isakapalem to its east, as well as city of [[Buchireddypalem]] to its south. Its average elevation is at 27 metres above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vavveru topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-zjw73q/Vavveru/?center=14.56016,79.87318 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
In 2011, Vavveru has 8,903 households with 33,803 residents. Out of the total population, 16,691 are male and 17,112 are female. The literacy rate is at 66.96%, with 12,115 of the male population and 10,518 of the female population being literate. The village's census location code is 591915.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Nellore district]]

Tahir Hussain

2026-02-12T03:11:22Z

LauriTym702628: enhance formatting for clarity and corrected details

{{short description|Indian film producer (1938–2010)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tahir Hussain
| image = Mohammad Tahir Hussain Khan.png
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Mohammed Tahir Hussain Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date text|19 September 1938}}
| birth_place = [[Shahabad, Hardoi|Shahabad]], [[Hardoi district]], [[United Provinces (1937-50)|United Provinces]], British India (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age text|2 February 2010|19 September 1938}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| burial_place = Juhu Cemetery, Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/none/juhus-islamic-cemetary-mumbais-muslim-icons-thrown-out-their-graves-275298/|title = CNN Travel | Global Destinations, Tips & Video}}</ref>
| occupation = Filmmaker, screenwriter, Actor
| yearsactive = 1961–1994
| spouse = {{marriage|Zeenat Hussain|1964}}
| children = 4, including [[Aamir Khan|Aamir]]
| relatives = See [[List of Hindi film families#Khan–Hussain family (of Nasir Hussain)|Khan–Hussain family]]
}}

'''Mohammad Tahir Hussain Khan''' (19 September 1938 – 2 February 2010), better known as '''Tahir Hussain''', was an Indian [[film producer]], [[screenwriter]], [[actor]], and [[film director]] known for his works in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name="indiglamour.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiglamour.com/gallery/Hindi/Event/Bollywood-pays-homage-to-Aamir-Khan-s-father-Tahir-Hussain/38763-ipad.html|title=Bollywood pays homage to Aamir Khan's father Tahir Hussain Hindi Event Photos - - (38763-HD Stills)|work=indiglamour.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aamir-khan-hajj-pilgrimage-mecca-mother-zeenat-hussain-119218-2012-10-21|title=Hajji Aamir! Actor keeps his promise, leaves for Haj pilgrimage with mother Zeenat Hussain|work=intoday.in}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hussain was born in [[Shahabad, Hardoi|Shahabad]] on 19 September 1938 to Mohammed Jaffar Hussain Khan, a schoolteacher who belonged to a [[zamindar]] family of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] descent, and Aamna, who traced her [[Arabs|Arab]] roots to [[Jeddah]] (modern-day [[Saudi Arabia]]) and was the niece of first education minister of India [[Maulana Azad]], and he was the youngest of five children. Tahir Hussain was the father of [[Nikhat Khan]], Farhat Khan, [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Faisal Khan]]. [[Nasir Hussain]] - the hit film producer, director, writer - was Tahir Hussain's elder brother and mentor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manwani |first=Akshay |title=Music, masti, modernity: the cinema of Nasir Husain |date=2016 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5264-097-3 |edition=First published in India |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India |quote=Jaffar Husain was a Pathan and belonged to a family of zamindars, albeit of modest landholdings, settled in Shahabad (...) Aamna, Husain's mother, was of Arab ancestry. Her forefathers originally hailed from Jeddah before successive generations found their way to Calcutta, finally settling in Bhopal (...) his maternal grandmother, Fatima Begum, was a well-educated woman and was appointed the inspector of schools by nawaab of Bhopal. This lady's brother was the well-known freedom fighter and scholar Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dream-to-make-a-film-on-maulana-azad-aamir-khan/|title=Dream to make a film on Maulana Azad: Aamir Khan|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|work=IE Staff|date=9 January 2014}}</ref>

Aamir acted in ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'', produced by his uncle Nasir Hussain and directed by his cousin [[Mansoor Khan]]. Tahir Hussain directed his son Aamir for the first (and only) time in his directorial debut ''[[Tum Mere Ho]]'' in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessofcinema.com/news/spotted-aamir-khan-on-haj-pilgrimage-with-mother-zeenat-hussain/53160|title=SPOTTED: Aamir Khan On 'Haj Pilgrimage' With Mother Zeenat Hussain|work=Businessofcinema.com|date=30 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7674.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021224047/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7674.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-21|title=Aamir Khan leaves for Hajj with his mother|work=IBNLive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=14391667&cid=2398|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228234244/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=14391667&cid=2398|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-02-28|title=Welcome to Sify.com|work=sify.com}}</ref> On 2 February 2010, he died in [[Mumbai]] following a severe heart attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Filmmaker-Tahir-Hussain-passes-away/article16811854.ece|title=Filmmaker Tahir Hussain passes away|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2010/biz/news/bollywood-s-hussain-dies-1118014612/|title=Bollywood's Hussain dies|first1=Shalini|last1=Dore|date=3 February 2010|publisher=}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Producer===
* ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Anamika (1973 film)|Anamika]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Madhosh (1974 film)|Madhosh]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Zakhmee]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Phir Janam Lenge Hum]]''/''[[Janam Janam Na Saathi]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Khoon Ki Pukaar]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Locket (film)|Locket]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Tum Mere Ho]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Madhosh (1994 film)|Madhosh]]'' (1994) (asst. producer)

===Actor===
* ''[[Jab Pyar Kisise Hota Hai]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Pyar Ka Mausam]]'' (1969) as Sardar Ranjit Kumar
* ''[[Phir Janam Lenge Hum]]''/''[[Janam Janam Na Saathi]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Dulha Bikta Hai]]'' (1982) as Judge in court

===Director===
* ''[[Tum Mere Ho]]'' (1990)

===Writer===
* ''Tum Mere Ho'' (1990)

===Crew===
* ''[[Teesri Manzil]]'' (1966) (production executive)

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0403981|name=Tahir Hussain}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Tahir}}
[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Khan–Hussain family|Tahir Hussain]]
[[Category:People from Bandra]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Aamir Khan]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]

Anya Singh

2026-02-11T17:33:23Z

LauriTym702628: brief update lead per sources and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anya Singh
| image = Anya Singh at Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest 2025.jpg
| caption = Anya Singh in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]<ref name="It"/>
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2017–present
| education = [[Mayo College Girls School]], [[Ajmer]] [[Sri Venkateswara College]], [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]]<ref name="It"/>
| known_for =
}}

'''Anya Singh''' is an Indian actress from [[New Delhi]], who primarily works in [[Hindi films]] and web series. She made her debut in a leading role with the musical drama film ''[[Qaidi Band]]'' (2017), directed by [[Habib Faisal]], opposite [[Aadar Jain]].<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web |title=Meet Yash Raj Films' new find Anya Singh |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/meet-yash-raj-films-new-find-anya-singh-biography-best-hd-family-hot-and-hq-photos-videos-instagram-and-more-4738039/ |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=8 November 2017 |location=Bengaluru |date=6 July 2017 |archive-date=8 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108093747/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/meet-yash-raj-films-new-find-anya-singh-biography-best-hd-family-hot-and-hq-photos-videos-instagram-and-more-4738039/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020719/anya-makes-it-to-kannadi-from-qaidi-band.html |title=Anya makes it to Kannadi from Qaidi Band |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=2 July 2019 |author=Anupama Subramanian |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801193301/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020719/anya-makes-it-to-kannadi-from-qaidi-band.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She appeared in two seasons of the web series ''[[Never Kiss Your Best Friend season 1|Never Kiss Your Best Friend]]'' (2020–2022) and in films including ''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]'' (2023) and ''[[Stree 2]]'' (2024). In 2025, she played one of the lead roles as Sanya Ahmed, a talent manager, in [[Aryan Khan]]'s [[Netflix]] series ''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Anya Singh, the actor being noticed for Ba****ds of Bollywood once signed a three-film contract with YRF but never led any film after debut|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-anya-singh-the-actor-being-noticed-for-bads-of-bollywood-once-signed-a-three-film-contract-with-yrf-but-never-led-any-film-after-debut-10268020/|date=24 September 2025|website=The Indian express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Anya Singh, the actress making waves as Sanya in The Ba***ds of Bollywood?|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/who-is-anya-singh-the-rising-star-from-the-bads-of-bollywood-107529/1|date=25 September 2025|website=Mid-Day}}</ref><ref name="Cosmopolitan">{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Shraddha |title=Anya Singh is just getting started |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.in/celebrity/interviews/story/anya-singh-is-just-getting-started-1324355-2025-12-30 |publisher=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] |date=December 30, 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Singh was born in [[London]] and spent her early childhood there before moving to [[New Delhi]] at the age of five. She studied at [[Mayo College Girls School]] in [[Ajmer]] and later graduated from [[Sri Venkateswara College]], [[University of Delhi]]. She trained in [[Odissi dance]] and participated in stage productions during her school and college years.<ref name="It">{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Anya Singh's rebirth with The Ba***ds of Bollywood: She's winning hearts and how! |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/anya-singh-career-and-achievements-bads-of-bollywood-aryan-khan-2793725-2025-09-26 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=September 26, 2025 |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> In 2015, she moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a career in acting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Tanya |title=Launched By YRF, Featured In ‘Stree 2’: Meet Anya Singh, Who Turned Down Ranbir In ‘The Ba***ds Of Bollywood’ |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-the-bads-of-bollywood-actor-anya-singh/18093734?utm_source=chatgpt.com |publisher=Idiva.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title{{efn|The films are listed in order of release date.}}
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Qaidi Band]]''
| Bindiya Chadha
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Velle (film)|Velle]]''
| Riya
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]''
| Laxmi "Lala" Lalvani
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Stree 2]]''
| Chitti
|
|
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Border 2]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=P |first1=Apurva |title=Actress Anya Singh reflects on her army roots ahead of Border 2 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/2026/Jan/16/actress-anya-singh-reflects-on-her-army-roots-ahead-of-border-2 |publisher=[[Indulge Express]] |date=January 16, 2026}}</ref>
| Sudha Rawat
|
|
|-
|}

;Web series
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title{{efn|The films are listed in order of release date.}}
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2019
|''Pyaar Actually''
|Sukanya<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/y-films-announces-anthology-film-pyaar-actually-starring-bhumi-pednekar-riteish-deshmukh-saqib-salim-5317171.html | title=Y-Films announces anthology film, Pyaar Actually, starring Bhumi Pednekar, Riteish Deshmukh, Saqib Salim | date=4 October 2018 }}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2020
|[[Never Kiss Your Best Friend (Season 1)|''Never Kiss Your Best Friend'' (Season 1)]]
|Tanie Brar<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2021 |first=Grace |last=Cyril |title=Nakuul Mehta and Anya Singh reunite for Never Kiss Your Best Friend Season 2. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/nakuul-mehta-and-anya-singh-reunite-for-never-kiss-your-best-friend-season-2-see-pics-1881190-2021-11-26 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2020 |title=Never Kiss Your Best Friend review: An easy-breezy show on love and friendship |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/never-kiss-your-best-friend-review-nakuul-mehta-anya-singh-6238731/ |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Kaun Banegi Shikharwati]]''
| Rajkumari Uma
|
|
|-
|[[Never Kiss Your Best Friend (Season 2)|''Never Kiss Your Best Friend'' (Season 2)]]
|Tanie Brar<ref>{{Cite web |title='Never Kiss Your Best Friend' season 2: Reuniting with Anya Singh was an absolute delight, says Nakuul Mehta |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/television/never-kiss-your-best-friend-season-2-reuniting-with-anya-singh-was-an-absolute-delight-says-nakuul-mehta |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Jee Karda]]''
|Preet Chuharmalani
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Preet reminds me of myself,’ says Anya Singh on her role in Jee Karda |url=https://archive.adgully.com/preet-reminds-me-of-myself--shares-anya-singh-for-her-role-from-jee-karda-133308.html |publisher=Adgully |date=June 23, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
| Sanya Ahmed
|
|<ref name="Cosmopolitan"/>
|}

== Notes ==

=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|anya-singh}}
*{{Instagram}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Anya}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Kamta Prasad (economist)

2026-02-07T23:22:04Z

LauriTym702628: Made a post

{{Short description|Indian economist, author and professor (born 1936)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Resume-like|date=June 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2022}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{infobox person
|name=Kamta Prasad
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1936|1|21|df=y}}
|education=[[Patna University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Delhi University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[University of Leeds]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
|occupation={{flatlist|
*Economist
*author
*professor
}}
}}
'''Kamta Prasad''' (born 21 January 1936), is an Indian [[economist]], author, and professor with a career spanning over 60 years. He has published over 20 research books and has contributed to over 150 research papers.

During his career, he has also served as Chairman or Member of more than a dozen National Commissions and Committees in India, such as Chairman, Agricultural, Prices Commission (1976), Chairman, Minimum Wages Advisory Board (1984–90), Member, National Flood Commission (1976–80),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rashtriya Barh Ayog (National Commission on Floods): Report|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/rashtriya-barh-ayog-national-commission-floods-report-0|access-date=2022-02-15|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rashtriya Barh Ayog (National Commission on Floods): Report|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/rashtriya-barh-ayog-national-commission-floods-report|access-date=2022-02-15|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref> Member, Advisory Council, [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (2000- 2003) and is currently Member of Supreme Court of India’s Sub Committee on Interlinking of Rivers Projects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inter-Linking of Rivers|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1513040|access-date=2022-02-16|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> In 2001 he cofounded and was Vice President of India Water Partnership.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Kamta Prasad|url=https://cwp-india.org/?cpt_team=prof-kamta-prasad|access-date=2022-02-16|website=IWP|language=en-US}}</ref> He is also the Chairman Emeritus and Founder of the Institute for Resource Management and Economic Development,<ref>{{Cite web|title=IRMED|url=http://www.irmedindia.org.in/index.htm|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.irmedindia.org.in}}</ref> an autonomous non-governmental, non-profit organisation responsible for conducting research and promoting education.

== Education ==
Kamta Prasad graduated with a B.A degree from [[Patna University]] in 1956 and then received an M.A. degree from [[Delhi School of Economics]], [[Delhi University]] in 1958. He also completed his PhD degree in Economics from [[University of Leeds]] under the [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan]] in 1966.

== Career ==
Kamta Prasad has taught at leading Indian universities including [[Patna University]] - where he started his teaching career as a lecturer in 1958, [[IIT Kanpur]] and the Indian Institute for Public Administration (IIPA), New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIPA: Indian Institute of Public Administration|url=https://www.iipa.org.in/cms/public/|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.iipa.org.in}}</ref> He joined IIT Kanpur as an Assistant Professor of Economics in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in August 1966, serving as the Head of the Department from 1971 - 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former HOD|url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/hss/index.php/former-hod|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.iitk.ac.in}}</ref> He established the institute's PhD program in Economics, and also launched doctoral programs for Psychology and English. Kamta Prasad joined the Indian Institute for Public Administration, New Delhi in 1980 as Professor of Economics and Rural Development and remained there until his superannuation in January 1996. He is currently Chairperson Emeritus at the Institute for Resource Management and Economic Development (IRMED).

Prasad has also delivered keynotes at national<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2014|first=Vithika|last=Salomi |title=CM rues delay in coal linkage|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-rues-delay-in-coal-linkage/articleshow/18523012.cms|access-date=2022-02-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Kamta Prasad delivers lecture on 'Environment Impact Assessment in India' - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=153879|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.earlytimes.in}}</ref> and international conferences and lectures at leading international universities. He has served as an expert for [[Union Public Service Commission]] and [[University Grants Commission (India)]]. He continues to deliver special lectures at leading universities today.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Kamta Prasad delivered Special Lectures in SMVDU |url=https://www.smvdu.ac.in/index.php/2017-news/49-april/232-prof-kamta-prasad-delivered-special-lectures-in-smvdu}}</ref>

=== Accolades, honours and fellowships ===

* Patna University Merit Scholarship (1953-1956)
* Post Graduate Scholarship, [[Delhi University]] (1956-1958)
* Junior Research Fellowship of the [[University Grants Commission (India)]] (1962-1963)
* [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan]] (1963-1966)
* British Council Fellowship, U.K. (1981 and 1990)
* Indo-French Programme Fellowship (1982, 1983, 1984)
* President, Indian Economic Association (1983)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Indian Economic Association|url=https://indianeconomicassociation1917.com/pastpresident-venues.php|access-date=2022-02-16|website=indianeconomicassociation1917.com}}</ref>
* Advisor, [[International Economic Association]] (1983–86)
* Fellow, [[Institute of Development Studies]] (1990)
* Fellow, Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute at [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]] (1991)
* T.N Chaturvedi Award for the Best Article in the Indian Journal of Public Administration (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|title=India Institute of Public Administration|url=https://www.iipa.org.in/cms/public/page/awards|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.iipa.org.in}}</ref>
* Paul H. Appleby Award For Distinguished Services (2019)
* Dr. Rajendra Prasad Award for Academic Excellence (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=VPIndia/status/1719247298943909967 |url=https://twitter.com/VPIndia/status/1719247298943909967 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref>

== Research and publications ==
Kamta Prasad's research spans the areas of [[monetary economics]], [[economic planning]], [[rural development]], [[employment]], [[resource management]], [[water resource management]] and impact assessment of computers on India's development. He has made several contributions to knowledge and research, publishing 20 research books and over 150 research papers and articles. His work includes 60 policy-oriented research projects sponsored by the [[Government of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=IRMED|url=http://www.irmedindia.org.in/research.htm|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.irmedindia.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|title=Institutional Framework for Regulating Use of Ground Water in India|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/INCGW/Kamta%20Prasad%20report.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|title=Report on the Review of Draft Bihar State Water Policy in line with National Water Policy 2012 in the context of Climate Change|url=https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/gwp-sas_files/cwp-reports/report-on-review-of-draft-bihar-state-water-policy-in-line-with-national-water-policy-2012-in-context-of-climate-change.pdf}}</ref> and development institutes like [[Asian Development Bank]], [[UNESCO]], [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] etc. He has also served on the editorial advisory boards of several journals, including the International Journal of Social Science and Development Policy.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=International Journal of Social Science and Development Policy|url=https://www.bbau.ac.in/Conference/Revised%20Cover%20Page.pdf|journal=International Journal of Social Science and Development Policy|date=16 January 2020 |volume=02|pages=152}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Review of Karnataka State Water Policy (2002) & Draft Karnataka State Water Policy-2016 in line with National Water Policy, 2012 in Context of Climate Change|url=http://cwp-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Report-on-Karnataka-SWP-with-regard-to-National-Water-Policy-2012.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|title=Manual on Community Approach to Flood Management in India|url=https://www.floodmanagement.info/projects/pilot/asia/Pilot_Manual_on_Community_Approach_to_FM_in_India.pdf}}</ref>

=== Books ===

*Prasad, K. (1969). ''Role Of Money Supply In A Developing Economy: A Theoretical And Empirical Analysis''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|title=Role of money supply in a developing economy: a theoretical and empirical analysis|date=1969|publisher=Allied Publishers Private Ltd.|location=Bombay|language=English|oclc=878219438}}</ref>
*Prasad, K., & Verma, P. (1977). ''Impact of computers on employment''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=Kamta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJp31efAYs8C|title=Impact of computers on employment|last2=Verma|first2=Pramod|date=1977|publisher=Macmillan Co. of India|location=Delhi|language=English|oclc=557887656}}</ref>
*Prasad, K. & Ramamohan, R. T. V. S. (1977). ''Employment Potential Of Manufacturing Industries: A Case Study of Uttar Pradesh.''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=Kamta|title=Employment potential of manufacturing industries: a case study of Uttar Pradesh|last2=Ramamohan Rao|first2=T. V. S|date=1977|publisher=Sterling Publishers|location=New Delhi|language=English|oclc=4497606}}</ref>
*Prasad, K. (1985). ''Planning and its Implementation''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|title=Planning and its implementation.|date=1984|publisher=Indian Inst. of Public Administration|location=New Delhi|language=English|oclc=251837523}}</ref>
*Prasad, K. (1985). ''Planning for Poverty Alleviation''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|title=Planning for poverty alleviation|date=1985|publisher=Agricole Pub. Academy|location=New Delhi, India|language=English|oclc=13003353}}</ref>
*Prasad, K. (1985). ''Planning in a Market Economy''
*Prasad, K. (1988). ''Planning at the Grassroots''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h15PAAAAMAAJ|title=Planning at the grass roots|date=1988|publisher=Sterling Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788120707825|language=English|oclc=598678999}}</ref>
*Prasad, K. (1991). ''Action for development''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=Kamta|title=Action for development|date=1991|publisher=Council for Research and Development of Bihar|location=New Delhi|language=English|oclc=28801076}}</ref>
*Prasad, K., & Singh, B.D. (1994). ''Drought, Disaster And Development: Profile, Performance & Potential.''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=Kamta|title=Drought, disaster and development: profile, performance & potential|last2=Singh|first2=B. D.|date=1994|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-542-5|location=New Delhi|language=English|oclc=51363344}}</ref>
*Prasad, K. & Goel, R.S. (2000). ''Environmental Management in Hydro Electric Projects: Proceedings of the National Seminar Held at India International Centre, New Delhi''
*Prasad, K., Indian Economic Association., & Indian Economic Association. (2001). V.K.R.V. Rao and B.R. Shenoy: ''Economic ideas in contrast.''
*Prasad, K. (2001). ''Farmer Participation In Irrigation Management In India: Status, Impact, And Determinants''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=Kamta|title=Farmers' participation in irrigation management in India: status, impact, and determinants|date=2001|publisher=Uppal Pub. House|isbn=978-81-7658-010-6|location=New Delhi|language=English|oclc=49514281}}</ref>
*Prasad, K., Madaan, D. K., & Indian Economic Association. (2001). N''GOs and socio-economic development opportunities.''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1998536|title=NGOs and socio-economic development opportunities|date=2000|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-258-0|editor-last=Prasad|editor-first=Kamta|location=New Delhi|editor-last2=Madaan|editor-first2=Davinder Kumar}}</ref>
*Prasad, K. (2003). ''Water Resources And Sustainable Development: Challenges on 21st Century''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|url=https://www.shiprapublication.com/catalogue-info/111/water-resources-and-sustainable-development/shipra/|title=Water Resources And Sustainable Development|year=2003}}</ref>
*Prasad, K. (2005). ''Manual on Community Approach to Flood Management in India''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manual on community approach to flood management in india|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/manual-community-approach-flood-management-india|access-date=2022-02-23|website=www.preventionweb.net|date=7 July 2008 |language=en}}</ref>
*Prasad, K. (2015). ''Water In The Coming Decades: Policy And Governance Issues In India''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|title=Water in the coming decades: policy and governance issues in India|date=2015|publisher=Foundation Books |isbn=978-93-82993-69-8|language=English|oclc=902802118}}</ref>

=== Articles ===

* Prasad, K. (1980). ''Government and the Economic System.'' Indian Journal of Public Administration, 26, 3, 866-871.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|date=1980|title=Government and the Economic System|journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration|language=English|volume=26|issue=3|pages=866–871|doi=10.1177/0019556119800332|s2cid=168976977|issn=0019-5561|oclc=7174626485}}</ref>
* Prasad, K. (1984). ''French and Indian Planning Systems: A Comparative Study.'' Indian Journal of Public Administration, 30, 3, 688-705.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|date=1984|title=French and Indian Plannning Systems A Comparative Study|journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration|language=English|volume=30|issue=3|pages=688–705|doi=10.1177/0019556119840310|s2cid=188585466|issn=0019-5561|oclc=7174678130}}</ref>
* Prasad, K. (1985). ''Planning in a market economy: A study of the French planning system.'' New Delhi: Indian Institute of Public Administration<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|title=Planning in a market economy: a study of the French planning system|date=1985|publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration|location=New Delhi|language=English|oclc=219983873}}</ref>
* Prasad, K. (1985). ''Towards a More Integrated Structure of Rural Development Administration.'' Indian Journal of Public Administration, 31, 3, 683-692.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|date=1985|title=Towards a More Integrated Structure of Rural Development Administration|journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration|language=English|volume=31|issue=3|pages=683–692|doi=10.1177/0019556119850317|s2cid=187546034|issn=0019-5561|oclc=7174625861}}</ref>
* Prasad, K., & Sinha, P. K. (1987). ''Allocative Efficiency, Policy Shifts And Trade Flows In The Context Of Indo-US. Trade''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prasad|first1=Kamta|last2=Sinha|first2=Pramod Kumar|date=1987|title=Allocative Efficiency, Policy Shifts and Trade Flows in the Context of Indo-US Trad|journal=Research in International Business and Finance: Asia-Pacific Economies: Promises and Challenges. Volume 6 - 1987. Part A (And) Part B|language=|oclc=1192215860}}</ref>
* Prasad, K., & Ramesh, S. (1987). Energy Development Choices For India. ''The Economics Of Choice Between Energy Sources: Proceedings Of A Conference Held By The International Economic Association In Tokyo, Japan.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prasad|first1=Kamta|last2=Ramesh|first2=S|date=1987|title=Energy Development Choices for India|journal=The Economics of Choice Between Energy Sources: Proceedings of a Conference Held by the International Economic Association in Tokyo, Japan|language=|oclc=1192197904}}</ref>
* Prasad, K. (1988). ''Public Administration Research and the Problem of Inequality.'' Indian Journal of Public Administration, 34, 1, 1-17.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|date=1988|title=Public Administration Research and the Problem of Inequality|journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration|language=English|volume=34|issue=1|pages=1–17|doi=10.1177/0019556119880101|s2cid=158262375|issn=0019-5561|oclc=7184792801}}</ref>
* Prasad, K. (1988). ''Socio - Economic Requirements Of Appropriate Technologies For Eradication Of Rural Poverty.''
* Prasad, K. (1988). ''Public Administration Research And The Problem Of Inequality.''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|url=http://iipa.informaticsglobal.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=16558&query_desc=kw,wrdl:%20kamta%20prasad|title=Public administration research and the problem of inequality|date=1988}}</ref>
* Prasad, K. (1989). ''Demographic Policy and the Balance Between Agriculture and Industry: Introduction. The Balance Between Industry and Agriculture In Economic Development: Proceedings Of The Eighth World Congress Of The International Economic Association, - Vol. 3: Manpower And Transfers.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|date=1989|title=Demographic Policy and the Balance Between Agriculture and Industry: Introduction|journal=The Balance Between Industry and Agriculture in Economic Development: Proceedings of the Eighth World Congress of the International Economic Association, Delhi, India - Vol. 3: Manpower and Transfers|language=|oclc=1192195555}}</ref>
* Prasad, K. (1991). ''Rural Development Strategies: The South Asian Experiences''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamta|first=Prasad|url=http://iipa.informaticsglobal.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=2097&query_desc=kw,wrdl:%20kamta%20prasad|title=Rural development strategies: the South Asian experiences}}</ref>
* Prasad, K. (1991). ''Flood Control: Achievements and Challenges''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamta|first=Prasad|url=http://iipa.informaticsglobal.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=8566&query_desc=kw,wrdl:%20kamta%20prasad|title=Flood control achievements and challenges|date=1987}}</ref>
* Prasad, K. (1993). ''Sustainable Development of Drought-Prone Areas. Policy Issues and Options.'' Indian Journal of Public Administration, 454-464.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|date=1993|title=Sustainable Development of Drought-Prone Areas Policy Issues and Options|journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration|language=English|volume=39|issue=3|pages=454–464|doi=10.1177/0019556119930324|s2cid=133990095|issn=0019-5561|oclc=7184887775}}</ref>
* Prasad, K. (1994). ''Future Role of Planning Under New Perspectives.'' Indian Journal of Public Administration, 40, 3, 525-536.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|date=1994|title=Future Role of Planning Under New Perspectives|journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration|language=English|volume=40|issue=3|pages=525–536|doi=10.1177/0019556119940329|s2cid=187331764|issn=0019-5561|oclc=7184793941}}</ref>
* Prasad, K. (2003). ''Water and Poverty Alleviation.'' The Indian Journal of Public Administration. ''49,'' 3, 374.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|date=2003|title=Water and Poverty Alleviation|journal=The Indian Journal of Public Administration|language=English|volume=49|issue=3|pages=374–388|doi=10.1177/0019556120030315|s2cid=158344979|issn=0019-5561|oclc=98108447}}</ref>
* Prasad, K. (2013). ''Ground Water Governance in India: Gaps and the Way Out.'' Indian Journal of Public Administration, 59, 2, 228-246.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Kamta|date=2013|title=Ground Water Governance in India: Gaps and the Way Out|journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration|language=English|volume=59|issue=2|pages=228–246|doi=10.1177/0019556120130202|s2cid=134147395|issn=0019-5561|oclc=7249784091}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

__FORCETOC__

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Kamta}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Patna University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kanpur]]
[[Category:1936 births]]

Kailash Chandra Mahindra

2026-02-07T23:16:55Z

LauriTym702628: Made data - done

{{Short description|Indian industrialist (1894–1963)}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. C. Mahindra
| image = KC Mahindra.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1894|}}
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1963|||1894||}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Co-Founder of [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| children =
| networth =
| spouse =
}}

'''Kailash Chandra Mahindra''', (1894–1963), was an Indian [[industrialist]], who co-founded Mahindra & Mohammed in 1945 which was later renamed as [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] in 1948, with [[Jagdish Chandra Mahindra]]<ref>{{cite news |title=ET Awards 2008-09: Lifetime Achievement Award- Keshub Mahindra|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/et-awards-2008-09-lifetime-achievement-award--keshub-mahindra/articleshow/4930965.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=25 August 2009 }}</ref><ref name=he209>[[#He|Herdeck, p. 209]]</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kailash Chandra Mahindra, known to all as KC, was born in 1894 in [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], the second of nine children. When their father died at an early age, his older brother [[Jagdish Chandra Mahindra|Jagdish Chandra]] became head of the family, and KC his best friend and future business partner.

KC attended [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College, Lahore]], where his scholastic aptitude shone through. At the [[University of Cambridge]], he earned Honours, played hockey, and took a keen interest in rowing. After graduating, he joined Messrs. Martin & Company, where he edited the monthly magazine ''INDIA'' and, briefly, the ''Hindustan Review''.

==Career==
In 1942, KC was appointed Head of the Indian Purchasing Mission in the [[United States]]. Returning to [[India]] in 1945, he was appointed the Chairman of the Indian Coal Fields Committee of the [[Government of India]] and also of the Automobile and Tractor panel. His contribution to developing strategic coal policies and applying the latest methods of coal mining in India helped shape the industry, and his Coal Commission Report became a seminal document in the industry. During these years, he also wrote Sir [[Rajendra Nath Mookerjee]]'s definitive biography.

==Mahindra & Mahindra==
{{Main|Mahindra %26 Mahindra}}

In 1946, KC moved to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now called Mumbai) and found [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]. Under his 13-year stewardship as chairman, Mahindra & Mahindra established itself as a major Indian industrial house in several sectors. A glittering career also saw KC serve as a Director of the [[Reserve Bank of India]], [[Air India]], and Hindustan Steel.

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |title=India's Industrialists, Vol. 1|author=Margaret Herdeck|author2=Gita Piramal |chapter=Mahindra|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |year=1985|isbn=0894104152 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcbBEHHI-90C&q=JC+Mahindra&pg=PA209 |ref=He }}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111017101422/http://www.mahindra.com/Who-We-Are/How-We-Got-Here/K.C.-Mahindra K.C. Mahindra Biography at Official Website of Mahindra & Mahindra]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111017101422/http://www.mahindra.com/Who-We-Are/How-We-Got-Here Mahindra and an independent India began their rise together]
{{Mahindra Group}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahindra, Kailash Chandra Mahindra}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Mahindra family]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian founders of motor vehicle manufacturers]]

Meghe Dhaka Tara (play)

2026-02-06T01:23:56Z

LauriTym702628: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{short description|2016 Bengali drama directed by Bratya Basu}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''Meghe Dhaka Tara''''' is a 2016 drama directed by [[Bratya Basu]] and produced and staged by Naihati Bratyajan. The plot of the drama is based on [[Ritwik Ghatak]]'s 1960 film ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]''.<ref name="ABP Mehghe Dhaka Ritwik">{{cite news|title=মেঘে ঢাকা ঋত্বিক|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/ম-ঘ-ঢ-ক-ঋত-ব-ক-1.275323#|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=2 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=Ebela>{{cite news|title='মেঘে ঢাকা তারা', মঞ্চায়নে...|url=http://ebela.in/entertainment/new-play-of-bratya-basu-1.274750|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=[[Ebela]]}}</ref>

== Credits ==
=== Cast ===
* Poulomi Basu as Neeta
* [[Subhashish Mukhopadhyay]] as Tarini Master
* [[Partha Bhowmick]] as Shankar
* Suranjana Dasgupta as Kathakali
* Anirban Ghosh as Sanatan

=== Crew ===
* [[Bratya Basu]] - director
* Ujjawal Chattopadhyay - writer

== Production ==
The rehearsal of the drama started in 2016. In August 2015, Bratya Basu informed about this drama in a press conference. He also informed that at that time he was working on two other dramas.<ref name=Aajkaal>{{cite news|title=আগামী তিন মাসে ব্রাত্যর তিন নাটক|url=http://aajkaal.in/kolkata/আগামী-তিন-মাসে-ব্রাত্যর-ত/|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=[[Aajkaal]]}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Poulomi Basu played Neeta's role. In Ghatak's film the character was portrayed by [[Supriya Devi]]. [[Subhashish Mukhopadhyay]] played Tarini Master, Neeta's father role. In Ghatak's movie [[Bijon Bhattacharya]] played this character. [[Partha Bhowmick]] portrayed Shankar's character, which was played by [[Anil Chatterjee]] in the movie. Suranjana Dasgupta and Anirban Ghosh played the roles of Kathakali and Sanatan.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|title=Ididn't cast Poulomi as Neeta in 'Meghe Dhaka Tara' to take sweet revenge: BratyaBasu - The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Ididnt-cast-Poulomi-as-Neeta-in-Meghe-Dhaka-Tara-to-take-sweet-revenge-BratyaBasu/articleshow/50398689.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The drama was first staged on 2 January 2016 at University Institute Hall, Kolkata.<ref name="The Times of India" /> As of 3 January 2016, the drama will be staged every Saturday at that auditorium.<ref name="Ananadabazar Patrika Ek Bidhayak, EK Mantri">{{cite news|last1=সিংহ|first1=সঞ্জয়|title='মেঘে ঢাকা তারা'র সন্ধানে এক বিধায়ক এবং এক মন্ত্রী|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/one-mla-and-one-minister-will-make-meghe-dhaka-tara-as-a-drama-1.275027#|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Ananadabazar Patrika}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengali theatre}}

[[Category:2016 plays]]
[[Category:Bengali-language plays]]

Arun Alexander

2026-02-03T21:25:40Z

LauriTym702628: add layout as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian actor (1973–2020)}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arun Alexander
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1994–2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1973|10|14}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|12|28|1973|10|14}}
| death_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| relatives =
}}
'''Arun Alexander''' (14 October 1973<ref>[https://www.smritinews.in/arun-alexander-wiki-biography-age-movies/ Arun Alexander Bio]</ref> – 28 December 2020<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Actor and dubbing artiste Arun Alexander dies at 48 in Chennai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-and-dubbing-artist-arun-alexander-dies-at-48-in-chennai-1754112-2020-12-29 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=India Today |date=29 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>) was an Indian actor and a dubbing artist for [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films. He was a regular in [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] and [[Nelson Dilipkumar|Nelson]]'s films. He voiced [[Optimus Prime]] and [[Baloo]] in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Dubbing|dubs]] of ''[[Transformers: Age of Extinction]]'' and ''[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' respectively.

== Death ==
He died on 28 December 2020 due to a heart attack.<ref name=":0" /> The films ''Master'', ''Dikkiloona'' and ''Doctor'' were dedicated in his honour. He was 47 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/doctor-100-crores-at-the-bo--director-nelson-thanks-everyone-news-tamil-vldfyKchgjdeb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103145726/https://www.sify.com/movies/doctor-100-crores-at-the-bo--director-nelson-thanks-everyone-news-tamil-vldfyKchgjdeb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 3, 2021|title='Doctor' 100 crores at the BO: Director Nelson thanks everyone |website=[[Sify]] |date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Sawaari (2016 film)|Sawaari]]'' || Ponmala ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Maanagaram]]'' || Winnings' kidnapping gang member ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Kallachirippu]]'' || || TV series
|-
| ''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]'' || Bobi ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019 || ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' || Paalpandi ||
|-
|''[[Bigil]]'' || Minister || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/master-actor-arun-alexander-passes-away-due-to-a-heart-attack/articleshow/80004518.cms|title='Master' actor Arun Alexander passes away due to a heart attack|work=The Times of India|date=29 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jada (2019 film)|Jada]]'' || Elango ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Topless'' || Johnny || TV series
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2021 || ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' || Essaki ||posthumous release
|-
| ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' || Dr. Stanford/Transpa ||posthumous release
|-
|''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'' || Navneeth || posthumous release<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/doctor/movie-review/86887365.cms |title=Doctor Movie Review: Doctor is a deliciously dark comedy |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=9 October 2021 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009154501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/doctor/movie-review/86887365.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Dubbing artist ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Actor
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 1994 || ''[[The Shawshank Redemption]]'' || Tim Robbins || Andy Dufresne|| rowspan="16" | Tamil dubbed version
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Toy Story]]'' || [[Woody (Toy Story)|Tom Hanks]] ||Woody
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]'' || Will Smith ||Agent J
|-
| 1998||''[[Dr. Dolittle (1998 film)|Dr. Dolittle]]'' || [[Eddie Murphy]] || Dr. Dolittle
|-
| 2004 || ''[[The Polar Express (film)|The Polar Express]]'' || [[Tom Hanks]] || Train Conductor
|-
| 2006 || ''[[The Pursuit of Happyness]]'' || Will Smith ||Chris Gardner
|-
| rowspan="4"|2009 || ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]'' || Hugh Jackman|| [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]]
|-
|''[[Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)|Sherlock Holmes]]'' || Robert Downey Jr|| [[Sherlock Holmes]]
|-
| ''[[2012 (film)|2012]]'' || Scientist
|-
| ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || Sam Worthington|| [[Jake Sully]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011||''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]'' || [[Chris Hemsworth]] || [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor Odinson]]
|-
|''[[Fast Five]]'' || || Brian O'Conner
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012||''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' || Chris Hemsworth || Thor Odinson
|-
|''[[Ice Age: Continental Drift]]'' || || [[List of Ice Age characters|Manny]]
|-
|2013 ||''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'' || Chris Hemsworth || Thor Odinson
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014 || ''[[Rio 2]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[How to Train Your Dragon 2]]'' || || Eret || Tamil and Telugu dubbed versions
|-
| ''[[Transformers: Age of Extinction]]'' || || [[Optimus Prime]] || rowspan="9"| Tamil dubbed version
|-
| rowspan="3"|2015 ||''[[Furious 7]]'' || || Brian O'Conner
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' || Chris Hemsworth || Thor Odinson
|-
| ''[[Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation]]'' || Simon Pegg|| Benji
|-
| 2016 || ''[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' || || [[Baloo]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[It (2017 film)|It]]'' || || [[Pennywise|Pennywise the Dancing Clown]]
|-
| ''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]'' || rowspan="2"|[[Jason Momoa]] || rowspan="2"|[[Aquaman|Aquaman/Arthur Curry]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]''
|-
| 2019 ||''[[It Chapter Two]]'' || || Pennywise the Dancing Clown
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10154962|Arun Alexander}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Arun}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

{{India-film-actor-1970s-stub}}
{{Voice-actor-stub}}

Forests in Odisha

2026-02-02T23:41:34Z

LauriTym702628: formatting fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}

[[Odisha]], one of the 28 [[states of India]],
has two basic kinds of [[forest]]: in the northeast region of the state the forest is classified as the tropical-moist-deciduous type, blanketing hills, plateaus and other high-altitude isolated areas; in the southwest the tropical-dry-deciduous variety dominate.
[[File:India Odisha relief map.svg|thumb|Geographical map of Odisha]]

[[File:Forrest Odisha.jpg|thumb|Tropical-moist-deciduous forests in Odisha]]
[[File:Dry Evergreen Forests during Monsoon at Madhavadhara.JPG|thumb|Dry evergreen forests during monsoon]]

==Features ==

Odisha's forests are vast. Out of the total geographical area of 155,707 km2, the State records 52,472 km2 (~33.50%) as some version of forest. The actual forest cover may be less, according to the [[Forest Survey of India]], [[rosewood]], [[Sal tree|sal]], [[Pterocarpus marsupium|piasal]], [[teak]] and [[Turmeric|haldi]]. The forests' naturally vigorous growth accounts for a tremendous wealth of [[biodiversity]], filling many catalogues of the wild [[plant]] and [[animal]] species dwelling within.

The state has declared large parcels of land as [[protected land|protected areas]] with the purpose being to allow animals and plants who are sensitive to cohabitation with humans places of relative freedom from interference and habitat loss. These protected areas constitute 10.37% of the total forest area and 4.1% of the total geographical area of the state.



===Forest flora===
The state is home to 3000 plant species including 120 [[orchid]] species and 63 varieties of [[Mangrove|mangrove tree]] which make the state second largest mangrove ecosystem in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://halia.meccahosting.com/~a00028f9/Resource%2003.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326210221/http://halia.meccahosting.com/~a00028f9/Resource%2003.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A vast variety of other plants is also found in the state, as in the following:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*''[[Acorous calamus]]''
*''[[Aegiceras corniculatus]]''
*''[[Alpinia galanga]]'' - greater galingal
*''[[Androgaphis paniculata]]''
*''[[Asparagus racemosus]]'' - shatavari
*''[[Cathraranthus roseus]]''
*''[[Celastrus paniculatus]]''
*''[[Centella asiatica]]''
*''[[Cissus quadranggularis]]''
*''[[Clerodendrum]]'' ssp.
*''[[Colchicum autumnale]]'' - autumn crocus
*''[[Commiphora wightii]]'' - Mukul myrrh
*''[[Croton roxburghjii]]''
*''[[Curcuma angustifolia]]''
*''[[Digitalis purpurea]]'' - common foxglove
*[[Diogenin]]
*[[Emetin]]
*''[[Ephedra (genus)|Ephedra]]'' ssp.
*''[[Erythroxylon coca]]'' - coca
*''[[Excoecaria agallochi]]''
*''[[Gloriosa superba]]''
*[[Gugulipid]]
*''[[Hemidesmus indicus]]''
*''[[Ocimum basilicum]]''
*''[[Plumbago zeylanica]]''
*''[[Pongamia pinnata]]''
*''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]'' - Indian snakeroot
*''[[Salvadora persica]]''
*[[seagrass]]
*''[[Taxus brevifolia]]'' - Pacific yew
*''[[Toddalia asiatica]]''
*''[[Vinblastim areteminsinine]]''
*''[[Whighina somenifera]]''
{{div col end}}

===Forest fauna===
The [[IUCN Red List]] has recorded a total of 473 species of [[bird]], 86 species of [[mammal]], 19 species of [[amphibian]] and 110 species of [[reptile]] including three [[crocodile|crocodilian]] species. Out of these around 54 species are considered endangered. Home to a variety of wild animals, the state has declared considerable tracts of land as areas protected for these animals only. These protected areas constitute 10.37% of the total forest area and 4.1% of the total geographical area of the state. Not only this, the state also has the distinction of possessing three mass nesting beaches of endangered olive ridley sea turtles which makes it the largest nesting ground of the species.




The state has three mass nesting beaches of endangered [[olive ridley sea turtle]]s which when combined makes it the world's largest nesting ground for this species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn87/mtn87p9.shtml|title=MTN 87:9-10 Fidelity of Male Olive Ridley Sea Turtles to a Breeding Ground|website=www.seaturtle.org}}</ref>

Indenting Orissa's ocean coast is [[Chilika|Chilika lagoon]], a semi-saline [[wetland]] used by many species of [[migratory bird]]s, and also which the endangered [[Irrawaddy dolphin]] uses as part of its range. In spite of considerable human interactivity here, the rare dolphin survives. The Orissa government is conducting various programmes to protect the species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wdcs.org/submissions_bin/dolphin-human_interactions_chilika.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-12-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319102122/http://www.wdcs.org/submissions_bin/dolphin-human_interactions_chilika.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-19 }}</ref>



Other animals that call Orissa home, or part-time home, are listed below.

==== ''Land animals'' ====

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Asian elephant]]s ହାଥି
*[[Barking deer]]
*[[Blackbuck]]sକୃଷ୍ଣ ସାର ମୁର୍ଗ
*[[african buffalo|Buffalo]]es
*[[Fishing cat]]s
*[[Flying squirrel]]s
*[[Four-horned antelope]]s
*[[Gaur]]s
*[[Green turtle|Green sea turtles]]
*[[Langur]]s
*[[Leopard]]s
*[[Mongoose]]s
*[[Monitor lizard]]s
*[[Pangolin]]s
*[[Porcupine]]s
*[[Pythonidae|Pythons]]
*[[Sambar (deer)|Sambars]]
*[[Sloth bear]]s
*[[Slow loris]]es
*[[Spotted deer]]
*[[Tiger]]s
*[[Turtle]]s
*[[Wild boar]]s
{{div col end}}

==== ''Avians'' ====

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Alexandrine parakeet]]s
*[[Asiatic dowitcher]]s
*[[Avocet]]s
*[[Black-headed ibis]]
*[[Brahminy duck]]s
*[[Brahminy kite]]s
*[[Collared pratincole]]s
*[[Coot]]s
*[[Dalmatian pelican]]s
*[[Dunlin]]s
*[[Egret]]s
*[[Gadwall]]s
*[[Geese]]
*[[Godwit]]s
*[[Goliath heron]]s
*[[Greater flamingo]]s
*[[Grey heron]]s
*[[Ocyceros|Grey hornbills]] ~ ''Ocyceros''
*[[Gelochelidon nilotica|Gull-billed terns]] ~ ''Gelochelidon nilotica''
*[[Gracula religiosa|Hill mynas]] ~ ''Gracula religiosa''
*[[Anthracoceros coronatus|Indian pied hornbills]] ~ ''Anthracoceros coronatus''
*[[Harpactes fasciatus|Indian trogons]] ~ ''Harpactes fasciatus''
*[[Jacanidae|Jacana]]s
*[[Jungle fowl]]s
*[[Kestrel]]s
*[[Kingfisher]]s
*[[Lapwing]]s
*[[Lark]]s
*[[Lesser flamingo]]s
*[[Little cormorant]]s
*[[Malabar pied hornbill]]s
*[[Marsh harrier]]s
*[[Moorhen]]s
*[[Night heron]]s
*[[Pallas's fish-eagle]]s
*[[Milvus migrans|Pariah kites]]
*[[Peacock]]s
*[[Peafowl]]s
*[[Peregrine falcon]]s
*[[Pintails]]s
*[[Plover]]s
*[[Common pochard|Pochard]]s
*[[Pond heron]]s
*[[Purple heron]]s
*[[Red jungle fowl]]s
*[[River tern]]s
*[[Coraciidae|Roller]]s
*[[Ruff (bird)|Ruff]]s
*[[Sandpiper]]s
*[[Shoveller]]s
*[[Snipe]]s
*[[Spoonbill]]s
*[[Eurynorhynchus pygmeus|Spoon-billed sandpipers]] ~ ''Eurynorhynchus pygmeus''
*[[Spot-billed pelican]]s
*[[Stilt]]s
*[[Stork]]s
*[[Teal bird|Teal]]s
*[[Wagtail]]s
*[[White-bellied sea eagle]]s
*[[Mallard|Wild ducks]]
{{div col end}}

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Statistics of Forest Cover by District in Odisha, [[Forest Survey of India|FSI-2023]]<ref>{{cite report|title=India State of Forest Report - 2023 |volume=II |work=Forest Survey of India |year= 2024 |edition=18th |isbn= 978-81-950073-9-4 |url=http://fsi.nic.in/uploads/isfr2023/isfr_book_eng-vol-2_2023.pdf}}</ref>
! District
! Pct. of Forest Area in the District
! Total Aorest Area {{nobold|(km²)}}
! Very Dense Forest {{nobold|(km²)}}
! Modest Dense Forest Area {{nobold|(km²)}}
! Open Forest Area {{nobold|(km²)}}
|-
| [[Angul district|Angul]]
| 43.51
| 2773.94
| 371.48
| 1373.67
| 1028.79
|-
| [[Balangir district|Balangir]]
| 17.6
| 1157.28
| 69.07
| 227.59
| 860.62
|-
| [[Balasore district|Baleswar]]
| 10.3
| 392.18
| 22.63
| 132.14
| 237.41
|-
| [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
| 18.54
| 1082.25
| 175.97
| 374.94
| 531.34
|-
| [[Boudh district|Baudh]]
| 42.21
| 1307.52
| 266.01
| 569.03
| 472.48
|-
| [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
| 2.98
| 74.65
| 0.12
| 9.14
| 65.39
|-
| [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| 20.81
| 818.29
| 51.98
| 233.51
| 532.8
|-
| [[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]
| 50.47
| 1483.96
| 193.13
| 672.19
| 618.64
|-
| [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| 32.33
| 1439.27
| 172.6
| 436.89
| 829.78
|-
| [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
| 57.78
| 2498.8
| 328.49
| 722.53
| 1447.78
|-
| [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| 29.44
| 2415.69
| 174.74
| 1114.2
| 1126.75
|-
| [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
| 8.45
| 140.94
| 0
| 4.83
| 136.11
|-
| [[Jajpur district|Jajapur]]
| 10.78
| 312.65
| 5.49
| 74.2
| 232.96
|-
| [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
| 15.8
| 328.89
| 2.75
| 169.72
| 156.42
|-
| [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
| 30.01
| 2376.91
| 368.1
| 713.87
| 1294.94
|-
| [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
| 67.35
| 5402.03
| 653.03
| 2598.55
| 2150.45
|-
| [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
| 12.45
| 329.18
| 81.55
| 86.53
| 161.1
|-
| [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]]
| 38.41
| 3189.08
| 290.04
| 1412.3
| 1486.74
|-
| [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
| 18.86
| 530.4
| 22.19
| 188.73
| 319.48
|-
| [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| 23.79
| 2095.29
| 52.23
| 549.61
| 1493.45
|-
| [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
| 39.92
| 2311.5
| 159.66
| 707.4
| 1444.44
|-
| [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
| 39.34
| 4098.74
| 1329.22
| 1743.49
| 1026.03
|-
| [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
| 22.24
| 1176.53
| 154.08
| 424.95
| 597.5
|-
| [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
| 45.43
| 1767.13
| 191.33
| 981.82
| 593.98
|-
| [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
| 36.04
| 1388.25
| 106.25
| 536.46
| 745.54
|-
| [[Puri district|Puri]]
| 8.19
| 285.03
| 0
| 53.63
| 231.4
|-
| [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
| 46.46
| 3286.25
| 385.49
| 1185.77
| 1714.99
|-
| [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
| 49.88
| 3320.29
| 536.47
| 1724.59
| 1059.23
|-
| [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
| 17.23
| 402.77
| 43.08
| 195.52
| 164.17
|-
| [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]]
| 43.74
| 4247.87
| 1017.24
| 1847.75
| 1382.88
|-
! Total
! 33.67
! 52433.56
! 7224.42
! 21065.55
! 24143.59
|}

==See also==
* [[Geography of Odisha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord |20.537416|84.528709|display=title}}

{{Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orissa Forestry}}
[[Category:Forests of Odisha| 01]]

[[Category:Geography of Odisha|F]]
[[Category:Forests of India]]

Ranmalsinhji II

2026-01-20T17:37:39Z

LauriTym702628: Started new article

{{Short description|Ruler of Jhalavad from 1843 to 1869}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ranmalsinhji II {{small|{{nobold|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|size=90%}}}}}}
| title = [[His Highness]] [[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]]
| image = HH-Maharana Ranmalsinhji-II-of-Halvad-Dhrangadhra-KCSI-1841-1869.png
| caption = HH Maharana Raj Ranmalsinhji II Sahib
| succession = [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Maharana Raj Sahib of Jhalavad]]
| reign = 1843-1869
| predecessor = Amarsinhji
| successor = [[Mansinhji II]]
| birth_date = 20 July 1809
| birth_place = Manmehlat Palace, [[Dhrangadhra State]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1869|10|16|1809|df=y}}
| death_place = Manmehlat Palace, [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra State]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*Jan kunwarba [[Jadeja]] of [[Rajkot State|Rajkot]]
*Sundar Kuwarba [[Jadeja]] of [[Gondal State|Gondal]]
*Brijkuwar [[Jadeja]] of Sarodar}}
| issue = [[Mansinhji II]] and 7 others
| full name = Ranmalsinhji II Amarsinhji Jhala
| house = [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra]]
| father = Amarsinhji
| mother = Dev kunwarba [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] of Gangad
| dynasty = [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]]
| module =
}}
[[His Highness|HH]] [[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]] '''Ranmalsinhji II Amarsinhji''' [[Maharaja Bahadur|Sahib Bahadur]], KCSI, was the 41st ruler of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Jhalavad]] from 1843 to 1869. He was the first person in [[Kathiawar]] to become [[Knight Commander of the Star of India]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KU5uAAAAMAAJ&q=ranmalsinhji |title=Gazetteers: Surendranagar District |date=1977 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Ranmalsinhji II was born to [[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]] Amarsinhji and his wife Dev Kunvarba. Ranmalsinhji was a scholar in [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddUgAAAAMAAJ&q=ranmalsinhji+II |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Jayasinhji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSZqDwAAQBAJ&q=Ranmalsinhji&pg=PA182 |title=Genealogy, Archive, Image: Interpreting Dynastic History in Western India, c. 1090-2016 |date=2018-07-19 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-060129-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
===Reign===
Ranmalsinhji succeeded his father on 9 April 1843. He repaired the fort of [[Dhrangadhra]], built new forts at Sitha and Umrada. He rebuilt the fort of Halvad, Ranmalsar tank at [[Dhrangadhra]]. Ranmalsinhji was fond of hunting, he hunted [[lions]] until they went extinct in [[Dhrangadhra]].
He was made [[Knight Commander of the Star of India]] on December 26 1886.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mayne |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBU-AQAAMAAJ&q=ranmalsinhji+II |title=History of the Dhrangadhra State |date=1921 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&dq=ranmalsinhji&pg=PA387 |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |language=en}}</ref>
===Death and succession===
He died on 16 October 1869, succeeded by his son [[Mansinhji II]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddUgAAAAMAAJ&q=ranmalsinhji+II |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Jayasinhji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugJuAAAAMAAJ&q=ranmalsinhji |title=Marriage, Hierarchy and Identity in Ideology and Practice: An Anthropological Study of Jhālā Rājpūt Society in Western India, Against a Historical Background, 1090-1990 A.D. |date=1991 |publisher=Harvard University |language=en}}</ref>
==Family==
He had 3 wives and 8 children: 5 sons and 3 daughters.<ref name=":0" />
===Wives===
*Jankunvarba or Bai Saheba I, daughter of Ranmalji [[Jadeja]] II, [[Thakur (title)|Thakor]] Saheb of [[Rajkot State|Rajkot]]
*Sundarkunvarba or Bai Saheba II, daughter of Nathaji [[Jadeja]], [[Thakur (title)|Thakor]] Saheb of [[Gondal State|Gondal]]
*Birjakunvarba, Bairajba, or Vrijrajkunvarba, daughter of Raidharji [[Jadeja]] of Sarodar
===Children===
*[[Mansinhji II]]
*Merasinhji
*Harisinhji
*Pratapsinhji
*Raghunathsinhji
*Ucchab Kunwarba, married to Ravaji Jadeja of [[Cutch State|Kutch]]
* Jeev Kunwarba, married to Javansinhji Rathor, [[Maharaja]] of [[Idar State|Idar]]

*Krishna Kunwarba, married to [[Maharao]] [[Pragmalji II|Pragmalji Jadeja II]] of [[Cutch State|Kutch]]

==Awards and honours==
*'''KCSI''': [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]], 1866<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references/>

{{morecat|date=November 2025}}

[[Category:1809 births]]
[[Category:1869 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian rajas]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]

King Sumitra

2026-01-18T15:01:26Z

LauriTym702628: Made a post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sumitra
| title =
| succession = King of [[Kosala]]
| reign = ? - 362 BCE
| predecessor = Suratha
| successor = Office abolished ([[Mahapadma Nanda]]'s conquest)
| house = [[Solar dynasty]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = Suratha
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''King Sumitra''' was the last ruler of [[Suryavansha|Suryavamsha]] dynasty of [[Kosala|Kosala kingdom]]. He was defeated by the emperor [[Mahapadma Nanda]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] in 362 or 345 BCE. However, he was not killed, and fled to [[Rohtas Fort, India|Rohtas]], located in present-day [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLU8DwAAQBAJ&q=king+sumitra+mahapadma+nanda&pg=PT14|title=The Valmiki Ramayana, Volume 3|isbn=9789387326286|last1=Debroy|first1=Bibek|date=25 October 2017|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dattatreya|first=Manjunath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEMgEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sumitra&pg=PT154|title=Suryavamsha: The Noble Kings of Ayodhya|date=2021-02-28|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-63806-504-3|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sumitra, King}}
[[Category:4th-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Kosala]]

Jangipur police district

2026-01-17T15:36:48Z

LauriTym702628: Made place - done

{{other uses|Jangipur (disambiguation){{!}}Jangipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jangipur police district
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = JPD
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Jangipur {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Jangipur Police District
| established_date = 1 January 2020
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_type = Police
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_urban =
| population_rural =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Population Growth
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742225
| iso_code =
| registration_plate =
| unemployment_rate =
| blank_name_sec1 = Tehsils
| blank_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.jangipurpolicedistrict.org}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = Administrative District
| leader_name2 = Murshidabad district
| leader_title3 = Administrative Division

| leader_name3 = [[Malda division|Malda]]
| leader_title4 = Headquarters

| leader_name4 = [[Raghunathganj]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics1_title3 =
| demographics1_info3 =
}}

'''Jangipur police district'''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/jangipur-police-district-formed/cid/1731901 | title= Jangipur police district | newspaper=The Telegraph | location=India | date=31 December 2019 | accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref> is a police district of [[Murshidabad district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It was established in September 2020.<ref>[https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/others/west-bengal-2-new-police-districts-of-murshidabad-and-jangipur-created-58-ips-officers-transferred/articleshow/73050854.cms Two New Police District Murshidabad and Jangipur]</ref>
Tel: (+91) 3483266201

==Geography==
Murshidabad district is divided into two police districts. Jangipur subdivision is one of the seven blocks under Jangipur police district. This block is : 1. Farakka, 2. Samserganj, 3. Suti I, 4. Suti II, 5. Raghunathganj I, 6. Raghunathganj II, 7. Sagardighi.

===Administrative units===
Jangipur subdivision has 5 police stations, 7 community development blocks, 7 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samitis]], 61 [[gram panchayat]]s, 561 [[mouza]]s, 420 inhabited villages, 2 municipalities and 52 [[census town]]s. The municipalities are: [[Jangipur (WB)|Jangipur]] and [[Dhulian]]. The census towns are: [[Farakka Barrage Township]], Srimantapur (P), Benia Gram, Arjunpur, Sibnagar, Memrejpur, Pranpara, Mahadebnagar, [[Anup Nagar]], Jaffrabad, [[Kankuria]], [[Uttar Mahammadpur]], [[Chachanda]], [[Dhusaripara]], [[Serpur]], Kohetpur, Bhasaipaikar, Jaykrishnapur, Basudebpur, [[Madna, West Bengal|Madna]], [[Ramakantapur]], [[Nayabahadurpur]], [[Fatellapur]], [[Jagtaj]], Debipur, [[Aurangabad, West Bengal|Aurangabad]], Mahendrapur, Hafania, [[Dafahat]], [[Paschim Punropara]], Ichhlampur, Chakmeghoan, Kakramari, Khanpur, Khidirpur, Bhabki, [[Ghorsala]], [[Srikantabati]], [[Charka, Jangipur|Charka]], Dafarpur, Ramnagar, Mirzapur, Giria, Mithipur, [[Jot Kamal]], Osmanpur, [[Sahajadpur]], [[Khodarampur]], Donalia, Teghari, Krishna Sali and Bara Jumla. The subdivision has its headquarters at [[Jangipur (WB)|Jangipur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 16 May 2017 | url-status = usurped | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archivedate = 29 July 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad of West Bengal | accessdate = 16 May 2017}}</ref>

===Police stations===
Police stations in Jangipur subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabd |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 17 May 2017 |url-status = usurped |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archivedate = 29 July 2017 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.murshidabadpolicewb.gov.in/# | title = Murshidabad District Police | work = | publisher = West Bengal Police | accessdate = 25 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823011111/http://www.murshidabadpolicewb.gov.in/ | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station ||Area covered km2||India-Bangladesh border km||Inter-state border KM||Municipal town || CD Block
|-
|[[Farakka#Police station|Farakka]]|| n/a || - || n/a || - ||[[Farakka (community development block)|Farakka]]
|-
|[[Dhulian#Police station|Samserganj]]|| n/a || n/a || n/a ||[[Dhulian]]||[[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]]
|-
|[[Suti#Police station|Suti]]|| n/a || n/a || n/a || - ||[[Suti I]], [[Suti II]]
|-
|[[Raghunathganj#Police station|Raghunathganj]]|| n/a || n/a || n/a ||[[Jangipur (WB)|Jangipur]]||[[Raghunathganj I]], [[Raghunathganj II]]
|-
|[[Sagardighi, Murshidabad#Police station|Sagardighi]]|| n/a || - || - || - ||[[Sagardighi (community development block)|Sagardighi]]
|-
|}

Murshidabad district has a 125.35 km long international border with Bangladesh of which 42.35 km is on land and the remaining is riverine.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.nic.in/About.aspx | title = Egiye Bangla Murshidabad | publisher = Murshidabad district authorities | accessdate = 25 July 2017}}</ref>

There are reports of [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]] entering Murshidabad district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html|title = Bangladeshi Infiltration: The Reality Check |publisher= The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | accessdate = 23 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=telegraph>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051205225003/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 December 2005 |title = Report taking shape amid infiltration buzz |publisher= The Telegraph, 23 August 2005 | accessdate = 23 July 2017}}</ref> An estimate made in 2000 places the total number of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants in India at 1.5 crore, with around 3 lakh entering every year. The thumb rule for such illegal immigrants is that for each illegal person caught four get through. While many immigrants have settled in the border areas, some have moved on, even to far way places such as Mumbai and Delhi. The border is guarded by the [[Border Security Force]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_Jamwal_0304.pdf | title = Border Management: Dilemma of Guarding the India-Bangladesh border | last = Jamwal | first = N.S. | publisher = Strategic Analysis, January–March 2004 | accessdate = 26 August 2017 | archive-date = 26 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170826193339/http://www.idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_Jamwal_0304.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> During the UPA government, [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]], Union Minister of State for Home Affairs, had made a statement in Parliament on 14 July 2004, that there were 12 million illegal Bangladeshi infiltrators living in India, and West Bengal topped the list with 5.7 million Bangladeshis. More recently, [[Kiren Rijiju]], Minister of State for Home Affairs in the NDA government has put the figure at around 20 million.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/two-crore-illegal-bangladeshi-living-in-india-govt-116111601110_1.html| title = Two crore illegal Bangladeshi living in India: Govt | work= | publisher = Business Standard / Press Trust of India, 16 November 2016 |accessdate = 26 August 2017}}</ref> Critics point out that the Bengali politicians, particularly those from the ruling [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]], believe that a soft approach to the problem helps them to win Muslim votes.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.oneindia.com/feature/bangladeshi-infiltrators-bengal-will-be-eaten-up-by-frankenstein-it-created-1697552.html | title = Bangladesh infiltrators: Bengal will be eaten up by the Frankenstein it created | work= | publisher = One India, 27 March 2015 |accessdate = 26 August 2017}}</ref>

===Blocks===
Community development blocks in Jangipur subdivision are:<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 6 May 2017 | url-status = usurped | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170302072706/http://dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 | archivedate = 2 March 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 16 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2103 | title = BDO Offices in Murshidabad district | work = | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | accessdate = 3 September 2017 | archive-date = 6 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170906200023/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2103 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Muslims]] %||[[Hindus]] %||Decadal Growth Rate 2001-2011 %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
|[[Farakka (community development block)|Farakka]]||[[Farakka]]||132.74||274,111||11.93||1.88||67.15||32.23||24.57||60.47||8
|-
|[[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]]||[[Dhulian]]||84.21||284,072||6.48||0.06||83.48||16.38||34.09||54.98||11
|-
|[[Suti I]]||[[Ahiran]]||143.68||179,908||14.37||0.15||58.15||41.62||29.02||58.06||4
|-
|[[Suti II]]||[[Dafahat]]||111.13||278,922||7.34||0.18||72.53||27.22||30.82||55.23||13
|-
|[[Raghunathganj I]]||[[Raghunathganj]]||140.91||195,627||27.11||1.33||56.48||43.32||26.73||64.49||6
|-
|[[Raghunathganj II]]||[[Giria, India|Giria]]||140.91||265,336||8.76||0.03||81.97||17.87||37.82||61.17||10
|-
|[[Sagardighi (community development block)|Sagardighi]]||[[Sagardighi, Murshidabad|Sagadighi]]||345.42||310,461||18.78||6.38||64.68||31.56||23.06||65.26|| -
|-
|}

===Gram Panchayats===
The subdivision contains 61 [[gram panchayat]]s under 7 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 25 August 2017}}</ref>

* [[Raghunathganj I]] CD Block - Dafarpur, Jarur, Mirjapur, Jamuar, Kanupur and Raninagar.
* [[Raghunathganj II]] CD Block - Barasimul Dayarampur, Jotkamal, Mitipur, Sekendra, Kasiadanga, Sammatinagar, Teghari–I, Giria, Lakshmijola and Sekalipur.
* [[Suti I]] CD Block - [[Ahiran]], [[Bansabati]], [[Nurpur, Murshidabad|Nurpur]], [[Bahutali]], [[Harua]] and [[Sadikpur, Murshidabad|Sadikpur]].
* [[Suti II]] CD Block - Aurangabad–I, Jagtai–I, Laxmipur, [[Umrapur, West Bengal|Umrapur]], Aurangabad–II, Jagtai–II, Mahesail–I, Bajitpur, Kasimnagar, Mahesail–II.
* [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]] CD Block - Bogdadnagar, Gajinagar Malancha, Nimtita, Bhasaipaikar, Chachanda, Pratapganj, Dogachhi Napara, Kanchantala and Tinpukuria.
* [[Sagardighi (community development block)|Sagardighi]] CD Block - Balia, Bokhara–I, Kabilpur, Patkeldanga, Bannyeswar, Bokhara–II, Monigram, Sagardighi, Barala, Gobordhandanga and Moregram.
* [[Farakka (community development block)|Farakka]] CD Blocks - Arjunpur, Bewa–I, Mahadebnagar, Bahadurpur, Bewa–II, Maheshpur, Beniagram, Imamnagar and Nayansukh.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Murshidabad District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Murshidabad district]]

Kharwa caste

2026-01-06T04:10:09Z

LauriTym702628: typo fix

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Costal community of Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

'''Kharwa,''' or '''Kharva''', ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: [[ISO 15919]]: ''Khārvā'') are a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Community]] from [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>People of India Gujarat Vol. XXI Part Two edited by R.B Lal, P.B.S.V Padmanabham, G Krishnan & M Azeez Mohideen pp. 652-657</ref>

==History==
The Kharwa community is distributed throughout the coastal areas of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Kutch district|Kutch]]. Kharwas from Diu also migrated to [[Indians in Mozambique|Mozambique]] and later from there to [[Indians in Portugal|Lisbon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roxo |first=Pedro |date=2018 |title=Hindu ''Jati'' (Castes) from Diu Island and the Reproduction of Religious Expressive Culture in the Hindu-Gujarati Diaspora in Mozambique and in Portugal: The ''Kathiyawadi Bhajan'' |journal=[[South Asian Studies]] |doi=10.1080/02666030.2018.1440061 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=57–69|s2cid=194999206 }}</ref> Shivaji I- king of [[Maratha Empire]] requested to recruit Kharwas from Gujarat port like diu khambat etc along with [[Bhandaris]] and [[Koli people|Kolis]] in large numbers of maratha navy. Kharwas were skilled sailors and seamen who had experience on the seas having traveled to places as far away as Aden, Zanzibar and Singapore. Australia. They were also experienced in building ships.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pendse|first=Sachin|title=The Sea in History - The Early Modern World|publisher=[[Boydell and Brewer]]|year=2017|isbn=9781783271603|editor-last=Buchet|editor-first=Christian|location=|pages=635–48|chapter=Maratha Sea Power|editor-last2=Le Bouëdec|editor-first2=Gérard}}</ref>

== Society and culture==
Mama fui marriage is practised amongst the Kharwas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karve|first=I.|date=1943|title=Kinship Terminology and Usages in Gujarāt Hajarat and Kathiāwād |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929317|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=4|issue=3|pages=208–226|jstor=42929317 |issn=0045-9801}}</ref>

== Religion ==

=== Beliefs and practices ===
Kharwa are [[Hindu]] and worship various forms of [[Devi]], including [[Ambika (goddess)|Ambaji]], [[Bhadrakali]], [[Bahuchara Mata|Bahuchara]] and [[Chamunda]] in Porbandar. Other ''Mātās'' worshiped include ''Samudrī, [[Harsidhhi|Sikotarī]]'' and ''[[Hinglaj Mata mandir|Hinglāj]].'' In Kutch ''Khojī, Dilvadī, Mamai, Padmani, Poravel'' and ''Veravali'' ''Mātās'' are also worshiped. [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Dariyalal]] is another important deity worshipped by Kharwas and other seafaring communities, including Muslim communities. The Kharwas of [[Mandvi]] tend to be [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavs]], while those of [[Veraval]] are [[Shaivism|Shaivites]].{{Sfn|Varadarajan|1983|p=5-8}}

=== Festivals ===
Like other marine communities, Kharwas celebrate the opening of the seafaring season, after the passage of the Monsoon on [[Coconut day|Narial Purnima]] which falls on the full moon in the month of [[Shraavana|Śravaṇ]]. Various offerings, including flowers, coconuts and incense sticks are offered to the deity of the sea, [[Samudra]]. Shravan Purnnima is celebrated with [[Shiva]], [[Varuna]], [[Maruts|Marut]], [[Parjanya]] and ''Ratnākar'' are worshiped, with Ganesha to remove any obstacles from their upcoming journeys into the sea. On Bhadravi Amavasya, a fair is held to propitiate Shiva. A lingam is installed along the coast and as the water level rises around it, it is believed that the spirit of Samudra has entered. Another fair is held on the birthday of Dariyalal on the second day of [[Chaitra]], where sweet rice is eaten as [[Prasāda|prasad]]. {{Sfn|Varadarajan|1983|p=5-8}}

==Present circumstances==
Importing and exporting goods by ship remains the traditional occupation of the community. They trade in many countries, including Oman, U.A.E, Somalia, and also other parts of Africa. Many Kharwa now have their own ships for exporting goods and have set up different cooperative societies.

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Cite journal|last=Varadarajan|first=Lotika|date=1983|title=Indian Seafaring: The Precept and Reality of Kalivarjya|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41562422|journal=[[Australian Association for Maritime History|The Great Circle]]|volume=5|issue=1|pages=1–12|jstor=41562422 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharwa (Caste)}}
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

Mürise

2025-11-28T01:41:20Z

LauriTym702628: New

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mürise
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Mürise
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
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| total_type = 
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| population_total = 677<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Murise|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227081711/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Murise|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 27, 2022|title=Census of India 2011 – Mürise data|website=indiagrowing.com|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Official
| population_blank2 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797113
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mürise''' is a village located in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]] and is a suburb of [[Chümoukedima]], the district headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapsofindia.com/villages/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/murise.html|title=Map of Mürise|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Mürise is situated in the Chümoukedima District of Nagaland. As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total 134 households in Mürise. The total population of Mürise is 677.

==See also==
*[[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chümoukedima district]]

Bishnupriya Gupta

2025-11-23T12:26:32Z

LauriTym702628: stub.

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
| education = {{ubl| [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]])|[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ([[Master of Philosophy|M.Phil.]])|[[Oxford University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil.]])}}
| discipline = [[Economics]]
| sub_discipline = [[Development economics]], [[Economic history]]
| workplaces = {{ubl| [[London School of Economics]]|[[University of Warwick]]}}
}}
'''Bishnupriya Gupta''' is an Indian economist, academic and author. She is a professor at the Department of Economics, [[University of Warwick]] in Coventry, England and the research director of Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE) funded by [[Economic and Social Research Council]] (ESRC). Her areas of interest include [[development economics]] and [[economic history]] with a focus on [[Industrial organization|industrial organisation]] in colonial India, gender bias and sex ratio in twentieth century India, and the [[Great Divergence|great divergence]] between Europe and Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Bishnupriya Gupta |url=http://cepr.org/about/people/bishnupriya-gupta |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=CEPR |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Gupta received a [[Master of Arts]] (MA) in economics from [[University of Calcutta]] and a [[Master of Philosophy]] (MPhil) in economic history from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU) in 1979 and 1982 respectively. She was awarded a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Doctorate of Philosophy]] (DPhil) in economic history from [[St Antony's College, Oxford|St Anthony's College]], Oxford University in 1989.

Between 1990 and 1994, Gupta worked at the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) and the [[Delhi School of Economics]]. She joined the Department of Economics, [[University of St Andrews|University of St. Andrews]] as a teaching and research fellow in 1995. For two years, starting 1999, she served as a lecturer at Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]. From 2001 to 2015, Gupta was an associate professor at Department of Economics, University of Warwick.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Latika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcpmCgAAQBAJ |title=A New Economic History of Colonial India |last2=Gupta |first2=Bishnupriya |last3=Roy |first3=Tirthankar |last4=Swamy |first4=Anand V. |date=20 August 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-67433-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Ideas For |title=Bishnupriya,Gupta |url=https://www.ideasforindia.in//profile/bishnupriya.html |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=www.ideasforindia.in |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201203754/http://ideasforindia.in/profile/bishnupriya.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, Gupta and her co-authors [[Stephen Broadberry]], Jean-Pascal Bassino, Kyoji Fukao, and Masanori Takashima were awarded the Larry Neal Prize for the best article published in [[Explorations in Economic History]] during 2018/19 for their paper "Japan and the Great Divergence, 730-1874". In the paper, the quintet argues that Japan experienced positive trend growth between 730 and 1874, unlike China and India, but remained behind northwest Europe due to its slower growth rate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CONGRATULATIONS TO STEPHEN BROADBERRY ON RECEIVING THE LARRY NEAL AWARD |url=https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/article/congratulations-to-stephen-broadberry-on-receiving-the-larry-neal-award |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=www.economics.ox.ac.uk |language=en |archive-date=13 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213122542/https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/article/congratulations-to-stephen-broadberry-on-receiving-the-larry-neal-award |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bassino |first1=Jean-Pascal |last2=Broadberry |first2=Stephen |last3=Fukao |first3=Kyoji |last4=Gupta |first4=Bishnupriya |last5=Takashima |first5=Masanori |date=April 2019 |title=Japan and the great divergence, 730–1874 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2018.11.005 |journal=Explorations in Economic History |language=en |volume=72 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2018.11.005 |issn=0014-4983|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards - Explorations in Economic History {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/explorations-in-economic-history/about/awards |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref>

Gupta was appointed as the co-editor of [[The Journal of Economic History]] in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Bishnupriya Gupta appointed as an editor of the Journal of Economic History |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/news/30-11-21-professor_bishnupriya_gupta_appointed_as_an_editor_of_the_journal_of_economic_history/ |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=warwick.ac.uk |language=en-GB |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319234203/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/news/30-11-21-professor_bishnupriya_gupta_appointed_as_an_editor_of_the_journal_of_economic_history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, she was elected as a [[Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishnupriya Gupta elected Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/news/07-03-23-bishnupriya_gupta_elected_fellow_of_the_academy_of_social_sciences/ |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=warwick.ac.uk |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612121930/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/news/07-03-23-bishnupriya_gupta_elected_fellow_of_the_academy_of_social_sciences/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2025, [[Cambridge University Press]] published ''An Economic History of India: Growth, Income and Inequalities from the Mughals to the 21st Century'' in which Gupta proposes a new framework, using concepts and theories from economics and economic history, to better understand the economic impacts of [[History of the British Raj|British colonial rule in India]]. She examines the country's transition from precolonial- to post-independence economy, shedding light on the prevailing impacts of historical institutions on economic performance. Kaushik Basu, Professor of Economics at [[Cornell University]], praised Gupta for casting aside the persisting biases commonly observed across colonialism-related research and presenting a "masterly study" of India's economic history. Referring to Gupta as "one of the leading academic experts on India's economic history," Lakshmi Iyer, Professor of Economics and Global Affairs at [[University of Notre Dame]] deemed the book "a must-read for anyone who has ever wondered whether British colonialism led to India's de-industrialization, whether independence made a difference to economic progress, and how much of India's post-colonial economic progress or stagnation can be attributed to its historical circumstances."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Bishnupriya |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-economic-history-of-india/AC111EF7D2CD334BE8EAF1606B7E2552 |title=An Economic History of India: Growth, Income and Inequalities from the Mughals to the 21st Century |date=2025 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49162-4 |series=Cambridge Studies in Economic History - Second Series |location=Cambridge |archive-date=26 August 2025 |access-date=1 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826163437/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-economic-history-of-india/AC111EF7D2CD334BE8EAF1606B7E2552 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New book on India exposes old myths and establishes new facts |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/news/05-06-25-new_book_on_india_exposes_old_myths_and_establishes_new_facts/ |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=warwick.ac.uk |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803081613/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/news/05-06-25-new_book_on_india_exposes_old_myths_and_establishes_new_facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Politics ==
Gupta was one of the seventy five Indian academics who opposed [[Narendra Modi]]'s candidacy for Prime Minister in an open letter ahead of the [[2014 Indian general election]]. The intelligentsia warned that his victory would "likely mean greater moral policing, especially of women, increased censorship and vigilantism, and more tensions with India's neighbours."<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2014 |title=Idea of Modi in power fills us with dread, Indian-origin academics say in open letter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/idea-of-modi-in-power-fills-us-with-dread-indian-origin-academics-say-in-open-letter/articleshow/34106244.cms |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209025259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/Idea-of-Modi-in-power-fills-us-with-dread-Indian-origin-academics-say-in-open-letter/articleshow/34106244.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2014 |title=Letters: The idea of Modi in power fills us with dread |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/letters/letters-the-idea-of-modi-in-power-fills-us-with-dread-9273298.html |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129083155/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/letters/letters-the-idea-of-modi-in-power-fills-us-with-dread-9273298.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, Gupta joined more than four hundred academics and intellectuals globally who released a statement opposing the "illegal" police action against JNU students on the basis of their political beliefs and the arrest of [[Kanhaiya Kumar]], president of the JNU Students Union. The statement affirmed the "autonomy of the university as a non-militarized space for freedom of thought and expression," urging the JNU vice chancellor to safeguard the rights of students, faculty, and the staff.<ref>{{Cite web |title='An Alibi for Incursion of an Authoritarian Regime onto the University Campus' |url=https://thewire.in/politics/scholars-worldwide-back-jnu-students |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==

=== Books ===
* Gupta, Bishnupriya (2025). "An Economic History of India: Growth, Income and Inequalities from the Mughals to the 21st Century". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-108-86906-5}}.
* Gupta, Bishnupriya; Chaudhary, Latika; Swamy Anand; Roy, Tirthankar (2015). "A New Economic History of Colonial India". London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-1-317-67433-7}}.

=== Book chapters ===
* Gupta, Bishnupriya; Roy, Tirthankar (2017). [https://academic.oup.com/book/7358/chapter/152152209 "Chapter 10: From Artisanal Production to Machine Tools: Industrialization in India over the Long Run"]. In O'Rourke, Kevin; Williamson, Jefferey (eds.). ''The Spread of Modern Industry to the Periphery since 1871''. Oxford, United Kingdom: [[Oxford University Press]]. pp. 229–55. [[doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753643.003.0010]] {{ISBN| 978-0-19-875364-3}}.
* Gupta, Bishnupriya (2021). "Chapter 6: From free Trade to Regulation: The Political Economy of India's Development". In Broadberry, Stephen and Fukao, Kyoji (eds.). ''The Cambridge Economic History of the Modern World''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–75. {{ISBN| 978-1-107-15948-8}}.
* Gupta, Bishnupriya (2018). "South Asia in the World Economy: 1600-1950". In Riello, Giorgio and Roy, Tirthankar (eds.). ''Global Economic History''. London: [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury Academic]]. pp. 429–46. {{ISBN|978-1-4725-8842-5|9781472588425|1472588436|9781472588432}}.
* Gupta, Bishnupriya; Roy, Tirthankar; Ma, Debin (2016). "Part 1: States and Development: Early Modern India, China and Great Divergence". In Eloranta, Jari; Golson, Eric; Markewich, Andrei; Wolf, Nikolaus (eds.). ''Economic History of Warfare and State Formation''. Springer. pp. 51–67. {{ISBN|978-981-10-1604-2}}.
* Gupta, Bishnupriya; Broadberry, Stephen (2015). "Chapter 2: Indian economic performance and living standards: 1600-2000". In Chaudhary, Latika, Gupta, Bishnupriya, Roy, Tirthankar and A. Swamy (eds.). ''A New Economic History of Colonial India''. London: Routledge. pp. 15–32. [[doi:10.4324/9781315771083-2]] {{ISBN|978-0-367-23637-3}}.
* Gupta, Bishnupriya (2011). "Part 1: India's Growth in a Long Run Perspective". In Jha, Raghbendra (ed.). ''Handbook of South Asian Economics''. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. [[doi:10.4324/9780203827796]] {{ISBN|978-0-203-82779-6}}.
* Gupta, Bishnupriya; Ma, Debin (2010). "Europe in an Asian Mirror: The Great Divergence". In Broadberry, Stephen and O'Rourke, Kevin (eds.). ''The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe, Volume 1:1700-1870''. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-521-70838-8|978-0521708388}}.
* Gupta, Bishnupriya (1993). "Trade Liberalization and Changes in the Protection of Indian Industry". In Gupta, Swaraj (ed.). ''Economic Liberalization in India and its Impact''. New Delhi: [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]. pp. 166–81.

=== Journal articles ===
* Fenske, James; Gupta, Bishnupriya; Neumann, Cora (2025). "Missing Women in Colonial India". Economic History Review. [[doi:10.1111/ehr.13413]] {{ISSN|0013-0117}}.
* Fenske, James; Gupta, Bishnupriya; Yuan, Song (2022). "Demographic Shocks and Women’s Labor Market Participation: Evidence from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in India". The Journal of Economic History, 82(3), 875–912. [[doi:10.1017/S0022050722000304]] {{ISSN|0022-0507}}
* Gupta, Bishnupriya; Mookherjee, Dilip; Munshi, Kaivan; Sanclemente, Mario (2022). "Community Origins of Industrial Entrepreneurship in Colonial India." Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 159(C). [[doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102973]] {{ISSN|0083-7350}}.
* Gupta, Bishnupriya (2019). "Falling Behind and Catching up: India’s Transition from a Colonial Economy". Economic History Review, 72 (3). pp. 803–827. [[doi:10.1111/ehr.12849]] {{ISSN|0013-0117}}.
* Bassino, Jean-Pascal; Broadberry, Stephen; Fukao, Kyoji; Gupta, Bishnupriya; Takashima, Masanori (2019). "Japan and the great divergence, 730–1874". Explorations in Economic History, 72. pp. 1–22. [[doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2018.11.005]] {{ISSN|0014-4983}}.
* Broadberry, Stephen; Custodis, Johann; Gupta, Bishnupriya (2015). "India and the Great Divergence : An Anglo-Indian Comparison of GDP per capita, 1600–1871". Explorations in Economic History, 55. pp. 58–75. [[doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2014.04.003]] {{ISSN|0014-4983}}.
* Gupta, Bishnupriya (2014). "Discrimination or Social Networks? Industrial Investment in Colonial India". The Journal of Economic History, 74 (1). pp. 141–168. [[doi:10.1017/S0022050714000059]] {{ISSN|0022-0507}}.
* Gupta, Bishnupriya (2014). "Where Have all the Brides Gone? Son Preference and Marriage in India over the Twentieth Century". The Economic History Review, 67 (1). pp. 1–24. [[doi:10.1111/1468-0289.12011]] {{ISSN|0013-0117}}.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control|suppress=P8189|qid=Q70750995}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Bishnupriya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Indian development economists]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Lakshmi Chandralamba Parameshwari

2025-11-19T20:37:54Z

LauriTym702628:

{{Short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Chandralamba Parameshwari
| deity_of = Goddess of Protection
| other_names = Lakshmi Chandrala Parameshwari
| affiliation = [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]]
| consort = [[Vishnu]]
| temple = [[Sannati|Chandrala Parameshwari Temple]]
| image =
| abode = [[Sannati]]
| mantra = Om Shri Chandralambaye Namah
| festivals = Navratri Mahotsav
| weapons = [[Panchajanya]], [[Sudarshana Chakra]]
}}

'''Chandralamba Parameshwari''' ([[Kannada]]: ಚಂದ್ರಳಂಬ ಪರಮೇಶ್ವರಿ), also known as '''Sri Lakshmi Chandrala Parmeshwari''' or '''Chandrala Parmeshwari''', is a revered [[Hindus|Hindu]] goddess who is primarily worshipped as an incarnation of the goddess [[Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/District_Census_Handbook_Series_9_Karnat/iGUkAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=chandralamba+parmeshwari+lakshmi&dq=chandralamba+parmeshwari+lakshmi&printsec=frontcover |title=District Census Handbook. Series 9, Karnataka, Gulbarga District |date=1987 |publisher=Government Press |language=en}}</ref> She is particularly significant in the state of [[Karnataka]], India, and is also considered a family deity (''kuladevi'') by many Hindu families in the neighboring states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The goddess is essentily Lakshmi holding a [[Shankha]] and [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=chandralamba |url=https://sannatichandralamba.com/#:~:text=Sannati%20is%20home%20to%20the,of%20Goddess%20Lakshmi%20-%20was%20brought. |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=sannatichandralamba.com}}</ref>

== Legend ==
The story, recounted in the [[Skanda Purana]], tells of a princess named Chandravadani who was held captive by an evil king. When her husband, a sage named Narayana Muni, sought divine help from goddess Lakshmi, who came to his aid in the form of Goddess Chandralamba. She sent five bumblebees from her sacred footwear (''paduka'') to defeat the king, who was eventually drowned in the Bhima River. This legend establishes her as a powerful force against evil and a protector of the righteous.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Laxmi Chandralamba Devi Parameshwari |url=https://chandralamba.org/History_of_Shrine.htm |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=chandralamba.org}}</ref>

== Temples ==
[[Sannati|Sri Lakshmi Chandrala Parameshwari Temple]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]

That Is Mahalakshmi

2025-10-22T09:43:45Z

LauriTym702628: formatting fix

{{short description|Unreleased Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = That Is Mahalakshmi
| image = That Is Mahalakshmi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Prasanth Varma]]
| producer = {{ubl|Manu Kumaran|[[Parul Yadav]]}}
| writer =
| story = [[Vikas Bahl]]
| based_on = {{ubl|''[[Queen (2013 film)|Queen]]'' (Hindi)(2014) by Vikas Bahl}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
| music = {{ubl|[[Amit Trivedi]]|[[Arjuna Harjai]]}}
| cinematography = Michael Taburiaux
| editing = Goutham Nerusu
| studio = [[Medient Studios|Mediente International Films Ltd.]]
| released =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime =
| budget =
}}
'''''That Is Mahalakshmi''''' is an unreleased Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Prasanth Varma]], produced by Manu Kumaran and [[Parul Yadav]]. The film is a remake of the 2014 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Queen (2013 film)|Queen]]''. The film stars [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] in the role, with [[Shibani Dandekar]] and [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]] playing supporting roles. The film encountered problems at every stage, from production to distribution, resulting in numerous delays and ultimately preventing its release.<ref name="Teaser">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2018 |title=That is Mahalakshmi teaser: Tamannaah takes on the Queen avatar in the Telugu version |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/that-is-mahalakshmi-teaser-tamannaah-queen-telugu-5504229/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723123630/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/that-is-mahalakshmi-teaser-tamannaah-queen-telugu-5504229/ |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S |date=2020-09-06 |title=The south's take on Queen is mired in difficulties... ... but things are falling in place, says producer Manu Kumaran |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20200906/282076279270540 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712000156/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20200906/282076279270540 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Mahalakshmi
* [[Shibani Dandekar]] as Vijayalakshmi<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2019 |title=Web doesn't focus alone on hero or heroine: Shibani Dandekar |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/story/web-doesnt-focus-alone-on-hero-or-heroine-shibani-dandekar-187647-2019-04-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120051803/https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/story/web-doesnt-focus-alone-on-hero-or-heroine-shibani-dandekar-187647-2019-04-14 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Business Today}}</ref>
* [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sridhar |date=21 October 2017 |title=Guntur Talkies boy in Telugu remake of Queen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/guntur-talkies-boy-in-telugu-remake-of-queen/articleshow/61154315.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120051658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/guntur-talkies-boy-in-telugu-remake-of-queen/articleshow/61154315.cms |archive-date=20 January 2024 |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Geetanjali (actress)|Geetanjali]]<ref name="Teaser" />
* [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]]<ref name="Teaser" />
* Guillermo Uria Viar<ref name="Teaser" />
* Jeffrey Ho as Taka<ref name="Teaser" />
* Nikos Vatikiotis<ref name="Teaser" />
* Roopa Lakshmi<ref name="Teaser" />
* Clifton Brown<ref name="Teaser" />
* Samarth Ashok Hegde<ref name="Teaser" />
}}
== Production ==
In June 2014, [[Viacom18 Studios]], the producers of the Hindi film ''[[Queen (2013 film)|Queen]]'' (2014), made an official announcement that they sold the remake rights for the Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada versions of their film to [[Thiagarajan]], who would make the films through his production studio, Staar Movies. Viacom put a caveat in the agreement that the principal photography of any of the films must start by 8 June 2017, else the rights would revert to Viacom.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ians |date=11 June 2014 |title=Thiagarajan bags rights to remake 'Queen' down south |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/thiagarajan-bags-rights-to-remake-queen-down-south/article6104057.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614182246/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/thiagarajan-bags-rights-to-remake-queen-down-south/article6104057.ece |archive-date=14 June 2014 |access-date=29 September 2017 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Soon after the announcement in June 2014, several Indian directors and actresses expressed their desire to do the film, but Thiagarajan maintained that no one had been finalised and that he was still considering his options.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Radha Mohan to direct Queen? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140627/entertainment-tollywood/article/radha-mohan-direct-queen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925182457/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140627/entertainment-tollywood/article/radha-mohan-direct-queen |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Cinema News – Tamil Movie Reviews – Tamil Movie Trailers – IndiaGlitz Tamil |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/priya-anand-is-ready-to-be-tamil-queen-tamil-news-112263.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909150519/https://www.indiaglitz.com/priya-anand-is-ready-to-be-tamil-queen-tamil-news-112263.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=indiaglitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=10 July 2014 |title=Queen South Indian remake: Thiagarajan yet to finalise the leading lady! |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/queen-south-indian-remake-thiagarajan-yet-to-finalise-the-leading-lady/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180840/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/queen-south-indian-remake-thiagarajan-yet-to-finalise-the-leading-lady/ |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=bollywoodlife.com}}</ref> Thiagarajan announced his potential plans of casting [[Lisa Haydon]] to reprise her supporting role and for his son [[Prashanth]] to act in the film, but remarked that he was unsure if Prashanth would accept to play a character with "grey shades".<ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=R.M. Vijayakar, India |title=Thiagarajan to Remake 'Queen' in Four Languages |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/south_indian/thiagarajan-to-remake-queen-in-four-languages/article_34ac009a-fe4b-11e3-a05e-001a4bcf887a.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181548/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/south_indian/thiagarajan-to-remake-queen-in-four-languages/article_34ac009a-fe4b-11e3-a05e-001a4bcf887a.html |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=indiawest.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2014 |title=No pressure on Prashanth to be in 'Queen' remake: Thiagarajan |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/no-pressure-on-prashanth-to-be-in-queen-remake-thiagarajan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925225643/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/no-pressure-on-prashanth-to-be-in-queen-remake-thiagarajan/ |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] held discussions about portraying the film's lead role during July 2014, but turned the film down after being unconvinced about the way the original script was set to be adapted into the South Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Actress Samantha rejects Queen |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140701/entertainment-tollywood/article/actress-samantha-rejects-queen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925183025/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140701/entertainment-tollywood/article/actress-samantha-rejects-queen |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2014 |title=Basking in Freedom |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140815/entertainment-kollywood/article/basking-freedom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925183027/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140815/entertainment-kollywood/article/basking-freedom |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

After a period of inactivity and further media reports about the casting of the lead actress, Thiagarajan revealed in February 2016 that he had signed on [[Revathi]] to direct the Tamil version of the film, while [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] would work as the dialogue writer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ians |date=2 February 2016 |title=Revathy to direct Tamil, Telugu remake of 'Queen' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/revathy-to-direct-tamil-telugu-remake-of-queen/article8182557.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203164121/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/revathy-to-direct-tamil-telugu-remake-of-queen/article8182557.ece |archive-date=3 December 2016 |access-date=29 September 2017 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Soon after, [[Nayanthara]] turned down the opportunity to work on the film citing scheduling issues during early 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayanthara is not a part of 'Queen' remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nayanthara-is-not-a-part-of-queen-remake-news-tamil-qdrkrocjcfgfb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317200238/http://www.sify.com/movies/nayanthara-is-not-a-part-of-queen-remake-news-tamil-qdrkrocjcfgfb.html |archive-date=17 March 2016 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In mid-2016, [[Trisha Krishnan]] was also approached to play the lead role but conflicting schedules meant that she could not sign on to appear in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trisha approached for 'Queen' remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-approached-for-queen-remake-news-tamil-qg3o75eghcdid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702153015/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-approached-for-queen-remake-news-tamil-qg3o75eghcdid.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Trisha Krishnan still front-runner for Queen Tamil remake |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/trisha-nan-still-front-runner-for-queen-tamil-remake-2883782/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181310/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/trisha-nan-still-front-runner-for-queen-tamil-remake-2883782/ |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> The media also linked actresses [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]] and [[Nithya Menen]] to the lead role, but neither were signed on.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Radhika C. |title=Nithya Menen in Queen remake? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Nithya-Menen-in-Queen-remake/articleshow/46594619.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107060353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Nithya-Menen-in-Queen-remake/articleshow/46594619.cms |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=29 September 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> During an interaction with the media in November 2016, Thiagarajan revealed that he had finalised Revathi to direct the Tamil and Malayalam versions of the film, while Anish Kuruvilla and [[Prakash Raj]] would make the Telugu and Kannada versions respectively. He added that [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] would feature in the lead role of the Tamil version, while [[Amala Paul]] and [[Parul Yadav]] would reprise the role in the Malayalam and Kannada versions respectively. He also stated that [[Amy Jackson]] was signed on to feature in all four versions of the film in the role originally portrayed by Lisa Haydon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilemma on Tollywood Queen Continues |url=http://www.gulte.com/movienews/53858/Dilemma-on-Tollywood-Queen-Continues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181613/http://www.gulte.com/movienews/53858/Dilemma-on-Tollywood-Queen-Continues |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=gulte.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Finally, it is Tamannaah to do 'Queen' remake! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/finally-it-is-tamannaah-to-do-queen-remake-news-tamil-ql2pUMcgejddd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129084625/http://www.sify.com/movies/finally-it-is-tamannaah-to-do-queen-remake-news-tamil-ql2pUMcgejddd.html |archive-date=29 November 2016 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |title=Tamannaah is the Tamil Queen |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamannaah-is-the-Tamil-Queen/articleshow/55666447.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111150036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamannaah-is-the-Tamil-Queen/articleshow/55666447.cms |archive-date=11 January 2018 |access-date=29 September 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In April 2017, Tamannaah stated that the film was shelved, though Thiagarajan refuted her claim and stated that production would begin in May 2017. He revealed that talks with the actress to play the lead role had fallen through after a dispute over her remuneration for the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Kangana Ranaut's Queen Tamil remake shelved, confirms Tamannaah |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/queen-tamil-remake-starring-tamannaah-shelved-kangana-ranaut-4610553/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925225638/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/queen-tamil-remake-starring-tamannaah-shelved-kangana-ranaut-4610553/ |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2017 |title=Queen remake is still on: Thiagarajan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130417/queen-remake-is-still-on-thiagarajan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925182528/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130417/queen-remake-is-still-on-thiagarajan.html |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

In June 2017, further confusion about the remake arose after two separate production houses apart from Thiagarajan's Staar Movies had claimed rights to the film. As per a contract signed on 30 July 2016, Staar Movies agreed to enter into a co-production agreement with Mediente International Films Ltd and Liger Commercial Brokers for the making of the films. However a mutual cancellation form was then signed between the parties on 5 April 2017 after Mediente allegedly failed to pay the consideration provided under the agreement.<ref name="gc">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2017 |title=What Ails The 'Queen' Remake? |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/what-ails-the-queen-remakes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910190706/https://silverscreenindia.com/tamil/features/what-ails-the-queen-remakes/ |archive-date=10 September 2023 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref> Then, as per a contract signed on 21 April 2017, Staar Movies agreed to assign the rights of all four South Indian versions of ''Queen'' to Golden Crab Film Production Ltd. In order to avoid the reversion of rights back to Viacom due to three years of inactivity, Staar Movies and Golden Crab swiftly began shooting the film on 17 May 2017 with a series of supporting actors including [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] under the title of ''Vaanil Thedi Nindren''.<ref name="gc" /> However, on 3 June 2017, Staar Movies again assigned and transferred the remake rights of the film to Mediente and Liger, with the Kannada version of the film titled ''[[Butterfly (unreleased film)|Butterfly]]'' featuring Parul Yadav, starting immediately with [[Ramesh Aravind]] taking over as director. Staar Movies then produced a declaration affidavit on 14 June 2017 that any agreement with Golden Crab Films was false.<ref name="gc" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2017 |title='I feel like a Queen to have my film launched on my birthday' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/04/i-feel-like-a-queen-to-have-my-film-launched-on-my-birthday-1612873.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181235/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/04/i-feel-like-a-queen-to-have-my-film-launched-on-my-birthday-1612873.html |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

[[Kajal Aggarwal]] revealed in August 2017 that she had agreed terms to play the lead role in the Tamil version of the film, which would also be directed by Ramesh Aravind and produced by Mediente, and that the film's shoot would begin in September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=tabloid! |first=Mythily Ramachandran, Special to |date=23 August 2017 |title=Kajal Aggarwal talks 'Vivegam' and future films |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/kajal-aggarwal-talks-vivegam-and-future-films-1.2079053 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928104450/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/kajal-aggarwal-talks-vivegam-and-future-films-1.2079053 |archive-date=28 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kajal Aggarwal to play lead in 'Queen' remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-aggarwal-to-play-lead-in-queen-remake-news-tamil-rizmSoaeahcjf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826013003/http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-aggarwal-to-play-lead-in-queen-remake-news-tamil-rizmSoaeahcjf.html |archive-date=26 August 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In September 2017, it was revealed that Tamannaah would work on the Telugu version of the film which would be directed by [[Neelakanta (director)|Neelakanta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2017 |title=After Kajal gets confirmed for Tamil version, Tamannaah bags Telugu remake of Queen? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/060917/neelakanta-to-helm-queens-telugu-remake.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925183158/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/060917/neelakanta-to-helm-queens-telugu-remake.html |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Amala Paul also opted out of the Malayalam version citing date issues and was later replaced by [[Manjima Mohan]]. Amy Jackson was initially in talks to play the role Lisa Haydon played in ''Queen'' however opted out due to unavailability of dates and creative differences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2017 |title=I want to be more choosy about my films: Amala Paul |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/aug/16/i-want-to-be-more-choosy-about-my-films-amala-paul-1643671.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181428/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/aug/16/i-want-to-be-more-choosy-about-my-films-amala-paul-1643671.html |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2017 |title=Manjima is Malayalam Queen |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/070917/manjima-is-malayalam-queen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925182808/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/070917/manjima-is-malayalam-queen.html |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title=Amit Trivedi to make his Kollywood debut with Queen remake |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amit-trivedi-to-make-his-kollywood-debut-with-queen-remake/articleshow/60807113.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928072110/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amit-trivedi-to-make-his-kollywood-debut-with-queen-remake/articleshow/60807113.cms |archive-date=28 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Filming began on 2 November 2017. Two months later, Neelakanta left the film,<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 16, 2018 |title=Queen remake: Tamannaah Bhatia responds to reports of director Neelakanta quitting over creative differences |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/queen-telugu-remake-tamannaah-bhatia-responds-to-reports-of-director-neelakanta-quitting-over-creative-differences-4305541.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204532/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/queen-telugu-remake-tamannaah-bhatia-responds-to-reports-of-director-neelakanta-quitting-over-creative-differences-4305541.html |archive-date=29 May 2018 |access-date=2018-05-29 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref> and was replaced by [[Prashanth Varma]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-28 |title=Prasanth Varma to helm Queen remake |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280518/prasanth-varma-to-helm-queen-remake.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529062809/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280518/prasanth-varma-to-helm-queen-remake.html |archive-date=29 May 2018 |access-date=2018-05-29 |work=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = That Is Mahalakshmi
| type = soundtrack
| artist= [[Amit Trivedi]]
|cover =
|alt =
|released = 1 September 2020
| recorded= 2018–19
|studio = A T Studios
|genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| producer=Amit Trivedi
|length =
|label = [[Zee Music Company]]
|prev_title = [[Mission Mangal]]
|prev_year = 2019
|next_title = [[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]
|next_year = 2019
}}
The music of the film is composed by Amit Trivedi and lyrics are by Krishna Kanth. The songs were released under [[Zee Music Company]] on 1 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3xS762G5l8 |title=That is Mahalakshmi – Full Movie Audio Jukebox {{!}} Tamannaah {{!}} Amit Trivedi |date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Zee Music South |access-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912214630/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3xS762G5l8&app=desktop |archive-date=12 September 2020 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = London Dhaka Dol
| extra1 = [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| lyrics1 = Krishna Kanth
| length1 = 3:36
| title2 = Katha Modalavake
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Sathyaprakash D
| length2 = 3:54
| lyrics2 = Krishna Kanth
| title3 = Sugar Honey
| extra3 = [[Benny Dayal]], R Venkatraman (Rap)
| lyrics3 = Krishna Kanth
| length3 = 3:36
| title4 = Raathe Marindaa
| extra4 = Shashaa Tirupati, Amit Trivedi
| length4 = 4:40
| lyrics4 = Krishna Kanth
| title5 = Yes You Can
| extra5 = Sunitha Sarathy
| length5 = 4:02
| lyrics5 =
| title6 = Sagame Chusaanaa
| extra6 = [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Sameera Bharadwaj
| length6 = 3:41
| lyrics6 = Krishna Kanth
| title7 = Kallara Chusthunna
| extra7 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length7 = 3:53
| lyrics7 = Krishna Kanth
| total_length = 27:17
}}

== See also ==
*[[Paris Paris]]
*[[Butterfly (unreleased film)|Butterfly]]
*[[Zam Zam (film)|Zam Zam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7943256}}
{{Prasanth Varma}}
{{Viacom18 Studios}}

[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prasanth Varma]]
[[Category:Films scored by Amit Trivedi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjuna Harjai]]
[[Category:Films set in Barcelona]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in Paris]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Barcelona]]
[[Category:Films shot in France]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Paris]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Spain]]

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]

List of Hindi films of 1964

2025-09-06T18:38:35Z

LauriTym702628: updated page also and corrected details

{{Short description|None}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Bollywood films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Bollywood]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1964:

==Top-grossing films==
The ten top-grossing films at the Indian Box Office in 1964:<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India|title=Top Earners 1964|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=170&catName=MTk2NA==|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=10 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212160433/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=170&catName=MTk2NA==|archive-date=12 February 2010}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank
! Title
! Cast
|-
| 1.
| ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]''
| [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Rajendra Kumar]]
|-
| 2.
| ''[[Ayee Milan Ki Bela]]''
| [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Dharmendra]]
|-
| 3.
| ''[[Dosti (1964 film)|Dosti]]''
| Sushil Kumar, Sudhir Kumar, [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Uma Rajoo]]
|-
| 4.
| ''[[Ziddi (1964 film)|Ziddi]]''
| [[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Asha Parekh]]
|-
| 5.
| ''[[Rajkumar (1964 film)|Rajkumar]]''
| [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]]
|-
| 6.
| ''[[Beti Bete]]''
| [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Saroja Devi]]
|-
| 7.
| ''[[Kashmir Ki Kali]]''
| [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]]
|-
| 8.
| ''[[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]]''
| [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Raaj Kumar]]
|-
|9.
| ''[[Woh Kaun Thi]]''
|[[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]], [[Manoj Kumar]]
|-
| 10.
| ''[[April Fool (1964 film)|April Fool]]''
| [[Biswajeet]], [[Saira Banu]]
|-
| 11.
| ''[[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|Haqeeqat]]''
| [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]], [[Priya Rajvansh]]
|-
| 12.
| ''[[Samson (1964 film)|Samson]]''
| [[Dara Singh]], [[Ameeta]], [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]]
|-
| 13.
| ''[[Dulha Dulhan]]''
| [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]], [[Raj Kapoor]]
|-
| 14.
| ''[[Door Ki Awaaz]]''
| [[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Saira Banu]]
|-
| 15.
| ''[[Nartaki (1963 film)| Nartaki]]''
| [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Nanda (actress)| Nanda]]
|}

==A-G==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Aandhi Aur Toofan]]''||Mohammed Hussain ||[[Dara Singh]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]], Maruti, Kamran ||Action Adventure ||Music: Robin Banerjee Lyrics: [[Faruk Kaiser]]
|-
|''Aao Pyaar Karen''||R. K. Nayyar ||[[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Rajendra Nath]], Madhvi, [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], Shyam Chatterjee ||Romance Drama ||Music: [[Usha Khanna]] Lyrics:[[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
|''[[Aap Ki Parchhaiyan]]''|| Mohan Kumar || [[Dharmendra]], [[Supriya Chowdhury]], [[Shashikala]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Leela Chitnis]], Vijayalaxmi, [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] ||Romance Drama ||Music: [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]] Lyrics: [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]]
|-
|''[[Aaya Toofan (1964 film)|Aaya Toofan]]''||Kedar Kapoor, Mohammed Hussain ||[[Dara Singh]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], Randhawa, [[Indira Billi]], Maruti, [[Tun Tun]] ||Action ||Music: [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] Lyrics: [[Asad Bhopali]]
|-
|''[[Apne Huye Paraye]]''||Ajit Chakraborty || [[Mala Sinha]], [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Shashikala]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] ||Romantic love triangle ||Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
|''[[April Fool (1964 film)|April Fool]]''|| [[Subodh Mukherjee]] || [[Biswajeet]], [[Saira Banu]], Nazima, [[I. S. Johar]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], Sajjan, [[Chand Usmani]], [[Ram Avtar]], [[M. B. Shetty|Shetty]] || Romance Musical ||Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
|''[[Arab Ka Lal]]'' ||A. Shamsheer ||Samar Roy, [[Indra Billi]], Sherry, Leela, Dilawar, Shyam Kumar ||Costume Action ||Music: S. Kishan Lyrics: A. Shamsheer
|-
|''[[Awara Badal]]''||Kedar Kapoor ||[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Indira Billi]], [[Leela Mishra]] Jagdish Sethi, [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] ||Action ||Music: [[Usha Khanna]] Lyrics: Javed Anwar, [[Anand Bakshi]], [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]]
|-
|''[[Ayee Milan Ki Bela]]''|| Mohan Kumar || [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Shashikala]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], [[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] ||Romantic Drama ||Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
|''[[Badshah (1964 film)|Badshah]]''||Chandrakant ||[[Dara Singh]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], Tiwari, Rani, Shakila Bano Bhopali, Maruti, Rajan Haksar ||Costume Action ||Music: [[Datta Naik]] Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
|''[[Baghi (1964 film)|Baghi]]''||Ram Dayal ||[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Leela Naidu]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Veena (actress)|Veena]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], Vijaya Chaudhary, [[Jagdeep]] ||Costume Action ||Music: [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
|''[[Baghi Shahzada]]'' ||Maruti Rao ||[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], Madhumati, Maruti, B. M. Vyas, [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], [[W. M. Khan]] || Action||Music: Bipin Babul Lyrics: Noor Devasi & Raja Mehdi Ali Khan
|-
|''[[Benazir (film)|Benazir]]'' ||[[Bimal Roy]] ||[[Ashok Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Tanuja]], [[Durga Khote]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Tarun Bose]], [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] ||Social Muslim Drama ||Music: [[S. D. Burman]] Lyrics: [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
|-
|''[[Beti Bete]]''||[[T L V Prasad]] ||[[Sunil Dutt]], [[Saroja Devi]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Shobha Khote]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] ||Family Drama ||Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
|''Bhakta Dhruvakumar''||Dhirubhai Desai ||[[Shahu Modak]], [[Nirupa Roy]], Babloo, [[Indira Billi]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], Niranjan Sharma ||Devotional ||Music: [[Avinash Vyas]] Lyrics: Madan Bharti, Avinash Vyas
|-
|''[[Birju Ustad]]'' ||Manu Desai ||[[Sheikh Mukhtar]], Vijaya Choudhary, [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]], [[Mukri]], [[Tun Tun]] ||Action ||Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji]] Lyrics: [[Qamar Jalalabadi]]
|-
|''[[Captain Azad]]''
|Ram Rasila
|Azad, Neelam Kumari, [[Aruna Irani]], Heera Sawant, Maqbul, Majnu, Habib
|Costume Action
|Music: Piter Nawab Lyrics: M. M. Khan
|-
|''[[Cha-cha-cha (1964 film)|Cha Cha Cha]]''
|Chandrashekhar
|[[Om Prakash]], [[Bela Bose]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Tun Tun]]
|Musical Dance Drama
|Music: Iqbal Qureshi Lyrics: [[Bharat Vyas]], Maqdoom Mohiuddin, Neeraj
|-
|''[[Challenge (1964 film)|Challenge]]''
|B. J. Patel
|Ranjan, Chitra, [[Bela Bose]], [[Tiwari (actor)|Tiwari]], Polson, Maruti, Indira Bansal
|Action
|Music: Ajit Merchant Lyrics: [[Prem Dhawan|Prem Dhawa]]
|-
|''[[Chandi Ki Deewar]]''
|Dilip Bose
|[[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Nutan]], Indrani Mukherjee, Asit Sen, Sudhir, Naaz, [[Honey Irani]], Pratima Devi
|Romantic drama
|Music: [[N. Dutta]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
|''[[Char Dervesh]]''
|[[Homi Wadia]]
|[[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]], [[Sayeeda Khan]], [[Naaz (actress)|Naaz]], [[B. M. Vyas]], [[Mukri]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]]
|Fantasy
|Music: G. S. Kohli Lyrics: [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]], Saba Fazli, [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan|Raja Mehdi Ali Kha]]
|-
|''[[Chitralekha (1964 film)|Chitralekha]]''
|[[Kidar Sharma]]
|[[Ashok Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], Zeb Rehman, [[Achla Sachdev]], [[Minu Mumtaz]], [[Bela Bose]]
|Historical romantic drama
|Music: [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
|''[[Daal Me Kala]]''
|[[Satyen Bose]]
|[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Nimmi]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Bipin Gupta]], [[Abhi Bhattacharya]], Sajjan, [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]]
|Comedy
|Music: [[C. Ramchandra]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]], [[Bharat Vyas]], [[Pyarelal Santoshi]]
|-
|''[[Dara Singh (film)|Dara Singh]]''
|Kedar Kapoor
|[[Dara Singh]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Salim Khan]], [[Tabassum (actress)|Tabassum]], Tiwari, [[Mohan Choti]]
|Action
|Music: [[Hansraj Behl]] Lyrics: [[Prem Dhawan]]
|-
|''[[Dooj Ka Chaand]]''
|[[Nitin Bose]]
|[[Ashok Kumar]], [[Bharat Bhushan]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Raaj Kumar]], Azra, [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]], Ulhas, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]]
|Drama
|Music: [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
|''[[Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein]]''
|[[Kishore Kumar]]
|Kishore Kumar, [[Supriya Chowdhury]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Shashikala]], [[Iftekhar]], Sajjan, Raj Mehra, [[Nana Palsikar]], [[Leela Mishra]]
|Drama
|Music: Kishore Kumar Lyrics: Kishore Kumar, [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
|''[[Door Ki Awaaz]]''
|[[Devendra Goel]]
|[[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Durga Khote]], [[Om Prakash]], Mallika
|Romantic drama
|Music: [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] Lyrics: [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
|-
|''[[Dosti (1964 film)|Dosti]]''
|[[Satyen Bose]]
|Sudhir Kumar, Sushil Kumar, [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Farida (child actress)|Farida]], [[Leela Mishra]], [[Nana Palsikar]], [[Leela Chitnis]], [[Abhi Bhattacharya]]
|Social Drama
|Entered into the [[4th Moscow International Film Festival]]. Music: [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
|''[[Dulha Dulhan]]''
|[[Ravindra Dave]]
|[[Raj Kapoor]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]], [[K. N. Singh]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], Madhumati, Raj Mehra
|Romantic drama
|Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji]] Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]], [[Indeevar]] [[Gulshan Bawra]], Haroon
|-
|''[[Ek Din Ka Badshah]]''
|Jugal Kishore
|[[P. Jairaj]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], Jugal Kishore, [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], [[Mohan Choti]]
|Costume Action
|Music: [[Hansraj Behl]] Lyrics: [[Gulshan Bawra]], Prem Warbartani
|-
|''Fariyad''
|[[Kidar Sharma]]
|Ashok Sharma, Zeb Rehman, [[Nazima]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Tun Tun]], [[Bela Bose]], Gopal Saigal
|Social Family Drama
|Music: [[Snehal Bhatkar]] Lyrics: Kidar Sharma
|-
|''[[Gazal (1964 film)|Gazal]]''
|Ved Madan
|[[Sunil Dutt]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Nazima]], [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Rajendra Nath]], Raj Mehra
|Romantic Muslim social
|Music: [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
|''[[Ganga Ki Lahren]]''
|[[Devi Sharma (filmmaker)|Devi Sharma]]
|[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Nazir Hussain]], Azra
|Drama
|Music: [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
|''[[Geet Gaya Patharon Ne]]''
|[[V. Shantaram]]
|[[Jeetendra]], [[Rajshree]], [[Nana Palsikar]], [[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]], Babloo
|Romantic Drama
|Music: Ramlal Hira-Panna Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], Vishwamitra Adil
|-

|}

==H-K==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Hamara Ghar (1964 film)|Hamara Ghar]]'' ||[[K. A. Abbas]] ||Dilip Raj, Surekha, Sonal Mehta, Rekha Rao, [[Nana Palsikar]], Yasmeen Khan ||Children Adventure ||Music: J. P. Kaushik Lyrics: [[Ali Sardar Jafri]], [[Muhammad Iqbal]]
|-
| ''[[Hamara Rashtragan]]'' a.k.a. ''Our National Anthem'' ||Pramod Pati || ||Documentary ||
|-
| ''[[Hameer Hath]]'' ||Jaswant Jhaveri ||[[Nirupa Roy]], [[P. Jairaj]], [[Anita Guha]], [[Manhar Desai]], Vijay Choudhary, Sapru, [[B. M. Vyas]] ||Legend Action ||Music: Sanmukh Babu Upadhyay Lyrics: Neelkanth Tiwari, Uday Khanna, Saraswati Kumar Deepak
|-
|''[[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|Haqeeqat]]''|| [[Chetan Anand (producer & director)|Chetan Anand]] || [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Dharmendra]], Sanjay Khan, Priya Rajhvans, || War ||Music: [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]] Lyrics: [[Kaifi Azmi]]
|-
| ''[[Hercules (1964 film)|Hercules]]'' ||Shriram ||[[Dara Singh]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], Maruti, B. M. Vyas, Indira ||Action ||Music: [[N Dutta]] Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| ''[[Ishaara (1964 film)|Ishaara]]'' ||[[K. Amarnath]] ||[[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], Subiraj, Azra, Jayant ||Melodrama ||Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
| ''[[Jahan Ara (film)|Jahan Ara]]'' || Vinod Kumar || [[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Shashikala]], [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], Sunder, [[Minu Mumtaz]], [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Om Prakash]] || Historical romantic-fiction drama ||Music: [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
| ''[[Jantar Mantar (1964 film)|Jantar Mantar]]'' || Radhakant || [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], Vijaya Choudhury, Ulhas ||Fantasy ||Music: Sardar Malik Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| ''[[Ji Chahta Hai]]'' ||Bibhuti Mitra ||[[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Rajshree]], Motilal, [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Rajendra Nath]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Achla Sachdev]] ||Romantic drama ||Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| ''[[Kaise Kahoon (1964 film)|Kaise Kahoon]]'' ||Atma Ram ||[[Biswajeet]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], Naaz, [[Om Prakash]], Manmohan, Asit Sen, [[Durga Khote]] ||Melodrama ||Music: [[S. D. Burman]] Lyrics: [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
|-
| ''[[Kashmir Ki Kali]]'' || [[Shakti Samanta]] || [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Anoop Kumar]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Madan Puri]], Sunder, [[Tun Tun]], Dhumal ||Romantic Musical ||Music: [[O. P. Nayyar]] Lyrics: S. H. Bihari
|-
|''[[Khufia Mahal]]'' ||Akkoo ||[[P. Jairaj]], Chitra, [[Tun Tun]], Sherry, Sheikh, Paul Sharma ||Fantasy Horror ||Music: Pardesi Lyrics: Zafar Rahi, Shyam Hindi
|-
| ''[[Kohra (1964 film)|Kohra]]'' ||[[Biren Nag]] ||[[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Biswajeet]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Manmohan Krishna]], [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] || Thriller, Mystery ||Music: [[Hemant Kumar]] Lyrics: [[Kaifi Azmi]]
|}

==L-Q==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]''||[[Ram Mukherjee]] ||[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Vyjayanthimala]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Magic Carpet (1964 film)|Magic Carpet]]'' ||Bhabubhai Mistry ||Aazad Irani, Master Bhagwan, Chitra ||Fantasy ||
|-
| ''[[Mahasati Anusuya]]'' ||Dhirubhai Desai ||Anita Gua, Sahu Modak || ||
|-
| ''[[Mahasati Behula]]'' ||Shanti Kumar ||Mahipal, Jaya Mala, Lalita Pawar || ||
|-
| ''[[Maikhana]]'' ||Nakhshab Jharchavi ||Shamim Ara, Hanif, Rehman, Firdous || ||
|-
| ''[[Main Bhi Ladki Hoon]]'' ||[[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] ||[[Dharmendra]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Balraj Sahni]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Main Suhagan Hoon]]'' ||[[Kundan Kumar]] ||[[Nishi Kholi]], [[Kewal Kumar]], [[Mala Sinha]]
|| ||
|-
| ''[[Majboor (1964 film)|Majboor]]'' ||[[Narendra Suri]] ||[[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Biswajeet]], [[Kumari Naaz|Naaz]]||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Mera Qasoor Kya Hai]]'' ||[[Krishnan–Panju]] ||[[Dharmendra]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. X in Bombay]]'' ||[[Shantilal Soni]] ||[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]]||Science Fiction, Thriller ||
|-
| ''[[Phoolon Ki Sej]]'' ||[[Inder Raj Anand]] || [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Manoj Kumar]]||Social ||
|-
| ''[[Picnic (1964 film)|Picnic]]'' ||R. S. Tara ||[[Guru Dutt]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Pooja Ke Phool]]'' ||A. Bhimsingh ||[[Dharmendra]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Punar Milan (1964 film)|Punar Milan]]'' ||[[Ravindra Dave]]||[[Ameeta]], [[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]], [[Leela Chitnis]]
| ||
|-
| ''[[Qawwali Ki Raat]]'' ||Durgesh Kumar, P. L. Santhosi ||[[Kamaljeet]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Aruna Irani]] ||Drama ||
|}

==R-S==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Rahul (1964 film)|Rahul]]'' ||Ram Narayan Gabale ||Ratnamala ,Chaman Puri, Achala Sachdev || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajkumar (1964 film)|Rajkumar]]'' || [[K. Shankar]] || [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]], [[Rajendra Nath]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Musical/Action ||
|-
| ''[[Roop Sundari]]'' ||Radhakant ||Mahipal, Bela Bose, Laxmi Chahya || ||
|-
| ''[[Rustom-E-Rome]]'' ||RadhaKant ||Dara Singh, Aazad Irani, Vijaya Choudhury ||Action. Adventure ||
|-
| ''[[Samson (1964 film)|Samson]]'' ||Nanabhai Bhatt ||[[Dara Singh]], Ameeta, [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[B. M. Vyas]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], Mohan Choti|| ||
|-
|''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]''|| [[Raj Kapoor]] || [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Rajendra Kumar]] || Social ||
|-
| ''[[Sanjh Aur Savera]]'' ||Hrishikesh Mukherjee || [[Guru Dutt]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
| ''[[Sant Gyaneshwar]]'' ||Manibhai Vyas ||Sudhir Kumar, Surekha, Babloo ||Devotional ||
|-
| ''[[Sarfarosh (1964 film)|Sarfarosh]]'' ||Dharam Kumar ||Nishi Kholi, Pratima Devi, Jeevan || ||
|-
| ''[[Sati Savitri (1964 film)|Sati Savitri]]'' || [[Shantilal Soni]] || [[Mahipal]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] || Religious ||
|-
| ''[[Shabnam (1964 film)|Shabnam]]'' || Aspi Irani || [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] || ||
|-
|''[[Shagoon]]''|| [[Nazir Ahmed Khan|Nazir]]||Kamaljeet, Nana Palsikar, [[Waheeda Rehman]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Sharabi (1964 film)|Sharabi]]'' ||Rajrishi ||[[Dev Anand]], [[Madhubala]], [[Radhakrishan (actor)|Radhakrishan]], [[Badri Prasad (actor)|Badri Prasad]], [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]], Ram Mohan, Ravikant, Pardesi ||Social Romance ||Music: [[Madan Mohan]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
| ''[[Shehnai (1964 film)|Shehnai]]'' ||[[S. D. Narang]] ||[[Biswajeet]], [[Rajshree]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Chand Usmani]], [[Nirupa Roy]], Praveen Choudhary, [[Iftekhar]], [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]], [[Honey Irani]], [[Laxmi Chhaya]], [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]]||Social Family Drama ||Music: [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] Lyrics:[[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
| ''[[Subhadra Haran]]'' ||Datta Dharamadhikari ||[[Shahu Modak]], [[Jayshree Gadkar]], Chitra, Suryakant, [[Arun Sarnaik]] ||Mythology ||Music: Prabhakar Jog Lyrics: [[Saraswati Kumar Deepak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film336189.htm|title=Subhadra Haran|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Suhagan ||K. S. Gopalakrishnan ||[[Guru Dutt]], [[Mala Sinha]], Feroz Khan , Devan Varma ||Drama. Romance ||
|}

==T-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Tarzan Aur Jalpari]]'' ||Radhakant ||Aazad Irani, Ranjan Kapoor, Laxmi Chahya ||Action Adventure ||
|-
| ''[[Tere Dwaar Khada Bhagwan]]'' ||[[Ravindra Dave]]
|[[Ruby Myers]], [[Shahu Modak]], [[Durga Khote]]
| ||
|-
| ''[[Veer Bhimsen]]'' || Chandrakanth || [[Dara Singh]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] || Epic ||
|-
| ''[[Vidyapati (1964 film)|Vidyapati]]'' || [[Prahalad Sharma]] || [[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Simi Garewal]], [[Bipin Gupta]] || Historical ||
|-
| ''[[Woh Kaun Thi?]]'' || [[Raj Khosla]] || [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]], Prem Chopra, || Horror ||
|-
| ''[[Yaadein (1964 film)|Yaadein]]'' ||Sunil Dutt ||[[Sunil Dutt]], Nargis Dutt ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Ziddi (1964 film)|Ziddi]]'' ||[[Pramod Chakravorty]] ||[[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Asha Parekh]]||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]]'' ||[[Ramanand Sagar]] || [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Vyjayanthimala]]||Drama ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1964&&language=Hindi&&tv=on&&heading=9;1964;Hindi&&related=9;1964;1964;Hindi;Hindi&&nav=/Sections/Years/1964/include-bylanguage Bollywood films of 1964] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/film_song_1964.html Indian Film Songs from the Year 1964] - A look back at 1964 with a special focus on Hindi film songs

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1964 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1964]]
[[Category:Lists of 1964 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1964 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]

Oxus (god)

2025-09-01T06:22:33Z

LauriTym702628: cleaned up section for accuracy

{{short description|Ancient Iranian river god}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Sogdian
| name = Oxus
| image = Altar Atrosokes MNAT M7010 n04.jpg
| caption = Altar from [[Takht-i Sangin]] with a statuette of Oxus, depicted in the form of [[Marsyas]].
| deity_of = Divine representation of the [[Amu Darya]], [[king of the gods]]
| cult_center = [[Takht-i Sangin]]
| animals = horse{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=129}} (disputed{{sfn|Wujun|2022|p=4}})
| adherents = [[Bactria]]ns, [[Sogdia]]ns, [[Chorasmia]]ns
| greek_equivalent = [[Marsyas]]{{sfn|Litvinskii|Pichikian|1994|p=58}}
}}
'''Oxus''' ('''Vaxš''', '''Oaxšo'''{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|pp=128-129}}) was an ancient [[Eastern Iranian people|Eastern Iranian]] god regarded as the divine representation of the [[Amu Darya]]. In [[Bactria]] he was also considered the [[king of the gods]]. Multiple different depictions of him are known from ancient Central Asian art. On an altar from his temple discovered in [[Takht-i Sangin]] he is depicted in the form of the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] river god [[Marsyas]] presumably introduced by soldiers and settlers who arrived in this area during the reigns of [[Alexander the Great]] and the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucids]]. In [[Kushan art]] he was instead depicted as a [[Poseidon]]-like figure holding a staff and a fish. In [[Sogdian art]] he might have been depicted either as a horse or as a figure seated on a throne with horse [[protome]]s, though this proposal remains a matter of debate.

The earliest evidence for the worship of Oxus comes from Bactria from the [[Achaemenid period]]. He remained a popular deity in this area up to the [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana]]. He was also worshiped in nearby [[Sogdia]] and [[Chorasmia]]. According to [[Al-Biruni]] he was still venerated in the last of these areas in the tenth century.

==Name and character==
It is presumed that Oxus' name is derived from the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] [[Root (linguistics)|root]] *''waxš''-, "grow, leap".{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=179}} The romanized form Oxus reflects the [[Greek language|Greek]] form of the name (Ὸξωι), while in [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] the god was known as Vaxš.{{efn|Also romanized without the diacritic as Vaksh.{{sfn|Litvinskii|Pichikian|1994|pp=57-58}}}}{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|pp=128-129}} On a unique coin of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] king [[Huvishka]], the form Oaxšo (OAXϷO) has been identified.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=129}}

Oxus was considered the divine representation of the river he shared his name with, the modern [[Amu Darya]].{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=128}}{{efn|The modern hydronym [[Vakhsh (river)|Vakhsh]], one of its [[tributaries]], is derived from its ancient name.{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=179}}}} It has been suggested that he was additionally associated with the entire [[hydrography|hydrographic]] system of the areas he was worshiped in, including lakes, canals and rain clouds.{{sfn|Francfort|2012|pp=130-131}}

In [[Bactria]] Oxus was regarded as the main deity of the local pantheon, or at least as one of its most important members.{{sfn|Francfort|2012|p=109}} He could be referred to as "the lord of the world" (also translated as "the one god") or "the [[king of the gods]]", though the latter title was also applied to [[Mithra]] and the poorly known deity Kamird, which might indicate that multiple local traditions focused on devotion to specific gods existed in individual regions or cities in Bactria, similarly as in [[Sogdia]].{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=130}} The high status of Oxus among [[Eastern Iranian peoples]] in [[Central Asia]] according to Michael Shenkar might explain why [[Anahita]], who was also associated with water, never reached a comparable importance in this region as she did in the west, despite being introduced to Bactria by the [[Sassanian dynasty]].{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|pp=78-79}} [[Henri-Paul Francfort]] also voiced support for the view that the high status of Oxus might be responsible for the scarcity of references to Anahita in the east.{{sfn|Francfort|2012|p=131}}

===Disputed proposals===
Identification between Oxus and the deity [[Zunbils#Zhun|Zūn]] has been proposed.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=110}} However, based on a legend about the latter recorded by the Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]], in which he is described as a mountain deity who "arrived from afar", it has been alternatively suggested that he was an alternate name of [[Mithra]] rather than Oxus, as he is linked with [[Hara Berezaiti|Mount Harā]] in the [[Avesta]].{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=130}}

Henri-Paul Francfort has suggested that Oxus was a female deity at various point in time identified with [[Cybele]], [[Artemis]] and [[Aphrodite]].{{sfn|Francfort|2012|p=129}} Furthermore, he derives the Kushan theonym [[Ardoksho]] from Oxus' name.{{sfn|Francfort|2012|p=130}} This proposal has been criticized as baseless by Michael Shenkar, who points out the only certain depictions of Oxus indicate he was regarded as a male deity, and that based on Kushan sources Ardoksho was a distinct deity from him.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=129}} Her name is typically interpreted as "the good [[Ashi]]",{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=83}} rather than as "the righteous Oxus", as suggested by Francfort.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=129}}

While Mary Boyce and Frantz Grenet described Oxus as a [[yazata]] in the 1990s,{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=181}} more recently other authors, including Michael Shenkar{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=128}} and Sun Wujun have characterized him as a deity who despite his Iranian origin did not belong to [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] tradition.{{sfn|Wujun|2022|p=40}} This view has been adopted by Grenet himself as well.{{sfn|Grenet|2006|p=88}}

==Iconography==
[[File:Aquatic divinity, Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i-Sangin, first half of 2nd century BCE.jpg|thumb|The ichtyocentaur-like figure from Takht-i Sangin.]]
The iconography of Oxus was not consistent across different time periods.{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=180}} The earliest known representation of this god is a statuette from a temple dedicated to him excavated in [[Takht-i Sangin]] in [[Tajikistan]], which depicts him in the form of [[Greek mythology|Greek]] [[Marsyas]].{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=128}} Most likely Oxus was originally identified as a counterpart of Marsyas by [[Ionian Greeks]] who arrived in [[Central Asia]] as members of [[Alexander the Great]]'s armies partaking in his [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Indian campaign]].{{sfn|Litvinskii|Pichikian|1994|p=57}} It has also been noted that many settlers from [[Magnesia on the Maeander|Magnesia]], where Marsyas was popular as a river deity due to his association with a namesake tributary of [[Maeander]], arrived in the east in [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] times.{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=180}} The identification between the two river gods was presumably accepted by the population of the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]].{{sfn|Litvinskii|Pichikian|1994|p=58}} It has additionally been suggested that [[Hellenistic art|Hellenistic]] depictions of an [[Ichthyocentaurs|ichtyocentaur]]-like hybrid [[nymph]] from the Takht-i Sangin might represent a companion of Oxus.{{sfn|Litvinskii|Pichikian|1994|p=59}}

In later [[Kushan art]], which reflected the development of a new style combining local Hellenistic Bactrian elements with [[Indian art|Indian]] influences,{{sfn|Litvinskii|Pichikian|1994|p=61}} Oxus' appearance might have been patterned on the depictions of [[Poseidon]] on the coins of [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]] king [[Maues]], and on a coin of [[Huvishka]] he appears as a bearded man holding a staff (perhaps a [[trident]]) and a fish.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=129}}

[[File:Dokhtar i-Noshirwan (Nigar).jpg|thumb|Figure seated on a throne with horse protomes on a painting from Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan.]]
While due to Oxus' popularity in [[Sogdia]] it is presumed that representations of him can be found in [[Sogdian art]], no work of art from this region has been identified as a representation of him with certainty yet.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=129}} Michael Shenkar suggests that he might have been represented in a [[Zoomorphism|zoomorphic]] form as a horse.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|pp=129-130}} He notes that a horse with streams of water and fish beneath its hooves depicted on the [[Miho funerary couch]] might be an example of this convention.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=129}} He states that if the interpretation of the horse as Oxus' symbolic animal is accepted, it is also possible to tentatively identify him as the anthropomorphic deity seated on a throne supported by horse [[protome]]s, known from paintings from [[Panjakent]], [[Bunjikat (archeological site)|Bunjikat]] and [[Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan]].{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=130}} However, the association between horses depicted in Sogdian funerary art with Oxus has been questioned by Sun Wujun.{{sfn|Wujun|2022|p=4}} He argues that it is implausible that Oxus would be depicted in Sino-Sogdian art at all, and points out he was seemingly chiefly worshiped on the banks of [[Amu Darya|Amu-Darya]].{{sfn|Wujun|2022|p=7}} He instead suggests that horses depicted in Sino-Sogdian [[ossuaries]] are to be understood as a symbolic representation of animal sacrifices meant for the deceased.{{sfn|Wujun|2022|p=42}} He argues a funerary horse sacrifice might have been understood as a way to provide the souls of Sogdian nobles with a way to reach the afterlife.{{sfn|Wujun|2022|p=43}}

It has additionally been proposed that [[Triton (mythology)|Triton]]-like figure depicted on [[Saka]] grave goods from [[Tillya Tepe]] and on [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] coin of [[Hippostratus]] can be identified as Oxus.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=129}}

==Worship==
Michael Shenkar suggests that the worship of Oxus might have started in prehistory, and that he could have already been worshiped by temples belonging to the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex]] excavated in [[Gonur Depe]] and [[Togolok]], though he stresses that due to lack of textual sources this proposal must remain speculative.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=131}}

===In Bactria===
The earliest textual evidence of the worship of Oxus, dated to the [[Achaemenid period]], are personal names attested in [[Aramaic]] texts from [[Bactria]] from the fourth century BCE, such as Vaxšu-bandaka ("slave of Oxus" or "servant of Oxus"), Vaxšu-data ("created by Oxus"){{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=128}} and Vaxšu-abra-data ("given by the clouds of Oxus").{{sfn|Francfort|2012|p=129}} Further examples occur in [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] sources, for example Oxybazos ("strong through Oxus"), [[Oxydates]] ("given by Oxus"), Mithroaxos ("[given by] Mithra and Oxus") and possibly [[Oxyartes]] (if the translation "protected by Oxus" is accepted).{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|pp=179-180}}

[[File:Takht-i Sangin, plan of the Temple.jpg|thumb|A plan of the temple of Oxus excavated in Takht-i Sangin.]]
In [[Takht-i Sangin]] a temple dedicated to Oxus has been discovered.{{sfn|Litvinskii|Pichikian|1994|p=57}} According to a number of [[Muslims|Muslim]] geographers from the ninth and tenth centuries, this area was customarily considered the beginning of Jayhun (Oxus), which might constitute a survival of an originally Bactrian tradition responsible for the selection of this location as a cult center of the related river god.{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=173}} Excavations indicate that the temple was originally founded in the early [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] period, and remained in use until the reign of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] king [[Huvishka]].{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=174}} One of the objects from this site is a stone altar following Greek artistic conventions inscribed with a dedication of a certain Atrosokes to Oxus.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=128}} His name is [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] and can be translated as "burning with sacred fire", and it is possible that he was a priest.{{sfn|Litvinskii|Pichikian|1994|p=57}} Further excavations revealed three more similar Greek inscriptions, seemingly left behind by Bactrian worshipers of Oxus.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|pp=128-129}}

A seal with a human-headed bull from the [[Oxus Treasure]] is inscribed with Oxus' name written in the Aramaic script.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=128}} It has been pointed out that the objects found in the temple of Oxus in Takht-i Sangin have close parallels among these belonging to the Oxus Treasure, which might indicate the latter was originally found in the same location.{{sfn|Litvinskii|Pichikian|1994|p=47}} It has been suggested that priests of Oxus hid a number of objects out of fear of looting during a period of increased activity of the [[Yuezhi]] in the second half of the second century BCE, but failed to recover them, leaving the Oxus Treasure to only be discovered some two thousand years later.{{sfn|Litvinskii|Pichikian|1994|p=55}}

Henri-Paul Francfort has suggested that the temple with indented niches discovered in [[Ai-Khanoum]] might also have been a Bactrian sanctuary of Oxus.{{sfn|Francfort|2012|p=109}}

Since Oxus is not mentioned in the [[Rabatak inscription]], he was most likely not worshiped by Kushan rulers who arrived in Bactria from the north, though it is nonetheless presumed he remained popular among the Bactrians even at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana]].{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=131}} He is still frequently referenced in legal texts from the seventh and eighth centuries.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=130}}

===In Sogdia===
Oxus was also a popular deity in [[Sogdia]], as indicated by a large number of theophoric names invoking him.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=129}} If the interpretation of the toponym Xušūfaγn as "temple of Oxus" is accepted, a sanctuary dedicated to him might have existed in the proximity of [[Samarkand]].{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=129}} Next to [[Nana (Bactrian goddess)|Nana]], he was the deity most commonly worshiped by Sogdian merchants whose inscriptions have been discovered in the proximity of the [[Indus River]].{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=122}} A reference to the worship of Oxus among the Sogdians might also be present in ''[[Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang|Youyang Zazu]]'', a [[Chinese language|Chinese]] source from the [[Tang period]], which mentions a temple in [[Kobadiyan]] (俱德建國; Judejianguo) dedicated to a deity imagined to take the form of a golden horse, who purportedly could be seen floating in the Oxus river on [[Nowruz]].{{sfn|Wujun|2022|pp=33-34}} While the temple dedicated to Oxus located in Takht-i Sangin was already abandoned at this time, it is nonetheless possible that this account documents the survival of traditions originally associated with it.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=130}}

===Other attestations===
In addition to being a popular deity in Bactria and Sogdia, Oxus was also worshiped in [[Chorasmia]].{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=128}} According to [[Al-Biruni]] a festival known as Wakhšāngam was still held in the honor of "Wakhš (...), the angel who has the watch over the water, and especially over the river Oxus" in this area in the tenth century.{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=179}}

No evidence exists for any form of worship of Oxus by Western Iranian peoples.{{sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=128}} Mary Boyce and Frantz Grenet however point out that his veneration in the east can be considered a phenomenon analogous with the cults of the local rivers documented in the [[Persepolis Fortification Archive]], and additionally suggest that in [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] times the corresponding river was identified as Vanhvi Daitya, where [[Zoroaster]] according to tradition received a revelation.{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=180}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last1=Boyce|first1=Mary|last2=Grenet|first2=Frantz|title=A History of Zoroastrianism, vol. III: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman rule|url=https://www.academia.edu/25055630|publisher=Brill|publication-place=Leiden|date=1991|isbn=90-04-09271-4}}
*{{cite journal|last=Francfort|first=Henri-Paul|title=Ai Khanoum "temple with indented niches" and Takht-i Sangin "Oxus temple" in historical cultural perspective: a hypothesis about the cults|url=https://www.academia.edu/5304430|journal=PARTHICA. Incontri di culture nel mondo antico|pages=109–136|volume=14|year=2012|publisher=Fabrizio Serra editore
|issn=1724-1928}}
*{{cite journal|last=Grenet|first=Frantz|title=Iranian Gods in Hindu Garb: The Zoroastrian Pantheon of the Bactrians and Sogdians, Second–Eighth Centuries|journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute|publisher=Bulletin of the Asia Institute, a Non-Profit Corporation|volume=20|year=2006|issn=0890-4464|jstor=24049184|pages=87–99|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24049184|access-date=2023-09-20}}
*{{cite journal|last=Litvinskii|first=Boris A.|last2=Pichikian|first2=Igor R.|title=The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus|journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute|publisher=Bulletin of the Asia Institute, a Non-Profit Corporation|volume=8|year=1994|issn=0890-4464|jstor=24048765|pages=47–66|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24048765|access-date=2023-09-20}}
*{{cite book|last=Shenkar|first=Michael|title=Intangible Spirits and Graven Images: The Iconography of Deities in the Pre-Islamic Iranian World|series=Magical and Religious Literature of Late Antiquity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ6XCgAAQBAJ|publisher=Brill|publication-place=Leiden, Boston|date=2014|isbn=978-90-04-28149-3|access-date=2023-09-20}}
*{{cite journal|last=Wujun|first=Sun|title=Images of the Riderless Horse as a Symbol of the Deceased in Sino-Sogdian Tombs|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364656408|journal=Sino-Platonic Papers|volume=327|year=2022|issn=2157-9687|access-date=2023-09-20}}

[[Category:Ancient Iranian gods]]
[[Category:Sea and river gods]]
[[Category:Kings of the gods]]
[[Category:Kushan deities]]

Gara, Rohtas

2025-08-31T20:45:02Z

LauriTym702628: data

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gara
| subdivision_type = Country
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|15|04|N|83|56|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna division|Patna]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Gara Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 3.87
| elevation_m = 92
| population_total = 3280
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 821112<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiamapia.com/Rohtas/Gara.html | title=Gara Pin Code, Gara, Rohtas Map, Latitude and Longitude, Bihar }}</ref>
| area_code = +91-6184<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rohtas.nic.in/std-pin-codes/ | title=STD & PIN Codes | District Rohtas, Government of Bihar | India }}</ref>
| registration_plate = BR-24
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| demographics1_info =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=9 August 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Unofficial
}}

'''Gara''' is a village in [[Rohtas district]] of [[Bihar]] state, [[India]]. It is located in Kochas [[community development block]].The total geographical area of Gara is 3.87 KM2. Gara village is a [[gram panchayat]].The nearest police station is [[Kochas]] Police station. Gara is part of [[Kargahar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kargahar vidhan sabha]] seat of State Assembly and [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram Lok Sabha]] constituency.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Gara had a population of 3280. Males constitute 1720 citizens and females 1560. 16.86% of the population is under 6 years of age.There are 532 households in Gara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gara Village Population - Kochas - Rohtas, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/250629-gara-bihar.html |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

The 2011 census recorded the village of Gara as having a [[literacy rate]] of 68.61%, with an 21.15% gap between male literacy (78.01%) and female literacy (57.86%). The literacy rate of Kochas block which encompasses Gara is 75.24%, somewhat higher than the Rohtas district rate of 73.37%.<ref name=":0" />

The village of Gara exhibits an average sex ratio of 907, a figure that falls slightly below the average for the state of [[Bihar]], which stands at 918. This indicates a marginally lower proportion of females to males in Gara compared to the broader state context. The census reports a child sex ratio of 1.087 in Gara, a figure that significantly surpasses the Bihar state average of 935.<ref name=":0"/>

== Employment ==
Agriculture is the main occupation in the village of Gara. A significant portion of the total population, precisely 893 individuals, were actively participating in various work activities. A substantial majority, 98.77%, classified their occupation as 'Main Work', defined as [[employment]] or an income source for a duration exceeding six months. Conversely, a marginal 1.23% were engaged in activities that provided livelihood for less than six months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gara Village Population - Kochas - Rohtas, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/250629-gara-bihar.html |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

Further analysis of the 893 individuals involved in Main Work revealed that 275 were cultivators, either owning or co-owning their land. In contrast, 506 individuals were identified as [[Farmworker|Agricultural labourers]].<ref name=":0"/>

== Villages in Gara Gram Panchayat ==
There are 10 villages in Gara gram panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} District Rohtas, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://rohtas.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name of village
|-
|Anhari
|-
|Chakia
|-
|Gara
|-
|Mirga
|-
|Pauat
|-
|Shiwpur
|-
|Benipur
|-
|Chakia
|-
|Ghasa
|-
|Panditpura
|}

== Connectivity ==
Gara is connected by road to nearby major towns and cities.Buxar-[[Sasaram]] road is situated 2.2 km from the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basahi Bridge to Gara |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Basahi+Bridge/Gara,+Bihar/@25.2967561,83.8907669,15.85z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x398ded856688a71f:0xd9033b58705e3c26!2m2!1d83.8985669!2d25.2934512!1m5!1m1!1s0x398dedab501fd223:0x5c2a81e77bddc354!2m2!1d83.8803288!2d25.2941207!3e0?entry=ttu |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Basahi Bridge to Gara |language=en}}</ref>[[Buxar railway station|Buxar]] is the nearest railway station located 39 km away from Gara.[[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi airport]] is located 150 km from the village.

== Culture ==
Gara's native language is [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]].The cultural tapestry of this locale is richly woven with the vibrant threads of Bhojpuri festivals and culinary traditions. The gastronomic repertoire is a symphony of flavours, featuring such delicacies as [[Litti Chokha (dish)|Litti-Chokha]], a dish of stuffed wheat balls and spiced potatoes, and Makuni, a paratha filled with roasted gram flour.

The festivals celebrated here are Holi, Durgapuja, [[Chhath]], Diwali, Jitiya, [[Govardhan Puja]], Rakshabandhan etc.

== Amenities ==
The village has a post office run by India Post.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gara Branch Post Office, Sasaram 12, Rohtas, Bihar |url=https://www.postoffices.co.in/bihar-br/gara-sasaram-12-rohtas/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Post Offices |language=en-US}}</ref> It has a Bank run by [[Bihar Gramin Bank|Dakshin Bihar Gramin Bank.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank Gara, Rohtas IFSC Code PUNB0MBGB06 |url=https://www.codeforbanks.com/banks/ifsc-code/of/gara/branch/madhya-bihar-gramin-bank/rohtas/bihar/PUNB0MBGB06/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.codeforbanks.com - The Best Destination for Personal Finance Marketplace |language=en}}</ref> Gara also houses a government 10+2 High school which runs on BSEB curriculum.

Temple of deity "Chandi mata" is the primary place worship in the village.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Rohtas district]]

Vemuri Saradamba

2025-07-11T16:08:51Z

LauriTym702628: added details!

{{Short description|Telugu poet}}
[[File:Vemuri Saradamba.jpg|thumb|Vemuri Saradamba]]
'''Vemuri Saradamba''' (1881–1899) was an Indian child prodigy of the 19th century. She was a poet, musician, ''[[veena]]'' player, and performer. In a short span of 19 years of her life, as a teenage girl, she exemplified herself as votary of woman development in a society, where it was undesirable to give even a basic education to a girl child and teaching fine arts like music, dance was considered a cardinal sin by high caste families.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Atchuta Rao |first=Dasu |date=July–September 2015 |title=Vemuri Saradamba: Champion of Girl’s Education |journal=Triveni |language=English |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=6–8}}</ref>

== Life and education ==
Saradamba was born in a Telugu Brahmin family to Mahakavi [[Dasu Sriramulu]] (1846–1908), who was a social reformer, multifaceted genius, scholar and Janakamma as an only daughter after six sons. She was born at Alluru Agraharam, a village (Mudinepalli mandalam), [[Krishna district|Krishna District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Subba Rao |first=Madiraju |title=Yendaro Mahanubhavulu |year=2009 |chapter=Late Smt Vemuri Saradamba, D/o Mahakavi Dasu Sreeramulu}}</ref> She inherited the talent of writing poetry and love of music from her father. Recognising her talent and thirst for knowledge, Sriramulu taught her [[Sanskrit]] and music from an early age, against the criticism and condemnation of society. She became an expert [[veena]] player in a short time and she gave public concerts in far places. She married Vemuri Ramachandra Rao in 1888 had a daughter Durgamba and a son Parthasarathy. She received no encouragement or support from her husband or in-laws as they had no taste of [[fine art]]s.<ref name=":0" />

== Music and literature ==
As a child, Saradamba had an unquenchable thirst for music and literature. At the age of six, she was able to sing melodiously and began writing verses in her 11th year. She was recognized as a poet of the verse “Nagnajiti Parinayam”, the story of the divine wedding of Nagnajiti with [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]. Scholars acclaimed her work as prabhandham and her style was as engaging as the great 15th-century poet ‘[[Atukuri Molla|Molla]]’.<ref name=":0" /> After her marriage, despite these impediments she managed to continue her writings. She wrote many articles and poems, on women's discrimination, suppression, and problems of her time which were published in the journals “Jnaana Patrika”, and “Jnaanodaya Patrika”. She dedicated her poetry to the glory of God.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Suguna. |first=B. |title=Women’s Movements |publisher=Discovery Pub |year=2009 |pages=132–155 |language=English |chapter=Vemuri Saradamba}}</ref> She wrote a work of 100 verses, “Madhava Satakamu” depicting the pitiable state of women praying Lord Krishna to give good sense to people to educate their women folk for their welfare.<ref name=":0" />

She died at the age of 19 after the delivery of her son on 26 December 1899.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saradamba, Vemuri}}
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]

Kos Minar

2025-06-29T12:26:06Z

LauriTym702628: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Medieval Indian monuments}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
[[File:Mughal-era Kos Minar in the Delhi National Zoo.jpg|thumb|upright|Kos Minar in the [[National Zoological Park Delhi]], India]]
[[File:Kos_Minar_001.jpg|thumb|upright|Kos minar at [[Palwal]] along [[Grand Trunk Road]] in [[Haryana, India]]. Haryana has the highest number of surviving Kos Minars.]]
[[File:By-ibneazhar-aik-kos-monument-lahore-pakistan-1 15978367131 o 20.jpg|thumb|upright|Kos Minar built with [[lakhori bricks]] near the [[Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan]] in [[Lahore]], Pakistan]]

The '''Kos Minars''' (translated: ''Mile Pillars'') are [[medieval India]]n milestones along the [[Grand Trunk Road]] on the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] that were introduced by the 16th-century [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] ruler [[Sher Shah Suri]] of the [[Sur Empire]]. Kos Minars were erected to serve as markers of distance along royal routes from [[Agra]] to [[Ajmer]], Agra to [[Lahore]], and from Agra to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] in the south.

Most of the Kos [[Minaret|Minars]] are present in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], and [[Punjab]] by the roadsides, railway tracks, [[Paddy field|paddy fields]] and in many towns and villages.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gopinath|first=P. Krishna|title=Kos minars: Pillars of the past|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/takeaway/sher-shah-suris-kos-minars-in-north-india/article31811516.ece|access-date=2021-09-27|website=@businessline|date=12 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Kos Minars were described as a "marvel of India" by early European travellers such as [[Thomas Roe|Sir Thomas Roe]] and have been labeled as an integral part of India's "national communication system" by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name=SherShahSuri>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/sher-shah-suris-kos-minars-once-meant-to-show-way-to-travellers-stand-lost-today/articleshow/62675902.cms|title=Sher Shah Suri's kos minars once meant to show way to travellers stand lost today - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=27 January 2018 |access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
A [[Kos (unit)|kos]] in Sanskrit is one fourth of a [[yojana]],<ref name=Arthashashtra>[https://archive.org/details/Arthasastra_English_Translation Arthashastra, Chanakya, 4th century BCE, pp151]</ref> an [[ancient India]]n unit of distance. It represented a distance of approximately {{convert|3.22|km}}. Minar is an Arabic word for tower, related to [[minaret]].

Kos Minars are solid round pillars, around {{convert|30|ft}} in height, on a masonry platform built with bricks and plastered over with lime. They are not identical. As milestones, they were an important part of communication and travel.

==History==

===Maurya period===
In the third century BC, emperor [[Ashoka]] improved existing routes linking his capital city [[Pataliputra]] to [[Dhaka]] in the east and [[Kabul]] via [[Peshawar]] in the west and further to Balkh. These routes had landmarks in the form of mud pillars, trees or wells to guide commuters.<ref name=Times2019 />

===[[Sur Empire|Sur period]]===
The 16th-century [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] ruler [[Sher Shah Suri]] introduced improved brick pillars plastered over with lime at every kos. The minars thus came to be called as Kos minars.

===Mughal period===
[[Abul Fazl]] recorded in ''[[Akbarnama|Akbar Nama]]'' that in the year 1575 AD, [[Akbar]] issued an order that, at every kos on the way from Agra to [[Ajmer]], a pillar or a minar should be erected for the comfort of the travelers.<ref>[https://www.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/minar_kos.html Kos Minar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085102/http://www.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/minar_kos.html |date=4 March 2016 }} University of Alberta.</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = A milestone on the highway | newspaper=Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/A-milestone-on-the-highway/Article1-951130.aspx| first= Nivedita | last=Khandekar| date = 27 October 2012| accessdate = 20 March 2018 | url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130923040501/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/A-milestone-on-the-highway/Article1-951130.aspx| archivedate = 23 September 2013}}</ref> In addition, many [[Caravanserai|caravanserais]] (roadside inns) were built for travelers. Later emperors such as [[Shah Jahan]] continued to add to the network of Kos Minars. In the Mughal period, there were around 600 minars.<ref name=SherShahSuri /> In the north, they were extended as far as [[Peshawar]] and in the east to [[Bengal]] via [[Kannauj]].

===Deterioration and preservation===
As the British introduced [[Imperial units]] and later, independent India adopted the [[International System of Units]], the kos unit of measurement and consequently these minars went out of use. The monuments gradually went into a state of disrepair, as contemporary people ignored their significance.<ref name=Times2019 /> Only 110 Kos minars are left.<ref name=SherShahSuri /> According to a report of the [[Archaeology Survey of India]], there are 49 in [[Haryana]] alone.<ref name=YamunaNagar>{{Cite web|url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/kos-minar|title=Kos Minar|publisher=Haryana Tourism Corporation|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Signposts lost in history | publisher =[[Tribune India]] | url =http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060910/spectrum/main2.htm | date =2006-09-10 | accessdate =2013-09-23 | archive-date =10 February 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220210111839/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060910/spectrum/main2.htm | url-status =dead }}</ref> There are also seven Kos Minars in [[Jalandhar district]] and five around [[Ludhiana district]] in Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khaira |first=Rachna |date=3 May 2017 |title=ASI notice on encroachment near Nakodar Kos Minar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/asi-notice-on-encroachment-near-nakodar-kos-minar-401405 |work=[[Tribune India]] |location=[[Jalandhar]] |access-date=27 May 2023|quote=There are presently seven Kos Minars in the district and all were declared as monuments of national importance.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = 'Monumental' treasure house | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-12/ludhiana/28193174_1_archaeologists-city-bus-monuments | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054219/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-12/ludhiana/28193174_1_archaeologists-city-bus-monuments | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2011-08-11 |date=2009-07-12| work = [[The Times of India]] | accessdate = 2013-09-23}}</ref> Conservation work of Kos Minars situated in [[Jalandhar district]] started in 2016. Grill fencing was erected at each minar to protect the original structure of Minar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Dilbag |date=9 November 2016 |title=Conservation work of 'Kos Minars' in Jalandhar starts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/conservation-work-of-kos-minars-in-jalandhar-starts/story-PiXBxmrbb3FRmZtUEZ15dK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=[[Nurmahal]]|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref> Restoration work for nine Kos Minars near [[Mathura]] began in 2018.<ref name=Times2019>{{Cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/these-were-the-google-maps-of-16th-century-now-theyre-lost-in-time/articleshow/68227157.cms
|title=These were the 'Google Maps' of 16th century, now they're lost in time|author=Arvind Chauhan|work=The Times of India|date=2019-03-02}}</ref> The Archaeological Survey of India has given Kos Minars protected status and courts have ordered encroachments cleared away.

== Photo Gallery ==
<gallery>
Kos_Minar,_Mughalpura,_Lahore.jpg|Mughalpura, Lahore, Pakistan
Kos_Minar,_Manhala,_Lahore.jpg|Manhala, Lahore, Pakistan
Old Grand Trunk Road.jpg|Taxla, Pakistan (old G.T.Road)
Mughal-era Kos Minar in the Delhi National Zoo.jpg|Delhi Zoo, India
Kos Minar, Uppal.jpg|Jalandhar, India
Mughal Kos Minar.jpg|Dakkhni, Jalandhur, India
Mughal milestone.jpg|UP, India
Kos minar,tirawadi,karnal.JPG|Tarawri, Karnal, India
Kos_Minar_,_the_Milestone.JPG|Karnal, India
Kos Minar 001.jpg|[[Haryana]], India
Kos Minar-Ambala-Haryana-DSC1922.jpg|[[Ambala]], Haryana, India
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
*[[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]], contains over a dozen Kos Minars in Haryana

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 16th century]]
[[Category:Road transport in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]
[[Category:Ruins in India]]
[[Category:History of transport in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Road signs in India]]
[[Category:Historical markers]]
[[Category:16th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Road signs in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ruins in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Milestones]]

New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 1984–85

2025-06-13T23:58:14Z

LauriTym702628: Started a data

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 1984–85
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of New Zealand.svg
| team2_name = New Zealand
| from_date = 17 February
| to_date = 24 March 1985
| team1_captain = [[Diana Edulji]]
| team2_captain = [[Debbie Hockley]]
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sandhya Agarwal]] (232)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Ingrid Jagersma]] (214)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Diana Edulji]] (11)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Sue Rattray]] (14)
| player_of_test_series =
| no_of_ODIs = 6
| team1_ODIs_won = 3
| team2_ODIs_won = 3
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Sudha Shah]] (167)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Debbie Hockley]] (199)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] (11)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Karen Gunn]] (11)
| player_of_ODI_series =
}}

The [[New Zealand women's national cricket team]] toured [[India]] in February and March 1985. They played against [[India women's national cricket team|India]] in three [[Women's Test cricket|Test matches]] and six [[Women's One Day International|One Day Internationals]], with the Test series ending as a 0–0 draw and the ODI series ending as a 3–3 draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-1984-85-62255 |title=New Zealand Women tour of India 1984/85 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/New_Zealand_Women_in_India_1984-85.html |title=New Zealand Women in India 1984/85 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! {{crw|IND}}<ref name="IND-squad">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=1044;team=1863;type=series |title=Records / New Zealand Women in India Women's Test Series, 1984/85 - India Women / Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=17 July 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! {{crw|NZ}}<ref name="NZ-squad">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling.html?class=13;id=1996;type=tour |title=Records / New Zealand Women tour of India, Feb-Mar 1985 / All Matches / Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=17 July 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Diana Edulji]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sandhya Agarwal]]
* [[Gargi Banerjee]]
* [[Runa Basu]]
* [[Lopamudra Bhattacharji]]
* [[Sreerupa Bose]]
* [[Sandra Braganza]]
* [[Rita Dey]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Arunadhati Ghosh]]
* [[Rekha Godbole]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shashi Gupta]]
* [[Nilima Jogalekar]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Neeta Kadam]]
* [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]]
* [[Mithu Mukherjee (cricketer)|Mithu Mukherjee]]
* [[Rita Patel]]
* [[Anjali Pendharker]]
* [[Sudha Shah]]
* [[Manimala Singhal]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Rajani Venugopal]]
|
* [[Debbie Hockley]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Jackie Clark (cricketer)|Jackie Clark]]
* [[Delwyn Costello]]
* [[Jeanette Dunning]]
* [[Linda Fraser]]
* [[Shona Gilchrist]]
* [[Karen Gunn]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ingrid Jagersma]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ann McKenna]]
* [[Katrina Molloy]]
* [[Sue Rattray]]
* [[Liz Signal]]
* [[Rose Signal]]
* [[Lois Simpson]]
* [[Nancy Williams]]
|}

==Tour Matches==
===2-day match: East Zone v New Zealand===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 2 – 3 March 1985
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 187 (72.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Nancy Williams]] 72 (102)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = R Jana 3/27 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 165 (89.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Lopamudra Bhattacharji]] 68 (–)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shona Gilchrist]] 3/7 (19.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 123/3 (48 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Lois Simpson]] 56 (161)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Seema Desai]] 1/4 (2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/189/189466.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Durgapur|Nehru Stadium]], [[Durgapur]]
| umpires = LP Ramani (Ind) and SP Verma (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===40-over match: Women's Cricket Association of India President's XI v New Zealand===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 March 1985
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = Women's Cricket Association of India President's XI
| team2 = {{crw|NZ}}
| score1 = 128/5 (40 overs)
| runs1 = [[Gargi Banerjee]] 56 (–)
| wickets1 = [[Katrina Molloy]] 2/31 (8 overs)
| score2 = 130/4 (36.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Debbie Hockley]] 81[[not out|*]] (113)
| wickets2 = Pratima Chakraborti 1/17 (5 overs)
| result = New Zealand Women won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/189/189467.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]
| umpires = Bhairab Ganguli (Ind) and Ratin Mitra (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==WODI Series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 February 1985
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|NZ}}
| score1 = 165/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sudha Shah]] 43 (–)
| wickets1 = [[Karen Gunn]] 2/26 (10 overs)
| score2 = 166/4 (49 overs)
| runs2 = [[Debbie Hockley]] 65[[not out|*]] (–)
| wickets2 = [[Diana Edulji]] 2/18 (8 overs)
| result = New Zealand Women won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-1984-85-62255/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-1st-odi-66980/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sreerupa Bose]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 February 1985
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 174/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sue Rattray]] 49[[not out|*]] (–)
| wickets1 = [[Gargi Banerjee]] 2/23 (6 overs)
| score2 = 172/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gargi Banerjee]] 49 (–)
| wickets2 = [[Nancy Williams]] 1/25 (6 overs)
| result = New Zealand Women won by 2 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-1984-85-62255/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-2nd-odi-67012/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Manimala Singhal]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 February 1985
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|NZ}}
| score1 = 129 (43 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] 35 (–)
| wickets1 = [[Shona Gilchrist]] 3/20 (9 overs)
| score2 = 73 (33.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Liz Signal]] 28[[not out|*]] (–)
| wickets2 = [[Sandra Braganza]] 3/13 (9 overs)
| result = India Women won by 56 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-1984-85-62255/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-3rd-odi-67014/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Indore|Nehru Stadium]], [[Indore]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Rita Patel]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 March 1985
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 202/7 (49 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jeanette Dunning]] 89 (–)
| wickets1 = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] 4/27 (6 overs)
| score2 = 154/9 (49 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shashi Gupta]] 50[[not out|*]] (–)
| wickets2 = [[Karen Gunn]] 3/25 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand Women won by 48 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-1984-85-62255/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-4th-odi-66902/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Neeta Kadam]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 March 1985
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 187/6 (49 overs)
| runs1 = [[Debbie Hockley]] 69 (–)
| wickets1 = [[Diana Edulji]] 3/31 (10 overs)
| score2 = 189/7 (47.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sudha Shah]] 48 (–)
| wickets2 = [[Karen Gunn]] 2/39 (9 overs)
| result = India Women won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-1984-85-62255/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-5th-odi-66909/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]], [[Patna]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Match reduced to 49 overs per side due to rain.
| notes = [[Rajani Venugopal]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.
}}

===6th ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 March 1985
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 148/7 (48 overs)
| runs1 = [[Debbie Hockley]] 35 (–)
| wickets1 = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] 4/34 (10 overs)
| score2 = 149/6 (43.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sudha Shah]] 30 (–)
| wickets2 = [[Katrina Molloy]] 2/16 (10 overs)
| result = India Women won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-1984-85-62255/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-6th-odi-67016/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maulana Azad Stadium]], [[Jammu]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Match reduced to 48 overs per side due to rain.
| notes =
}}

==WTest Series==
===1st Test===
{{Test match
|date = 23 – 26 February 1985
|team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
|team2 = {{crw|NZ}}

|score-team1-inns1 = 327/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (131 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] 79 (–)
|wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Karen Gunn]] 3/40 (30 overs)

|score-team2-inns1 = 214 (78 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jackie Clark (cricketer)|Jackie Clark]] 54 (–)
|wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] 6/99 (29 overs)

|score-team1-inns2 = 164 (66 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2 = [[Gargi Banerjee]] 55 (–)
|wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sue Rattray]] 3/25 (13 overs)

|score-team2-inns2 = 196/7 (108 overs)
|runs-team2-inns2 = [[Debbie Hockley]] 55 (–)
|wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Shashi Gupta]] 2/18 (12 overs)

|result = Match drawn
|venue = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|umpires =
|motm = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] (Ind)
|report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-1984-85-62255/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-1st-test-67477/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
|rain =
|notes = [[Delwyn Costello]], [[Karen Gunn]], [[Lois Simpson]] (NZ), [[Sandra Braganza]] and [[Mithu Mukherjee (cricketer)|Mithu Mukherjee]] (Ind) all made their WTest debuts.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
|date = 7 – 11 March 1985
|team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
|team2 = {{crw|IND}}

|score-team1-inns1 = 184 (88.4 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ingrid Jagersma]] 49 (–)
|wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Gargi Banerjee]] 6/9 (9.4 overs)

|score-team2-inns1 = 303 (139.2 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sandhya Agarwal]] 106 (–)
|wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sue Rattray]] 5/76 (34.2 overs)

|score-team1-inns2 = 256/4 (154 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ann McKenna]] 97[[not out|*]] (–)
|wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Diana Edulji]] 2/47 (46 overs)

|score-team2-inns2 =
|runs-team2-inns2 =
|wickets-team2-inns2 =

|result = Match drawn
|venue = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
|umpires =
|motm =
|report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-1984-85-62255/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-2nd-test-67478/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to bat.
|rain =
|notes = [[Katrina Molloy]], [[Nancy Williams]] (NZ), [[Lopamudra Bhattacharji]], [[Rekha Godbole]] and [[Rajani Venugopal]] (Ind) all made their WTest debuts.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
|date = 17 – 20 March 1985
|team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
|team2 = {{crw|NZ}}

|score-team1-inns1 = 213 (101.4 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1 = [[Anjali Pendharker]] 81 (–)
|wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shona Gilchrist]] 3/63 (26 overs)

|score-team2-inns1 = 236/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (106.1 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jeanette Dunning]] 67 (–)
|wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Diana Edulji]] 3/41 (31.1 overs)

|score-team1-inns2 = 268/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (129.2 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sandhya Agarwal]] 98 (–)
|wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ingrid Jagersma]] 4/38 (9 overs)

|score-team2-inns2 = 122/3 (32.2 overs)
|runs-team2-inns2 = [[Debbie Hockley]] 33 (–)
|wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] 2/24 (7 overs)

|result = Match drawn
|venue = [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K. D. Singh Babu Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|umpires =
|motm =
|report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-1984-85-62255/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-3rd-test-67479/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
|rain =
|notes = [[Neeta Kadam]] (Ind) made her WTest debut.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-1984-85-62255 New Zealand Women tour of India 1984/85] from ESPNcricinfo

{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{New Zealand women's national cricket team}}
{{International women's cricket tours of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 1984/85}}
[[Category:New Zealand women's national cricket team tours]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of India]]

Kora Kagaz (TV series)

2025-05-22T18:37:03Z

LauriTym702628: rework layout based on references after review

{{Short description|Indian Hindi television series}}
{{About||the 1974 Hindi film of same name|Kora Kagaz|}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| runtime = approx. 30 minutes
| creator =
| writer =
| director = [[Asha Parekh]]
| producer = Asha Parekh
| starring = [[Renuka Shahane]] [[Salil Ankola]] [[Amit Behl]]
| opentheme = "Zindagi Kuch To Bata" by [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| company = Akruti Productions
| network = [[STAR Plus]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1998|10|27|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2002|01|17|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 169
}}

'''Kora Kagaz''' (Blank Paper) is an Indian television series which ran on [[Star Plus]] from 27 October 1998 until 17 January 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=26 October 1998|title=Asha Parekh's new serial Kora Kagaz, to be started on Star Plus|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19981026-asha-parekhs-new-serial-kora-kagaz-to-be-started-on-star-plus-827270-1998-10-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711072418/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19981026-asha-parekhs-new-serial-kora-kagaz-to-be-started-on-star-plus-827270-1998-10-26|archive-date=11 July 2020|access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref> It was directed by [[Asha Parekh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/25-indian-tv-shows-we-loved/story-rjJ5FSJrAgg0oUetp0txiO.html|title=Bring them back: 25 Indian TV shows we loved and why|date=2016-01-09|newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2016-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-09|title="My character in Kora Kagaz was tolerant yet not a doormat," says Renuka Shahane|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/my-character-pooja-was-tolerant-but-refused-to-be-a-doormat-says-renuka-shahane-on-kora-kagaz/story-Hxdj332LW1wFZTBh2P9DiI.html|access-date=2016-06-22|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The series had 169 episodes which starred [[Renuka Shahane]], [[Salil Ankola]] and [[Amit Behl]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 July 2016|title=10 TV shows we wish were remade now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/53226469.cms?picid=53226658|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=5 May 2020|title=TV shows which deserve to be re-aired during lockdown period|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-shows-which-deserve-to-be-re-aired-comeback-90s-doordarshan-sony-zee-star-plus-6363868/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The serial was first telecasted on every Tuesday at 8.30 pm IST and later shifting to every Thursday at 9 pm IST.

==Synopsis==
The wedding of Mahesh and Pooja is held with all the pomp and tradition associated with Indian weddings. The night after the wedding, Pooja, a nervous bride, waits for her husband to join her. He comes very late, and when he does, it is to tell her that he is in love with another girl. He tells Pooja bluntly that he never wanted to marry her in the first place and walks out, leaving behind a distraught and confused young bride trying to come to grips with this new reality.

Pooja refuses to return to her parents. She continues to reside with Mahesh's family, consisting of his parents and younger brother Ravi. She decides to continue her studies, find a job and get her life back together again. All members of Mahesh's family are supportive and well-disposed towards Pooja. They were unaware of his affair with the other girl. In particular, Pooja gets tremendous moral and emotional support from her brother-in-law Ravi, and an attraction forming between them becomes evident as the serial progresses. Where will this attraction lead them, and what does Pooja do when Mahesh suddenly arrives back into her life?

What does Pooja do? What choices does she make? Will she find fulfillment?

==Cast==

* [[Renuka Shahane]] as Pooja
*[[Salil Ankola]] as Ravi
*[[Amit Behl]] as Mahesh
*[[Anil Dhawan]] as Naresh , The father of Ravi and Mahesh
*[[Uttara Baokar]] as Sharda, The mother of Ravi and Mahesh
*[[Smita Bansal]] as Priya
*Arpita Pandey / Shweta Gautam as Yogita
*Grusha Kapoor as Shalini
*[[Ashalata]] as Tania , Pooja's mother
*[[S. M. Zaheer]] as Krishnakant, Pooja's father
*[[Kamlesh Oza|Kamlesh]] as Anil
*Sonam Malhotra as Naseem
*[[Iira Soni]] as Varsha
*Dhawal Barbhaya/[[Jagdeep]] as Ramkishan, Varsha's father
*[[Dilip Joshi]] as Pratap Varsha's brother
*Rakesh Thareja as Anand
*[[Vishwanath (actor)|Vishwanath]]/[[Ashfaq Khan]] as Karan, Pooja's brother
*[[Anuj Saxena]] as Dr. Deepak
*Nagendra as Advocate Vijay Khanna
*Sudhir Mitoo as Satish Kulkarni
*Gauri Tonk as Shraddha
*Sunita Rajwan as Sarita
*[[Imran Mallick]] Sher Khan
*[[Chand Dhar]] as Jagdish , Anand's father
*[[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Geeta , Priya's friend
*[[Meena Nathani]] as Anuja , Pooja's college principal
*[[Ishtiaque Khan]] as Shami's father
*[[Kanika Shivpuri]] as Shami's mother
*[[Soumya Arya]] as Shadab
*[[Shri Vallabh Vyas]] as Monk
*[[Arfan Khan]] as Irfan
*Vikrant as Salim
* Lata Haya as Naseem's Aunty
* Madhavi Gogate as Sangita Anand's Mother
* [[Eva Grover]] as Sneha
*[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as Mr. Kriplani
* [[Prashant]] as Kuber ,Pooja's cousin
* [[Inder Kohli]] as Kabir , Ravi's friend
* [[Rakesh Chouhan]] as Raj , Ravi's friend
* [[Dinkar Verma]] as Rakesh , Inder's friend
* [[Dinesh Hakku]] as Jai, Ravi's Boss
* Anita Pawal as Ananya , Shalini's Mother

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.starindiacontent.com/shows.asp?programid=62
* https://archive.today/20130203055337/http://tvshows.sulekha.com/kora-kagaz_on_star-utsav-tv_home.htm

{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:1998 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1999 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

GiMA Award for Best Engineer – Theatre Mix

2025-04-02T14:29:38Z

LauriTym702628: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
The '''GiMA Best Engineer – Theatre Mix''' is given by Global Indian Music Academy as a part of its annual [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]. The category being introduced in 2010, has not been awarded since 2012.

==List of winners==
* '''2010: Bishwadeep Chatterjee and Anup Dev – ''[[3 Idiots]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/3-idiots-sweeps-top-honours-at-gima-awards/709777/|title='3 idiots' sweeps top honours at GIMA awards|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=11 November 2010|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref>
* '''2011: Leslie Fernandes – ''[[Dabangg]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gima.co.in/winners-2011.php|title=Winners: Chevrolet GiMA Awards 2011 Powered By Lava Music Phones|work=[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards|GiMA]]|accessdate=7 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715081852/http://gima.co.in/winners-2011.php|archivedate=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gima.co.in/film-nominees-2011.php|title= Film Nominations: Chevrolet GiMA Awards 2011 Powered By Lava Music Phones|work=[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards|GiMA]]|accessdate=7 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715151836/http://gima.co.in/film-nominees-2011.php|archivedate=15 July 2014}}</ref>
** Alok De – ''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]''
** Ajay Kumar – ''[[Patiala House]]''
** Leslie Fernandes – ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''
** Anuj Mathur – ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]''

==See also==
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:GiMA Award for Best Engineer - Theatre Mix}}
[[Category:Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]

{{music-award-stub}}

Jan TV

2025-01-24T16:12:37Z

LauriTym702628: correct lead and added references

{{short description|Indian television channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Jan TV
| logo = jantvlogo3.png
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_caption = Logo for Jan TV
| launch_date = 13 May 2012
| owner = CSL Infomedia Pvt. Ltd.
| picture_format = [[4:3]], [[SDTV]], [[mpeg4]]
| headquarters = [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, India
| country = India
| website = {{URL|http://www.jantv.in}}
| terr_serv_1 = [[Tata Play]]
| terr_chan_1 = Channel No. 1185
| terr_serv_2 = [[Airtel digital TV]]
| terr_chan_2 = Channel No. 355
| terr_serv_3 = [[Jio]] Fiber
| terr_chan_3 = Channel No. 1384
| online_serv_1 = Website Live Stream
| online_chan_1 = {{URL|http://www.jantv.in/live}}
| online_serv_2 = YouTube Live Stream
| online_chan_2 = {{URL|https://www.youtube.com/jantvindia/live}}
}}
'''Jan TV''' is a [[satellite television]] channel from India<ref>[http://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/in/Jan-TV.html Jan TV info on LyngSat] www.lyngsat.com</ref> owned by CSL Infomedia Pvt. Ltd. It was inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Mr.[[Ashok Gehlot]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/videos/national/6/gehlot-attends-jan-tv-launch/9760 | title=Gehlot attends Jan TV launch | work=The Indian Express | date=15 May 2012 | access-date=27 June 2012}}</ref> on 13 May 2012 in [[Jaipur]].

==Management==
Jan TV Editor-In-Chief is Mr. [[Surendra Kumar Surana]], who is also the Director of CSL Infomedia Private Limited

==Programs==
Jan TV telecasts Hindi news, education, employment, agriculture and entertainment programs. Jan TV is available live all over the world through live streaming on its portal.<ref>[http://www.jantv.in Jan TV Official website] www.jantv.in Accessed June 2012.</ref>

 
Some of the popular programs on Jan TV are:<ref>[http://www.jantv.in/showsdisplay/shows.php Jan TV Programs] www.jantv.in Accessed August 2012.</ref>

* Computer Shaala
* Satellite Education
* News and Current Affairs
* Dharti Ugle Sona
* Gulistaan
* Crime Report
* Bollywood Express
* Yadoo Ka Safar
* Medi Talk
* Jan Surbhi
* Ek Mulakaat
* 33 Zila 33 Khabar
* Raag Sarita
* Roshani Ka Safar
* World This Week

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi-language television channels]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/all/themes/cmf/data/List_FTA_channel_2092019.pdf JAN TV on Telecom Regulatory Authority of India website]
* [https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/Master%20List%20of%20Permitted%20Private%20%20statellite%20TV%20Channels%20as%20on%20%2031.10.2018.pdf JAN TV on Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of India website]
* [https://www.samachar4media.com/industry-briefing/jan-tv-news-channel-launch-in-up-and-mp-15797.html जन टीवी उत्तर प्रदेश औऱ मध्य प्रदेश मे करेगा विस्तार]
* [https://www.rajasthandirect.com/media/tv-channels/jan-tv JAN TV channel in Rajasthan]
* [https://www.indiainfoline.com/article-amp/news/bse-announcements-compucom-softwares-subsidiary-inaugurates-jantv-a-satellite-tv-channel-315341796_1.html Compucom Software's subsidiary inaugurates JanTV, a satellite TV channel]
* [https://www.bhaskar.com/news/latest-jhunjhunu-news-041003-1817806.html JAN TV reference in Dainik Bhaskar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121026080112/http://www.mediamirchi.com/JanTV_launch_from_rajasthan मीडिया मिर्ची | जन टीवी का भव्य आगाज, मुख्यमंत्री अशोक गहलोत ने किया उद्घाटन]

==External links==
* [http://www.jantv.in/ Official website]

{{Television news in India}}

[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2012]]
[[Category:Mass media in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Culture of Jaipur]]
[[Category:Television stations in Rajasthan]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Ananthagiri, Suryapet district

2024-12-20T03:21:43Z

LauriTym702628: Started Place

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ananthagiri
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Mandal Revenue
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ananthagiri, Suryapet, Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|03|16.8|N|79|59|20.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =trs
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =6003
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 508 206
| area_code = +91–8683
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| registration_plate = TS-29
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Sarpanch
| blank3_info_sec1 = Venepally Sarojini
}}

'''Ananthagiri''' is a [[Tahsildar|thesildar]] in [[Kodad revenue division]] in the [[Suryapet district]] of [[Telangana]], [[South India]]. Ananthagiri is also called has Hanumantha-Giri and later on people spell it has ananthagiri. Because, all say that there are more than 100 Lord [[Hanuman]] vigrahas around and nearby villages. The language spoken here is [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. It was the biggest [[Gram panchayat]] in Ananthagiri [[Tehsil|Mandal]]. It is a Village with great natural resources and high population density. NH-65 is the nearest highway which passes through the nearest town Kodad which is located at a distance of 7 km from Kodad.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], Ananthagiri Village has total 3632 families residing. Ananthagiri village has population of 13738 of which 6940 are males while 6798 are females as per Population Census 2011.

Ananthagiri village population of children with age 0-6 is 1458 which makes up 10.61% of total population of village. The literacy rate of the village is 61.06%. In Ananthagiri Male literacy stands at 71.92% while female literacy rate was 50.09%.

Schedule Tribe (ST) constitutes 23.29% while Schedule Caste (SC) were 22.07% of total population in Anantha Giri village.

{|
|Particulars
|Total
|Male
|Female
|-
|Total No. of Houses
|'''3,632'''
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Population
|'''13,738'''
|6,940
|6,798
|-
|Child (0–6)
|'''1,458'''
|771
|687
|-
|Schedule Caste
|'''3,032'''
|1,502
|1,530
|-
|Schedule Tribe
|'''3,199'''
|1,656
|1,543
|-
|Literacy
|'''61.06 %'''
|71.92 %
|50.09 %
|-
|Total Workers
|'''7,152'''
|3,834
|3,318
|-
|Main Worker
|'''7,009'''
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker
|'''143'''
|0
|0
|}

==Education==
It is the major educational destination in the region. There is 1 engineering college named Anurag Group of Institutions located 1 km near this village and 2 Government schools in Ananthagiri.

=== Engineering College in Ananthagri ===
click the details to see about Anurag Engineering College

http://anurag.ac.in/

==Politics==
Parliamentary Constituency- [[Nalgonda]]
 
Member of Parliament- [[Nalamadha Uttham Kumar Reddy|N Uttham Kumar Reddy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetail.aspx?state_code=Andhra%20Pradesh |title=Lok Sabha |publisher=164.100.47.132 |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108112750/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetail.aspx?state_code=Andhra%20Pradesh |archive-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> 
The current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Kodad is Bollam mallaiah yadav. The current Sarpanch of Ananthagiri is Venepally Venkateshwara Rao.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Term !! NAME !! Party affiliation
|-
| Present (2019-)|| Bollam mallaiah yadav || [[Telangana rashtra samithi]]
|-
| 2014–2019|| Nalamada Utham Padmavati Reddy || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2009–2014|| V Chandar Rao || [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|-
| 2004–2009|| [[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 1999–2004|| [[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 1994–1999|| V Chandar Rao || [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|-
| 1989–1994|| V Chandar Rao || [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|-
| 1985–1989|| V Chandar Rao || [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|-
| 1983–1985|| Veerapalli Laxminarayana Rao || Independent
|-
| 1978–1983|| Akkiraju Vasudeva Rao || [[Janata Party|JNP]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/kodad.html |title=Kodad (Telangana) Assembly Constituency Elections Results, Candidate Lists, Localities, Current MLA |publisher=Elections.in |date=17 December 2013}}</ref>
|}

==Places of worship==
* Sri Sitha Rama Swamy Temple
* Shivalayam Temple
* Hanuman Temple
* Laxmi Narasimha Swamy Temple

==Weather and Climate==
It is too Hot in summer. Highest day temperature is in between 35 °C to 48 °C . Average temperatures of January is 24 °C, February is 26 °C, March is 29 °C, April is 33 °C, May is 36 °C .

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Suryapet district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Suryapet district]]